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Paraquat Lawsuits 2023 Update: How Promising is it?
Posted by Jerin Jose Nesamony | Jan 21, 2023 | Mass tort, Product liability | 1 |
Since the COVID pandemic has slowed, all the US courts are flooded with pending product liability lawsuits involving opioids, ParaGard IUDs, IVC filters, 3M earplugs, AFFF foam, Elmiron, and other products. Attorneys, plaintiffs, and defendants are all anxiously awaiting the outcome of their respective lawsuits.
Paraquat lawsuits are among the herbicide lawsuits, along with Roundup and dicamba, that have plaintiffs eagerly awaiting a settlement update in 2022. While Roundup causes non-lymphoma Hodgkin's (a type of cancer), Paraquat causes Parkinson's disease and is the subject of numerous herbicide lawsuits.
Let us go over Paraquat in detail, starting with its introduction to the market, how it became infamous, and why it is currently facing a train of lawsuits. You can also see the most recent legal proceedings and settlement updates in 2022 and 2023. Follow the blog for more information.
What is Paraquat?
History of Paraquat
Adverse Effects of Paraquat
Scientific Studies to Prove Paraquat's Toxicity
Progression of Paraquat Lawsuits
Paraquat Lawsuits MDL
Paraquat Lawsuit Updates 2023
Paraquat Lawsuit Settlement Amount
How to Proceed with a Paraquat Lawsuit?
Paraquat is a nonselective contact herbicide that is absorbed by the foliage and moves through the xylem. It is used for broad-spectrum weed and grass control in fruit orchards and plantations, as well as inter-row weed control in many crops.
Paraquat is commonly known as methyl viologen or N, N′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride, and its chemical name is [(C₆H₇N)₂]Cl₂. It is categorized as a viologen, a group of structurally related redox-active heterocycles. Since Paraquat is extremely dangerous, the version sold in the US has a blue dye to distinguish it from things like drinks, a strong stench to act as a warning, and an additional ingredient to make people throw up if they consume it. These precautions might not be included in Paraquat imported from other countries, and there are risks of accidental consumption.
Weidel and Russo were the first to define Paraquat in 1882. Michaelis and Hill named the compound methyl viologen after discovering its redox properties in 1933. Brian et al. (1958) described the herbicidal properties of Paraquat. The Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) began producing and marketing Paraquat in early 1962 under the brand name Gramoxone, and it is now one of the most widely used herbicides.
Don't just think that Gramoxone is the only brand that has Paraquat in it. There are many other brands that contain Paraquat, such as Parazone, Quick-Quat, Para-Shot 3.0., Helmquat 3SL, Cyclone SL 2.0., Firestorm, and Crisquat in the market.
The main manufacturers who manufacture Paraquat are as follows:
Altitude Crop Innovations, LLC
Adama Group
Helm Agro
Drexel Chemical Company
Growmark
Innvictis Crop Care, LLC
Sinon USA, Inc.
United Phosphorous
After Imperial Chemical Industries, Paraquat was sold by AstraZeneca, and later in 2000, AstraZeneca and Novartis merged, and Syngenta was formed. Syngenta is headquartered in Switzerland. At present, Syngenta is the main manufacturer of Paraquat and is owned by ChemChina as it bought Syngenta for $43 billion in 2015, and the main defendant who has taken the responsibility of facing the Paraquat lawsuits.
Let's analyze if the defendants knew the toxic nature of their product. Since many adverse events started evolving after the exposure to Paraquat, Imperial chemical industries stated that it would add a chemical called PP796 to reduce the concentration of Paraquat and prevent fatalities.
However, later in 1990, it was found out by their own toxicologist named Jon Heylings that PP796 was not used in the quantity as proposed by the senior scientist Michael Rose in 1976 in his notes. Even if it is added, it cannot do what was intended. Though Heylings had reported the event to the company superiors, no actions were taken, and it was maintained as a company secret.
Paraquat is highly toxic to human beings. Accidental inhalation or ingestion would be very dangerous. More than 50 nations have banned Paraquat, including those in the European Union, China, Thailand, and the United Kingdom.
Despite international bans and growing health concerns, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has ignored potential links between Paraquat and Parkinson's disease. The EPA stated that there is "insufficient evidence" to connect Paraquat products to worries about human health in a preliminary study on Paraquat released in 2019. The EPA permits restricted use of Paraquat in the United States, saying that it could be used only by a licensed pesticide applicator.
Every year around 3,500 to 8,500 acres of fallow land are treated with the spraying of Paraquat. The reason why the EPA is not ready to ban toxic herbicides like glyphosate and Paraquat is still baffling as many other countries have banned Paraquat. However, in 2021, EPA reported the completion of new, more stringent safety procedures to lessen exposure to the herbicide Paraquat dichloride. They were
Restricting aerial applications and mandating buffers around homes.
Prohibiting the use of backpack and handgun sprayers under pressure.
Ground boom applications require enclosed cabs or respirators.
For a number of crops, extending the REI (Restricted Entry Interval).
The American Parkinson's Disease Association conducted studies that discovered an increased risk of Parkinson's disease in people exposed to Paraquat-containing pesticides. This includes many people who live in rural areas, such as:
Farmers who have been exposed to farm animals
People who live on farms
People who have a history of pesticide exposure
People who drink well water
People who reside in rural areas
Even a single sip of Paraquat will be strong enough to ring one's death bells. When Paraquat comes into contact with the lining of the mouth, stomach, or intestines, it causes direct damage. When Paraquat enters the body, it spreads throughout the entire body. The lungs, liver, and kidneys are the primary organs in which Paraquat causes hazardous chemical reactions.
The short-term exposure to Paraquat could cause the following side effects.
Fluid formation in the lungs
Digestive issues like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Renal failure
Liver failure
Scarring in the lungs
Muscle tremor
Respiration difficulty
However, long-term exposure could cause more serious illnesses like Parkinson's disease, impairment in lung function, and reproductive issues.
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative brain disorder affecting the central nervous system's ability to control movement. Tremors, slowed movement, freezing gait, slurred speech, poor balance, muscle spasms, and stooped posture can result from this.
Paraquat destroys weeds by forming oxidative stress, and the same oxidative stress is known to be causing the death of dopaminergic neurons in the human brain's substantia nigra pars compacta as dopamine production is affected. Dopamine is the chemical that sends motor signals from the brain to the rest of the body.
In 2009, a study conducted by the American Journal of Epidemiology revealed that people who lived within 1600 feet of the area where Paraquat was regularly used had the risk of developing Parkinson's disease. A more comprehensive study of them published in 2011 found a strong relationship between Parkinson's disease and exposure to Paraquat. In 2016, EPA announced that it was going to do a safety review on Paraquat.
Greenpeace published the Paraquat papers in March 2021, where it was revealed that Imperial Chemical Industries and Syngenta hid the risk of Paraquat from the public deliberately. Though the ICI had claimed to add emetic PP796 to prevent Paraquat poisoning, it clearly proved that it was aware of the risk earlier, and as we have seen earlier in Heyling's warning, the company hid the fact that the emetic addition could not prevent the fatality.
The emetic was said to be added to induce vomiting in people who accidentally swallowed the chemical. The low quantity usage could not do that. Even after the warning, the manufacturer did not take the much-needed action.
Another study on people who were exposed to Paraquat while they were young indicated that the likelihood of developing Parkinson's disease increased by 200 percent to 600 percent. Last but not least, a more recent study in 2021 found that long-term, low-level Paraquat inhalation increased the likelihood of mice developing Parkinson's disease significantly.
In September 2021, a French research study found that Paraquat exposure in pregnant women can cause a form of prenatal neurodevelopmental poisoning, which is equal to Parkinson's Disease. This is the first study to associate prenatal Paraquat exposure with birth defects.
In 2017, the first Parkinson's disease Paraquat lawsuit was filed in Missouri against Syngenta and Chevron U.S.A., Inc. The plaintiff Henry Holyfield was exposed to Paraquat as an agricultural aircraft laborer from 1965 to 1975. In 2015, he was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, and the plaintiff and his wife, Tara Holyfield, sued the defendants on the following counts: design defect, failure to warn, breach of an implied warranty, negligence, and loss of consortium.
In May 2018, farmers Thomas Hoffmann and Diana Hoffmann, along with a dozen other plaintiffs, filed a Paraquat lawsuit against Syngenta and Chevron. Thomas Hoffmann, who had been exposed to Paraquat on his farm for more than 20 years, was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 1998 at the age of 44.
In 2021, Syngenta and Chevron settled the Paraquat Parkinson's lawsuit 2018 with Hoffman and the dozen plaintiffs with Parkinson's Disease. The settlement amount was kept under wraps. However, it is believed that the plaintiffs received large settlement amounts.
In April 2021, Ellis Pratt of Illinois filed a Paraquat herbicide lawsuit, claiming that long-term exposure to the herbicide caused him to develop kidney damage. Pratt was exposed to Paraquat for about 11 years through direct exposure, contaminated drinking water, and pesticide drift and was diagnosed with kidney disease in 2021.
In May 2021, Doug Holliday, an Iowa farmer, filed a Paraquat lawsuit on behalf of himself and others against Syngenta and Chevron for putting people's lives at risk of Parkinson's disease and failing to warn them of Paraquat toxicity. Since the 1990s, he had been using Paraquat on thousands of acres of cropland.
These lawsuits are only a handful to know the whole sack and clearly tell how Paraquat has affected the lives of many people.
Hundreds and thousands of Paraquat lawsuits were filed all over the U.S. after 2017. All those lawsuits filed in the federal courts were consolidated as a Paraquat MDL named Paraquat product liability litigation MDL 3004 on June 8, 2021. It was created in the Southern District of Illinois under judge Nancy Rosenstengelm for pretrial proceedings.
In May 2022, at the end of the discovery phase, a total of 16 lawsuits were selected for bellwether trials. Out of which, 8 cases were selected by the plaintiffs and 8 cases by the defendants. The fact discovery of all those cases concluded by March 2022.
Out of the 16 cases chosen, a group of 6 cases was selected for the opening round of bellwether trials. The first trial is scheduled to start on November 15, 2022. The other trials would follow on March 13, June 12, and September 18, 2023. The final pretrial conference is scheduled for October 27, 2022. The completion of fact discovery and medical examinations in the six bellwether trial cases is extended to July 25, 2022.
A second Paraquat docket has been opened in California state court and consolidated in Contra Costa County by the state's Judicial Council, with case number JCCP 5031 assigned to Honorable Judge Edward G. Weil.
Judge Rosenstengel denied Syngenta and Chevron's motions to dismiss the plaintiffs' Minnesota law claims and public nuisance claims in February 2022.
As of July 5, 2022, Paraquat lawsuit update, there are 1292 Paraquat lawsuits in the MDL-3004. In June 2022, around 150 new Paraquat lawsuits were transferred to the MDL. The recent data shows that more than 120 Paraquat lawsuits were added to the MDL on average every month.
As of the six bellwether cases scheduled for up to 2023, the plaintiffs and the defendants are eagerly waiting to see the outcome. If most of the verdicts go in favor of the plaintiffs, then the defendants will be forced to agree to a global settlement to close all the remaining Paraquat lawsuits.
The first two bellwether trials scheduled for November 2022 and March 2023 are getting delayed. MDL Judge Nancy Rosenstengel has rescheduled the first Paraquat bellwether trial until October 2023 to allow for more discovery time. This, in turn, will delay the settlement process for the plaintiffs.
Around 70 new Paraquat lawsuits were added to the MDL at the end of the previous year, bringing the total number of active lawsuits to 2,352. However, experts predict that there will be more inflow of new cases in 2023.
For the latest Paraquat lawsuit updates 2023, follow this blog as we update it often.
When compared to the Roundup lawsuits, there are only a lesser number of Paraquat lawsuits. Therefore, if a global settlement works out, the plaintiffs may get huge compensation for their damages. The settlement amount will be decided on the following things:
The strength of the scientific evidence of Paraquat exposure and Parkinson's disease
The outcome of the bellwether trials
The strong evidence in each individual's case
The number of Paraquat lawsuits in the MDL
Following the major mass tort global settlements in the past, the plaintiffs could get the following based on the severity of their injuries.
Tier I- Plaintiffs with more severe disease conditions and treatment expenses will get more than $1,000,000 to $400,000. Individuals with moderate damages will get between $300,000 and $150,000. The plaintiffs with lesser damages will get between $150,000 and $20,000.
Bayer's recent big settlement amount of around $10 billion to settle around 1,00,000 Roundup lawsuits in June 2022 is expected to have a great impact on Paraquat lawsuits too. Let's hope for the best that in 2022 and 2023, there will be some positive turn of winds toward the Paraquat lawsuit settlements.
If you or your loved one is affected by Parkinson's disease as a result of exposure to Paraquat, you can proceed with a Paraquat lawsuit. Though renal failure and liver failures are reported in a few cases, many of the lawsuits are filed for Parkinson's disease. Therefore, Paraquat lawsuit attorneys concentrate on such cases. However, even if you have other issues due to the Paraquat exposure, contact a Paraquat lawsuit lawyer to proceed with a lawsuit.
Since there is no cure for Parkinson's disease, the affected people will need lifelong assistance and expensive treatments. They could not continue their jobs due to Parkinson's disease. The plaintiffs who got Parkinson's disease in their earlier stage or middle age will lose their work days and their future chances to earn any kind of job. Therefore, it will affect their earning capacity and render them disabled for their entire lifetime.
In such situations, the victims and their families will need commendable compensation to relieve the financial burden, loss of income, loss of earning capacity, pain and suffering, emotional distress, and loss of consortium. Pursuing Paraquat lawsuits is the final option left for them to tackle the situation. If you are in such a situation where you or your family member is affected, contact an experienced attorney who is handling Paraquat lawsuits to take you on the right track to get the deserving reparation.
Remember to do the following to make your claim a winnable one.
To pursue Paraquat lawsuits, the plaintiffs should have been affected in one of the following ways: 1) You have used Paraquat as part of the profession as farmers, Paraquat applicators, growers, pickers, and landscapers. 2) You live near Paraquat-sprayed farmland. 3) You worked around places where weed killers are being used. 4) You consumed water from wells where Paraquat drifting was noted.
You should have proof that you are exposed to Paraquat in one of the ways mentioned above.
Intact medical records of your Parkinson's disease and the reasonable exposure to Paraquat.
All the possible treatment details and the medical bills you have incurred.
Your wage slips prior to the diagnosis to claim for wage loss.
The bills for medical apparatus you needed as assistive care.
The expenses for the nursing care you need due to Parkinson's disease.
Photos or videos to prove your Paraquat exposure.
Tell your Paraquat exposure story in detail to your Paraquat lawsuit attorney, and he will guide you on how to collect the needed evidence to win your claim. Since many scientific studies have proven the association between Paraquat exposure and Parkinson's disease, it would be easy to prove your case. In some cases, you may need the help of an expert witness statement to fortify your Paraquat exposure lawsuit.
Another important factor that would help you win is the expert medical record review. Expert medical record review companies can plow through your mountainous medical records and dig out the vital evidence that supports your claim. LezDo techmed is handling medical record reviews for many of the recent mass tort claims that are ransacking the U.S. courts.
To wrap up,
Paraquat lawsuits and the settlement are the last hope of many plaintiffs who sued the negligent manufacturers. Living the rest of the life at someone else's mercy is not an easy thing to come to terms with. Though reparations can't erase what had happened to you or your loved one, they can assist you in coping with the rest of your life.
Hope the bellwether trials will be able to tame the agrochemical giants and impel them toward a global settlement to ease the worries of the plaintiffs. Once the bellwether trials start, it will give a positive vibe in getting the Paraquat settlement 2022 to the worrying plaintiffs. Staying protected from all harm is not always possible. But it's our moral right to fight against injustice and bring the wrongdoers before the law. It should be an eye-opener against Paraquat exposure and Parkinson's disease. It will, in a way, ring the danger bells to those who are still using Paraquat without knowing the danger behind it.
Be a volunteer to share your Paraquat exposure stories to create awareness among the people and try to build a healthy community. Share your thoughts with us.
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Jerin Jose Nesamony
Jerin Jose Nesamony is the CEO of LezDo techmed, a company that offers a comprehensive solutions on Medical Record Review, Web Development and RCM. Jerin began his career in the healthcare industry working for a Multispecialty Hospital and later moved into Healthcare-IT, integrating his healthcare and technology expertise.
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Catherine Roberta on November 29, 2022 at 11:02 am
I was diagnosed of Parkinson's disease. After years on medications, symptoms worsened with tremors on my right hand, numbness and tingling, muscle weakness and loss of speech. Fortunately last year, i learnt about Health Herbs Clinic and their Parkinson's disease alternative treatment, the Parkinson's disease treatment made a great difference, most of my symptoms including tremors, weakness and others gradually disappeared. I improved greatly over the 6 months treatment, it's been a years since the treatment, i have no symptoms. I have a very good quality of life and a supportive family!
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Home » Pop Culture » Star Wars: Galactic Starcruiser Experience Explained
Star Wars: Galactic Starcruiser Experience Explained
BY Taylor Bauer August 5, 2021August 5, 2021
The introduction of Marvel and Star Wars properties to the Disney Parks changes a ton of what's offered. If you're not into Mickey or Minnie, then you have a slew of other options to experience in 2021. The best part is that everything released so far is quite good. I loved seeing Galaxy's Edge in person and can't wait to get back to Anaheim to check out Avengers Campus. Soon, there'll be one more experience I won't be able to pass on. The soon-to-launch Star Wars: Galactic Starcruiser experience is like a cruise but for Star Wars megafans and here's what you need to know about it.
What is the Star Wars: Galactic Starcruiser Experience?
Image Credit: Disney & Lucasfilm
When Galaxy's Edge: A Disney Parks Experience launched in 2018, we knew one more element to the park was coming. A cruise set in space was intended to immerse fans in the world of Star Wars unlike anything else. Look out your window and see infinite space. Take part in Jedi training and 24/7 acted interactions with cast members. It sounded daunting and tough to pull off, but the recent Disney Parks announcement seems promising.
Star Wars: Galactic Starcruiser is set to open in spring 2022 at Walt Disney World Resort. In a reverse to the launch of Galaxy's Edge, Orlando gets this experience first and it comes later to Anaheim's Disneyland. The experience take guests to a galaxy far, far away for two nights where you live and breathe Star Wars. This comes with some cool added-on experiences like the debut of the A Working Lightsaber we saw earlier this year and even interactions with aliens. Even the dining experience will bring about interactions with characters from the Star Wars universe.
Unlike Galaxy's Edge, the Star Wars: Galactic Starcruiser experience appears to sit in no single timeline. This means you'll run into Han Solo as well as new and old favorites from the three trilogies. It's a lot more flexible than the parks experience offered by Galaxy's Edge right now, which is strictly set in the world of the First Order and Resistance. That might change soon, which would be really cool. For now, the real question is what does it cost to get on this space cruise?
Pricing Breakdowns
If you're already planning your trip to the parks for this experience, then get ready to spend big. Disney Parks unveiled three pricing tiers for the Starcruiser experience. They vary in room size and who you can bring. Here they are below:
Two guests per cabin
$1,209 per guest per night or $4,809 total
Three guests per cabin (two adults, one child)
$889 per guest per night or $5,299 total
Four guests per cabin (three adults, one child)
That's quite a bit for two days, especially given what $4,800 could get you in a full Disney World or Disneyland experience. That said, there's no fandom quite like Star Wars. I don't imagine they'll have a hard time getting people to sign up for this experience. There's so much to love about what they're going to offer just from seeing the commercial above. I'm sure we'll learn even more when the experience launches in 2022 so we'll keep you up to date!
If you had the chance, then would you go on this Star Wars: Galactic Starcruiser experience? Let us know in the comments! Thanks for reading Comic Years for all things comics and geek culture!
Featured Image Credit: Disney & Lucasfilm
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THE SIZE OF THE ROCK (17.7 M X 13.5 M) UNDER THE DOME OF THE ROCK WOULD NOT FIT IN THE HOLY OF HOLIES (10 M X 10 M), SO THE TEMPLE WAS NOT BUILT OVER THE ROCK.
"God did prove Abraham, and said...'Take now thy son, thine only son, whom thou lovest, even Isaac, and get thee into the land of Moriah; and offer him there for a burnt-offering upon one of the mountains which I will tell thee of'..And they came to the place which God had told him of; and Abraham built the altar there, and laid the wood in order, and bound Isaac his son, and laid him on the altar, upon the wood. And Abraham stretched forth his hand, and took the knife to slay his son. And the angel of the LORD called unto him out of heaven, and said: 'Abraham, Abraham.' And he said: 'Here am I.' And he said: 'Lay not thy hand upon the lad, neither do thou any thing unto him; for now I know that thou art a God-fearing man, seeing thou hast not withheld thy son, thine only son, from Me.' And Abraham lifted up his eyes, and looked, and behold behind him a ram caught in the thicket by his horns. And Abraham went and took the ram, and offered him up for a burnt-offering in the stead of his son." (Genesis 22:1-13; JPS).
Mt. Moriah means the mount provided by Yahweh, and that is exactly what it is, the mount upon which the Lord's altars and Temples were built. We have the Lamb of God as our substitute sacrifice. That's the story told by the altars and Temples on Mt. Moriah.
Before Solomon, the son of David, built the Temple, David bought Ornan's threshing floor on Mt. Moriah in order to build an altar and sacrifice upon it. The Lord left no room for David to consider buying any other property. Property over the Gihon spring was not given as an alternate.
I Chron. 21:15-28 (JPS) says, "God sent an angel unto Jerusalem to destroy it; and as he was about to destroy, the LORD beheld, and He repented Him of the evil, and said to the destroying angel: 'It is enough; now stay thy hand.' And the angel of the LORD was standing by the threshing-floor of Ornan the Jebusite. And David lifted up his eyes, and saw the angel of the LORD standing between the earth and the heaven, having a drawn sword in his hand stretched out over Jerusalem. Then David and the elders, clothed in sackcloth, fell upon their faces. And David said unto God: 'Is it not I that commanded the people to be numbered? even I it is that have sinned and done very wickedly; but these sheep, what have they done? let Thy hand, I pray Thee, O LORD my God, be against me, and against my father's house; but not against Thy people, that they should be plagued.' Then the angel of the LORD commanded Gad to say to David, that David should go up, and rear an altar unto the LORD in the threshing-floor of Ornan the Jebusite." That was the place for symbolic sacrifices to be made then and thereafter.
Continuing, I Chron. 21:19-28, says, "David went up at the saying of Gad, which he spoke in the name of the LORD. And Ornan turned back, and saw the angel; and his four sons that were with him hid themselves. Now Ornan was threshing wheat. And as David came to Ornan, Ornan looked and saw David, and went out of the threshing-floor, and bowed down to David with his face to the ground. Then David said to Ornan: 'Give me the place of this threshing-floor, that I may build thereon an altar unto the LORD; for the full price shalt thou give it me; that the plague may be stayed from the people.'...So David gave to Ornan for the place six hundred shekels of gold by weight. And David built there an altar unto the LORD, and offered burnt-offerings and peace-offerings, and called upon the LORD; and He answered him from heaven by fire upon the altar of burnt-offering. And the LORD commanded the angel; and he put up his sword back into the sheath thereof. At that time, when David saw that the LORD had answered him in the threshing-floor of Ornan the Jebusite, then he sacrificed there." Again, the message is clear. The sacrifice of a substitute on Mt. Moriah saved the people.
That's basic, and there is no way around it. II Chron. 3:1 leaves no room for doubt. It says, "Solomon began to build the house of the LORD at Jerusalem in mount Moriah, where the LORD appeared unto David his father, in the place that David had prepared in the threshingfloor of Ornan the Jebusite."
Solomon's Phoenician masons were the first to build walls around Mt. Moriah to make a larger platform for the temple. As the walls grew higher, more fill dirt was brought down from the higher ground on the north to build up the lower parts in the south. To this day, the lower courses of stones in the eastern wall of the Temple mount are those that Solomon had the Phoenician builders use to enlarge the threshing floor on Mt. Moriah before the Temple was built on the platform. Masons' marks written in Phoenician letters, were found by Sir C. Warren on the lower courses in the eastern wall of the Temple mount in the late 19th century. That construction is authentic first Temple. (See "The Temple Mount," by Robin Kent [http://www.robinkent.com/temple/articles_templemount.html] and "History of Phoenicia," by Rawlinson, Ars Quatuor Coronatorumii, 125; iii, 68 [http://www.sacred-texts.com/mas/bui/bui07.htm]).
Finding Phoenician mason's marks on the lower Temple mount (Haram) walls shows that Solomon built the first Temple on Mt. Moriah, not over the Gihon Spring in the City of David. Ernest L. Martin said that there was no other spring, other than the Gihon Spring, within five miles of Jerusalem, but there were others in the early days..
In the "Ordinance Survey of Jerusalem," ordered by Captain Charles W. Wilson and Recorded by the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton, on 29th March, 1866, Sir Henry James said, "Thus, for example, it has been found, by descending a well to the south of the central entrance of the Haram, that there is an accumulation of ruins and rubbish to the extension of 84 feet; and that originally there was a spring there, with steps down to it, cut in the solid rock (http://www.templemount.org/wilson1.html).
In "The Temple of Solomon," by Lambert Dolphin (http://www.templemount.org/solomon.html), he said, "We have descriptions of the ritual bath (mikvah) used by the high priest. The mikvah was supplied by flowing ("living") water FROM THE SPRING CALLED EIN EITAM WHICH IS IN THE HILLS OF BETHLEHEM NEAR THE POOLS OF SOLOMON WHICH ARE STILL EXTANT. THE SPRING WAS 23 CUBITS ABOVE THE LEVEL OF THE TEMPLE COURT" (Steve Austin, The Extraordinary Middle East Earthquake of 750 BC, Institute of Creation Research, San Diego, 1989).
Herod tore out the foundation laid in Ezra's day and laid a new one. Not content with making the Temple and its square courts appear more elegant, Herod doubled the size of the platform the Temple was built on to accommodate more people on Passover, Pentecost and Tabernacles. The square Fort Antonia was built on the northern half of the Temple mount. The square Temple courts surrounding the Temple were built on the southern half.
Later, Herod made the eastern wall higher and longer. He added new walls on the south, west and north that doubled the enclosed platform area. When finished, the platform was longer, wider and higher than before. Borders of stones Herod used were chiseled away leaving the raised "pillow" within the rectangle, so the stones he used are easy to identify today.
Concerning the temple mount walls, Henry James said, "It would seem, therefore, to be impossible to resist the conclusion, that the northern front of the Haram is identical in position with that of the northern front of the enclosure of the Temple, as it was built by Herod, for the description would apply to no other position for it....We see, however, that all round the enclosure, where it is possible to examine the wall, we have the same grand old masonry; and as there can be no doubt but that Robinson's arch is part of the bridge which Herod built across the Tyropoean valley, and led to the royal cloister, which he also built along the south side of the enclosure of the Temple, it necessarily follows that the present Haram enclosure is identical with the enclosure of the Temple of Herod".
Actually, the northern wall of the platform was where the northern wall of Fort Antonia stood. The northern wall of the Temple courts joined the southern wall of Fort Antonia and occupied the southern half of the platform.
In the "Ordinance Survey of Jerusalem," Sir Henry James described the working of the aqueducts bringing water from springs in the Hebron Mountains to Jerusalem and the Temple. Regarding the "ancient supply," he wrote, "But when we come to examine the ancient systems for supplying the city with abundance of pure water, we are struck with admiration for we see the remains of works which, for boldness in design and skill in execution, rival even the most approved system of modern engineers, and which might, under a more enlightened government, be again brought into use."
"From the three Pools of Solomon, as they are called," James said, "water was led by a conduit from the lower pool along the contour of the ground into the city, the distance being about 13 miles, and the fall 538 feet but the pools were supplied not only from the "sealed fountain" immediately above them, but from a conduit which has been traced for several miles along the Wady Urtas, but not to the source from which the water was obtained. (This has since been traced by Capt. Wilson in a fine fountain in the Wady Aroob, and the Pacha of Jerusalem has repaired the conduit from Solomon's Pools to Jerusalem, which is now supplied from Ain Etan" (the "sealed fountain" above the upper pool).
James also wrote, "Josephus tells us that "Pilate, the procurator of Judea, undertook to bring a current of water to Jerusalem, and did it with the sacred money, and derived the origin of the stream from the distance of 200 furlongs" (Antiquities of the Jews, Book XVIII, Chap. III. par. 2); and it is quite possible that this is the work referred to.
"In constructing this conduit," James said, "tunnels were cut through a hill near Bethlehem, and through another hill on its way to the valley of Hinnom, crossing which, above the Lower Pool of Gihon, it was led round the southern end of Mount Zion, and entered the city at the altitude of 2,420 feet on the west side of the Tyropoean valley.
"But there is a second conduit," he said, "which is still more remarkable, and which we have distinguished by the name of the high-level conduit. This comes from the south, down the Wady Byar, in which it is probable a reservoir was formerly constructed; a tunnel through a hill led round the Upper Pool of Solomon at an elevation of 2,616 feet, and preserving its elevation by following the contour of the ground, till it crosses the ridge of the hill to the west of Bethlehem; it is carried by a syphon across a hollow which lies in its course, near Rachael's tomb, the lowest part of the syphon being over 100 feet below its mouths.
"This high level conduit then crosses the plain of Rephaim towards Jerusalem, and most probably passed round the Upper Pool of Gihon and entered the city through the citadel; the fall from above the Pools of Solomon to the Jaffa gate being 88 feet.
"Access was obtained to the water conduits through a hole in one of them in front of AI-Aksa (Mosque), and they were traced as far as possible, but the rubbish has fallen in in many places, and with the exception of two or three the branch ducts are too small to admit of the passage of a man. From the number of openings seen, there must be a perfect net-work of small subterranean channels in this part of the area, but without excavation they could not be traced. It is very difficult to judge of the age of these conduits, but where cut in the rock they have been probably made at the same period as the cisterns, as the one which enters the large cistern east of the "Great Sea' (a cistern north of AI-Aksa/Aqsa), and this was found to be in connexion with another conduit leading down to the "Well of the Leaf" and one running up in the direction of the Fountain Al-Kas (the cup); the connecting branches were in part cut out of the rock, in part made of masonry and roofed with large stones. Besides these conduits which appear to have been in connexion with the aqueduct from the Pools of Solomon, there are number of others apparently of more modern construction for collecting the surface drainage into the cisterns: No regular system of water channels could be found in the northern part of the area, except those of very modern date, but it is not improbable that such may exist."
"A great many holes have been broken through the crown of the arch, and as the rubbish accumulated above rough shafts carried up from them they are now all closed, and appear to have been so for some time, but they show that at one time a good supply of water existed at this place. The passage is so full of rubbish and drainage that it cannot be properly explored, to do which it will be necessary to pump out the water, etc. As far as could be judged from what was seen, the passage was constructed to protect troops whilst crossing a ditch in the rock, and probably at the same time cover and conceal from an enemy the course of an aqueduct running down to the Haram area from the north."
It is evident that the Temple mount was well supplied with water. The soldiers in Fort Antonia could have been supplied by the northern aqueduct. From where the main aqueduct entered the Temple mount at the causeway over the Tyropoean Valley, it went southeast to where the Kas Fountain is today. That is important for that is within the area where the Temple was built.
Josephus was there. He was of a priestly family of the first rank. He would have been taken to the temple when 12 years old. After looking into the Sadducees, Essenes and Pharisees from 17 to 19, he joined the Pharisees when 19. He was a priest who described the temple furnishings, even telling what they symbolized. He had been inside the temple. He knew what other priests knew. He was even standing on a city wall trying to talk to the Jews ABOUT TERMS OF PEACE IN 70 AD "for he was a person known by them" (the Jews) (Wars. V. VI. 2).. He was an eye-witness in 70 AD who probably saw the temple burn. He was a careful historian after that. Who else can we trust to tell us where the temple was located? We need to look carefully at what he wrote.
Tuvia Segiv thinks the Temple was on the south side between the Dome of the Rock and the Al Aqsa Mosque. I agree. The aqueduct going directly to the Kas Fountain fits that location also.
Fort Antonia had to be built over the outcropping rock that is now under the Dome of the Rock. This one thing rules out locations "On the north" and "Over the Dome of the Rock.".
When I read Wars of the Jews, V. V. 8, I found out that there was very little reason to think that Jesus actually stood on the rock when Pilate sentenced him to be crucified. He stood on the pavement, whether in Fort Antonia or elsewhere. John 19:13 (KJV) says, "When Pilate therefore heard that saying, he brought Jesus forth, and sat down in the judgment seat (bema) in a place that is called the pavement, but in the Hebrew, Gabbatha."
Listen to Josephus as he reveals that the square Fort Antonia and the square Temple court with cloisters on all four sides were joined together, and that the rock was in Fort Antonia. "Now as to the tower of Antonia," he said, "it was situated at the corner of two cloisters of the court of the temple; of that on the WEST, and that on the NORTH; it was erected upon a ROCK of fifty cubits in height, and was on a great precipice; it was the work of king Herod, wherein he demonstrated his natural magnanimity. In the first place, THE ROCK ITSELF WAS COVERED OVER WITH SMOOTH PIECES OF STONE, from its foundation, both for ornament, and that any one who would either try to get up or to go down it might not be able to hold his feet upon it.."
Continuing, Josephus said, "Next to this, and before you come to the edifice of the tower itself, there was a wall three cubits high; but within that wall all the space of the tower of Antonia itself was built upon, to the height of forty cubits. The inward parts had the largeness and form of a palace, it being parted into all kinds of rooms and other conveniences, such as courts, and places for bathing, and broad spaces for camps...And as the entire structure resembled that of a tower, it contained also four other distinct towers at its four corners; whereof the others were but fifty cubits high; whereas that which lay upon the southeast corner (i.e., where the southeast corner of the tower of Antonia joined the northeast corner of the Temple court where Solomon's Porch began) was seventy cubits high, that from thence the whole temple might be viewed; but on the corner where it JOINED to the two cloisters of the temple (i.e., at the western wall ), it had passages DOWN to them both, through which the guard (for there always lay in this tower a Roman legion) went several ways among the cloisters, with their arms, on the Jewish festivals, in order to watch the people, that they might not there attempt to make any innovations; for the temple was a fortress that guarded the city, as was the tower of Antonia a guard to the temple; and in that tower were the guards of those three."
In Wars of the Jews I. V. 4, Josephus mentioned, "Antonia, which was a fortress that JOINED TO THE NORTH PART OF THE TEMPLE." Fort Antonia's southern wall "JOINED" the northern wall of the Temple enclosure.
Roughly speaking, Fort Antonia was built on the north half of the Temple mount. The Temple court was built on the south half of the platform. In Wars. XV. XI. 4, Josephus said, "ON THE NORTH SIDE [of the temple] was built a CITADEL (Fort Antonia), whose walls were SQUARE and strong, and of extraordinary firmness. This citadel was built by the kings of the Asamonean race, who were also high priests before Herod, and they called (the citadel) the Tower, in which were reposited the vestments of the high priest...(later) Cuspius Fadus, who was procurator of Judea, enjoined the Jews to reposit those vestments in the TOWER OF ANTONIA, for that they ought to have them in their power, as they formerly had."
In an article, "Buildings of Herod" (http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=242&letter=J#919), I found out that Fort Antonia was built on a higher level than the Temple. It said that Herod "enlarged the Baris commanding the Temple on the north, and renamed it 'Antonia.' It was connected with the Temple by a flight of stairs (Acts xxi. 35)."
Richley said, "A southern placement, with the Holy of Holies just northeast of the AL KAS FOUNTAIN is the only one that allows there to be an underground cistern under the Laver in which the priests washed their hands and feet each morning and under each of the parts of the Temple in which there was amikvah (with the exception of the mikvah used by the High Priest on the Day of Atonement, which was in a second-floor room and supplied with flowing water from the aqueduct). thereby allowing water to be directly accessible for each of the mikvah sites. No other placement I know of associates water sources with the various mikvahs and the Laver."
If Tuvia Sagiv and Richley Crapo are correct, and I think they are, the Temple site lies due east of the wailing wall, over the Al Kas fountain, under the clump of trees between the Dome of the Rock and the Al Aqsa Mosque (http://www.templemount.org/theories.html).
On Sagiv's chart above, the position of the wailing wall is his red line along the western wall of the temple mount. This man has done a monumental, marvelous work, trying to leave no stone unturned. I'm convinced that he is right about where the temple was built by Herod. No other placement makes sense.
The wall that juts out at a right angle from the left side of the "wailing" wall marks Wilson's Arch, where the arch-supported causeway carrying the aqueduct entered the temple area. It may also mark the northern wall of the Temple proper. It is south of the Dome of the Rock.
"The Temple," according to Richley Crapo, "was not located on the high spot currently occupied by the Dome of the Rock. The Dome was built on the most imposing location, the situation of the former Strato's Tower, a pagan place of worship. It incorporated the eight-sided design of Astoreth's place of worship into its architecture, a feature of the Dome that is unique in Islamic architecture. The actual location of the Temple was to the south of the Dome of the Rock at the approximate location of the Al Kas fountain which is north of the current location of the El Aksa mosque at the south end of the current Temple Mount. This places the Temple directly to the west of the Western Wall (a.k.a. Wailing Wall)" ("Where was the temple of Herod," By Richley Crapo: http://www.bibleinterp.com/commentary/crapo_032901.htm).
Richley meant that the temple is directly to the east of the wailing wall, which is on the west. I agree with this placement. So does Tuvia Segiv.
There was an interesting article, "Church of the Apostles found on Mt. Zion," by Bargil Pixner, in the Biblical Archaeological Review of May/June 1990 (http://www.centuryone.org/apostles.html).
Bargil Pixner said, "In the opinion of some scholars, the Bordeaux Pilgrim may have been a Jewish Christian, who was well versed in the Hebrew Scriptures and who was drawn to places connected with Jewish history. The synagogue that he saw on Mt. Zion could only have been a Judeo-Christian one, because he himself mentions that at this time Jews were allowed in Jerusalem only once a year to lament the destruction of Temple NEAR a "perforated stone" in its vicinity (most probably the perforated rock [sahne] under the Dome of the Rock)."
If the Temple was near the stone, it wasn't on that stone. This fits the location of the Temple in the south between the Dome of the Rock and the Al Aqsa Mosque.
The man's face is clear in the picture at the top of this article, as in many others I have collected over the years. It can also be seen in the picture below. Blocking out the surrounding light background sharpens it. Notice that there is a woman's face to the right of his. The lowest white section on top of the dirt pile is right under their chins. I think they represent the Bridegroom Yeshua/Jesus and the Bride of Christ. Since the section of wall on the right fell down, I think the remaining wailing wall lines up with the correct location north-south for the Temple between the Dome of the Rock and the Al Aqsa Mosque. I can now see that the Bride and Bridegroom are centered on that section of wall. The Lord has shown his hand. He is in complete control. He must have planned this long ago to show us where the Temple belongs at the end of this age. This placement agrees with the diagram Tuvia Sagiv made.
The melting of the world's glaciers so Noah's Ark could be found on June 5, 2006, the anniversary of the beginning of the Six-Day War, also reveals his hand.
In "The Western Wall" (http://jeru.huji.ac.il/ec21.htm), it says, "This is the Western Wall of the Temple, which is never destroyed for the shekhinah [the Divine presence] is in the west" (Talmud tractate Bamidbar Rabah 11:63).
The Holy of Holies was located on the west, for the Temple faced east. In Ex. 25:22, the Lord said,, "And there I will meet with thee, and I will commune with thee from above the mercy seat, from between the two cherubims which are upon the ark of the testimony, of all things which I will give thee in commandment unto the children of Israel." No wonder that particular section of the western wall is precious to the Jews. It is precious to me too.


I'm getting ready to R&R the brakes on my 67 loboy. ordered brake bands x2, final drive gaskets x2 & return springs.
The right side functions very good, I can spin the tractor on the right wheel.
the left side not so much, the brake pedal rotates almost 90 deg. and will not return. The local Case-IH service manager seems to think the brake band broke, after i expressed my concern about the pivot and retaining pins. Replacement pins are not available from Case-IH, so the SM recommended if necessary to get some long shank grade 5 bolts and cut them to fit. based on what I've read here that may not sound like a good idea???
Try the Forum Sponsors at the bottom of this page or Post on THE VINE Classified Forum.
TM Tractor sells the style of brake pin that has the collar on it. I measured one of those and several without the collar. All are 5/16" in diameter. After you disassemble, you'll know what you need to replace.
Do you have any other cubs not so tactically important that you could do a temporary swap of final drives?
That's what I plan to do. My daily driver is a '77 and badly needs brake and seal work. I also have a non-running '51. My plan is to swap the final drives to give me a chance to pull apart, diagnose, order parts, and maybe even repaint the yellow ones. I imagine the brake style change occurred during that wide window between years. That may or may not be a problem hooking up the brakes, but I'm not really concerned about it since I do not have brakes now, either. I think that would be the only possible incompatibility, unless someone tells me differently.
She'll be a red and yellow particolor for a while, but no big deal.
Below is a page from the Cub parts manual showing the brake bands and linkages. A LoBoy has the brakes in the bottom pics.
Like Tim said above, it is a good idea to replace the seals on each side of the brake drums whenever you remove a final drive, if the seals haven't been replaced lately. If the seals leak, the brakes will get oil on them.
There should be no oil where the brakes are.
There is a seal in the transmission housing, and a seal in the final drive housing. 2 seals on the left side, 2 seals on the right side, so 4 seals total for the 2 brakes.
The seals are 2 different sizes. Below are listings at TM Tractor for them, you can look at them.
This listing shows where the final drive seals go.
The Cub and LoBoy service manual shows how to work on them, I would read it before working on it.
It is better to remove 1 final drive at a time, and leave the wheel and tire on the other side, until you are done working on the 1 side.
Below is a post by Dale Finch showing removing a final drive from a Cub. The LoBoy is similar.
Below is a pic from TM Tractor of a LoBoy final drive, showing the oil seal.
Remember to use front axle wedges when removing final drives. The 2nd pic shows them.
Crimson Tim wrote: Do you have any other cubs not so tactically important that you could do a temporary swap of final drives?
mikes5785 wrote: I'm getting ready to R&R the brakes on my 67 loboy. ordered brake bands x2, final drive gaskets x2 & return springs.
TM has US made new ones for $9.52 ea. Be safe when pulling a final drive. Good Luck!
mikes5785 wrote: I'm not really interested in doing that job 2x . . .
This just isn't that big of a job. Get the parts you know you need and pull it apart. If you find you need some more parts and it snows before you get them, just put the final drive back on and plow the snow. It is only 6 bolts and one pin. You will deal with anything that is stuck or rusty on the first round. Second time will be easy.
Got the pins from Urbish, thanks but didn't need them. Better to have them and not need them, than the other.


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HYGIENE CONCEPT
Information, 9 May 2022 – 12 February 2023
Information, 10 October 2022 – 10 February 2023
Lectures Winter Semester 2022/23
Lecture, 8 November 2022 – 31 January 2023, 19:00
Ximena Garrido-Lecca "Inflorence" at Portikus
Exhibition, 11 November 2022 – 12 February 2023
Upcoming: February PreviousNext
Exhibition, 10 – 12 February 2023
Winter Term Break 2022/23
Information, 13 February – 10 April 2023
Archive: 2023 NextPrevious
The Value on Friendship—A symposium in honor of Prof. Dr. Isabelle Graw
Symposium, 27 January 2023, 14:00–18:00
Adam Shiu-Yang Shaw: city limits
Lecture, 24 January 2023, 19:00
Christina Li: Time, dispossessed
Daniel Birnbaum: Notes on the frames of art
Event 10 April 2022, 15:00–17:00 Portikus, Alte Brücke 2 / Maininsel, 60594 Frankfurt am Main
Book Launch with Daniel Birnbaum and Yasmil Raymond
Daniel Birnbaum has organized exhibitions inside and outside some of the most significant art institutions in Europe, including the Venice Biennale, Moderna Museet in Stockholm and Centre Pompidou in Paris. From 2000 until 2010, he was rector of Städelschule and director of Portikus. Like few other curators he has pushed the boundaries of the studio, the exhibition, and the museum in an attempt to find new ways to 'frame' art. In conversation with Städelschule rector and Portikus director Yasmil Raymond, Birnbaum will discuss his curatorial approaches to education, exhibition-making and the presentation of collections.
A collaboration with Buchhandlung Walther König.
www.portikus.de/en/


Not even sure that doing a clean re-install of Windows 7 will solve the problem. Sony MPF Beige 3. Also, with many wireless adapters it is important to stay current as updates often contain security fixes. The registry does not have any UpperFilters or LowerFilters entry in the registry specified. In reply to LoveEnigma's post on March 29, Windows will redetect the hardware and will reinstall the drive.
More chances to get what you want Feedback on our suggestions – More chances to get what you want. I tried all the sony drua solutions, but unfortunately, none of the them are deua for me.
For additional information, see the Global Shipping Programme terms and conditions – opens in a new window or tab This amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. However, serious problems might occur if you modify the registry incorrectly. Is there still anything I can do? From adding new functionality and improving performanceto fixing a major bug.
dru-910a I will check that link and see if it is relevant in my case. Sonyy have tried booting in safe mode, in clean-boot mode, uninstalled drivers it from device manager, also updated the firmware of the drive, etc.
Ok, that seems useful. To check for the formats, please refer to the link below:. You have already tried a number of troubleshooting steps like Clean Boot, updating drivers and firmware etc.
Or when you uninstalled a CD software that does not correctly remove sony drua from the registry, or you installed software that adds filter drivers in the CD and the Xru-190a storage stack that interfere with existing filters.
Driver Matic finally has made it simple and easy to keep your drivers up to date. PC Pitstop will NOT share or sell your email address and we have the appropriate procedures to safeguard against unauthorized access. In reply to Harkanwar Singh's post on March 29, Dru–190a to home page Return to top. I remembered what could have caused this.
In reply to LoveEnigma's post on March 29, To check for dgu-190a formats, please refer to the link below: Could anyone please give some suggestions? I tried all the above solutions, but unfortunately, none of the them are working for me.
Read more about the condition. Kingston Upon Thames, United Kingdom.
Thanks for your feedback, it helps us improve the site. I will check that link and see if it is relevant in my case. Follow the steps below to delete the affected upper and lower filters. Sony drua want to ask one more thing. I am not able to recall what change to the computer might have caused it and also since it has been long now, I can't even use Restore option.
It always gives me the error as shown in the screenshots below. If you are prompted for an administrator password or for a confirmation, type the password, or click Allow In the navigation pane, locate and then click the following registry subkey: Email eony friends Share on Facebook – opens in a new window or tab Share on Twitter – opens in a new window or tab Share on Pinterest – opens in a new window or tab Add to Watch list.
Awaiting your drj-190a reply On the Playback tab, right-click in the blank area under Select a playback device below to modify its settingsand then select Show Disabled Devices.
This listing has ended. Learn More about PC Matic Thank you for posting your query on Microsoft Community forum.


This necklace is handmade from 1.2mm copper and powdered enamels. The chain is also copper and the length of the entire necklace is approximately 17".
Approximate size of Hare: 2.75" from nose to tail. Tortoise is approximately: 1.25"


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What's on Netflix > Netflix News > 'Letter for the King' Season 2: Netflix Renewal Status & Release Date
'Letter for the King' Season 2: Netflix Renewal Status & Release Date
by Jacob Robinson @JRobinsonWoN on March 30, 2020, 10:17 am EST
The Letter for the King – Copyright. FilmWave
A Games of Thrones-esque series for the younger audiences, The Letter for the King was the surprise package of March. After a successful first season, subscribers are already looking forward to a potential second. We'll be keeping track of all the details for season 2 of The Letter for the King, including the plot, cast, trailer, and Netflix release date.
The Letter for the King is a Netflix Original family adventure series based on Dutch book De brief voor de Koning by author Tonke Dragt. The novel is one of the most beloved Dutch stories in history and has received numerous reprints over the decades since its first publication in 1962.
Tiuri, a teenage squire, answers a call for help that sends him on a perilous mission across the three kingdoms to deliver a secret letter to the King.
Has Netflix renewed The Letter for the King for a second season?
Official Netflix Renewal Status: Pending (Last Updated: 25/03/2020)
At the time of writing, The Letter for the King has been available to stream on Netflix for little more than a week. This means it's still too early for Netflix to make a decision on the future of the fantasy series.
We are at a time in our history that means many millions of subscribers are required to stay at home. The likelihood is, The Letter for the King will be getting more views, which means the chances for renewal are increasing day to day.
As a fun fantasy adventure series, we would love to see the series return at some point in the future.
Does the story require a second season?
The end of the first season definitely left the story open for a second.
At the end of the season, Tiuri was successful in his quest to deliver the letter to King Unauwen, revealing the treachery of Prince Viridian. Despite the transformation into the shadow creature by Prince Viridian, he was defeated by Lavinia, revealed to be the prophecied hero.
Upon their return to Dagonaut, Tiuri, Arman, Foldo, and Jussipo's younger brother Piak were given the honor of becoming fully-fledged knights. As the ceremony drew to a close, and the season, Tiuri noticed the flock of Starlings flying overhead. As the flock flies away, it takes the shape of Prince Viridian's face, hinting at his survival.
Pictured: Gijs Blom as Prince Viridian – Copyright. FilmWave
What can we expect from season 2?
In a bait and switch, it was revealed that Tiuri was not the prophecized hero but Lavinia instead. Thanks to her power, she was able to defeat Prince Viridian. Although the Prince has been defeated, it's more than likely he will return to wreak havoc upon the kingdoms.
If the Prince is to return it will be up to Lavinia to use her power once again to defeat him.
Does Tiuri have dormant magical power?
Despite the bait and switch, there's still a strong chance that Tiuri has dormant power residing within him. The Eviellan blood that resides in Tiuri's veins has magical properties and he could use that power to help Lavinia to defeat Prince Viridian once again.
The second season could delve further into any magical potential the young knight may possess.
Pictured: Amir Wilson as Tirui (left) and Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson as Bors – Copyright. Filmwave
Iona becomes a Red Rider?
Throughout the first season, the deceiving Iona began a strained friendship with the leader of the Red Riders, Jaro. After her betrayal was revealed, and her subsequent actions against Tiuri, Iona is now on the road with the reluctant Red Rider Jaro.
Iona still has lots to learn but has already proven how talented she is in combat, stealth, and manipulating others. With Jaro taking her under his wing, she'll become even more ruthless and frightful and can be expected to cause all manner of trouble for our heroes in season 2.
To fit the bill, a wardrobe change may be in store for Iona, donning the red mantle of the Red Riders that drives fear into the hearts of the common folk.
Pictured: Ruby Ashbourne as Iona – Copyright. FilmWave
Will the second season cover the second book The Secrets of the Wild Wood?
The Letter for the King is only loosely based on the book De brief voor de Koning, many details from the book were changed for the series adaptation.
It's more than likely the second season will take some level of inspiration from the second book, but the changes made to the series now means it works as its own stand-alone story and wouldn't require source material from the second book, The Secrets of the Wild Wood.
Pictured: The Secrets of the Wild Wood – Copyright. Pushkin Children's Books
How did subscribers take to The Letter for the King?
Overall the response towards The Letter for the King has been quite mixed amongst subscribers.
If you are a GAME OF THRONES fan and you need a films similar to it to pass this quarantine period.
Netflix's The Letter for the King is basically a Young Adult Game of Thrones, and it's fantastic, just give it a try.
Rt for others to see. pic.twitter.com/So370Ngurg
— Al'ameen✨ (@Al_ameen_Yabo) March 29, 2020
the letter for the king on netflix is a fun ya-style fantasy show that's super diverse and magical, and i love it so far
— monica kim ☁ (@itsmonicakim) March 29, 2020
Naturally, there is some criticism for the series too.
Oh goddamnit, I was just about to praise The Letter for the King for the sweetest gay kiss, and then they kill the character less than an episode later. It's 2020, we're done with that bullshit.
— Kit Beukes (@KitBeast) March 25, 2020
When can we expect to see The Letter for the King season 2 on Netflix?
We're a long way off from the second season being available to stream on Netflix for a multitude of reasons.
Firstly, we're still waiting on renewal for the series. Secondly, if The Letter for the King is to be renewed there's the matter of waiting for the second season to be filmed and all of the post-production. Lastly, many of the productions Netflix had ongoing have been delayed due to the coronavirus pandemic. This means, even if The Letter for the King is renewed, filming will already be delayed for the series.
Before we would have predicted a potential Summer 2021 release date. With the current delays, we believe a Winter 2021 release date at the earliest is a more realistic prospect.
Would you like to see a second season of The Letter for the King? Let us know in the comments below!
Netflix's 'The Sandman' Season 1: What We Know So Far
Everything we know about Netflix's '1899' from 'Dark' creators
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<Women, architecture and building in the east of Ireland, c. 1790-1840 and Borris House, Co Carlow and elite regency patronage
Spirit and Light>
Harry Clarke's Geneva Window
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From the IAR Archive
Nicola Gordon Bowe recalls how Harry Clarke's homage to Ireland's most celebrated writers fell foul of censorship in the early days of the Irish Free State
In November 1926, when Harry Clarke received an invitation from the Department of Industry and Commerce to prepare a draft scheme for a stained glass window to be the new Irish Free State's proposed gift to the League of Nations in Geneva, he was at the peak of his career. The first he had heard of this proposal was an informal letter sent from Geneva in early June 1925 by Miss Brighid Stafford, a delegate representing the Department at the League's Annual Conference. She 'suggested that Clarke should advise as to the feasibility of installing stained glass in five openings of the new buildings which looked onto an interior fountain court, and to supply an estimate of the cost'.1 Her letter followed a memo sent on 4 April 1925 by the Department to Cabinet 'seeking approval to spend not more than £300 on an official Irish gift to the new International Labour Organization in Geneva.'2 Various possible gifts were suggested, including 'a stained glass window by one of the best known Irish stained glass artists, a carpet either Dun Emer or Donegal, a work of art in Irish marble or a picture representative of Irish life'. As Germany's offer of stained glass had already been accepted by the ILO, it advised that stained glass should be omitted from the list but eventually, after protracted discussions about possible sites and their quality of light and prominence, Geneva revoked this and 'requested a stained glass window' from Ireland.3 This decision may have been influenced by the impressive (and well-reported) exhibition by Harry Clarke and his painter wife, Margaret, enthusiastically launched by President William T Cosgrave in August 1925.
Clarke visited the suggested staircase site outside the Deputy Director's room in the International Labour building in April 1926, just after his 37th birthday. He did this on his way back via Paris and London from a convalescent trip to Tangier and Spain arranged by his friend, the writer Lennox Robinson. Not only had Clarke become exhausted by his unmitigatingly heavy schedule of stained glass and graphic work (including the publication in October 1925 of 86 illustrations for a limited edition of Goethe's Faust), but his health (his eyes in particular) had been suffering. While preparing to escape to London in January 1926 from the pressures of running the church-decorating studios he ran with his brother Walter in Dublin's North Frederick Street, he had fallen off his bicycle, resulting in serious injuries. But by the time he reached Geneva, he felt reinvigorated, excited by the prospect of such a prestigious international commission, and was soon back at work in Dublin.
At the end of October 1926, he received a letter from Gordon Campbell, Secretary of the Department of Industry and Commerce, suggesting they meet to discuss the still unresolved Geneva commission but first he should revisit Geneva so as to survey window locations and 'make a report on practical aspects of the whole idea'.4 This Clarke did, in November, sending the Irish government a report detailing 'the possibilities and importance of seven locations with estimated costs of filling them with stained glass',5 estimates according to treatment, and his preferred choice of the seventh site, the staircase window he had already looked at. As for subject, his recommendation was 'not necessarily' to 'do with labour, but preferably something from the work of a modern Irish writer. It should give opportunities for phantasy rather than be of mythological or classical interest'. Following his report, his expenses were settled, the fee increased by the Department of Finance to £450, and in November he was asked to prepare sketch designs of 'selected subjects' for a window in eight panels for the staircase site.
Not until 17 February 1927, when Harry Clarke was back in Dublin, was he given authority to proceed with the window in his own personal technique, in his preferred location, on condition that he first submit sketches of whatever subject or subjects he chose for the consideration of the Minister, Patrick McGilligan, and that this be done as soon as possible.
Not until 17 February 1927, when Harry Clarke was back in Dublin, was he given authority to proceed with the window in his own personal technique, in his preferred location, on condition that he first submit sketches of whatever subject or subjects he chose for the consideration of the Minister, Patrick McGilligan, and that this be done as soon as possible. He replied that although he was 'tremendously pleased and proud' to receive formal confirmation of a job of such national distinction, he would not be free to embark on it for two or three months, and then it would take 'about four months to complete, as this is work I'd have to do entirely myself'.7 He duly sent off a preparatory pencil sketch of the window to the government at the end of July, having discussed possible subjects with his many writer friends and colleagues. Back in London again in August, he reported to Thomas Bodkin (appointed Director of the National Gallery of Ireland in June 1927) that W B Yeats was 'wildly enthusiastic' about his plan to 'work in panels for fifteen Irish writers', and had been 'of tremendous help with his suggestions' of whom to choose.8 By December, after Clarke had made some informally stipulated alterations to his drawings, radical in the case of those for Synge's Playboy of the Western World, they were approved, and a completion date set for March 1928.
The final plan was for a window consisting of eight panels illustrating a brief extract from the work of fifteen early 20th-century Irish writers. The fifteen were Padraig Pearse, Lady Gregory, G B Shaw, J M Synge, Seumas O'Sullivan, James Stephens, Seán O'Casey, Lennox Robinson, W B Yeats, Liam O'Flaherty, George AE Russell, Padraic Colum, George Fitzmaurice, Seamus O'Kelly and James Joyce. But Clarke's health was deteriorating badly, aggravated by incipient tuberculosis as well as the volume of his own work, including an imminent deadline for an illustrated edition of Swinburne's poems, and supervising the Clarke Studios. A reminder from the Department in April 1928 suggested a presentation date of the end of May for the window, but Clarke was unable to push himself further to meet this. Although progress was good as he translated his detailed pencil and watercolour studies into glass, yet again he was impeded by his illness which had become critical by the end of the year. On 17 March 1929, he was admitted to a Swiss sanatorium in an attempt to arrest advancing tuberculosis in both lungs. He entrusted the final stages of the window to his studio artists, with whom he corresponded during the fourteen long months he remained away. On his return in May 1930, he could at last complete the window himself, and have it 'mounted in a specially constructed frame' for viewing in early September.9 The window, 71½" x 40", is signed 'Harry Clarke 1930'. But disaster was about to strike.
By 30 September 1930, the President's objections to the 'subject matter of certain of the representations' illustrating 'scenes from certain authors… as representative of Irish literature and culture' had gathered momentum
After personally viewing the window he deemed 'a most remarkable and successful artistic achievement',10 President Cosgrave wrote to Clarke, expressing apprehension about the panel illustrating the novelist Liam O'Flaherty's provocative Mr Gilhooley. In view of the official nature of this governmental gift, it was suggested that Clarke be funded to make a new, replacement panel before the window was publicly exhibited. Worried and aggrieved, Clarke demurred, mainly due to his health. By 30 September 1930, the President's objections to the 'subject matter of certain of the representations' illustrating 'scenes from certain authors… as representative of Irish literature and culture' had gathered momentum. Reluctantly, he felt forced to conclude that these, principally Mr Gilhooley, but also Seumas O'Sullivan's The Others 'would give grave offence to many of our people' and 'would give rise to misunderstanding and much adverse comment' if presented to the ILO in their present form. He thought it unfair to 'lay' Clarke's 'beautiful work…open to hostile criticism' before further discussion and amendment. Gordon Campbell advised Lennox Robinson that even an illustration of the censored James Joyce could not be justified, and to avoid 'undesirable public controversy', the window might simply be acquired by the government but not be exhibited or gifted abroad unless altered.
Almost immediately (2 October) following the receipt of Cosgrave's dictat, Clarke had to travel once more to the Swiss sanatorium, advising that any Geneva-related correspondence should be forwarded to him, leaving the window in the studios, its future unresolved. He wrote anxiously to Cosgrave from Davos on 5 December, enquiring about the government's decision, but two days before the cabinet's New Year decision requesting the studios to set up the window's panels for further consideration, Clarke died, on 6 January 1931, still in Switzerland.
As Lennox Robinson later wrote: 'The window was erected in Government Buildings in Merrion Street [to be] sniffed over. After many, many months of evasions and half-truths Harry's widow was to be allowed to buy it back for the price the Government had paid for it.'11 A year later, the window was still there, when the newly elected President De Valera noticed a first crack in it, and a year later a second crack. On 9 June 1933, Clarke's widow, Margaret, was authorized to effect its removal to the studio at North Frederick Street. After her death in 1961, the window was loaned to the Dublin Municipal Gallery of Modern Art between 1963-80, initially under James White's curatorship but was removed by Clarke's two sons when relegated to storage there. In 1988 it was exhibited and sold by the Fine Art Society in London, when it was acquired for a sum 'in excess of £100,000'12 by the Wolfsonian Foundation in Miami, Florida, where it is now displayed.
Harry Clarke images: The Mitchell Wolfson, Jr. Collection TD1988.34.
The Wolfsonian–Florida International University, Miami Beach, Florida
Nicola Gordon Bowe is Associate Fellow in the Faculty of Visual Culture at NCAD.
First published in the Irish Arts Review Vol 30, No 1, 2013
1 Michael Laurence Clarke, 'The Geneva Window' in The Stained Glass of Harry Clarke 1889 – 1931 (The Fine Art Society, London 1988), n.p.
2 Mary E. Daly, 'Harry Clarke Geneva Window', unpublished manuscript, n.d., based on file S4367A, National Archives of Ireland and the Blythe Papers in the Department of Archives, University College, Dublin. I am indebted to Michael O'Callaghan for sending me Dr. Daly's report, compiled for his late father, Michael O'Callaghan of the ILO, Geneva.
4 Clarke, 1988.
6 Nicola Gordon Bowe, The Life and Work of Harry Clarke (Dublin 1989), p. 199.
7 Letter, 28 February 1927, Clarke mss., TCD Library, quoted in Bowe, p. 203.
8 Letter, 8 August 1927, Clarke mss., NLI, quoted in Clarke 1988 and Bowe 1989, p. 204.
9 Clarke 1988.
10 Unsigned, handwritten letter to Clarke, appended by President Cosgrave in his letter dated September 24 1930, quoted in Daly, p. 3.
11 Lennox Robinson, Curtain Up (London 1932), p. 215. James White recorded the shocked official response to perceived representations of "a nation famed as a Catholic stronghold" as "bizarre almost viciously evil people steeped in sex and drunkenness and yes, sin" (Clarke 1988).
12 Sarah Jane Checkland, '"Reject" up for sale – at more than £100,000', The Times May 2 1988, p.4.
13 For a full description of the window, see Bowe, Harry Clarke: The Life & Work (Dublin 2012), pp. 270, 276, 291-300.
Caption for Panel 1
The beauty of the world hath made me sad
This beauty will pass,
Sometimes my heart hath shaken with great joy
1 'The Wayfarer' by Patrick Pearse
The poignant words of Patrick Pearse's last poem, 'The Wayfarer', written in Kilmainham Gaol, Dublin on the eve of his execution on 2 May 1916, are simply inscribed on a cartouche of black enamel painted onto gold-pink glass, bordered with a swag of signature Clarke flowers
They bruised His brow with their crown of briars;
They mocked Him with every ugly thing;
He that could have shrivel them all with fire
He held His silence and He is a King
2 The Story brought by Brigit: A Passion Play in Three Acts by Lady Gregory (first performed at the Abbey Theatre in1924)
In her invented Kiltartan dialect, Lady Gregory tells the story of Christ, whose foster mother was traditionally believed in Gaelic Ireland and Scotland to have been St Brigid, seen here elegantly floating over her native County Kildare. Her right hand bears an effigy of the monastic settlement she founded, her left hand points to the crucified Christ suspended in a golden vesica while her elaborately bonneted profile is framed by a Celtic cross
O God that made this
beautiful earth,
When will it be ready
to receive thy Saints;
How long, O Lord, how long?
3 Saint Joan: A Chronicle Play in Six Scenes and an Epilogue by George
Bernard Shaw (first published in 1924) The final words of the epilogue of Shaw's play about 'the most notable Warrior Saint in the Christian calendar', a 'pious Catholic', 'one of the first Protestant martyrs', 'the pioneer of rational dressing for women'. Thus Shaw describes this 15th- century teenage martyr whom he reckoned was either miraculous or an 'unbearable' upstart, 'finally canonized in 1920'. Clarke depicts her in armour with fashionably cropped hair, a Celtic cross as a nimbus, illuminated by the dying embers of the day as she awaits her fate, abandoned by her executioners. Flowery and leafy garlands disguise the leadlines in these two top twilight scenes, as they did in Clarke's Eve of St Agnes window and his Bewley's Oriental Café Orders of Architecture series
Well the heart's a wonder; and I'm thinking there
won't be our like again in Mayo, for gallant lovers, from this hour today
4 The Playboy of the Western World by John
Millington Synge (1907) Clarke illustrates Christy Mahon and Pegeen Mike as coy young lovers from their romantic scene together before tragedy strikes, in Act III of Synge's controversial three-act play. Pegeen's ruby dress and shoes recall the red flannel skirts of Aran island women, while Christy's fancifully patched trousers, red pampooties, crios and traditional vest are less striking than his wandering hands or the new moon sending a glowing pink light over the County Mayo landscape behind them
And now they pause in their dancing
And look with troubled eyes,
Earth's straying children
With sudden memory wise
5 'The Others' by Seumas O'Sullivan (published in Padraic Colum's Anthology of Irish
Verse (1922)) The seventh verse of the haunting poem by the artist's friend and fellow editor on The Dublin Magazine provides Clarke with the image of a 'young maiden…of mortal birth,/ her young eyes laden with dreams of earth', borne through the whispering twilight in a shimmering starlit dress by 'a youth/ entranced – his brave/ lost feet enchanted with/ the rhythm of fairy sound.' His minimal pink costume and provocative right hand caused more official consternation than the tiny, phosphorescent, naked 'elfin crew' dancing behind them
The dark curtain of night moved noiselessly,
and the three angels stepped nobly in the firelight
6 The Demi-Gods by James Stephens (1914) Clarke here illustrates
another twilight scene, from the second chapter of 'Book I. Patsy MacCann' in Stephens' novel, dedicated to their mutual friend, Thomas Bodkin. Rustic Patsy and his daughter Mary are eating a camp supper beside the glowing brazier of a 'little bucket of fire' when they are amazed to see three angels 'gorgeously apparelled in silken robes of scarlet and gold and purple; upon their heads were crowns high in form and curious of intricate workmanship, and their wings …of many and shining colours'. While Patsy is aghast, his daughter (in glowing ruby dress) 'had slipped swift and noiseless…into the darkness behind her'.
Joxer's song, Joxer's song – give us
wan of your shut-eyed wans
7 Juno and the Paycock by Seán O'Casey (published 1925) In this
vignette, we see the immediately recognizable actor, F J McCormick, one of Clarke's favourite actors, who created the part of Joxer Daly at the Abbey Theatre in 1924. In Act II of O'Casey's play, he stands beneath the original set, featuring 'the crossed festoons of coloured paper chains' stretched across the ceiling of the vulgarly over-decorated room, about to respond to his side-kick Captain Boyle's 'Ordher for Joxer's song!', stoked up by the 'bottle o' stout' and 'dhrop o' whiskey' graphically depicted beside him
If I were to die tomorrow, all I would ask from the world
would be the charity of its silence
8 The Dreamers by Lennox Robinson (1915) The shadowy figure of
Robert Emmet,'wearing the boots and breeches' of his Irish Volunteer uniform beneath a sweeping blue cloak, gazes sadly ahead. His words are from Act III of Robinson's three-act nationalist play, when he tells Sarah and Jane Curran that he cannot leave Ireland 'while my followers are being apprehended, are suffering, are perhaps dying'. Soon after, he is led to his martyrdom at the scaffold
I have heard a sound of wailing in unnumbered
hovels, and I must go down, down, I know not where
9 The Countess Cathleen by W B Yeats (1892) Clarke's exotic queenly figure
idiosyncratically portrays Yeats' iconic heroine who sells her soul to the devil so she can save her tenants from starvation and damnation. Here, trance-like, with 'sad resolve' she utters her farewell at the end of Scene 3 in the poet's verse drama, as she stands motionless before ascending the steps to the door of an oratory. Her magnificently brocaded dress and Ballets Russes-inspired headdress are silhouetted against a darkly wooded backdrop and a turreted city rising in the distance behind her. Beside her is the despairing poet Aleel
Caption for Panel 10
She came towards him dancing, moving the folds of the veil
so that they unfolded slowly as she danced
10 Mr Gilhooley by Liam O' Flaherty (1926) Clarke selects the most risqué passage from
Chapter XI of the censored O'Flaherty's novel, where the beleaguered would-be 'voluptuary', Mr Gilhooley, has moved into a rented flat with his mistress, the mystifying Nelly, who calls him 'uncle'. Intoxicated after their inaugural supper, she responds to his plea to marry him by dancing for him. Pale, slender, lithe and bacchanialian with 'a thick mass of sparkling golden curls', she advanced across the floor, barefoot, wearing 'nothing but a veil' so 'her body, as she moved, showed through its folds' seductively disclosing her beautiful form until, 'with a cry, she dropped the veil and stood quite naked before him'. Drunkenly, he watches her from the divan, glass of wine and cigar in hand, 'the bald spot on the top of his head, his thick red neck, the pockmark on his nose, his wrinkled cheeks and the limpness of his fleshy limbs' all too visible
I know the great gift we will give to the
Gael will be a memory to pity and sigh
over: and I shall be the Priestess of Tears
11 Deirdre by George 'AE' Russell (performed 1902, published 1907)
The beautiful Deirdre, in exile with her beloved warrior Naisi in a wooded dun by Loch Etive, reminds him in Act II of AE's three-act drama of their meeting three years ago 'when we fled that night; as I lay by thy side – thou wert yet strange to me – I heard voices speaking out of the air'. Aware of the great gift they were to bring, she tries to make her doomed lover promise he will never go back to Ulster. Her naked form, barely covered by a diaphanous robe, met with more disapproval than her modern 1920s blonde bob
Mavourneen is going from me and from you,
Where Mary will fold him with mantle of blue
12 A Cradle Song from Wild Earth by Padraic Colum (1907, set to
music by Arnold Bax 1922) Clarke depicts a pale young woman in a brown cloak cradling her small baby with sad concern, watched by two men bidden to tread softly when they enter from the fields beyond. Above her is a banner emblazoned with the protective Virgin and Child
It's the pleasure and diversion of the world
You'll hear and see in them magic glasses
13 The Magic Glasses by George Fitzmaurice (first produced at the Abbey Theatre
in 1913, published 1914) Jaymony Shanahan, wearing rainbow-coloured clothes and boots, repeats the words of "the brown woman" from whom he has purchased a set of nine magic glasses to his father, Padden, his mother Maineen and the suspicious Mr. Quille. Already bewitched, he answers Quille's question, "What's in the three red glasses?" with "Women. Full of the purtiest women was ever seen on the globe. It's myself got very fond of one of them, and maybe of two. And in the glass I could see myself and the one I was doting on….".
The widow thought that the world was
strange, the sky extraordinary, the man's
head against the red sky a wonder, a poem
14 The Weaver's Grave by Seamus O'Kelly (1919) Clarke evokes the end of Part V of
O'Kelly's short story, where the figures of the two ancient, bent gravediggers, Meehaul Lynskey and Cahir Bowes, are silhouetted in miniature against the golden orb of a setting sun in the dramatic red-streaked sky above the graveyard. Framing them are the exotically beautiful young dark-haired widow of Mortimer Hehir the weaver, magnetically aware of the sensual attractions of the young gravedigger, poised alluringly in his pseudo-military uniform, spade in hand
There's music along the river
For love wanders there
Pale flowers on his mantle
Dark leaves on his hair'
15 A poem from Chamber Music by James Joyce (1907)
The second verse of the first stanza of Joyce's youthful collection of thirty-six poems, which he hoped could be set to music, is personified by Clarke as a pale, soulful Pre-Raphaelite mandolin player. Robed in purple silk and wreathed, he wanders dreamily beside a moonlit river, pinnacled spires silhouetted against a tumultuous silver sky
In the current edition of the Irish Arts Review, Autumn 21: 150 years since the birth of Jack B Yeats, Hilary Pyle considers the concept of memory embedded in his work. Jack B Yeats: Painting & Memory, @NGIreland - 4 September - 22 February 2021pic.twitter.com/f3HcfIWpPi
Artists On View - threadstories @MolesworthGall until 30 Sept In the @IrishArtsReview Stephanie McBride discovers that, like Banksy & French music duo Daft Punk, threadstories is using her own masked identity and anonymity as a riff on celebrity status, or an inversion of itpic.twitter.com/EVeilIF7FV
Art exhibitions: Merlin James @KerlinGallery Sept 4 - 9 Oct Merlin James revisits the rural scenes & architectural features that have captivated his practice. His works showing are often pierced, cropped or heavily overpainted, refining ideas of genre and narrative.pic.twitter.com/eDZ8gq0pyp


Minister of Foreign Affairs Linas Linkevičius confirmed to Delfi on Friday that the Foreign Ministry has approached prosecutors regarding Agrokoncernas' links to Arkady Rotenberg.
"The involved companies may not be included in the sanctions list, however their potential owner, he is. And thus, if that is the case, we see this as a potential threat because it could be a breach of the sanction regime (...) Because the owner, if they have over 50% of the shares, is also the benefactor of those deals. Since this is based on only public information, it is insufficiently reliable to make conclusions, thus we have approached the prosecutors," L. Linkevičius told Delfi.
According to him, this is not the first time that the Foreign Ministry has gone to the prosecutors' office due to needing legal information.
"Such is the process now. Since the companies are not in it (the sanctions list), but the owner is, we see risks and recommend to not perform such business. Agrokoncernas has seemingly made a statement that they intend to halt those relations. However, to fully evaluate everything legally, we need the involvement of relevant institutions. This should be done by the prosecutors," L. Linkevičius said.
Delfi reminds that the LRT Investigation Department uncovered that the ruling "Farmer" leader Ramūnas Karbauskis' Agrokoncernas imports fertiliser not only from the Russian fertiliser producers Phos Agro and Acron. Fertiliser is also arriving in Lithuania from Vladimir Putin's childhood friend, who built the Crimean bridge.
Arkady Rotenberg, who owns one of the largest Russian nitrogen fertiliser factories Minudobreniya, has had international sanctions applied. However, this does not encourage the leader of the largest Seimas group R. Karbauskis to cease business relations with this fertiliser producer. R. Karbauskis assures that agronomists working in Agrokoncernas cannot be aware of all the shareholders.
In regard to international politics news, L. Linkevičius told Delfi that there currently are talks with EU partners over new sanctions against Russia due to the country's aggression against Ukraine in the Sea of Azov.
"We declared national sanctions. We are talking to our partner countries, who could potentially also join. I have held intensive discussions in Brussels and Milan recently. We will see. This is not the first time that we are seeking consensus at the European level; if it fails, we will take steps at the national level. At this stage these are just national sanctions, while the others are still considering," the foreign minister stated.
According to him, it is not simple to maintain even the current sanctions, thus implementing new ones is no simple feat, however Lithuania is making efforts in this direction.


text:
EastEnders Taylor murder horror as Gray Atkins' domestic abuse finally 'exposed'
EastEnders' Gray Atkins will be in a lot of danger once his wife Chantelle's family find out he has been abusing her
Sasha MorrisSenior TV Reporter
(Image: BBC)
EastEnders' Gray Atkins (Toby Alexander Smith) has been secretly abusing his wife Chantelle (Jessica Plummer) for years, and it won't be long before the secret is exposed
EastEnders spoilers previously revealed Chantelle would suffer a miscarriage with their third child, and will be terrified to tell her husband what has happened.
Lorraine Stanley and Roger Griffiths, who play Chantelle's mum and dad Karen Taylor and Mitch Baker, hinted just how angry their characters will be when they find out what Gray has been doing to their daughter.
Talking to Daily Star Online, Lorraine said: "They're definitely not going to be happy when they find out.
"That is the scary thing about domestic abuse, you never know what is going on behind closed door, and it is devastating."
EastEnders fans predict Callum will kill 'creepy' Leo with chilling theory
Chantelle told her mum Karen that she suffered a miscarriage earlier this week (Image: BBC)
Roger chipped in: "Mitch would want to kill Gray, but he might not get there first," and Lorraine said: "Karen would do anything for her family, for her little girl."
She added: "But I think she would try to do it in a cleverer way than just attacking him."
Looks like Karen could have a killer plot up her sleeve…
EastEnders legend will return from dead for killer Whitney Dean revenge, says fans
Karen and Mitch are set to plot revenge as they find out what has happened to their daughter (Image: BBC)
Roger agreed: "The sad thing is, if I were to break into the house and try to kill Gray, Chantelle would defend him."
Gray has told Chantelle that he has been going to therapy to try and work on his anger issues so he will stop lashing out at his wife.
However, viewers are sure that he has been lying to his wife about going, which will lead to an explosive showdown.
Gray is in serious danger when Chantelle's family find out the truth about him (Image: BBC)
Meanwhile, Gray is also set to be furious when he finds out Chantelle miscarried, and is set to blame it on her working in the salon.
Will Chantelle ever be free from his clutches, and will it be down to Karen and Mitch to save her?
EastEnders continues tomorrow at 8pm on BBC.