Houma-Thibodaux is increasingly being included in state economic development groups' efforts to unify southeast Louisiana into a cohesive "super region" to be used in promotional and policy making decisions.
Several weeks ago, Terrebonne Parish President Michel Claudet joined representatives from other economic development organizations, including Greater New Orleans Inc. and the Baton Rouge Economic Council, on a trip to Florida to learn how super regions can benefit business.
The super region committee would unite various non-government organizations that represent Baton Rouge, New Orleans and Houma-Thibodaux. The state super-region committee voted last month to include Houma-Thibodaux, which it calls the Bayou Region.
Adding Houma-Thibodaux creates a non-governmental task force that accounts for over 50 percent of the state's population and workforce. That group is able to propose or oppose policies and laws made at the state level to benefit businesses in the region.
"I can tell you, the super region has been very instrumental working with legislators and the Governor's Office on a number of the more business friendly tax reform measures that have gone on in the state," said Marty Mayer, former president of GNO Inc. and future chairman of the super-region committee.
Mayer said the super-region committee will attempt to infuse business-friendly policies into upcoming gubernatorial election. The committee's priorities will include improving transportation infrastructure and making state budget changes.
"When we try to plug the holes, which happen every year at the state level, the only things we are able to cut is higher education or health care, neither of which are the things you want to be cut, because 80 percent of the budget is protected by constitutional amendments," Mayer said.
Gov. Bobby Jindal is serving the second of the two consecutive four-year terms allowed by law, which means that a new governor will be elected in 2015.
The commission hopes that Jindal's predecessor will allow reforms that make it easier to cut expenses in other areas.
Claudet said he is enthusiastic about Houma-Thibodaux's inclusion.
Baton Rouge Economic Council President Roger Ogden, who formerly chaired the super-region committee, said that completing the long-stagnant Interstate 49 project is among the priorities. Advocates want to upgrade U.S. 90 between Lafayette and New Orleans into an I-49 corridor. That would connect Lafayette to New Orleans through Houma-Thibodaux.
Between 2004 and 2011, highway traffic between the three areas increased 11 percent. In 2004, about 8,000 people commuted daily between Houma-Thibodaux and New Orleans for business purposes. In 2010, the number was more than 11,000.
Supporters of the super-region concept include Dan Borne, president of the Louisiana Chemical Association. Speaking Tuesday to the Houma-Terrebonne Chamber of Commerce, he emphasized the advantages for the chemical industry.
"That is how we need to look at economics, on the regional level," Borne said.
Other leaders are excited that decade and century-old divisions between parishes and cities could be swept away in favor of supporting greater commerce.


Here is a look at the history of games played between Manchester United and Leicester since the commencement of the Premier League as we know it (1992/93 season) till date. Only league games (so no erstwhile First Division, games Cups and Community Shield clashes) included in this stat- last updated after the first game of the 2018/19 season on 10 August, 2018.
Who was won more in Premier League games between Man Utd and Leicester?
In 25 games played so far, Man Utd have won 16. Seven have been drawn, with Leicester winning twice.
When have Leicester City beaten Man Utd in the Premiership?
There have been two famous wins for Leicester over United- the first a 1-0 win on 31st January, 1998 at Old Trafford, and the other a 5-3 win at home on 21 September, 2014 after being 3-1 down.


One of Canada's greatest challenges, both today and for the future, concerns the protection of tangible and intangible heritage. A society's identity, sense of place, and wellbeing are intrinsically tied to its heritage. In multicultural and settler states like Canada, the challenges associated with the recognition, respect, and protection of cultural heritage can be particularly acute and, as is evident today, are often a source of conflict, with substantial social, political, and economic consequences.
While heritage is important to all peoples, and everyone has a cultural legacy worthy of respect and protection, Indigenous peoples have historically had the least control over their heritage, including little say in decisions made over sites and places of great importance to them. Indigenous peoples have also received the least benefit from research conducted on their heritage. Indeed, all too often Indigenous peoples' stories, lifeways, traditional knowledge, and cultural sites are viewed as part of the public domain, free for the taking and enjoyment of others.
In recent years there has been a substantial commitment in such disciplines as Archaeology and Anthropology to address these concerns, with researchers seeking more meaningful inclusion of, and collaborations with, Indigenous peoples in projects related to their cultural heritage. However, there are still tremendous challenges in moving into establishing more respectful, ethical, and effective policies to protect Indigenous cultural heritage, and in putting these into practice, especially when fundamental differences exist between Western and Indigenous societies over how heritage is perceived or defined.
Fully recognizing, respecting, and protecting Indigenous cultural heritage is more than an issue of academic interest as it is bound up with challenging questions about sovereignty and jurisdiction, about social justice and human rights, and about how Indigenous peoples can most effectively control access to, and benefits from, their heritage. Indigenous peoples throughout Canada and beyond, long affected by disenfranchisement, loss of language and culture, and fragmentation of their societies, continue to seek meaningful engagement with those controlling their heritage. Thus, professional organizations, government agencies, and international organization such as the United Nations and World Intellectual Property Organization are increasingly joining with universities and Indigenous organizations to develop solutions to these challenges.
These questions and concerns provide the background for our proposed colloquium, which seeks to engage directly with these topics not by rehashing now-familiar issues and examples, but by exploring new approaches to collaborative research and policy development, with a particular focus on those that foreground the interests and concerns of Indigenous communities.
Indigenous Cultural Heritage: Issues of Canadian Law, Policy and Reform. See recording of lecture.
Who Owns Native Culture? Intellectual Property Issues Associated with Indigenous Cultural Heritage Protection. See recording of lecture.
Protecting Indigenous Cultural Heritage: Ethics, Policy, and Practice. Reserve online.
Heritage and Community Values, Benefits, and Sustainability. Reserve online.
Heritage and Politics: Sovereignty, Jurisdiction, and the Protection of Indigenous Culture. Reserve online.
This lecture takes place at SFU Vancouver. Reserve online.
These free public lectures are open to everyone. All lectures will take place on the Burnaby campus in West Mall Centre 3260 (see locations page for directions), with the exception of the March 26 lecture by Linda Tuhiwai Smith, which will be at the Morris J Wosk Centre for Dialogue, SFU Vancouver.


A flagship item in our Core Collection of down-filled jackets, the 3Q jacket is our most sophisticated option. With a length in between the bomber and parka, this jacket offers warmth and protection while ensuring full mobility. The quilted cotton/nylon fabric allows for a tailored fit, while the side zippers make getting your keys or phone from your pockets a breeze. Featuring the blue fox-trimmed hood, CLASSIC Moose Knuckles metal sleeve logo in a variety of finishes.
Styles with frost fox or red fox fur are made in vietnam.


text:
De Muziekvereniging "Sint-Caecilia", Lutjebroek is een harmonieorkest, slagwerkgroep en jeugdorkest uit Lutjebroek, nu deelgemeente van Stede Broec in de provincie Noord-Holland. De vereniging werd opgericht in februari 1912.

Geschiedenis

Harmonie
Bij de oprichting in 1912 werd gestart met twaalf leden en de toenmalige pastoor Postma werd naast geestelijk adviseur ook de artistieke leider. Tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog werden veel leden verloren. In de jaren 1930 kwam de vereniging weer tot bloei, waarbij onder leiding van de heer Koning aan talrijke concoursen kon worden deelgenomen en men promoveerde tot de ereafdeling.  Aangezien de vereniging in de Tweede Wereldoorlog weigerde toe te treden tot de door de bezetter ingestelde Kultuurkamer, hield zij in feite op te functioneren. Na afloop van de oorlog kwamen de activiteiten weer op gang. Dankzij de muziekschool en onder leiding van de heer Piet Morsch, docent aan de muziekschool, kon de basis worden gelegd voor de vereniging van heden. In 1972 werd Arie J. Vlam opvolger van Morsch als dirigent van de harmonie. Na een aantal jaren onder leiding van Alida Holwerda te hebben gestaan, en daarna onder leiding van Wim Klaver, is nu Niels Ket dirigent van de harmonie.

Percussion Ensemble
Naast het harmonieorkest bestaat er ook een Percussion Ensemble ofwel slagwerkgroep binnen de vereniging.
De basis van deze afdeling ligt bij een aantal mensen die vlak na de Tweede Wereldoorlog samen aan het trommelen sloegen. Vanaf 1951 werd Cor Bakker de instructeur van deze groep en werden de zaken serieus aangepakt. Dit resulteerde in vele successen bij diverse wedstrijden. Er werd uitgekomen in de eredivisie. In 1987 werd Bakker bij zijn afscheid van de vereniging tot erelid benoemd. Tevens kreeg hij de bronzen legpenning van de Federatie van Katholieke Muziekkorpsen, als blijk van waardering voor de vele verdiensten die Bakker had voor de HaFaBrasector.

Eind jaren zeventig, begin jaren tachtig, was er een terugval van de slagwerkgroep. Vanaf 1987 stond ze onder leiding van Marcel Oud, wat zorgde voor nieuw elan. De club groeide van zeven naar zesendertig leden. Daarnaast zorgde Oud ervoor dat hij zelf de slagwerkers kon opleiden voor de landelijke slagwerkdiploma's. De club promoveerde mede daardoor van de derde divisie naar de eredivisie op twee verschillende onderdelen, te weten de marsconcoursen en de podiumconcoursen. Er werden voor het eerst in de geschiedenis van Sint-Caecilia kampioenstitels behaald in de eerste én eredivisie van solistenwedstrijden.

In april 2005 besloot Oud op te stappen. Bij zijn afscheid werd hij tot erelid benoemd van het Percussion Ensemble. De club staat sindsdien onder leiding van Emiel Dijkstra.

Dirigenten
 1912 - ???? Pastoor Postma
 ???? - ???? Dhr. Koning
 1951 - 1987 Cor Bakker (Drumband)
 ???? - 1972 Pieter Morsch
 1972 - 1999 Arie J. Vlam
1999 -  2002 Ton van de Kieft
 1987 - 2005 Marcel Oud (Percussion Ensemble)
 2002 - 2008 Alida Holwerda
 2005 - heden Emiel Dijkstra (Percussion Ensemble)
 2008 - 2019 Wim Klaver
2019 - heden Niels Ket

Externe link
 Officiële internetpagina

Zie ook
 Lijst van Nederlandse harmonieorkesten

Lutjebroek, Harmonie St. Caecilia
Stede Broec

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
<?php

declare(strict_types=1);

namespace ZendTest\Expressive\Container;

use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
use Psr\Container\ContainerInterface;
use Zend\Expressive\Application;
use Zend\Expressive\ApplicationPipeline;
use Zend\Expressive\Container\ApplicationFactory;
use Zend\Expressive\MiddlewareFactory;
use Zend\Expressive\Router\RouteCollector;
use Zend\HttpHandlerRunner\RequestHandlerRunner;
use Zend\Stratigility\MiddlewarePipeInterface;

class ApplicationFactoryTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testFactoryProducesAnApplication()
    {
        $middlewareFactory = $this->prophesize(MiddlewareFactory::class)->reveal();
        $pipeline = $this->prophesize(MiddlewarePipeInterface::class)->reveal();
        $routeCollector = $this->prophesize(RouteCollector::class)->reveal();
        $runner = $this->prophesize(RequestHandlerRunner::class)->reveal();

        $container = $this->prophesize(ContainerInterface::class);
        $container->get(MiddlewareFactory::class)->willReturn($middlewareFactory);
        $container->get(ApplicationPipeline::class)->willReturn($pipeline);
        $container->get(RouteCollector::class)->willReturn($routeCollector);
        $container->get(RequestHandlerRunner::class)->willReturn($runner);

        $factory = new ApplicationFactory();

        $application = $factory($container->reveal());

        $this->assertInstanceOf(Application::class, $application);
        $this->assertAttributeSame($middlewareFactory, 'factory', $application);
        $this->assertAttributeSame($pipeline, 'pipeline', $application);
        $this->assertAttributeSame($routeCollector, 'routes', $application);
        $this->assertAttributeSame($runner, 'runner', $application);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The purpose of this book is to introduce those folks with some sort of trauma or emotional upheaval to the real life wonders of producing a Journal of The Trauma. The book provides a detailed step-by-step instruction or guide as to how to accomplish this important action as a therapy.
As a recovering alcoholic of some twenty years I can attest to the ultimate success of reducing your issues no matter how large or small they appear to the written word from your own hand. In the recovery circles we refer to this action as taking an inventory. We do so where possible in writing. I should also relate that this action is somewhat supervised as it is recommended that you seek some consul on how to accomplish this.
On a personal note, I took my written inventory some twenty years ago. I wish that I had the benefit of this book. It could have given me some very positive direction as to how and where I needed to go to reach the recovery level that I sought.
I found this book to be a very good read. The accuracy of the real circumstance was profound. It is a recommended read for anyone wishing to improve his or her lives in the face of major issues who are willing to take an action on their own.
Many people will likely consider taking an inventory or the writing of a personal journal to be no real challenge. I would submit that this would only be true of the folks that have not attempted it. Anyone who has seriously tried this has found it to be very difficult. As the saying goes, "No Pain No Gain."


text:
Q: Form new lists from elements in an existing list and assign a worksheet name The title may sound confusing...but this is what I need to do:
I have a list (which will be variable in length, with different values depending on various scenarios), e.g: list1 = ['backup', 'downloadMedia', 'createAlbum']. From this list, I need to create one of the following for each of these items: (and obviously the name will update depending on the item in the list)

*

*I need to create a new list called: testcases_backup = []

*I need to create a new list called: results_backup = []

*I need to create a new list called: screenshot_paths_backup = []

*And lastly, I need to open a new worksheet, which requires: worksheet1 = workbook.add_worksheet('Results'). Of note in this case, I will need to iterate 1,2,3,... for the worksheet name for each of the items in the list. So for the first iteration for 'backup', it will be worksheet1. and 2 for downloadMedia, etc.

I have tried using dictionaries, but at this point I am not making any real progress.
My attempt: (I have very limited exp with dictionaries)
master_test_list = ['backup', 'downloadMedia', 'createAlbum']
master_test_dict = {}
def addTest(test, worksheet, testcases_list, results_list, screenshots_path_list):
    master_test_dict[test] = worksheet
    master_test_dict[test] = testcases_list
    master_test_dict[test] = results_list
    master_test_dict[test] = screenshots_path_list

for test in master_test_list:
    addTest(test, "worksheet"+str(master_test_list.index(test)+1), "testcases_list_"+test, "results_list_"+test, "screenshots_path_list_"+test)

print(results_list_backup)

I thought this might work...but I just get strings inside the lists, and so I cannot define them as lists:
worksheets = []
for i in range(len(master_test_list)):
    worksheets.append(str(i+1))
worksheets = ["worksheet%s" % x for x in worksheets]
testcases = ["testcases_list_%s" % x for x in master_test_list]
results = ["results_%s" % x for x in master_test_list]
screenshot_paths = ["screenshot_paths_%s" % x for x in master_test_list]

for w in worksheets:
    w = workbook.add_worksheet('Results')
for t in testcases:
    t = []
for r in results:
    r = []
for s in screenshot_paths:
    s = []

A: You explanation leaves some things to be imagined, but I think I've got what you need. There are two files: The .py python file and an excel file which is the spreadsheet serving as a foundation for adding sheets. You can find the ones I made on my github:
https://github.com/DavidD003/LearningPython
here is the excel code. Sharing first because its shorter. If you don't want to download mine then make a sheet called 'AddSheets.xlsm' with a module called 'SheetAdder' and within that module put the following code:
Public Sub AddASheet(nm)

    Application.DisplayAlerts = False 'Reset on workbook open event, since we need it to be False here right up to the point of saving and closing

    Dim NewSheet As Worksheet

    Set NewSheet = ThisWorkbook.Sheets.Add
    NewSheet.Name = nm

End Sub

Make sure to add this to the 'ThisWorkbook' code in the 'MicroSoft Excel Objects' folder of the VBA project:
Private Sub Workbook_Open()
    Application.DisplayAlerts = True
End Sub

The python script is as follows:
See [this question][1] for an example of how to type format the filepath as a string for function argument. I removed mine here.
import win32com.client as wincl
import os

# Following modified from https://stackoverflow.com/questions/58188684/calling-vba-macro-from-python-with-unknown-number-of-arguments

def run_vba_macro(str_path, str_modulename, str_macroname, shtNm):
    if os.path.exists(str_path):
        xl = wincl.DispatchEx("Excel.Application")
        wb = xl.Workbooks.Open(str_path, ReadOnly=0)
        xl.Visible = True
        xl.Application.Run(os.path.basename(str_path)+"!" +
                           str_modulename+'.'+str_macroname, shtNm)
        wb.Save()
        wb.Close()
        xl.Application.Quit()
        del xl

# Insert your code which generates your list here
list1 = ['backup', 'downloadMedia', 'createAlbum']

# Dont make a new free floating list for each element of list1. Generate and store the lists you want in a dictionary
testcases = dict([[x, []] for x in list1])
results = dict([[x, []] for x in list1])
screenshot_paths = dict([[x, []] for x in list1])

for myContent in list1:
    myTestCaseList = []  # Do whatever you like to generate the data u need
    myResultsList = []
    myScreenshot_Paths_List = []

    # 1 Store your created list for test case of item 'myContent' from list1 in a dictionary
    testcases[myContent].append(myTestCaseList)
    # 2 Same but your results list
    results[myContent].append(myResultsList)
    # 3 Same but your screenshot_paths list
    screenshot_paths[myContent].append(myScreenshot_Paths_List)
    # 4 Make an excel sheet named after the item from list1
    run_vba_macro("C:\\Users\\xx-_-\\Documents\\Coding Products\\Python (Local)\\Programs\\Python X Excel\\AddSheets.xlsm",
                  "SheetAdder", "AddASheet", myContent)```

I started working on this before you updated your question with a code sample, so bear in mind I haven't looked at your code at all lol. Just ran with this.

Here is a summary of what all of the above does:
-Creates an excel sheet with a sheet for every element in 'list1', with the sheet named after that element
-Generates 3 dictionaries, one for test cases, one for results, and one for screenshot paths, where each dictionary has a list for each element from 'list1', with that list as the value for the key being the element in 'list1'

  [1]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/58188684/calling-vba-macro-from-python-with-unknown-number-of-arguments

A: Adding a second answer since the code is significantly different, addressing the specified request for how to create n copies of lists:
def GenerateElements():
    # Insert your code which generates your list here
    myGeneratedList = ['backup', 'downloadMedia', 'createAlbum']
    return myGeneratedList

def InitDict(ListOfElements):
    # Dont make a new free floating list for each element of list1. Generate and store the lists you want in a dictionary
    return dict([[x, []] for x in ListOfElements])

def RunTest():
    for myContent in list1:
        # Do whatever you like to generate the data u need
        myTestCaseList = ['a', 'b']
        myResultsList = [1, 2]
        myScreenshot_Paths_List = ['sc1', 'sc2']

        # 1 Store your created list for test case of item 'myContent' from list1 in a dictionary
        testcases[myContent].append(myTestCaseList)
        # 2 Same but your results list
        results[myContent].append(myResultsList)
        # 3 Same but your screenshot_paths list
        screenshot_paths[myContent].append(myScreenshot_Paths_List)
        # 4 Make an excel sheet named after the item from list1
        # run_vba_macro("C:\\Users\\xx-_-\\Documents\\Coding Products\\Python (Local)\\Programs\\Python X Excel\\AddSheets.xlsm","SheetAdder", "AddASheet", myContent)

list1 = GenerateElements()
testcases, results, screenshot_paths = InitDict(
    list1), InitDict(list1), InitDict(list1)

NumTests = 5  # Number of tests you want
for x in range(NumTests):
    RunTest()

What's going on here is just defining some initialization functions and then exercising them in a couple of lines.
My understanding is that you are running a series of tests, where you want a list of the inputs and outputs to be a running tally kind of thing. As such, this code uses a dictionary to store a list of lists. The dictionary key is how you identify which log you're looking at: test cases log vs results log vs screenshot_paths log.
As per my understanding of your requirements, each dictionary element is a list of lists where the 1st list is just the output of the first test. The second list is the first with the outcome of the second test/result appended to it. This goes on, so the structure looks like:
testcases= [ [testcase1] , [testcase1,testcase2] , [testcase1,testcase2,testcase3] ]

etc.
If this isn't exactly what you want you can probably modify it to suit your needs.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Every year the dudes over at The Garden in Pittsfield Ma, hold an annual game of skate in memory of some friends that were lost too soon. This years event is happening this Saturday. This is a must attend event for all the homies from Albany. Showing support for something this important is very important to us on a personal and shop level. So if possible get out there and shred, its going to be one of the best days of the Summer. To show our support for the event we will be selling Girl and Chocolate boards all week for $45 with Free Grip.
This entry was posted in News and tagged Albany, Chocolate Skateboards, Girl Skateboards, Keenan Milton, NY, Seasons Skate Shop, Shred For Keenan, The Garden. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
Serbianisation or Serbianization, also known as Serbification, and Serbisation or Serbization ( or ; ;  or ; ; ) is the spread of Serbian culture, people, and language, either by social integration or by cultural or forced assimilation.

Medieval period
Populated by Bulgarians and Romanians, the area between the Morava and Timok rivers became part of the Serbian state in 1291/1292 which began the Serbianisation of the region. Catholic Albanians that came under the rule of Serb Emperor Stefan Dušan were required by state policy to convert to Orthodoxy and Serbianise their Albanian names. Uglješa Mrnjavčević, a fourteenth-century Serbian despot who ruled much of Macedonia on behalf of Serb Emperor Stefan Uroš V attempted to Serbianise the monastic community of Mount Athos. Certain Serbian historians have cited that the Bosnian region upon its submission to the jurisdiction of the Serbian Orthodox Patriarchate led to the Serbianisation of most of the territory.

19th century

Principality of Serbia

The historical sources demonstrate that before the 19th century and the rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire the majority of the ordinary Orthodox Christians on the Balkans had only a vague idea of their ethnic identity. The local South Slavic-speaking peasants were accustomed to defining themselves in terms of their religion, locality, and occupation. After the national states were established, peasantry was indoctrinated through the schools and military conscription, the official Church, and the governmental press. It was through these instruments of the state administration, that a national identity came into real and rapid development.

Some Serbian sources from the mid 19th century, continued to claim, the areas southeast of Niš, including Southern Pomoravlje and Macedonia, were mainly Bulgarian populated. Per Serbian newspaper, Vidovdan (No. 38, March 29, 1862), the future Bulgarian-Serbian frontier would extend from the Danube in North, along the Timok and South Morava, and then on the ridge of Shar Mountain towards the Black Drin River to the Lake of Ohrid in South.

The region of today's Eastern Serbia faced a number of changes in regard to the dominant population group in the area, due to constant wars, conquests, plague Great Migrations of the Serbs, and Migrations of Bulgarians during the 17th and the 18th-19th century. It was only after the Serbian revolution and later independence that the Serbian national idea gained monumentum within the area east of Niš.  According to many authors ca. 1850 the delineation between Serbs and Bulgarians ran north of Niš, although Cyprien Robert claimed that Serbs formed half of the town of Niš population. In the sub-district of Prokuplje, the most numerous ethnic group were the Albanians, while in Vranje, Bulgarians and Albanians were equally distributed alongside minority Serbian population. In Pirot and Leskovac sub-districts, the Bulgarians were the main ethnic group. The Turks lived mainly in the bigger towns. In Ottoman usage then the Sanjak of Niš was included in an area designated as "Bulgaristan", i.e. Bulgaria.

Serbian elites after the mid of the 19th century, claimed that the Bulgarians located south-east of Niš were Old Serbians, which was an  implementation of Garašanin's expansionist plan called Načertanije. In 1870, the Southern Pomoravlje was included in the Bulgarian Exarchate.  Milan Savić still claimed that at this time (1878) Nis and environs were Bulgarian populated.  After the war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire (1877–1878), the lands in the regions of Niš, Pirot and Vranje became a part of Serbia. Serbia had successfully homogenized and modernized these new territories and in this way it assimilated the local Bulgarians of the Timok and Morava river valleys toward the end of the nineteenth century. Afterwards Serbia turned its attention to the region of Macedonia. The demographics of Niš underwent change whereby Serbs who formed half the urban population prior to 1878 became 80 percent in 1884.

Kingdom of Serbia
In 1878 Serbia became independent and pressure developed in the state for people from different ethnic groups to Serbianise religious denominations and their personal names. Serbianisation of identity along with ideological and cultural Serbianisation followed. Belgrade was reconstructed as a new capital by the Serb elite that removed elements of the Ottoman era. While Serb commonfolk looked for ways to aid the Serb cause and assist other Serbs still residing in areas ruled by the Muslim Ottoman Empire. Austro-Hungarian Serbs who had integrated within Serbia and promoted Serbianisation opened the country up to cultural and economic influences of Austria-Hungary in the 1880s.

Principality of Montenegro
According to jurist and sociologist Valtazar Bogišić all Eastern Orthodox citizens of Montenegro were Serbs. He states that they Serbianised a small number of Romani people who mostly worked as blacksmiths.

Ottoman Macedonia
Representatives from Serbia, such as the statesmen, diplomat and historian Stojan Novaković encouraged a separate Slavic Macedonian identity to counter the strong Bulgarian influence, to separate the local population from the rest of the Bulgarians, and to instill the "Serbian idea". Serbianising directly the local Slavic population through propaganda and education was difficult due to strong Bulgarian sentiments at the time in the region. The spread and promotion of Serbian Macedonianism was seen by Serbs as the first move toward eventually Serbianing the Macedonians. Serbian nationalist-oriented politicians in the 19th century traveled to the area of Ottoman Macedonia and spread national propaganda with intent to build a Serbian national feeling among the local population. One of these nationalist was Miloš Milojević who claimed that Serbia in ancient times has been far bigger, with expansion to more continents.

Vlachs

Pre-Ottoman Serbian Empire and its institutions had no time to serbicize the Balkan Vlachs in medieval Serbia, since it soon fell under the Turkish dominance; that process was not finished until the 19th century. Furthermore, the process of serbization, of "Vlachs" has been accomplished through the Serbian Orthodox Church in Dalmatia and the Military Frontiers (Vojna Krajina), i. e., in the territories of the Croatian Kingdom, together with Bosnia, where Vlachs found their final domicile. The Church had the most decisive role in the serbization process of Vlachs in the initial and middle phases. During the 16–18th centuries the amalgamation of the process of sedentarization of the Orthodox Vlachs and their gradual fusion into the Serbian rural population reached a high level and was recognized by the Ottoman authorities. In the final phase, the most significant role was played by the newspaper Srbobran in the 1880s and 1890s. According to Ivo Banac almost whole civil authority of the former Serbian state Ottomans transfer to the patriarchs of Peć. The millet system that the Serbs transferred to the Habsburg Monarchy was a good instrument for transmitting the Serbian national identity. Patriarchate of Peć and later Metropolitanate of Karlovci Serbianized parts of Balkan Orthodox people such as Bulgars, "Vlachs", Albanians, Romanians and a significant number of Catholic Croats. According to Vjeran Kursar although Catholic and Muslim Vlachs, or other, non-Serbian elements which exist in the western Balkans should not be underestimated still the vast majority of Vlachs in that area were Orthodox Christians and Serbian(ised), often still bilingual. All Slavic or Slavicised Orthodox Christians under the jurisdiction of Patriarchate of Peć ie Serbian patriarchs were eventually identified as Serbs, this process did not finish until modern times.

20th century

Interwar Yugoslavia
Following the First World War, the new Kingdom was reliant on patronage from the Serb monarchy that resulted in tendencies of centralisation and Serbianisation that other ethnic communities in the country opposed. In Belgrade a new government was formed after the war that quickly Serbianised the gendarmerie and made non-Serbs in the country view the new Kingdom as an extension of the old Kingdom of Serbia.

Vardar Macedonia

The region of present-day North Macedonia until 1912 was part of the Ottoman Empire. According to Encyclopædia Britannica 1911 Edition, at the beginning of the 20th century the Slavs constituted the majority of the population in Macedonia. Per Britannica itself the bulk of the Slavs there were regarded as "Bulgarians". Immediately after annexation of Vardar Macedonia to the Kingdom of Serbia, the Macedonian Slavs were faced with the policy of forced serbianisation.

Those who declare as the Bulgarians were, harassed or deported to Bulgaria. The high clergymen of the Bulgarian Exarchate were also deported. Bulgarian schools were closed and teachers expelled. The population of Macedonia was forced to declare as Serbs. Those who refused were beaten and tortured. Prominent people and teachers from Skopje who refused to declare as Serbs were deported to Bulgaria. International Commission concluded that the Serbian state started in Macedonia wide sociological experiment of "assimilation through terror." All Bulgarian books gave way to Serbian. The government Serbianized personal names and surnames for all official uses. Between 1913 and 1915 all people who spoke a Slavic language in Vardar Macedonia were presented by Serbia as Serbs.

During the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the government of the Kingdom pursued a linguistic Serbisation policy towards population of the Macedonia, then called "Southern Serbia" (unofficially) or "Vardar Banovina" (officially). The dialects spoken in this region were referred to as dialects of Serbo-Croatian. Southern dialects were suppressed with regards to education, military and other national activities, and their usage was punishable. Following the First World War Serbian rule was reinstated over Vardar Macedonia, the local Bulgarian or Macedonian population was not recognised and an attempted Serbianisation occurred. Yugoslavia aimed to incorporate Macedonia through "assimilation" and "nationalisation" through two main goals. Firstly, to legitimate its control, the state based its claims to Macedonia as an inheritance of the medieval monarch Stefan Dušan or as a promised land given by God to the Serb people. Secondly, the state used the modernist idea of the nation and spread it through schools. Both processes merged as myths, people, symbols and dates originating from Serbian history were also used in the endeavour. During 1920 the Orthodox community of Vardar Macedonia was placed under the Serbian Orthodox Church after payment was made to the Constantinople Patriarchate who sold its control for 800,000 francs in 1919. In Vardar Macedonia, Bulgarian signage and literature was removed and societies were shut down along with the expulsion of Bulgarian teachers and clergy who had returned during the war. Names of people were forcefully Serbianised such as Atanasov becoming Atanasović and Stankov as Stanković along with a spate of repression that followed through arrests, internment and detention.

The Kingdom was also interested to change the ethnic composition of the population in Vardar Macedonia. Yugoslavia commenced a policy of forced Serbianisation through such measures as the Agrarian Reform which was a settlement plan. In 1919 there were announced the orders for preparing for colonization of Southern Serbia. The Serbian colonization was maintained through "agricultural" and "administrative" actions. In the Interbellum, the Kingdom has settled 3,670 families (18,384 persons). The colonists were given properties. Also, in the same time, almost all clerks in the area were Serbs. This means that in the period between the two World wars the Kingdom succeeded through the agricultural and the administrative colonizations to create significant Serbian ethnic minority in Vardar Macedonia. Total numbers were 4,200 Serb families with 50,000 Serb gendermes and troops relocated from Serbia to Vardar Macedonia to advance the Serbianisation of the region and population.

Politicians based in Belgrade thought that ideology alongside repression could generate the "correct national" sentiments among local inhabitants. Serb officials, gendarmes and teachers, often poorly trained and little interested in their job according to reports of the time were given the task to "nationalise and assimilate" the region. The initiation of an educational campaign made children to learn that "I am a true Serb like my father and my mother" while their parents were not receptive of the Yugoslav state. A small number of inhabitants did declare themselves as South Serbs and Serbs, often done for reasons of opportunism.  Government authorities due to maladministration had difficulties in Serbianising the local population as they were strongly attached to the Bulgarian Orthodox Church (Exarchate) and Bulgarian nationalism. The same authorities held conflicting views toward the population, whom they told were Serbian, whereas local inhabitants noticed they were treated unequally in relation to their Serb counterparts. Some state officials let locals know that they viewed them as Bulgarians and used the term bugaraši for people that supported Bulgarians or were not recognised as Serbs. The state considered individuals that supported local autonomy, culture or language as a Bulgaroman and sought their suppression. In Vardar Macedonia Bulgarian newspapers were banned in many areas and mail from Bulgaria remained undelivered within the region due to "a technicality".

As a counteraction to Serb efforts the paramilitary IMRO began sending armed bands into Yugoslav Macedonia to assassinate officials and stir up the spirit of the locals. After 1923 the IMRO had de facto full control of Bulgarian Macedonia and acted as a "state within a state". It used Bulgaria as a base for terrorist attacks against Yugoslavia with the unofficial agreement of the right-wing governments. Because of this, contemporary observers described the Yugoslav-Bulgarian border as the most fortified in Europe. Meanwhile, several hundred political assassinations were organized by the Yugoslav security police led by Dobrica Matković. Following regular attacks by pro-Bulgarian IMRO komitadjis on Serbian colonists and gendarmes, the government appealed to Association against Bulgarian Bandits, responsible for the massacre of 53 inhabitants of the village of Garvan in 1923. Regions with pro-Bulgarian sentiments such as Tikveš and Bregalnica were violently Serbianised by Serb četniks that resulted in the population being gathered up for forced labour and local leaders killed.

In the 1930s a more homogeneous generation was growing up in Vardar Macedonia, which resisted Serbianisation and increasingly identified itself as Macedonian, but which also made it clear that the Bulgarian idea was no more the only option for them. A sizable part of the local population nonetheless had undergone a transformation as Serbianised Slavs. The government and its widespread massive Serbianisation campaign was unsuccessful in trying to eliminate the traces of an emerging Macedonian national consciousness among the local population. The failed assimilation of the region was due to Serb policies that were exploitative and colonial and not directed toward integration. Funds were controlled from Belgrade and the economy was geared toward resource extraction whose raw materials were bought by the government at low prices it determined for itself. The state controlled the local tobacco monopoly and acquired a steady and sizable amount of revenue without investing much in return to raise the living standards of the inhabitants. The government in Belgrade or the wider administration showed little concern toward conditions within the region. A high rate of turnover existed among ministers and officials who mainly showed up prior to elections or to advance their own career and often staff in the local administration from other parts of the country were incompetent and corrupt.

Locals were excluded from involvement in the sociopolitical system, suppression of elites occurred and state security forces instilled an environment of fear among inhabitants. New arrivals to the region were favoured over the local population regarding state employment, loans and agricultural reform and both groups continued to be separate from each other. During the interwar period the Croatian question dominated politics, Macedonia was sidelined and the view of the time was that discontent within the region could be contained through use of repressive measures. Local inhabitants were mistrusted by the political elite of Belgrade whom designated them as being pure Serbs or through terms such as the "classical south". During the interwar period Bulgaria resented the Serbianisation policy in Vardar Macedonia. In World War II, the Bulgarian Army occupied southern Yugoslavia and their troops were welcomed as liberators from Serbianisation by the local Macedonian Slavs.

Kosovo
The attempt at the Serbianisation of Kosovo and Albanian reaction toward resisting those efforts has been a factor contributing to conflict among Albanians and the Serbs. The region was strategically important for the state and its security with the local Albanian population deemed as "unreliable". Kosovo from the early twentieth century was exposed to the politics of Serbianisation through violence and administrative measures such as replacing Albanians with another population. In the aftermath of the First World War Serbian control over Kosovo was restored and the Kingdom attempting to counteract Albanian separatism pursued a policy to alter the national and religious demographics of Kosovo and to Serbianise the area. The government implemented policies such as the Agrarian Reform. It was a settlement plan to encourage Serb and Montenegrin settlers from other parts of Yugoslavia to resettle in Kosovo through preferential treatment of financial and land incentives to strengthen the Slavic element. The process involved the construction of new settlements in Kosovo and due to serbianisation efforts some were named Lazarevo, Obilić, Miloševo after heroes from Serbian epic poetry. Other places such as Ferizović (Alb: Ferizaj) had their name changed to Uroševac.

Albanian land was illegally confiscated and often through expropriations, whereas Serb settlers gained possession of prime land. The Albanian population was encouraged to leave the region, as they were perceived to be immigrants in need of repatriation to either Turkey, Albania or expected to assimilate within Yugoslavia. The state closed Albanian schools in 1918 as part of its efforts toward Serbianising the local Albanian population. Between 1918 and 1923, as a result of state policies 30,000 and 40,000 mainly Muslim Albanians migrated to the Turkish regions of Izmir and Anatolia. Albanian historians state that during the whole interwar period 300,000 Albanians left Yugoslavia due to duress. By 1931 the Serbianisation efforts had failed as Albanians still composed 63% of the Kosovan population. Other parts of the Serbianisation policy in Kosovo included establishing an effective government administration and refusing autonomous Albanian cultural development in the region.

Vojvodina
During the interwar period, the government through its policy subjected ethnic Hungarians in Vojvodina to Serbianisation.

Communist Yugoslavia

SR Macedonia

After WWII Marshal Tito formed out SR Macedonia of a part of 1929–1941 Vardar Banovina, and encouraged the development of Macedonian identity and Macedonian as a separate South Slavic language. The Macedonian national feelings were already ripe, but some researchers argue that even then, it was questionable whether the Macedonian Slavs considered themselves to be an ethnicity separate from the Bulgarians. Yugoslav Communists recognized the existence of a separate Macedonian nation to quiet the fears of the Slavic population that a new Yugoslavia would continue to follow the policies of forced serbianization. For the Yugoslav authorities to recognize the local Slavs as Bulgarians would be to admit, they should be part of Bulgaria. In fact, the recognition of the Macedonian language and nation aimed to de-bulgarize the local population and to create a national consciousness that would support the identification with Yugoslavia. As result, persons continuing to declare Bulgarian identity were again imprisoned or went into exile, and so Vardar Macedonia was finally de-bulgarised.

Some researchers have described the process of codifying the Macedonian language during 1945–1950 as 'Serbianization'. Within the period of Macedonian language codification, two tendencies emerged: one language majority, that was pro-Macedonian, with some pro-Bulgarian biases, and one language minority openly pro-Serbian. The language minority, with the help of the Yugoslav political establishment defeated the language majority. Macedonian became a "first" official language in the newly proclaimed SR Macedonia, where Serbian was declared  as "second" language, while Bulgarian was prohibited. The irreversible turning point of Serbianisation of the Macedonian standard took place in the late 1950s. On the other hand, during the time of federation in Socialist Yugoslavia, Yugoslav citizens learned Serbo-Croatian at school. This bilingualism was stimulated by the subordinated pro-Serbian elites in Yugoslav Macedonia. In this way the influence of Serbo-Croatian arose to such a level, that the colloquial speech of the capital Skopje has been described as a "creolized form of Serbian". For Bulgarians, Macedonian nationalism represents the result of the Serbification process in the region. Bulgarian scholars and politicians maintain that the Macedonian language was Serbified as it adopted words from the Serbian language in the postwar codification process under Yugoslavia that the Bulgarian government has denounced.

"Western Outlands"

The territories called Western Outlands were ceded by Bulgaria to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1920 as a result of the Treaty of Neuilly, following the First World War. All Bulgarian schools and churches there were closed. Serbian primary schools were opened, teaching and learning in Serbian, while Bulgarian was prohibited. In 1920 a Law on the Protection of the State was adopted, which forced the Bulgarians there to accept Serbian names and surnames. A large part of the population emigrated to Bulgaria. An armed conflict started in 1922 when pro-Bulgarian separatist IWORO carried out numerous assaults on the Tzaribrod–Belgrade railway. Bulgarians have received the status of a national minority after WWII. They live in the Caribrod and Bosilegrad municipalities and in some villages in Pirot, Babušnica and Surdulica municipalities. However, in 1948 there was a sharp deterioration for several decades of the Bulgarian-Yugoslav relations, due to the Tito–Stalin split. The Bulgarian teachers there were expelled again. The population was subjected to humiliation and systematic psychological terror. Bulgarians made the highest percentage among the minorities detained on Goli Otok labour camp after the WWII. The decades of geographic isolation of other Bulgarians, and the repressions additionally led this community to inability to build its own minority space for many years.

Yugoslav wars
During the 1980s, some Serb intellectuals criticised and the League of Communists and held them responsible for Yugoslavia's political and economic troubles while offering solutions to the "Serbian question" through discussions and explanations of the Serb predicament. One of the narratives that emerged claimed that under communism Serbs had abandoned their old traditions resulting in a loss of Serbian identity and unawareness of Serb interests with looming historical defeat in a process called "de-Serbisation".

Yugoslav army

The Yugoslav army (JNA) prior to the 1990s was a multi-ethnic force consisting of conscripts, regulars, commissioned and non-commissioned officers that for the highest ranks was determined through an ethnic principle of representative proportionality reflected in Yugoslavia's multi-ethnic composition. Serbs overall held most senior, middle and junior ranks. Following 1990-1991 during the later stages of the breakup of Yugoslav federation that descended into war the JNA underwent a process of Serbianisation. It transformed from being multi-ethnic into a mainly Serb organisation under the Serbian republic's President Slobodan Milošević who held control and command over the force. During the period non-Serb personnel defected to the new armies of the new post-Yugoslav republics and others who felt disillusioned yet were unable to defect resigned. Slovene, Croat, Macedonian and Muslim (Bosniak) officers left the ranks of the Yugoslav army. As the army became dominated more by Serbs a program has instituted to retire non-Serb personnel that resulted in 24 generals remaining out of 150 on the eve of when the JNA was formally disbanded on 19 May 1992. In that time 42 of those generals had been removed by General Božidar Stevanović during his campaign of Serbianisation. He belonged to a clandestine network called Vojna Linija (Military Line) that backed the Serbianisation of the JNA and Milošević placed Stevanović as head of the air force to accelerate the removal of military personnel deemed unreliable and non-Serb. Following these processes the JNA was impacted due to the realisation that Yugoslavia no longer existed and its priority shifted toward creating the frontiers of a new Serbian state. A campaign to shift the political orientation of the JNA to a Serbian character also occurred.

At the end of May 1992, over 90% of the JNA was composed of Serbs. The Serbianisation of the Yugoslav army created the conditions for their support of Serbs in the Krajina region of Croatia and Bosnia. Following the independence of Bosnia and formation of a new Yugoslav federation of Serbia and Montenegro, the old Yugoslav army was divided into two new armed forces due to UN sanctions imposed on the federation. Several months prior to May 1992 a division of armies and its assets was planned as authorities in Belgrade assessed its involvement in Bosnia would receive a hostile international reaction along with being accused of aggression. JNA General Veljko Kadijević was appointed to carry out the task by redeploying all Serbs from Bosnia to local Bosnian army units and removing any Serbs not from the area. As such Belgrade later claimed to be uninvolved in the Bosnian War while Bosnian Serb military forces remained under its control. Seen as reliable by Belgrade, Ratko Mladić was promoted to general and given command over the Serbian armed forces in Bosnia while maintaining the fiction of a separate armed force as the old Yugoslav chain of command remained. Mladić and Serb Bosnian forces under his command followed Belgrade's Serbian nationalist aims and objectives. Serb military forces in Croatia were also under the control of Belgrade.

On 25–26 August 1993 at a gathering the Supreme Defense Council of retired generals, Milošević's full control over the Yugoslav army was complete as the few remaining traces of the JNA were done away with. It was succeeded by the Army of Yugoslavia (Vojska Jugoslavije -VJ). Serbianisation continued during the first few years of the new military force through purges of personnel arising out of a need to ensure the loyalty of the armed forces to Milošević. During the Yugoslav Wars, the Serbianised Yugoslav National Army was involved in the destruction of urban centres such as Sarajevo, Mostar and Vukovar. Territories within Bosnia conquered during the war by Bosnian Serbs were subjected to homogenisation and assimilation through Serbianisation. The processes of Serbianisation of the Yugoslav army resulted in the creation of three Serbian armies under the control of Milošević. Following the conclusion of the Yugoslav Wars of the early 1990s, the Serbianisation process of the Yugoslav army (JNA) was confirmed at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) by witnesses.

Kosovo

In the late 1980s Milošević promoted a Serbian nationalist platform that entailed the re-Serbianisation of two autonomous Yugoslav provinces, Kosovo and Vojvodina. On 23 March 1989, the autonomy of Kosovo within the Yugoslav federation was revoked by the government of the Serb Republic and Serbianisation of the province followed. During the 1990s under the government of Milošević the Serbianisation of Kosovo occurred. Laws were passed by the parliament of Serbia that sought to change the power balance in Kosovo relating to the economy, demography and politics. Various measures included prohibiting the official use of Albanian, prevention of Albanian involvement in education, severely limiting the usage of Albanian symbols and efforts to deal with the imbalances of demography between Albanians and Serbs. In the education sector Serbian authorities pressed Albanian schools to follow the Serbian language curriculum and to achieve those aims Albanian teachers in the thousands were replaced with Serbs. The government imputed the mass dismissal of Albanian teachers to incompetence in the Serbian language, and that Kosovo educational institutions were centres for resistance and counterrevolution that indoctrinated Albanian students.

Other reforms of the Kosovo education system segregated Albanian and Serb students within schools while funding, teaching staff and educational facilities were allocated for Serbian students and Albanian students received little. An entrance exam in Serbian literature and language became compulsory for students to pass in secondary schools. The Kosovo police force underwent Serbianisation after accusations of maltreatment toward non-Albanian civilians (mainly Serbs and Montenegrins) were made against ethnic Albanian police that resulted in their dismissal. The Kosovo Albanian police force was replaced with Serb special police units of the Serbian Interior Ministry. Albanians were against the measures and as such riot police and troops prevented them through force from going to school with some educational facilities being surrounded by tanks to stop attendance by students. The Kosovo police force that was newly Serbianised maltreated the Albanian population.

At the University of Pristina similar reforms occurred and lecturers that were not dismissed were required to use Serbian as the medium of instruction, with the level of Albanians at the university declining toward the conclusion of 1991. Pristina University along with its students became an important centre of Albanian resistance to Serbianisation. The parliament of Kosovo repudiated Serbianisation and made a declaration of the province's independence, established an alternative government and ministry of education. Demonstrations by Albanians were followed by more dismissals and reprisals in the education sector which led to the establishment of an Albanian parallel education system consisting of previously dismissed teachers giving lessons in private homes. Kosovan Albanian school textbooks of the interwar period of the 1990s referred to the Serbianisation of Kosovo through attempted colonisation and mass expulsion of Albanians by Serbs for a prolonged period of Kosovo's history in the twentieth century. Hospitals had their Albanian nurses and physicians dismissed.

Another aspect of Serbianisation in Kosovo was the implementation of a discriminatory language policy. In 1991 public discourse was Serbianised through a campaign by the government such as targeting signs and government organs that became unfamiliar to many monolingual Albanians. Kosovo media was Serbianised as 1,300 employees of Radio & TV Pristina were dismissed with television coming under Belgrade control and a propaganda tool for the government. Albanian language newspapers were shut down and the most popular newspapers placed under the control of the government while other independent papers allowed to exist were under constant pressure from the state. Cultural institutions of Kosovo only showed Serbian productions. Albanian municipal officials and industrial workers were also dismissed from their employment. State sanctioned Serbianisation overall resulted in more than 100,000 Kosovo Albanians losing employment with many made to leave their apartments while their jobs were given to Serbs that migrated into the region.

At the time, for Serb nationalists the process of Serbianisation entailed the resettlement of Serbs to Kosovo and limiting the favorable demographic position Albanians held. Originating from the 1930s, the works of Vaso Čubrilović, a Serb nationalist writer became popular in Serbia during the 1990s and their content called for the dislocation of Albanians through mass resettlement. In 1995, a Serb Radical politician Vojislav Šešelj wrote in the publication Velika Srbija (Greater Serbia) a memorandum that outlined the Serbianisation of Kosovo. Šešelj called for violence and expulsion against Albanians and their leadership with aims toward discrediting them within Western public opinion. Following similar themes the parliament of Serbia on 11 January 1995 passed the Decree for Colonisation of Kosovo of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. It outlined government benefits for Serbs who desired to live in Kosovo with loans to build homes or purchase other dwellings and offered free plots of land. Few Serbs took up the offer due to the worsening situation in Kosovo at the time.

The government in 1995 resorted to forcefully resettling in Kosovo Serb refugees from Croatia, with most leaving thereafter and few remaining that increased tensions in the area. Serbs selling property to Albanians was made illegal by the government. Fines existed for ethnic Albanians that did not undertake military service in Bosnia and Croatia. The government also made if difficult for Albanians living overseas to return, and penalties existed for ethnic Albanian families that had more than one child while Kosovo Serbs were rewarded for having multiple children. Serbianisation of the Kosovo economy also occurred with areas inhabited by Serbs receiving investment, new infrastructure and employment opportunities, while Albanians overall were either excluded or had limited economic participation. The Kosovo war began in 1998. In January 1999, the government authorities initiated a planned offensive against Kosovo Albanians that involved the violent liquidation of assets aimed at their displacement and Serbianisation of the region.

Serbian language
Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, the official language Serbo-Croatian broke up into separate official languages and the process in relation to Serbian involved the Serbianisation of its lexicon.

21st century

North Macedonia

The historical event that created the Yugoslav Macedonian republic on 2 August 1944 is viewed differently through political party rivalries. The Social Democrats (SDSM) celebrate it and the VMRO-DPMNE condemn it as part of a Serbification project.

Under the leadership of Nikola Gruevski (2006–2016), the then-governing VMRO-DPMNE would embrace a pro-Serbian policy. In 2015 the former Prime Minister and leader of the VMRO-NP, Ljubčo Georgievski told Radio Free Europe that the authorities had a clear goal: to keep the country closer to Serbia, and at some future stage to join the northern neighbour. According to him a classical pro-Yugoslav policy was being conducted, where confrontation with all the other neighbors was taking place, but the border between Macedonian and Serbian national identity had been erased. "Stop the Serbian assimilation of the Macedonian nation" was the motto of the billboards that were placed then on Skopje streets, through which the Party launched a campaign for preserving the Macedonian national identity. The pro-governmental press claimed that the "Bulgarian" Georgievski organised a new provocation. As a result, the billboards were removed quickly by the authorities.

Other ethnic groups
Voluntary Serbianisation has sometimes been attributed to Romanians in Serbia since the 19th century.
The Hungarian minority in north Serbia (Vojvodina) has also been affected by Serbianisation since the aftermath of World War II.

See also
 Serbomans
 Serbophobia
 Albanisation
 Bosniakisation
 Bulgarisation
 Croatisation
 Germanisation
 Macedonianisation
 Magyarization
 Montenegrinisation
 Romanianization
 Yugoslav colonization of Kosovo

Notes

Serbian nationalism
Cultural assimilation
Cultural history of Serbia
Serbian irredentism
Slavicization
Social history of Yugoslavia
Vardar Macedonia (1918–1941)


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


"My creative journey began in 2011 when I learned how to use Adobe Illustrator as a step towards my dream of being a graphic designer. I quickly realised there was a lot more to achieving that goal than simply knowing how to use the tools. An opportunity arose to study for my formal qualification with IDI and I grabbed it with both hands. After nearly four years, I have finally realised my dream and I am now graduating with an honours degree in graphic design.


Healthcare professionals may receive continuing education credits, re-certification and attend a variety of workshops and classes through the Department of Education and Professional Development. Staff and community members alike may take advantage of the great opportunities provided throughout the year.
Hendrick Medical Center is an approved provider with commendation of continuing nursing education by the Texas Nurses Association, an accredited approver with distinction by the American Nurses Credentialing Center's Commission on Accreditation.
Hendrick Medical Center is accredited by the Texas Medical Association to provide continuing medical education for physicians.
Education and resources are part of the services provided by Hendrick Medical Center. Patients receive education both in the hospital and through outpatient services. Visit the Classes & Events calendar for more information.


text:
This is a list of all the United States Supreme Court cases from volume 525 of the United States Reports:

External links


you who were without stain or duplicity, I stand before you asking for emotional health and restoring the root of my nervous and emotional situation and/or crisis.
Saint Bartholomew intercede for us who live in an agitated world where anguishes and fears, nervousness, anxieties and depression surround us and which, like tempestuous and stormy waves, stir within us.
Restore in us our inner peace and peace in our homes.
That, following your steps of Holiness I may imitate your virtues, living a full life, without the stains or errors of corruptions of this world, so as to merit like you, the praises of God and be able to one day enjoy the Beatitudes worthy of all holy people.
SAINT BARTHOLOMEW, PLEAD FOR ME!


text:
Serie A: Spezia - FC Genoa
Thread starter Malchus
26.10. - 18:30 CET
Thiago Motta's men lost 1:2 to Sampdoria on Friday and will face another derby in a few days. The clash with Genoa is key for Spezia as it will be about staying out of the relegation zone, where they have a one-point lead. The home team will be hoping to repeat their last performance in front of their own fans, in which they beat Salernitana (2-1) and stay above the relegation zone, but the huge injury list of ten players is worrying the young coach.
The visitors from Genoa have six points, one less than Spezia, and have won only once this season. Coach Ballardini is also worried about the composition of his team, but that has been the case pretty much since the first round. What is for sure is that Mattia Destro, author of six of his team's 14 goals, will start in attack and should be complemented by the veteran Pandev. Ballardini will have to improve on defense, which has become a tradition for him in recent rounds. The patience of the new American owners will not be infinite and there are rumours that if Genoa fail to cope with the clash with Spezia and the subsequent weekend duel with Venezia, two competitors in the relegation battle, there will be a change.
Both teams "boast" the worst defense in the league (22 and 21 goals conceded), so we will see a lot of goals in this game.
Over 2.5 Goals and Both Teams to Score @ 1.83 (bet365)
Reactions: Lucas, Paarai, Jake and 2 others
FT: Spezia 1:1 Genoa
66' 1:0
86' 1:1 (penalty)
Prediction KO


text:
Will Nawaz Sharif Visit Saudi Arabia? Is Imran Khan Free Of Establishment?
How NAB Hired Broadsheet. The Beginnings Of The Blunder
Establishment Must Find A Way Out, Or All Will Be Lost, Cautions Suhail Warraich
Mian Hamza Arif January 18, 2021
Coronavirus India News
India: Women In Kerala Are Leading The Battle Against COVID-19
Naya Daur May 26, 2020
India's Kerala state has emerged as one of the success stories when it comes to fighting the pandemic. Thus far there have been only 4 deaths. One of the key reasons is the role of women health workers.
Many women in Kerala serving as nurses and doctors have not seen their families for months as they remain on the frontiers of the battle of resistance against COVID-19. Their efforts have been acknowledged recognition worldwide. For instance, The London based Guardian newspaper called Kerala Health Minister K.K. Shailaja the "coronavirus slayer". The director of medical education Dr Remla Beevi told India's Week Magazine: "What we are seeing is the display of woman power in its best form." Beevi is one of the many women leaders in the health sector of Kerala. She leads the Covid Cell tasked with the monitoring of activities in Kerala's nine government medical colleges. The Covid Cell is dominated by women and has only male member.
"We have rarely seen women playing such a major role in protecting a state anywhere in the world. It is something unprecedented and unique," says nodal officer for COVID-19 Dr A.K. Jayasree.
Kerala has higher proportion of women in health services in contrast to men and their education has given additional advantage to the state in handling the crisis in an effective manner. They have been instrumental in keeping the death toll at just four, despite the fact that the state is highly prone to the virus spread because of the higher population of old people (above 65) and the high population density.
In addition to the health minister, both the director of health services and the director of medical education are women. Out of 14 district medical officers (DMOs) in the state, 11 are women. The Week Magazine reports: "Female doctors in the state health services outnumber the men (65:35) and this has been the trend for nearly two decades. Similarly, the number of female medical students in the state is more than double the number of male students. When it comes to nurses and paramedics, there is total domination by women. All of them have joined hands in the fight against Covid-19."
The women doctors and paramedics, especially the field workers, have been vigilant even though they have been facing several hurdles. But the Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan has backed their work and supported the "women brigade" as some call it in the South Indian state.
The public health focused organisations have a unique story as the state government has been effectively using them for surveillance. Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA) comprises 26,000 women workers who have been working 24/7 to ensure lockdown and quarantine measures are followed by public.
There are several examples depicting how women empowerment is conducive and productive for a society evident from the courage with which these foot soldiers embraced the workload.
The manner in which Kerala nurses and health servants put aside their motherly responsibilities like breast feeding and rather went out into the field to ease the pain of the coronavirus affectees is exemplary.
Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan
India's kerala coronavirus
JPHNs and ASHA women workers
Kerala Health Minister K.K. Shailaja
women in Kerala fighting COVID-19
Why Do Planes Crash? A Frequent Flyer Ruminates
PIA Plane Crash: Pilot's Father Says Son Being Falsely Blamed By Inquiry Committee
History, Politics, Videos


text:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

SODIUM CHLORIDE- sodium chloride irrigant
Baxter Healthcare Corporation

0.9% Sodium Chloride Irrigation, USP

in ARTHROMATIC Plastic Container

DESCRIPTION

0.9% Sodium Chloride Irrigation, USP is a sterile nonpyrogenic, isotonic solution in a single dose ARTHROMATIC plastic container for use as an arthroscopic irrigating solution. Each liter contains 9 g Sodium Chloride, USP (NaCl) in Water for Injection. pH 5.5 (4.5 to 7.0). Milliequivalents per liter: Sodium - 154, Chloride - 154. Osmolarity 308 mOsmol/L (calc.). No antimicrobial agent has been added.

The ARTHROMATIC plastic container is fabricated from a specially formulated polyvinyl chloride (PL 146 Plastic). The amount of water that can permeate from inside the container into the overwrap is insufficient to affect the solution significantly. Solutions in contact with the plastic container can leach out certain of its chemical components in very small amounts within the expiration period, e.g., di-2-ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP), up to 5 parts per million. However, the safety of the plastic has been confirmed in tests in animals according to USP biological tests for plastic containers as well as by tissue culture toxicity studies.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

0.9% Sodium Chloride Irrigation, USP is useful as an irrigating fluid for body joints because the solution is isotonic, and provides a transparent fluid medium with optical properties suitable for good visualization of the interior joint surface during endoscopic examination. During arthroscopic surgical procedures, the solution acts as a lavage for removing blood, tissue fragments, and bone fragments.

INDICATIONS AND USAGE

0.9% Sodium Chloride Irrigation, USP is indicated for use as an arthroscopic irrigating fluid with endoscopic instruments during arthroscopic procedures requiring distension and irrigation of the knee, shoulder, elbow, or other bone joints.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

None known.

WARNINGS

Not for injection.

Because fluids used to irrigate joints may be absorbed into the general circulation, solutions containing sodium ion should be used with great care in patients with congestive heart failure, severe renal insufficiency, and in clinical states in which there exists edema with sodium retention.

The contents of an opened container should be used promptly to minimize the possibility of bacterial growth or pyrogen formation. Discard the unused portion of irrigating solution since no antimicrobial agent has been added.

PRECAUTIONS

Because some of the fluid used to irrigate joints may be absorbed, caution must be exercised in the volume of irrigating fluid used especially with solutions containing the sodium ion in patients receiving corticosteroids or corticotropin.

Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.

Do not administer unless the solution is clear and the seal is intact.

ADVERSE REACTIONS

None known.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

The volume of solution needed will vary with the nature and duration of the arthroscopic procedure.

If desired, warm in overpouch to near body temperature in a water bath or oven heated to not more than 45º C.

Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration whenever solution and container permit.

HOW SUPPLIED

0.9% Sodium Chloride Irrigation, USP in ARTHROMATIC Plastic Container is available as follows:

<col width="23%">
<col width="23%">
<col width="35%">

2B7474

1000 mL

NDC 0338-0047-24

2B7477

3000 mL

NDC 0338-0047-27

2B7479

5000 mL

NDC 0338-0047-29

Exposure of pharmaceutical products to heat should be minimized. Avoid excessive heat. It is recommended the product be stored at room temperature (25º C); brief exposure up to 40º C does not adversely affect the product.

DIRECTIONS FOR USE

Tear overwrap down side at slit and remove solution container. Visually inspect the container. If the outlet port protector is damaged, detached, or not present, discard container as solution path sterility may be impaired. Some opacity of the plastic due to moisture absorption during the sterilization process may be observed. This is normal and does not affect the solution quality or safety. The opacity will diminish gradually. Check for minute leaks by squeezing bag firmly. If leaks are found, discard solution as sterility may be impaired.

Use Aseptic Technique.

1.

Suspend container using hanger hole.

2.

Remove protector from outlet port.

3.

Attach irrigation set. Refer to complete directions accompanying set.

Baxter Healthcare Corporation

Deerfield, IL 60015 USA

Printed in USA

07-19-73-069
Rev. May 2014

Baxter, ARTHROMATIC and PL 146 are trademarks of
Baxter International Inc.

PACKAGE LABEL.PRINCIPLE DISPLAY PANEL

0.9% Sodium Chloride Irrigation USP Container Label

0.9% Sodium Chloride Irrigation USP Container Label

NOT FOR INJECTION

5000 mL

2B7479

NDC 0338-0047-29

0.9% SODIUM CHLORIDE Irrigation USP

EACH 100 mL CONTAINS 900 mg SODIUM

CHLORIDE USP NO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT HAS BEEN

ADDED pH 5.5 (4.5 to 7.0) mEq/L SODIUM 154

CHLORIDE 154 OSMOLARITY 308 mOsmol/L

(CALC) STERILE NONPYROGENIC SINGLE DOSE

CONTAINER

DO NOT USE UNLESS SOLUTION IS CLEAR

DISCARD UNUSED PORTION

CAUTIONS SQUEEZE AND INSPECT INNER BAG WHICH

MAINTAINS PRODUCT STERILITY DISCARD IF LEAKS

ARE FOUND RX ONLY STORE UNIT IN MOISTURE

BARRIER OVERWRAP AT ROOM TEMPERATURE (25°C)

UNTIL READY TO USE AVOID EXCESSIVE HEAT SEE

INSERT

0.9% Sodium Chloride NaCl Irrigation USP

ARTHROMATIC CONTAINER PL 146 PLASTIC

BAXTER HEALTHCARE CORPORATION

DEERFIELD IL 60015 USA

MADE IN USA

BAXTER ARTHROMATIC AND

PL 146 ARE TRADEMARKS OF

BAXTER INTERNATIONAL INC

FOR PRODUCT INFORMATION

1-800-933-0303

0.9% Sodium Chloride Irrigation USP Carton Label

0.9% Sodium Chloride Irrigation USP Carton Label

0.9% SODIUM CHLORIDE IRRIGATION, USP

ARTHROMATIC CONT

2-5000ML

SECONDARY BAR CODE

(17) YYMM00 (10) XXXXX

PRIMARY BAR CODE

(01) 50303380047296

LOT XXXXX

EXP XXXXX

2B7479

SODIUM CHLORIDE

sodium chloride irrigant

Product Information

Product Type
HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL
Item Code (Source)
NDC:0338-0047

Route of Administration
IRRIGATION
DEA Schedule

Active Ingredient/Active Moiety

Ingredient Name
Basis of Strength
Strength

SODIUM CHLORIDE (SODIUM CATION and CHLORIDE ION)
SODIUM CHLORIDE
900 mg  in 100 mL

Inactive Ingredients

Ingredient Name
Strength

WATER

Packaging

#
Item Code
Package Description
Marketing Start Date
Marketing End Date

1
NDC:0338-0047-24
14  in 1 CARTON
05/30/1980

1

1000 mL in 1 BAG; Combination Product Type = C112160

2
NDC:0338-0047-27
4  in 1 CARTON
05/30/1980

2

3000 mL in 1 BAG; Combination Product Type = C112160

3
NDC:0338-0047-29
2  in 1 CARTON
05/30/1980

3

5000 mL in 1 BAG; Combination Product Type = C112160

Marketing Information

Marketing Category
Application Number or Monograph Citation
Marketing Start Date
Marketing End Date

NDA
NDA017867
05/30/1980

Labeler - Baxter Healthcare Corporation
							(005083209)

Establishment

Name
Address
ID/FEI
Business Operations

Baxter Healthcare Corporation

059140764
ANALYSIS(0338-0047), LABEL(0338-0047), MANUFACTURE(0338-0047), PACK(0338-0047), STERILIZE(0338-0047)

Establishment

Name
Address
ID/FEI
Business Operations

Baxter Healthcare Corporation

194684502
ANALYSIS(0338-0047)

Revised: 7/2014

Document Id: 6ffac585-bc47-4938-aa5c-415cf5283aca

Set id: 05dee566-7b82-4216-8a6b-765d2b4d9dc7

Version: 4

Effective Time: 20140725

Baxter Healthcare Corporation


No.1 in g-moll Preludio Andante; Etude Non troppo lento `Tremolo` after the 6th caprice with the introduction and coda of the 5th.
No.2 in Es-dur Andante capriccioso after the 17th caprice.
No.3 in ges-moll Allegretto La campanella after the final movement of Paganini`s Violin Concerto No.2 in h-moll.
No.4 in E-dur Vivo `Arpeggio` after the 1st caprice.
No.5 in E-dur La Chasse Allegretto after the 9th caprice.
No.6 in a-moll Theme and Variations Quasi presto a capriccio after the 24th caprice.
Recorded by RCA VICTOR in New York City (USA), May-June 1959.


Change can be hard, but it's inevitable and sometimes very necessary – especially when it comes to our hair. If you're still debating trying a new look, parting with dry, dead length, or going all the way a la the "big chop," there are many things you will need to consider beforehand. Sure, the likes of stars including Viola Davis, Nicole Ari Parker, Goapele, Jill Scott, Chrisette Michele, and Solange have all pulled it off effortlessly. But, in the real world, in the absence of celebrity hair gurus to tame our tresses on a weekly, sometimes daily basis, there are more factors that come into play.
In an effort to help you gauge whether cutting your hair and starting fresh is right for you, BlackDoctor.org recently spoke with Chicago-based natural hair practitioner, cosmetology educator and creator of The Harriet Experiment, Emon Fowler, who broke down both the history behind the cut as well as things to consider before you make a commitment to the cut.
"The volume of product brands, commercial hair manufacturers, ceramic and plastic tools coming at the heads (literally) of women with curls and of African descent makes it more challenging to be properly informed and more likely to be misinformed when decoding superficial beauty," Fowler began, touching on a lack of education surrounding girls with curls.


text:
Q: Backbone rendering collection in other collection element I have a structure that I need to render. It has linear type:
{districts : [
            {
                name : "D17043"
            },
            {
                name : "D91832"
            },
            {
                name : "D32435"
            }
        ],
buildings : [
            {
                name : "B14745",
                district: "D17043",
                address: "1st str"
            },
            {
                name : "B14746",
                district : "D91832",
                address : "1st str"
            },
            {
                name : "B14747",
                district : "D17043",
                address : "1st str"
            }
        ]
}

It is simplified to look a bit better. Districts have buildings attached to them. Possibly, the structure could be nested, but I thought that it would make additional troubles, and, as this "tree" is not structured I made simple object.
The question is - how it can be properly displayed with backbone?
Right now it looks something like this (some details are left behind the scenes):
App.Collections.Districts = Backbone.Collection.extend({
        model : App.Models.District
    });
    var districtsCollection = new App.Collections.Districts(data.districts);
    var districtsView = new App.Views.Districts({collection : districtsCollection});

then somewhere in district collection view we create a loop that make views of a single district:
var districtView = new App.Views.District({model : district});

and inside view of a single district i call another collection in render method:
App.Views.District = Backbone.View.extend({
        tagName : 'div',
        className : 'districtListElement',
        render : function () {
            this.$el.html(this.model.get('name'));
            var buildingsCollection = new App.Collections.Buildings(allData.buildings);
            buildingsCollection.each(function(item){
                if (item.get('district') == this.model.get('name')) {
                    var buildingView = new App.Views.Building({model : item});
                    this.$el.append(buildingView.render().el);
                }
            }, this);
            return this;
        }
    });

This thing works but isn't it a bit creepy? Maybe there is a proper way to do it? Especially if I have other instances to be inside buildings.
Thank you.


Location Location! Just outside of town. No HOA. Zoned Ag. This 4 Bed/2 Bath home on 4.62 Acres is Fully Fenced and located near I-25 and E-470. Bring your Animals/Hobbies or In-home business. Enjoy Mountain Views and many types of fruit trees. There are several outbuildings including a 18' x 20' metal 1 car garage, 14' x 34' 3-sided open shed to the South, a 24' x 36' workshop with 220 volt service or could be used for a business or 4 car garage. Many uses to these outbuildings. There is even a 16' Round Silo w/concrete floor. Home has New Roof in 2016, Vinyl Double Pane Windows in 2001, Window Coverings in 2017 and newer Gutters. Attached garage is currently 1 car with storage area, but could be converted back to a 2 car. All Stainless Kitchen Appliances are included. Gas Stove in kitchen. Hardwood floors and ceiling fans in all upper bedrooms. Main Floor and Lower Floor has Laminate Flooring. Freestanding Pellet Stove in Family Room w/large hopper. 1-Year Home Warranty.


text:
Eating in a 6-hour window and fasting for 18 hours might help you live longer
By Scottie Andrew, CNN
Updated 4:05 PM EST, Thu January 2, 2020
Intermittent fasting may help you live longer
Biden: Science team 'among the brightest, most dedicated'
Mike Pence remarks vpx
PHOTO: Senate TV
MyPillow notes
PHOTO: Jabin Botsford
Staffer White House move out
Moving trucks spotted at White House as staffers clean out their desks
southern california january strong winds low humidity fire conditions weather santa ana winds_00000000.png
Fire weather prevalent across Southern California
Blizzard, rain, and snow to hinder Central and Eastern US weekend weather
PHOTO: POOL
Pence makes surprise visit to Capitol to thank National Guard
FBI Director Christopher Wray speaks during a virtual news conference at the Department of Justice on October 28, 2020 in Washington, DC.
PHOTO: Sarah Silbiger/Getty Images
FBI director speaks publicly for first time since Capitol riots
PHOTO: From Public Report / Jeremy Lee Quinn
Video from inside Capitol raises questions for investigators
A man receives a dose of the Moderna coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccine at a vaccination site at South Bronx Educational Campus, in the Bronx New York on January 10, 2021. (Photo by Kena Betancur / AFP) (Photo by KENA BETANCUR/AFP via Getty Images)
PHOTO: KENA BETANCUR/AFP/Getty Images
Coronavirus cases surge as states struggle to vaccinate
See inside the first UK hotel converted into a Covid-19 ward
House impeachment 217
See historic moment House reaches enough votes to impeach Trump
Pelosi speaks for first time following Trump's historic 2nd impeachment
Abstaining from food for 16 to 18 hours a day could be key to treating a variety of health conditions – even if you've got to train yourself to push past the hunger.
Doctor Norbert Lischka (R) measures the waist-line of patient Phillip Gumpfer in the Buchinger-Wilhelmi Clinic in Ueberlingen, southern Germany, on March 24, 2014. High-end clinics specialising in deprivation rather than pampering are all the rage in Germany, one of the homes of the fasting movement, and in some cases it is even covered by health insurance plans. AFP PHOTO/CHRISTOF STACHE (Photo credit should read CHRISTOF STACHE/AFP/Getty Images)
PHOTO: CHRISTOF STACHE/AFP/AFP/Getty Images
Related Article What is intermittent fasting, and is it healthy?
A review of past animal and human studies in The New England Journal of Medicine suggests that intermittent fasting can reduce blood pressure, aid in weight loss and improve longevity.
The report functions as a road map of sorts for physicians to prescribe fasting as a method of prevention or treatment for obesity, cancer, diabetes and heart disease.
Study author Mark Mattson, a professor of neuroscience at Johns Hopkins University, hones in on two types: Daily time-restricted feeding (eating 6-8 hours a day and fasting for 16-18 hours) and 5:2 intermittent fasting (fasting two days a week, usually capping a fasting day at 500 calories).
The catch? Most Americans don't intermittently fast (the norm is three meals a day plus snacks) and thus physicians are less inclined to consider fasting a solution to a broad range of health conditions, according to the review.
Because the research is relatively new, the report advises physicians to monitor their patients throughout intermittent fasting and gradually increase the duration and frequency of fasting to guide their transition.
Intermittent fasting has been studied in rodents and overweight adults to improve health across the spectrum, though it's not clear if those benefits are the result of weight loss.
Alternating between fasting and eating can improve cellular health, Mattson said, most likely by triggering metabolic switching. In metabolic switching, cells use up their fuel stores and convert fat to energy – "flipping a switch" from fat-storing to fat-saving.
Findings on intermittent fasting range in the diet's effectiveness, but some studies in animals and humans have linked the practice to longer lives, healthier hearts and improved cognition.
Related Article How to succeed at intermittent fasting
The article points to the residents of Okinawa, known for their extreme longevity and low-calorie, nutrient-rich diet. Their intermittent fasting might contribute to their life spans and keep obesity at bay, the authors posited.
Intermittent fasting is thought to improve insulin resistance, which can stabilize blood sugar levels. Findings from a small 2018 study found that three men with type 2 diabetes, also known as adult-onset diabetes, were able to stop taking insulin after losing weight from intermittent fasting – findings that clash with the widely-held belief that diabetes is incurable.
A previous study (that Mattson co-authored) showed the switch can increase resistance to stress by optimizing brain function and neuroplasticity, or the brain's ability to adapt to develop throughout one's life. And older adults who were put on a restricted-calorie diet showed improved verbal memory compared to two other groups who hadn't fasted, a 2009 study found.
Physical function even improved for some patients. A study of young men who fasted every day for 16 hours lost fat and retained muscle while resistance training for two months.
The limitations
PHOTO: ANUSHREE FADNAVIS/REUTERS
Related Article Twitter's CEO Jack Dorsey is into intermittent fasting. What is it?
The long-term effects of intermittent fasting require more research that isn't available yet, and the studies that do exist are narrow. The clinical trials focused on overweight young and middle-age adults, so the benefits and safety can't be generalized to other groups, the authors said.
Another thing: It's a difficult diet to stick to, particularly in the United States, where the concept of three meals a day is "so ingrained in our culture" that a change in eating pattern often doesn't cross doctors' or patients' minds, Mattson wrote.
It'll almost definitely leave participants hungry, irritable and less able to concentrate, the study said.
Almost 40% of people who were assigned to a fasting diet dropped out of a 2017 JAMA study – one of the drawbacks of intermittent fasting as a weight-loss regimen, Dr. Frank Hu, chairman of the Department of Nutrition at Harvard University's T.H. Chan School of Public Health, noted to Harvard Health Publishing.
"It's human nature for people to want to reward themselves after doing very hard work, such as exercise or fasting for a long period of time," he said. "So there is a danger of indulging in unhealthy dietary habits on non-fasting days."
Get CNN Health's weekly newsletter
Sign up here to get The Results Are In with Dr. Sanjay Gupta every Tuesday from the CNN Health team.
When the brain is deprived of food, appetite hormones in the hypothalamus, the brain's "hunger center," are released in a flurry and can trigger overeating.
But Mattson said the pain is temporary.
"Patients should be advised that feeling hungry and irritable is common initially and usually passes after two weeks to a month as the body and brain become accustomed to the new habit," he said.