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Published Volumes
History, 1838–1856, volume F-1 [1 May 1844–8 August 1844]
1 May 1844 • Wednesday Page 1 2 May 1844 • Thursday Page 1 3 May 1844 • Friday Page 2 4 May 1844 • Saturday Page 5 5 May 1844 • Sunday Page 6 6 May 1844 • Monday Page 6 7 May 1844 • Tuesday Page 6 8 May 1844 • Wednesday Page 7 9 May 1844 • Thursday Page 15 10 May 1844 • Friday Page 16 11 May 1844 • Saturday Page 16 12 May 1844 • Sunday Page 16 13 May 1844 • Monday Page 22 14 May 1844 • Tuesday Page 33 15 May 1844 • Wednesday Page 33 16 May 1844 • Thursday Page 34 17 May 1844 • Friday Page 39 18 May 1844 • Saturday Page 50 19 May 1844 • Sunday Page 50 20 May 1844 • Monday Page 50 21 May 1844 • Tuesday Page 50 22 May 1844 • Wednesday Page 52 23 May 1844 • Thursday Page 52 24 May 1844 • Friday Page 53 25 May 1844 • Saturday Page 53 26 May 1844 • Sunday Page 58 27 May 1844 • Monday Page 61 28 May 1844 • Tuesday Page 62 29 May 1844 • Wednesday Page 62 30 May 1844 • Thursday Page 63 31 May 1844 • Friday Page 67 1 June 1844 • Saturday Page 68 Addenda • 1 June 1844 Page 1 [addenda] 2 June 1844 • Sunday Page 69 3 June 1844 • Monday Page 69 4 June 1844 • Tuesday Page 69 5 June 1844 • Wednesday Page 70 6 June 1844 • Thursday Page 70 7 June 1844 • Friday Page 71 8 June 1844 • Saturday Page 71 Addenda • 8 June 1844 Page 1 [addenda] 9 June 1844 • Sunday Page 73 10 June 1844 • Monday Page 74 11 June 1844 • Tuesday Page 85 12 June 1844 • Wednesday Page 87 13 June 1844 • Thursday Page 94 14 June 1844 • Friday Page 97 Addenda • 15 June 1844 Page 1 [addenda] 15 June 1844 • Saturday Page 100 16 June 1844 • Sunday Page 101 17 June 1844 • Monday Page 109 18 June 1844 • Tuesday Page 116 19 June 1844 • Wednesday Page 121 20 June 1844 • Thursday Page 123 21 June 1844 • Friday Page 132 Compiled History, 22 June–8 August 1844 Page 228 Addenda • 22 June 1844 Page 1 [addenda] Account of Arrest, Imprisonment, and Martyrdom, 22–29 June 1844 Page 147 22 June 1844 • Saturday • First of Two Entries Page 136 22 June 1844 • Saturday • Second of Two Entries Page 228 23 June 1844 • Sunday • Second of Two Entries Page 228 23 June 1844 • Sunday • First of Two Entries Page 147 Addenda • 23 June 1844 Page 2 [addenda] 24 June 1844 • Monday • First of Two Entries Page 151 24 June 1844 • Monday • Second of Two Entries Page 228 Addenda • 25 June 1844 Page 2 [addenda] 25 June 1844 • Tuesday • First of Two Entries Page 155 25 June 1844 • Tuesday • Second of Two Entries Page 228 26 June 1844 • Wednesday • First of Two Entries Page 162 26 June 1844 • Wednesday • Second of Two Entries Page 229 Addenda • 26 June 1844 Page 3 [addenda] 27 June 1844 • Thursday • First of Two Entries Page 174 27 June 1844 • Thursday • Second of Two Entries Page 229 28 June 1844 • Friday • First of Two Entries Page 188 28 June 1844 • Friday • Second of Two Entries Page 230 29 June 1844 • Saturday • Second of Two Entries Page 232 29 June 1844 • Saturday • First of Two Entries Page 189 30 June 1844 • Sunday Page 239 1 July 1844 • Monday Page 242 2 July 1844 • Tuesday Page 247 3 July 1844 • Wednesday Page 249 4 July 1844 • Thursday Page 252 5 July 1844 • Friday Page 255 6 July 1844 • Saturday Page 255 7 July 1844 • Sunday Page 255 8 July 1844 • Monday Page 256 9 July 1844 • Tuesday Page 257 10 July 1844 • Wednesday Page 260 11 July 1844 • Thursday Page 265 12 July 1844 • Friday Page 266 13 July 1844 • Saturday Page 266 14 July 1844 • Sunday Page 266 15 July 1844 • Monday Page 267 16 July 1844 • Tuesday Page 271 17 July 1844 • Wednesday Page 273 18 July 1844 • Thursday Page 274 19 July 1844 • Friday Page 276 20 July 1844 • Saturday Page 276 21 July 1844 • Sunday Page 276 22 July 1844 • Monday Page 276 23 July 1844 • Tuesday Page 278 24 July 1844 • Wednesday Page 278 25 July 1844 • Thursday Page 283 26 July 1844 • Friday Page 285 27 July 1844 • Saturday Page 285 28 July 1844 • Sunday Page 285 Addenda • 28 July 1844 Page 8 [addenda] 29 July 1844 • Monday Page 286 Addenda • 29 July 1844 Page 9 [addenda] Addenda • 30 July 1844 Page 9 [addenda] 30 July 1844 • Tuesday Page 286 31 July 1844 • Wednesday Page 286 1 August 1844 • Thursday Page 287 Addenda • 2 August 1844 Page 9 [addenda] 2 August 1844 • Friday Page 293 3 August 1844 • Saturday Page 293 4 August 1844 • Sunday Page 293 Addenda • 4 August 1844 Page 10 [addenda] Addenda • 5 August 1844 Page 10 [addenda] 5 August 1844 • Monday Page 294 6 August 1844 • Tuesday Page 295 Addenda • 6 August 1844 Page 10 [addenda] 7 August 1844 • Wednesday Page 295 8 August 1844 • Thursday Page 296
Source Note
JS, History, 1838–1856, vol. F-1, created 9 Apr.–7 June 1856 and 20 Aug. 1856–6 Nov. 1856; handwriting of
Leo Hawkins
19 July 1834–28 May 1859. Clerk, reporter. Born in London. Son of Samuel Harris Hawkins and Charlotte Savage. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by John Banks, 23 Oct. 1848. Immigrated to U.S. with his family; arrived in New Orleans...
and Jonathan Grimshaw; 304 pages, plus 10 pages of addenda; CHL. This is the final volume of a six-volume manuscript history of the church. This sixth volume covers the period from 1 May to 8 Aug. 1844; the remaining five volumes, labeled A-1 through E-1, go through 30 Apr. 1844.
History, 1838-1856, volume F-1, constitutes the last of six volumes documenting the life of Joseph Smith and the early years of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The series is also known as the Manuscript History of the Church and was originally published serially from 1842 to 1846 and 1851 to 1858 as the "History of Joseph Smith" in the Times and Seasons and Deseret News. This volume contains JS's history from 1 May 1844 to the events following his 27 June 1844 death, and it was compiled in Utah Territory in 1856.
The material recorded in volume F-1 was initially compiled under the direction of church historian
George A. Smith
26 June 1817–1 Sept. 1875. Born at Potsdam, St. Lawrence Co., New York. Son of John Smith and Clarissa Lyman. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by Joseph H. Wakefield, 10 Sept. 1832, at Potsdam. Moved to Kirtland, Geauga Co., Ohio,...
, who was JS's cousin, and also assistant church historian
Wilford Woodruff
1 Mar. 1807–2 Sept. 1898. Farmer, miller. Born at Farmington, Hartford Co., Connecticut. Son of Aphek Woodruff and Beulah Thompson. Moved to Richland, Oswego Co., New York, 1832. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by Zera Pulsipher,...
. Smith collaborated with
Thomas Bullock
23 Dec. 1816–10 Feb. 1885. Farmer, excise officer, secretary, clerk. Born in Leek, Staffordshire, England. Son of Thomas Bullock and Mary Hall. Married Henrietta Rushton, 25 June 1838. Moved to Ardee, Co. Louth, Ireland, Nov. 1839; to Isle of Anglesey, Aug...
in collecting material for the volume and creating a set of draft notes, which Smith dictated to Bullock and other clerks. Woodruff gathered additional material concerning the death of Joseph Smith as a supplement to George A. Smith's work recording that event. Jonathan Grimshaw and
, members of the Historian's Office staff, transcribed the draft notes into the volume along with the text of designated documents.
According to the Historian's Office journal, Jonathan Grimshaw initiated work on the text of volume F-1 on 9 April 1856, soon after Robert L. Campbell had completed work on volume E-1. (Historian's Office, Journal, 5 and 9 Apr. 1856.) Grimshaw's scribal work begins with an entry for 1 May 1844. Unlike previous volumes in which the numbering had run consecutively to page 2028, Grimshaw began anew with page 1. He transcribed 150 pages by June 1856, and his last entry was for 23 June 1844. Though more of his writing does not appear in the volume, he continued to work in the office until 2 August, before leaving for the East that same month. (Historian's Office, Journal, 2 and 10 Aug. 1856.)
assumed the role of scribe on 20 August 1856. (Historian's Office, Journal, 20 Aug. 1856.) He incorporated
's draft notes for the period 24–29 June 1844 on pages 151–189, providing an account of JS's death and its immediate aftermath. He next transcribed a related extract from
5 Dec. 1800–3 Nov. 1850. Schoolteacher, newspaperman, lawyer, politician, judge, author. Born in Uniontown, Fayette Co., Pennsylvania. Son of Robert Ford and Elizabeth Logue Forquer. Moved to St. Louis, 1804; to New Design (later American Bottom), Randolph...
's 1854 History of Illinois on pages 190–204. Pages 205–227 were left blank.
provided the notes for the final portion of the text. This account begins with an entry for 22 June 1844 and continues the record through 8 August 1844, ending on page 304. (The volume also included ten pages of addenda.) The last specific entry in the Historian's Office journal that captures
at work on the history is for 6 November 1856. A 2 February 1857 Wilford Woodruff letter to
indicates that on 30 January 1857, the "presidency sat and heard the history read up to the organization of the church in
Nauvoo
Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....
, 8th. day of August 1844." (Historian's Office, Journal, 6 Nov. 1856; Wilford Woodruff, Great Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to George A. Smith, 2 Feb. 1857, Historian's Office, Letterpress Copybooks, vol. 1, p. 410; see also Wilford Woodruff, Great Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to Amasa Lyman and Charles C. Rich, 28 Feb. 1857, Historian's Office, Letterpress Copybooks, vol. 1, pp. 430–431.)
The pages of volume F-1 contain a record of the final weeks of JS's life and the events of the ensuing days. The narrative commences with
Lyman Wight
9 May 1796–31 Mar. 1858. Farmer. Born at Fairfield, Herkimer Co., New York. Son of Levi Wight Jr. and Sarah Corbin. Served in War of 1812. Married Harriet Benton, 5 Jan. 1823, at Henrietta, Monroe Co., New York. Moved to Warrensville, Cuyahoga Co., Ohio, ...
25 Nov. 1794–after July 1856. Carpenter, mill operator, lumber dealer, steamboat owner. Born near Stanardsville, Orange Co., Virginia. Son of John Miller and Margaret Pfeiffer. Moved to Augusta Co., Virginia, 1798; to Madison Co., Kentucky, 1806; to Boone...
arriving at
, Illinois, on 1 May 1844 from their lumber-harvesting mission in the "
pine country
Also known as the "pinery." Collective term for regions in Wisconsin where lumbering operations were located, especially along Black, Chippewa, St. Croix, Wisconsin, and Wolf rivers. Latter-day Saints established lumber camps and mills on Black River to provide...
" of Wisconsin Territory. As the late spring and summer of 1844 unfold, events intensify, especially those surrounding the suppression of the Nauvoo Expositor in mid-June. Legal action over the Expositor leads to a charge of riot, and subsequently JS is charged with treason and is incarcerated at the
Formed from Pike Co., 1825. Described in 1837 as predominantly prairie and "deficient in timber." Early settlers came mainly from mid-Atlantic and southern states. Population in 1835 about 3,200; in 1840 about 9,900; and in 1844 at least 15,000. Carthage ...
jail in
Located eighteen miles southeast of Nauvoo. Settled 1831. Designated Hancock Co. seat, Mar. 1833. Incorporated as town, 27 Feb. 1837. Population in 1839 about 300. Population in 1844 about 400. Site of acute opposition to Latter-day Saints, early 1840s. Site...
, Illinois. The narrative of volume F-1 concludes with an account of the special church conference convened on 8 August 1844 to consider who should assume the leadership of the church.
Hide editing marks
<May 8th.> be as much in the power of the simple magistrate as of the greatest judge; hence Governors and Supreme Judges all know that I am correct. A simple magistrate should have the right; "the right of Habeas Corpus shall not be denied"; it does not say by a governor or judge; who then does it mean? all the authorities. All judges know that it is a fact. If you hold the office of a magistrate, and you are sworn to keep inviolate the Constitution of the
North American constitutional republic. Constitution ratified, 17 Sept. 1787. Population in 1805 about 6,000,000; in 1830 about 13,000,000; and in 1844 about 20,000,000. Louisiana Purchase, 1803, doubled size of U.S. Consisted of seventeen states at time ...
, you are sworn to fulfil that part which says that you shall not refuse the privilege of the Habeas Corpus to any one. I have only to open Blackstone, or the Bible, and then I know where powers are. I never said anything about the Higbees, or the Laws, or the Fosters, but what is strictly true. I have been placed in peculiar circumstances.
"The only sin I ever committed was in exercising sympathy, and covering up their iniquities, on their solemn promises to reform; and of this I am [HC 6:360] ashamed, and never will do so again.'
"After hearing the foregoing evidence in support of said petition, it is considered and ordained by the Court: 1st, That the said Joseph Smith Senior, be discharged from the said arrest and imprisonment complained of in said petition, on the illegality of the writ upon which he was arrested, as well as upon the writ of the Case, and that he go hence without day [delay?]. Secondly,
Francis M. Higbee
1820–after 1850. Attorney, merchant. Born in Tate, Clermont Co., Ohio. Son of Elias Higbee and Sarah Elizabeth Ward. Moved to Fulton, Hamilton Co., Ohio, by 1830. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1832. Moved to Jackson Co., Missouri...
's character having been so fully shown as infamous, the Court is convinced that this suit was instituted through malice, private pique, and corruption, and ought not to be countenanced; and it is ordained by the Court that said
Francis M Higbee
pay the costs.
In testimony whereof I hereunto set my hand and affix the seal of said Court at the City of
, this 8th day of May, 1844.
Seal.
TEXT: "Seal" enclosed in a hand-drawn representation of a seal.
Willard Richards
24 June 1804–11 Mar. 1854. Teacher, lecturer, doctor, clerk, printer, editor, postmaster. Born at Hopkinton, Middlesex Co., Massachusetts. Son of Joseph Richards and Rhoda Howe. Moved to Richmond, Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, 1813; to Chatham, Columbia Co...
, Clerk."
I copy the following from the Neighbor of this date:
"Hurrah for the General," Nauvoo Neighbor, 8 May 1844, [2].
Comprehensive Works Cited
Nauvoo Neighbor. Nauvoo, IL. 1843–1845.
"Hurrah for the General!! The following which we extract from the St. Louis Organ, shews how the public mind is turning, and what their feelings are in regard to the Prophet, his views, and theirs also in regard to the Presidency.
'Forbear awhile— we'll hear a little more. The matter is now settled with
Mr. [Henry] Clay
12 Apr. 1777–29 June 1852. Lawyer, public speaker, professor, statesman, politician. Born in Hanover Co., Virginia. Son of John Clay and Elizabeth Hudson. Episcopalian. Admitted to Virginia bar, Nov. 1797. Moved to Lexington, Fayette Co., Kentucky, Nov. 1797...
[John] Tyler
29 Mar. 1790–18 Jan. 1862. Lawyer, politician. Born on Greenway Plantation, Charles City Co., Virginia. Son of John Tyler and Mary Armistead. Attended College of William and Mary. Following graduation, returned to Greenway, 1807. Served as Virginia state ...
[Martin] Van Buren
5 Dec. 1782–24 July 1862. Lawyer, politician, diplomat, farmer. Born in Kinderhook, Columbia Co., New York. Son of Abraham Van Buren and Maria Hoes Van Alen. Member of Reformed Protestant Dutch Church. Worked as law clerk, 1800, in New York City. Returned...
! Let
Mr. Clay
return at once from his political perambulation in the South,
Mr. Tyler
abandon his hopes of re-election by aid of the "immediate annexation" of
France established colony in area, 1685. First Spanish settlement created, 1718. After Mexican War of Independence from Spain, 1821, area became part of Mexico and immigration increased. Conflict between Mexican government and Texan residents resulted in ...
, and let
Mr. Van Buren
be quiet at Kinderhook that he may watch <the operations of> the "sober second thought" of the people! General Joseph Smith, the acknowledged modern prophet, has got them all in the rear; and from the common mode of testing the success of candidates for the Presidency, to wit— by steamboat elections— he, Smith, will beat all the other aspirants to that office, two to one. We learn from the polls of the steamboat Osprey, on her last trip to this
Located on west side of Mississippi River about fifteen miles south of confluence with Missouri River. Founded as fur-trading post by French settlers, 1764. Incorporated as town, 1809. First Mississippi steamboat docked by town, 1817. Incorporated as city...
, that the votes stood for
General Joseph Smith, 29 gentlemen and 5 ladies.
, 16 " " 4 " .
, 7 " " 0 "."
JS, Journal, 8 May 1844.
Attended theatre in the evening. [HC 6:361]
9 May 1844 • Thursday
See 9 May 1844 entry in History Draft.
JS, Journal, 9 May 1844; Bullock, Journal, 9 May 1844; Court-Martial Proceedings, Nauvoo, IL, 9 May 1844, Nauvoo Legion Records, CHL.
Bullock, Thomas. Journal, Feb. 1844–Aug. 1845. In Historian's Office, Journal, 1844–1997. CHL. CR 100 1, box 1, vol. 1.
Nauvoo Legion Records, 1841–1845. CHL. MS 3430.
<9th.> Thursday 9th. A Court Martial was held in my
Term usually applied to JS's private office, which was located at various places during JS's lifetime, including his home. From fall 1840 until completion of JS's brick store, office was located on second floor of a new building, possibly on Water Street ...
for the trial of Major General
Wilson Law
26 Feb. 1806–15 Oct. 1876. Merchant, millwright, land speculator, farmer. Born in Ireland. Son of Richard Law and Ann Hunter. Immigrated to U.S. and settled in Springfield Township, Mercer Co., Pennsylvania, by 1820. Moved to Delaware Township, Mercer Co....
, on a charge of ungentlemanly and unofficerlike conduct. [p. 15]
May 8th. be as much in the power of the simple magistrate as of the greatest judge; hence Governors and Supreme Judges all know that I am correct. A simple magistrate should have the right; "the right of Habeas Corpus shall not be denied"; it does not say by a governor or judge; who then does it mean? all the authorities. All judges know that it is a fact. If you hold the office of a magistrate, and you are sworn to keep inviolate the Constitution of the
"After hearing the foregoing evidence in support of said petition, it is considered and ordained by the Court: 1st, That the said Joseph Smith Senior, be discharged from the said arrest and imprisonment complained of in said petition, on the illegality of the writ upon which he was arrested, as well as upon the writ of the Case, and that he go hence without day delay. Second,
Mr. Henry Clay
be quiet at Kinderhook that he may watch the operations of the "sober second thought" of the people! General Joseph Smith, the acknowledged modern prophet, has got them all in the rear; and from the common mode of testing the success of candidates for the Presidency, to wit— by steamboat elections— he, Smith, will beat all the other aspirants to that office, two to one. We learn from the polls of the steamboat Osprey, on her last trip to this
9th. Thursday 9th. A Court Martial was held in my
View entire transcript |
Editorial Title
Handwriting on This Page
Jonathan Grimshaw
HC 6:360–361
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text:
The telecommunications in Mayotte consist of an estimated 10,000 main telephone lines in use as of 2002, and an estimated 48,100 cellular phones in use as of 2004. The telephone system is small, and is administered by French Department of Posts and Telecommunications. There is some international interconnectivity, with microwave radio relay and HF radiotelephone communications to Comoros as of 2001. There are also three television broadcast stations according to a 2001 figure, with an estimated 3,500 televisions as of 1994. The country code for top-level domain is .yt.

Mayotte
Economy of Mayotte
Mayotte

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Mark B. Tauger, né en 1954, est un historien américain, spécialisé dans l'histoire de la Russie, de l'URSS et dans l'histoire de l'agriculture. Il est professeur associé à l'université de Virginie-Occidentale.

Il a passé son Ph.D. en 1991 à l'université de Californie à Los Angeles. Ses travaux se concentrent sur la famine soviétique de 1933.

Mark Tauger est membre du comité éditorial de la revue H-Russia.

Publications

Éditions françaises

 Famine et transformation agricole en URSS, édition Delga, 2017

Éditions Originales
 « The 1932 Harvest and the Famine of 1933 », Slavic Review, été 1991.
 « The People's Commissariat of Agriculture », in A. E. Rees (éd.), Decision-Making in the Stalinist Command Economy, MacMillan, 1997.
 « Grain Crisis or Famine? », in D. J. Raleigh (éd.), Provincial Landscapes: Local Dimensions of Soviet Power, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001.
 Agriculture in World History, Routledge, 2008.

Notes et références

Liens externes
 Profil universitaire.
  Textes de Mark Tauger sur la famine urkrainienne de 1932-1933.
 « On Continuing to Misunderstand Arguments: Response to Mark Tauger », Stephen Wheatcroft, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 59, , , p. 847-868.
  première et seconde parties de discussion entre Mark Tauger et Robert Conquest sur la famine de 1932-1933, Slavic Review, vol. 51-53, 1992-1994.

Historien américain
Soviétologue américain
Naissance en 1954


error, also a second time, on the n'th try it'll succeed).
the above value nothing is being found.
expect a "first" entry to be there.
Did anybody experience compareable problems?
Could it be a new "uncommited read" handling has been introduced?
Since no one else has tried, I'll give it a shot.
First of all - how is ID defined in the database?
out by a ROLLBACK (explicit or implied).
> error, also a second time, on the n'th try it'll succeed).
> the above value nothing is being found.
> expect a "first" entry to be there.
> Did anybody experience compareable problems?
> Does anybody have an idea how to solve the problem?
> Could it be a new "uncommited read" handling has been introduced?
> Since no one else has tried, I'll give it a shot.
> First of all - how is ID defined in the database?
> out by a ROLLBACK (explicit or implied).
> > error, also a second time, on the n'th try it'll succeed).
> > the above value nothing is being found.
> > expect a "first" entry to be there.
> > Did anybody experience compareable problems?
> > Does anybody have an idea how to solve the problem?
> > Could it be a new "uncommited read" handling has been introduced?
from UR to cursor stability. Let's see what happens.
on a network), DB2, or something else.
I've seen a lot of "well, it ran for X years before" type of comments.
was timing in a multithread program - which "used to work".
> > Since no one else has tried, I'll give it a shot.
> > First of all - how is ID defined in the database?
> > out by a ROLLBACK (explicit or implied).
> > > error, also a second time, on the n'th try it'll succeed).
> > > the above value nothing is being found.
> > > expect a "first" entry to be there.
> > > Did anybody experience compareable problems?
> > > Does anybody have an idea how to solve the problem?
> > > Could it be a new "uncommited read" handling has been introduced?
> from UR to cursor stability. Let's see what happens.
> takes less than that.
> on a network), DB2, or something else.
> I've seen a lot of "well, it ran for X years before" type of comments.
> was timing in a multithread program - which "used to work".
> > > Since no one else has tried, I'll give it a shot.
> > > First of all - how is ID defined in the database?
> > > out by a ROLLBACK (explicit or implied).
> > > > error, also a second time, on the n'th try it'll succeed).
> > > > the above value nothing is being found.
> > > > expect a "first" entry to be there.
> > > > Did anybody experience compareable problems?
> > > > Does anybody have an idea how to solve the problem?
> > > > Could it be a new "uncommited read" handling has been introduced?
> > Thanks for answering!
> > executed as well...."
> > from UR to cursor stability. Let's see what happens.
would be a time resolution issue in REXX. But - since this is a "legacy"
application and I'm having to do "serious work" - we won't ever know.
stuff they introduced after I switched from programming to "stone age"
Thanks again for commenting on this!
2. Restoring DB2 UDB 5.2 to UDB 7.2 question.
4. Upgrading from UDB 5.2 NT - any incompatibilty problems?


text:
Low Culture
The Priest & The Beast: Iron Maiden And British Steel Turn 40
Michael Hann , April 23rd, 2020 08:28
Forty years ago this month, two British bands released albums that would set the course for metal over the following decade. But it's not the similarities between Iron Maiden and British Steel that are most telling, it's the differences
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Music has its banner years, when miracles happen or when the charts are stuffed with brilliance. For heavy music, it's hard to think of a greater year than 1980, when the New Wave Of British Heavy Metal [NWOBHM] exploded, hand in hand with a bunch of older artists – Whitesnake, Gillan, Black Sabbath – delivering their strongest sets in years and years. The two threads merged on April 14, when two of the year's defining albums were released: Iron Maiden's debut, and British Steel by Judas Priest. Neither was the year's best British metal album – that was Diamond Head's peerless "White Album"/Lightning To The Nations, a record crippled by being a private pressing that almost no one heard – but for reach and import, they eventually outshone everything else released.
British Steel was all but a codification of heavy metal's unwritten laws, and the sharpest, most concise expression of metal's virtues yet: its songs combined melody and attack; its choruses were perfectly honed for arenas to sing along to; the band's look was the perfect expression of metal's preposterousness, and a visual expression of the sound of the record. By concentrating metal, Priest somehow managed to make it more palatable (two of British Steel's singles – 'Living After Midnight' and 'United' – made it to Top Of The Pops). If in so doing they also created a stereotype – leather, studs, chains, homoeroticism unnoticed by its audience, and genre self-celebration and self-aggrandisement (this was the album of Metal Gods, which even if is strictly about actual gods made of actual metal, was written with the power of its title in mind). "Heavy metal needed to be more than just a name. It needed to be a thing," Priest's guitarist KK Downing told me recently. "It needed to be identified." British Steel identified metal.
Never underestimate the power of Top Of The Pops, either. Just as the pop groups had grown up watching it, so had the metal bands. For scores of these bands, making it to the show was a career highlight. "Priest on Top Of The Pops was absolutely spectacular," Rob Halford told The Guardian in 2010. "Once we were on with the Osmonds. I had my whip with me and I'd heard Marie wasn't happy about that. So, I went to see her in her dressing room with her curlers in. I'm not going to have any Mormon telling me what I can and can't do with my whip. Us being on Top Of The Pops was great for heavy metal. We were the first band to go out with that particular look. Once it was there on stage and was being photographed, it just shot around the world. It just looked right – it looked like the music sounded."
Where Priest were making a claim for permanence, Iron Maiden's eponymous debut was the scrappy battler coming up from the streets. Where Priest were trying to create metal's new establishment, Maiden were creating their own rules. They didn't want to look dressed up, so they wore leather jackets and high tops. Though not wanting to look dressed up isn't the same as not being dressed up. In fact, theirs was a uniform as carefully selected as Priest's ("the cunt's kit", was how their contemporaries in Samson referred to the Maiden look. Maiden manager Rod Smallwood was so insistent on his band's brand identity, according to former guitarist Dennis Stratton, that when they got an unexpected eight-day break in Italy in midsummer 1980, "Rod gave us orders that everyone had to wear a leather jacket. It was nearly 90 degrees. I saw Paul [Di'Anno] walking around sweating with his leather jacket on, and I thought: 'I ain't doing that.'"
Unlike Priest, Maiden favoured complexity in their arrangements. While the album's lead single, 'Running Free', might have had the directness and attack of punk (which Steve Harris, the band's de facto leader, has always expressed disdain for, no matter how many times early Maiden is linked to it), 'Phantom Of The Opera' is the clearer template for the future of the group: multisectional, fiddly, its roots growing out from prog more than stretching back to Black Sabbath. As Steve Dawson of Saxon put it to me: "A lot of the so called NWOBHM bands wrote riffs with singing, and not songs – melodic tunes that you can whistle. Iron Maiden were sort of in that bracket to me. We couldn't get our heads round why they kept stopping and starting. There would be 10 bits in one song. We used to think: Why is there no groove?"
He's right. Where British Steel is all groove – it was a record designed for Downing and Tipton to stand alongside each other onstage, swinging the necks of their guitars back and forth – Iron Maiden was almost without it. It jerks and pulls; it rarely swings. Even the more straightforward headbangers – 'Running Free', the title track, 'Charlotte The Harlot' – have a twitchiness to them that Priest would never have dabbled with: only 'Prowler,' really, sounds like it might have been on either album. Maiden weren't, by any accounts, a drug band, but their first album often sounds like s speed record – fast, tinny, hurtling and tense.
Sometimes, when writing about different groups within a genre, I find myself wondering what it looks like from the outside. To the average record buyer in 1980, Maiden and Priest probably looked interchangeable: long-haired groups in leather, each fronted by a short-haired singer; loud guitars; lyrics that often seemed to dwell on unpleasantness of various sorts. And, truth be told, Maiden and Priest did have a lot in common. Crucially, both employed what – for reasons lost in the mists of metal history – is routinely referred to as a "twin guitar attack", and in both cases that owed a debt to Wishbone Ash, whose 1971 album Argus was a touchstone for a bunch of the twin-guitar bands who made an impact at the end of the 70s and the start of the 80s. While Maiden were, arguably, the more old fashioned band, both employed a cleanliness and sharpness of sound. Maiden needed it to avoid the fiddliness turning into an overegged churn; Priest, for all the power of British Steel, made clarity their defining purpose. But the twin guitars were the heart of everything both bands did – the countermelodies of Stratton and Dave Murray, the competing solos of Downing and Glenn Tipton, and the way the riffs seemed to gather force like avalanches.
The two albums were different in conception, too. Maiden went into the studio with songs written over several years, and with a band hastily cobbled together – Stratton and drummer Clive Burr had joined the group only weeks before recording began. Priest, by contrast, had a stable core of Rob Halford, Tipton, Downing and bassist Ian Hill, but they went into the studio at the start of February 1980 with almost nothing prepared, and a calendar month to complete the album. "They were at a point in their career where they were being very productive and very inventive, and Unleashed In The East had given them a degree of success they hadn't had in the United States before," Tom Allom, who produced British Steel, told me. "And they were beginning to get the feeling that they were on to something. They were getting their music across. It was just one of those magical four-week periods when everything came together. It was quick – 28 days. We worked hard. We worked long hours. We were young. We could take the pace. It was a very productive process."
Fate and booking agents would then combine to intertwine the fate of the two bands, when Maiden were announced as the opening act for Priest's UK tour for British Steel, only for Paul Di'Anno to stick his foot in it. "He insulted KK Downing and said something about blowing them off the stage," Stratton told me. "And you don't really do that before you go on tour, because you're relying on that main band to let you use the PA and the lights."
"I can remember reading it in a magazine when we were still in the studio," Downing told me, "and I thought, 'Who the fuck are this lot?' I'm just there thinking there are so many bands that would be grateful for the tour. Why should we give it to these bands if that's their attitude? But that's a big statement to make . And it didn't happen, that's for sure! It didn't happen, it just created an atmosphere." Downing also believed Maiden had visited Priest's rehearsals not to apologise, as Stratton said, but to spy on them. "I think they had a quest to unsettle us and overthrow us," Downing said. The distrust would linger for a few years, as Maiden – to Downing's bafflement – were invited to support Priest in the US in 1981 and 1982. On the latter of those tours, Bruce Dickinson called out the headliners for not allowing Maiden to put on the show they wanted. According to Downing, Maiden's staging demands included things that were physically impossible given the size of the venues, and would have required Priest's crew to assemble their stage set after Maiden had left the stage.
There has been no rivalry between the bands for decades now. Both were able to find their place headlining arenas. Both became emblematic of metal's insistence on achieving success on its own terms. (Priest did look at the radio dial on their following album, Point Of Entry, but the one that broke them in America, Screaming for Vengeance, was entirely metallic and wholly uncompromising.)
Still, though, the records they released in April 1980 are emblematic not just of the bands, but of trends within metal. Iron Maiden and British Steel represent divergent strands of thought, both of which still exert gravitational force in the metal world. Iron Maiden stand for self-reliance, and the belief that if you remain true to yourself, your music will find its audience, because what they want is that purity of expression. Their music is uncopyable, because its dominant elements – the galloping bass, the harmony lead guitars – are so distinctive that taking them only marks a band out as an Iron Maiden copyist. It's inefficient music, almost – when you listen to the first Maiden album it's as if you can hear the mechanical elements trying to lock into place. Priest, though, looked outwards: theirs was music that had been tooled and finished to deliver the maximum kick with minimal unnecessary deviation; theirs was almost a lowest common denominator version of metal (which is, perhaps, an inevitable consequence of codifying its visual, musical and lyrical themes). No one is ever going to suggest British Steel was too fiddly. But it's the one I gain more pleasure from listening to. Every element is in its place; not even Maiden would say that about their debut.
The true miracle, though, is that these were just more albums among a plethora of astounding heavy records released in 1980. This was the year of Back In Black, Angel Witch, Heaven And Hell, On Through The Night, Lightning To The Nations, Demolition, Ace Of Spades, Blizzard Of Ozz, Wheels Of Steel, Strong Arm Of The Law, Répression, Wild Cat, Women And Children First, Live… In The Heart Of The City, and more. There would be more significant albums to come, but never again would there be a year in which so many great albums captured the imaginations of so many fans of heavy music.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Celso Yunes Portiolli (Maringá, 1 de junho de 1967) é um apresentador de televisão, radialista, empresário, Youtuber, ex-humorista, ex-político e ex-redator de televisão brasileiro. Contratado do SBT, é o apresentador do programa Domingo Legal e do Show do Milhão. Portiolli também é proprietário da rádio Ótima FM, que conta com três emissoras no interior do estado de São Paulo.

Biografia
Celso Portiolli é filho caçula de doze irmãos. Celso perdeu o pai aos 21 anos de idade; a sua mãe se chama Dibe Yunes.

Vida pessoal

Portiolli casou com Suzana Marchi em 1992. Fruto do casamento, tem três filhos: Laura Portiolli (nasceu em 2000), Pedro Henrique Portiolli (2003) e Luana Portiolli (2006).

Em dezembro de 2021 Portiolli recebeu tratamento para câncer na bexiga e está curado.

Carreira
Começou sua carreira no rádio em 1984, passando por emissoras do Paraná, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul e São Paulo. Em Ponta Porã, tornou-se líder de audiência e diretor de uma rádio local. Sua popularidade era tamanha na cidade que em 1992, com 24 anos, foi eleito vereador com uma das maiores votações do município.

O sonho de Portiolli sempre foi aparecer na telinha. Por isso, em 1993, enviou uma fita para Silvio Santos, com sugestões de câmeras escondidas para o Topa Tudo por Dinheiro. Das 11 ideias que mandou, 7 foram aprovadas, o que despertou o interesse do SBT, que logo o convidou para trabalhar como redator do programa.

Mais tarde, em 1996, surgiu a oportunidade de comandar o Passa ou Repassa, substituindo Angélica. A atração ficou no ar até 1998 e voltou à grade um ano depois até 2000. Em 2001, Celso apresentou outros programas, como Tempo de Alegria, Xaveco e Fantasia. No ano seguinte, viria um de seus maiores sucessos, o Curtindo uma Viagem, líder de audiência em 2002. Em 2003, comandou um reality show chamado O Conquistador do Fim do Mundo. No final de 2004 esteve à frente da Sessão Premiada, programa no qual interagia com telespectadores por telefone e dava prêmios em dinheiro. Portiolli alternava entre a vice e a liderança de audiência nas tardes de sábado.

No ano seguinte foi convidado para comandar o Código Fama, atração que escolheu o melhor cantor mirim do país e o inscreveu numa final com crianças de vários países da América Latina que aconteceu no México.

Nos anos seguintes comandou diversos programas como Charme, Namoro na TV, Curtindo com Reais, Curtindo com Crianças e Ver para Crer. Em 2009, Portiolli assumiu a apresentação do Domingo Legal no lugar de Gugu Liberato, que se transferiu para a Rede Record. Em 2015, após o Domingo Legal perder duas horas de duração, o SBT resolveu criar outro programa para Celso, dessa vez nas noites de sábado, com o nome de Sabadão com Celso Portiolli, programa esse que rendeu razoáveis índices de audiência. No começo de 2017 o programa foi tirado do ar após quase 2 anos.

Após 12 anos, o SBT voltou a exibir o Show do Milhão, em setembro de 2021. O programa vai ao ar nas noites de Sexta, Celso foi o escolhido para apresentar o programa.

Em março de 2016 estreou o seu canal no YouTube que, em 4 meses, atingiu a marca de 1 milhão de inscritos.

Filmografia

Televisão

Internet

Discografia

Prêmios e indicações

Ligações externas

Naturais de Maringá
Brasileiros de ascendência italiana
Apresentadores de televisão do Paraná
Radialistas do Paraná
Vereadores de Mato Grosso do Sul
Membros do Partido Democrático Trabalhista
Youtubers do Paraná
Apresentadores ou animadores premiados com o Troféu Imprensa
Pessoas do SBT
Participantes de Bake Off Brasil: Mão na Massa


text:
\section{Introduction}

The purpose of the FINITO facility at the Very Large Telescope Interferometer \citep[VLTI, see][]{Scholler-2006jul} is to compensate for the random optical delay (OPD) introduced by atmospheric turbulence. If not corrected, such perturbation would make the interferometric fringes jitter on the detector, preventing the use of long integration time on scientific instruments. FINITO was offered to the astronomical community in September 2007, and since then several AMBER \citep{Petrov-2007mar} programs have already benefited from the enhanced data quality produced by fringe-tracking \citep{LeBouquin-2008apr,Wittkowski-2008feb}.

Nevertheless, FINITO can potentially tackle another important issue at VLTI: measuring robust, absolutely calibrated, interferometric visibilities in the near-IR. Indeed, AMBER has been designed to be a highly rewarding spectro-interferometer \citep{Petrov-2007mar,Weigelt-2007mar,Domiciano-2007mar,Meilland-2007mar}, but this has required technical trade-offs. It typically reads out more slowly than an atmospheric coherence time, and so is critically sensitive to fringe stabilization, and hence to seeing and mechanical vibrations. This issue is exacerbated by VLTI service-mode only providing a few calibration stars per night, which is insufficient for properly sampling the time variations of the instrumental response (called transfer function). All together, this makes the \emph{absolute} calibration of AMBER fringe contrast difficult \citep{Millour-2007may}.

We have recently carried out the necessary developments to make FINITO able to provide visibility measurements. No hardware modifications were needed as FINITO already interferometrically combined the light of 2 or 3 telescopes to stabilize the OPD. The main issue was the high frame rate of the system running generally at more than 1kHz. This was overcome by the commissioning of the so-called VLTI \emph{Reflective Memory Network Recorder} (RMNrec), which listens to the communications between several systems of VLTI and is able to store the real-time data into proper FITS files.

In this paper, we investigate the possibility of post-processing these real-time data to measure interferometric visibilities and to properly calibrate them. In Sect.~\ref{sec:observationsAndDataReduction} we summarize the FINITO and RMNrec instrumental setup, the test observations made, and the simple data reduction used for this demonstration. In Sect.~\ref{sec:resultsAndDiscussion}, as a classical test, we compare the measured angular diameter of some well-known stars with previously published values. We discuss the results, the accuracy obtained, and the perspectives for reaching higher precision in the future. The paper ends with brief conclusions and perspectives.

\section{Observations and data reduction}
\label{sec:observationsAndDataReduction}

\subsection{RMNRec and FINITO instrumental setup}

\begin{figure}
  \hspace{0.05cm} \includegraphics[scale=.65]{0613fig1.eps}
  \centering \caption{\label{fig:finito} Sketch of the Finito optical bench showing the fibered Fringe Modulator Units (FMU) and the two co-axial beams combiners. Black solid lines are for the mirrors, while dashed lines are for semi-transparent devices.  \{$I_{10}^+$,$I_{10}^-$,$I_{20}^+$,$I_{20}^-$\} are the interferometric outputs and \{$P_1$,$P_0$,$P_2$\} are the photometric outputs. The real-time flux at those seven outputs are recorded in real time in a camera not displayed here.}
\end{figure}

For our study, we use the commissioning data from the RMNrec machine at Paranal. By looking at the Reflective Memory Network at high frequency, this computer constructs FITS files with the real-time data of several VLTI guiding and tracking facilities: error vector of the centroids as measured on the IRIS guiding camera; real-time fringes, phase and flux as measured on FINITO; and fringe-tracking loop status (search, idle, lock) and OPD offsets as handled by the OPD-Controller software (OPDC). Our long-term goal is to benefit for all information in the data processing of VLTI instruments. For the purpose of this paper, we only focus on the FINITO and OPDC data because they are of scientific interest in themselves, since they contain the interferometric visibility of the observed target.

A detailed description of the FINITO facility can be found in \citet{Gai-2004oct}. Recent updates can be found in \citet{LeBouquin-2008spie_b}. Briefly, FINITO interferometrically combines two pairs of telescopes from a telescope triangle in the $H$-band  (see Fig.~\ref{fig:finito}). The optical path length of two of the three beams are modulated internally using a piezo-driven expansion ring changing the length of the fibers, called a Fringe Modulator Unit (FMU). We generally use a triangular modulation of 5 $H$-band fringes in amplitude peak-to-peak and a sampling of 4 readouts per fringes. Each modulation ramp is hereafter called a scan. Photometric signals are extracted by Glan-Taylor polarizers, while the other polarization component is fed to a three-way, pairwise, co-axial beam combiner. The central beam (labelled 0) is split into equal intensity fractions and then combined with the modulated beams (respectively 1 and 2). This produces two pairs of complementary interferometric outputs ($\pi$ phase difference), for the combination 0-1 and 0-2, respectively. The 3 photometric signals ($P_1$,$P_0$,$P_2$) and the 4 interferometric signals ($I_{10}^+$,$I_{10}^-$,$I_{20}^+$,$I_{20}^-$) are routed to a Rockwell PICNIC camera, which is read at a frequency between 500Hz and 2kHz. These output signals are processed in real time to measure the fringe phases, used by the OPDC to reject fringe motion for frequencies below 20Hz.

\subsection{Observations}

Commissioning RMNrec data were taken during the nights of 2008-01-28, 2008-01-29, and 2008-01-30 with the interferometric baseline A0-D0 alone. FINITO was therefore tracking on a single channel (beams 0-2, known to provide better performances). Sequences of 3 files of $30$s were recorded at each telescope pointing. Over the 3 nights, this leads to a total of $1.1$ hours of fringe integration over approximately $5$ hours of observation (about 45 pointing). Neither the AMBER nor MIDI instruments were used simultaneously, so the only interferometric data available are from FINITO.

The seeing ranged between $0.75$'' and $2.2$'' during the observations. The fringe-tracking loop was always able to lock the fringes with average performances: locking time greater than 80\% and residual OPD generally less than $0.3$\,$\mu$m RMS. The fringes were never lost for more than a second. The main difference between good and bad files are the number of fringe jumps from which the tracking loop had to recover.

Concerning the sources, well known small and large stars were observed sequentially to test the feasibility of astrophysical data processing by measuring stellar diameters. In the following we respectively call the small and large stars calibrators and targets. Their stellar parameters are summarized in Table~\ref{tab:stars}.

\begin{table}
  \centering
  \caption{Target parameters.}
  \begin{tabular}[c]{cccccccc} \hline \hline \vspace{-0.25cm}\\
    Target      & HD     & H     & Spectral & Published \ensuremath{\small{\varnothing{}}}{} in H\\
    Name        & Number & (mag) & Type     & (mas)   \vspace{0.03cm}\\ \hline \vspace{-0.30cm}\\
    $\alpha$~Hya{} & 81797  & -0.99 & K3II     & $9.44\pm{}?$\\
    \nVel{}     & 82668  & -0.35 & K5III    & $6.89\pm{}0.08$\\
    $\delta$~Vir{} & 112300 & -1.0  & M3III    & $9.91\pm{}0.1$\\
    BK~Vir{}    & 108849 & -0.37 & M7III    & $10.73\pm{}0.23$
    \vspace{0.03cm}\\ \hline \vspace{-0.30cm}\\
    \aHya{}     & 73840  &  2.0  & K3III    & $2.62\pm{}0.1$\\
    $\chi$~Vir{}   & 110014 &  2.17 & K2III    & $1.95\pm{}0.02$\\
    \iotaHya{}  & 83618  &  0.95 & K2.5III  & $3.39\pm{}0.05$\\
    \epsCrt{}   & 99167  &  1.19 & K5III    & $3.45\pm{}0.04$\\
  \end{tabular}
  \flushleft
  \footnotesize{Note: Spectral types and H-band magnitudes have been extracted from the Simbad and 2MASS database, and diameters from CHARM2 catalog \citep{Richichi-2005feb}.}
  \label{tab:stars}
\end{table}

\subsection{Data reduction}
\label{sec:DataReduction}
\paragraph{Step 1: }

\begin{figure*}
  \hspace{0.2cm}\includegraphics[scale=1]{0613fig2.ps}
  \centering \caption{\label{fig:fringes} Example of a FINITO real-time fringe signal $C_{20}(t)$ (upper panel) on a short sequence of $0.2$s, with its associated FMU modulation (red curve in lower panel). The FMU modulation was 5 fringes in amplitude, with 4 readouts per fringes, and $0.5$ms per readout, leading to $10$ms per scan. The scan numbering is given at the bottom of each plot. Gray fringes in the lower panel are the theoretical $H-$band fringe-packet of scans~5 and~17, assuming a infinite linear modulation ramp. The part of the packet that is effectively modulated is over-plotted in black. This pattern is replicated for each scan (mirrored in time when the FMU slope is negative). After the fringe jump ($t=22.68$s), the fringe-packet appears shifted with respect to the middle of the modulation window. This explains the apparent oscillation in the envelope of signal $C_{20}(t)$.}
\end{figure*}

The FINITO raw data are processed in real time in order to compute the correction send to the Delay Lines. In this process, the two raw interferometric outputs are corrected and calibrated from the photometric fluctuations by the following classical formula (here for beams 2-0):
\begin{eqnarray}
  \label{eq:norm}
  C_{20}^+ =
  \frac{I_{20}^+ \;-\; \kappa_{2\to{}20^+}\,P_{2} \;-\; \kappa_{0\to{}20^+}\,P_{0}}
  {2\sqrt{\kappa_{2\to{}20^+} \, \kappa_{0\to{}20^+} \, P_{2}\, P_{0}}} \\
  C_{20}^- =
  \frac{I_{20}^- \;-\; \kappa_{2\to{}20^-}\,P_{2} \;-\; \kappa_{0\to{}20^-}\,P_{0}}
  {2\sqrt{\kappa_{2\to{}20^-} \, \kappa_{0\to{}20^-} \, P_{2}\, P_{0}}}
\end{eqnarray}
The $\kappa{}$-matrix is the internal transmission ratio between the photometric and the interferometric outputs. It is calibrated each time we change star by measuring the flux at the outputs while observing one beam at a time.

The two cleaned signals are then subtracted to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR):
\begin{equation}
  \label{eq:fringe_sum}
  C_{20} =  \frac{C_{20^+} - C_{20^-}}{2}
\end{equation}
By doing so, all the correlated noises between the two outputs should disappear, while the fringes, perfectly opposed in phase, are amplified. The resulting signal $C_{20}(t)$ is processed in real time to compute the phase residual and the group-delay, which is used to feed the fringe-tracking loop. It is accessible on the RMN and can be stored into FITS files by the RMNrec machine. An example of fringe sequence is displayed in Fig.~\ref{fig:fringes}. For illustration purpose, we chose a sequence with an obvious fringe jump (at $t=22.68$s). In the last 7 scans, the fringe-packet was not centered inside the modulation window. Those fringe jumps are caused by temporary flux dropouts and can occur at unpredictable times. Between a fringe jump and the time the OPDC compensates for it, the average fringe contrast is obviously reduced. All these scans should be efficiently detected and discarded before computing the average visibility.

\paragraph{Step 2:}
We used two simple criteria for the scan selection: first the fringe-tracking loop should be closed during the complete scan, and secondly the fringe-packet maximum should be less than one fringe from the scan center. Additionally, the scans were weighted according to their average SNR. To do this, we configured the RMNrec to store all required OPDC signals (loop status, fringe-packet position, SNR).

We then computed the power spectral density (PSD) of each of the accepted scans, averaged all of them, and integrated the power around the expected fringe frequency:
\begin{equation}
  \label{eq:dsp}
  \ensuremath{\mu{}}{}^2_{raw} = \int_{300\mathrm{Hz}}^{700\mathrm{Hz}} <\,|\widetilde{C_{a}(t)}|^2>\;\mathrm{d}f \;\;-\;\; \mathrm{bias}
\end{equation}
where $<>$ denotes the average over the accepted scans. This power is a quadratic estimation of the fringe visibility, assuming the bias is properly removed. In our data set, we estimated it by interpolating the values at the edges of the fringe peak; see Fig.~\ref{fig:psd} for typical PSDs with their bias removed. We decided to integrate the fringe power in the frequency range 300-700Hz to take into account the small amount of energy spread due to the shape of the fringe-packet in the direct space (broad-band fringes). We checked that integrating over a wider range 200-800Hz does not significantly change the final calibrated visibilities.

\begin{figure}
  \hspace{0.15cm}\includegraphics[scale=1]{0613fig3.ps}
  \centering \caption{\label{fig:psd} Average power spectral density of typical FINITO sequences of 30s, after scan selection and weighting (see Step~3). The square visibility is obtained by integrating the fringe power around 500Hz (filled region), after removing the bias (dashed red curve).}
\end{figure}

All reduced visibility points $\ensuremath{\mu{}}{}_{raw}$ are displayed in Fig.~\ref{fig:data}. On the largest stars, the super-synthesis effect is clearly visible, making the baseline lengths (and therefore the visibilities) slowly change over time. However, these raw visibilities cannot be used directly for estimating the stellar diameters. They have to be calibrated from the interferometric response of the whole instrumental chain, also called the transfer function.

\begin{figure}
  \hspace{0.15cm}\includegraphics[scale=1]{0613fig4.ps}
  \centering \caption{\label{fig:data} Raw visibilities for all observations, along with the date (month-day) and the detector integration time (italic) information. See Fig.~\ref{fig:diam} for the color code of each source.}
\end{figure}

\paragraph{Step 3: } We computed the instantaneous transfer function \ensuremath{\mu_0{}}{} by dividing the observed visibilities measured on each calibrators with those expected according to the diameters of Table~\ref{tab:stars}:
\begin{equation}
  \label{eq:tf}
  \ensuremath{\mu_0{}}{} =  \frac{\ensuremath{\mu{}}{}_{raw}}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{A}}(\ensuremath{\small{\varnothing{}}}{}\,\ensuremath{\mathrm{B{}}}/\lambda)}\;.
\end{equation}
In this well-known formula, $\ensuremath{\mathrm{B{}}}$ is the baseline length of each visibility point $\ensuremath{\mu{}}{}$, $\lambda{}$ the effective wavelength, and $\ensuremath{\mathcal{A}}{}$ the Airy function (Fourier transform of a uniform disk). In the following, we assume an effective wavelength of $1.625\mu{}$m, as measured by Bauvir et al. (private communication). Results are plotted in Fig.~\ref{fig:tf}. Given the overall stability of the transfer function, we decided to average all points of a given setup, defined as the same night and the same detector integration time (DIT). We used this average transfer function to calibrate all observed visibilities of the corresponding setup:
\begin{equation}
  \label{eq:calib}
  \ensuremath{\mu{}}{} =  \frac{\ensuremath{\mu{}}{}_{raw}}{<\ensuremath{\mu_0{}}{}>}\,.
\end{equation}
The resulting calibrated visibilities are plotted against the baseline length in Fig.~\ref{fig:diam}. To extract uniform disk diameters \ensuremath{\small{\varnothing{}}}{} for each target, we fit the full $\ensuremath{\mu{}}(\ensuremath{\mathrm{B{}}}{})$ data set with the expression $\ensuremath{\mathcal{A}}(\ensuremath{\small{\varnothing{}}}{}\,\ensuremath{\mathrm{B{}}}/\lambda)$. Measured uniform disk diameters are summarized in Table~\ref{tab:diam}, as well as comparison of previously published values.

\begin{figure}
  \hspace{0.15cm} \includegraphics[scale=1]{0613fig5.ps}
  \centering \caption{\label{fig:tf} Top: Transfer function computed for each calibrator observation, along with the date (month-day) and the detector integration time (italic) information. Middle and bottom: same transfer function points but plotted versus the FINITO residual phase RMS (accepted scans only) and versus the Paranal DIMM seeing. See Fig.~\ref{fig:diam} for the color code of each source.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
  \hspace{0.15cm}\includegraphics[scale=1]{0613fig6.ps}
  \centering \caption{\label{fig:diam} Calibrated visibilities of all observations plotted versus the baseline length. The solid lines are the literature diameters used to compute the transfer function (for the calibrators), or the best-fitted diameters of the data set (for the targets). The shaded regions show the diameter uncertainties. Symbols are for the different setups, defined as same night and same FINITO integration time (DIT).}
\end{figure}

\section{Results and discussion}
\label{sec:resultsAndDiscussion}

All four measured diameters are within $5\%$ of the previously published diameters.
This was the goal of the study: the good agreement proves the capability of the FINITO/OPDC/RMNrec facility to provide meaningful interferometric visibility measurements. Interestingly, the transfer function is stable over several hours. It is one of the most important parameters in obtaining robust visibility measurements.

\begin{table}
  \centering
  \caption{Published versus measured diameters.}
  \begin{tabular}[c]{cccccc} \hline \hline \vspace{-0.25cm}\\
    Target      & Published \ensuremath{\small{\varnothing{}}}{} & Method & Lbd      & Measured \ensuremath{\small{\varnothing{}}}{} & Nb. of \\
    Name        &           (mas)  & ($^1$) & ($\mu$m) & in H (mas)      & pointing
    \vspace{0.03cm}\\ \hline \vspace{-0.30cm}\\
    $\alpha$~Hya{} & $9.09\pm{}0.09$  & LBI &  $0.8$  & $8.95 \pm{}0.15$ & $13$ \\
    \nVel{}     & $6.89\pm{}0.08$  & IND &  $1.6$  & $6.6  \pm{}?   $ & $1$  \\
    $\delta$~Vir{} & $9.91\pm{}0.10$  & LBI &  $0.8$  & $10.1 \pm{}0.1 $ & $4$  \\
    BK~Vir{}    & $10.73\pm{}0.23$ & LBI &  $2.2$  & $10.2 \pm{}0.1 $ & $5$  \\
  \end{tabular}
  \flushleft
  \label{tab:diam}
{ \footnotesize $^1$ Indirect (IND) or long baseline interferometry (LBI) estimation.}
\end{table}

\subsection{Visibility accuracy}

Total uncertainty on our visibility points is difficult to estimate. We used the bootstrapping method to compute the contribution of the statistical dispersion inside each file. This technique has the important advantage of not assuming a Gaussian distribution of the measurements. Resulting statistical errors are very small, on the order of $\pm0.1\%$, twhich is inside the symbol size of Fig.~\ref{fig:tf}. This does not explain the observed dispersion between consecutive data points. The total uncertainty is therefore dominated by systematic effects, that is to say, errors affecting all scans in the same ways, or bias in the averaging process. We see at least four potential origins:

\begin{enumerate}
\item In long baseline interferometry from the ground, the transfer function depends on the atmospheric turbulence strength. To explain the observed variations, we should invoke fast changes in the atmospheric turbulence at the level of one minute or less. But we do not see any correlations when plotting the transfer function estimations against the seeing or the fringe-jitter (see Fig.~\ref{fig:tf}), the latter being a good proxy for the coherence time. Moreover, we expect FINITO to be robust against turbulence fluctuations because it combines the use of single-mode fibers, high sampling rate, and real-time piston correction.
\item The $\kappa$-matrix and its associated errors are not stored in the FITS files produced by RMNrec, and are not propagated through Eqs.~\ref{eq:norm} to \ref{eq:calib}. Because this $\kappa$-matrix is only recomputed at each pointing, any errors on it would lead to systematic offsets \emph{between} sequence of 3 consecutive files on a given star. If present, such behaviors are not dominant in Fig.~\ref{fig:tf}, demonstrating that errors on the $\kappa$-matrix alone cannot explain the observed discrepancies.
\item As explained in Step~2 of Sect.~\ref{sec:DataReduction}, we discarded the scans where the central fringe was not centered in the modulated window. The efficiency of this selection process is correlated to the accuracy on the fringe-packet center, which may depend on the observing conditions.
\item As seen in the PSD plotted in Fig.~\ref{fig:psd}, the fringe power around 500Hz is probably contaminated by a low-frequency signal. Its exact spectral shape is unknown and looks unstable, making it difficult to fit correctly. In the data reduction, we used a linear interpolation between arbitrary frequencies to estimate and remove it (see Step~2 of Sect.~\ref{sec:DataReduction}). This may have introduced an additional error in the integrated fringe power.
\end{enumerate}

\subsection{Perspectives toward higher accuracy}
\label{sec:perspectivesPrecise}

At the time of our observations, RMNrec was only able to store the signal $C_{20}(t)$, not the FINITO raw signal themselves. Therefore, as explained in Sect.~\ref{sec:DataReduction}, the results presented in this paper are based on data that were previously processed in real time by Eqs.~\ref{eq:norm} and~\ref{eq:fringe_sum}. Data reduction would highly benefit from a logging of the raw FINITO data. For instance, photometric calibration during post-processing can make use of Wiener Filtering, which is not possible in real time since this filter is not causal. Additionally, logging the $\kappa$-matrix and associated errors is mandatory to check its stability and its effective contribution into the final error.

FINITO is a fringe tracker, meaning that fringes are locked in phase. Using coherent average over several scans (instead of power-average as in this paper) can reduce the impact of the bias on the final result. On the other hand, the transfer function of coherent-average depends on the fringe-tracking loop performances. All together, this approach is worth looking at since it may be a useful trade-off for fainter stars, where bias subtraction becomes more complicated. We plan to do so as soon as the logging of the OPDC/FINITO data becomes a standard procedure.

\subsection{Perspectives toward fainter targets}
\label{sec:perspectivesFaint}

More generally, we should discuss the expected performances on fainter targets. Our main concern is related to Step~2 of the proposed data-reduction (discarding the fringe packets that were not properly centered inside the modulated window). Indeed, the efficiency of such scan selection, while good on high-SNR fringes, most probably degrades rapidly on noisy data. The simplest and most robust solution is to modulate an OPD-range significantly wider than the fringe-packet size, as with the instrument VINCI for instance \citep{Kervella-2004oct,LeBouquin-2004sep}. However, the FINITO fringe-tracking capability would be lost because the phase measurements become extremely noisy while outside the fringe-packet. Performing packet-tracking would still be possible, but this prohibits the use of long integration on the scientific camera (required for medium and high spectral resolution modes of AMBER). Because of its potential scientific interest on faint targets, we are looking forward to implementing long scans and group-tracking as an additional mode of FINITO.

\section{Conclusions}

We have demonstrated the possibility of post-processing the real-time fringe-tracking data of the Very Large Telescope Interferometer for astronomical purposes. We proposed a simple strategy for reducing the data, based on scan selection and power integration. We were able to recover the $H$-band diameters of four already-known giant stars. The good general agreement proved the capability of the FINITO/OPDC/RMNrec facility to provide meaningful interferometric visibility measurements.

Interestingly, the transfer function level is dominated by the integration time. It is stable over several hours, with possible significant changes from one day to the next. We have not been able to find any obvious correlation with the atmospheric seeing and fringe-tracking performances, even if we agree that our dataset does not allow us to draw definite conclusions. Post-processing the FINITO/OPDC data therefore provides a rough, but robust, estimation of the $H$-band absolute visibility even without the observation of a calibration star close in time. This complements the scientific observations very well, generally done in another spectral range (near-IR for AMBER, and $N$-band for MIDI) and with higher spectral resolution (up to $10\,000$ for AMBER), but with only poor absolute calibration of the continuum visibility. We emphasize that this additional, crucial measure is obtained simultaneously and without any additional overhead time.

This demonstration is also promising in the context of precision interferometry at the VLTI. We were able to reach accuracy of $\pm{}2\%$ on the raw visibilities with a simple data reduction method. We showed that the overall accuracy is most probably limited by systematic errors. Statistical errors only about $\pm0.1\%$ for 30s integration on $\mathrm{H}=2^{\rm m}$ unresolved targets with the 1.8m Auxiliary Telescopes.

Based on the success of this demonstration, we now plan to routinely log and archive the VLTI fringe-tracking data. In this context, we emphasize the need for a dedicated public data reduction pipeline.

\begin{acknowledgements}
  The authors want to warmly thank the VLTI team. This work is based on technical observations made with the ESO telescopes. It made use of the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) and of the Centre de Donnees astronomiques de Strasbourg (CDS). All calculations and graphics were performed with the freeware \texttt{Yorick}\footnote{\texttt{http://yorick.sourceforge.net}}. JB Le~Bouquin wants to thank JP. Berger and S. Miner for their revisions of the manuscript.
\end{acknowledgements}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Why Work and Live in Coventry?
The story is always about moral purpose. It is always about the young people we are responsible for, it is always about their learning and development and it is always about us going the extra mile to ensure they can achieve their dreams. We are seeking to develop a strong values-based multi-academy trust with like-minded leaders. Building brighter futures is our single most important aspiration.
As educational leaders we find ourselves at one of the most critical points in the history of public education. Changes happening now under Government policy mark a radical departure from the last 150 years of state public education.
The levers in the Education and Adoption Act, alongside the dramatic decline in local authority funding make it impossible to provide the level of support and challenge previously offered, this combined with very real funding pressures to school budgets means that the process of academisation will accelerate over the next 12 months. As a result, the Government's policy intention that almost all schools will become academies providing support and challenge for each other through formal partnerships will happen.
At such an important juncture and with such a changing educational landscape it is crucial that school leaders take control and navigate through the terrain and ensure they do what is right for their school and its community and most importantly the pupils and students. The school's destiny must remain in the hands of its leaders, governors and parents. This is why now is a good time for all of us to be considering our strategic futures.
The Futures Trust is a multi-academy trust established in 2015. We currently comprise three secondary schools and two primary schools. We aim to develop a strong values-based multi-academy trust committed to building brighter futures for everybody within the communities we serve. We want to attract similar thinking schools driven by mutually enforcing core values. We are passionate about raising the horizons and ambitions of the pupils, students and families we serve. We want to make a difference to their lives by providing them with an exceptional educational and personal experience that helps and supports them to develop their own individual journeys, and in the most profound sense, through their own abilities to make a difference to themselves and others. We want our pupils and students to have the best chances in life, be confident and competitive, highly valued and able to contribute fully to the community they live in. We value and recognise the importance of academies working in partnership with their communities and helping to ensure they actively build commitment from those communities whilst at the same time are accountable to those communities they serve.
No Barriers – no excuses, only support to ensure students, teachers and leaders maximise their achievements.
We are committed to the principle of excellence through collaboration and partnership, a common desire to learn from each other, share experiences and be mutually supportive. From this shared commitment and belief in mutual support individual academies will be strengthened. By joining together and working collaboratively, we can help each other create sustainability and security and capitalise on and develop the professional talent that exists in our schools and academies.
Whilst The Futures Trust is passionate about collaboration we are sensitive and respectful of the history, richness and uniqueness of every school. This is why we are called The Futures Trust and not named after the founding school, so that joining schools could retain their unique brand and identities. Unless your school is in very severe difficulties, joining The Futures Trust would mean retaining autonomy whilst working in partnership with similar academies and their leaders centrally supported by specialist functions.
This is an exciting time to join The Futures Trust. In the next 12 months, leaders will have the opportunity to shape, mould and develop this new learning community. It is time to lay the foundations – build a brighter and securer future. It is a time for colleagues to be confident and secure that they are working with others who share their values and beliefs.
Imagine a learning community in which school leaders and teachers collaboratively plan to spread expertise and tackle challenges together, are totally focused upon teaching and learning and the progress their pupils and students make especially against rising national expectations, in which shared expertise enables succession planning, retention of staff and innovative solutions to recruitment challenges, that governors come together to share strategic thinking, to combine skills and to support each other during challenging times, and that the funding of specialist expertise in areas such as data analysis, finance, HR, legal, health and safety) are all in place to ensure pupils and students can be all they possibly can be.
If you are interested in learning more about The Futures Trust, our values, aspirations and beliefs as well as the process of academisation please contact us. We are happy to meet with head teachers, senior leaders, governors and parents. Should you decide to join us, indeed make us stronger, on our exciting educational journey we will provide your school with a dedicated and experienced project manager who will help you every step of the way through your academy conversion.


In 2001, Texas is celebrating the 100-year anniversary of the discovery of the Spindletop oil field, which was the first to yield such quantities of oil that it became industry's fuel of choice. The famous 1901 Spindletop gusher was named for mining engineer Capt. Anthony Lucas, who was backed by wildcatters James Guffey and John Galey and financier Andrew Mellon. The Hamill Brothers of Corsicana, Texas, considered the best rotary drillers of the day, were hired to drill the well. At 1,006 feet, their drill got stuck and, while attempting to free it, the first gusher blew in. Within a year, there were 285 active wells on Spindletop Hill.
Fun Fact:In 1892, Pattillo Higgins, a self-taught geologist, helped form the Gladys City Oil, Gas, and Manufacturing Company, one of the earliest oil companies incorporated in Texas. The company was the first to drill on Spindletop Hill in 1893, but the technology proved inadequate. History's most famous oil field remained undiscovered until 1901.


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Kennedy Assassination Becomes Part Of Popular Culture This week, we'll be hearing about presidential legacies — both involving anniversaries. On Tuesday, 150 years ago, President Abraham Lincoln gave the speech he is most known for — honoring the soldiers who fought at Gettysburg. Also this week, on Friday, marks the 50th anniversary of the assassination of President Kennedy.
< Kennedy Assassination Becomes Part Of Popular Culture
Kennedy Assassination Becomes Part Of Popular Culture
This week we'll be hearing a lot more about presidential legacies involving two important anniversaries. A hundred fifty years ago, President Abraham Lincoln gave the speech he is best known for, the Gettysburg Address, honoring the soldiers who died in a battle that changed the direction of the Civil War. And it was 50 years ago that President John F. Kennedy was assassinated.
For more on that latter anniversary we turn, as we often do on Mondays, to Cokie Roberts, who has some very specific family memories of November 22, 1963 and its impact. Morning, Renee.
COKIE ROBERTS, BYLINE: Morning, Renee.
MONTAGNE: We have lived all these decades with the iconic images of that day. But also many others of JFK's thousand days as president, I mean his moment has become part of popular culture at this point. Tell us what it was that lead to that.
ROBERTS: Well, for a whole generation of Americans, he was really a singular person. You know, you have to remember, he came in after eight very sleepy years of the Eisenhower administration. He was the first president born in the 20th century, so it was like the country went from black and white to color. I was a freshman in college when he was elected. The night before the election, I went to the Boston Garden, where he finally arrived after hours of waiting.
And you've never - I had never seen a crowd like that. I mean, we've now gotten used to it with the excitement around President Obama, but it was really the first time we had seen something like that that was televised and that people were all together so excited. And then he came into office and called young people to service, you know, not only ask not what you can do for your country but what your country can do - I mean what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country.
But then the Peace Corps, and the domestic Peace Corps. There was a sense that young people had a seat at the table. And not to mention, of course, that he was good looking, smart, funny, with a beautiful 31-year-old wife and precious babies. I mean the sense of possibility was just enormous. And yes, personally, it also meant something to me. He was a friend of my parents. My father was in the congressional leadership.
So there was also a sense of personal loss when the horrible news came that he had been killed.
MONTAGNE: And that day, the day he was assassinated, is one of those moments in American history, those rare moments like September 11 or Pearl Harbor when just about everyone in the country could tell you where they were.
ROBERTS: That's right. And James Reston, who was then the New York Times bureau chief in Washington and a preeminent columnist in America, wrote that day America wept tonight, not alone for its dead young president, but for itself. There was that sense of tremendous loss, but also it was not just the shock of losing this vibrant young president, but also the terror that a bigger plot might be out there, that other attacks might come.
And President Johnson, you know, sworn in right away to try to keep the people from being worried about that. My father, who was majority whip, went out to the plane to meet President Johnson, of course Mrs. Kennedy, as they returned, and then there was a meeting right away in the vice president's office where the president asked the congressional leadership to work together in the transition, even as the funeral preparations were being made.
And you know, the transfer of power had to happen. But still, the country was dealing with the shock of Oswald's murder, the solemnity of the funeral, all juxtaposed, and the country just watched for days. Everything came to a standstill as TV brought people together.
MONTAGNE: And then President Johnson appointed the Warren Commission. Your father was a member. What do you remember about that?
ROBERTS: Well, I was home from Thanksgiving. I remember the phone ringing and the president saying we need to have a blue ribbon commission to study this, and of course they did and came to the conclusion that Oswald was the sole assassin, but America's had a very hard time accepting that conclusion. You know, I think, Renee, that it's just hard to accept that something so momentous was the result of something so small, one off-balanced young man instead of a major plot.
So people keep looking for more meaning in that awful event 50 years later.
MONTAGNE: Cokie Roberts, thanks very much.
ROBERTS: Thank you, Renee.


LOS ANGELES, July 17 -- Whyville.net and Toyota Financial Services announced the launch of "Scion Solutions" this month within Whyville.net, the popular virtual world for children and young teens (8-15).
Sponsored by Toyota's Scion brand, the Scion xB first arrived in Whyville in May. Whyville citizens, but only those with enough clams (Whyville's virtual currency), could customize and buy virtual Scion xBs for cruising around the virtual world.	Now, with help from Scion Solutions, Whyvillians who do not have enough clams to buy Scions outright will be able to finance them.
"Whyville Scion Solutions is a perfect example of motivated, engaged learning," explains Dr. Jen Sun, President of Numedeon, Inc., Whyville's parent company. "The Scions are a huge hit with our kids. They want cars! But most citizens just don't have enough clams. We've set up the motivation for them to learn what it means to take out a loan.	They'll learn about interest rates, down payment, credit history, and, perhaps most important of all, being responsible. If you default on your loan, you'll lose your car, and your credit history will be ruined so that you can't take out another loan.	Educators and researchers know that students learn best when they really care about the topic. That's exactly what we try to do in Whyville."
Whyville's Club Scion now boasts a Scion Solutions Office where Whyvillians are met by a virtual Toyota Financial Services advisor who walks them through the loan process and helps them learn about their "WhyCO" scores. The WhyCO is designed to emulate the FICO(R) in real life. A Whyvillian's WhyCO score depends on a number of factors including his virtual income, ownership of a Whyville house or business, number of log-in days in Whyville, and leadership roles in the community. Based on these factors, a loan application is approved or rejected. Citizens who do not qualify for a loan by themselves can get loans if they are co-signed by wealthier friends. The Toyota Financial Services advisor will also point applicants to on-line resources to help applicants understand the details of financing, leasing, interest rates and credit.
The virtual Scion xB's are priced at 15,000 clams for the basic model, while a fully loaded model exceeds 35,000 clams. Whyvillians can customize their xB's with real-world and fantasy accessories. They can even spend time in a bumper-sticker factory to design decals to apply to their xB's. Once purchased, a virtual Scion owner can cruise around Whyville, picking up friends for a ride.
The term "Scion" has been used nearly 200,000 times in chat since the program launched less than three months ago. To date, Whyvillians have purchased more than 1,200 Scions and gone on 140,000 rides in their cars. With the introduction of Scion Solutions, many more Whyvillians will be able to own and drive a Scion, while learning valuable real-life lessons about financing and fiscal responsibility. In only a few days since opening, the Scion Solutions office has already approved several thousand loans, each time engaging the user in an educational manner.
"We'd like to have educated customers down the road, and this program is a terrific opportunity to help tweens understand the process of financing a vehicle, everything from interest rates to FICO scores to repaying the loan," says Maria Tirado, TFS interactive marketing manager. "TFS wanted to be able to represent that for kids."
TFS is the finance and insurance brand for Toyota in the United States. TFS retail auto financing and leasing services are offered through dealerships and Toyota Motor Credit Corporation (TMCC) and extended service contracts and other vehicle and payment protection products are offered through the dealer and Toyota Motor Insurance Services (TMIS).	Lexus Financial Services and Scion Solutions are also featured brands under the TFS umbrella of products and services.	Scion Solutions was created in June 2003 to support the launch of Scion.
Whyville.net is the leading educational virtual world for boys and girls, ages 8 to 15. For eight years, the site has successfully created an environment that engages children to learn while having fun. Inside Whyville, "citizens" learn & play, socialize & recreate, govern & earn, write & design, eat & dance, and much, much more. Numedeon, Inc., Whyville's parent company, develops virtual worlds that promote learning through interactivity and engagement. Numedeon was founded by Caltech scientists possessing research and practical experience with inquiry-based, constructivist pedagogy dictating that people learn best when actively engaged.


People seldom think about the destructive impact an injury can have on their life until it's already happened. We go about our business every day, blissfully unaware of the ripple effects even one accidental injury could cause. Those who have experienced a serious injury understand how quickly life can turn upside down, with your job, your finances and your future cast in doubt. The personal injury attorneys at Arnold & Smith, PLLC, have years of experience handling such cases and are available to help, guiding you through the complicated legal process and tirelessly advocating on your behalf.
So what is personal injury law? Just like it sounds, personal injury law covers a multitude of instances where a person suffers an injury caused by someone else. These injuries can range from the relatively minor to the truly destructive. Lawsuits are filed every day for harm suffered at the hands of another person and can involve bumps and bruises all the way up to wrongful death.
What kinds of personal injury cases does Arnold & Smith, PLLC, handle? Our lawyers have been practicing for years and have seen a wide range of issues in that time. Auto accident cases, slip-and-falls, products liability cases, medical malpractice claims, premises liability disputes, you name it, our attorneys have handled it. If you have been harmed due to the negligence of another person and need help securing compensation, our attorneys can assist.
For a personal injury case to be successful, the plaintiff will ultimately need to show that they were owed a duty of care, that the defendant somehow failed to live up to his or her duty of care, that they were harmed as a result and that they can demonstrate that they are owed damages. This often happens by proving that the defendant was in some way negligent or reckless, meaning the person either did, or failed to do something that an ordinary reasonable person would have done in the same situation.
If you have suffered a serious personal injury, you likely want to understand how you can begin piecing your life back together. Getting hurt results in lots of unexpected expenses, like doctor bills and time off work. Given the costs associated, it is worth discussing the different elements that make up a personal injury damage award with an experienced personal injury attorney.
The first element of any damage award is financial damages. This includes things that can be easily quantified and documented, showing tangible harm suffered due to someone else's negligence. A good example, if you were out for a run and got hit by a passing car and had to take a trip to the Lake Norman Regional Medical Center, the expenses incurred as a result of that visit would be economic damage. Your medical bills, specialist bills, rehabilitation care, physical therapy, etc., are all examples. So are your lost wages or property damage suffered in the accident.
The next element of a personal injury damage award is non-economic damages. This category is more abstract and includes things like emotional trauma suffered or pain and suffering. These damages are often difficult to ascertain with any degree of certainty and will likely need to be substantiated by an expert, someone testifying to the severity of your injuries.
Though everyone wants to know how much money they will ultimately get following a Mooresville, North Carolina personal injury claim, easy answers are, unfortunately, hard to come by. It's impossible to say as a general rule what different types of personal injury cases are worth. The reality is that in the personal injury realm, it all boils down to the specific facts of your case. Thankfully, the attorneys at Arnold & Smith, PLLC, know the system backward and forward and can sit down with you to help you understand the strengths (and weaknesses) in your claim. Our attorneys will work tirelessly to ensure that you receive the right direction and support as your case moves forward, allowing you to make informed decisions along the way.
If you or someone you love in the Mooresville, North Carolina area has suffered a personal injury and you aren't sure where to turn, it is important that you reach out to an experienced local injury lawyer who can help fight to secure the compensation you need to start putting your life back together. The longer you wait, the longer you and your family will go without assistance and a plan to make things better. For questions, contact Arnold & Smith, PLLC, today.


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News - Press releases -
Wood Forever Pact - Wolz Nautic presents new wooden decking to the German Ocean Foundation – HSH Prince Albert II of Monaco makes a guest appearance
Würzburg – On 8 June 2018, the German Ocean Foundation and the Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation were awarded the European Culture Prize in Dresden. In advance of the event, Prince Albert II of Monaco visited the research ship ALDEBARAN, which was stationed on the River Elbe for the German Ocean Foundation.
Frank Schweikert, Board Member and founder of the German Ocean Foundation, and his team welcomed Prince Albert II and other representatives from the Principality of Monaco onto the ALDEBARAN and told them all about the scientific activities that are carried out on the ship. They also discussed activities that the two organisations carry out together as part of their collaboration.
Wolz Nautic took this opportunity to officially present the new decking for the diving and bathing platform for the research yacht. "It's a great honour for Wolz Nautic to be able to present the new decking in situ in the presence of Prince Albert II. It means we have been able to contribute a small part to help boost the important projects that the team at the German Ocean Foundation carries out to protect the seas", said Wolz Nautic CEO Michael Wolz.
The sailing yacht ALDEBARAN, a research and media ship, has been travelling the world working on various projects since 1992 and, due to the close ties between the German Ocean Foundation and the Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation, creates a link to the market leader for ship decking based in the Franconian town of Gaukönigshofen.
Wolz Nautic began collaborating with the Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation in 2017 and joined the "Wood Forever Pact". This is an initiative founded by Prince Albert II to promote the use of wood sourced from sustainably managed forests in the yachting industry.
Preventing rainforest deforestation and supporting reforestation projects are also part of the agenda for the initiative.
Protecting biodiversity such as species and ecosystem varieties and the use of legally sourced wood are also fundamental elements of the "Wood Forever Pact".
"Being able to meet and talk to Prince Albert II on board the ALDEBARAN underlines how important this issue is for our company", said André Hofmann, Head of Marketing at Wolz Nautic.
"The decking refit on board the ALDEBARAN was an ideal project for Wolz Nautic to make a significant contribution in the area of sustainability.
Particularly by linking the project with our commitment to the "Wood Forever Pact", we're building a bridge towards responsible trading, which is a principle that's firmly anchored in our corporate philosophy", he continued.
The new wooden decking follows precisely this approach and was donated to the German Ocean Foundation by Wolz Nautic. Wolz Nautic would like to thank Frank Schweikert, who organised the meeting with Prince Albert II.
On board the "Aldebaran" with HSH Prince Albert II of Monaco, Frank Schweikert (left) and André Hofmann (middle). Photo German Ocean Foundation/Kahnert.
Wolz Nautic at a glance:
With two production facilities in Germany, 110 employees and turnover of around €13.3 million in 2018, Wolz Nautic is the world leader in ship deck production.
Founded in the late 1920s as carpentry firm for high-quality furniture, Wolz Nautic has been active in the production of prefabricated ship decking since the 1980s. The main focus of Wolz Nautic's operations is on the production of teak wood or synthetic decking, as well as on special solutions for the maritime sector. Wolz Nautic supplies most of Europe's biggest shipyards in the series-production boat and megayacht sector. Wolz Nautic particularly stands out for its pioneering products and approaches as well as the achievement of its strong competitiveness as innovation and technology leader in the maritime industry.
Acting with responsibility forms part of the corporate culture at Wolz Nautic. Fair cooperation with employees and suppliers, careful use of resources and the orientation of its corporate strategy to sustainability aspects are key factors in Wolz Nautic's everyday work.
For more information, visit: www.wolznautic.de
André Hofmann
Head of Marketing & Sales Series Yachts
Phone: +49 9337 - 90049-83
Mobile: +49 160 978 29 772
andre.hofmann@wolznautic.de
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Save The Last Dance For Me | The Braid
Inspiring Jewish Stories on Stage (The Braid) • 8m 51s
The daughter of African-American and Jewish parents, Courtenay wonders if she will ever find a mate, since she is "too black for Ashkenazi Jews and too Jewish for African-Americans." She has always wanted to follow her father's commitment as a former foster child and adopt foster children of her own. When she chooses to adopt a 9-month-old and raise her as a single mom, the experience is so joyful that she decides to adopt another child. She soon falls in love with baby Jake, but complications arise when his birth parents, in treatment for substance abuse, try to claim him. As the custody battle evolves, she learns heart-wrenching and deeply meaningful life lessons about parenthood.
Produced by The Braid/Jewish Women's Theatre
True story, Drama
Up Next in Inspiring Jewish Stories on Stage (The Braid)
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American Dream | The Braid
Albert Kallis is one of the founders of a well-known American eatery. This moving origin story starts with the question, "Could a menu devoted entirely to pancakes from around the world fill a need in 1950s America?" When Al's friend asks him to invest in this novel, high-risk concept, Al, an a...
The Moment I Knew | The Braid
Emmy Award–winning writer and star of the Off-Broadway hit Not That Jewish, Monica Piper tells riotous tales of life as the stressed-out single working mother of a teenage son. Overwhelmed by the task of buying an acceptable dress for the Ginsberg bar mitzvah, she flees the mall to arrive at her...