text:
ASUS prepping two 7-inch tablets with Android Jelly Bean for possible CES 2013 unveiling
By Amol Mathur	 On Dec 21, 2012
We were hearing about ASUS working with Google on a $99 Nexus branded Android tablet, but it seems that ASUS is instead working on 2 new tablets minus the Nexus branding with Android Jelly Bean on-board
NotebookItalia has today shared information on two upcoming tablets viz. ASUS ME172V and ASUS ME371MG which are both expected to be unveiled at the upcoming CES 2013.
The ASUS ME172V (pictured above) is not new to us and we have already seen the tablet appear in benchmark results and also in the the EXIF data of a photo posted on Picasa.
According to the source The ASUS ME172V will pack in a 7-inch IPS display with a resolution of 1024 x 600 pixels. The tablet is expected to be powered by Cortex A9 single-core CPU coupled with 1 GB of RAM and Mali 400 GPU. It is expected to arrive with 16GB of internal memory and no microSD slot for memory expansion. There is also a 1.3-megapixel camera on-board the tablet.
Next is the ASUS ME371MG which will arrive with a bit of higher specifications in comparison to the ME172V and is rumored to pack in 7-inch IPS screen with display resolution of 1280 x 800 pixels.
The ASUS ME371MG is expected to run on Intel's Atom Z2420 clocked at 1.2 GHz coupled with 1 GB RAM. The ME371MG is expected to arrive with 3G radio on-board for faster access to the internet. 16 GB of internal memory is expected to be on-board and a 3 MP camera at the rear of the tablet.
Both the tablets are to run on Android 4.1 Jelly Bean OS and going by the pricing, the ASUS ME172V is expected to be priced $129 and $149 and not at $99 whereas the ASUS ME371MG is expected to be available for $199 and $250.
We are just weeks away from CES 2013, where we will have all the information on these tablets. And if ASUS does give them a miss at CES, Mobile World Congress (MWC) 2013 is scheduled next in February next year.
Nokia and RIM settle differences, enter into new patent license agreement
Sony Yuga expected to launch officially as Sony Xperia Z


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


*Please note that Participants from countries outside the European Union need VISAs to visit the ZEOCEM a.s., Slovakia (in addition to a polish VISA). We will need minimum 10 Participants to organize the trip.
Welcome party (on Sunday, 24th June) At the same time you can register to the conference.
Visitors walk down to the salt mine which is why the tour is not recommended to the elderly people who have problems with walking or those who are claustrophobic.
This point of our tourist programme and the place that we will show you is also enlisted on UNESCO List of World Cultural Heritage – one of the oldest salt mines in Europe.
Visitors may take a walk of 3 km through 3 levels in the Salt Mine down to 136 meters below ground level through chambers and passageways excavated in the 17th century. On the way visitors see underground chambers and chapels hewn out in the saltrock, statues of saints sculpted in salt, and saline lakes.
A completely different world, though located just 25 km away from the Main Market in Krakow and 10 km away from the Salt Mine in Wieliczka, towards Dobczyce. You can reach us by going along a beautiful scenic route via Wielickie Plateau.
The Zalesie Manor Complex is located on a hill with a view of all the Beskidy Mountains, with beautiful Babia Góra, Dobczycki Reservoir and the Tarta Mountains in the background. The buildings are surrounded by forests, fields and meadows – 30 hectares of our area are at your disposal to organize outdoor events, concerts, picnic parties and integration meetings. We also offer you a 4-hectare Zalesie Driving Range, perfect area for learning how to play golf, with help from a professional instructor.
The Zalesie Manor Complex has 200 year long history and is a place where buildings were erected subsequently to form interesting rural architecture. In 2001 the buildings were adapted for a comfortable accommodation base and a farm restaurant where we serve traditional Polish and European dishes. As the farm is remote from the city, it provides perfect conditions for organizing conferences and trainings and for active leisure.


The cherry blossom or sakura is an oft seen image in the Japanese culture. As a Japanese American I have long associated it with cause for celebration. Perhaps it's because I have long heard it is one of the first blossoms to appear on trees in Japan, signaling the end to a bleak winter (though "bleak" has never been a winter growing up here in the South Bay.) Perhaps it is because some Buddhists say it exemplifies the "transitive nature of life" in that the trees quickly go from bare, to bud, to blossom and back to bare in the span of a scant few weeks. Whatever the case, the words "cherry blossom" have almost always been followed with "festival" throughout my life.
This weekend is the second of the two-weekend event, the "Northern California Cherry Blossom Festival" in San Francisco. It's the 41st annual event and for the third year in a row, I've been given the honor of being emcee at the event's annual "Senior Appreciation Brunch." This Sunday morning event will recognize Japanese American "Seniors" who have given the greater part of their lives to service within the community. They are nominated by their peers and those who have benefitted from their work over the years.
Quite a cause for celebration.
The brunch is then followed by a huge parade that starts by San Francisco City Hall and proceeds up and down hills thru the city, ending back in SF Japantown. I'll be on the NBC11 float with Olympic hopeful Lauren Fleshman. There will be dozens of other floats, dignitaries, officials, live Taiko drumming, other music and dancing, and colorful multicultural groups from basically all walks of life participating as well.
People getting together like this is also surely cause for celebration.
As is tradition, to close this parade, an amazing Taru Mikoshi (a shrine made of sake barrels) is hand carried thru the streets for the entire route. An incredible site and feat, especially considering the hills in SF. Many of the handlers will be dressed in traditional garb which could best be described as a diaper or loincloth (see the pic). These guys are FIT. I am not. I will NOT be wearing that sort of outfit.
Cause for us ALL to celebrate.
Hope to see you out there in SF Japantown for the 41st Annual Northern California Cherry Blossom Festival Parade this Sunday.
Get there early, parking is at a premium!
This entry was posted on April 16, 2008 at 10:37 am and is filed under Mike Inouye.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


text:
Santa Playing With Autistic Boy Is What the Holidays Are All About
Who says kids can only sit on Santa's lap during the holidays?
Photos of a mall Santa on his hands and knees playing with an autistic boy have given goose bumps to the internet.
Last week, at the SouthPark mall in Charlotte, NC, six-year-old Brayden enjoyed some fun with Santa:
Brayden got to play as part of an event called Caring Santa, an effort put together by the group Autism Speaks "that provides special needs families with their own unique opportunity to visit and take photos with Santa."
Branden's mother, Erin Deely, was blown away by how successful the event was. "Oh my gosh, to be able to do something that other families do...normally a lot of things are harder for us as a family and we got to do the same tradition as everyone else, we just do it on the floor," she told People.
And she has nothing but high praise for the fellow who played Santa, noting, "I just want to hug this man. He's so wonderful!"
Source: Santa Playing With Autistic Boy Is What the Holidays Are All About
Categories: Photos

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: What's the common practice to describe relative time in JSON I'm designing a JSON format for my RESTful service, and want to find a good way to express relative time.
For example: 1 minutes, 2 hours, 3 days, 4 weeks, 5 years
And come up: {"interval": 1, "unit": "day"}, are there better ways to express this?

A: you can format your json like this...
{
"interval":
    {
        "min": 30,
        "hr": 10,
        "day": 12,
        "week": 2,
        "month": 3,
        "year": 1
    }
}

datatype of each key is int ..and its enough

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Knightscope Inc., a developer of advanced physical security technologies focused on enhancing U.S. security operations, said that facial recognition software utilizing deep learning to detect, analyze and compare faces is now available, in beta format, on its K1 security robot platform to help enhance Workplace Violence Prevention (WVP) programs for companies across the United States.
Knightscope will demonstrate the new system for the first time publicly at ISC West in Las Vegas on April 10-12 in booth #2127 at the Sands Expo Convention Center. ISC West is a security industry trade show in the US, and Knightscope will be featured in its Unmanned Security Pavilion.
Knightscope will also be leading a discussion for registered attendees entitled "Leveraging Autonomous Security Robots with Facial Recognition Software for Your Workplace Violence Prevention (WVP) Program."


Jordan works as an economist for Unifor, Canada's largest private sector labour union. He is also a research associate of the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives and, from 2016 to 2018, was a visiting scholar at Harvard Law School. Jordan holds a bachelor degree in economics and accounting from Wilfrid Laurier University. His master's and doctoral degrees, both in political science, were conferred by York University.
Jordan's scholarly research has examined the interplay between long-term structural adjustments in the political economy and the distribution of income, including published research on corporate concentration, labour unions, inflation, trade and investment liberalization, corporate governance, the minimum and living wages and corporate income taxation. His research and writing has appeared in academic forums and in popular media outlets, including the Toronto Star, Globe & Mail, National Post, CBC News, Radio Canada International and Maclean's Magazine.
Angelo DiCaro is Acting Director of Research with Unifor, Canada's largest private sector union. Angelo oversees a variety of research files, including trade policy as well as sector work in auto, retail and media. Part of his role also involves coordinating the union's Strategic Planning Committee.
A labour activist prior to coming on staff with the union, Angelo held a number of elected union positions as a member of Unifor Local 414, including shop steward and bargaining committee representative, while working as a part-time meat clerk at Dominion Stores (now Metro Stores) in Toronto.
Manzur Malik works for the Ontario Public Service Employees Union (OPSEU) as a Research Officer. He has been with OPSEU for over a decade.
Prior to OPSEU, Manzur worked within the labour movement in various capacities. In Bangladesh, he was the Campaigns Coordinator at the Solidarity Centre (affiliated with the AFL-CIO), where he worked towards improving labour relations in the garment sector. Later in Ontario, Manzur briefly worked as an organizer for UNITE HERE. During graduate school at York University, while working as a Teaching Assistant, Manzur became increasingly involved with his Union – CUPE 3903. He was first elected as a VP and then subsequently as its Chair.
Manzur is passionate about social justice and his expertise are in the areas of collective bargaining, interest arbitration, and public policy.
Chris Roberts is the National Director of the Social and Economic Policy Department of the Canadian Labour Congress (CLC). Canada's principal labour central, the CLC is the umbrella organization for more than 50 affiliated Canadian and international unions, as well as 13 provincial and territorial federations of labour, and over 100 regional labour councils. The role of the Social and Economic Policy Department of the Congress is to provide research support and policy advice to the elected leadership and affiliated unions of the CLC. Chris joined the Congress in 2011, and assumed the role of National Director in 2014. Prior to his current work, he received a Ph.D. in Political Science from York University, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at McMaster University. Chris is author of Pension Confidential (Lorimer, 2012), with Robert Drummond, and co-editor of The Contradictions of Pension Fund Capitalism (LERA, 2018). He lives and works in Ottawa.


Keith Shiels, Foyle Valley and local girl Fiona Stack, running in the colours of Raheny Shamrocks were impressive winners of the Cara Bundoran 10 held in ideal conditions at the popular seaside resort town.
Shiels had the company of Eoghan McGinley, Rathfarnham, Glenn Phair, Annadale Striders and Gerard Gallagher to the eight miles mark. The Derry man made a decisive break as the entered the famous and breath taking Rogay loop and a downhill finish to the beach car park. The winning margin over McGinley a former Cranford AC athlete extended out to 35 seconds with Lisnaskea's Phair twenty seconds further back.
Local lass Fiona Stack, Raheny, was a very popular winner of the women's section and was delighted with a PB time of 59mins 34secs.Breege Connolly, from nearby Tullaghan and North Belfast was 14 seconds behind with former Marathon Olympian Catriona Jennings fifty second behind in third place.
The overall event, 10miles/10K on Saturday and 5k on Friday evening, attracted 1,500 athletes, had superb organisation, an outstanding array of prizes, thanks to sponsors Cara Pharmacies and was blessed with weather associated with summer time in the popular tourist towN.


Once the Triathlon season is finished, many club members enter running events, to pursue additional goals other than pure triathlons.
Tony Asquith completed the Lisbon Marathon in mid October along with his son and best man.
Ed Barnes had a few busy weeks in October, when, after 3 months of intensive training, he completed the Windsor Half Marathon, Oulton Park Standard Duathlon and finally the Bedford sprint Euro Qualifier Duathlon (5km run, 20km bike and 2.5km run) on the 16th October, achieving 1.02.18 in gusty winds and torrential rain.
The Eastbourne Beachy Head Marathon is one of the biggest off-road marathons in the UK. Formerly known as the Seven Sisters Marathon, it is popular for its scenic and challenging route through the South Downs National Park countryside. Four members participated this year, with Jean Fish completing the course in 6 hours, Amanda Durrant in 6.02, Sam Drake in 6.37 and Simon Hodges, along with wife Josie, in just over 7 hours.
Fifteen swimmers braved the chilly water early Saturday morning, with some in fancy dress, to celebrate 6 months of swim training on Saturday mornings and Tuesday evenings, deservedly followed by bacon rolls and mulled wine!
Vicky Von der Linden took on this event which is alongside the River Thames, achieving a personal best of 2.06.00. She was joined by her brother Luke Davids who achieved 1.34.29.
Occasional MSTC member George Murray completed the Dublin Marathon, his first, in 3.00.59, earning automatic entries into the London Marathons of 2018 and 2019 - if he wants them!


Luring Clans troops at starting is one of the most important steps when you attack a village. If you fail, it will ruin your whole attack so bad. It is not hard to lure Clan Castle troops out without mistakes. In this guide, I'm gonna show you all common mistakes and the ways to deal with them.
Have you lured out all troops?
This is the most common mistake while luring troops out. Always make sure that you have lured all the enemy troops out before starting attack, even a couples of troop can ruin your whole attack. You can lure our some Archers and Wizards with your Hog Riders but it doesn't mean the Clan Castle is totally empty.
It takes time to the Clan troops all come out. Make sure that your troops can have enough time to lure them out. You can use 1-2 Giants or 1-2 Balloons to do that easier.
In Clan Wars, the enemy Clan Castles are always full. Once you lure the troops out, count and make sure there isn't anything left.
Considering about bringing :poison: Poison Spell into the raid is not needed because It is the easiest way to kill Clan troops and you always can bring it into the attacks. The Poison Spell takes 1 spell space and the Spell storage capacities from Town Hall 8 are always odd numbers, moreover 4 Earthquake Spells can take down all walls (even number) so truly the Poison Spell rarely can ruin your attack strategies.
After luring Clan troops out and grouping them, you can easily kill them by dropping the Poison Spell.
You should take a look at these lists to find the best ways for dealing with them after using the Poison Spell.
Don't use your Clan troops to deal with the enemy Clan troops or you will cry. Why?
Because your troops come out one by one from the Clan Castle and at the same spot. The enemy Wizards or Dragons can kill all your troops easily with couples of shots without losing a single unit. You can't control your Clan troops placements. Using them for killing Clan troops makes no sense!
For example, with Barch farming strategy, using Hog Riders in your Clan Castle is totally better than using Archers + Wizards to deal with Clan Castle.
This is the second thing you need to remember when starting attack a base. Don't use your Heroes to kill enemy troops unless you don't have other troops to do that in your army. Always carry enough troops for dealing with enemy troops before starting an attack.
Let's do a simple calculation: Assume that the enemy Clans Castle is filled up by level 6 Wizards and you have 2 choices: Using Barbarian King or Archers to kill them.
In addition, maybe you don't know, an unit's attack will be slower than usual If it changes the target. It means the more targets it has, the less total damage it can do.
A level 6 Wizard deals 270 damage per attack and his attack speed is 1.5s/shot.
Your level 6 Archer's HP is 44.
Your level 15 Barbarian King has 2402 HP.
A Wizard kills an archer with just 1 hit and deals total 44 damage because Archer's HP is 44. He wastes 226 damage for nothing.
Once he kills an archer, he will change the target and his attack speed will have a bit delay.
A Wizards deals 270 damage to the Barbarian King and doen't change the target until the King is down. He wastes 0 damage and his attack speed isn't delayed.
Your Heroes are not tankers with high HP. They just attack a Clan troop at a time and also don't have enough attack speed to take down the enemy troops. Even If you can remove all enemy troops, because you deploy your Heroes at starting, before other troops, the enemy defensive buildings will start attacking your Heroes right after that and you will lose them within seconds. You need their high damage and special abilities to deal with defensive buildings, not those troops.
Conclusion: Never use your Heroes for this job.
Other fact in game maybe you don't know: The order Clan Castle troops come out = their rank in Barracks. It means Barbarians are the first then Archers, Giants, Goblins,… Dark Elixir troops come out after all normal troops and also base on their ranks.
Clash of Clans is not only about how you attack, it is also about defense. You should read the guide Best troops to deal with the Poison Spell to give your Clan the best preparation before every War.
I hope after reading this small guide, you will be much more self-confident for the next Wars!


Midnight from 1906 New Highs is for sleep. The kind of sleep that makes you wake up fresh and restored like you only dreamt of. A mild, excellent tasting dark milk chocolate gem containing Corydalis and other plants that will help you turn off a long day and the stress with it. Rejuvenate positivity and let yourself go into the rest mode of a night full of stars. 5mg THC – 5mg CBD per chocolate.


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text:
Andrew Sordi
Director Healthcare & Life Sciences New York
Andy is an accomplished enterprise architect with experience working across the healthcare landscape. Through his architecture work, Andy has developed a reputation as a trusted advisor who solves complex problems providing actionable strategies and outcome focused delivery.
Andy brings a collaborative, can-do attitude to all of his projects and coaches team members to learn new skills and grow their careers.
Prior to his time at West Monroe, Andy was a director in the Healthcare vertical at PricewaterhouseCoopers. He has a bachelor's degree from the University of Notre Dame and a master's degree from Stony Brook University.
What makes Andrew different
Andy lives on Long Island, where he enjoys pursuing his various hobbies. He has a passion for home renovations and woodwork.
Where Andrew makes an impact
Andy led a project which established the architecture design for provider performance metrics and incentives resulting in $6 million in medical cost savings through increased usage of in-network providers.
More from Andrew Sordi
Seizing opportunities that the American Rescue Plan creates for health plans
November 2021 | Resource
New building block: How healthcare payers can leverage blockchain


Great harmonies, danceable fun, and an incredible selection of pop music's greatest hits are what sets this band apart from the rest. Whether a duo, trio or quartet this band expertly recreates music of The Beach Boys, The Beatles, Del Shannon, The Box Tops, Neil Diamond, The Soul Survivors, The Doors, Jay & The Americans, Ritchie Valens, Gerry & The Pacemakers, The Monkeys and more. Call us today!


text:
Q: Django is using wrong TIME_ZONE On my production environment only, my app uses America/Chicago as time zone while I have TIME_ZONE = "UTC" in my settings.
I'm running my code on Debian and the system locale is C.UTF-8 with Django 4.1.
I dug in Django code and find the source of my problem here: https://github.com/django/django/blob/c2118d72d61746f2462fca695dbf3adf44ebf8f7/django/utils/timezone.py#L72
I tried in ./manage.py shell to reproduce the problem:
# ./manage.py shell
Python 3.10.9 (main, Dec 21 2022, 08:51:48) [GCC 10.2.1 20210110] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
(InteractiveConsole)
>>> from django.conf import settings
>>> from django.utils import timezone
>>> import zoneinfo
>>> settings.TIME_ZONE
'UTC'
>>> timezone.get_current_timezone()
zoneinfo.ZoneInfo(key='America/Chicago')

And if I call the methods in get_current_timezone, I have a different result
>>> settings.USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ
False
>>> zoneinfo.ZoneInfo(settings.TIME_ZONE)
zoneinfo.ZoneInfo(key='UTC')

Where could the America/Chicago come from ?

A: Willem was right, I used timezone.something() in my settings before the TIME_ZONE was set.
For posterity: I'm using django-split-settings and was using globs ("settings/*.py") and the order of the files was different locally and in production.


text:
Home > Cover
Cover Exclusive: Going Deutch
By Azza Arif
With a steady stream of contrasting movie roles in the past couple of years, a family history that consists of stars, and a dynamic role in The Politician—Ryan Murphy's First Netflix Show alongside Gwyneth Paltrow and Ben Platt—actress-producer Zoey Deutch has Hollywood running through her veins.
Tell us more about your character, Infinity, in The Politician.
"My character, Infinity, is a victim of her environment. She has been lied to her whole life—she has believed what she needed to believe in order to survive. I'd say her will to live is her greatest strength, and that is also my favourite part about her."
How do you mentally, emotionally and physically prepare for a role?
I have been lucky to meet mentors and teachers along the way that really help me get to a place where I feel confident and secure in understanding the character and story. I have an amazing movement teacher named Jean Louise who introduced me to animal work and the Alexander Technique which have both been super helpful for me. Acting is a collaborative art, and I like collaborating on creating the character from the very beginning.
What do you do to relax?
I like to eat. Is that a hobby? I consider it a hobby! I like to do yoga, draw, and read. And maybe knit? My sister is giving me riding lessons lately. I'm doing a little bit of tennis. I'd like to be better at finding hobbies, to keep on trying stuff when I fail.
When choosing your roles, do you look at the part with a team? Or is it more instinctive?
I have auditioned for every part I've played, so it's not necessarily about "choosing my roles". I still oftentimes have to throw it all against the wall and see what sticks. But there's something really beautiful in that. The result is what it's supposed to be. What sticks is what was supposed to stick, instead of trying to manipulate and create my own destiny. It's going to be what it's going to be, and I have very little say in that.
Is there anyone who gave you a lasting piece of advice on acting?
Lasting piece of advice on acting? I was told by many people in different ways to keep learning and challenging yourself. To not wait to get a part where you have an Australian accent, to just learn an Australian accent. Learn the Australian accent when you have time off. Go try archery. Read a new book. Learn, grow, move, change. Don't wait to be asked to do it. Just do it! It all helps and affects the work. Very often, more opportunity comes when a person is ready to be lucky, I think. Prepare to be ready to be lucky.
For the full article purchase a copy of Marie Claire August 2019 issue. For a digital copy click here.
Editor & Styling: Azza Arif
Photography: Mitchell McCormack
Makeup: Jillian Dempsey / Starworksgroup
Hair: Gregory Russell / The Wall Group
Manicure: Vanessa McCullough
Styling Assistant: Alex Goransson
Cover Outfit: Salvatore Ferragamo
Jewellery: Cartier
Adam Levine, Behati Prinsloo Are Expecting
Designer x Santa


An experienced Director of sales and marketing teams in the UK and EMEA. A track record in creating new strategic revenue opportunities, developing teams into new markets restructuring sales teams for revenue growth and exceeding targets resulting in a successful exit to Adobe and multiple successful fast growth launches into Europe, the US and globally.
Thirty years of enterprise sales, sales and marketing leadership and successful business growth. Five years ago I set up a company to provide sales services to help clients launch into new geographies, accelerate pipeline growth and support start ups with sales consulting and strategy advice.
Having started my own business as well as helping numerous start ups find the right track to initial revenue and also to accelerate growth in those that already have a revenue stream, I now provide advice by the hour to hep other companies achieve success. I have grown businesses across Europe and my largest success included an ultimate exit to Adobe.
Having been involved in the earliest transactional based software models, I have gained a wealth of experience in designing SaaS based software commission plans to optimise benefits for the business but also to ensure best salesperson performance and motivation. Avoid the pitfalls!


text:
Works by V. Varadachari
( view other items matching `V. Varadachari`, view all matches )
Disambiguations Disambiguations:
V. Varadachari [4] Vankeepuram Varadachari [1]
29. Udayana.B. K. Matilal, Sibajiban Bhattachary, V. Varadachari, S. Subrahmanya Sastri & Karl H. Potter - 2015 - In Karl H. Potter (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 2: Indian Metaphysics and Epistemology: The Tradition of Nyaya-Vaisesika Up to Gangesa. Princeton University Press. pp. 521-603.details
Descriptive Catalogue of Manuscripts in the French Institute of Pondicherry, Vol. 3: Mss. 276-375.L. R. & V. Varadachari - 1999 - Journal of the American Oriental Society 119 (3):554.details
21. Vyomaśiva.V. Varadachari - 2015 - In Karl H. Potter (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 2: Indian Metaphysics and Epistemology: The Tradition of Nyaya-Vaisesika Up to Gangesa. Princeton University Press. pp. 424-453.details
46. maṇikaṇṭha miśra.V. Varadachari - 2015 - In Karl H. Potter (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 2: Indian Metaphysics and Epistemology: The Tradition of Nyaya-Vaisesika Up to Gangesa. Princeton University Press. pp. 668-682.details
Concept of Matter.Vankeepuram Varadachari - 1966 - Tiruverumbur, Tiruchirapalli, Madras State.details


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
The driving idea of multi-messenger astronomy is that a single event observed through different messengers improves our understanding of the physical processes. This concept has gotten additional momentum through the Binary Neutron Star (BNS) detection GW170817~\citep{AbEA2017b} connected with the observation of electromagnetic radiation from gamma-rays to radio waves \citep{AbEA2017h}. This event followed the birth of GW astronomy in 2015 \citep{AbEA2016}, brought about with the success of the Advanced Virgo \citep{adVirgo} and the Advanced LIGO \citep{aLIGO} interferometers in detecting GWs emitted by compact object mergers. In general, BNS and Neutron Star -- Black Hole (NSBH) mergers may be accompanied by an optical/infrared counterpart, referred to as a \textit{kilonova}, which will give us important insights into what is possibly one of the most dominant sites of rapid neutron capture (r-process) elements in the Universe; see~\cite{Me2017} for a review.
Our first and as yet only confirmed discovery of a kilonova from a BNS merger, AT2017gfo in NGC 4993 (D $\sim40$ Mpc) \citep{2017Sci...358.1556C}, was achieved through follow-up of GW170817 by multiple telescope facilities around the globe, and is an exceptional demonstration of the potential of multi-messenger astronomy in contributing to scientific knowledge~\citep{AbEA2017h}. These detections were also accompanied by the discovery of short gamma-ray burst GRB 170817A \citep{AbEA2017e}. Through this event, we learned more about the aforementioned r-process nucleosynthesis \citep[e.g.,][]{ChBe2017,2017Sci...358.1556C, CoBe2017,PiDa2017,SmCh2017,WaHa2019,KaKa2019} and also placed constraints on the expansion rate of the Universe \citep{2017Natur.551...85A,Guidorzi:2017ogy,HoNa2018,CoDi2019,Dhawan:2019phb,DiCo2020} and the neutron star equation of state \citep[e.g.,][]{BaJu2017, MaMe2017, CoDi2018b, CoDi2019b, AnEe2018, MoWe2018,RaPe2018,AbAb2018,Lai2019,DiCo2020,HuPa2021}.

Inferring kilonova model parameters from observational data requires a thorough understanding of the ejecta composition, behaviour, and morphology \citep[e.g.,][]{DiCo2020,Nedora:2020qtd,NiMa2021,BrPe21}; in addition, there are various parts of the parameter inference pipeline that must be improved upon and optimized such that we are able to efficiently utilize the available data and learn more about the progenitors. Radiative transfer simulations have been most commonly used to generate expected supernova and kilonova light-curves, \citep[e.g.,][]{Tanaka2016,KaMe2017,WoKo2017,Bu2019,kawa2020}.

There are two major sources of ejecta from the progenitor system. The first is known as the \textit{dynamical ejecta}, ejected `dynamically' around the moment of merger through torque or shocks (at merger or in the early-postmerger phase) \citep[e.g.,][]{MePi2008,BaGo2013}.
The second source of ejecta comes from the \textit{post-merger wind}, i.e., outflows from an accretion disk formed around the central remnant, consisting of the unbound debris resulting from the merger \citep[e.g.,][]{SiMe2018,Metzger2019}. The dynamical source is ejected on a timescale of milliseconds, while the latter is formed on a timescale of up to seconds.

There are two major dynamical ejection processes in BNS mergers. The first is through shocks that forms at the contact interface of the merging stars or at core bounces in the early postmerger phase~\citep{Hotokezaka_2015}. The second component is the tidal ejecta, and is due to tidal interactions that arise from the non-axisymmetric gravitational forces at play in the binary system \citep{Hotokezaka_2015,Metzger2019}. Recent simulations~\citep{Radice:2018pdn,Nedora:2020qtd} show that the more neutron-rich, lower $Y_{e}$ ejecta ($Y_{e} \lesssim 0.1$) arises from the aforementioned tidal component, and is located closer to the equatorial plane, while the ejecta arising from the shock component tends to have a relatively higher electron fraction (going up to $Y_{e}\sim\,0.4$) and is approximately isotropic.

The disk mass is $\sim 0.01-0.3 M_{\odot}$ \citep{Oechslin_2006}, and is usually much lower when the remnant immediately collapses into a black hole; this is due to the lack of time for the remnant to redistribute its angular momentum and mass as it transforms from a differentially rotating to a solid rotating body, thus preventing the formation of a more massive disk \citep{Metzger2019}. A fraction of the disk is ejected in the form of a post-merger disk wind, with the exact value being uncertain and ranging from 20 to 40~per cent \citep[e.g.][]{JuBa2015,SiMe2018,Miller2019,Fernandez2019,Fujibayashi2020}. The post-merger wind usually dominates the dynamical ejecta \citep{WuFe2016}. Works such as \cite{FeMe2013} show the disk wind ejecta $Y_{e}$ ranging within $\sim 0.2-0.4$ when the remnant collapses into a black hole. The electron fractions present in the case of both dynamical and post merger wind cases are suitable for the production of heavy r-process elements~\citep{Rosswog:2013kqa}.

With the gravitational-wave detector networks' fourth observing run nearing, one needs to continue to improve the instruments and software tools that we use to analyze the forthcoming multi-messenger detections. These mergers bring rich knowledge to various fields of physics and astronomy, from the understanding of such events and the big, powerful jets of relativistic particles that they produce, to the physical structure of both the neutron stars (internally) and the matter that is ejected in the merger, not to mention the detailed characteristics of the gravitational waves that are emitted. Much work is being done on the theoretical front to prepare us for the `treasure trove' of data from upcoming detections. In particular, models of kilonovae are being constructed with increased complexity and fine-tuning \citep[e.g.,][]{Ko2021,Zhu2021,WoCha2021}.

In this work, we use \texttt{POSSIS} \citep{Bu2019}, a Monte-Carlo radiative transfer code, in order to produce ``model grids'' that sample the parameter space for any given ejecta morphology. In particular, we use an updated version of \texttt{POSSIS} including improved heating rates and wavelength- and time-dependent opacities from \cite{Tanaka2020} that depend on local properties of the ejecta (density, temperature and $Y_e$). Details about these new implementations will be discussed elsewhere (Bulla et al., in prep). Previous works such as \cite{CoDi2018,DiCo2020,Heinzel2021} used Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) to interpolate within kilonova grids to perform parameter estimation. Here, we introduce a Neural Network (NN) framework that significantly enhances the speed of the interpolation step and scales well for much larger grids. In addition, due to the importance of understanding the effects of different ejecta morphologies on the computed light-curves, we explore different functional forms for the angular dependence in the density profile of the dynamical ejecta.

Our paper is structured as follows, in Sec.~\ref{sec:nnarch}, we describe the NN architecture. In Sec.~\ref{sec:angdep}, we discuss and evaluate the different density profiles for the dynamical ejecta in the context of GW170817/AT2017gfo. Finally, we summarize our conclusions and outline ways of moving forward in Sec.~\ref{sec:conclusion}.

\section{A New Surrogate Generation Framework}
\label{sec:nnarch}
\begin{figure}[h]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figs/interpfw.png}
    \caption{A diagram of the interpolation framework used in this work. The input to our network is the model parameters, and the network is trained on a PCA-like projection of our photometric and bolometric data onto the right-singular vector. Five fully-connected layers are shown, and an MSE loss function is employed.}
    \label{fig:interpfw}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure*}[bhpt]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=6in]{figs/MSE_loss.pdf}
    \caption{The MSE loss is shown for the $u$, $g$, $r$, $i$, $z$, $y$, $J$, $H$, and $K$ bands, as well as for the bolometric luminosity. The loss for the train set is shown in the left subplot, and for the validation set in the right subplot. After $\sim$ 200 epochs, the network tends to over-fit the train data, so we stop training at this point.}
    \label{fig:MSEloss}
\end{figure*}
\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figs/exec_time.pdf}
    \caption{Convergence time for all of the photometric bands used in this work, as well as for the bolometric luminosity. The NN framework is shown in dark purple, while the interpolation scheme from \cite{ristic2021interpolating} is shown in light purple.}
    \label{fig:exec_time}
\end{figure}
\subsection{Preprocessing}
Instead of directly inputting our bolometric and photometric light-curves into our Neural Network for interpolation, we follow the procedure of~\cite{DoFa2017} and~\cite{CoDi2018}, using Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) to perform a dimensionality reduction on our data and produce the principle components of our light-curve vectors, i.e., a new basis for our data in which different dimensions of the data are most uncorrelated. We then train our neural network on this output in order to produce a so-called ``surrogate model'' that interpolates our original model grid. Denoting our photometric and bolometric light-curves as $\tau(\mathbf{\Theta})$, where $\mathbf{\Theta}$ represents the set of parameters for a given model, SVD decomposes $\tau(\mathbf{\Theta})$ as follows:
\begin{equation}
    \tau = U\Sigma V^{T}
\end{equation}
where $\Sigma$ is a diagonal matrix containing the singular values of $\tau(\mathbf{\Theta})$, and the columns of U and V are orthonormal bases called the left-singular and right-singular vectors, respectively. We can then obtain the principle component analysis (PCA) output by projecting $\tau(\mathbf{\Theta})$ onto the right singular matrix:
\begin{equation}
     \tau V = PCA
\end{equation}
Note that we first normalized our light curves before performing PCA, and the right singular vector $V$ was truncated to 100 basis vectors. A train/validation split of 90/10 was used.
\subsection{Neural Network Architecture}

Our NN consists of five ReLU-activated (Rectified Linear Units, i.e., $R(z) = \text{max}(0,z)$ for each neuron) fully-connected layers, as shown in Figure~\ref{fig:interpfw}, with the first layer containing $N$ weights corresponding to the number of parameters for the model, three hidden layers, and the output layer having a number of weights equal to the number of columns in our PCA output. We used a batch size of 32 and trained for 200 epochs, using a mean-square error (MSE) loss function.

The use of a NN is much more efficient for higher-dimensional kilonova models than GPR, which usually performs poorly when a model has more than four parameters. To demonstrate the performance of our interpolation framework, we use a model (to be described in-depth in the following sections) that has 5 parameters and 1,260 total parameter combinations comprising our simulation set. Training 10 different networks (one for each photometric band $u$, $g$, $r$, $i$, $z$, $y$, $J$, $H$, $K$, and in addition one for the bolometric luminosity) took on the order of $\sim$ 40 mins. The MSE loss is shown as a function of epoch in Figure~\ref{fig:MSEloss}. Our model does not over- or under-fit the train data, since we can see very similar performance on our validation set in the right subplot as compared to the train set. In addition, our network converges very quickly, so even 50 epochs would be sufficient in constructing our surrogate.

We also compare our NN framework to state-of-the-art interpolation methods, such as the GPR framework used in \cite{CoDi2018,Heinzel2021}, as well as that in \cite{ristic2021interpolating}, in terms of its computational efficiency. It took upwards of 13 hours for the former GPR implementation from \cite{CoDi2018} (which uses the \texttt{scikit-learn} library) to construct our model in the $u$-band, and so we only use the framework from \cite{ristic2021interpolating} in this comparison. The performance for each model is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:exec_time}. In addition to the benefits in terms of convergence time, the output of the NN interpolation scheme takes up a lot less memory -- on the order of tens of MB, in comparison to a few GBs for the \texttt{scikit-learn} GPR scheme. Even more importantly, the total time it takes to perform parameter inference is significantly reduced due to the much simpler loading procedure for NNs; for the 5-dimensional model used here, loading for all of the bands and the bolometric luminosity takes a total of $\sim$700\,ms for the NN, while for the GPR approach from \cite{ristic2021interpolating}, it takes $\sim$\,80\,min (since some components need to be recalculated\footnote{There may be some room for improvement in loading for the GPR method, so consider this an upper limit on the execution time.}). This is a significant improvement when considering that the parameter inference takes $\approx$20\,min excluding the loading step.

Future work in improving the performance of our model includes incorporating batch normalization, drop out layers, and various other easily implementable techniques. The wealth of developments in deep learning allows for a significant improvement in computational efficiency whilst still maintaining high accuracies and developing surrogate models with high fidelity.

\section{Angular Dependencies in the Dynamical Ejecta}
\label{sec:angdep}

Numerical relativity simulations provide valuable information about what we can expect from the ejected matter in the merger of BNSs. As the field develops, these simulations have become more and more complex, incorporating neutrino transport and more realistic neutron star equations of state. We know that there are two primary ejection processes, described in Section~\ref{sec:intro}, but the exact geometry of each of these components are now known; note that also the ejecta opacities are another point of uncertainty in kilonova simulations and we refer to Appendix~\ref{appendix:scale} for a preliminary exploration of this. Generally, the density profile of the post-merger wind is thought to be relatively spherically symmetric, while the density profile of the dynamical ejecta will have an angular dependence such that the mass is more concentrated in equatorial regions as compared to polar regions \citep[e.g.,][]{dietrich2017,kawa2020,Nedora:2020qtd}.

There are various functional forms that have been used in kilonova modelling to incorporate this angular dependency into the dynamical ejecta. We will explore a few of them, and then use data from AT2017gfo to infer which provides the best fit to the observed light-curves. We remark that in our simulations, we will only consider the case in which the post-merger wind is slower than the dynamical ejecta. We use the so-called \textit{Spherical segment-Spherical Cap} geometry (shortened as SSCr, with $r$ signifying that re-processing between the different ejecta components is taken into account); see the left-most geometry in Figure 1 of \cite{Heinzel2021}. The density profiles for the different ejecta components are represented as follows:

\[ \rho(r,t) \propto \begin{cases}
      r^{-\alpha}t^{-3} & v_{\text{pm,min}}\leq r/t \leq v_{\text{pm,max}} \\
      \eta(\theta)r^{-\alpha}t^{-3} & v_{\text{pm,max}}\leq r/t \leq v_{\text{dyn,max}}
   \end{cases}
\]
where we set $\alpha$=3, $v_{\text{pm,min}}=0.025c$, $v_{\text{pm,max}}=0.08c$, $v_{\text{dyn,max}}=0.3c$. $\eta(\theta)$ is the term introducing the angular dependence with respect to $\theta$, the angle measured from the polar axis, into the dynamical ejecta. The forms that we will first explore are:

1) a sinusoidal relationship, i.e., $\eta(\theta)=\sin^{2}(\theta)$, also used by \cite{PeRa2017} based on numerical-relativity simulations from \cite{Ra2018}; and

2) a function defined in \cite{kawa2020}:
\begin{equation}
    \eta(\theta) = (1-\Theta(\theta))f_{\text{d}}+\Theta(\theta) \label{ref:eq_eta}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
    \Theta(\theta) = \frac{1}{1+\exp{[-10(\theta-\pi/4])]}} \label{ref:eq_theta}
\end{equation}
where $f_{d}$ determines the strength of the angular dependence from equatorial to polar angles. We will call the latter the ``Kawaguchi Model.'' As can be seen in Figure~\ref{fig:angulardep}, with the sinusoidal functions, we have a very gradual increase, whereas with the dependency from \cite{kawa2020} the density profile will be much more concentrated for $\pi/4 \leq \theta \leq 3\pi/4$.
\begin{figure}[htb]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figs/angulardep.pdf}
    \caption{Different functional forms for the angular dependency in the dynamical ejecta. This is shown for $\sin^{2}(\theta)$ and Equations~\eqref{ref:eq_eta} and~\eqref{ref:eq_theta}. $\theta$ represents the angle from the polar axis.}
    \label{fig:angulardep}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure*}[htbp]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figs/basicangdep_withinterp.pdf}
    \caption{Best-fit light-curves in the $u$, $g$, $r$, $i$, $z$, $J$, $H$, and $K$ bands are plotted for three different models in which the angular dependency in the dynamical ejecta is varied. The AT2017gfo observations are plotted as black dots, the Kawaguchi best-fit is plotted in green, the $\sin^{2}(\theta)$ best-fit is plotted in orange, and the model with no angular dependency is plotted in pink. We also plot the residuals in each band.}
    \label{fig:basicangdep}
\end{figure*}
For our first analysis here, we will be pinning $f_{d}$ at 0.01 as done in~\cite{kawa2020}, since this produces the strongest angular dependency and will be a useful comparison. Our model has the following four free parameters: the dynamical ejecta mass $M_{\text{ej,dyn}}$, post-merger wind ejecta mass $M_{\text{ej,dyn}}$, half-opening angle of the lanthanide-rich component of the dynamical ejecta $\phi$, and the observing angle $\theta_{\text{obs}}$. For the dynamical and post-merger wind ejecta masses, we perform logarithmic sampling across the interval [0.001, 0.1]. Our entire sample set used to generate our model grids is shown in Table~\ref{tab:table1}.

\begin{deluxetable}{c|c}
\tablenum{1}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{6pt}
\tablecaption{The parameters of our model and the sample values for which we run \texttt{POSSIS}.}
\label{tab:table1}
\tablewidth{0pt}
\tablehead{
\textbf{Parameters} & {\textbf{Samples}}}
\startdata
$M_{\text{ej,dyn}}$/$M_{\odot}$ & [0.001, 0.00251, 0.00631, 0.0158, 0.0398, 0.1]\\
$M_{\text{ej,win}}$/$M_{\odot}$ &  [0.001, 0.00251, 0.00631, 0.0158, 0.0398, 0.1] \\
$\phi$ [deg] & [0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90]\\
$\cos{(\theta_{\text{obs}})}$ & [0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0]
\enddata
\end{deluxetable}

We generate 3 model grids: 1) no angular dependence, 2) angular dependence $\eta=\sin^{2}(\theta)$, and 3) the Kawaguchi model with $f_{d}$=0.01. We thus run \texttt{POSSIS} over the aforementioned parameter space, generating $6\times6\times7=252$ simulations for each model, and then used the NN interpolation described in Section~\ref{sec:nnarch} to interpolate the grid. We then perform parameter inference and find the maximum likelihood estimates for AT2017gfo using \texttt{PyMultiNest}, which is capable of performing both model selection and parameter inference. Using \texttt{PyMultiNest}, we extract posterior distributions for each of the aforementioned parameters. We assume uniform priors that extend over the limits of the grid in the parameter space. The results of the inference (i.e., the best-fit light-curves), assuming $\pm 1$\,mag systematic error, for each of these models are shown in Figure~\ref{fig:basicangdep}.

Inspecting by eye, we can see in Figure~\ref{fig:basicangdep} that across all bands the $\sin^{2}(\theta)$ and Kawaguchi models result in residuals closer to 0. We can further quantify this by obtaining the MSE for each model. However, since the Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) assumption in \texttt{POSSIS} is likely to fail at late times when the ejecta become optically thin, and the brighter early-time emission is more important for observational purposes, it is reasonable to perform a Weighted MSE (WMSE) prioritizing the early observations. We thus use the following equation:
\begin{equation}
    \text{WMSE} = \frac{1}{n} \frac{\sum_{i=0}^{n-1} \omega_{i}(M_{\text{obs}}-M_{\text{pred}})^{2}}{\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\omega_{i}}
\end{equation}
where $\omega_{i} = \ln{(|M_{\text{obs}}|+1)}+1$. Having done so, we obtain the WMSE values shown in Table~\ref{tab:mse_1}, and verify our conclusion that incorporating some form of an angular dependence improves the fit to AT2017gfo across almost all bands.

\begin{figure}[!htbp]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figs/densplt_gnuplot2.pdf}
    \caption{2D dynamical ejecta density profiles for $f_{d}$=0.01, $f_{d}$=0.5, $f_{d}$=1.0.}
    \label{fig:densplt_gnuplot2}
\end{figure}

The parameter $f_{d}$ allows us also to assess which dependence provides the best fit to the  measured light-curves. In Figure~\ref{fig:densplt_gnuplot2}, we show the 2D density profile for different $f_{d}$'s (0.01, 0.5, 1.0) for comparison.

For this analysis, we include $f_{d}$ as an additional parameter to those listed in Table~\ref{tab:table1}, sampling $f_{d}=[0.01, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 1.0]$. This increases our simulation set to 1260 simulations. The resulting corner plot of our posteriors is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:corner_fd}. We also include the WMSE values with our maximum-likelihood $f_{d}$ in Table~\ref{tab:mse_1}.

\begin{deluxetable}{c|c|c|c|c}
\tablenum{2}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{6pt}
\tablecaption{WMSE values for each band and model, for when no angular dependence is incoporated, versus a $\sin^{2}(\theta)$ dependency, versus the Kawaguchi equation when pinning $f_{d}$ at 0.01, and finally when allowing $f_{d}$ to vary (i.e., $f_{d}=0.50$).}
\label{tab:mse_1}
\tablewidth{0pt}
\tablehead{
\textbf{Band} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\textbf{Models}} \\
& None & $\sin^{2}(\theta)$ & $f_{d}=0.01$ & best-fit $f_{d}$}
\startdata
$g$	&	0.0642	&	0.0571	&	\textbf{0.0291}	&	0.0738	\\
$r$	&	0.0461	&	\textbf{0.0127}	&	0.0204	&	0.0227	\\
$i$	&	0.0242	&	0.0119	&	0.0154	&	\textbf{0.0034}	\\
$z$	&	0.0771	&	0.0313	&	0.0160	&	\textbf{0.0109}	\\
$J$	&	0.0781	&	\textbf{0.0164}	&	0.0649	&	0.0317	\\
$H$	&	0.0846	&	0.0593	&	0.0506	& \textbf{0.0412}	\\
$K$	&	0.0249	&	\textbf{0.0168}	&	0.0370	&	0.0340	\\
\textbf{average} & 0.0570 & 0.0294 & 0.0333 & 0.0311\\
\enddata
\end{deluxetable}

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figs/corner_fd_withinterp.pdf}
    \caption{Corner plot showing the resulting posteriors for our model with $f_{d}$ as a free parameter. We can see that all of our inferred parameters are within reasonable ranges and that the distribution for $f_{d}$ is centered around 0.50.}
    \label{fig:corner_fd}
\end{figure}

We can see that $f_{d}\sim\,0.50^{+0.28}_{-0.32}$ provides the most optimal fit. When fitting for $f_{d}$, the previous WMSE of 0.0333 decreases to 0.0311. The fit is significantly better in redder bands with $f_{d}$=0.50, while it would be better using a stronger dependency $f_{d}=0.01$ with respect to bluer $g$ and $r$ bands. In order to confirm this behavior, we also run the inference with an assumed systematic error of 0.5\,mag (instead of 1.0), and find that the distribution is even more clearly distributed around $f_{d}\sim0.6$, and the WMSE further decreases to 0.0252. A moderate angular dependence is thus preferred.

\begin{deluxetable*}{c|cccc}[!hbtp]
\tablenum{3}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{6pt}
\tablecaption{Resultant posteriors for $M_{\text{ej,pm}}$, $M_{\text{ej,dyn}}$, $\phi$, and $\theta_{\text{obs}}$ for each of the models explored in this section. Uncertainties are shown at the 15th and 85th percentiles.}
\label{tab:paramposteriors}
\tablewidth{0pt}
\tablehead{
\textbf{Model} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\textbf{Parameters}} \\
$\eta(\theta)$& $M_{\text{ej,dyn}}$ [$\times 10^{-3} M_{\odot}$]& $M_{\text{ej,pm}}$ [$M_{\odot}$]& $\phi$ [deg] & $\theta_{\text{obs}}$ [deg]
}
\startdata
$1$ & $4.57_{-2.48}^{+21.88}$ & $0.110_{-0.0302}^{+0.0488}$ & $44.29_{-13.69}^{+11.85}$  & $32.01_{-19.00}^{+19.38}$  \\
& & & & \\
$\sin^{2}(\theta)$ & $3.09_{-1.51}^{+18.29}$ & $0.0912_{-0.032}^{+0.209}$ & $36.03_{-12.77}^{+14.04}$ & $24.86_{-17.43}^{+24.89}$ \\
& & & & \\
kawaguchi ($f_{d}=0.01$) & $19.05_{-11.98}^{+35.90}$ & $0.0832_{-0.0405}^{+0.0456}$ & $26.95_{-8.03}^{+12.28}$ & $37.87_{-19.50}^{+15.77}$ \\
& & & & \\
kawaguchi (varied $f_{d}$) & $5.89_{-3.43}^{+15.49}$ & $0.0977_{-0.0236}^{+0.0645}$ & $29.32_{-10.16}^{+17.25}$ & $25.84_{-17.72}^{+18.18}$ \\
& & & & \\
\enddata
\end{deluxetable*}

To finalize our exploration of different angular dependencies, we summarize the inferred constraints on $M_{\text{ej,pm}}$, $M_{\text{ej,dyn}}$, $\phi$, and $\theta_{\text{obs}}$ for each model in Table~\ref{tab:paramposteriors}.

\section{Conclusion}
\label{sec:conclusion}
In this work, we have modified and improved upon the present parameter inference pipeline used to infer ejecta parameters from observed kilonova light-curves \citep{CoDi2018,DiCo2020}. We constructed an NN framework that sufficiently models the sampled lightcurves and produces a surrogate model with a much improved computational efficiency as compared to previous surrogate construction methods.

We explored the possible nature of AT2071gfo's ejecta geometry. Specifically, we looked at the angular dependence in the density profile of the dynamical ejecta, showing that some form of angular dependence is beneficial and provides better fits to GW710817/AT2017gfo, with the $\sin^{2}(\theta)$ and the Kawaguchi functional forms both outperforming the model with no angular dependence. The $\sin^{2}(\theta)$ dependence improves the fit across all bands by $\sim$50\%.

When using the Kawaguchi equation -- parameterized by $f_{d}$, which is approximately the ratio of the density in the polar region ($0\leq\theta\leq \pi/4$) to that in the equatorial region ($\pi/4\leq\theta\leq \pi/2$) -- to study the angular dependence, we found that $f_{d}\sim0.50$ is most suitable. Fitting for $f_{d}$ especially improves performance in the redder bands, decreasing the WMSE by 34\% when considering lightcurves in the $i$-band and onwards.

Although we explored one specific aspect of the ejecta structure in this work, and there have been other recent explorations of different kilonova ejecta morphologies \citep{DaKa2020,Heinzel2021,Ko2021}, there is still much to explore. There are countless other geometries that could be considered for the kilonova ejecta, so an interesting path forward would be performing inference on a ``super-geometry'' that samples a much wider range of possible ejecta morphologies.
\acknowledgments

M.B.~acknowledges support from the Swedish Research Council (Reg. no. 2020-03330).
M.W.C.\ acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation with grant Nos. PHY-2010970 and OAC-2117997.
T.D.\ acknowledges financial support through the Max Planck Society.

We thank Stephan Rosswog, Oleg Korobkin, and Masaomi Tanaka for sharing the heating rate libraries and opacities used in this work. We are grateful for computational resources provided by the Leonard E Parker
Center for Gravitation, Cosmology and Astrophysics at the University of
Wisconsin-Milwaukee, as well as by the Supercomputing Laboratory at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) in Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
\newpage

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Dr. Rajesh Anuragi, the vocalist and songwriter of the group, poured his heart out on the joint and that passion doesn't just leak through, it BLEEDS through profusely as he beautifully tears into capitalism, Hinduism's oppressive Laws of Manu, the abhorrent caste system, poverty, hunger, corruption, feudalism and the false, Orwellian notions of nationalism represented by Hindutva. The second verse shines brightest of all when Dr. Rajesh sings, "Heed my words!/This is a democracy/But you destroyed it/Call me a traitor!/Call yourself a patriot!/You Divide and Rule!/Is this your nationalism?!/" I've heard the track about 40 times now since it dropped a few days ago and I still get chills playing it back.
And while music should not be listened to within the confines of faith or sect, in this time of identity politics, it cannot be stated enough about the kind of bravery it takes for a Hindu brother to speak on these subjects which aren't just taboo under the Indian regime, but DEATHLY taboo with the Hindutvadi thugs of BJP and RSS roaming the streets and unleashing violence on anyone who doesn't agree with their warped worldview. Indeed, this makes "Aazadi" all the more impressive, all the more powerful and that much more of an achievement. Thus, the song shouldn't just be played by EVERYONE and especially those who identify as activists–real activists mind you, not those of the Sorosite and "Arab Spring" variety–and revolutionaries, but Anuragi and Dr. Rajesh particularly should be saluted for their courage as well.
Accompanying "Aazadi" and increasing its beauty, power and depth is the music video directed by my amazingly gifted dear brother Abbas Shamael Rizvi, whose vision for the song is nothing less than luminously brilliant. Abbas took the essence of "Aazadi", that of freedom from each and every hardship in the Indian state, and put together a masterpiece of his own. The Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.W.) famously said, "Simplicity is the best beauty." Abbas, with his tremendous direction, exemplifies this to the tee. He produced a simple but exceedingly profound piece of art, not work, but ART as he presented all types of Indian suffering under the yoke of the New Delhi "elites", from old to young, woman to man, religious to secular, all in chains, ropes, masks, blindfolds and ducktape. And as the song crescendos, Abbas reveals that they have liberated themselves from these shackles and secured "Aazadi" from all the horrors sung about by Anuragi. My words don't and can't do it justice. You just need to watch. You just need to listen. And you need to salute Abbas too for his own dauntlessness, as he believes so deeply in Anuragi's message that he was prepared to put his very livelihood on the line to make this come to fruition.
With a new round of barbarity being inflicted on the people of occupied Kashmir, ongoing violence against the Naxalites of the Red Corridor, longstanding Hindutvadi subjugation of Dalits in Gujarat, the deepening of the Indian farmers' struggles against Monsanto and other multinational devils and so many other post-colonial issues still plaguing India, "Aazadi" is needed more than ever. It has the potential to be an anthem for the entire Southeast Asia Continent. Maybe even the whole world. It's that dope. It's that fly. It's that wonderful. It's that intense. It's that damn good. Alf Mabrouk (many congratulations) to everyone involved. You deserve nothing but the choicest blessings of our Creator for what you've done. Verily, you've made something historic here. And on that note, it's definitely time to knock "Aazadi" again at a volume loud enough to make Modi, his maniacal regime and all his 'Israeli' terrorist friends cry their evil little eyes out!


The Hindu American Foundation has partnered with the Bhumi Project based in Oxford, UK on its Compassionate Living Initiative.
While red meat is known to be a rich source of iron, there are a number of vegetarian and non-vegetarian foods that are also high in iron.
Vegetarian diets have a number of health benefits.
Multiple studies show that a vegetarian diet high in fruits, vegetables, nuts and whole grains combined with a regular exercise program is associated with lower cholesterol levels, lower blood pressure and decreased risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer.
Studies show that vegetarians live longer.
A major concern of a vegetarian diet is that they are protein deficient.
Second, the amount of protein the body actually requires is much lower than we generally assume. According to the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (PCRM),"With the traditional Western diet, the average American consumes about double the protein her or his body needs...The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for protein for the average, sedentary adult is only 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight."
Vegetarian diets are friendlier to the environment.
Try being a weekday vegetarian.
Finding it too hard to give up meat completely? Consider scaling back your meat consumption to the weekends only. Learn more about it from Graham Hill at treehugger.com.
Need help finding vegetarian restaurants or recipes? Check out www.happycow.net.
Promote the consumption of organic milk and dairy products to encourage better welfare and conditions for cows.
Support organic dairy farms and products. Click here to view a survey by Cornucopia Institute which rates dairy farms on their treatment of cows.
Support a gaushala. Gaushala or goshala are traditional shelters found throughout India where cows, calves, and bulls, many of which are old, sick or stray, or have been neglected, are taken care of according to the tenets of Hinduism. Gaushala are charitable, service institutions by tradition and custom. For more information, visit goshala.org or goshala.com.
Send campaign letters thanking producers of cruelty-free cosmetics and personal care items to encourage them to more visibly advertise the "cruelty free" and/or "not tested on animals" logos. Shoppers who are debating between two brands, one which may not be cruelty-free, may be more likely to purchase the cruelty free product.
Send campaign letters to those producers who continue to test their products on animals. Urge them to change their ways and stop the practice.
Skip synthetic materials and opt for natural, organic fibers.
Bamboo is one of the most sustainable and renewable materials on earth, and it grows easily without pesticides. It's a great option for clothing, fences, blinds and much more.
Promise yourself to incorporate Steps 1 - 4 into your daily life.
Spread the word and help others live compassionately.
Donate your time a local organization that is dedicated to preserving the natural environment of your community.
Walk, bike, or carpool to work at least once a week. This simple action will help reduce your carbon footprint.
Compost uneaten food items if you have a yard or garden.
Make an effort to learn about the different ways that you can be more friendly to the environment in your daily life.
Disclaimer: The links provided above are for your convenience only. Any website you visit through a link from this site and the content contained therein is solely the responsibility of the third party, including but not limited to, organizations, vendors, merchants, or other parties, providing the site. Any transactions that you enter into with a third party listed in this site or linked from this site are solely between you and that third party.
HAF is not affiliated with any of the third parties linked to from this site unless expressly stated. HAF is not responsible for any such third party content that may be accessed via this site. HAF does not endorse the content contained in these sites, nor the third parties publishing those sites, and hereby disclaims any responsibility for such content.


Cody Stokowski completed his Juris Doctor with First-Class Honours overseas before returning to Canada. He is no stranger to travelling central and southern Alberta to represent clients, as he grew up in a small city playing competitive hockey and working as an entrepreneur across Alberta.
Cody focuses on providing clear options to otherwise difficult problems for his clients, and to be their voice when they feel they have exhausted all other means of communication or negotiation.
Cody started as a student-at-law in Calgary with Virk Law where he has gained experience in Criminal and Family Law.
Areas of Practice: Criminal Law, Family Law, Employment Law.


Like the popular TRBX500 models, both TRB600 basses are designed to deliver the right tone for every musical style.
Yamaha has released two additions to its popular TRBX series of electric basses. The TRBX604FM and TRBX605FM bring elegant appointments to a lineup known for performance and value.
Both the four-string TRBX604FM and five-string TRBX605FM boast intricately finished flame maple tops and matching headstock veneers to go along with the features that have established the TRBX series as an industry workhorse — comfort-contoured mahogany bodies, bolt-on five-piece maple/mahogany necks and premium electronics.
Like the popular TRBX500 models, both TRB600 basses are designed to deliver the right tone for every musical style. Custom Yamaha H series pickups use four Alnico V pole pieces per-string to offer a wide frequency response and noise-free operation. The flexible onboard electronics allow players to take full advantage of the pickups' range with an easy-to-use balance control and a three-band EQ that can go from active to passive operation with the flip of a switch.
basses are available now. Both models are available in gloss Translucent Black, gloss Dark Red Burst, matte Amber and Natural Satin.


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© 2019 Latimer Lee LLP Solicitors. Notary Public Today is a trading style of Latimer Lee LLP Solicitors.
Latimer Lee LLP is a limited liability partnership, registered in England and Wales (registered number OC325883) which is authorised and regulated by the Solicitors Regulation Authority (SRA number 463079). A list of the names of our members is available for inspection at our registered office 35 Bury New Road Prestwich M25 9JY. We use the word "Partner" to refer to a member of the LLP.


"No Rush" - On Sale Today!
Today's the day! "No Rush" is now on sale through iTunes and Amazon.
Click "Get It Now," then enter your e-mail address below and receive a free download of "Tattoo'd" off my upcoming album, "No Rush."
Head over to PensEyeView.com to read today's front page interview with Deborah! Thanks to Richie for asking great questions about Deborah's creativity and inspiration behind the music.
I'm thrilled to share this link to the Los Angeles Examiner review of my new album. Thanks to Bob Leggett for this wonderful write-up!
We are putting the finishing touches on the artwork for "No Rush" and will soon be shipping it off to be manufactured by the good folks at Oasis.
Take a look around, and stay tuned for more news and updates on "No Rush"!


For the review, I used the battery that comes with the pedal and it still sounded excellent.
For over 30 years the Ibanez TS808 Tube Screamer has been one of the most popular overdrive pedals in the world, cherished by rock's most celebrated guitarists for it's warm, creamy tone and unequivocal responsiveness. Now Ibanez has expanded the palette of this classic with the TS808DX. Sam Bell takes a closer look at this green machine.
The Ibanez Tubescreamer is a staple Drive pedal, used on countless pedal boards through the decades, its signature sound can be heard in many diverse genres of music. Ibanez has released many variations on the Tubescreamer, many companies have copied but haven't got quite as close as the original TS808. This pedal is famous for its smooth and percussive overdrive with singing sustain. Many players use it to simply boost a crunchy or clean amp or provide their drive sound in its entirety. To give an idea of its diversity the Tubescreamer has become a signature sound of blues players like Stevie Ray Vaughn all the way to Progressive Metal musicians like Fredrik Thordendal from Meshuggah.
In this issue I have the pleasure of checking out the TS808DX, this is based on the analogue circuit of the classic TS808, however, we have a boost option that can be set either pre Tubescreamer or post tube screamer with the simple flick of a switch. The main section of the pedal is the TS808 itself, with a drive, tone and level control. Drive controlling the drive and saturation, Tone controlling the pedals Midrange and Level controls the volume of the effect. The volume, when used with low drive settings, can be used as a boost in some cases, however, we have the option of a dedicated Boost control.
The boost is controllable via 4th control knob when set to pre, the boost pushes the guitar signal harder into the Tubescreamer section of the pedal giving you, even more, sustain and drive. When set to Post, the boost works after the tubescreamer and gives more of a clean transparent volume boost to the Tubescreamer sound. The boost can also be engaged when the Tubescreamer section of the pedal isn't engaged, giving a pure clean boost which satisfying by itself.
The pedal can be powered via 9-volt battery, or you can power the unit with either a 9-volt or 18-volt adapter, 18 volt increases the dynamics and headroom of the pedal. For the review, I used the battery that comes with the pedal and it still sounded excellent. The design and build of the pedal is incredibly sturdy with classic tubescreamer writing adorning the front of the pedal, it's very simple in design and that's partly what makes it so good.
As I have mentioned the Tubescreamer sound is famous for its dynamic, smooth sounding overdrive, quite present in the mid-range frequencies that can be tailored via the interactive tone control. The pedal famously does have a certain colour to its sound however with most tube amps it only adds a certain richness and sustain that only Tubescreamers can. As you can hear in sections of the video demo, I was able to get ample sustain without any grittiness or supersaturated harshness, it was incredibly inspiring and flattering to play through.
This pedal suits many different genera's as I have already stated, I'd say that Tubescreamers are a staple and a must for most pedalboards in contemporary music settings. The TS808DX is an incredibly versatile pedal, especially with the added boost function and the different power options. I'd highly recommend this particular pedal to any guitarist, especially for its price point, quality and tone.


Plasmator Hominis Deus is attributed to St. Gregory the Great (540-604). In 1632, in accordance with revisions made to the hymns of the Divine Office by Pope Urban VIII (1568-1644), it was altered and changed to Hominis Superne Conditor. Both versions are shown below. It is sung at Friday Vespers in the Roman Breviary.
Aeterna Caeli Gloria is an anonymous 5th century Ambrosian hymn. In 1632, in accordance with revisions made to the hymns of the Divine Office by Pope Urban VIII (1568-1644), it was altered and changed to Aeterna Caeli Gloria (1632). Both versions are shown below. It is sung at Friday Lauds in the Roman Breviary.
Magnae Deus Potentiae is attributed to St. Gregory the Great (540-604). In 1632, in accordance with revisions made to the hymns of the Divine Office by Pope Urban VIII (1568-1644), it was altered and changed to Magnae Deus Potentiae (1632). Both versions are shown below. It is sung at Thursday Vespers in the Roman Breviary.
The hymns selected for use in the Office of the Dead and the Feast of All Souls express the Church's hope in Christ's victory over death and in each Christian's share in that victory. Paragraph 958 of the Catechism of the Catholic Church explains Communion with the Dead in this way: "In full consciousness of this communion of the whole Mystical Body of Jesus Christ, the Church in its pilgrim members, from the very earliest days of the Christian religion, has honored with great respect the memory of the dead; and because it is a holy and a wholesome thought to pray for the dead that they may be loosed from their sins she offers her suffrages for them. Our prayer for them is capable not only of helping them, but also of making their intercession for us effective." The Office for the Dead is believed to have come into practice no early than the 7th or 8th century, but scholars are divided on it's exact origins. It is the proper Office for All Soul's Day (Nov. 2). It can also be used as a Votive Office, an optional devotion outside of the regular Liturgical calendar that can be prayed (except on Solemnities, Sundays in Advent, Lent, and Easter, Ash Wednesday, Holy Week, the Octave of Easter, and All Soul's Day) for a deceased loved one, religious, or member of community etc. at appropriate times, such as the day of death, funeral, or anniversary of death.
Lux Ecce Surgit Aurea is by the Roman poet, Aurelius Prudentius (348-c.413). It is drawn from his work Liber Cathemerinon, comprised of 12 poems that contemplate the canonical hours, and liturgical feast days and seasons. In 1632, in accordance with revisions made to the hymns of the Divine Office by Pope Urban VIII (1568-1644), it was altered and changed to Sol Ecce Surgit Igneus. Both versions are shown below. It is sung at Thursday Lauds in the Roman Breviary.
Caeli Deus Sanctissime is attributed to St. Gregory the Great (540-604). In 1632, in accordance with revisions made to the hymns of the Divine Office by Pope Urban VIII (1568-1644), it was altered and changed to Caeli Deus Sanctissime (1632). Both versions are shown below. It is sung at Wednesday Vespers in the Roman Breviary.
Nox et Tenebrae et Nubila is by the Roman poet, Aurelius Prudentius (348-c.413). It is drawn from his work Liber Cathemerinon, comprised of 12 poems that contemplate the canonical hours, and liturgical feast days and seasons. In 1632, in accordance with revisions made to the hymns of the Divine Office by Pope Urban VIII (1568-1644), it was altered and changed to Nox et tenebrae et nubile (1632). Both versions are shown below. It is sung at Wednesday Lauds in the Roman Breviary.
Summae Deus Clementiae is a 7th century anonymous hymn. In 1632, in accordance with revisions made to the hymns of the Divine Office by Pope Urban VIII (1568-1644), it was altered and changed to Summae Parens Clementiae. Both versions are shown below. It is sung at Saturday Matins in the Roman Breviary.
Tu, Trinitatis Unitas is attributed to St. Gregory the Great (540-604). In 1632, in accordance with revisions made to the hymns of the Divine Office by Pope Urban VIII (1568-1644), it was altered and changed to Tu, Trinitatis Unitas (1632). Both versions are shown below. It is sung at Friday Matins in the Roman Breviary.
Nox Atra Rerum Contegit is attributed to St. Gregory the Great (540-604). It is sung at Thursday Matins in the Roman Breviary.
Rerum Creator Optime is attributed to St. Gregory the Great (540-604). In 1632, in accordance with revisions made to the hymns of the Divine Office by Pope Urban VIII (1568-1644), it was altered and changed to Rerum Creator Optime (1632). Both versions are shown below. It is sung at Wednesday Matins in the Roman Breviary.
Telluris Ingens Conditor is attributed to St. Gregory the Great (540-604). In 1632, in accordance with revisions made to the hymns of the Divine Office by Pope Urban VIII (1568-1644), it was altered and changed to Tellúris Alme Cónditor. Both versions are shown below. It is sung at Tuesday Vespers in the Roman Breviary.
Immense Caeli Conditor is attributed to St. Gregory the Great (540-604). In 1632, in accordance with revisions made to the hymns of the Divine Office by Pope Urban VIII (1568-1644), it was altered and changed to Immense Cæli Conditor (1632). Both versions are shown below. It is sung at Monday Vespers in the Roman Breviary.
Splendor Paternae Gloriae is attributed to St. Ambrose (c.340-397). In 1632, in accordance with revisions made to the hymns of the Divine Office by Pope Urban VIII (1568-1644), it was altered and changed to Splendor Paternae Gloriae (1632). Both versions are shown below. It is sung at Monday Lauds in the Roman Breviary.
Ætérna Lux, Divínitas is an anonymous Latin hymn which was first published in the Corolla Hymnorum, Köln, 1806. It is sung at Monday Matins in the Roman Breviary.
Somno Refectis Artubus is attributed to St. Ambrose (c.340-397). In 1632, in accordance with revisions made to the hymns of the Divine Office by Pope Urban VIII (1568-1644), it was altered and changed to Somno Refectis Artubus (1632). Both versions are shown below. It is sung at Monday Matins in the Roman Breviary.
Lucis Creator Optime is usually attributed to St. Gregory the Great (540-604). In 1632, in accordance with revisions made to the hymns of the Divine Office by Pope Urban VIII (1568-1644), it was altered and changed to Lucis Creator Optime (1632). Both versions are shown below. It is sung at Sunday Vespers in the Roman Breviary.
Ecce Iam Noctis is attributed to St. Gregory the Great (540-604), although some scholars suggest that the Carolingian court poet and theologian, Alcuin of York (735-804) may instead be the writer. It is the Lauds counterpoint to the Sunday Matins hymn: Nocte Surgenes Vigilemus Omnes. Both hymns are written in sapphic verse and both appear to share the same authorship. In 1632, in accordance with revisions made to the hymns of the Divine Office by Pope Urban VIII (1568-1644) it was altered and changed to Ecce Iam Noctis (1632). Both versions are shown below. It is sung at Sunday Lauds in the Roman Breviary.


The production of paper products is a highly intensive energy process. High energy costs have a significant effect on papermaking operations including profitability, future viability, industry advancements and ultimately consumer prices.
Working in a bi-partisan fashion to assure that legislation and administrative rules reflect sound public energy policies.
Partners with industrial energy advocacy organizations including the Wisconsin Industrial Energy Group (WIEG), Wisconsin Cast Metals Association and Midwest Food Producers Association to intervene on behalf of our industry in electric and natural gas utility ratemaking cases and construction application proceedings.
Advocates for papermakers before such key energy bodies as the Public Service Commission, Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO), as well as national-level regulators and associations such as the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), National Association of Regulatory Commissioners (NARC) and the Edison Electric Institute and Electric Consumers Resource Council.
Engages in state and national energy dialogues with the American Forest & Paper Association (AF&PA), UW-Madison's Wisconsin Public Utility Institute and a range of NGO's such as the Citizens' Utility Board, RENEW Wisconsin, the Customers' First! Coalition and various environmental and energy advocacy organizations.


Episode Zero -Promise- is a novella written by Jun Eishima. It follows the lives of the main characters right before the start of Final Fantasy XIII. It was originally released on the official Japanese site of the game during the months leading to the release of the game, and later on as a book. The ISBN number of the book is 978-4-7575-2770-6. Episode Zero was released in English as an extra in limited collector's edition of FF13-2.
Considering three of the chapters have been released for free online, they've been archived at the site. The remaining chapters have summaries.


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Posted in Desire, Tech & Gadgets on 19 February 2018 | by Sam
What is a cryptocurrency?
Elysium has been dabbling in cryptocurrency questions over Christmas and has been researching the origins to future prospects for the digital wallets. We break down the information you need to know before purchasing the must own asset of 2018.
A cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency designed to work as a medium of exchange. It uses cryptography to secure and verify transactions as well as to control the creation of new units of a particular cryptocurrency. Essentially, cryptocurrencies are limited entries in a database that no one can change unless specific conditions are fulfilled.
When did it start?
In early 2009, an anonymous programmer or a group of programmers under an alias Satoshi Nakamoto introduced Bitcoin. Satoshi described it as a 'peer-to-peer electronic cash system.' It is completely decentralised, meaning there are no servers involved and no central controlling authority. The concept closely resembles peer-to-peer networks for file sharing.
Every transaction is a file that consists of the sender's and recipient's public keys (wallet addresses) and the amount of coins transferred. The transaction also needs to be signed off by the sender with their private key. All of this is just basic cryptography. Eventually, the transaction is broadcasted in the network, but it needs to be confirmed first.
Within a cryptocurrency network, only miners can confirm transactions by solving a cryptographic puzzle. They take transactions, mark them as legitimate and spread them across the network. Afterwards, every node of the network adds it to its database. Once the transaction is confirmed it becomes unforgeable and irreversible and a miner receives a reward, plus the transaction fees.
What can I do with it?
Purchasing vehicle
In the past, trying to find a merchant that accepts cryptocurrency was extremely difficult, if not impossible. These days, however, the situation is completely different.
There are a lot of merchants – both online and offline – that accept Bitcoin as the form of payment. They range from massive online retailers to small local shops, bars and restaurants. Bitcoins can be used to pay for hotels, flights, jewellery, apps, computer parts and even a college degree!
Many people believe that cryptocurrencies are the hottest investment opportunity currently available. Indeed, there are many stories of people becoming millionaires through their Bitcoin investments. Bitcoin is the most recognisable digital currency to date, and in 2016 one BTC was valued at $800. In December 2017, the price of one Bitcoin reached $20,000.
Ethereum, perhaps the second most valued cryptocurrency, has recorded the fastest rise a digital currency ever demonstrated. Since May 2016, its value increased by at least 2,700 percent. When it comes to all cryptocurrencies combined, their market cap soared by more than 10,000 percent since mid-2013.
Miners are the single most important part of any cryptocurrency network, and much like trading, mining is an investment. Essentially, miners are providing a bookkeeping service for their respective communities. They contribute their computing power to solving complicated cryptographic puzzles, which is necessary to confirm a transaction and record it in a distributed public ledger called the Blockchain.
One of the interesting things about mining is that the difficulty of the puzzles is constantly increasing, correlating with the number of people trying to solve it. So, the more popular a certain cryptocurrency becomes, the more people try to mine it, the more difficult the process becomes.
Are they legal?
As cryptocurrencies are becoming more and more mainstream, law enforcement agencies, tax authorities and legal regulators worldwide are trying to understand the very concept of crypto coins and where exactly do they fit in existing regulations and legal frameworks.
With the introduction of Bitcoin, the first ever cryptocurrency, a completely new paradigm was created. Decentralised, self-sustained digital currencies that don't exist in any physical shape or form and are not controlled by any singular entity were always set to cause an uproar among the regulators.
A lot of concerns have been raised regarding cryptocurrencies' decentralised nature and their ability to be used almost completely anonymously. The authorities all over the world are worried about the cryptocurrencies' appeal to the traders of illegal goods and services. Moreover, they are worried about their use in money laundering and tax evasion schemes.
What are the most common cryptocurrencies available?
Bitcoin — The first ever cryptocurrency that started it all.
Ethereum — A Turing-complete programmable currency that lets developers build different distributed apps and technologies that wouldn't work with Bitcoin.
Ripple — Unlike most cryptocurrencies, it doesn't use a Blockchain in order to reach a network-wide consensus for transactions. Instead, an iterative consensus process is implemented, which makes it faster than Bitcoin but also makes it vulnerable to hacker attacks.
Litecoin — A cryptocurrency that was created with an intention to be the 'digital silver' compared to Bitcoin's 'digital gold.' It is also a fork of Bitcoin, but unlike its predecessor, it can generate blocks four times faster and have four times the maximum number of coins at 84 mln.
NEO — It's a smart contract network that allows for all kinds of financial contracts and third-party distributed apps to be developed on top of it. It has many of the same goals as Ethereum, but it's developed in China, which can potentially give it some advantages due to improved relationship with Chinese regulators and local businesses.
Dash — It's a two-tier network. The first tier is miners that secure the network and record transactions, while the second one consists of 'masternodes' that relay transactions and enable InstantSend and PrivateSend type of transaction. The former is significantly faster than Bitcoin, whereas the latter is completely anonymous.
Monero — A cryptocurrency with private transactions capabilities and one of the most active communities, which is due to its open and privacy-focused ideals.
Have you invested in a cryptocurrency and beat the traditional market? Is cryptocurrency the future? Let us know on Twitter.


After the publication of Modern Buddhist Healing in 2002, Charles Atkins received letters from many readers regarding their experience with the technique he describes as "mantra-powered visualization," which combines the chanting of Nam-myoho-renge-kyo with visualization.
This book explains why meditation, prayer, chanting, and visualization are effective and how they can be used to restore wellness on all levels of our lives. Like the mantra OM, the Lord's Prayer, or the 23rd Psalm, Nam-myoho-renge-kyo has gathered immense vibrational power and positive energy. Over the centuries it has been evoked by people focusing on the betterment of themselves and humanity. Atkins addresses questions many readers have presented him, includes some of their stories of success, and more visualizations to help readers target specific illnesses. Most poignant and comforting is Atkins' explanation of the circle of birth, death, and rebirth– the wheel of samsara– and the spiritual opportunities inherent at each stage of the journey.
Our very lives contain the secrets to wellness, and we can learn to evoke our healing power with Atkins' guidance. Atkins' mission is to help alleviate the suffering of all people, so the techniques he descrives are interdisciplinary. His wisdom and techniques have been utilized by people from all walks of life.
In this book, Atkins introduces us to the Buddhist master Nichiren (1222-1281) and the healing teachings of Shakyamuni Buddha as laid out in the Lotus Sutra. Nam-myoho-renge-kyo is an old mantra that has accumulated a great deal of power from centuries of countless individuals focusing their highest intents while chanting it. He explains how nam-myoho-renge-kyo can be used to "undo" karma that has damaged our health. Methods for chanting while visualizing abound in this book. His example, along with that of many others struggling with diseases as diverse as fibromyalgia, diabetic ulcers, high blood pressure, and mental illness, provides a beacon of hope for those facing illness.
Atkins's book shows that with hope, faith, and prayer nothing is impossible.
224 Pages, 5-3/8″ x 8-3/8″. Paperback.


Most homeowners do not think ventilate their lawn mower. But the ventilation of the law can improve the overall health of your lawn significantly. It does this by fundamental promise that the roots get plenty of oxygen and nutrients to help the grass to grow stronger.
Aerating the lawn, also known as core aeration name, so named because it extracts "core" of lawn grass. This allows the grass to breathe regenerate. The usual way to do this is to use a core aerator machine.
You can find these machines or a gas powered or manually push. In addition, they come in many configurations, styles and sizes. For the price, a new gas-powered aerator can give you $ 2,600 or more. Not much value if your lawn is small or if your lawn care is performed by professional lawn care service.
If money is a problem, you can save money by purchasing a hand core aerator. It will serve you equally as great if you do not mind the work of palms, and if you have a small lawn medium. If money is a problem, you can save money by purchasing a hand core aerator. It will serve you equally as great if you do not mind the work of palms, and if you have a small lawn medium. You can pick up a core aerator Hand anywhere from less than $ 220, depending on the manufacturer, the model and the features it comes with. Core aerator is almost always hand-push model. You're going behind it and push. As teeth are hollow Earthmovers, extracts of grass patches or plugs. Teeth usually dig two inches to four inches in diameter and a half inch in size.
Core aerator is particularly useful for breaking thatch in your yard. This thatch is a layer of plant roots, living and dead, close to the ground surface, intersecting so closely packed more water and nutrients are unable to make their way past. Therefore, water and fertilizers tend to collect on the surface of the lawn and reach plant roots.
Without treatment, thatch will slowly but eventually smother the grass lawn. Judicious use a core aerator machine easily removes thatch and allows grass to start the process of healing.
Another option is to select a core aerator machine used. You often see newspaper ads or the internet where anyone moving house to an apartment or apartment does not need their lawn mower equipment. You can get some good deals if you keep your eyes open.
Most people, however, do not use enough attention to warrant purchasing an aerator machine only. This is a car you use, at most, twice a year. And many members of lawn care experts believe that much every three years. Therefore, choosing an alternative to air the lawn is to rent a car from the center to the local garden or simply hire someone to do it for you.


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Gilvan Santos Souza, dit Rincón, est un ancien footballeur brésilien né le  à Mairi, professionnel de 1998 à 2012. Il jouait au poste d'avant-centre, et a passé la majeure partie de sa carrière au Portugal.

Biographie

Rincón dispute 67 matchs en première division portugaise et inscrit 10 buts dans ce championnat.

Carrière

Palmarès

En club
  Paços de Ferreira
 Champion du Portugal de D2 en 2005

Distinctions individuelles
 Meilleur buteur du Championnat du Portugal de D2 en 2005  (avec Paços de Ferreira)

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur brésilien
Joueur du Fluminense de Feira
Joueur de l'ABC Futebol Clube
Joueur du Samsunspor
Joueur du Coritiba Foot Ball Club
Joueur du Treze FC
Joueur du Santa Cruz Futebol Clube (Recife)
Joueur du CS Marítimo
Joueur du FC Paços de Ferreira
Joueur du Gil Vicente FC
Joueur de l'Agremiação Sportiva Arapiraquense
Joueur du FC Vizela
Joueur du CD Santa Clara
Joueur du SC Covilhã
Joueur de l'EC Flamengo Paraibano
Naissance en avril 1977

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


What is the universal church?
Hebrews 12:22-23 is the clearest text about the universal church, "But ye are come unto mount Sion, and unto the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem, and to an innumerable company of angels, To the general assembly and church of the firstborn, which are written in heaven, and to God the Judge of all, and to the spirits of just men made perfect." The universal church is the assembly of all those whose names are written in heaven in the Lamb's book of life.
Other Bible passages point to a universal church. In Matthew 16:18 Jesus promised to build His church. His promise is can not be the promise of building a single church in Jerusalem or Palestine. The promise of Jesus is of a universal that cannot be overthrown. His church consists of many local churches scattered across the world and stretching through history. In Colossians 1:18 and Ephesians 1:22 Paul says that Jesus is the head of the body, the church. Colossians and Ephesians are clearly referring to the authority of Jesus over the entire church everywhere at all times. The church universal is under the governance of Jesus.
No church or denomination can claim to be the universal church. The universal church is not the conglomeration of all churches and denominations, or is it made up of all people who belong to a church. Many who are members of churches on earth are not part of the universal church. Instead, the universal church is the entire population of all genuine believers who have lived, are living and will live. All the redeemed make up the universal church and only the redeemed are members of the universal church.
The universal church will not be gathered in one place until eternity when all the saved will be assembled together in the presence of God. The universal church is a reality which can not yet be experienced. In the meantime, Christians recognize that they have a connection in Christ with all believers past, present and future. All genuine Christians alive today share a great fellowship together as brothers and sisters in Christ and as members together of the body of Christ.
The universal church includes all believers now living. The universal church is the future assembly of all Christians who ever lived. The universal church is the entire body of Christ, seen now only in part but one day will be seen in full.
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