text:
Administration and finance : News archive 3: November 2015 : News archive 3: 2-6 November : Education secretary announces consultation on national tests at ks1 (2/11/2015)
In the news: Education secretary announces consultation on national tests at ks1 (2/11/2015)
Last updated on 2 November 2015
Education secretary Nicky Morgan is to announce a review of primary assessment, which could lead to the reintroduction of national tests at KS1. The DfE wants KS1 test data to be monitored centrally, to enable pupil progress to be tracked more easily.
Here is an article on The Key I think you will find interesting: https://schoolleaders.thekeysupport.com/uid/5047adf3-bd96-42d9-b7af-4f3360c6d258/
Also in this topic: News archive 3: 2-6 November
News briefing: 2-6 november
Today's headlines: 2 november
In the news: After-test parties put pressure on pupils, education secretary claims (4/11/2015)
In the news: Dfe drops ict gcse and a-level (5/11/2015)
In the news: Hefce admits error in report on state school pupils' degree outcomes (3/11/2015)
In the news: Nicky Morgan launches National Teaching Service (3/11/2015)
In the news: Requests for access arrangements have increased, ofqual data shows (4/11/2015)
In the news: Top state school pupils likely to do better at university than privately-educated peers, report suggests (5/11/2015)


text:
Nothing but net...
"There is no way he is going to make that full court shot." - Me.
Over the last year a couple of my friends and I committed to seeing each other more often. We all have varying work schedules that make it almost impossible to see each other, but we decided there would be no excuses. After playing the "what day works for you" game for a while we decided that Wednesdays would work for all of us. We have all played this game before. It's where a bunch of working adults stand around and look at their iPhone calendars and continue to ask each other questions like, "Does Tuesday at 4 pm work?" Then someone responses with, "Ah, no, I have a flute lesson" or "Gotta take my girlfriend to the dentist" or "Oh no dude, I can't" with no real reason given. We were committed to hanging out so we clear our schedules for Wednesday afternoons.
Organically we just started meeting up and playing basketball. I have no idea where this idea came from or why we consistently, without asking a question of why, just all knew to show up at Virginia Park in Santa Monica on Wednesday to shoot around. Most of the time we'd play horse. Every once in a while we'd attempt some one on one, or even a pickup game with whoever was there. We would talk about our weeks and upcoming plans. We'd talk shit about politics, business ventures, how our significant others think we act like teenage dorks; which in all fairness, we do. We could get together and talk about old pop-punk bands from the 2000's like it's nobody's business.
I'd like to point out that none of us have any athletic ability and looked like complete fools on the court, but we didn't care. We were out there to talk trash, catch up, and connect. Towards the end of these meet up's we decided to see who could take the most unique shot. While all the other community members were playing games of 21 or practicing their free throws, we were busy taking full court shots, screaming "KOBE!" regardless if it went in, which it never did. We are all from Philadelphia and what you see portrayed on It's Always Sunny, is not that far off from a real-world depiction of how people from that area are actually like. Interrupting another court full of players so we can do a trick bounce-shot off a trash can? Check.
Both of my friends recently got new jobs with incredible opportunities. The flip side is these new opportunities will take them away from a close proximity to Virginia Park and our basketball days have come to an end. I am super proud of these two from grinding it out and not giving up when their careers felt stagnant. Being miserable 40+ hours a week is no way to live your life, so I'm pumped we all get to do something we enjoy and get up excited about. If you have to work for someone, you better freaking like it.
I am bummed out that our collective may be on a hiatus, but I know that we will soon grace the court soon and maybe eventually someone will make that full court, bounce shot off the trash can, through the trees, off the park bench and get "nothing but net."
BoomShakaLaka!
sunday, blog, write, california, adventure, love, funny, humor, friends, basketball, kobe, it's always sunny

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 was a single-seat, single-engine jet fighter used by the Soviet, PRC, and DPRK Air Forces and the Soviet Air Defense Force during the Korean War. A prototype of the MiG-15 first flew on 30 December 1947, production began during 1948, and it entered service in 1949. By the middle of 1950 several Soviet MiG-15 units were combat ready. The MiG-15 had a 5,000-lb thrust engine, based on the British Rolls-Royce Nene-1 engine, giving it a maximum speed of 640 mph. It was armed with one 37mm and two 23mm cannon and could carry up to 1,100 lbs. of external ordnance.
Two Soviet regiments, each with 30 MiG-15s, entered combat over northern Korean on 1 November 1950. The MiGs proved so effective that the area near their Yalu airbases was nicknamed "MiG Alley," and the US Fifth Air Force requested more modern F-84 and F-86 jets to combat the Soviet MiGs. Overall, the MiG-15 and the F-86 Sabre proved to be a pretty equal match, with the Sabre performing better at lower altitudes but the MiG having superior performance at higher altitudes, particularly above 20,000 feet. The biggest disadvantage of the MiG-15 was its relatively short combat range.
The Soviet MiG units were joined by a third regiment early in 1951, and two elite Soviet regiments replace the original two in April 1950 as the Soviets attempted to gain air superiority over northern Korea so that the PRC and DPRK could base aircraft in northern Korea. This led to a lot of air combat, but UN forces managed to keep the northern Korean airfields out of commission. Nevertheless, in September 1950 MiG-15s caused such heavy B-29 casualties that the US Air Force withdrew the B-29 from daytime service and used them only for nighttime raids for the rest of the war.
The Soviet MiG units were reinforced by the Chinese 4th Fighter Division in September 1951. A couple more Chinese Fighter Divisions joined them in November 1951. In 1952 the Soviets increased their air commitment to three MiG-equipped Fighter Divisions. DPRK MiG-15 units also entered combat in 1952.


text:
Home of the Creative Process
Robert & Rosalind Fritz
Consulting & Executive Coaching Services
Fundamentals of Structural Thinking (FST)
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Your Life As Art
Structural Consulting Certification Program (SCCP)
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Home / Books / e-books / The Path of Least Resistance (Kindle ed.)
The Path of Least Resistance (Kindle ed.)
By Robert Fritz
Robert Fritz's best selling book that broke new ground with a revolutionary program for creating anything, from a functional kitchen to a computer program, to a work of art.
Robert Fritz demonstrates that any of us has the innate power to create. Discover the steps of creating, the importance of creating what you truly love, how to focus on the creative process to move from where you are to where you want to be, and much more.
SKU: PATHKINDLE Categories: Books, e-books
Identity (e-book)
The Path of Least Resistance for Managers
Your Life as Art (Kindle Ed.)
© 2023 Robert Fritz Inc. | Cattail Consulting & Design


text:
UAE Building its First Naval Base in Eritrea?
TesfaNews April 15, 2016 | 8,604 | | Assab Port, Emirates Naval Base Assab, Eritrea - UAE Relation, Ethiopia, Saudi Coalition Base Assab, UAE Military Base, UAE Naval Base Assab
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is constructing a new port next to Assab International Airport in Eritrea. Imagery of Assab airfield in Eritrea shows large vehicle park, new construction, Saudi or UAE C-130 military aircraft on the tarmac. (credit: @Alex_de_M)
By Jeremy Binnie / for IHS Jane's Defence Weekly,
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) appears to be constructing a new port next to Assab International Airport in Eritrea, which could become its first permanent military base in a foreign country.
Satellite imagery shows rapid progress has been made since work began sometime after September 2015. A square of coastline measuring about 250×250 m has already been excavated and dredged, while a pier and/or breakwater is being constructed and already extends over 700 m from the original coastline.
IHS Maritime & Trade data show that two vessels are currently working at the site. While neither have IMO numbers, one that has been at the site since 16 February is using the MMSI number 470331100 and the name Al Khatem .
MMSI numbers that begin with the digits 470 are assigned to UAE-flagged vessels and the UAE's National Marine Dredging Company says on its website that it operates a heavy duty cutter suction dredger called Al Khatem .
Eritrea has little need of a new port in the Assab area, given that the existing one 12 km to the southeast of the construction site was rarely visited until the UAE's navy began to use it last year to support the country's military operation in Yemen.
IHS Jane's has published satellite imagery showing most of the naval vessels at the existing port since 21 September 2015 have been Emirati landing ships. IHS Maritime & Trade data show that many of the commercial vessels that docked there over the same period came from the UAE's naval base at Fujairah. This indicated that the UAE is using Assab as a logistics hub where supplies are transferred from commercial to naval vessels for onward shipment to Yemen.
But satellite imagery from 4 March shows one of the UAE navy's Baynunah-class corvettes docked at Assab, suggesting it is also supporting warships involved in enforcing the blockade on Yemen.
Eritrean foreign minister Osman Saleh Mohammed confirmed in an interview published by Reuters on 29 February that his country is allowing the UAE to use "logistical facilities" that included Assab port. He said Asmara is also "building up the relationship" with Saudi Arabia, which is leading the coalition of Arab countries that intervened militarily to re-install Yemen's ousted president in March 2015.
The assessment that the new port will be a naval facility is supported by the appearance of a military camp between the construction site and the southeast end of the runway. A C-130 Hercules transport aircraft painted in the desert camouflage used by the Saudi – but not the Emirati – air force could be seen on the parking area next to the camp in the 4 March satellite imagery.
At the same time, a new security barrier is being constructed around the airport that controls access to both the military camp and the port construction site.
The construction of a naval base next to Assab airport would allow the UAE to build dedicated facilities to support its vessels, provide more privacy than the commercial port, and simplify transfers of supplies and personnel from aircraft to naval vessels. It is also possible that the UAE will construct a permanent air base that uses the airport's runway.
Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia, which already has a major Red Sea naval base at Jiddah, is apparently looking to establish a military facility on the other side of the Bab al-Mandab strait. On 8 March, the Saudi newspaper Al-Sharq al-Awsat cited Djibouti's ambassador in Riyadh, Ziauddin Bamakhrama, as saying that his country is looking forward to signing an agreement that will allow the kingdom to establish a military base in Djibouti.
This article, first published on 15 April 2016, is subject to a correction and has been amended.
Satellite imagery (right) showing the new military camp and the construction of a new port facility at Assab airport in Eritrea on 4 March. Al Khatem, a dredger operated by the UAE's National Marine Dredging Company, can be seen operating at the site. The image on the left shows the same area in 2013, before the development began. (2016 CNES/Astrium/GoogleEarth/IHS)
Lots of #UAE naval traffic at Eritrea's Assab port. x1 Baynunah-class corvette, x1 Al Futaisi landing ship [1/2] pic.twitter.com/JlwcISXYST
— Alex M. (@Alex_de_M) April 11, 2016


text:
CAN I RECYCLE?
SCRAP YOUR CAR
RECYCLING TAKEN TO EXTREME WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF 1-800-GOT-SCRAP
New Service Described As "Recycling On Steroids" Will Take Your Discarded Washers, Dryers, Old Cars, etc For Re-Purposing
A brand new service described as "recycling on steroids" and destined to benefit our planet is being officially launched. 1-800-GOT-SCRAP is available to consumers who have unwanted large-scale metal items such as old cars, dishwashers, washing machines, stoves and refrigerators that need to be discarded. 1-800-GOT-SCRAP will pick them up for a small fee or they may be dropped off at an affiliated recycling center for cash. The items are then shredded, sorted into various pure metals (e.g., steel, aluminum, copper, iron) and shipped overseas to be re-purposed into new appliances and automobiles.
Up until now, many of these massive items have been dumped in city landfills across the country, which has greatly increased our carbon footprint. 1-800-GOT-SCRAP ensures that the materials are re-purposed thus preserving natural resources and reducing greenhouse gases.
"We've taken recycling to the extreme," said George Adams, president of 1-800-GOT-SCRAP's parent company, SA Recycling. "We launched a pilot program at the end of last year to see how the public would respond and were encouraged by their deep appreciation and encouragement. We have since put our resources behind 1-800-GOT-SCRAP with hopes that, together with the public's help, we will make a difference in saving our planet."
According to a recent Harris Poll, recycling is fast becoming a habit with an estimated 77% of Americans who recycle things like old newspapers, aluminum cans and plastic containers. Adams hopes that that this dedication to preserving Mother Earth will spread into a habit for re-purposing large scale metal items.
SA Recycling operates 45 recycling centers in 3 states and expects that 1-800-GOT-SCRAP will expand beyond California in the coming months. For a list of affiliated recycling centers, visit www.GOTSCRAP.com.
Twodayone on WOMAN TAKES HELM AT SA RECYCLING'S TERMINAL ISLAND FACILITY
Bin Rentals on WOMAN TAKES HELM AT SA RECYCLING'S TERMINAL ISLAND FACILITY
Antoine Neufville on Recycle Your Christmas Lights
Heidi on SA Recycling Accepts Most Metal Items For Cash
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text:
From Now It's Our Personal Interest.
Our legal firm wants to bring legal practice of an extraordinary level, in which thoroughness, legal knowledge and transparency, a multidisciplinary approach and a well-considered strategy are the building blocks, and which leads as much as possible to socially relevant legal results.
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text:
Humane Society?
By Bernard G. Prusak
Three years ago, in response to an article on vegetarianism that I published in this magazine ("All We Can Eat?" July 13, 2007), Andrew Linzey sent me an e-mail with the subject "Disappointment" and the valediction "Yours sorrowfully." In between, he took me to task for making "the mistake of almost all Catholic moralists" who write on this topic—namely, "of focusing almost entirely [on] the modern secular, philosophical literature for animals…without engaging...the now extensive modern theological discussions of animals." He also wished that his e-mail "might (in God's providence) stimulate [me] to look deeper and ponder further."
At his best, Linzey is an impressively creative theologian. On the one hand, his passion for animals as "fellow-creatures" leads him to be highly critical of much of the Western theological and philosophical tradition. The tone of his criticisms is sometimes dramatically abrupt. In Animal Theology (1994), he offered this judgment of Aquinas's discussion of animals: "What is so problematic...is that this great Christian scholar was not quite Christian or scriptural enough." In Animal Gospel (2004), he writes that John Paul II "will go down in history as the one who made concern for animals officially second-class.... From my own perspective, as a Christian priest, this has to be a day for tears."
On the other hand, Linzey also brings fresh eyes to the tradition, discovers in it unexpected resources, and breathes new life into doctrines that have come to seem antiquated, such as the fallenness of all creation, not only humankind. (He makes much of Romans 8:22: "We know that the whole of creation has been groaning in labor pains until now.") A theologically minded reader, then, has much to be grateful for and much to learn from Linzey's work, even if the reader does not find all of his claims and arguments persuasive. For Linzey makes theology matter and, with animals in mind, poses fundamental questions "about the justice of God, the nature of creation, the reality of evil, and the scope of redemption," as he puts it in Animals on the Agenda (1998).
Linzey's animal gospel, to use his own term, has found resonance among other thinkers. For example, John Sniegock, a moral theologian at Xavier University, made very similar arguments in his September 14, 2007 letter about my Commonweal article on vegetarianism ("The Responsible Choice"). Others, however, found reason to disagree. Robert P. Heaney, a professor of medicine at Creighton University who focuses on osteoporosis and has contributed to research on nutrition, claimed in his letter ("A Biological Approach") that, while "clearly we should avoid cruelty in our use of animals"—fox hunting, fur-farming, and commercial sealing are surely good examples of such cruelty—"equally clearly, we need to eat animals—not for convenience, not because we have dominion over them, but because they provide what is essential for our health." Heaney noted in particular our need for vitamin B12 and observed that "the fact that we need [it] but can't make it for ourselves is simply a reflection of the fact that our physiologies evolved in the context of a diet that included meat," which is therefore "a part of our heritage." Admittedly, artificial supplements can be taken, but, as food writer Nina Planck has observed, "animal proteins and fats...contain all the essential amino acids needed for life in the right ratio" (see Planck's "Death by Veganism," New York Times, May 21, 2007). In brief, one justification for eating meat is that we are naturally constituted to benefit enormously from it, especially before birth and during pregnancy, and that there are cumulative risks from abstaining. Here the interests of children and those of animals appear to diverge.
Read more: Letters, August 13 and September 10, 2010
A Right Not to Fight
Say It Ain't So, Jo...
BooksDomestic AffairsEconomyEnvironmentEthics
There Will Be Blogs
By Morten Høi Jensen
Putting Ourselves Together Again
By Rebecca Bratten Weiss
Clearing the Field
By B. D. McClay


text:
File:Corwin, Thomas (1).jpg
Revision as of 16:38, 14 August 2013 by SPosmontier (Talk | contribs)
Corwin,_Thomas_(1).jpg (253 × 308 pixels, file size: 19 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)
This bust portrait is titled "Thomas Corwin, Governor of Ohio." Corwin (1794-1849) is depicted in front of a red drape with books, an inkwell, feather pen, and column. In the background, visible through a window, is the driver of a Conestoga wagon with red wheels and four horses passing in front of the Ohio Statehouse. The painting has many blemishes, and its colors are faded. Thomas Corwin (1794-1865) was born in Kentucky. His father moved the family to what would become Warren County, Ohio, in 1798. The War of 1812 saw northern Ohio ravaged by the Indian confederation that was allied with the British. After General Hull surrendered Detroit to the British, protection from these destructive raids was minimal. Corwin, then a teenager, drove supply wagons north to feed the starving American troops. Self-taught in the law, he was admitted to the bar in 1817. His political career began in 1818, when he served as Warren County prosecuting attorney. A member of the Whig Party, Corwin served two terms in the Ohio state legislature and five terms in the United States Congress. In 1840 he was elected the fifteenth governor of Ohio. In 1845 he was elected to the U.S. Senate, where he eloquently expressed his opposition to the Mexican War. He served in the cabinet of President Millard Fillmore as secretary of the treasury from 1850-1853. Corwin became Secretary of the Treasury in 1850, but two years later he returned to Lebanon, Ohio, and practiced law from his office in Cincinnati. He was re-elected to Congress in 1860, and a year later President Abraham Lincoln appointed him minister to Mexico. Corwin was able to secure Mexico's support for the Union during the Civil War. He then established a law practice in Washington, where he died in 1865. Samuel Swan Walker (1806-1848) of Butler County, Ohio, was trained as a physician but left the medical profession in 1836 to become a portrait and miniature painter, working principally in Cincinnati. He traveled frequently as an itinerant painter, working primarily in Ohio, where he created portraits of well-known Ohioans and giving art lessons to wealthy patrons.
Ohio Historical Society SC 2037
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This is a great opportunity to purchase a spacious detached barn in need of complete renovation in a delightful hamlet on the way up to St Martin de Belleville in the 3 Valleys.
This stone and wood barn has 3 floors with approximately 110m² of living space per floor.
The ground floor consists of 2 adjacent cellars with one having lovely vaulted ceilings.
Access to the first floor is from the side of the barn where large double doors lead into an open plan floor with a balcony offering great views over the village rooftops and the mountainside. The top floor, partially under the eaves, also has lovely mountain views.
There is a separate door for entry into an adjacent area on the first floor.
The barn is in a sunny position with great views of the mountainside and its villages. There is private parking nearby.
St Martin de Belleville is a picture-postcard village resort that provides a charming and peaceful base from which to explore the 3 Valleys ski area. It is a traditional Savoyard village with wood and stone buildings, a church that is floodlit at night and a small square. From the village there is an eight-person gondola, which provides a direct link to the ridge that overlooks the valley of Méribel on one side and les Ménuires and Val Thorens on the other. There are a number of friendly bars and quality restaurants in the village and a couple of nightspots too.
The TGV station is in Moûtiers and the "snow train" takes about 30 minutes from there to reach the village. The nearest international airports are just over 2 hours away in Geneva and Grenoble, with the seasonal airport in Chambéry an hours ride away.


text:
Art History: A Very Short Introduction
By (author) Dana Arnold
Genres: History of art / art & design styles
Format: Paperback / softback
Publisher: Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom
Published: 30th Nov 2004
Dimensions: w 113mm h 178mm d 9mm
This clear and concise new introduction examines all the major debates and issues using a wide range of well-known examples. It discusses the challenge of using verbal and written language to analyse a visual form. Dana Arnold also examines the many different ways of writing about art, and the changing boundaries of the subject of art history. Topics covered include the canon of Art History, the role of the gallery, 'blockbuster' exhibitions, the emergence of social histories of art (Feminist Art History or Queer Art History, for example), the impact of photography, and the development of Art History using artefacts such as the altarpiece, the portrait, or pornography, to explore social and cultural issues such as consumption, taste, religion, and politics. Importantly, this book explains how the traditional emphasis on periods and styles originates in western art production and can obscure other critical approaches, as well as art from non western cultures. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.


Colourful with their favourite tv characters, PBS Kids is eye catching and educational. They've got videos, games, music, and colouring pages.
Not specifially for ESL and EFL teachers, with the high influx of foreigners moving to the US, some shows are catering to the need to learn English as a Second Language. Seasame Street is just one example.
So take a look at their site and see if you can find something to use in your classes this week.


Motor Yacht LOW BLOW (ex LULU) is a luxury yacht built by the famous builders Baia yachts in 2008 and refitted in 2011. Charter yacht LOW BLOW measures 23,8m (78,1 feet) in length and is able to accommodate up to 6 guests in 3 lovely cabins. The yacht is modern and well equipped for a perfect charter.
M/Y LOW BLOW has a beautiful interior with quality fabrics and finishes throughout. She has a modern main salon with a full length sofa and TV, and good ambient lighting. Charter yacht LOW BLOW is beautifully sleek and has real style inside and out, and for anyone into speed she cruises comfortably at 45 knots.
Luxury yacht LOW BLOW has a good sized aft deck with sun beds and a sofa, leading to a light and spacious upper salon, with a bar and stools, and a table with comfortable seating for dining with a view. There are further sun pads forward for sunbathing. The swim platform gives you easy access to the water, so you can board the tender effortlessly, or leap into the water for a spot of snorkeling.
The charter yacht LOW BLOW offers Wifi / Internet, TV, DVD and CD Library, and a PlayStation PS3. The motor yacht LOW BLOW (ex LULU) also has a 3.5m tender and Snorkeling gear. Rendez-vous diving is available by appointment.
The Atlantica 78 Yacht LOW BLOW is 23.8m in length (78.1 feet), with a beam of 5.8m (19 ft) and a draft of 1.2m (3.9 ft). LOW BLOW cruises at an average speed of 45 knots, and can reach a maximum speed of an incredible 49 knots.
Baia yacht LOW BLOW can accommodate up to 6 guests in a master cabin, a VIP cabin and a twin cabin all with ensuite facilities.


text:
<?php
namespace Procure\Application\Command\AP;

use Application\Notification;
use Application\Application\Command\AbstractDoctrineCmd;
use Application\Domain\Shared\Command\AbstractCommandHandler;
use Application\Domain\Shared\Command\CommandInterface;
use Procure\Application\Command\AP\Options\ApRowUpdateOptions;
use Procure\Application\DTO\Ap\ApRowDTO;
use Procure\Application\Service\SharedServiceFactory;
use Procure\Application\Service\AP\RowSnapshotReference;
use Procure\Domain\AccountPayable\APDoc;
use Procure\Domain\AccountPayable\APRow;
use Procure\Domain\AccountPayable\APRowSnapshotAssembler;
use Procure\Domain\Exception\DBUpdateConcurrencyException;
use Procure\Domain\Exception\InvalidArgumentException;
use Procure\Domain\Exception\PoRowUpdateException;
use Procure\Domain\GoodsReceipt\GRRow;
use Procure\Domain\GoodsReceipt\GRRowSnapshot;
use Procure\Infrastructure\Doctrine\APQueryRepositoryImpl;
use Procure\Application\Service\AP\APRowSnapshotModifier;

/**
 *
 * @author Nguyen Mau Tri - ngmautri@gmail.com
 *
 */
class UpdateRowCmdHandler extends AbstractCommandHandler
{

    /**
     *
     * {@inheritdoc}
     * @see \Application\Domain\Shared\Command\AbstractCommandHandler::run()
     */
    public function run(CommandInterface $cmd)
    {
        if (! $cmd instanceof AbstractDoctrineCmd) {
            throw new PoRowUpdateException(sprintf("% not found!", "AbstractDoctrineCmd"));
        }
        /**
         *
         * @var ApRowDTO $dto ;
         * @var APDoc $rootEntity ;
         * @var ApRowUpdateOptions $options ;
         */
        $dto = $cmd->getDto();
        $options = $cmd->getOptions();

        if (! $options instanceof ApRowUpdateOptions) {
            throw new InvalidArgumentException("No Options given. Pls check command configuration!");
        }
        if (! $cmd->getDto() instanceof ApRowDTO) {
            throw new InvalidArgumentException("ApRowDTO object not found!");
        }

        try {
            $rootEntity = $options->getRootEntity();
            $localEntity = $options->getLocalEntity();

            $userId = $options->getUserId();
            $version = $options->getVersion();

            $notification = new Notification();

            /**
             *
             * @var APRow $snapshot ;
             * @var GRRowSnapshot $newSnapshot ;
             * @var GRRow $row ;
             *
             */
            $row = $localEntity;
            $snapshot = $row->makeSnapshot();
            $newSnapshot = clone ($snapshot);

            $editableProperties = [
                "isActive",
                "rowNumber",
                "item",
                "prRow",
                "poRow",
                "vendorItemCode",
                "vendorItemName",
                "warehouse",
                "docQuantity",
                "docUnit",
                "docUnitPrice",
                "conversionFactor",
                "standardConvertFactor",
                "descriptionText",
                "taxRate",
                "glAccount",
                "costCenter",
                "remarks"
            ];

            $newSnapshot = APRowSnapshotAssembler::updateSnapshotFieldsFromDTO($newSnapshot, $dto, $editableProperties);

            $changeLog = $snapshot->compare($newSnapshot);

            if ($changeLog == null) {
                $notification->addError("Nothing change on row#" . $row->getId());
                $dto->setNotification($notification);
                return;
            }

            $params = [
                "rowId" => $row->getId(),
                "rowToken" => $row->getToken(),
                "changeLog" => $changeLog
            ];

            // do change

            $newSnapshot = APRowSnapshotModifier::modify($newSnapshot, $cmd->getDoctrineEM()); // update referrence before update.

            $sharedService = SharedServiceFactory::createForAP($cmd->getDoctrineEM());

            $rootEntity->setLogger($cmd->getLogger());
            $rootEntity->updateRowFrom($newSnapshot, $options, $params, $sharedService);
            // event dispatch
            // ================
            if ($cmd->getEventBus() !== null) {
                $cmd->getEventBus()->dispatch($rootEntity->getRecordedEvents());
            }
            // ================

            $m = sprintf("AP #%s updated. Memory used #%s", $rootEntity->getId(), memory_get_usage());

            $notification->addSuccess($m);

            $queryRep = new APQueryRepositoryImpl($cmd->getDoctrineEM());
            // revision numner hasnt been increased.
            $currentVersion = $queryRep->getVersion($rootEntity->getId()) - 1;
            if ($version != $currentVersion) {
                throw new DBUpdateConcurrencyException(sprintf("Object version has been changed from %s to %s since retrieving. Please retry! ", $version, $currentVersion));
            }

            $dto->setNotification($notification);
        } catch (\Exception $e) {
            $cmd->getLogger()->alert($e->getMessage());
            throw new \RuntimeException($e->getMessage());
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Timed run well to score at Kilmore at latest. Good gate. Commands respect.
Old timer. Average effort at Geelong last start. Rough chance for minors.
Veteran. Struggling to make an impression. Not likely.
Just battled home at Tatura last outing. Should be competitive.
Dominant on-pace winner at Mornington last time out. Drawn favourably. Must be considered.
Coming off a modest run at Mornington at latest. Keep in mind.
Went to line only fairly at Echuca last start. Hard to make a case.
Wasn't all that far away at Echuca last outing. Can figure.
Freshened. Previously trained by M Sell. Racing poorly. Unlikely to trouble these.
Ran on well to place at Manangatang last time out. Place appeal only.
Ordinary at Cranbourne at latest. Not expected to threaten.
Old timer. Average effort at Manangatang last start. This looks too hard.
Well down the track of late. Badly drawn. Expect long odds.
Freshened. Veteran. Really struggled at recent performances. Others better.
Freshened. Awkwardly drawn. Faces a task.


text:
ensovoort
tydskrif vir kultuurstudies | journal for cultural studies | issn 2616-7670
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The blue-eyed devil rapists: An exploration of the discourse on Twitter around land thieves in a South African context
Title: The blue-eyed devil rapists: An exploration of the discourse on Twitter around land thieves in a South African context
Author: Dr. Burgert Senekal, University of the Free State.
Ensovoort, volume 41 (2020), number 7: 1
In recent years, anti-white rhetoric has seemingly increased in South Africa, with various researchers and Non-Government Organisations becoming alarmed at the level of antagonism displayed towards whites on social media. This study explores a large dataset consisting of over 18 000 tweets posted by over 10 000 users over a period of 288 days that mention land thieves. It is shown that the term is not only used to refer to South African whites, but also whites in general and Israelis, although almost ¾ of tweets refer to South Africa. Tweets referring to South Africa are explored in more depth, showing that whites are also referred to as rapists and racists, and that various topics, including the Covid-19 epidemic, are reframed in an anti-white discourse on Twitter. In addition, the article shows how prominent black political parties, their leadership and high-ranking public officials, take part in this discourse, with very little corrective action by the South African authorities. Suggestions are also made for further research.
Keywords: land thieves, South Africa, hate speech, Covid-19, social media, Twitter, Afrikaner, land expropriation
Apartheid is widely blamed by politicians, commentators, and academics for various contemporary problems in South Africa. For example, contemporary black poverty is frequently attributed to the legacy of apartheid (Lephakga, 2017, Goodman, 2017, and Maseko, et al., 2015). The same applies to the HIV / AIDS epidemic (Nkala-Dlamini, n.d.), unemployment (Republic of South Africa, 2013), racism (Thloloe, 2016), the energy-crisis (Hunter, 2015), violent crime (Gordon, 1998), xenophobic violence (Chengu, 2015), and rape (Armstrong, 1994). Desmond Tutu goes so far as to argue that apartheid is responsible for littering and car accidents (Anonymous, 2011b), while Andile Mngxitama of Black First Land First (BLF) blames storms (Anonymous, 2017a) and cyclones (Anonymous, 2019c) on white people and the legacy of colonialism.
Because the Afrikaner and other white South Africans are associated with apartheid, they also, according to some, are responsible for contemporary problems that are seen as a legacy of apartheid. As John (2019) argues, white South Africans, "have repeatedly failed to self-reflect on their privilege and to apologise fulsomely for their inhumane deeds." This type of view holds all white South Africans accountable for apartheid, regardless of whether they were born before or after 1994 or had any direct involvement with the National Party (NP) regime or its security forces. Leon (2015) and Cardo (2016) point out the similarities between the contemporary construction of the white man as a scapegoat and what was previously blamed on the Jews. Cardo (2016) writes,
Trapped in a binary, essentialist cast of mind – where black pain and victimhood square off against white domination and privilege – their discourse has already moved from a regressive leftist fringe to the centre of politics. They view whites as aliens, or "1652s" in their jarring parlance; predatory immigrants who might, ultimately, be unassimilable into their new world order.
The current study explores the Twitter discourse around the term land thieves. As such, the study ties in with other studies that have investigated hate speech on social media platforms in South Africa, e.g. Oriola and Kotzé (2020), Ferroggiaro (2019), Oriola and Kotzé (2019a), Oriola and Kotzé (2019b), Kotzé and Senekal (2018), De Smedt, Jaki, Kotzé, Saoud, Gwóźdź, De Pauw, and Daelemans (2018) and Brink and Mulder (2017). However, while Brink and Mulder focus on media reports, Ferroggiaro uses interviews, and Kotzé and co-authors take a quantitative approach that includes machine learning, the current study takes a mixed-methods approach to investigate both the scale and intensity of hate speech directed at the white minority in South Africa. The goal is to explore a Twitter dataset compiled using the word pair (bigram) land thieves and identify some themes and features that could be investigated in more depth in future studies. The article also includes a detailed contextualisation and suggestions for future research.
Background to anti-white hate speech in South Africa
In 2011, Julius Malema, then the leader of the African National Congress (ANC) Youth League, threatened to take over the ANC if they did not adopt a policy of land expropriation without compensation (Anonymous, 2011a). In 2012, ANC Youth Leader Ronald Lamola provoked intense reaction when he said during a speech, "We need an act as forceful as war to bring it [land] back to the Africans" (Foster, 2012). In 2017, Julius Malema, then the leader of the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF), reiterated during a speech, "The rightful owners of the land are black people. No white person is a rightful owner of the land here in South Africa and the whole of the African continent" (Malone, 2017). Malema also says that he established the EFF in 2013 to drive the policy of land expropriation without compensation, "We took a decision when we were formed in 2013 that our first non-negotiable cardinal pillar is expropriation of land without compensation. So we were not talking elections, we were talking why we formed the EFF" (Nkosi, 2018). Mngxitama, who was a founding member of the Landless People's Movement in 2001 and later joined the EFF, also places land expropriation at the centre of BLF's agenda, "I would like to see land occupations becoming a national feature in this country" (Zondi, 2017).
Jacob Zuma's statements about land expropriation during his term as state president already led to whites preparing for a civil war in 2017 (Malone, 2017). On 28 February 2018, the South African Parliament undertook to reconsider Article 25 of the South African Constitution to allow for the expropriation of property without compensation. The discourse around the land issue centres on white / black identities, the "land thieves" versus the "dispossessed", and the legacy of apartheid (Roelf, 2018, Mkokeli, 2018, Osborne, 2018, Chung, 2018, Harding, 2018, and Eloff, 2017). Julius Malema for instance remarked, "We must ensure that we restore the dignity of our people without compensating the criminals who stole our land" (Chung, 2018). On 4 December 2018, the South African Parliament voted in favour of the decision to consider the possibility of amending the constitution.
Conversations around land expropriation, in particular, are often accompanied by war talks (Gerber, 2018), and land expropriation is widely seen as a step that could lead to a civil war in South Africa. Roodt (2018) believes land expropriation will lead to a war in SA, and Pieter Groenewald, leader of the Freedom Front Plus, says in parliament, "If anyone in South Africa thinks they can expropriate land without compensation, they live in a dream. Let me put it bluntly, if you want to start a civil war in South Africa, do it. Do it"1 (Anonymous, 2017c). Cope's President, Mosiuoa Lekota, also says that such a policy will lead to war (Phakgadi, 2018), which is also a statement made by Clem Sunter (Omarjee, 2018), as well as the daughter of Albert Luthuli, Albertina (Javier, 2019).
In recent years, racial tensions have been accompanied by calls for genocide made by militant black leaders such as Julius Malema of the EFF and Andile Mngxitama of BLF. In 2018, for example, Malema said he is not calling on his people to murder white people, "at least for now" (Mahlase, 2018). BLF's Andile Mngxitama, in turn, made several statements against whites, the best known of which was the 2018 call to kill five whites for every black person who dies (Chabalala, 2018). Bell Pottinger was also contracted by the Guptas in 2016 to instigate a discourse around "white monopoly capital," which contributed to racial tensions in South Africa (Segal, 2018, Anonymous, 2017b, John, 2017, Cropley, 2017, Withers, 2017, and Cave, 2017). The campaign included the establishment of Twitter accounts that posted more than 220 000 tweets, the establishment of anti-white campaign websites, the use of news agencies ANN7 and The New Age, and the funding of ANC activists (Segal, 2018). Mngxitama of BLF allegedly had financial connections with the controversial Gupta family and Bell Pottinger (Andersen, 2017, Anonymous, 2017b, Claymore, 2017, and Macanda and Cowan, 2017), something supported by Bell Pottinger's targeting of Johann Rupert (Segal, 2018), which is also one of BLF's primary targets. The African Network of Centers for Investigative Reporting (2017) also connects Mngxitama with the Guptas, while the US Department of State (2018) calls BLF a "front group formed in 2015 and financed by the prominent Gupta family".
The EFF and BLF are not alone in targeting white people in their statements. In 2010, the Commando Corps (Afrikaans Kommandokorps) warned the Pan African Congress (PAC) after a call for the full-scale massacre of whites appeared on the PAC's Facebook page (Jooste, 2010). In addition, Khoza (2017) and Steward (2016) note the increasing amount of hate speech against whites in SA, while a study by the South African Institute of Race Relations found,
… 61% of black respondents now agree that South Africa is a country for blacks rather than whites, while only 38% disagree. This suggests that ANC and EFF rhetoric castigating whites and demanding a major shift in the ownership and management of the economy may be having significant impact on black opinion (Jeffery, 2018).
Brink and Mulder (2017:11) also mention incidents such as then State President Jacob Zuma, who said during the ANC's 103rd birthday celebrations in Cape Town in 2015 that Jan van Riebeeck's arrival in South Africa in 1652 was the beginning of all South Africa's problems. I quote four examples from Brink and Mulder's report (statements are reproduced verbatim here):
Luvuyo Menziwa, senior official of the EFF Student Command and former financial officer of the Student Representative Council (SRC) of the University of Pretoria, wrote on Facebook, "Reasons I hate white people: white privilege, white dominance, white arrogance, white monopoly capital and white superiority. Fuck white people, just get me a bazooka or AK47 so I can do the right thing and kill these demon possessed humans."
Bhefile ka Hlazo, a senior official at the Oudtshoorn municipality wrote on Facebook, "I will with no mercy cut their tongue out with a machete and I will enjoy to hear them begging for forgiveness."
Velaphi Khumalo, a sports promoter in the Gauteng Department of Sport, Arts, Culture and Recreation, wrote on Facebook, "I want to cleans this country of all white people. we must act as Hitler did to the Jews. […] U you have the same venom moss. look at Palestine. noo u must be bushed alive and skinned and your off springs used as garden fertiliser."
Benny Morota, a law professor at the University of South Africa (Unisa), wrote on Facebook, "i dnt entertain white cockroach like yourself . . . i dnt understand why you interfere in my black business … F*ck you pink white murderer . . . Enjoy the blood wealth of our people, your time to pay with your white skin is emmenent."
All these incidents took place on Facebook, but many of the hostile statements against South African whites are made on Twitter (Oriola and Kotzé, 2019a). Twitter is well-known to be a political platform, as Theocharis, Lowe, Van Deth, and García-Albacete (2015:203) argue,
Twitter's quick flow of very short and direct messages calling for action can be very important for political activities because tweets can be easily and massively diffused across diverse social networks (and countries), and can attract the attention of previously uninterested and organizationally unaffiliated publics. As previous studies have suggested, these passing short messages may be catalytic in someone's spontaneous decision to become involved in specific political acts online or offline, lending support to a certain movement.
While no official definition of hate speech exists, "it is hinged on incitement, which is an explicit and deliberate act aimed at discrimination, hostility and violence" (Oriola and Kotzé, 2020:21496). Oriola and Kotzé (2020:21497) define hate speech as, "unfairly discriminatory expression that demonstrates a clear intention to be harmful or to incite harm; promote or propagate hatred against a person or group of persons." While the current study does not attempt to classify statements as hate speech, this definition should be kept in mind for the examples of tweets that follow.
Two major hate speech incidents took place on Twitter around the land issue in 2019. The first was following an accident at Driehoek High School in Vanderbijlpark where three schoolchildren died (a fourth died in hospital afterwards). Siyanda Dizzy Gumede wrote on Facebook that he had no sympathy for the children (which he assumed were white), as there was now "minus 3 future problems" (Anonymous, 2019a). Lindsay Maasdorp of BLF wrote on Twitter that Gumede was correct, "Why should we frown on the ancestors' petitions to punish the land thieves including their offspring" (Friedman, 2019). BLF was subsequently reported to the South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC), but their initial conviction was overturned in the South African High Court and they were not prosecuted (Seleka, 2019, and Cilliers, 2019). Several other users expressed their support for Gumede on Twitter (Greeff, 2019) (these accounts were subsequently deleted), although commentators, both white and black, predominantly condemned Gumede and Maasdorp's views. John (2019) however, defends these anti-white views,
The Hoërskool Driehoek incident has put a spotlight on unaddressed black anger ensuing from years of apartheid and failure to have authentic conversations about its legacy and impact on black people's mental health, who are being forced to repress justifiable feelings of anger and pain.
On 14 June 2019, Zindzi Mandela, daughter of Nelson Mandela and South Africa's current ambassador to Denmark, posted a series of messages on Twitter, including,
"Dear Apartheid Apologists, your time is over. You will not rule again. We do not fear you. Finally #TheLandIsOurs," "[…] Miss all these trembling white cowards, shem. Botha, Potgieter, Thieving Rapist descendants of Van Riebeeck, etc: how are you my babies?[…]" and "Whilst I wine and dine here ..wondering how the world of shivering land thieves is doing #OurLand."
The tweets sparked intense reaction on Twitter and in the media, with several political and civil rights organizations demanding her dismissal (Rooi, 2019, and Krige, 2019). On 18 June, the EFF's Mbuyiseni Ndlozi said in a statement that Zindzi Mandela, "correctly tweeted about the need for black people to get their land back from white land thieves and racists" (Maromo, 2019). BLF also aligned themselves with the EFF in her defence (Mvumvu, 2019). Many black Twitter users continued to support her, including with the hashtag, #HandsOffZindziMandela. In the end, Naledi Pandor, international relations minister, reprimanded Zindzi Mandela (Anonymous, 2019b), but there was no question of legal action or any form of punishment. On the other hand, on 19 June, the ANC indicated that they would file a complaint of crimen injuria against Steve Hofmeyr after he responded to Zindzi Mandela on Twitter the previous day, "Effectively, I AM your boss. You WILL jump when I say so and you WILL ask how high. And when you come to take our livesandland, you WILL die. Our contract is that simple. And don't you forget it" (Regter, 2019).
The cases around Driehoek High School and Zindzi Mandela are, however, only two incidents that have become well-known; there are many more. Kotzé and Senekal (2018) note a few instances in the Twitter discourse around the Afrikaner town of Orania, for example, "How about we accidentally get our hands on some grenades and start genocide? Orania is a good place to start."
Brink and Mulder (2017) showed that the ANC government and the SAHRC are extremely slow to act against black South African government officials and political party leaders that call for violence against whites, while whites that make statements deriding blacks are punished swiftly and severely. Black perpetrators usually receive only a warning, while whites such as Penny Sparrow and Vicki Momberg received large fines (and in the case of the latter, was given a jail sentence). Note also that the Driehoek High School and Zindzi Mandela incidents followed the same pattern as identified in Brink and Mulder's (2017) earlier report, namely that the cases involved a black government official and a leader of a political party, but they were not prosecuted. The ANC however filed charges against Hofmeyr.
Because these incidents only represent the best-known and most publicised cases of inflammatory speech in South Africa, tweets were collected that refer to land thieves in general. The following section outlines the methods used in the current study.
Tweets containing the word pair (bigram) land thieves were collected from 2019-06-17 (Zindzi Mandela's controversial tweet was posted three days before on 2019-06-14) until 2020-03-31. This bigram was chosen after various experiments that investigated terms associated with harmful language, and is also one of the terms listed in a recent report on hate speech in South Africa (Ferroggiaro, 2019). This is considered to be a particularly offensive term in the current South African context, as Ferroggiaro (2019:17) remarks, land thieves, "may suggest that white people don't have a birthright in the Republic of South Africa," and the term, "demonizes a whole group as criminal and as lacking rights to the land they own." In other words, the term in effect denies citizenship to the white minority in South Africa and depicts them as criminals. The term has become so commonplace that one user in the current study remarked on 2020-01-01,
In South Africa white people in general are referred to as: Land thieves 1652s Mlungus (scum) Rapists Slave owners Privileged Racists Bad Whiteness This is everyday stuff. We are the only race that is expected to be ashamed of themselves. I say fuck that. #ItsOkayToBeWhite.
Note the terms mlungus and 1652s: while these terms are not investigated in the current study, mlungus is included in the report by Ferroggiaro (2019) and 1652s is mentioned by Cardo (2016). Tweets are currently being collected by the present author that mention 1652s and will be investigated in a future study.
Along with tweets, metadata that was collected include the date and time of posting, usernames (which, for ethical reasons, are not reported in the current study), as well as user locations, number of likes and the number of retweets a tweet received.
In total, 18 031 tweets posted by 10 478 users were collected, of which 6 926 tweets were unique (the rest being retweets). A cursory reading of tweets however showed that not only white South Africans are referred to as land thieves: the bigram is also used to describe Israelis, white Americans, Brazilians and others. In order to determine the extent of the view that white South Africans are considered to be land thieves, tweets first had to be classified according to the country they refer to. A list of keywords was compiled from reading through tweets to classify tweets as referring to a specific country. Sometimes usernames were used to associate a tweet with a country, e.g. South African news agencies (@News24, @jacarandafm, and @BDliveSA) and politicians or political role players (@Natasha9Mazzone, @PresidencyZA, @FloydShivambu, @afriforum, @Lesufi, and @Our_DA). In a small number of cases, the country of the user was used to determine which country he/she was referring to. In total, a list of 382 keywords was compiled that associates tweets with specific countries. Table 1 shows 20 examples of keywords associated with countries.
Table 1 Twenty examples of keywords associated with countries
effgroundforces
zindzi
riebeeck
ernstroets
effsouthafrica
Tweets were linked to 23 countries with these keywords, with the majority of tweets (74,89%) referring to South Africa, followed by Israel (7,48%), the United States (4,19%), and Brazil (1,03%). The rest of the countries received less than 1% of tweets. Table 2 shows ten examples of tweets associated with specific countries. Examples are sorted from oldest to newest, and tweets are given here verbatim, as in other examples included in the current article.
Table 2 Ten examples of tweets associated with specific countries
Actually America wasn't built by immigrants it was built by White supremacists. If you want to compare modern immigrants to the settlers you're basically saying modern immigrants are genocidal land thieves Lololol nice narrative you got
#Israel's skin #cancer rates second highest in the world. #skincancer is nature's way of saying to Israeli land-thieves you ain't indigenous to #Palestine #WorldCancerDay2020 #WorldCancerDay #FreePalestine
There is nothing special about the Boers they are just land thieves responsible for the forever poverty of Africans
Land thieves and occupiers in a panic #coronavirusuk #CoronaVirusUpdate #COVID19 #coronavirus #FreePalestine RT @user: Israeli settlers increasingly panicked. In one day more than 100 positive settlers of the Corona virus. So far the total number of positive Corona sufferers in Israel has reached more than 433 people and 6 are in critical condition. #Group4Palestine
I truely pray that Covid-19 is gentically designed to wipe out the immigrant land thieves mankind killer zionists.
Cyril is a puppet for land thieves
Because @realDonaldTrump is just as kak skelm as a boer. Land thieves all of you
Two land thieves who's parents looted our country have pledged R2 billion and we are applauding. No questions about where the money comes from. Interesting…
Land Thieves from Russia and Eastern Europe
Forget our frontline #NHS staff, we need to look after the parasite land-thieves who live in a castle with a gold-plated shitter. You can be sure that ALL other royals have been tested too. #abolishthemonarchy
Note that tweets 2, 4 and 5 mention land thieves in terms of illnesses in reference to Israel, the latter two referring to the Covid-19 epidemic in 2020. This phenomena of framing an event in terms of land thieves will be returned to later in a South African context. Tweet 8 ties in with this phenomenon: this tweet refers to Johann Rupert and Nicky Oppenheimer donating R2 billion to help with Covid-19 (Head, 2020). As noted earlier, Johann Rupert is often criticised by BLF as an embodiment of "White Monopoly Capital", the phrase marketed by Bell Pottinger. Tweet 10 in turn uses Covid-19 to criticise the British royalty.
Some tweets could not be associated with specific countries. Table 3 shows examples of tweets that do not clearly associate the tweet with a specific country. Tweets are sorted from oldest to newest tweet.
Table 3 Five examples of tweets that could not be associated clearly with a specific country
Land thieves are savages. A savage will never agree to take responsibility for it's larceny, it's plunder and murder. That's why they are called savages.
U r land thieves, murderers and imbeciles who fk up ecosystems, then try to grow fake food….
'Settlers' is a soft word for 'land thieves'
Land thieves 😂😂😂😂#Twitter30Seconds
Typical land thieves
After reading the context of Tweet 1, it became apparent that the user probably intended the term land thieves to denote all white people, regardless of in which country they reside. Although this tweet would include South Africa, it was excluded in the analysis for not specifically referring to South Africa. Ultimately, 1 776 tweets (9,85% of tweets), could not be associated with a specific country.
In total, 13 504 tweets (74,89% of the total number of tweets) are associated with South Africa, along with 7 333 users (69,89% of the total number of users), and 4 439 unique tweets (64,09% of the total number of unique tweets). This shows that the bigram land thieves is overwhelmingly associated with South Africa, with almost ¾ of tweets referring to South Africa. At the same time, not all references to land thieves refer to South Africa, with Israelis also being accused of being land thieves in a substantial number of tweets (7,48%). This association is interesting, given that the word apartheid is used so often in the context of Israel that it could not be used here as a keyword to link tweets to South Africa.
Tweets were placed at an average of 62,61 tweets per day over the 288-day period considered here (2019-06-17 to 2020-03-31), but tweets referring to South Africa were placed at an average of 46,89 tweets per day. For all tweets, users mentioned land thieves at a rate of 1,72 tweets per user, but for South African tweets, the rate is 1,84. This shows a larger commitment on the part of users referring to South African land issues than for others; note also that while almost 75% of tweets refer to South Africa, only 70% of users refer to South Africa. This means that users referring to land thieves in a South African context are more inclined to mention the term more than once than is the case for users referring to land thieves in other contexts.
The most retweeted tweet in the total dataset (retweeted 1 081 times) was posted shortly after Zindzi Mandela's abovementioned tweets, and reads, "Retweet To Annoy Land Thieves ✊🏾 ✊🏾 ✊🏾#HandsOffZindziMandela." In addition, the second most retweeted tweet in the total dataset (retweeted 453 times) is an official EFF rendition of this tweet, "@Effgroundforces: Retweet just to annoy land thieves and ANC empty heads #SONADebate." Since retweets are usually an indication that users endorse a tweet (Shin, et al., 2016:1218, and Bruns and Burgess, 2012:803), this shows the extent to which the land-thieves narrative has taken hold in South Africa. Table 4 shows the tweets that refer to South Africa that were retweeted the most. Usernames are only included if they refer to major political figures or political parties.
Table 4 The ten most retweeted South African tweets
Retweet Count
Retweet To Annoy Land Thieves ✊🏾 ✊🏾 ✊🏾#HandsOffZindziMandela
@Effgroundforces: Retweet just to annoy land thieves and ANC empty heads #SONADebate
Leadership BLF for Life that is me and BLF President Andile Mngxitama told Land thieves to go Holland where they belongs too, viva BLF viva Azania Izwe Lethu ✋✊
Consistency!!! the message haven't changed so there is no flip flopping 👇 this gospel was preached in the ANC until the house negro party expelled our leaders because they are protecting land thieves #TheLandIsOurs.
The president of South Africa calling my forefathers land thieves and celebrating the Zulu warriors that attacked them without cause. The Rainbow nation is a myth We are not the same We are not stronger together F Ramaphosa F the ANC #OnsLand #Geloftedag #SouthAfrica #WeAre1652
Such obviously foolish policy!!! Why encourage people to "donate" stolen land? Asking land thieves to donate it's like they are making us a favor for returning the land.
Malema accuses all white people of being murderers, rapists and land thieves. No social media or MSM coverage. The one MSM outlet that decided to cover it makes the focus of the article Helen Zille. You can't make this shit up. Share my video far and wide:
As if this wasn't enough. No white racist will bully Sis Zindzi and get away with it. Not on our watch If there's anyone to win this fight it is us, the African people of SA. The land is ours and will be expropriated without compensation The land thieves mustn't bore us. Enough
How are the Van Zyls different from the Guptas in as far as State Capture is consent? [20 Marks] NB: The Van Zyls are one of the most notorious Land thieves in the Country
"I'm not Zuma fan but…." Each time a sentence starts like that, you must know that reality has hit home and a native is fast realizing that he/was played by land thieves to hate @PresJGZuma for nothing. Mr Zuma remains the only President of Native Africans in South Africa.
While tweets 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, and 10 reinforce the narrative that South African whites are land thieves, tweets 5 and 7 oppose this narrative. The current study does not differentiate between tweets that are supportive or unsupportive of the narrative that whites are land thieves, because the goal is to determine the extent to which this narrative has taken hold and even tweets that deny this narrative acknowledge its existence. In other words, a user that claims that he is not a land thief admits to the existence of the narrative just as much as a user that accuses others of being land thieves. Future studies could however classify tweets as supportive of this narrative or not. Nevertheless, the examples in Table 4 show that tweets are overwhelmingly supportive of the narrative that whites are land thieves.
While the most retweeted tweets show how Twitter is used to reinforce and promote the narrative that whites are land thieves, even by an official account of the EFF, numerous other tweets phrase the issue in stronger terms that could be classified as hate speech with the abovementioned definition by Oriola and Kotzé (2020:21497). Table 5 provides ten examples of such tweets. The table is again sorted from oldest to newest tweet, and tweets are again reproduced verbatim.
Table 5 Ten examples of strongly-worded tweets
Rapists, murders, land thieves, devils, Satan's, racists, blue green eyes, connivers etc arrived in this ships, Dromedaries, Goede hoop and Heldekruin
As a child of land thieves and a direct beneficiary of apartheid, you have a right to shut your white whole and continue benefiting in the name of our forefathers bloodshed
Christians like this one are plain stupid bcs they take everything in the Bible they did not write as a gospel truth irrespective of what they know from our history that this Christianity shit was used to brainwash us by land thieves and invaders of our land.
Actually the only reason SAA should fly to Britain is extradition of White Land Thieves back home, Afrika would be helping the Brixit call
Is this how we going to get the land back. Dead land thieves tend to leave the stolen land with their elderly desperate widows😂🤣😂
The Sun burning the hell of pinkish remnant of land thieves 😩😩😩
Whether you like or not, we getting our land back. Land thieves nearthendals are emboldened by the useless constitution. The enemy of Africans, Asians, Arabs, Latinos, Native Indians is nearthendals aka the devil(pale people).
And that's all that surprises you. I agree they should have.. with the intended passengers inside.. Actually I wish it was 1652 not 1952 and they burnt those ships carrying scurvy infested land thieves and rapists… then we would not have you tweeting crap.
Voetsek bloody filthy pinkish PIG…Land Thieves
No worries. UKZN students who have been given a life line by #Duduzane who is hated by White Land Thieves for being Black #Zuma. From now please don't allow Van Riebeeck Descendants who arrived, raped n Killed blacks for their land to Tell u who u should like or hate RT @user: user Can Duduzane speak Zulu?
These tweets show a more overtly hostile attitude towards whites than the examples in Table 4: calling whites "devils" (Tweets 1 and 7), denying them a right to voice an opinion (Tweet 2 and 10), attacking Christianity (Tweet 3), asking for whites' deportation (Tweet 4), threatening to kill white farmers and implying a worse fate for their widows (Tweet 5, and note the laughing emoticons), and calling whites other names such as "pink" (Tweet 6 and 9) and "Neanderthals" (Tweet 7) (while the user had difficulty spelling this word, I assume he/she meant "Neanderthals"). Indeed, while Tweet 1 refers to whites as "devils", Tweet 7 calls whites "the devil" (emphasis added). Note also how Tweet 7 expands the vilification of whites to include all whites globally: Tweet 1 in Table 3 showed a similar attitude, and indeed the occurrence of the bigram land thieves with reference to many countries shows an association between South African and American whites, as well as with Israelis.
Also note the use of the term racists (Tweet 1): this term has become synonymous with whites and serves a similar function as rapists by depicting whites as evil. In addition, the use of rapists when describing land thieves (Tweets 1, 8 and 10) is particularly noteworthy; 662 of these tweets (4,9% of tweets referring to South Africa) explicitly mention that whites are considered to be rapists, and bear in mind that Zindzi Mandela's abovementioned controversial tweets also call land thieves "rapists."2 Table 6 provides ten additional examples of South African tweets that claim that land thieves are rapists.
Table 6 Ten examples of South African tweets that call "land thieves" rapists
Khabazela you have no obligation to be responding to these land thieves, rapists, killers, liars etc. John 10:10 KJV — The thief cometh not, but for to steal, and to kill, and to destroy: It's a useless exercise.
Who stole VBS money? Now we are dealing with land thieves. We are taking back stolen land by murderers and rapists, using the powerful freedom charter. And you were part of the system that stole our land which makes you guilty of the fore mentioned things. Bloody thief
Unrepentant people must not be celebrated. Proud, racists, land thieves, rapists and killers cannot be celebrated eventhough they developed where they were living
If this is you line of argument, then it goes without saying that ALL WHITE SETTLERS here in SA are land thieves, murderers, rapist… for what their forefathers did…
Never ever in my life I will do that… Just ask yourself about the offsprings of the rapist Jan Van Riebeeck like @user who has been in Africa from birth but he is still unable to read or write any African language. What does that tells you, wow these land thieves are filthy
Ag you 😡what's worse evil than what you did you murderers, rapists, land thieves and mineral looters? RT @user: @user DF Malan,HF Verwoerd,BJ Vorster, PW Botha were evil but pale in comparison with T Mbeki, Zuma.Stealing from poor, way worse.
A product of land thieves, rapists and murderers is talking about a "credibility gap"…Wow!!!
I ain't got time for colonizers, land thieves, invaders, rapists like yourself
No, it's Apartheid Sympathisers like you who, refuse to acknowledge nor even admit the damage done by the apartheid system… Ofcoz u'r still a beneficiary of that system, so why would u…. Murderous, rapists and land thieves. Would never wanna admit to such crimes
Look at the descendant of land thieves, mass murderers and serial rapists threatening a Black man while he hides behind a keyboard. You'd never say that to his face, coward. 🤫
Various topics are framed within the discourse on the land issue, even though these topics may initially seem unrelated to it. For instance, on Women's Day (9 August 2019), a user tweeted, "While many people celebrate Women's Day, we celebrate the Land of our forefathers that we fought for and took from white racist settlers. Happy LAND day to all those who contributed to the fight for the return of our land from the Land thieves." Note again how the user calls whites racists. On 16 December 2019, another user tweeted, "On this day settlers celebrated their victory kwimpi yase Ncoma (The battle of blood river) more than 3000 of King Dingane loyal soldiers we slaughtered by gun wielding land thieves…..qubekani celebrate with them." Another user reacts to an advertisement for a company in the following way (the company's name and number were redacted for ethical reasons),
WOW u really make me laugh after the stress I get fro this land thieves,This is a joke of the year I believe? RT @user: We eat leftovers including alcohol at the weddings, burials, Baby Showers, and birthday parties. If you need us, please contact [number]. [company name]. Thanks! TandC's apply.
With Covid-19 resulting in the lockdown of many countries worldwide in March 2020, the epidemic was also framed within the discourse on land thieves. Table 7 provides some examples of tweets referring to South Africa that frame the land issue in a Covid-19 context. The table is again sorted from oldest to newest tweet. One username is included in Table 7 (see below).
Table 7 Ten examples of South African tweets framing the land issue in the context of Covid-19
Modimo o mogolo, this virus is for the Land Thieves.
Dear Ancestors Thank you for sparing us from this evil virus. We appreciate that the land thieves are suffering from their evil deeds. We are very thankful to the rivers and mountains which they have fenced off. Die bo fuckingi
Corona virus must visit all SA land thieves. I think "stolen land expropriation with zero cents shall be easy.
Land thieves brought COVID19 in our beautiful Azania ,may the good ancestors wipe them all with this corona virus,so that will retain our land with less energy
Africans are at work while the land thieves are busy buying everything of the shelves , while its them who bought this virus from their European homes
@ZaneleLwana: Any black person affected by the deliberate spread of Corona Virus I wish for you speedy recovery and strength to those you know who have been hit by this pandemic. As for land thieves the message is clear really, I don't really care. For so long the poor pays for your selfishness.
The open border policy is all about Africans States not European thugs like Italians who will just enter African territory just to spread Corona Virus undetected like now.. Remember Corona Virus was brought in Africa by you Land Thieves
EFF STUDENT COMMAND STATEMENT ON THE COMMEMORATION OF HUMANS RIGHT AMIDST COVID19 OUTBREAK. 21 March 2020. The COVID19 outbreak reminds us of the parasitic condition African people were subjected to because of foreign land thieves.
We will die with the pinks. None is immune, no land thieves, or pink monopoly racist capitalist has a better chance. We are all the same now. Actually for now it seems worse for the pinks infact. RT @user: It gives me comfort to know that even though this virus was created by the evil white race to attack other races, they themselves are not immune to it. And we will die with as many of them this time unlike their HIV that could only spread through sex mainly. #CoronaVirusUpdate
The defenders of land thieves RT @News24: Coronavirus in SA: ACDP's #KennethMeshoe and #SteveSwart test positive
Note how these tweets echo the sentiments around Driehoek High School in that the users often rejoice in the suffering of others (Tweets 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9). Refer however to Tweet 5 in Table 2 above, which shows that the phenomenon is not confined to the South African discourse and others also rejoice in the suffering of Israelis during this epidemic. Tweets 4, 5, and 7 blame the epidemic on white land thieves, while Tweet 9 again calls whites pinks and racists, as highlighted in Table 5 as well. While usernames for most of these tweets are not included in the above table for ethical reasons, it should also be noted that Tweet 6 was posted by Zanele Lwana, the Deputy President of BLF, and Tweet 8 is from an official EFF account. In the case of Tweet 6, the indifference towards whites is explicit, while the reader should note the statement in Tweet 8 that refers to the "parasitic" relationship between "land thieves" and "African peoples".
The above examples show a clear demonization of white South Africans as racists, rapists, land thieves, and devils. With 13 504 tweets (including retweets) and 7 333 users involved in this discourse, and a subset of 662 tweets calling whites rapists, the issue is far from insignificant. Add to that the fact that some of these tweets are official political party communications by the EFF and BLF, and that the South African ambassador to Denmark, Zindzi Mandela, tweeted the same content, it is clear that this topic warrants further study and political action, as discussed in the following section.
Limitations and future avenues of research
This article constitutes a first exploration of a dataset of tweets mentioning land thieves, and a number of limitations should be noted.
No attempt was made here to classify tweets as hate speech. Future studies could investigate the extent to which hate speech occurs and use the current dataset along with e.g. the method proposed by Oriola and Kotzé (2020) to evaluate the extent of hate speech around this topic. The author will make the dataset available upon enquiry.
Secondly, the current study only analysed tweets over a relatively short period (288 days), and future studies could investigate the use of land thieves over a longer period. It would for instance be informative to compare the number of tweets mentioning land thieves to the timeline of the Bell Pottinger campaign, which used social media to promote a discourse around "white monopoly capital" in order to divert attention away from the investigation into state capture by Jacob Zuma and the Guptas (The African Network of Centers for Investigative Reporting, 2017). Given the earlier-stated connection between Zuma, Bell Pottinger, the Guptas and BLF, my hypothesis is that the bigram land thieves became more prominent in 2016 during the Bell Pottinger campaign. A future study could investigate whether this is the case.
The current study is also not a comprehensive study of hate speech in South Africa. Future studies could investigate the occurrence of the term 1652s and the terms listed in Ferroggiaro (2019).
While this study started as an exploration of inflammatory speech towards whites in South Africa, one of the interesting findings has been that the same bigram used to vilify whites is used for anti-Semitic speech. Future studies could investigate the anti-Semitic component of this discourse.
Furthermore, no study of hate speech in South Africa aids in avoiding conflict or bettering race relations as long as the ANC-led South African government lacks the political will to prosecute black perpetrators. The report by Brink and Mulder (2017), along with the fact that many statements mentioned in the current study, including tweets considered here, are made by leaders of black political parties (such as the EFF and BLF), create a sense that only white perpetrators are prosecuted, while black perpetrators are condoned. Although Zindzi Mandela's tweets fall outside the time period considered here, her tweets are evidently typical of tweets around land thieves, e.g. by referring to land thieves as rapists. No action was taken against her, despite the fact that she is a serving ambassador and hence a high-ranking public official with authority and a large number of followers. As one user tweeted in the current study (tweet posted on 2019-06-30),
Just hang on a sec. So it's OK for blacks to call me and my ancestors rapists and land thieves but I go to jail if I call them a kafir. Are they for real. What a bunch of snowflakes. No wonder they spend their lives suffering and murdering and raping each other. RT @user: And yet racist chants and anti white threats go unpunished in SA. If you are white and say a naughty word…you will end up in jail. It's ludicrous!
This perception that the law applies differently to people of different races is phrased explicitly in the official Shimla Park report (Van der Westhuizen, et al., 2016:76), which investigated the racial tensions at the University of the Free State in February 2016,
In the Panel's view the remarks about "white bastards", as well as "racism" and "racists" (like Penny Sparrow and Gareth Cliff) that must "literally fall" and go to the "grave", do not amount to hate speech, or constitutionally unprotected speech in terms of section 16 of the Constitution. It might of course well be hate speech if a white person makes the same remarks about black people, given South Africa's apartheid history. Given the context of the remarks, the anger is understandable and the figurative meaning is clear.
Unless political pressure is applied on the ANC, SAHRC and the South African courts to apply the law consistently, studies of hate speech in South Africa will achieve very little.
This study explored a large Twitter dataset collected using the bigram land thieves. It was shown that the occurrence of this bigram is not limited to South Africa, although around 75% of global tweets refer to South Africa. It was also shown how, in addition to calling white South Africans land thieves, they are also frequently called rapists and other derogatory epithets. In addition, it was also shown how various topics become framed in the discourse on land thieves, such as the Covid-19 epidemic. Various suggestions were also made for future research.
The most disconcerting issue highlighted in the current study is the level of vilification directed towards South African whites by black political parties and high-ranking public officials, as well as by their supporters, and the fact that such vilification goes unpunished by the South African authorities. In the wake of Nazi propaganda against the Jews prior to and during World War II, it should be seen as a clear red light when a majority uses its power to vilify a minority.
1 Own translation from the original Afrikaans, "As enige iemand in Suid Afrika dink dat hulle die grond kan onteien sonder vergoeding, leef hulle in 'n droom. Laat ek dit volmondig stel, as jy 'n burgeroorlog in Suid-Afrika wil begin, doen dit. Doen dit."
2 This phenomenon is not limited to the South African discourse. With reference to the United States, one tweet (posted on 2020-02-13) reads, "#Breaking #NewConstitution every single "Founding Father" was a human rights criminal abductors and rapists of women; human traffickers; murderers; land thieves their words of "democracy" were a joke it needs to be replaced by the enlightened youth of today."
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Theocharis, Y., Lowe, W., Van Deth, J. W. and García-Albacete, G., 2015. Using Twitter to mobilize protest action: online mobilization patterns and action repertoires in the Occupy Wall Street, Indignados, and Aganaktismenoi movements. Information, Communication and Society, 18(2):202-220.
Thloloe, J., 2016. Apartheid to blame for racism today. [Online] Available at: https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/406-apartheid-to-blame-for-racism-today-top-journalist [Accessed 16 June 2019].
US Department of State, 2018. Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2017 – South Africa. [Online] Available at: https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2017/af/277047.htm [Accessed 6 March 2019].
Van der Westhuizen, J., Labuschagne, P. and Kekana, M., 2016. People, not stones. Report to the council of the University of the Free State from the independent panel appointed to investigate the Xerox Shimla Park incident and related events at UFS in February 2016 , Bloemfontein: University of the Free State.
Withers, I., 2017. Report slams Bell Pottinger for 'race hate' South Africa campaign. [Online] Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/09/04/report-slams-bell-pottinger-race-hate-south-africa-campaign/ [Accessed 6 March 2019].
Zondi, N., 2017. Andile Mngxitama: Populist Gupta-Defender Or Enemy Of White Supremacy?. [Online] Available at: https://www.thedailyvox.co.za/andile-mngxitama-populist-gupta-defender-or-enemy-of-white-supremacy-nolwandle-zondi/ [Accessed 6 March 2019].
This entry was posted in Culture, English, Political Science and tagged Afrikaner, Covid-19, hate speech, land expropriation, land thieves, social media, South Africa, Twitter on July 1, 2020 by Burgert Senekal.
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