text:
After the death of her estranged sister Nikki, with whom she'd hadn't seen since they were separated in foster care, Carly is surprised to learn that she is named in Nikki's will as guardian of her adopted daughter Mallie. Upon moving across the country to honor her sister's wishes, Carly quickly realizes that not only was Mallie left a substantial inheritance, but that not everyone is happy about the existence of a long lost sister. Someone else wants custody of rich Mallie, and they aren't going to let Carly stand in their way for much longer.
A group of three boys and two girls sneaks into the old funicular, to have an unforgettable New Year party at the top of the mountain. A jolly adventure turns into a nightmare when the cabin gets stuck above the abyss. Realising that help is not coming, the characters start their deadly fight with cold, height and eventually with each other.
5 Bravo
A group of paramedics receives an emergency call from Arizona, but when they get there, they realize that the victim is on the Mexican side; however, they decide to help anyway…
Episode #1.1
Death Wish V: The Face of Death
Paul Kersey is back at working vigilante justice when when his fiancée, Olivia, has her business threatened by mobsters
Genre: Action, Crime, Drama, Thriller
Death Wish 4: The Crackdown
After the death of his girlfriend's daughter from a drug overdose, Paul Kersey (Charles Bronson) takes on the local drug cartel.
Architect/vigilante Paul Kersey arrives back in New York City and is forcibly recruited by a crooked police chief to fight street crime caused by a large gang terrorizing the neighborhoods.
Death Wish II
Paul Kersey is again a vigilante trying to find five punks who murdered his housekeeper and daughter in Los Angeles.
Genre: Adult, Thriller
Street Fighter: The Legend of Chun-Li
When a teenager, Chun-Li witnesses the kidnapping of her father by wealthy crime lord M. Bison. When she grows up, she goes into a quest for vengeance and becomes the famous crime-fighter of the Street Fighter universe.
Country: Canada, India, Japan, Thailand, USA
Touchstone of Ra
A fable states that whoever builds the pyramid of Ra will be rewarded with gold but get it wrong and they all pay the price. When a mysterious stone arrives, someone's willing to take that risk. The power of the stone causes chaos, but there's one person who can stop it. (Will they sacrifice themselves to save them all?)
Genre: Drama, Family, Fantasy, Mystery, Romance, Thriller
A entertainment lawyer navigates the nefarious lives of her rich and famous clients.
Genre: Comedy, Drama, Short, Thriller
Wo hu
The Hong Kong Police placed 1000 undercover officers in the various Triad groups in their efforts to bring down the criminal organization in Hong Kong. After one undercover officer's identity is discovered and he is killed, the pressure is put on one gang, suspicious of each other and everyone around them. Betrayal, deceit and murder bring this group of 'brothers' into a collision with the law, and each other.
Supercop
A Hong Kong detective teams up with his female Red Chinese counterpart to stop a Chinese drug czar.
Genre: Action, Comedy, Crime, Thriller
Helene loves to play poker for big money in men's company. But one day she looses big time against bar manager Antonio. He grants her 24 hours to come up with the 50,000 Francs. She asks all of her friends, but nobody will help her. When she finally steals the money from her brother Stephane, she gets them into serious trouble — she didn't know where he got it.
Wu ren qu
Pan Xiao, a young lawyer, goes to a rural small village settled in the western desert lands of China to handle the case of a falcon poacher who has ran over a policeman. Pan wins the case through sophisticated reasoning and forces the poacher to give him his car as a reward. Then, he just drives back home, but the return will not be an easy one.
Genre: Adventure, Crime, Drama, Thriller, Western
Behind the low life standard of Hong Kong Asylum Seekers, Docu-Drama uncovers the events including "Suicide of Pakistani Asylum Seeker "Mr. Idris" who hung himself with a tree in a garden and took his life". How Asylum Seekers risk their lives and cross Hong Kong Border illegally. The ground realities and reasons that why Asylum Seekers mostly involve themselves into Criminal Activities and do not lead a normal life in Hong Kong.
Genre: Action, Adventure, Crime, Documentary, Drama, Short, Thriller
Donkeurai mami
Divorced mother Yoo Rim (Yoo Seon) lives with her teenage daughter Eun Ah (Nam Bo-Ra), who is having a tough time at her new school. She has a crush on classmate Jo Han (U-Kiss's Shin Dong Ho), but he turns out to be different than what she expected. He and his friends rape her and then threaten her with a videotape of the assault. Eun Ah eventually takes her own life, leaving Yoo Rim alone and devastated. As minors, Jo Han and his friends are let off with light punishments. Yoo Rim takes matters into her own hand to get revenge for her daughter.
Saikometeuri
While investigating the kidnapping and murder of a little girl, a detective spots a piece of graffiti that depicts the crime scene perfectly—but the graffiti was drawn a month before the crime took place, and that the artist knows more than he is telling.
Genre: Drama, Mystery, Sci-Fi, Thriller
Yeolhansi
In the not-so distant future, researchers at a deep-sea laboratory have finally invented a time machine. Head researcher Woo-seok is promised funding from a mega-corporation if he completes a test flight. He and Young-eun carry out the mission and travel to 11 A.M. the next day, only to find the base on the verge of collapse. All the researchers are gone and someone is out to kill them.
Genre: Sci-Fi, Thriller
When Laura Harris's kidnapped son returns after eleven devastating years, what she thinks will be a dream come true turns out to be a family nightmare.
My Super Psycho Sweet 16
A spoiled teens birthday bash turns killer after she convinced her parents to re-open a roller skating rink where murders took place.
Genre: Comedy, Drama, Horror, Mystery, Romance, Thriller
Genre: Short, Thriller
A dog turns from man's best friend into man's worst nightmare as he attacks everything that moves.
Genre: Comedy, Horror, Sci-Fi, Thriller
Death Note: The Last Name
In the second installment of the Death Note film franchise, Light Yagami meets a second Kira and faithful follower Misa Amane and her Shinigami named Rem. Light attempts to defeat L along with Teru Mikami (a Kira follower) and Kiyomi Takada (another Kira follower) but in the end will Light win? or will a Shinigami named Ryuk make all the difference in Light's victory or his ultimate death?
Genre: Adventure, Crime, Drama, Fantasy, Mystery, Thriller
Genre: Drama, Fantasy, Horror, Short, Thriller
The Parricidal Effect
For his past to be concealed, he must first face his darkest enemy – himself
Blood Brotha
An outrageous crime – action – comedy examining corruption and greed in Lithuanian politics.
Agonie
On the 3rd of October a twenty-four-year-old student from Vienna kills his lover and chops up her corpse. Her torso is found in a dumpster, other body parts and the head are missing. There is no clue about the motive of the murder. A silent chronology of the events.
Country: Austria, Germany
Last Stop
After his son is murdered and the law is of no assistance, a father hires a contract killer to avenge his son, but as dark secrets from the past return, no one can be trusted, and the body count rises.
Genre: Drama, Horror, Short, Thriller
Bayou Ghost Story
A paranormal investigator travels to the South to research a series of deaths connected to a supernatural curse haunting an old Louisiana family.


text:
College of Behavioral & Social Sciences
BSS Menu
BSS Home
External College Centers
Behavioral and Social Sciences Distinguished Alumni
Advising and Student Success
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Capital Alumni Luncheon
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Butte Hall, Room 701
bss@csuchico.edu
Over 90% of BSS graduating seniors say their faculty cared about their success.
Over 90% of BSS graduating seniors would recommend their majors to others.
Over 90% of BSS graduating seniors say their faculty were available during office hours.
Chico Preview Day
9:00 a.m. - 12:00 p.m.
BSS Virtual Scholarship Ceremony
Current page: Behavioral and Social Sciences Distinguished Alumni
2004 Distinguished Alumni
Michael A. Messner
BA Social Science, Class of 1974
MA Sociology, Class of 1976
Honor Year: 2004
Dr. Michael A. Messner is a professor of sociology and gender studies at the University of Southern California, where his research and teaching have focused on gender and sports, gender-based violence, and men and feminist politics. Messner's thirteen books include most recently It's All for the Kids: Gender, Families and Youth Sports (2009), King of the Wild Suburb: A Memoir of Fathers, Sons and Guns (2011), and Some Men: Feminist Allies in the Movement to End Violence Against Women (2015). He has written more than 100 other publications and has delivered many invited lectures and keynote addresses. Messner has won numerous honors, including the 2011 Abby J. Leibman Pursuit of Justice Award from the California Women's Law Center, for his work in support of girls' and women's sports, and the 2012 Jessie Bernard Award from the American Sociological Association, for his career research contributions to understanding women and gender relations.
<Back to Behavioral and Social Sciences Distinguished Alumni
www.csuchico.edu/bss
BSS Majors & Programs
Geography & Planning
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Multicultural & Gender Studies
Political Science & Criminal Justice

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


* Better to suffer for the truth than be praised for the lie.
* Even the smallest of stars shines in the darkness.
* The rich have money, the poor have children.
* Do not cross the river to find water.
* Guests should not forget to go home.
* Even a blind hen will sometimes find a grain.
The book is illustrated with early twentieth-century travel guides to Sweden. Covers have color photographs of Swedish sights.


Book report chart These questions will help you recognize what you love most. It usually is advised to come out before writing your next or third draft, Be sure to write and revise every draft eventually, write down the mistakes , nor repeat them over the following ones. Finally, fund your order using one of our secured payment options. Lifestyle is a commendable reason, and it is relevant. Sports give a person the impression of wellbeing and encourage living a proper life. Emails and visits are also other options. Step Three: Start with a plan, then draft.
1202 to 0203- february full month book PUJARI CHART, Contect whatapp; Skip navigation Sign in. Sign in to report inappropriate content. Sign in. Add translations. I guess the main difficulty I had created was in highlighting the central idea and constructing the complete essay around it.
Open the book report with the name, author, genre of the book, and published date. Next, include a one-or-two sentence summary of the book, its setting, and its theme. In the main body of the book report describe the characters of the book, the purpose of the book, and the plot. When you have decided to acquire GED qualification that is a very wise move simply because this will need away any obstacle maybe you have in pursuing higher studies from now on or gaining a career that will require you to definitely have minimum high school completion qualifications.
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The Commitment of Traders COT reports provide a breakdown of each Tuesdays open interest for markets in which 20 or more traders hold positions equal to or above the reporting levels established by the CFTC. Commitment of Traders COT charts are updated each Friday at 3pm CST.
Chart Book: Economic Security and Health Insurance Programs Reduce Poverty and Provide Access to Needed Care. UPDATED. March 21, . Without their Social Security income, nearly half of seniors would have been poor in, the Census Bureau reports; with Social Security, Next, write your argument, or why you notice the topic sentence is true.
Book Report 5 & 6 As students grow older and begin to form more mature thoughts and opinions about their experiences in the world, this must be reflected in their book reports as well. This printable report writing worksheet helps 5th and 6th graders write mature book reports that describe in greater detail the readers reaction to the book. How did they explain and justify their principles.
Create a project report. Use the Report Tools Design tab to add charts, tables, text, and images. Chart Project creates a chart comparing Actual Work, Remaining Work, and Work by default. Use the Field List pane to pick different fields to compare, and use the controls to change the color and format of the chart. He never picked his son up from soccer practice, asked the little boy about his study, or used him.
Printable Sticker Charts for Kids. Print out these sticker charts to track your kids behavior, academic progress, reading, or homework assignments. Place a sticker on a planet each time you read a book. This is a full-color, full-page chart. Music Practice Charts. Music Practice 1.
My book report projects are unique in shape, but simple in supplies! After you have printed out the unique book report templates, the only materials that you will need to have in your classroom to complete these book report projects are scissors, glue, tape, and coloring pencils. We review the best essay writing businesses that hire top essay writers.
Making my book report creative? hi everyone! for english we have to write a reading response journal which is basically a very long book report thats a record of our thoughts and feeling about a book. we have to write character summaries and stuff like that. the teacher sad to make it creative. im already organizing the words into chart form There's a valley in central Africa that when you're there this indicates as you went back in time.
Chart Book: The Far-Reaching Benefits of the Affordable Care Acts Medicaid Expansion October 2, So far, 32 states including Washington, D. C. have expanded Medicaid coverage to low-income adults under the Affordable Care Act ACA.


text:
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use nv\semtools;

/**
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abstract class ApiRequestAbstract implements semtools\Common\RequestInterface
{
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    protected $textData;

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    public function __construct($textData)
    {
        $this->textData = $textData;
    }

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     * Get text data
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    public function getTextData()
    {
        return $this->textData;
    }

    abstract public function getResponseFormat();

    /**
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     * @param $data
     *
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     */
    public function setTextData($data)
    {
        return $this->textData = $data;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Can recently added be added using date modified of the file?? That would work perfectly.
Yes that seems to be the case with me too I am using Nokia 5 8.1 Oreo... But I am keeping 792 may be try playstore version that has some difference in output... And by the way anyone know why play store version is 793 is it any different?


Scene switches to Stone family's house. Ben walks through front door, as Grace is walking down the steps.
Ben is playing a game on his tablet.
BEN: How was your day?
GRACE: Good. Uh, Olive's at school already, so Cal will come with me to work.
BEN: Well, how about I hang out with him? He'll start school soon, so I want to max out all the free time we got left.
GRACE: I thought you were doing resume follow-up.
BEN: Done and dusted. It's just a waiting game now.
GRACE: Well, I'm sure you'll get a lot of great offers.
BEN: But today, it's all about Cal.
GRACE: Well, get going. And have fun.
From across the room, Cal shouts.
CAL: Dad! "Fortnite" totally rocks. You gotta learn to play.
As he walks toward his son, he stops suddenly.
BEN: Hey. Do you ever feel like someone else is controlling your life?
CAL: Only, like, all the time. You, Mom, Grandpa, all of my doctors.
BEN: [CHUCKLES] And being controlled is no fun, right? So what do you say we try a little chaos theory? Be unpredictable.
BEN: We don't make any decisions. We flip a coin, and we leave it to chance. And nobody's in charge. Okay?
He holds up a coin.
BEN: So, heads we go bowling. Tails, Coney Island. Sound good?
BEN: All right. Here we go.
CAL: Coney Island! Sweet! – I love the Cyclone!
BEN: All right, let's go! Masters of our own destiny.
GRACE: I like the sound of that. Have a great day, guys.
BEN: We'll see you later.
They leave out the front door.
Posted on Oct 22, 2018 Nov 22, 2018 by Manifest828.comPosted in Episode HighlightsTagged 105 - Connecting Flights, Ben, Cal, Callings, ct, Grace.


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The canaanite woman's purpose is to teach us what our prayer life must be like. We suffer from a timidity that asks once, and, if we don't get the desired answer, we just give up. This is one more time where Our Lord's admonition to have a child-like faith is important. Think about how a child asks for something: repetitively, breathlessly, non-stop until they get what they want. If that's not the Canaanite woman to a "T," I don't know what is.
She perseveres in the face of what seems like a heartless God. On the surface, Jesus is not only mean, but completely rude! The first time she makes her request, He doesn't answer. The second time her request comes to Him by way of His disciples, He still doesn't speak directly to her. Finally the third time He calls her a dog. And, in the first century, dogs weren't domesticated, humanized pets like they are today. Dogs were filthy, unwanted animals.
Our sinful nature, the same person that makes timid, one-time requests of God, likes the "mean Jesus" picture. If God is mean, if God refuses to answer our prayers, refuses to answer the prayers of others on our behalf, and then insults us, it justifies our unbelief. If God is mean, what use is it to pray to Him? If God is mean and won't give me what I ask for, even when it is something clearly good like exorcising a demon, then I should do what I need to do to make myself happy. If God won't make me happy, I need to make myself happy. And that road is the one that leads to hell.
We must remember that everything God does, everything He allows, is for our ultimate good. He works through crosses to strengthen our faith. So Jesus was not being mean to this Canaanite woman. He was distilling her faith to the strongest it could be. He forced her to hold Him to His Word. She was unwilling to let the God of mercy walk away without being merciful. And she knew that she had no right to beg anything of God. She knew that she was a Gentile approaching the Jewish Messiah, but she also believed that He was the one sent to save all nations. She knew that, because of her sin, she really was a dog, unworthy to receive anything from God except for condemnation.
What Jesus does for her is give her a double blessing. Yes, her daughter was healed, but her faith was strengthened. He taught her to rely, not on what her eyes saw or her ears heard, but what her faith knew to be true. And what her faith knew to be true was the Word of God, promising that He is the God of mercy, the one who hears His people when they cry to Him. He is the God near at hand, not afar off. Jesus teaches her that faith must be on something outside of ourselves, as the writer to the Hebrews taught: "Faith is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen" (Heb. 11:1). Jesus taught her to be relentless in prayer, to confess that what the Word reveals about us—that we are sinners unworthy of anything from God—is true, but also that what the Word reveals about God—that He loves to have mercy, that He wants to be in communion with us—is true. You can't say it any better than how she said it: I may be a dog, but even the dogs get the excess that falls from the table. In other words, I am a sinner, and a daily, terrible one at that, but Jesus died for me, forgives me all my sin, and has restored my relationship with God, my Father, and now I can approach Him with all confidence.
How she approaches Jesus with her request is exactly how He wants us to come to Him. He does not want us to come in fear, but with the Spirit of adoption that enables us to call Him "Abba, Father" (Rom. 8:15). God wants us to beg Him relentlessly for good heath, for the conversion of unbelievers, for good families, for happiness, for release from sin and the devil, for world peace, for Christian unity, any everything else. He wants us to ask Him for all those things and more because that is exactly what He has promised to give us. He wants us to ask because it is evidence of faith, it shows that we know He has promised to give us every good and perfect gift, if not here, at least in heaven.
We can ask these things with confidence because we know the end of the story. We know what awaits us and all believers on the Last Day. It is only when we lose sight of this promise of a new creation, of eternity with our God, that we start to see God as mean. Without the end in sight, God seems like He's holding out, like He not only lets us suffer but might just enjoy it a little bit. But the Lord is not mean. Rather, He is teaching us to live by faith and to confess. And death is ultimately that portal by which He delivers us. Situations may improve in this world, but any peace and joy are fleeting and are unworthy to be compared to what joy and peace await us in heaven.
The purpose of this encounter between Our Lord and the Canaanite woman is to give us comfort and instruction, that we shouldn't consider God's actions towards us according to our feelings and thinking, but cleave only to His Word (Luther). That is the only thing we can hold onto that is completely trustworthy. Even when it seems like all God has for us is "no," crosses, and heartache, we must turn from this feeling and lay all our hopes on the good promised in His Word.
This is especially important when it is our sin that distresses us. When our conscience aches, knowing our sins of thought, word, and deed, things we have done and things we have left undone, all the sin that offends God and bars our entrance into heaven, the sin that should prohibit us from ever obtaining any good gift in this life, that is when we turn to the Word all the more. We say, "Lord, it is true, I am a sinner and not worthy of [Your] grace; but still [You have] promised sinners forgiveness, and [You have] come not to call the righteous, but…to save sinners." (Luther) If God's Word reveals you to be a sinner, then you may claim the rights of all sinners, which is the forgiveness of sins. In that forgiveness you don't get crumbs like dogs, but the full feast that belongs to the children of God because that is what has been earned for you by the death and resurrection of your Brother, the Son of God, Jesus Christ.
Is our faith as perfect or as great as the Canaanite woman's? Maybe it is, maybe it isn't. Only God can measure faith. It's not important for us to figure out if we have enough. What's important is to repent and fall down in worship, to pray for mercy and to beg for crumbs. And when God seems silent or like He is punishing us we are able to persevere because the Holy Spirit causes us to cling to the Word by faith, the same Word that promises "a bruised reed He will not break and a smoldering wick He will not quench" (Is 42:3). We hold Him to His Word, we endure in prayer, seeking relief. We accept the crosses that come, but we don't stop praying for them to be removed. And they will be. In His good timing, timing that is best for your faith and your salvation, God will relieve you. He will deliver you from this vale of tears and bring you to your eternal joy.


Check out our most-asked questions and expert answers about save-the-dates.
You'll need to give your guests plenty of notice so you can ensure that as many of your nearest and dearest as possible can come to your wedding. One of the best ways to spread the word is by sending a save-the-date.
Do I have to send out save-the-date cards at all?
It's not mandatory, but most couples send out some notification of their wedding date before the invitation is put in the mail. Whether it's an actual card, an online announcement, or a link to your wedding website, there are several options.
When should we send out save-the-dates?
Our advice: send out your save-the-dates as soon as possible! Usually around six to eight months is fine, but if you're having a destination wedding, your guests will appreciate as much advance notice as possible, so even sending them a year out is fine!
What information should be included on a save-the-date?
Your save-the-dates need to include only four things: Your names (of course), the date of your wedding (duh), the location of your wedding (city and state is fine, you don't have to put the venue), and your wedding website address.
What should my save-the-date look like? Does it have to match my wedding invitation?
Your save-the-date does not have to match your wedding invitation – there's a good chance you don't know what your wedding invitation looks like yet, anyway! Just make sure that your save-the-date generally works with your wedding style and theme. Get inspired with some of our favorite save-the-dates here.
Do I have to send a save-the-date to everyone?
You should save the date to anyone who is going to be invited to your wedding – and you should have a firm guest list set up before you send out your save-the-dates. Some couples choose to create A, B, and C guest lists, and only send save-the-dates to the "A" list – but guests on the other lists may find out, putting you in a bit of a tricky situation.
Any money-saving tips for save-the-dates?
Postcards are a more budget-friendly option because the postage costs less. An online save-the-date is another way to save some cash on your save-the-dates.


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20Then the mother of the sons of Zeb'edee came up to him, with her sons, and kneeling before him she asked him for something. 21And he said to her, "What do you want?" She said to him, "Command that these two sons of mine may sit, one at your right hand and one at your left, in your kingdom." 22But Jesus answered, "You do not know what you are asking. Are you able to drink the cup that I am to drink?" They said to him, "We are able." 23He said to them, "You will drink my cup, but to sit at my right hand and at my left is not mine to grant, but it is for those for whom it has been prepared by my Father." 24And when the ten heard it, they were indignant at the two brothers. 25But Jesus called them to him and said, "You know that the rulers of the Gentiles lord it over them, and their great men exercise authority over them. 26It shall not be so among you; but whoever would be great among you must be your servant, 27and whoever would be first among you must be your slave; 28even as the Son of man came not to be served but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many."
35And James and John, the sons of Zeb'edee, came forward to him, and said to him, "Teacher, we want you to do for us whatever we ask of you." 36And he said to them, "What do you want me to do for you?" 37And they said to him, "Grant us to sit, one at your right hand and one at your left, in your glory." 38But Jesus said to them, "You do not know what you are asking. Are you able to drink the cup that I drink, or to be baptized with the baptism with which I am baptized?" 39And they said to him, "We are able." And Jesus said to them, "The cup that I drink you will drink; and with the baptism with which I am baptized, you will be baptized; 40but to sit at my right hand or at my left is not mine to grant, but it is for those for whom it has been prepared." 41And when the ten heard it, they began to be indignant at James and John. 42And Jesus called them to him and said to them, "You know that those who are supposed to rule over the Gentiles lord it over them, and their great men exercise authority over them. 43But it shall not be so among you; but whoever would be great among you must be your servant, 44and whoever would be first among you must be slave of all. 45For the Son of man also came not to be served but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many."


text:
British Buses 1967
by Jim Blake
"Many municipal fleets had originally begun as tramway systems, most of which converted to trolleybus operation in the inter-war years. In turn, by 1967, trolleybuses were themselves being replaced by motor-buses and only a few systems remained. All would be gone within five years."
1967 is the year before private and semi-nationalized operators were consolidated into the National Bus Company or Passenger Transport Executives. It is also the year that Blake pegs as the one in which Great Britain "ceased to be a major world power." And while one may not have an obvious or inevitable connection to the other, there is one for those who like Blake are steeped in British history and especially British public transport history. A teenage trainspotter, Jim Blake (b. 1947) has been at it for some six decades, and published widely on trains, trams, trolleys, and buses. He also started the North London Transport Society.
Someone new to the subject may want to start with Part Three of this book, "A Brief Look at the Bus Enthusiast Movement" which also addresses questions of preservation and museums. Initially derided as cranks, the scribbled notes of the comings and goings of thousands of buses etc. (serial numbers, registration numbers, time and date, location, operator, livery and so forth) that such enthusiasts would amass on weekend jaunts all over the country to even the most obscure bus depots, garages, and terminals would, in time, become a critical resource to even the bus operators and government transportation agencies themselves.
In 1967 alone, Blake shot some 4000 photos—or 100,000 from 1961 to 2014—and this book intends to show a cross section of the rolling stock in service. The three-part book consists mainly of heavily captioned photos, each part introduced with a detailed narrative. Non-UK readers may well have to get into the proper frame of mind first of all so as to better appreciate the postwar political and industrial developments and their effect on the rebuilding of a public transportation system. Blake casts a pretty wide net and the book really is accessible to anyone—even if it's "only" for the photos because they invariably do show a whole lot more than just buses: fashions, landmarks, other cars, basically the whole atmosphere of life in Great Britain in 1967. The photo captions do call attention to such aspects, along with the specific features of the buses illustrated. Only a few photos are in color, a pity since this era sported some very colorful liveries.
Readers may well be surprised at the variety of coachwork in evidence and Blake includes several very rare buses indeed, including even oddities such as tree loppers (doubledeckers whose upper decks have been shaved) or special-use buses such as the one-off whose lower deck had the entire center section opened up to carry bicycles through the Dartford Tunnel.
Bus people will (probably?) be amused to read that Blake considers London's "New Routemaster" bus project "ridiculous" and a "vanity project" of the mayor.
A companion book (same author, publisher), London's Railways 1967–1977, A Snap Shot In Time deals with the transition from steam to diesel and electric traction.
Copyright 2015, Charly Baumann (speedreaders.info).
Pen and Sword, 2016
158 pages, b/w & color photos, hardcover
List Price: $49.95 / £25
Posted Under: Automobiles, British, Trucks and Buses | Author: Charly Baumann	| No comments yet
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Moroccan Argan oil…hype or miracle product?
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Ack, winter is coming. I know it, you know it, and unless we fly south for the winter, there is no avoiding it. Though, I love many things about winter: skiing, warm fires, hot chocolate, snow – all of which can wreak havoc on our skin.
Watermelon: Why it is great for health and skincare!
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When we talk about hair fall we often mix it with hair loss. However, there is a difference between the terms. In thecase of hair fall, new hair often takes place of the fallen ones but in thecase of hair loss, the effect is mostly permanent. Both have some similar causes while the treatments are different. The treatments for hair fall mainly include some simple remedies and precautions. In thecase of acute hair loss, you may have to undergo hair transplant surgery to get that perfect look back.
There are many reasons which may cause excessive hair fall. In general, the life cycle of the hair is between 3 to 5 years in which all the hair on the head gets replaced by new ones. In many cases, due to excessive hair fall and low regeneration of new hair causes bald spots. The reasons may include stress, hormonal disorder, side effects of medication, acute disease, fungal infection, malnutrition, lack of sleep, use of chemical based hair products and many others.
If you are suffering from excessive hair fall, you should take some precautions to reduce the effects.
Keep your hair clean. Dirty hair attracts infections and it may cause hair fall.
Take theproper diet and include important nutrients required for healthy skin and hair.
Avoid any chemical based products for your hair.
Do not try hair styles that require pulling up your hair.
Avoid blow-drying your hair on regular basis.
Avoid combing the wet hair.
People generally believe that hereditary hair fall comes from mother's side. However, the genetic reasons can occur from any or both parent's side.
It is a popular myth that washing hair with cold water helps in avoiding hair fall. It is completely untrue. Cold water helps in blood circulation but it has nothing to do with hair fall.
People believe that regular brushing or combing the hair may prevent hair fall. Again it may help in improving blood circulation but it does not help in reducing hair fall.
First, let's talk about some home remedies to reduce hair fall.
Take proper sleep and try meditation to reduce stress. It is a major factor which causes hair fall and if you reduce the stress, the situation will definitely get better.
Prefer to get a regular soft head massage. You can use warm coconut oil, olive oil, mustard oil etc. mixed with some essential oils. It will help in providing strength to the roots and also help in improving blood circulation which in end helps in reducing stress.
Neem is a natural medicine. You can apply its paste or boil the leaves in water and wash hair with it.
Make sure to take a proper diet that includes all important nutrients like vitamins and minerals. This will help in improving the hair condition.
Richfeel TST+ which is a revolutionary treatment for hair fall. It helps in three ways that are Disinfection, Detoxification, and Rejuvenation of the hair follicles.
Another treatment is Anagrow which is a hair thinning treatment. Thin hair is more prone to damage. Institutes like Richfeel helps in reversing the effects.
Hair is an integral part of human behavior and they provide confidence. It is always better to avoid any reasons that may cause hair fall. If you are suffering from acute hair fall it is better to consult a doctor as soon as possible.
There are multiple blogs like Richfeel Reviews for Hair Treatment, Richfeel Reviews for hair transplant and Richfeel'sAnagrow treatment reviews which you must read before opting for the services.


text:
Le  (mot italien signifiant « résurgence » ou « renaissance »), ou unification italienne, est la période de l'histoire de l'Italie dans la seconde moitié du  au terme de laquelle les rois de la maison de Savoie unifient une grande partie de la région géographique italienne par l'annexion du royaume de Lombardie-Vénétie, du royaume des Deux-Siciles, du duché de Modène et Reggio, du grand-duché de Toscane, du duché de Parme et des États pontificaux au royaume de Sardaigne. Le mot Risorgimento s'est imposé dès les  et 1830 pour désigner un élan vers l'unité nationale. Après l'unification italienne, il s'est établi dans les années 1880 comme nom d'époque.

Jusqu'au milieu du , on pouvait considérer que, selon la définition de Metternich, l'Italie est une . L'unification italienne est donc un événement majeur de l'histoire de l'Europe dans la mesure où elle a transformé l'expression géographique en réalité politique. Mais si les historiens sont d'accord pour dire que l'unification a constitué un tournant dans les relations internationales, les interprétations divergent en revanche quand il s'agit de la replacer dans son contexte. Certains historiens voient dans cette naissance de l'Italie un phénomène spécifiquement italien, sans lien avec les conjonctures de l'époque. D'autres au contraire, estiment que l'unification italienne s'inscrit dans un processus commun, non seulement à toutes les nations d'Europe, mais encore à celles du monde entier : une Révolution universelle venue bouleverser les structures sociales que le temps rend nécessairement obsolètes.

La première phase du Risorgimento (1848-1849) voit le développement de différents mouvements révolutionnaires et une guerre contre l'Empire d'Autriche, mais se conclut par un retour au statu quo. La seconde phase (1859-1860) fait considérablement avancer le processus d'unification et se conclut par la proclamation du royaume d'Italie le . L'unification est ensuite achevée avec l'annexion de Rome, capitale des États pontificaux, le .

Chronologie des annexions
 En 1859, à l'issue de la deuxième guerre d'indépendance, la Lombardie autrichienne est cédée au royaume de Sardaigne (traité de Zurich).

 En 1860, les Provinces-Unies d'Italie centrale (la Toscane, les états de Parme et de Modène et la Romagne papale) entrent dans le Royaume de Sardaigne, tandis que la Savoie et l'arrondissement de Nice sont cédés à la France (traité de Turin).

 En 1861, à l'issue de l'expédition des Mille, le Royaume d'Italie est constitué après l'annexion à la fin de 1860 du Royaume des Deux-Siciles et des territoires papaux des Marches, de l'Ombrie, d'Orvieto et de Bénévent et Pontecorvo.

 En 1866, à l'issue de la troisième guerre d'indépendance, la Vénétie restée autrichienne est cédée au Royaume d'Italie (traité de Vienne).
 En 1870, le reste de l'État de l'Église a été absorbé : en 1871 Rome devient la capitale du Royaume d'Italie.
 En 1919-1920, à l'issue de la Première Guerre mondiale, a lieu l'annexion de la Vénétie tridentine, de la Vénétie julienne, de la ville de Zara et de plusieurs îles  dalmates prises à l'Autriche-Hongrie (traités de Saint-Germain-en-Laye et de Rapallo).
 En 1924, la ville de Fiume est annexée (traité de Rome).
 En 1929 le royaume reconnaît l'indépendance de l'État du Vatican (accords du Latran). De tous les États italiens du 19ème siècle, seul Saint-Marin et la principauté de Monaco n'ont pas participé à l'unification.

Contexte historique

Les effets du despotisme éclairé et de l'illuminisme italien

C'est au  que le despotisme éclairé et l'illuminismo commencent à influencer la société italienne et à poser les bases idéologiques de sa future unification. Ces mouvements réformateurs sont plus ou moins actifs, en fonction des souverains des différents États italiens.

En Lombardie, sous contrôle autrichien, les réformes de Marie-Thérèse et de Joseph II mettent fin à l'Inquisition et à la censure. Ils mettent en place le cadastre, suppriment les corporations ainsi que de nombreux ordres religieux. En Toscane, le grand-duc Pierre-Léopold (le futur empereur Léopold II) fait disparaître le régime féodal, institue l'égalité devant l'impôt, abolit l'Inquisition, la censure et la peine de mort. Dans les royaumes de Naples et de Sicile, les rois Bourbons Charles  et Ferdinand IV, s'ils ne font pas disparaître les grandes propriétés latifundiaires qui étaient alors sous-exploitées, rognent les privilèges des classes les plus riches. En revanche, le duché de Modène, le royaume de Sardaigne, les États pontificaux, les républiques de Venise et de Gênes participent peu à ce changement.

Ces réformes renforcent cependant les antagonismes sociaux. Les ouvriers, autrefois protégés par les corporations, sont désormais soumis à leurs employeurs. Les paysans pauvres sont privés de l'usage des terrains communaux que la bourgeoisie terrienne a accaparés. Celle-ci profite également de la vente des domaines ecclésiastiques ou prend en bail les latifundia pour mieux les exploiter grâce à l'emploi d'une main-d'œuvre rurale bon marché, et dont la pauvreté s'accentue. L'augmentation de la production ne suit pas celle de la population (7 millions d'habitants supplémentaires entre 1715 et 1796), les prix agricoles augmentent. Les producteurs et les marchands en profitent. Ces conditions sociales sont favorables aux idées de la Révolution française, qui garantissent la propriété et l'égalité d'accès aux fonctions administratives ou politiques.

L'Italie pendant la Révolution française
Les bouleversements de la France révolutionnaire connaissent des échos en Italie. Après la proclamation de la république en France (), des conjurations républicaines ont lieu à Turin, en Sardaigne, à Naples, à Bologne, à Gênes en 1794 et à Palerme en 1795. Elles sont vigoureusement réprimées par les souverains (le roi de Sardaigne est le beau-père des deux frères et de la sœur de Louis XVI, la duchesse de Parme, la duchesse héritière de Modène et la reine consort de Naples Marie-Caroline sont les sœurs ou belle-sœur de Marie-Antoinette).

Les ouvriers urbains ou agricoles en profitent pour faire entendre leurs revendications socio-économiques : il y a des insurrections rurales en Savoie en 1790, au Piémont et dans les Abruzzes en 1793, puis en Basilicate en 1795.

C'est la présence directe des armées françaises, à partir de 1796, qui accélère les mutations.

Idée d'État national
Plusieurs concepts poussent les révolutionnaires italiens à développer une idée de Patrie et à souhaiter la naissance d'un État national à l'image d'autres puissances européennes comme la France, l'Espagne et la Grande-Bretagne. Cette volonté provient tout d'abord des idées libérales, inspirées par l'esprit des Lumières et la Révolution française qu'alimente un idéal romantique national. À cela s'ajoute le désir d'améliorer la situation socio-économique de la péninsule en profitant des opportunités offertes par la révolution industrielle. Enfin, l'aboutissement de la fragmentation de la péninsule en des États monarchiques soutenus par l'hégémonie autrichienne se révèle aussi un élément déclencheur important.

Les problèmes principaux qui subsistent sont la question de qui prendrait la tête du mouvement d'unification ainsi que de la forme de la nouvelle Italie. Pour Mazzini, le soulèvement populaire doit donner naissance à une république. Dans son ouvrage Il primato morale e civile degli Italiani (1843), l'abbé Vincenzo Gioberti prône l'idée que le Pape doit régénérer l'Italie (mission civilisatrice de l'Église catholique) et présider une confédération des États italiens. Pour Cesare Balbo dans Speranze d'Italia (1843) ou Massimo d'Azeglio dans Degli ultimi casi di Romagna (1846), c'est au roi de Sardaigne d'unifier l'Italie.

L'occupation française de la Révolution et de l'Empire

Le contexte social et économique est notamment influencé par les opérations de l'armée française en Italie (campagne d'Italie, 1796-1797), qui a laissé une forte empreinte dans la culture et dans l'économie italienne.

À partir de 1796, l'armée française, ayant renversé les faibles États préexistants (Royaume de Piémont-Sardaigne, Lombardie autrichienne, Duchés de Lucques, de Modène, République de Venise, Grand-duché de Toscane), s'installe dans la plaine du Pô. Elle y crée des républiques sœurs sur le modèle français (république cispadane en , république ligurienne en , république cisalpine en ). Après les revers français de 1799, la campagne de Napoléon Bonaparte en 1800 fait rentrer pour 15 ans l'Italie dans l'orbite française. En , une partie de ces territoires devient la République italienne, dont Napoléon Bonaparte est le président. Celle-ci est transformée en  en royaume d'Italie avec pour roi le même , alors qu'une autre partie est annexée à l'Empire sous forme de départements. De ce fait la carte de l'Italie se trouve simplifiée. C'est un premier pas vers l'unité, même si celle-ci est loin d'être réalisée. Ces changements bouleversent la façon de vivre et apportent des idées nouvelles. Dans la république italienne, la vente des biens de l'Église catholique, l'introduction du Code civil, l'accord avec le Pape (1803) qui – tout en conférant à l'Église catholique une situation privilégiée – la bride par des articles organiques, le marché des fournitures militaires, la mise en place d'une administration calquée sur celle de la France consulaire puis impériale, satisfont la bourgeoisie et une partie de l'aristocratie italiennes. Une bonne partie des Italiens vivent alors dans un cadre unifié. Dans le royaume de Naples, Joseph Bonaparte puis Joachim Murat en font de même.

Les activités économiques subissent les conséquences de la pénurie de main-d'œuvre ; en effet, les Français ont introduit la conscription dans le but d'alimenter la Grande Armée, ce qui éloigne pour des années les jeunes les plus valides pour les travaux aux champs ainsi que pour l'artisanat. Si on ajoute à cela les taxes nécessaires à la guerre, les servitudes militaires et les autres corvées à charge des caisses communales, il est facile de comprendre les conditions de vie misérables de la population dans l'Italie septentrionale. Ainsi, l'historien Balletti évoquant Reggio Emilia, capitale de la République cispadane, indique qu'à l'époque, sur une population globale de ,  sont officiellement enregistrées comme « mendiants ». Les spoliations des communautés religieuses et la dissolution des ordres religieux sont un objectif permanent des gouvernements jacobins, qui à travers les décrets d'expropriation confisquent or, argent et œuvres d'art aux titres des contributions. Un autre indicateur des difficultés sociales et économiques est le commencement de l'émigration au nord, le Piémont et la Vénétie en tête (voir L. Carpi, R. Bacchelli), dont les principales destinations sont d'abord la France et la Suisse, puis les Amériques.

La papauté est dépouillée de ses territoires par les Français, qui créent la république romaine en février 1798. L'armée française, commandée par Manhès, occupe également le sud, instaurant en 1799 la République napolitaine, qui ne dure que quelques mois en raison de la réaction populaire (les Sanfedisti) organisée au nom de la défense de la foi catholique, lesquels mettent fin à l'expérience jacobine. Par la suite, entre 1806 et 1815, le Royaume de Naples est à nouveau sous domination française avec Joseph Bonaparte puis Joachim Murat pour rois. Le contrôle de ces provinces éloignées n'est jamais total et les poches de résistance jamais matées. Le climat méridional et la bonne santé du commerce permettent d'effacer rapidement les dommages dus à l'occupation française, ce qui préserve la population méridionale de l'émigration avant l'unification.

La présence des Français en Italie a jeté les bases d'une plus grande laïcisation et richesse au nord : avec ces prémices, dans le contexte des intérêts nationaux de la France et de l'Angleterre, l'unification politique sous contrôle du Royaume de Sardaigne, ami de la France, semble devenir la solution la plus aisée, par rapport à une fédération d'États italiens autonomes, dont certains, notamment au sud, seraient restés conservateurs et sous-développés.

Les restaurations monarchiques contestées

En 1814-1815, la défaite française ramène en Italie les anciens souverains. L'Autriche domine une grande partie du nord de la péninsule. L'empereur d'Autriche est souverain du royaume lombard-vénitien, François IV de Habsbourg redevient duc de Modène et Ferdinand III de Habsbourg grand-duc de Toscane. Le duché de Parme est donné à l'archiduchesse Marie-Louise, deuxième épouse de Napoléon . Des garnisons autrichiennes sont installées dans le nord des Légations dans les États pontificaux. Les Bourbons retrouvent le royaume des Deux-Siciles avec Ferdinand IV, et le duché de Lucques est confié à l'infante d'Espagne Marie-Louise de Bourbon. Le royaume de Piémont-Sardaigne s'agrandit du territoire de l'ancienne république de Gênes. La carte de l'Italie n'est que très légèrement simplifiée par rapport à celle de 1789. L'Italie reste bien, selon le mot de Metternich, « une simple expression géographique ». Cependant, sauf à Modène, au Piémont et dans les États pontificaux, on conserve une grande partie de la législation napoléonienne et même on garde une partie du personnel politique ayant soutenu les Français.

Après le Congrès de Vienne, l'influence française dans la vie politique italienne se manifeste par la diffusion des idées et des journaux littéraires. Des salons bourgeois apparaissent qui, sous prétexte d'échanges littéraires, deviennent de véritables clubs de type anglo-saxon, servant de couverture à des sociétés secrètes. Les exilés italiens servent alors de contacts avec les puissances étrangères, comme Antonio Panizzi exilé à Londres. De ces sociétés subversives émerge celle des Carbonari. En 1814 cette société organise des mouvements révolutionnaires à Naples.

Le , Joachim Murat, roi de Naples, lance une proclamation à Rimini appelant les Italiens à l'insurrection pour se libérer du joug autrichien.

En 1820, à Naples, un soulèvement carbonariste a lieu sous la direction du général Pepe. Le roi Ferdinand  doit accorder une nouvelle constitution calquée sur la constitution française de 1791. Mais la noblesse sicilienne fait sécession et le soutien populaire est inexistant. Le roi fait appel aux Autrichiens, qui interviennent au nom de la Sainte Alliance (Conférence de Troppau, octobre-, et de Laybach, janvier-). La constitution est abolie et le roi pourchasse les carbonari.

Contexte idéologique : la doctrine républicaine et le libéralisme
Logiquement, et le même phénomène se produit dans le reste de l'Europe, ce contact français fait que les idées des Lumières se développent de plus en plus en Italie. Après la chute de Napoléon et la restauration des anciens souverains, les tentatives révolutionnaires se multiplient dans les différents États italiens. En 1831, éclate une révolution inspirée par celle qui vient de se dérouler en France et qui donne lieu à la proclamation des « provinces unies italiennes ». Elle échoue par la suite, mais elle permet à deux courants idéologiques de s'affirmer : le mazzinisme républicain et le modérantisme bourgeois aux accents libéraux.

Phénomène culturel : le romantisme

Au-delà de l'influence révolutionnaire, ce qui donne réellement naissance au mouvement national italien, c'est l'influence du romantisme sur la société européenne du  et son appropriation par le peuple italien. « Ce fut la culture qui créa l'unité de la Patrie », disait Francesco de Sanctis. De ce point de vue-là, le Risorgimento consiste donc un « resurgissement » des racines culturelles de l'Italie, que ce soit à travers la littérature, la peinture ou la musique : on met en avant le passé glorieux du pays pour mieux démontrer la nécessité d'une unification qui redonnerait son poids à l'Italie. Mazzini insiste sur ce point : après l'Italie des Romains et celle des catholiques, il faut fonder une « terza Italia » républicaine.

Ainsi, le mouvement national italien, tout en gardant ses spécificités, est imprégné des idées politiques, sociales et culturelles qui circulent alors en Europe. L'unification proprement dite se fait à travers un jeu politique dominé par le comte Benso de Cavour et met en scène les puissances européennes que la question intéresse de près, à savoir l'Empire d'Autriche et la France.

Le « facteur autrichien »
Dès le départ, le mouvement national italien inquiète l'Autriche, qui craint, à juste titre, de perdre son pouvoir en Italie. Jusqu'à présent, en effet, l'Empire gouverne la majorité des États italiens, soit directement en Lombardie et en Vénétie, soit par l'intermédiaire des archiducs autrichiens de Parme, Modène et Toscane ou encore au royaume de Naples, où l'Autriche est le soutien des Bourbons. La révolution de 1848 en Italie entraîne une série de bouleversements politiques : adoption de constitutions dans la plupart des États italiens, proclamation de républiques, etc. La réaction de l'Autriche fait échouer l'unité italienne et rétablit militairement le statu quo qui lui est favorable. Pour Cavour, premier ministre du roi du Piémont Victor-Emmanuel à partir de 1852, il ressort de cet échec que l'Empire d'Autriche constitue le grand obstacle à l'unification et qu'il ne serait possible de l'abattre qu'avec une aide extérieure (l'Italie ne se ferait donc pas d'elle-même, comme on avait pu l'entendre en 1848). D'autre part, le royaume de Piémont-Sardaigne étant le seul à n'être pas sous la coupe autrichienne (et le seul qui applique les principes libéraux), il est celui autour duquel doit se faire l'unité nationale.

Action de la France

La France tient une place primordiale dans le processus d'unification de l'Italie, où elle intervient plusieurs fois militairement mais de manière contradictoire. La question lui tient à cœur pour diverses raisons : d'une part, la France veut favoriser le principe de souveraineté des peuples, d'autant plus qu'elle y voit un moyen d'affaiblir l'empire autrichien ; d'autre part, en aidant l'unification, elle peut espérer annexer la Savoie et Nice, alors dépendantes de la maison de Savoie qui règne sur le royaume de Sardaigne et qui aspire aussi à chasser les Autrichiens de l'Italie du Nord. Une autre motivation non négligeable est celle de la protection de la papauté : Louis-Napoléon, pour répondre à la majorité catholique du pays, ne peut ignorer le problème posé par les États pontificaux. C'est cette dernière raison qui explique l'envoi de troupes françaises en 1849 pour rétablir le pape, que les insurrections de 1848 ont chassé de Rome.

Cavour comprend, après l'échec de la première guerre d'indépendance italienne, que l'appui de la France est nécessaire à la réalisation de l'unification. Le  a donc lieu à Plombières une entrevue secrète entre Napoléon III et le ministre piémontais. L'empereur fait alors comprendre à Cavour que la France est prête à aider le Piémont contre l'Autriche à condition de pouvoir justifier aux yeux de l'Europe le casus belli. Le traité de Turin, signé peu après, officialise l'alliance défensive. Cavour pousse alors l'Autriche à déclarer la guerre au Piémont en massant des soldats sur la frontière lombardo-piémontaise. La France et le Piémont remportent rapidement la guerre avec des batailles comme Magenta et la sanglante victoire de Solférino, en . Napoléon III décide subitement de signer l'armistice de Villafranca, ce qui entraîne la démission par dépit de Cavour bien que le Piémont y gagne la Lombardie.

Les premiers mouvements insurrectionnels

En mars 1821, au Piémont, se soulève la garnison d'Alexandrie sous l'influence des carbonari, dont l'un des dirigeants est Santorre di Santarosa. Les insurgés profitent de l'absence des Autrichiens occupés à réduire la rébellion napolitaine et semblent bénéficier de la bienveillance de Charles-Albert, héritier de la couronne. Ce dernier, nommé régent en raison de l'absence de son cousin le nouveau roi Charles-Félix, accorde une constitution. Le roi, de retour, annule la constitution et fait appel à la Sainte Alliance. Le mouvement échoue au début d'avril.

Dans les États pontificaux, le pape Léon XII réprime les contestataires.

En 1831, une nouvelle vague révolutionnaire secoue l'Italie centrale. Les carbonari résidant à Paris liés aux libéraux qui viennent de réussir la révolution de Juillet, pensent que le nouveau gouvernement français présidé par Jacques Laffitte découragerait une intervention autrichienne en Italie. À Rome, en , les deux fils de Louis Bonaparte, Napoléon-Louis et Louis-Napoléon complotent : ils sont expulsés. En , le duc de Modène, François IV doit s'enfuir ; il en est de même pour la duchesse Marie-Louise à Parme. Le , une assemblée des délégués des régions révoltées proclame les Provinces Unies d'Italie, mais le nouveau gouvernement français présidé par Casimir Perier () retire son soutien aux Italiens, laissant la voie libre à une intervention autrichienne. Les ducs sont rétablis sur leurs trônes. Des révolutionnaires, dont Ciro Menotti, sont exécutés. À Rome, le pape Grégoire XVI et le cardinal Bernetti rétablissent l'absolutisme et, en 1832, écrasent un soulèvement dans les Marches et les Légations. Jusqu'en 1838, des troupes françaises et autrichiennes y stationnent pour renverser tout mouvement.

Première guerre d'indépendance (1848-1849)

En 1848, à la suite des insurrections à Palerme, Messine et Milan et des mouvements révolutionnaires secouant l'Europe, la première guerre d'indépendance débute, déclarée à l'Autriche par Charles-Albert de Sardaigne, qui est à la tête d'une alliance entre le Royaume de Sardaigne et d'autres États italiens. Giuseppe Garibaldi et Giuseppe Mazzini rentrent en Italie pour participer à la révolte, mais l'accueil des Savoie est peu enthousiaste.

Après quelques victoires, dont celles de Goito et Peschiera del Garda, le Pape rappelle ses troupes, suivi d'autres États. Le Royaume des Deux-Siciles se retire également, mais le général Guglielmo Pepe refuse de retourner à Naples et rejoint Venise pour participer à sa défense face à la contre-offensive autrichienne.

Ferdinand II des Deux-Siciles, préoccupé par la tournure des événements en Sicile, a changé d'attitude et les troupes royales ne tiennent que la place-forte de Messine.

La Sicile, souhaitant recréer l'ancien Royaume, envoie une délégation à Turin pour offrir la couronne à un prince « sabaudo ». Charles-Albert adopte une position attentiste, ce qui déplaît profondément aux Bourbons.

Les Piémontais, restés seuls, sont battus par les Autrichiens à Custoza et ils sont obligés d'accepter un armistice signé par le général Salasco les contraignant à abandonner la Lombardie et à accepter les frontières d'avant-guerre telles que définies en 1815 par le Congrès de Vienne. Après l'armistice, seule Brescia résiste encore aux troupes autrichiennes alors que toute la Lombardie retourne sous le contrôle autrichien.

La guerre reprend en 1849 et l'armée sarde est défaite lors de la bataille de Novare ce qui contraint Charles-Albert de Sardaigne à un nouvel armistice. Il abdique en faveur de son fils Victor-Emmanuel II de Savoie.

Parallèlement, le Grand-Duc de Toscane Léopold II abandonne Florence, qui passe aux mains d'un gouvernement provisoire. La République romaine est proclamée à Rome et elle est gouvernée à partir du 9 mai par un triumvirat dont fait partie Giuseppe Mazzini et deux démocrates, Carlo Armellini et Aurelio Saffi. La ville, défendue par Giuseppe Garibaldi, est attaquée par les troupes françaises qui l'encerclent. À la chute de la République romaine, de nombreux révolutionnaires sont contraints à l'exil. Garibaldi trouve refuge en 1850 à New York chez Antonio Meucci.

Même la ville de Venise, qui sous le commandement de Daniele Manin s'est rebellée contre l'Autriche en 1848 par la proclamation de son indépendance, doit finalement se rendre après une longue résistance, épuisée par le siège autrichien, la faim et une épidémie de choléra. Ainsi prend fin la première guerre d'indépendance.

Cavour, protagoniste de l'unité italienne

Camillo Benso, comte de Cavour (1810-1861), membre du parti libéral, est élu président du conseil piémontais en novembre 1852. Il entreprend alors une série de réformes qui jettent les bases du futur État italien. Membre, avec bon nombre d'autres parlementaires, de la loge maçonnique turinoise Ausonia, il fait passer plusieurs lois anticléricales visant toujours à détacher le peuple, catholique, de sa religion afin de fonder un État laïc. Après des mois de rudes débats parlementaires, il dissout à nouveau les communautés religieuses contre l'opinion de la quasi-totalité de la population piémontaise et confisque les biens de l'Église.

En effet, l'état économique et commercial du royaume de Sardaigne devient toujours plus difficile. Alors que, de la chute de Napoléon  à la première guerre d'indépendance, l'État piémontais n'accumule « que » 135 millions de lires de dettes, cet endettement atteint plus d'un milliard de lires en douze ans de gouvernement libéral. Engagé dans une spirale de prêts pour rembourser des prêts, Cavour n'envisage plus qu'une solution à la banqueroute qui s'annonce menaçante dans l'année 1859 : la guerre.

Soutenu par Napoléon III et l'Angleterre à cause de sa politique anticléricale et libérale, Cavour organise avec l'Empereur français une série de provocations contre l'Empire autrichien qui amènent François-Joseph, Empereur d'Autriche, à poser un ultimatum au royaume de Sardaigne. Le pari est gagné, car la France peut entrer en guerre aux côtés de son allié menacé.

Deuxième guerre d'indépendance (1859)

En 1859 éclatent les hostilités entre le royaume de Sardaigne et l'Empire des Habsbourg. La guerre fut courte. Napoléon III, en tant qu'allié des Sardes, commande en personne les armées françaises envoyées au-delà des Alpes.

Giuseppe Mazzini et Giuseppe Garibaldi rentrent alors en Italie. Garibaldi est chargé d'organiser un corps de volontaires, les chasseurs alpins, pour attaquer les Autrichiens dans les Préalpes. Ces volontaires battent les Autrichiens à Varèse () et à San Fermo (le lendemain), pendant que les Français et les Piémontais emportent la terrible bataille de Magenta (), pour entrer dans Milan le . Le 24 juin, les Franco-Piémontais gagnent une nouvelle grande bataille, celle de Solférino. Ces deux victoires laissent à Napoléon III, vainqueur, le choix de proposer aux Autrichiens un armistice.

La victoire des Piémontais et des Français en Lombardie donne un nouvel élan à l'unité nationale. Le grand-duc de Toscane s'enfuit en Autriche, le duc de Parme se réfugie en Suisse et le duc de Modène trouve refuge dans le camp autrichien. À Bologne, un gouvernement provisoire hostile à l'État pontifical se constitue et proclame sa réunion au royaume de Sardaigne, d'autres territoires sous le contrôle de l'Église faisant de même.

À la suite de la guerre et des manœuvres politico-diplomatiques qui en ont résulté, des plébiscites entraînent la réunion au royaume de Sardaigne de la Toscane, de la Romagne, de Parme, de Modène et d'une partie de la Lombardie. Cependant, pour pouvoir encore compter sur l'appui de la France, le royaume de Sardaigne est contraint de céder la Savoie et Nice aux Français.

Dans le royaume des Deux-Siciles, le jeune François II, qui a succédé à Ferdinand II, son père mort prématurément, est une proie facile pour les conseillers intéressés à la cause de l'unification. Il ne se rend pas compte de la gravité de la situation et croit toujours en la politique de modération, laissant même les carbonari infiltrer l'armée. Une telle générosité a pour effet d'encourager ses ennemis et de décourager ses fidèles. Au début d'avril 1860, les révoltes de Messine et de Palerme, bien que matées, convainquent de la nécessité d'une intervention au Sud, déjà tentée lors de précédents débarquements (Frères Bandiera, Carlo Pisacane).

Le , mille patriotes, venus de toutes les régions d'Italie et commandés par Giuseppe Garibaldi, s'embarquent à Gênes et débarquent à Marsala en Sicile pour prendre possession du royaume des Deux-Siciles.

S'ensuit une succession de batailles (Calatafimi, Milazzo…) remportées par les garibaldiens qui débarquent en Calabre.

Alors que Garibaldi vient de la Calabre, la Basilicate se lève en août et est la première province à se déclarer partie de l'Italie dans la zone continentale du Royaume des Deux-Siciles, avec l'introduction d'un gouvernement provisoire qui permet le passage de Garibaldi sans problèmes.

Le roi François II abandonne sa capitale, Naples, dans laquelle Garibaldi fait son entrée le .

L'épopée des mille se termine par la rencontre entre Garibaldi et Victor-Emmanuel II, qui dissout les troupes garibaldiennes le 26 octobre.

La résistance de François II à Capoue et sur le Volturno est vaine et le roi regroupe ses troupes dans la forteresse de Gaète. Aucune puissance européenne ne lui vient en aide et seule la France protège la forteresse de la mer. Les Français, convaincus par Cavour, éloignent leurs navires. Cialdini peut mettre fin au siège. Seules Rome et Venise n'appartiennent pas encore à l'Italie.

Le , Victor-Emmanuel II réunit à Turin les députés. Le 17 mars, il prend le titre de « roi d'Italie ». L'Italie adopte une constitution libérale, fondée sur celle adoptée par le royaume de Sardaigne en .

L'annexion du Royaume des Deux-Siciles provoque une révolte dans les régions du sud. Cette révolte, qui est connue sous le nom de brigandage, constitue un mouvement insurrectionnel politique et social de l'Italie méridionale et elle est soutenue par les Bourbons en exil de même que par l'Église catholique. Dans certaines provinces comme la Basilicate et la Capitanate l'insurrection atteint des proportions énormes, où les bandes les plus dangereuses émergent, dirigées par des chefs craints et respectés comme Carmine Crocco et Michele Caruso.

Le prix payé est élevé et, au cours des années 1861-1866, la moitié de l'armée royale intervient dans le Sud du pays, où elle est autorisée à fusiller sans procès et à pratiquer des représailles à l'encontre des civils. On estime à  le nombre de morts. Les répercussions économiques de l'unité italienne sont nombreuses, l'arsenal de Castellammare di Stabia en Campanie est transféré à Gênes, alors que l'usine sidérurgique de Calabre est démontée pour créer l'Ansaldo, une taxe est imposée sur le pain et le service militaire de quatre ans devient obligatoire.

Malgré cela, avec le temps, le Sud de l'Italie commence à approuver le royaume d'Italie en devenant la région la plus favorable à la monarchie de la Maison de Savoie du Nord. Cela est confirmé par le résultat du référendum pour le choix entre monarchie ou république du  : le Sud de l'Italie vota à grande majorité en faveur de la monarchie de la Maison de Savoie ; tandis que la plupart des habitants du Nord votèrent pour la naissance de la République italienne.

Troisième guerre d'indépendance (1866)

Lors de la guerre austro-prussienne de 1866, l'empire d'Autriche et la Prusse se disputent la suprématie sur les États allemands. Le royaume d'Italie y voit l'occasion de s'emparer de la Vénétie sous contrôle autrichien et s'allie à la Prusse. L'Autriche tente de convaincre le gouvernement italien d'accepter la Vénétie en échange d'une non-intervention. Le 8 avril, l'Italie et la Prusse signent un accord concédant la souveraineté de la Vénétie à l'Italie et cette dernière déclare la guerre à l'Autriche le 20 juin. Dans le cadre de l'unification italienne, la guerre austro-prussienne est connue sous le nom de Troisième guerre d'Indépendance.

Victor-Emmanuel se met à la tête d'une armée et traverse le Mincio pour envahir la Vénétie alors que Garibaldi doit envahir le Tyrol avec ses chasseurs alpins. Le scénario tourne à la catastrophe lorsque l'armée italienne se heurte aux Autrichiens à Custoza le 24 juin et subit une grave défaite. Le 20 juillet, la Regia Marina perd la bataille de Lissa. L'Italie n'est cependant pas anéantie puisque, dès le lendemain, les troupes volontaires de Garibaldi défont les Autrichiens lors de la bataille de Bezzecca, et se dirigent sur Trente.

Pendant ce temps, le chancelier prussien, Bismarck, considère que sa guerre est terminée et signe un armistice avec l'Autriche le 26 juillet. L'Italie, lâchée par son allié, dépose officiellement les armes le 21 août. Garibaldi reçoit l'ordre d'arrêter son avancée et il répond par un télégramme d'un seul mot :  ().

En dépit du peu de succès remporté par l'Italie, la victoire de la Prusse sur le front nord à Sadowa contraint l'Autriche à céder la Vénétie. Lors du traité de paix signé à Vienne le , l'empereur François-Joseph tente une manœuvre en la cédant à la France. Le but est de la garder hors des mains italiennes tout en courtisant la France et de briser ainsi les relations entre Victor-Emmanuel et Napoléon III. C'est un échec, car ce dernier cède la Vénétie à l'Italie le  en accord avec le traité franco-italien concernant l'annexion de la Savoie à la France.

Les forces autrichiennes tentent de s'opposer aux Italiens, mais sans succès. Victor-Emmanuel entre triomphalement à Venise.

Rome

Les territoires encore sous contrôle pontifical restent sous la protection des troupes françaises. Ces dernières ne sont attaquées qu'en 1870, après la défaite et la capture de Napoléon III à Sedan lors de la guerre franco-prussienne. Après la bataille de la Porte Pia le , le plébiscite du  suivant confirme l'annexion de Rome au royaume d'Italie. Après Turin en 1861, puis Florence en 1865, la capitale de l'Italie est installée à Rome en juin 1871. Le pape Pie IX excommunie Victor-Emmanuel II, jetant ainsi les prémices du « non expedit » qui sert de règle à la vie politique des catholiques pendant près d'un demi-siècle. Réfugié au Vatican, où il se considère comme prisonnier, le souverain pontife déclenche la controverse politique relative au rôle dévolu à la « Ville éternelle », à la fois capitale politique et temporelle : c'est le début de la Question romaine, laquelle sera définitivement réglée en 1929 par les accords du Latran.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

 Pécout, Gilles, Naissance de l'Italie contemporaine (1770-1922), (1997), Paris, Armand Colin, 2004, 407 p.

 Laurent Gruaz, Les officiers français des Zouaves pontificaux. Histoire et devenir entre XIXe et XXe siècle, Paris, Honoré Champion, 2017, 732 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-3351-3).
  Arnaldo Mauri, L'oltre Adriatico, un obiettivo mancato nel processo di unificazione nazionale. Cause e conseguenze politiche ed economiche, WP. n. 9/2011, Dipartimento di Economia, Management e Metodi quantitativi, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2010.

 Alessandro Mari, Les folles espérances (2011), roman,
Carlotta Sorba "Risorgimento" dans .

Filmographie

 1952 : Les Chemises rouges (Camicie Rosse) de Goffredo Alessandrini et Francesco Rosi.
 1963 : Le Guépard de Luchino Visconti, film tiré du roman Le Guépard de Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa.
 1974 : Allonsanfan de Paolo Taviani et Vittorio Taviani.
 1999 : Li chiamarono... briganti! de Pasquale Squitieri avec Claudia Cardinale, Enrico Lo Verso, Roberta Armani et Lina Sastri.
 Carlo Cardia, Risorgimento e religione, Giappichelli, Torino, 2011,

Articles connexes
 Printemps des peuples
 Plébiscites pour l'unification en Italie
 Révisionnisme sur le Risorgimento
 Renaissance allemande
 Renaissance tchèque
 Renaissance culturelle roumaine
 Renaissance bulgare
 Renaissance culturelle grecque

Liens externes
 Histoire du Risorgimento et de l'unité italienne à l'aide de vieilles lettres et de la philatélie
 Résumé du Risorgimento sur Youtube.

Question romaine
Histoire moderne de l'Italie
Nationalisme en Italie
Chrononyme

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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HAMISH KILGOUR OBITUARY? A PASSIONATE NEW ZEALAND MUSICIAN FOUND DEAD AFTER MISSING, EXPLAINED, CAUSE OF DEATH
Hamish Kilgour, a musician and the Co-founder of the Clean. He is best known for founding the Dunedin band The Clean, which has risen to the peak within some days. All his group, band, and co-founders had given several hit albums and songs. They had a massive fan base for their troop. Hamish Kilgour released some of the most famous albums during his career, which was the best.
What happened to Hamish Kilgour?
How did Hamish Kilgour die?
Hamish Kilgour Cause of death?
It is very unfortunate to hear that such a talented and passionate musician who had created magic with his hands is no more and passed away at age 65. As per the reports received, he was found missing on November 27. He was searched from all sides by relatives, friends, and police. But nowhere was he found. After a lot of struggles and investigations, he was found dead.
It is not known how Hamish Kilgour lost his life. But according to the reports, he had been seen last in the church and was found missing. Now, it has been made public that he had died. But the reason and cause behind it had not been explained. The police are also under investigation for the incident.
It is a mystery why he was found missing and how suddenly he died. What was the cause behind it? Everything is under investigation by the police forces. Hence, the cause of the musician Hamish Kilgour's death is not yet known or revealed. The family members and friends also have not opened up about the incident and its cause. They might not be in the state to explain.
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Categories News Tags HAMISH KILGOUR, HAMISH KILGOUR DEATH
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