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Sermon LXIV
The content of Augustine's sermons is rich and varied, embraces all the themes of Scripture and the liturgy and serves as a valuable commentary on the great dogmatic and exegetical works. They are a model of popular eloquence which is at the same time clear yet profound, lively and incisive, direct and effective. (Agostino Trapè) Sermon 64, delivered on a feastday of martyrs, is on Matthew 10:16: "Behold, I send you forth as sheep in the midst of wolves."
Augustine's Sermons are the fruit of a career of preaching which continued without interruption for almost forty years. The library at Hippo must have contained very many sermons, perhaps three or four thousand, the greater part of which were probably never revised and published by Augustine, and have perished. Around five hundred are now extant, of which those numbered 51 ff. are on the New Testament.
by Augustine of Hippo in Uncertain | translated by R. G. Macmullen; Ed. Philip Schaff
I. When the Holy Gospel was read, Brethren, ye heard how our Lord Jesus Christ strengthened His Martyrs by His teaching, saying, "Behold, I send you forth as lambs in the midst of wolves." Now consider, my Brethren, what he does. If but one wolf come among many sheep, be they ever so many thousands, they will all be put to confusion by one wolf in the midst of them: and though all may not be torn, yet all are frightened. What manner of design is this then, what manner of counsel, what manner of power, not to let in a wolf amongst the sheep, but to send the sheep against the wolves! "I send you," saith He, "as sheep in the midst of wolves;" not to the neighbourhood of wolves, but "in the midst of wolves." There was then at that time a herd of wolves, and but few sheep. For when the many wolves killed the few sheep, the wolves were changed and became sheep.
2. Let us hear then what advice He hath given, who hath promised the crown, but hath first appointed the combat; who is a spectator of the combatants, and assisteth them in their toil. What manner of conflict hath He prescribed? "Be ye," saith He, "wise as serpents, and simple as doves." Whoso understandeth, and holdeth to this, may die in assurance that he will not really die. For no one ought to die in this assurance, but he who knows that he shall in such sort die, as that death only shall die in him, and life be crowned.
3. Wherefore, Beloved, I must explain to you, though I have often spoken already on this subject, what it is to be "simple as doves, and wise as serpents." Now if the simplicity of doves be enjoined us, what hath the wisdom of the serpent to do in the simplicity of the dove? This in the dove I love, that she has no gall; this I fear in the serpent, that he has poison. But now do not fear the serpent altogether; something he has for thee to hate, and something for thee to imitate. For when the serpent is weighed down with age, and he feels the burden of his many years, he contracts and forces himself into a hole, and lays aside his old coat of skin, that he may spring forth into new life. Imitate him in this, thou Christian, who dost hear Christ saying, "Enter ye in at the strait gate." And the Apostle Paul saith to thee, "Put ye off the old man with his deeds, and put ye on the new man." Thou hast then something to imitate in the serpent. Die not for the "old man," but for the truth. Whoso dies for any temporal good dies "for the old man." But when thou hast stripped thyself of all "that old man," thou hast imitated the wisdom of the serpent. Imitate him in this again; "keep thy head safe." And what does this mean, keep thy head safe? Keep Christ with thee. Have not some of you, it may be, observed, on occasions when you have wished to kill an adder, how to save his head, he will expose his whole body to the strokes of his assailant? He would not that that part of him should be struck, where he knows that his life resides. And our Life is Christ, for He hath said Himself, "I am the way, and the truth, and the life." Here the Apostle also; "The Head of the man is Christ." Whoso then keepeth Christ in him, keepeth his head for his protection.
4. Now what need is there to commend to you in many words the simplicity of the dove? For the serpent's poison had need to be guarded against: there, there was a danger in imitation; there, there was something to be feared; but the dove may you imitate securely. Mark how the doves rejoice in society; everywhere do they fly and feed together; they do not love to be alone, they delight in communion, they preserve affection; their cooings are the plaintive cries of love, with kissings they beget their young. Yea even when doves, as we have often noticed, dispute about their holes, it is as it were but a peaceful strife. Do they separate, because of their contentions? Nay, still do they fly and feed together, and their very strife is peaceful. See this strife of doves, in what the Apostle saith, "If any man obey not our word by this epistle, mark that man, and have no company with him." Behold the strife; but observe now how it is the strife of doves, not of wolves. He subjoined immediately, "Yet count him not as an enemy, but admonish him as a brother." The dove loves even when she is in strife; and the wolf even when he caresses, hates. Therefore having the simplicity of doves, and the wisdom of serpents, celebrate the solemnities of the Martyrs in sobriety of mind,s not in bodily excess, sing lauds to God. For He who is the Martyrs' God, is our Lord God also, He it is who will crown us. If we shall have wrestled well, we shall be crowned by Him, who hath crowned already those whom we desire to imitate.
Taken from "The Early Church Fathers and Other Works" originally published by Wm. B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. in English in Edinburgh, Scotland, beginning in 1867. (NPNF I/VI, Schaff). The digital version is by The Electronic Bible Society, P.O. Box 701356, Dallas, TX 75370, 214-407-WORD.
Free eBook: Essays in Apologetics, Vol. II


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When Facebook Becomes Blogging
So I don't know what the future holds for this social media feed of such vital importance to so many people. The fact that I was able to go for two weeks without posting about politics means that I can go longer.
The fact remains that I am really not looking forward to the next two years of politics. There are so many qualified Democratic candidates, and as in 2016 for Republicans, it could mean that all of them cancel each other out and the party is left with some crank like Tulsi Gabbard, who wasn't just a virulent homophobe a mere ten years ago, but actively praises (doesn't just advocate non-interference for) the dictator of Syria and the butcher of our time: Bashar al-Assad. Add to that the fact that it's still possible that Israel's about to embark on its bloodiest war in 45 years with Hezbollah in Lebanon, which would be the unwisest war in its history. There's a not 0% chance that the Syrian Civil War could spread to all sorts of places where I have a dog in the fight with a number of people I know in Baltimore and elsewhere actively rooting for Israel to fall. I frankly worry I wouldn't be able to either post about Israel or talk about Israel without dozens of friendships ending permanently. All that is still avoidable, but I'd rather try to avoid talking about it or thinking about it if I can. And even if the best possible outcome happens and we are all suddenly propelled into a liberal golden age, the daily fights all seem so trivial if you don't have to be a part of their administration. Eventually, the adrenaline runs out, and what becomes interesting about politics is not the day to day fights but how it all fits in with the larger historical narrative. No matter how much the world changes, human nature itself doesn't change. Even if it's always different halves, half the world is always trying to turn the world upside down, and half the world is trying to put the world back to what they think is rightside up. Half the world generally succeeds in their goals and half the world generally fails, and it's always different halves.
Just before I went on that almost two week vacation, I blocked what I suppose is a now former friend, whether he ever was a friend is another question, but had I not known him in college I might have thought I'd hallucinated him. He was a kind of Gollum to my Frodo who posted every manner of invective and vitriol and outright abuse (in the British sense of the term) at virtually everybody who ever posted on this page. I let it happen for years, partially because it was so cathartic to watch someone say all the things I wanted to. Believe it or not, I hold back quite a bit, and it was nice to see someone who had no compunctions about saying the kinds of destructive things we all are occasionally tempted to say but should know better.
It was never particularly clear what he stood for, at different times he seemed moderate, classic liberal, neoconservative, and unreformed FDR liberal, but if what and who he loved was never clear, what and who he hated was abundantly clear in every moment of his interactions. He hated above all leftist progressives, whom he thought ruined education and ruined American power's ability to provide a more liberal world order, and to a much lesser extent, he hated incurious right-wingers. But he viewed those right-wingers as children, a simple impediment that a properly educated liberal populace could always overcome. To a certain extent, I still agree with him, and in a lot of ways I'm more disappointed with the toxic beliefs of most people I know than I've ever been.
But it's not my war. Human nature is human nature, and the more people hold their emotions and their true selves back from others, the more the human id requires a release for their aggression. People with low self-esteem begin to think that the human self doesn't matter, and they give themselves over to mass movements which tell them that even if they are dissatisfied with themselves, they can gain self-worth by signing their life over to greater causes than themselves. It gives them a premade list of heroes and villains, and they get to experience all the love and hate which we all crave, either consciously or subconsciously. I know that I should be more compassionate to people who are simply looking for answers to life's agonies, but it's difficult, truly difficult, to be compassionate when people subscribe to movements that automatically tell them that half the world is unworthy of compassion. I don't know if I can, but I'll certainly try to do better.
The particulars of these movements are always changing, but the urges to embrace these larger than life beliefs never change. It's both the most fascinating and the most tragic thing about human beings. I've got yet another huge project up my sleeve that might be able to explain at least my version of why this is and the very little bit we can do about it. If I'm posting less on facebook, that's what I'm doing. If I'm posting relatively less on facebook, it at least means I'm reading more books. So hopefully you'll see at very most, relatively less of me here.
Good luck to us all :)
My Baltimore Symphony Article for the Baltimore Fishbowl
What Baltimore loses if the BSO is forced to cut its schedule.
AN INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER TO THE HISTORY OF THE JEWS
1. THE ADVENTURE OF JEWISH HISTORY
A Long Career -- This book tells the story of the Jewish people, a story of continuous adventure. The Jews have lived through four thousand years. Before the dawn of the Western World the Jews were here. They began their career in Antiquity, when nations existed of whom nothing but a vague memory has survived. They lived and labored when Assyrians and Babylonians terrorized their neighbors, and Egyptian priests uttered their mysterious incantations. They are alive today, when new nations bestride the world. If the experiences of one man's life are interesting, surely the adventurous journey and miraculous life of an entire people should be even more thrilling.
The Drama of Jewish History -- The history of the Jews is not the story of an isolated adventure, nor of a life lived far away from the crowded highways of civilization. On the contrary, hardly an important event happened in the history of the world but that the Jews played some important part in it. Sometimes the event affected them after it happened; sometimes they themselves helped to bring the event about; but at all times they were there, anxious and eternal participants in humanity's struggle and progress. A knowledge of Jewish history, therefore, requires acquaintance with the momentous events in the history of many nations. This is why Jewish history is many times more important than one might suppose judging merely from the fact that the Jews are numerically a small group. By observing the Jews, one can view the entire pageant of mankind's pilgrimage through the ages. Tragedy and almost miraculous escapes from extinction, triumphs over tremendous difficulty, great achievements in the world of culture and religion, and devotion to the welfare of humanity are characteristics of the Jewish story.
2. THE NATURE OF JEWISH HISTORY
Bigness and Greatness -- Until a few years ago, before the calamity of World War II befell them, the Jews throughout the world numbered about sixteen millions. They were less than one per cent of the world's population and only about one and one half per cent of the combined populations of Europe and America. Other peoples were much bigger than the Jewish group. Moreover, the fact that they were scattered all over the world seemed to make the Jews even less important. But despite their small number and lack of concentration, their history is of tremendous significance.
Bigness has nothing to do with greatness. Someone has suggested a convincing way of demonstrating this. In the lower right-hand corner of a map of the Western world, which includes America, Europe and the western part of Asia, lies Palestine along the Mediterranean coast; Greece is a little to the northwest of it. One tiny speck on the map marks the city of Jerusalem; another marks the city of Athens. It is astonishing to realize that the culture of all the rest of the map is based on the contributions made by these two spots. Western civilization is the product of the thought and experience of these two cities. For the test of a people's greatness is not the number of its citizens, nor the size of its cities, nor the wealth of its millionaires. The real test lies in a people's effort to improve the mind, the character and the well-being of humanity, to give life new directions and to extend justice in human society. This is why the little Jewish people is of such interest and importance to the world.
The Religious Contribution -- The first part of Jewish history, usually knwon as the history of the Hebrews, is fairly familiar. Most people have a general idea how the Hebrews originated, how they won their land and established their kingdoms. The ancient heroes of the people, the patriarchs, Joshua the conqueror, David the nation-builder, and a host of others, are well known from popular story and legend. These men influenced the world; but their influence was an indirect one. More important was the influence of the Lawgiver, the poets, writers and religious teachers of the Hebrews -- the men known as the prophets. Their words have resounded through the centuries and their thoughts affect our life today. Why were the two little kingdoms, Israel and Judah, able to develop such men and such thoughts? Huge empires surrounded them; big and little nations lived on their every side. Yet, it was tiny Judah and Israel, not Babylonia and Assyria or Egypt and Philistia, that did most to enrich the spirit of mankind.
Geography and Religion -- The map of the ancient world shows one reason why Judah and Israel left their impress upon humanity. To the northeast of Palestine lies the Mesopotamian valley from which sometimes Babylonia and at other times Assyria poured mighty armies into the lands of the west to satisfy their lust for booty, conquest and power. To the southwest lies Egypt, from which equally powerful armies came to join battle with those descending from the north. Between the two, on the only strip of land through which each army could move to come to grips with the other, lived the Hebrews. Though fairly fruitful, theirs was not a rich land for purposes of agriculture. Its small area was further reduced by mountains and rocky hills. The nature of their land, therefore, made it impossible for the Hebrews to ever rule the ancient world as upon occasions the Babylonians or the Egyptians did. Most of the Hebrews remained poor peasants, frequently oppressed. During the greater part of their history both Israel and Judah were made subject to the great empires. Time and again, they saw conquering armies march up and down theri countries to victory or defeat. Whichever the direction the armies marched, or whatever the mood they felt when they returned, Israel was the victim. But even those powerful victors would have been almost forgotten, had it not been for the greatness of their victim.
Freedom and Justice -- The size of the country, the frequency with which it served as a battleground for other nations and the poverty of its inhabitants were in part responsible for the development of its spiritual greatness. Remembering their own suffering, the Hebrews made sympathy for the downtrodden the very cornerstone of their religion. To this day the Jewish calendar -- its Sabbaths, holidays and workdays -- oblige the Jew to recall the fact that his ancestors were slaves in Egypt. David's conquests of freedom and equal justice to all classes of society command jjustice that they came to regard their God, not only as the Creator of the world, but as a God who sought to establish freedom and justice among men.
Monotheism -- The Jews, because of their experiences as a nation, came to believe in One God, that is, they became monotheists. The other nations of the ancient world believed in local gods. Egypt had its own gods, and so did Babylonia and every other nation. When a nation won in battle, its leaders proclaimed that its god had conquered the god of the defeated country. The Hebrews often witnessed the defeats and victories now of one great nation and now of another. The more thoughtful among them realized that it was foolish to divide the heavens as the earth was divided, giving a nation's god rulership over a particular part of the heavens to correspond to the earth beneath it. They held it to be childish to represent God in the form of a man or an ox or a carved pole, and to pray to that image for victory against an enemy. They believed that God was the creator of the entire world; He was Father of all humanity; His purpose was not for His people to be conquerors, but for them to set an example to mankind how "to do justice and love mercy and walk humbly with God."
Prophecy and the Bible -- It took the Hebrews a long time to arrive at these great convictions. Perhaps they would never have arrived at them had not Moses risen to mold the beginnings of their history. He revived among them Abraham's ideal of monotheism; he taught them important rules of conduct. He was, however, centuries ahead of his times. Only the great men among the Hebrews, the prophets, truly understood Moses' teachings. They endeavored to make their fellow Hebrews understand them too; but, except on rare occasions, the Hebrews paid little attention to the prophets. Only after great misfortunes had overtaken them, and both Israel and Judah had been temporarily destroyed as kingdoms, did the common people accept the prophetic teachings.
These were incorporated in an extraordinary collection of books--a library in itself--that has come to be known as the Bible. The Bible has influenced the mind and happiness of the Western world more than any battle ever fought, any invention ever made or any idea ever expressed. It inspired the religion, the language, the arts, the conduct, the fears and the hopes of almost every nation on the face of the earth.
The Growing Heritage -- How this happened cannot be told here. One must first understand how the thoughts of the prophets affected the Jews during the Babylonian Exile and after they had rebuilt their national life in Palestine. For it was not the ancient Hebrews who transmitted the Bible to other peoples of the world, but their descendants, the Jews. The Jews were no longer satisfied merely to believe in the teachings of the prophets. They wanted to develop and apply them, and to make them part of their everyday life. They built institutions around them and defended them. When, later, their Second Commonwealth was destroyed by Rome, these institutions saved the Jewish people from utter destruction. The Jewish people did more than survive. Just as in Palestine the Hebrews obtained a deeper understanding of truth and justice through their sufferings in cruelty and war, so their descendants in the Diaspora further developed their spirit because they experienced the evils and injustices of a later day. Through pain and suffering, through searching for means to surmount obstacles, the Jews acquired that social understanding and that human sympathy which have enabled them, individually and as a group, to make some of their richest contributions to humanity. The forces of ignorance, selfishness and brutality even today testify to this by arraying themselves against the Jewish people and making this small group the chief object of their hatred.
The Jews as the Heirs of Their Past -- Explanation now of three terms -- Hebrew, Israelite and Jew -- will help to avoid confusion later. These names are often used interchangeably. There is nothing wrong in this use, but it may be just as well to understand what each one means. The Hebrews were the descendants of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob; the last was also called Israel. His name was applied to the tribes who settled in Canaan and some lands near by. Later, some of the tribes became two kingdoms: Israel was the kingdom of northern Palestine; while Judah was the southern kingdom (named after one of the sons of Jacob) over which the family of David ruled. Both populations could rightly be called Hebrews, and both could be referred to as the Children of Israel. The northerners called themselves Israelites, and the southerners Judeans. Subsequently, both kingdoms were destroyed, but only the Judeans succeeded in re-establishing themselves in their old land, whereas the Israelites never restored their kingdom. Only the Judeans, therefore, played a part in later history. The word "Jew" is a modification of the word "Judean." The Jews are the last remnants of the Hebrews and the Israelites, and rightfully took over whatever hopes, tasks and glories the larger group had developed.
The Jews and their History -- For several good reasons this book is limited to the history of the Jews. One reason for this is that something of the history of the ancient Hebrews is generally, however inadequately, known. He must be a very uncultured man who does not know something about Abraham, or Joseph, or David, or Isaiah. A second reason for confining this book to the history of the Jews is that very few people know much about the history of the successors of the Hebrews. Little is to be found in modern historical writings about the Jews in connection with the Greeks, the Romans, the Middle Ages and Modern Times. Occasionally one finds a remark here or there about them. Sometimes it is a sympathetic reference to the persecutions which the Jews had to undergo. Sometimes it is an uncomplimentary opinion about their business activities or their religion. Usually the Jews are ignored as if they no longer existed. The Jews are frequently mentioned in connection with the rise of Christianity. But even here, the main interest does not lie in how the Jews lived and felt and worked, but rather in how they served as a background for the rise of Christianity, the religion adopted in the West. Yet, the Jews themselves have a history. No one can possibly understand how the Jews survived to modern times unless he has some knowledge of the past twenty-five hundred years from the Jewish point of view. Certainly we ought to know the later period, after the rise of Christianity, much better than we do, not only because it is inherently interesting, but especially because during this period the Jews cooperated in building the world in which they lived.
The meaning of this cooperation is best described int he words of Simon Dubnow, a great Jewish historian. He said: "This latter part of Jewish history is not yet known, and many, in the thrall of prejudice, do not wish to know it. But ere long it will be known and appreciated. . . . The thousand-years' martyrdom of the Jewish people, its unbroken pilgrimate, its tragic fate, its teachers of religion, its martyrs, philosophers, champions -- this whole epic will in days to come sink deep into the memory of men. . . . It will secure respect for the silvery hair of the Jewish people, a people of thinkers and sufferers. . . . It is our firm conviction that the time is approaching in which the second half of Jewish history will be to the noblest part of thinking humanity what its first half has long been to believing humanity, a source of sublime moral truth. In this sense, Jewish history in its entirety is the pledge of the spiritual union between the Jews and the rest of the nations.
3. THE CHALLENGE IN JEWISH HISTORY
The Demands of the Past -- Jewish history presents a challenge to the modern Jew. The heroes of the Jewish past -- thinkers, teachers and leaders -- lived their lives and made their sacrifices in order that their descendants might have a fund of wisdom for inspiration and practical living. Their life and effort were wasted unless they lead to action on our part, to defend what we received from the past and, if possible, to enrich it further. In other words, Jewish history tells how generation after generation of our people grappled with problems and overcame difficulties for the sake of what they considered sacred. The story is worth telling because it may help the present generation to see its problems in better perspective and to encourage its search for helpful solutions to these problems.
The Problems of the Present -- A knowledge of history does not of itself provide solutions for current problems, but it is useful in offering encouragement and suggestions. The circumstances which challenge Jewish life today are not at all the same as those which challenged it in the days of the Maccabees or when the Roman empire was at the height of its power, or upon any of the other numerous occasions when the fate of the Jews was in the balance. The problem of Jewish defense against persecution is a good illustration of how methods change in accordance with conditions. There were times when the Jews were compelled to take up the sword, and other times when they took up the pen in defense of their right to live as Jews. Sometimes a generation won its battle by proclaiming itself ready to be slaughtered; at other times it was compelled to use a plea or a bribe. Can the Jews use these methods today? To answer this question, it is necessary to study the conditions of the past struggles and compare them with present conditions. One must know the strength and weakness of the Jewish spirit then and now. Jewish history thus becomes an essential preparation for our struggle for survival. Similarly with other problems facing the Jewish group: the problem of self-regulation, that is, to what extent Jewish communal life is possible in the free environment of the United States; the problem of Jewish culture and the possibility of its further development in the Diaspora; the problems connected with modern efforts to rebuild Palestine as a Jewish Homeland; and the problems connected with strengthening Jewish religious life. All of these problems are complex and interrelated. Thought, effort and sacrifice are needed for their solution; but knowledge of the past is also necessary. For none of these problems is altogether new in Jewish life; and Jewish history, which is really recorded Jewish experience, can be very helpful. The Jews are an old people and the wisdom they have acquired through their long life ought not to be neglected or wasted.
4. HOW JEWISH HISTORY MAY BE DIVIDED
Seven Ages -- The history of the Jews may be divided into the following seven periods: The Patriarchal Age, from Abraham to the conquest of Canaan by the Israelites, tells all those beautiful and moving stories of our people's origin which have been a source of inspiration for the entire Western world. These stories, however, are only introductory to the real history of the Jewish people. This age is followed by the period of the First Commonwealth, from about 1200 to 586 before the Common Era. This is the age of judges, kings and prophets, of wars, divisions and rebellions, and also of the birth of great spiritual truths. The third period covers the history of the Second Commonwealth, from 586 before the Common Era (we shall abbreviate this phrase to B.C.E. hereafter) to the year 70 in the Common Era (we shall use the letters C.E. hereafter). This includes the story of the Babylonian Captivity, the return and the rebuilding of the Temple, the Persian and Greek contacts with the Jews, the Hasmoneans and the Roman control. The fourth period deals with the Jews of the East. It relates the rise and decline of the Jews in Babylonia and Palestine during the first thousand years of the Common Era, the period which saw the development of the Talmud among the Jews, and of Christianity and Mohammedanism among the Gentiles.
The fifth is that of the Middle Ages in Europe. It overlaps the previous age, since the Jews of Europe trace their history a century or two before the Common Era, while the Second Commonwealth still existed. But the European communities were so different in origin and development that it is impossible to discuss them along with the Jews of the East. It is the age of Jewish settlement in various parts of Europe, Jewish participation in the slow rise of European culture, the Crusades and all the evils which followed from them. The end of the Renaissance (about 1520), if not the expulsion from Spain (1492) began a new period for European Jewry. It has often been called the Ghetto Age; but since cultural influences have been most important in Jewish history, this period is better named after the Jews of Eastern Europe, who, in their days, developed the highest cultural activity. The seventh and last period is the Modern Age, dating from the time when, toward the end of the eighteenth century, the world underwent radical transformation after the revolutions in America and in France.
Biblical and Post-Biblical History -- The first two periods described above are not treated in this book. The reason is that this book seeks to present the background of present-day Jewish life, institutions and problems. Now, the farther back one goes, the less direct is the influence of historical events on modern times. The Bible and its characters, of course, have affected and still affect Jewish life. But the historical events of biblical times have not had and do not have any such influence. More significant and influential than the events recorded in the Bible have been later periods. The history of the last four periods, moreover, differs in its very nature from the history of the first three. Earlier Jewish history was the history of a people on its land and was largely concerned with politics and statesmanship. After the Second Commonwealth, and to some extent also during its existence, Jewish history has been the history of a people, physically scattered, yet working together for the development of thought, culture and religion. This is the story we try to tell, for this is what constitutes the uniqueness of the Jewish People.
"A HISTORY OF THE JEWS"
- BY SOLOMON GRAYZEL
So You Saw Turangalila
So you went to the BSO last night and loved Turangalila and maybe you're looking for other mid-to-late 20th century megaliths that include everything in the heavens and the earth. One per composer...
Rued Langgaard - Music of the Spheres: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kgwJnTZWfLI&t=4s
Alfred Schnittke - 1st symphony: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EVpCGPY4bWM
Krzystopf Penderecki - 7th Symphony 'The Seven Gates of Jerusalem':
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vaGqGEr2-dE
James MacMillan - Quickening:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_MVrD-Y9H08
Osvaldo Golijov - La Pasion Segun San Marcos:
Luciano Berio - Sinfonia: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bpwO6Ig0YpU
Alberto Ginastera - Turbae ad Passionem Gregorianem: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYesfutPk8Y
Tan Dun - The Map: https://www.youtube.com/watch…
Hans Werner Henze - Phaedra: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvaV9szNTFQ
Einojuhani Rautavaara - Rasputin: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HoNB8jbnuwo
Heitor Villa-Lobos - Forest of the Amazon: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kH-vVjUo0Mg
Bohuslav Martinu - The Greek Passion https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vEJQLy0imMo
Sofia Gubaidulina - Canticle of the Sun: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faAsqEubdAo
Benjamin Britten - War Requiem: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=625WOYzdvFw
Charles Ives - Symphony no. 4: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aMT_EGXQwyk
Edgar Varese - Ameriques: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zXaEwWFbnA
Dmitri Shostakovich - Symphony no. 13 'Babi Yar': https://www.youtube.com/watch…
Karol Szymanowski - King Roger: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k3SGLFTEelY
And last but oh my god not least:
Karlheinz Stockhausen - Licht:
Plus 10 other pieces by Messiaen for both orchestra and/or organ and/or chorus, dozens of others by these same composers, and god knows how many others I missed (I'm on vacation and still pissed about missing Turangalila). Now let's start twisting the arms of the BSO to get this shit performed
My Twenty-First Post at Times of Israel
The Comment Section
200 words...
Posted by Evan Tucker at 12:57 AM No comments:
My Twentieth Post at Times of Israel
Jewish Pianists
My Nineteenth Post at Times of Israel
The Social Justice Reformation
Posted by Evan Tucker at 11:24 PM 1 comment:
My Baltimore Symphony Article for the Baltimore Fi...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Geoff's Other Shows
Entries by Geoff
Entries by Adrian
Entries by Chris
Guest Quotes
We are back with a new-look Soft Rock Show. Big events in music history include The Beatles' first TV appearance, The Police making a new album cheaply, the 50th anniversary albums from David Bowie & The Moody Blues, and the best new songs from Troy Underwood and Foo Fighters.
4th January 2021: 'Rock of Ages' special
Geoff & Ade are back after New Year with a special 'Rock of Ages 2' with some of the best rock tunes including Nick Drake Rush, Mountain, Dio, Soundgarden and Oasis.
28th December 2020: 'Rock of Ages' special
Geoff & Ade present the first of two weeks a very special Soft Rock Show: "Rock of Ages", playing 22 prime cuts of rock including Led Zeppelin, The Cult, Snafu, Deep Purple and Golden Earring.
Geoff & Ade are full of Christmas spirit and playing new tunes with a Christmas flavour including Deborah Fennella, Todd Rundgren, Bombay Bicycle Club, Alice Cooper and Aisha Vaughan. In the events in music history, The Beatles' Magical Mystery Tour and The Sex Pistols' last gig, plus the big quiz.
Geoff & Ade bring you 12 new songs including Fragile Creatures, Idles, Fontaines DC, Ian Prowse, Pride of Lions, World Goes Round and Jake Morrell. Musical events this week in history include U2 playing for free, Paul McCartney at the 100 Club, and The Pogues voted no.1 Christmas song by viewers, plus news on the …
Read more14th December 2020
Adrian on American radio
Yesterday, Debbie Perkins at Hollywood Red Carpet Radio interviewed Adrian about his life in music and his record label Thoroughbred Music.
Geoff & Ade in the chair to bring you 12 new songs including Phoenix Rising Collective, King King, Arctic Monkeys, Kelly Jones, local girl Isla Croll, and Inglorious. Events in music history with stories on the Apple Store opening and closing, Hotel California winning a Grammy award, and Graham Nash forming Crosby Stills & Nash.
Geoff and Ade back in the hot seat with 12 hot new songs including Collateral, Amber Bugs, Drug Store, Romeos, King Gizzard, Bruce Springsteen and Avalon Emerson. Music events in history includes the first Top of The Pops awards, Bono getting his master tapes back, and The Who at The Marquee.
28th September 2020: Elvis's daughter spotted in an unusual plaice
There's something fishy going on here, as on this day in 2012 (I wonder if that were a Fryday?) Lisa-Marie Presley was spotted serving fish & chips in a catering van here in England. Ironic considering the Kirsty MacColl hit on a similar theme – which of course we had to play after we recounted …
Read more28th September 2020: Elvis's daughter spotted in an unusual plaice
21st September 2020: Headbangers' heaven
One of today's featured new tracks is Lords of Black with their single 'Dying To Live Again'. Turn the volume up to 11… as long as your neighbours are out!
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The main problem with painting doors— or indeed any woodwork with a large surface — involves keeping what professional decorators call a 'wet edge'. Obviously, the door has to be painted bit by bit, and, if the edge of one area begins to dry before this is joined up to the next area, the join will show when the paint dries completely.
The secret of success is to work in an ordered sequence, as shown in these illustrations of flush and panelled doors, and to complete the painting job in one continuous operation, working as fast as is reasonably possible. Windows are more difficult to paint than doors because they contain so many different surfaces, especially small-paned types criss-crossed with slim glazing bars (muntins). There is also the additional problem of paint: straying on to the glass. The ideal is a neat paint line that covers the bedding putty and extends on to the glass surface by about 3inches to seal the joint and prevent condensation from running down between putty and glass.
Remove the window hardware before you start painting. On casement windows, tap a nail into the bottom edge of the casement and into the lower frame rebate and then link them with stiff wire to stop the casement irons swinging about.
For the best results, remove sash windows from their frames before painting. Modem spring-mounted windows are easy to release from their frames. With older cord-operated types, remove the staff beads (window-stops) first to free the sashes. Although quite a major task, take the opportunity to renew the sash cords (pulley ropes).This makes it possible to cut the cords to free the window.
Tackle a paneled door by painting the moldings (1) around the recessed panels first. Take care not to let paint build up in the corners or to stray on to the faces of the cross rails at this stage. Next, paint the recessed panels (2).
Paint the horizontal cross-rails (3), brushing lightly inwards towards the pale red panel moldings to leave a sharp pattern edge. Feather out the paint thinly where it runs onto the vertical tiles at each end of the rails.
Finish the door by painting the vertical center rail (4) and the tiles (5), again brushing inwards towards the panel moldings. Where the rail abuts the cross-rails, finish with light brushstrokes parallel to the cross-rails.
On bare wood, use a clean lint-free cloth to wipe the first coat on to the wood, working along the grain direction. When it is dry, sand it lightly and then wipe off the dust.
Remove the door furniture and wedge open the door. Divide it up into 10 imaginary squares, and start at the top by filling in the first square. Finish the paint out towards the door edges so that it does not build up on external angles. Paint the next block at the top of the door. Blend the 2 areas with horizontal brushstrokes, then with light, vertical laying-off strokes.
Continue to work down the door surface block by block, blending the wet edges of adjacent blocks together as you paint them. Always aim to complete a flush door in 1 session to prevent the joints between blocks showing up as hard lines. Replace the door furniture when the paint is touch-dry.
Stick masking tape to the glass with its edge 3 mm/in from the wood. Paint the surrounding wood, removing the tape when the paint is touch-dry.
Alternatively, hold a small paint shield against the edge of the glazing bar (muntin) or the surrounding moulding while you paint. Wipe the shield regularly to prevent smears.


text:
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='us-ascii'?>
<!DOCTYPE entry SYSTEM 'catalogue.dtd'>
<entry datestamp='$Date$' modifier='$Author$' id='rotchiffre'>
  <name>rotchiffre</name>

Perform simple rotation cyphers.

  <authorref id='auth:oberdiek'/>
  <copyright owner='Heiko Oberdiek' year='2010'/>
  <license type='lppl1.3'/>
  <version number='1.0'/>
  <description>
    The package defines a command <tt>\EdefRot</tt> that defines a
    macro (whose name is given as an argument) to the rotation of the
    given string.  Available rotations are <tt>ROT13</tt> (for
    letters), <tt>ROT5</tt> (for digits), <tt>ROT18</tt> (for digits
    and letters together) and <tt>ROT47</tt> (for all ASCII
    characters).

    The package is part of the
    <xref refid='oberdiek'>oberdiek</xref> bundle.
  </description>
  <documentation details='Package documentation'
      href='ctan:/macros/latex/contrib/oberdiek/rotchiffre.pdf'/>
  <ctan file='true' path='/macros/latex/contrib/oberdiek/rotchiffre.dtx'/>
  <miktex location='oberdiek'/>
  <texlive location='oberdiek'/>
  <install path='/macros/latex/contrib/oberdiek/oberdiek.tds.zip'/>
</entry>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This sharespace supports Georgia's Chief Turnaround Office and the Center on School Turnaround (CST) at WestEd and the kick-off of "Georgia's Turnaround Initiative: A Partnership with Schools, Districts, and Communities to Impact Georgia's Future." The event takes place June 27-28, 2018 in Atlanta, Georgia.
Eclan David joined the sharespace, Georgia Turnaround Initiative Summer Kick-Off.
Debbie Alexander joined the sharespace, Georgia Turnaround Initiative Summer Kick-Off.
Christine Ford joined the sharespace, Georgia Turnaround Initiative Summer Kick-Off.
Keith Schumacher joined the sharespace, Georgia Turnaround Initiative Summer Kick-Off.
Cleveland Johnson joined the sharespace, Georgia Turnaround Initiative Summer Kick-Off.


High levels of economic growth have transformed the countries of Northeast Asia from aid recipients to aid donors. This edited collection explores this transformation and its implications for economic development paradigms, policies and practices. By being the first authors to look holistically at the countries in this region, Potter, Kim and the contributors to this volume address the dynamics, potential and tensions of the aid programs of China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. What motivates these northeastern Asian countries to embark on aid programs? Do their policies represent new approaches to foreign aid and poverty alleviation? Does aid from these countries reinforce or disrupt the emerging consensus within the international community on aid policy harmonisation and coordination? These are among the questions answered in this book. Students, scholars and practitioners in international development will find this book invaluable.


What type of radio is having the issue?
Portable Radio was in Scan Mode?
Speaker Mic was being used?
Ear Piece was being used?
Is the same problem on both your mobile and your portable radio?
If Mobile or Vehicular Repeater Selected: Was antenna attached and clear of snow and debris?
What channels did problems occur on?
If it's a Portable Battery, how long does it last?
What level of charge is left on the battery?
Date radio was last at a repair facility?


text:
Caratteristiche tecniche
È un'ala sinistra.

Carriera
Cresciuto nelle giovanili del , nel 2015 è stato acquistato dal . Ha esordito il 5 maggio 2015 in occasione del match vinto 1-0 contro il .

Statistiche

Presenze e reti nei club
Statistiche aggiornate al 17 aprile 2018.

Collegamenti esterni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Snooker Billiard Balls PowerPoint Slides And PPT Diagram Templates-These high quality powerpoint pre-designed slides and powerpoint templates have been carefully created by our professional team to help you impress your audience. All slides have been created and are 100% editable in powerpoint. Each and every property of any graphic - color, size, orientation, shading, outline etc. can be modified to help you build an effective powerpoint presentation. Any text can be entered at any point in the powerpoint template or slide. Simply DOWNLOAD, TYPE and PRESENT!
Give your thoughts an artistic backing. Add on the craftsmanship of our Snooker Billiard Balls PowerPoint Slides And Ppt Diagram Templates.
Identify targets with our Snooker Billiard Balls PowerPoint Slides And Ppt Diagram Templates. Download without worries with our money back guaranteee.


In this video, I interview Jim Emslie & Clark Caflisch – a couple of top-notch financial professionals. We discuss the ins and outs of selling dental practices, the process it takes and some of the preparation necessary to find suitable investors. A must watch for anyone with big business goals.


Jobs - We Need You!
Fall Rec Registration is now OPEN!
Fall Recreational Soccer registration is now OPEN!
Issaquah FC is focused on providing a fun and safe soccer environment for boys and girls, ages 5 through 18, to play the game and develop soccer skills. Issaquah FC operates in the geographic footprint of the Issaquah School District, and serves players and families in the cities of Issaquah, Sammamish and surrounding communities. Issaquah FC and Eastside Youth Soccer Association (EYSA) together provide a full set of youth soccer program options for every player, regardless of skill level.
Hello Issaquah FC Parents and Friends!
We are looking for board members, volunteers and part-time paid employees to join our team and contribute to the future of our local youth soccer community. Come join the fun! If you are interested or have questions, please reach out to us at info@issaquahfc.org OR explore our Jobs page.
| Click Here to View Video!
Copyright © 2001 - 2019 Issaquah FC. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire
Gábor Ágoston
Cambridge University Press, 4 dic. 2008 - 300 páginas
Gabor Agoston examines the weapons technology and armaments industries of the Ottoman Empire, the only Islamic empire that threatened Europe on its own territory in the Gunpowder Age. Considering topics such as technology transfer, the integration of firearms in the Ottoman army and navy, and saltpeter and gunpowder production, the book demonstrates the success of the Ottoman military machine against its European and Muslim rivals from the fifteenth through seventeenth centuries.
Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman ...
Gabor Agoston is Assistant Professor in the Department of History, Georgetown University. His previous publications include Hungary in the Seventeenth Century (with Terez Oborni, 2000).
Título Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire
Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization
Autor Gábor Ágoston
Editor Cambridge University Press, 2008


By Alfred T. Grillo, CPA, Consolidated Edison, Inc.
In a recently issued advisory opinion [TSB-A-01(2)I], the New York State Department of Taxation and Finance addressed the question of whether lump sum distributions from a nonqualified plan to nonresidents are exempt from state personal income tax. The department also provided guidance on withholding for such payments to both residents and nonresidents.
U.S. Code, Title 4, section 114(a), as added by Public Law 104-95, January 10, 1996, applicable to amounts received after December 31, 1995, provides that "no state may impose an income tax on any retirement income of an individual who is not a resident or domiciliary of such state (as determined by the laws of such state)." USC Title 4, section 114(b)(1), defines the term "retirement income" as any income from, among other things, any plan, program, or arrangement described in IRC section 3121(v)(2)(c), if such income is either part of a series of substantially equal periodic payments or a payment received after termination of employment under a plan, program, or arrangement (to which such employment relates) maintained solely for the purpose of providing retirement benefits for employees in excess of the limitations imposed on qualified plans.
Limited Service Corporation, a subsidiary of The Limited, Inc., adopted a nonqualified deferred compensation plan for certain employees of affiliates of The Limited, Inc. It asked the department whether lump sum distributions from such a plan to New York nonresidents that have terminated employment are exempt from the state's personal income tax. The department advised that lump sum distributions will be treated as retirement income and will be exempt from state personal income tax when received by nonresidents and nondomiciliaries.
The Limited, Inc., also asked whether withholding was required if the employee was a New York resident but the employer did not maintain an office or transact business in New York. The department advised that withholding would not be required for state personal income tax or New York City withholding purposes.
The last issue was whether withholding was required for distributions from nonqualified plans if the employer has an office or transacts business in New York but the employee is a nonresident. The department ruled that withholding is not required because the distributions would not be taxable under the state personal income tax law; nor would withholding be required for New York City purposes.


In this episode, I interview Susan Wenograd, a Facebook ads expert who specializes in Facebook ad funnels. She's also a consultant and regular speaker on Facebook ads.
Sue explains how video-based funnels create micro-conversions.
You'll discover how to nurture prospects using a Facebook ad funnel.
Susan got her start in ecommerce in the mid-2000s, when she worked for Circuit City. Back then, her focus was email marketing and paid search. After she moved to another job, she learned about Facebook advertising. At the time, Facebook ads were easier to learn because Facebook had half of the advertising features it does now.
Running Facebook ads, Susan was able to experiment and get to know the platform. She loved that these ads took her back to the marketing 101 stuff she enjoys: branding, content, the language you use, and so on. Facebook ads allowed her to use a little more creativity than paid search did.


The Twenty-First Century Scholars program is an income-eligible program for families in Indiana. Students in the 6th, 7th or 8th grade who qualify for the program can receive up to four years of college tuition to attend an eligible Indiana public or private college or university. You can learn more about the scholarship program by applying online at www.scholars.in.gov .


text:
using Squidex.Domain.Apps.Core.Schemas;
using Squidex.Infrastructure.EventSourcing;
using SchemaFields = System.Collections.Generic.List<Squidex.Domain.Apps.Events.Schemas.SchemaCreatedField>;

namespace Squidex.Domain.Apps.Events.Schemas
{
    [EventType(nameof(SchemaCreated))]
    public sealed class SchemaCreated : SchemaEvent
    {
        public string Name { get; set; }

        public SchemaFields Fields { get; set; }

        public SchemaProperties Properties { get; set; }

        public bool Singleton { get; set; }

        public bool Publish { get; set; }
    }
}


The vanishing point is the point on the horizon where parallel lines appear to meet.
This Arts and Crafts quiz is called 'Terms and Language' and it has been written by teachers to help you if you are studying the subject at middle school. Playing educational quizzes is a fabulous way to learn if you are in the 6th, 7th or 8th grade - aged 11 to 14.
There are certain words that are related to math or science - algebra and molecule for example. Well, art is no different to any other subject in that many words, terms and phrases are associated with it.
Understanding the language of art and craft will not only enable students to talk confidently about their own work and the techniques and materials they have used, but will also allow them to critically evaluate the work of other artists using appropriate terminology.
This 'vocabulary of art' will grow and develop over time, as students learn about new and unfamiliar media and techniques, practice applying them to their own work and recognize structures and techniques in the art they encounter in their studies. The wider and more proficient their vocabulary in this area, the better-equipped they will be to annotate sketchbooks, critique their own work and that of others and, ultimately, talk with confidence about their inspirations and opinions of art work.
When might an artist apply a primer or gesso?
Frosted, matte and polished are all terms which apply to what?
If you were discussing subject matter with fellow artists, which of the following terms might you use?
Subject matter is almost limitless - from a huge cityscape to a still life of fruit!
What does the term 'monochrome' mean?
Which of the following pairs of words best applies to tone?
Which of the following is not a term associated with mark making?
Which word describes the arrangement, layout or structure of a piece?
Three-quarters, profile, static and gesturing are all terms which apply to what?
Discordant, saturated and harmonious could all be applied to which aspect of art?


text:
Mohammad Biriya and the original name Mohammad Baghezadeh (,  1914 in Tabriz – 1985 in Tabriz) was an Iranian Azerbaijani poet and politician. by Ja'far Pishevari with the formation Azerbaijan People's Government in 1945, was Culture Minister of Azerbaijan's Government.

Notes

References
 *

People from Tabriz
1914 births
1985 deaths
Azerbaijani Democratic Party politicians
Azerbaijani independence activists
Tudeh Party of Iran politicians


RLM101716-1. LM101716-1. 10. 17. 16. 0.15. RNA498. NA498. 10. 19. 11. 0.2. RLM1212. LM1212. 12. 17. 12. 0.3. RLM121912. LM121912. 12. 19. 12. 0.3.
Solid needle roller bearings are high-accuracy bearings with maximum load HJ, HJ + IR series of inch bearings are widely used globally .. RLM101716-1.


text:
Choice Hotels to develop new property in North Miami Beach
Choice Hotels International has signed an agreement with franchise partner CGI Merchant Group and 163rd St Executive Center to develop a new Cambria hotels and suites brand property in North Miami Beach, Florida.
The new build hotel, which is due to open in 2017, will be located at the intersection of 163rd St and 19th Ave.
Choice Hotels International Upscale Brands senior vice-president Michael Murphy said: "We continue to experience strong momentum in bringing the Cambria hotels and suites experience to new business and leisure travellers, and we're excited to announce our new hotel in North Miami Beach.
"This is a fantastic location with explosive growth, and we can't wait to bring our brand to travellers in this market."
According to Choice, the beaches, fine dining, shopping destinations, hospitals and a robust business district have made the North Miami Beach area a popular destination.
The area is a popular choice for corporations as it meets the requirements of a meeting and conference destination.
CGI Merchant Group founder Raoul Thomas said: "We are excited about our affiliation with the Choice Hotels Cambria brand.
"I have been observing the growth in the North Miami Beach market for several years and Cambria will make a great addition, sitting at the juncture of two of Miami's strongest retail and residential areas in Aventura and Bal Harbor."
The 165 room North Miami Beach property will feature amenities, including a bistro named Social Circle, which offers a menu comprised of local specialties.
Choice's new hotel will also offer more than 2,000ft² of meeting space. In March, Choice Hotels and O'Reilly Hospitality Management opened a new Cambria hotel and suites Plano-Legacy in Plano, Texas, US.
Located at 7500 Parkwood Blvd, this four-storey hotel features 84,000ft² of space and 129 rooms, each with separate living, working and sleeping spaces.
Karhoo
Integrated Transfer and Taxi Bookings for the Hotel Industry


The Zetasizer Nano series can measure zeta potential, molecular weight and particle size. The inclusion of NIBS® technology allows sizing measurements to be carried out on turbid, concentrated samples. Conversely, the concentration requirements for the measurement of the samples' zeta potential are much lower than that for sizing measurements.
This article aims to explain the concentration limits for making successful zeta potential measurements. A case study is used to demonstrate the limits of concentration and explain what happens to the quality of the data if the concentration of the sample used is unsuitable.
Figure 1 illustrates the optical configuration on the Zetasizer Nano for zeta potential measurements.
Initially, a laser ➀ is used as a light source to illuminate the particles within the sample. To measure zeta potential, this light source is split in order to offer a reference and incident beam. The intensity of the reference beam is generally between 3500 and 2000 kcps and is factory set. The incident laser beam traverses the center of the sample cell ➁, and the scattered light is detected at a forward angle ➂.
On applying an electric field across the cell, any particles traveling through the measurement volume will cause the intensity of light detected to fluctuate with a frequency dependent on the particle speed and this information is sent to a digital signal processor ➃ and PC ➄. The detected data is analyzed by the Zetasizer Nano software to obtain the electrophoretic mobility and thus zeta potential information.
This optical configuration is called heterodyne detection. In this mode of operation, the scattered light from the sample is combined with unscattered laser light (the reference beam). By using an attenuator ➅, the ratio of the intensity of the reference beam to scattered light is carefully controlled and is set to almost 10:1 in the Nano series. This attenuator changes the intensity of the laser and thus changes the intensity of the scattering. For samples that do not scatter much light like samples of low concentration or very small particles, the amount of scattered light being detected should be increased. The attenuator will thus automatically permit more light through to the sample. For samples that considerably scatter light, for example, samples at high concentration or large particles, the attenuator automatically decreases the amount of light that passes through to the sample.
In order to correct any differences in the thickness of the cell wall and the dispersant refraction, compensation optics ⑦ are set up to maintain optimum alignment.
When a zeta potential measurement is initiated in the Zetasizer Nano, the intensity of the reference beam is determined and displayed in the Log Sheet. The attenuator is used to adjust the intensity of the incident beam so that the intensity of the scattered light being detected is no more than 1/10th of the reference beam. For instance, if the intensity of the measured reference beam is 2600 kcps, then the attenuator will adjust until the intensity of the scattered light being detected is no greater than 260 kcps. Within the Zetasizer Nano, the attenuator has 11 positions that cover an attenuator range of 100% to 0.0003%. Table 1 shows the relationship between the attenuator position and the transmission value. The percentage of laser light that enters the sample cuvette is the transmission value.
The minimum count rate that is adequate for a zeta potential measurement to continue is set to 20 kcps. If the count rate detected is below this value, the measurement will terminate.
The minimum count rate of scattered light needed to make a measurement is 20 kcps. Hence, the minimum concentration needed will depend on the particle size and the relative refractive index (the difference in refractive index properties of the particle and the medium). As the particle size increases, it produces more scattered light and hence the concentration that can be measured is lower. For instance, consider a dispersion of a ceramic powder such as titania which has a particle refractive index of about 2.5. This relative refractive index leads to a very high level of scattering. As a result, the minimum concentration of titania, with a mean particle size of approximately 300 nm that can be measured, could be as low as 10-6% w/v.
In case the relative refractive index becomes lower, such as with proteins, for instance, the minimum concentration will be much higher. A minimum concentration of between 0.1 and 1% w/v may be needed to obtain adequate scattering from a protein solution to make a successful zeta potential measurement.
Eventually, the minimum concentration needed for successful zeta potential measurements of a particular sample has to be determined experimentally.
What is the maximum concentration that can be measured during a zeta potential measurement in the Zetasizer Nano? This question has no simple answer. All the mentioned factors have to be considered, that is, the particle size and polydispersity and the optical properties of the sample.
The scattered light from a sample in a zeta potential measurement is detected at a forward angle in the Zetasizer Nano. Hence, the laser beam needs to penetrate through the sample. If the sample concentration becomes too high, the laser beam will become attenuated by the particles decreasing the scattered light that is being detected. To try and offset these effects, the attenuator position in the instrument will be adjusted to a higher index, that is, a higher transmission.
Results are now shown in a case study to try and demonstrate the concentration limits for successful zeta potential measurements. The results obtained from a series of zeta potential measurements on a sample of Intralipid are illustrated in Figure 2. This is a commercial oil in water emulsion sample with a mean size of about 220 nm. Figure 3 shows the intensity size distribution from a dynamic light scattering measurement obtained at 0.01% w/v concentration. All zeta potential measurements were performed in the disposable zeta cell (DTS1060) using the General Purpose protocol at 25 oC. A manual duration of 40 sub runs was used.
The sample at low concentrations (0.0001% w/v) scatters low levels of light and thus the attenuator adjusts to position 11 (100% transmission). As the concentration increases, more scattering is detected and therefore to make sure that the ratio of scattered light to reference beam intensity is appropriate, a lower attenuator position is chosen (lower transmission). This effect continues until a concentration of 0.05% w/v is reached at which an attenuator position 5 is used for the measurements (0.1% transmission).
At above 0.05% concentrations, the laser beam becomes attenuated by the large numbers of particles in its path and hence the attenuator position chosen now starts to increase to make sure that adequate scattering is being detected. This effect continues up to 1% concentration. The attenuator index chosen at this concentration was 11 (i.e. 100% transmission). This is because of the large attenuation of the laser beam by the high concentration of particles leading to low levels of scattered light being detected.
Figure 4 is a snapshot of the Intralipid sample concentrations measured for Figure 2. It is expected that this provides the reader an appreciation of the turbidity at which a sample can be effectively measured in a Nano instrument. In Table 2, the concentrations of the Intralipid samples in numerous cuvettes are shown.
Figure 4. Photograph showing the various concentrations of Intralipid that were used in figure 2. The concentrations of the Intralipid samples were A = 0.0001% w/v, B = 0.001% w/v, C = 0.005% w/v, D = 0.01% w/v, E = 0.05% w/v, F = 0.1% w/v, G = 0.5% w/v, H = 0.75% w/v, I = 1% w/v, J = 2% w/v and K = 10% w/v (neat sample). The zeta potentials of samples A to I were successfully measured in the Nano i.e. up to 1% w/v concentration.
The next section describes what effect do inappropriate sample concentrations have on the quality of the data obtained from the measurements.
The mean zeta potentials of samples A to I were successfully measured in the Nano, that is, up to a concentration of 1% w/v. The mean zeta potential is determined from phase analysis light scattering and more information about this method can be obtained from the Malvern Instruments website.
In Figure 5, the phase plot obtained from measurements of sample I (1% w/v) is shown, whereas the phase plot from sample J (2% w/v) is shown in Figure 6. The attenuator indices automatically selected for both these samples were 11 (100% transmission) denoting very low intensities of scattered light detected. On the other hand, while the phase plot obtained with sample I is excellent, the data obtained for sample J is very poor.
Figure 5. Phase plot obtained from measurement of sample I (1% w/v).
Figure 6. Phase plot obtained from measurement of sample J (2% w/v).
When the phase plots from both samples are over plotted (Figure 7), the comparison in data quality can be seen very clearly. The upper limit of concentration for reliable mean zeta potential values for this sample is hence 1% w/v.
Figure 7. Overplot of the phase plots obtained for samples I (1% w/v) and J (2% w/v) illustrating the difference in data quality.
The zeta potential distribution is achieved from the frequency distribution resulting from a Fourier transform during the slow field reversal (SFR) part of the measurement. Although it is possible to measure the mean zeta potential at concentrations of up to 1% w/v, the zeta potential distributions obtained at this concentration are very wide because of the low signal to noise ratio of the detected light. Figure 8 represents an over plot of the frequency distributions obtained for samples I (1% w/v) and G (0.5% w/v), respectively.
For sample 1, the distribution is very wide with the zeta potential deviation of about 80 mV. This is the standard deviation of the peak and indicates the low signal to noise ratio obtained from this measurement. The frequency distribution acquired for sample G (0.5% w/v) has a zeta potential deviation of about 10 mV because of the much narrower distribution width. Hence, the upper limit of concentration for obtaining good zeta potential distributions is 0.5% w/v.
Figure 8. Frequency distribution plots obtained from samples I (1% w/v) and G (0.5% w/v) respectively.
It is not easy to define the upper and lower limits of concentration to successfully measure the zeta potential of a sample. The reason for this is a number of factors will dictate these limits of concentration and these have been discussed in this article.
Eventually, the concentration limits of any sample must be determined experimentally by measuring the sample at various concentrations and viewing the effect on the data quality obtained.
It is expected that the case study of Intralipid discussed here offers guidance as to the limits of concentration that can be measured in a Zetasizer Nano.
Finally, the quality of the frequency plot and phase plot data is analyzed in a zeta potential quality report that is available in version 4.10 of the Nano software.


In the same way that the Economist magazine argues that the Big Mac Index is a 'good' measure of the relative strength of currencies one can argue that best seller lists capture the concerns and interests of a culture. Best sellers are not necessarily high art or immortal works, but they do offer insights on their time.
Green's first and best-known novel is a nicely complicated murder mystery with a classic drawing room resolution. It was apparently used by Yale Law School to demonstrate the weakness of circumstantial evidence.
The story of a Missouri boyhood. Sometimes idyllic, sometimes rough and tumble. Schoolyard scrapes, getting lost in a cave, playing pirates on the Mississippi River - Tom Sawyer will rouse feelings of nostalgia for yesteryears. But underneath the childhood innocence lies the harsh adult realities of racism, superstitions, murder and revenge. An American Classic.


"I wasted five years cleaning carpets and windows to make a living and I still hadn't got anything to show for it. I would have known how to win cleaning contracts easily if only someone had presented me with an opportunity like this earlier."
Anyone can learn how to start a cleaning business without any capital - providing you know how to get cleaning contracts that have a value in their own right.
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Home Entertainment Get to Know 'We Got Married' Cast Member Song Jae-rim, Is He...
Get to Know 'We Got Married' Cast Member Song Jae-rim, Is He Dating Anyone Right Now?
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Song Jae-rim, Korean Model and Actor
Initially recognized as a runway model for the Seoul collections of renowned Korean designers and model in popular magazines, Song Jae-rim made a venture to the entertainment industry as an actor. His face became familiar as he starred in lots of music videos of BoA, KARA, After School, Zhang Liyin, and Shin Seung-hun. In 2009, Song Jae-rim became widely known for playing a loyal bodyguard in the drama Moon Embracing the Sun, whereas, in 2014, his popularity totally soared off thanks to his entertaining virtual marriage show with Kim So-eun in We Got Married.
In this article, Channel-Korea will provide you with all the information about Song Jae-rim, which includes his full profile, the list of his television dramas, movies, and variety shows, his plastic surgery, his abs, his dating rumors, and his Instagram feed. So, keep reading!
Song Jae-rim's Full Profile
Real Name: Song Jae-rim
Date and Place of Birth: Seoul, South Korea, 18 February 1985
Zodiac Sign: Aquarius
Chinese Astrology: Ox
Occupation: Model and actor
Education: Chung Ang University, with a major in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Family: Parents and a younger sister
Talent Agency: S.M. Culture & Contents, Grand Anse Entertainment (current)
Instagram: @jaelim_song
Song Jae-rim's Age, Height, and Weight
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As has been presented in his personal profile earlier, Song Jae-rim was born in 1985. According to the Korean Age System, in 2018 Song Jae-rim became 34 years old, while according to the International Age System, Song Jae-rim is 33 years old. Besides Song Jae-rim, there are other Korean actors and actresses who were born in 1985 as well, such as Lee Min-ki, Song Joong-ki, Claudia Kim, Jung Suk-won, Hwang Jung-eum, Park Ki-woo, Park Na-rae, Choi Woo-hyuk, and Seo Min-woo. On the other hand, Song Jae-rim is considered to be a tall and slim man, even though his height only 178 cm, whereas his weight is 68 kg.
List of Song Jae-rim's Dramas, Movies, and TV Shows
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As mentioned at the beginning, Song Jae-rim is a model-turned-actor whose popularity skyrocketed after his appearance in We Got Married. He was nominated and even won several awards together with Kim So-eun, such as the Best Couple Award in MBC Entertainment Awards and SBS Drama Awards. As an actor, Song Jae-rim was honored to receive Special Acting Award as an Actor in a Serial Drama through his performance in Our Gap-soon, the drama in which he starred together with Kim So-eun as well. In this section, Channel-Korea has compiled the list of television series, films, music videos, and variety shows that Song Jae-rim has starred and appeared in.
2009 – Music video of May Doni's "Molla-ing"
2009 – Music video of Yeo Hoonmin's "Bus"
2009 – Music video of After School's "Because of You"
2010 – Music video of 2NE1's "Go Away"
2009 – Actresses (Supporting Role as Photographer's assistant)
2010 – Grand Prix (Supporting Role as Lee In-jae)
2010 – SBS Secret Garden (Guest Role as Singer)
2010 – SBS Daemul (Guest Role as Official in the Club)
2010 – SBS Running Man (as Guest in episode 220)
2011 – tvN Flower Boy Ramyun Shop (Supporting Role as Hee-gon)
2012 – MBC Moon Embracing the Sun (Main Role as Kim Jae-woon)
2012 – Short Film Give Me Back My Cat (Main Role)
2012 – Music video of Nell's "The Day Before"
2013 – Music video of KARA's "Runaway"
2013 – Music video of BoA's "Message"
2013 – The Suspect (Supporting Role as Professor Kim)
2013 – MBC QueeN Nail Shop Paris (Main Role as Kay/Kang Jong-hyuk)
2013 –tvN Fantasy Tower (Supporting Role as Yong-wan)
2013 – MBC Two Weeks (Supporting Role as Mr. Kim)
2014 – Tunnel 3D (Supporting Role as Ki-cheol)
2014 – KBS2 Inspiring Generation (Supporting Role as Mo Il-hwa)
2014 – KBS2 Big Man (Guest Role as Park Dong-pal)
2014 – Dramacube Secret Love (Supporting Role as Time slip helper in episode 1 and 2)
2014 – tvN The Idle Mermaid/Surplus Princess (Main Role as Kwon Shi-kyung)
2014 – Music video of Zhang Liyin's "Agape"
2014 – Salmon (Main Role as Hae Nam)
2014 – Music video of Zhang Liyin's "Not Alone"
2014-2015 – MBC We Got Married Season 4 (Regular Cast together with actress Kim So-eun)
2015 – Music video of Shin Seung-hun's "Me, Myself"
2015 – tvN House Cook Master Baek (Regular Cast)
2015 –KBS2 Unkind Ladies/Unkind Women (Supporting Role as Lee Roo-oh)
2016 – MBC Goodbye Mr. Black (Main Role as Seo Woo-jin)
2016 – Sohu TV Thumping Spike (Main Role as Hwang Jae-woong)
2016-2017 – SBS Our Gap-soon (Main Role as Heo Gap-dol)
2017 – Crime Scene Season 3 (Guest Cast in episode 1 and 2)
2018 – SBS Secret Mother (Main Role as Ha Jung-wan)
2018 – On Your Wedding Day (Main Role as Lee Yoon-geun)
2018 – jTBC Clean with Passion for Now (Main Role as Choi Gun)
Did Song Jae-rim Do Plastic Surgery?
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Similar to other Korean celebrities, Song Jae-rim has been accused of having done plastic surgery in order to improve his facial features. However, the actor has denied the allegation during his interview with Newsen in June 2015. He confessed that he had looked at some internet forums which indicted him of plastic surgery, "They said I had double-jaw surgery. The truth is that I lost weight and at that time I was 59 kg and also grow out my hair. They compared my appearance with photos of when I had gained weight and had 62 kg and was with long hair. I tend to have wide cheekbones but I think I got smiling muscles due to a smiling habit." Unfortunately, we cannot re-examine Song Jae-rim's statement by comparing the old and recent pictures due to the limited sources. Whether he did procedures or not, can't we all agree that Song Jae-rim is considered to be one of the most attractive male celebrities in South Korean showbiz?
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Jeremih and Ty Dolla $ign are back. The fellas are working on a brand new project, though it was supposed to drop this past Friday. Instead of dropping off their highly anticipated new effort MihTy, Jeremih and Ty unleashed a new single called "New Level." The track finds the duo pairing up with Lil Wayne, bringing us something quite contagious, to say the least.
The track is driven around a well-flipped sample of Dru Hill's "In My Bed," while providing a nice home for the trio to do their thing. They each give us a nice dose of their respective styles, delivering something contagious. Along with the sample mentioned above, the track gets some nice, crisp drum work and slick melodic elements that provides Jeremih, Ty, and Weezy an exceptional home to do their thing.
Do yourself a favor and check out the new single in the stream below and give us your thoughts in the comments. Keep it locked for much more from Jeremih and Ty Dolla $ign coming very soon.


The ignominious defeat in 2018 – the only time a # 1 seed has lost to a # 16 seed – could have easily demoralized Bennett and his squad. Instead, they received it as something of a challenge and barreled back with a thrilling victory over Texas Tech in Monday's final game.
What was Coach Bennett's reaction after the overtime win?
Humility: Know who you are – and know who you're not. In other words, don't think less of yourself, but think of yourself less. Conceit is a cancer.
Passion: Have a plan and purpose. If you're going to try to do something, throw your whole self into it. Don't be lukewarm.
Unity: Division only weakens – stick and work together.
Servanthood: You should always be thinking about how you can help the other person.
Thankfulness: Do you have an attitude of gratitude? If not, why not?
Though not couched in blatantly biblical terms, all five pillars are solidly rooted in Scripture. That a state university is employing a coach whose philosophy is informed by his Christian faith might be upsetting to some. I get the sense Coach Bennett is unfazed.
Most of us will probably never play high-level competitive basketball, but many of us are nurturing a spouse, raising children, caring for a loved one and/or pursuing a career of some sort. I'd like to challenge you to compare your life against these biblically-based pillars.
He set an example for his team and his audience. He lives out his faith in his actions. We need more like him. To God be the glory!.
As long as a coach doesn't use their position to proselytize and peddle their religion, there should be no problem. The University of Virginia isn't some backwater Bible school, it's a world-class institution and public university that serves a diverse population. Bennet seems to understand that he has an obligation to meet the highest standards of professionalism and that means not pushing your religion on young students.
It has been a few years since I have attended a university, but from numerous reports over recent years, there are a lot of college professors who need to hear your comment & stop pushing their liberal ideology on their students and silencing those who have other viewpoints.
Any proof for your claim? Or is this just more complaining from Trump supporters that they can't push their religious or rightwing ideologies on secular schools?
I remember my college days a little differently. Our professors weren't trying to get us to believe any given set of ideas, they were trying to teach us to think. And you learn how to think the way that you learn how to box, by sparring. The professors attacked everybody's beliefs. The more that they respected you the more that they attacked. That was them being kind.
Most Bible believing Christians 1) did very poorly because they were unprepared in the reasoning department and hadn't actually read the Bible and 2) got all upset because they thought that they were being singled out, There were, however, a few that held their own. These were regarded very highly by the professors and by the secular students.
Back water Bible School? Really??? That was un-called for!
I think the point was that UVa is a highly-respected and acclaimed university. It's not a Jerry Falwell kind of place where religious indoctrination takes the place of higher education. That's how I read it, anyway.
We need more Tony Bennetts in the world of sports. I was so impressed with his calm, cool, and collected attitude during the game; especially when it looked like his team was not going to win. He was a great example for his team. Congratulations to him and the team for winning the MBA championship this year.


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Home › MEDIA CENTER › Stories › Explore new countries and cultures with this summer reading list
Explore new countries and cultures with this summer reading list
July 3rd, 2019 | Books, SIT Graduate Institute, SIT Study Abroad
Getting ready to travel abroad this summer? Or just wish you were? Consider adding one more item to your prep list: a book.
Good books transport you through time and place and across cultural barriers. By peering into a specific point in history or another way of life, readers gain a better understanding of the world—and become better prepared to communicate across cultures as they explore the world firsthand.
World Learning — together with The Experiment in International Living and School for International Training — asked our Instagram followers to share their favorite books that capture another country or culture. Here are some of their favorites, and ours:
Jamaica and the Caribbean
By Jean Rhys
In this prequel to Jane Eyre, writer Jean Rhys traces how Creole heiress Antoinette Cosway became the "madwoman" in the attic of Thornfield Hall. The novel reveals Antoinette's difficult childhood on a sugar plantation in Jamaica and troubled marriage to Mr. Rochester, exploring how colonialism and patriarchy shaped the characters of Charlotte Brontë's classic novel.
By Chinua Achebe
Things Fall Apart chronicles tribal life in a pre-colonial Nigerian village—and how everything changes with the arrival of European missionaries. At the center of the story is Okonkwo, a wrestling champion and village leader who loses his place in his community and then faces the deeper tragedy of watching the forces of colonialism destroy his culture.
Korea and Japan
By Min Jin Lee
Deepen your understanding of the complex history between Korea and Japan through this award-winning novel. Beginning in the early 20th century with Japan's colonization of Korea, Pachinko tells the saga of a Korean immigrant family throughout four generations as they leave their homeland and struggle to build a life in Japan.
By John Steinbeck
In his classic novel, John Steinbeck depicted the struggles that U.S. families in the Dust Bowl — a drought-stricken region of the country — faced during the Great Depression. Grapes of Wrath follows the migration of the Joad family from their farm in Oklahoma to the more bountiful California. There, they discover that their troubles are far from over.
Essential reading for any traveler, The Alchemist traces the journey of Santiago, an Andalusian shepherd who sets out for Egypt to seek the treasures he dreamed he'd find amid its great pyramids. Through a series of mystical encounters as he makes his way across the continent, Santiago instead discovers himself and his destiny.
The Architect's Apprentice
By Elif Shafak
The Architect's Apprentice is a fitting read for anyone who has dreamed of visiting the architectural jewels of the Ottoman Empire. Set in 16th century Istanbul, this novel follows a 12-year-old boy named Jahan as he becomes apprentice to the empire's real-life chief architect, Mimar Sinan, helping him create works like the famous Selimiye Mosque amid palace intrigue.
We, the Drowned
By Carsten Jensen
We, the Drowned offers a glimpse into the seafaring way of life in Marstal, Denmark in 1848. In this Scandinavian port, children dream of the day that they, like their fathers, can take to the seas; meanwhile, wives and mothers wait nervously for their return. Though Carsten Jensen's tale centers on one family, its wide lens captures the broader perspective of maritime living.
By Shoba Narayan
Explore the streets of Bangalore through the eyes of Shoba Narayan, a writer who has returned home after years of living in the United States. Upon striking up a friendship with a local milk lady — and agreeing to buy her a new cow — Shoba embarks on an adventure that illuminates the culture and customs of an Indian city that is at once ancient and modern.
By Ann Patchett
Set in an unnamed South American country, Bel Canto tells the story of high-profile diplomats, business executives, and a famous opera soprano who are taken hostage by local terrorists during a party. Over several months, the hostages form relationships with each other and their captors in this exploration of how relationships grow across cultures and language barriers.
By Khaled Hosseini
Following up on The Kite Runner's success, Khaled Hosseini next turned his literary focus on the treatment of women and girls in Afghan society. A Thousand Splendid Suns tells the story of a friendship that grows between two women who have no choice but to marry the same abusive husband — and the sacrifice that helps them break free from his grip.
Song of a Captive Bird
By Jasmin Darznik
Song of a Captive Bird imagines the untold story of real-life Persian poet Forugh Farrokhzad, who rebelled against society with her body of uncompromisingly feminist work exposing the desires and realities of women in Iran. Against the backdrop of the Iranian revolution, novelist Jasmin Darznik explores Persian culture through the eyes of one of its groundbreaking writers.
China and the U.S.
The Woman Warrior
By Maxine Hong Kingston
What does it mean to be a woman and an immigrant who is both Chinese and American? In her award-winning 1976 novel The Woman Warrior, writer Maxine Hong Kingston explores that question through a story that blends the myths and fictions of her Chinese heritage with her own memories of growing up an immigrant in California.
Country of My Skull
By Antjie Krog
Country of My Skull is both an exploration and a reflection on post-Apartheid South Africa. In this work, journalist Antjie Krog recounts the testimonies — from apartheid victims and oppressors — that arose from Nelson Mandela's Truth and Reconciliation Commission, while also weaving in her own observations and experiences.


Howto Safely Password Protect an Excel Report Password-protecting your Excel worksheet could stop others from tampering with your info, but it If you definitely should use Succeed to store sensitive information it However, later variants of Excel use the password size and therefore more refined methods of encryption and complexity does matter. Therefore it Along with password-protecting your Excel file, it is possible to secure it more by encrypting the complete file. Your file will be safeguarded by this when it is compromised out of your computer. Today on to basically introducing a code file. When using Microsoft Excel, always a couple are of other ways as possible password-protect your spreadsheet or workbook. One of most easy methods and the first is always to password protect the whole sheet or book. To get this done in Microsoft Excel 2007 go to the Critique loss and click on Guard Linen or Protect Workbook. When a pop up screen appears, select type and your choices in the code that is required. Your code could be something haphazard that nobody might previously imagine (like 45pQ93S21!).
To be able to remember your code, make use of a password administrator method like LastPass, which can be tremendous safe. On getting your data and accounts you can also study my prior article,. Next, password protect the entire workbook. To do click Record, this. Then Save As. If the report-save window looks, type in your title, then choose the Methods drop menu down. From that menu, select General Choices. This will enable you prevent someone else from opening it and observing its articles and to password protect the entire workbook.
At this time, you https://eliademy.com/catalog/uninstall-mac-programs.html have two sheets of security: one at the page level plus one at the book degree. Below seeking your password now, once you need to open that secured Excel document, you will first view a screen-like the one,. Overview of Steps To Firmly Protect an Excel Report 1. Utilize the lastest versions of Shine only: Exceed 2010 or Exceed 2013. Use excellent code plans, meaning longer accounts with various kinds of of quantities characters and representations designs. Furthermore, make an effort to make the code as random as possible and make use of a password administrator to keep track of your accounts. Safeguard your linens using Safeguard Linen choices and the Protect Book.
Itself files in a safe spot on your computer as an encrypted drive that is hard. Total, utilizing Succeed protection with simple password-protection is not enough to secure it. You will need greater encryption with greater versions of Succeed, longer passwords, and additional encryption together with the safety provided by Shine. Your can rest assured no one will have the ability to open your Excel document, in case you follow these safety methods.


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Author(s): Charu Dwivedi, Himanshu Pandey, Avinash C. Pandey, Pramod W. Ramteke. Department of Biological Sciences, School of Basic Sciences, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad-211007, India.
Chronic wounds and ulcers denote a grave ubiquitous complication, and the bacterial contagions existing in such lesions further impede their successful and swift healing. Wound dressings currently used are far from being ideal. Consequently, there is a demand to design bio responsive material, which not only sets a mechanical aid but also cutbacks microbial load and modulates the complex events of tissue regeneration and morphogenesis by recruiting cells to the wound site. In the current scrutiny, PLGA/Gelatin 70:30 nanofibrous scaffolds laden with gentamicin were prepared by electrospinning. The compatibility between the constituents of the nanofibrous scaffolds was determined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and the physical state of the constituents was studied by Thermogravimetric analysis. Porosity and swelling index were also calculated and the outcomes revealed a remarkable resemblance to the extracellular matrix. The in vitro drug release studies manifested a constant drug release deprived of burst effect designating that the drug was homogeneously dispersed in the scaffold matrix and there was no significant amount of drug adsorbed onto the surface. This study demonstrated that gentamicin loaded PLGA/Gelatin 70:30 nanofibrous scaffolds have potential to be used as a promising wound dressing material to prevent bacterial infection at the wound site.
Keywords: Bioresponsive, electrospinning, nanofibrous scaffolds, tissue regeneration, wound dressings.
Affiliation:Department of Biological Sciences, School of Basic Sciences, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad-211007, India.
Keywords:Bioresponsive, electrospinning, nanofibrous scaffolds, tissue regeneration, wound dressings.
Abstract:Chronic wounds and ulcers denote a grave ubiquitous complication, and the bacterial contagions existing in such lesions further impede their successful and swift healing. Wound dressings currently used are far from being ideal. Consequently, there is a demand to design bio responsive material, which not only sets a mechanical aid but also cutbacks microbial load and modulates the complex events of tissue regeneration and morphogenesis by recruiting cells to the wound site. In the current scrutiny, PLGA/Gelatin 70:30 nanofibrous scaffolds laden with gentamicin were prepared by electrospinning. The compatibility between the constituents of the nanofibrous scaffolds was determined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and the physical state of the constituents was studied by Thermogravimetric analysis. Porosity and swelling index were also calculated and the outcomes revealed a remarkable resemblance to the extracellular matrix. The in vitro drug release studies manifested a constant drug release deprived of burst effect designating that the drug was homogeneously dispersed in the scaffold matrix and there was no significant amount of drug adsorbed onto the surface. This study demonstrated that gentamicin loaded PLGA/Gelatin 70:30 nanofibrous scaffolds have potential to be used as a promising wound dressing material to prevent bacterial infection at the wound site.