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8 Profound Meanings to "I Know That I Know Nothing"
Philosophy & Culture / By Hasty Reader
A good friend of Socrates, once asked the Oracle at Delphi "is anyone wiser than Socrates?" The Oracle answered "No one." This greatly puzzled Socrates, since he claimed to possess no secret information or wise insight. As far as Socrates was concerned, he was the most ignorant man in the land.
How to Summon & Sell your Soul to Satan and other Devils
Selling your soul has never been easier. Today, there are plenty of demonology books that teach you how to bargain with Lucifer, written by authors who have probably done this themselves on multiple occasions. But perhaps this is the problem. With this much information available, it's hard to know where to start. Does Satan accept …
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What Happens When You Die? 8 Non-Religious Afterlife Theories
What happens when you die? As a species, we've been wrestling with this question ever since we could think. This question preoccupies us so much, we've built countless religions to help explain what might exist "on the other side". In fact, the central pillar of all religions is providing an answer as to whether there …
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The Best 33 Philosophy Books You'll Ever Need (2023 update)
Philosophy. It started out as the ancient's first (and only) form of science. Everything we have today, biology, physics, economics, sociology, chemistry started out as philosophy. This is why Sir Isaac Newton called himself a "natural philosopher", and titled the book that describes the basic fundamental forces of physics as "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy". …
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21 Funniest Cultural Misunderstandings & Miscommunications
The definition of misunderstanding, (as per dictionary) describes it as such: It's safe to say that any human that has ever lived has been in such a situation. But some misunderstandings are bigger than others and history is peppered with some hilarious examples


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Category Archives: Ibrutinib
Three high-altitude take aways from AACR14
April 14, 2014 19-28z CAR, AACR14, ALL, B cell lymphoma, B cell lymphomas, biologics, BITE bi-specific, chimeric antigen receptors, CLL, CTL019, Ibrutinib, immunotherapy, Juno, leukemia, Lymphomas, Leukemias, Myelomas, melanoma, Merck, monoclonal antibodies, Novartis, oncology, Pfizer, rituximabPaul Rennert
The American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) 2014 meeting last week was high energy and high impact. We will dive into particular talks and specific pathways and indications in later posts, in the meantime I wanted to mention a few key themes.
1) Immunotherapy Versus The World. That's a deliberate overstatement of a subtle shift in emphasis from last year's big meetings, where combinations of immunotherapy with just about anything else were the hot topic. This year there were several talks which emphasized the futility of chasing oncogenic pathways and all of their resistance mutations, one after the other, as opposed to letting the immune system do the work. However, it seems to me overly optimistic to believe that immune modulation can defeat a high percentage of patient tumors on its own, as some speakers acknowledged. Combinations remain necessary although we will have to work past some notable failures in combo trials, such as the liver toxicity seen in the ipilimumab + vemurafenib combination phase 1, discussed briefly by Antonio Ribas (see http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1302338).
2) Immunotherapy Versus Itself. In the ultimate battle of the titans, we see different immunotherapeutic modalities squaring off. This is a theme we've touched on before in this space, but the competition is getting heated. In some indications, the leukemias, lymphomas, perhaps melanoma and some other solid tumors, there is an abundance of therapeutic choices, and the hard question of which therapy best suits which patient will ultimately need to be addressed outside of the context of clinical trial enrollment. Several talks really brought this message home. Roger Perlmutter of Merck (and before that, Amgen) envisions an important role for multiple immune therapies including bi-specific antibodies, chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), and immune checkpoint modulators like Merck's anti-PD-1 antibody MK-3475. For B cell lymphoma for example, there is blintumumab (Amgen), a potent bi-specific that redirects T cells to CD19+ tumor cells (and normal B cells), and there is CTL019, a CAR therapeutic which does much the same thing. The therapeutic profiles and toxicity differ, but the general idea is the same. One big difference is that while CTL019 drives T cell expansion and the development of long term anti-tumor memory, the bi-specific does not. Which is better? We don't know yet. He did not mention that one might do well trying a course of BTK inhibition plus anti-CD20 antibody therapy, perhaps with restricted chemotherapy first e.g ibrutinib plus rituximab and chemo (R-BR or R-F). That choice comes down to efficacy, then toxicity, and eventually cost. Efficacy seems to be a home run with the CAR therapeutics, although these may run into trouble in the area of toxicity and cost calculation. Renier Brentjens discussed the CAR therapies being developed under the Juno Therapeutics umbrella. Acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) can be treated with CAR 19-28z modified T cells to achieve a >80% complete response rate with >70% of patients showing no minimal residual disease, an outstanding result. However, 30% of treated patients end up in the ICU due to cytokine release syndrome and other toxicity, and recently patients in the ALL trials have died from unanticipated tox causes. Juno stopped 5 trials of their CAR technology last week due to toxicity. Apparently one patient died of cardiovascular complications and another of CNS complications (severe uncontrolled seizures) – it was hard to nail down as Dr Brentjens had gone off his prepared talk for these remarks which were off the cuff, so comment please if you have better info on this. Carl June discussed Dr Brentjens' presentation, noting that the clinical results were really quite striking, and contrasting the CD28 motif-based CARs with the 4-1BB-based CARs (as designed by Dr June with U Penn and licensed to Novartis). He also stressed that in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) they have had patients who have failed up to 10 prior therapies, including rituximab and/or ibrutinib, and these patients have responded to CAR treatment. That's very impressive data. The roadblocks to widespread use of CAR therapy however are large and include the toxicity, the "boutique" nature of the current protocols, the cost. Perhaps, Dr June suggested, CAR will end up as third line therapy, reserved for salvage therapy. I for one hope not.
Also in the immunotherapy space were hot new targets (e.g. CD47, OX40, GITR), advances on the vaccine front, and a few surprises. We'll update soon.
3) The Medicinal Chemists Have Been Busy. Not to be drowned out by the Immunotherapy tidal wave, small molecule therapies targeting specific oncogenic pathways continue to be developed and show promise. Most readers will be aware of the high stakes showdown (so billed) between Novartis, Pfizer and Lilly in the field of specific CDK4/6 inhibitors – in addition to bringing forward some really nice phase 2 data (we'll discuss these another time) this "showdown" also illustrates that current portfolio strategy drives a lot of overlapping effort by different companies. As expected, much of the action is moving downstream in the signaling pathways, so we saw some data on MEK1 inhibitors and ERK1/2 inhibition. There were some new BTK inhibitors, nice advances in the epigenetics space, and some novel PI3K inhibitors. All grist for the mill.
LINKS TO THE #ASH13 ABSTRACT PREVIEW CHAPTERS @ SUGAR CONE BIO
December 3, 2013 $ABBY, $CELG, $GILD, $PCYC, ABT-199, ADC, ASH13, CAR-T, chimeric antigen receptors, Ibrutinib, idelalisib, myelomaPaul Rennert
ASH13 previews
Part 8. ABT-199
Part 7. CAR-T tech
Part 6b. new targets for Myelofibrosis
Part 6a. Jak inhibitors in Myelofibrosis
Part 5. Biologics for Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas
Part 4. New & noteworthy: CLL etc
Part 3. Btk and PI3K inhibitors for CLL
Part 2. Ibrutinib
Part 1. Idelalisib
pre-ASH post on ADC technology: here
SnapShots from the 2013 American Society of Hematology Abstracts – PART 2
November 15, 2013 #ASH13, $PCYC, ASH13, B cell lymphomas, IbrutinibPaul Rennert
Part 2. Small molecule BTK inhibitor Ibrutinib in the treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL).
Note that I've defined most of the terms we are using in Part 1, so please refer to that section for help with any abbreviations. In Part 1 is also some background on CLL and the signaling pathways downstream of the B Cell Receptor, which are targeted by these drugs. Finally, I introduced the patient populations typically encountered in CLL clinical trials.
So now we come to the Btk inhibitors and specifically to Ibrutinib, the Pharmacylics compound partnered with the Janssen arm of Johnson & Johnson. This soon-to-be blockbuster drug has been approved for the treatment of Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) at an anticipated cost of 150,000 USD/year.
As mentioned in Part 1, CLL is the most common of the B cell lymphomas, so it is of keen interest to see how Ibrutinib performs in that patient population, especially given the efficacy seen with Idelalisib from Gilead.
Abstract #675 presents data from a 40 patient phase 2 trial in which Ibrutinib (IBRU, 420mg/day) was given with Rituxan anti-CD20 antibody (Rtx). The trial is notable for the inclusion criteria that enrolled patients only if they had high-risk disease: del(17p) or TP53 mutation (treated or untreated), PFS < 36 months after frontline chemotherapy + anti-CD20 treatment, or relapsed CLL with del(11q). Most patients responded well (see the table), very few patients were lost to followup and AEs were well tolerated.
Abstract #525 presents data from a small phase 1b trial in high-risk rrCLL/SLL patients (SLL is a form of CLL called small lymphocytic lymphoma, in which most of the cancer cells are located in lymph nodes). In this trial patients received IBRU + Rtx + B (bendamustine, see part 1). The response rate was very high (see the table) although the authors do note that 30% of patients eventually discontinued treatment, 10% due to progressive disease. Responses appeared to be independent of specific high-risk cytogenetic factors. Grade 3 or higher AEs were GI related, cytopenias (including 6.7% febrile neutropenia), and infections. The data from these 2 abstracts are shown below, and compared to published data (Byrd et al. 2013 NEJM 369:32-42). Note the caveats described above when reading these response percentages.
It is a little hard to directly compare these results with the Idelalisib data, partially reproduced here from Part 1, with one correction to the table (column 3: DOT = median duration of treatment):
It is tempting to conclude that the response rates with Ibrutinib are a little higher, but such comparisons will required much larger data sets. At the moment it is fair to say that these therapeutics both provide superb novel options for rrCLL patients.
Returning to Ibrutinib, there will be additional data from monotherapy studies shown at ASH. Abstract #4163 reports on an extension study of Ibrutinib monotherapy in treatment-naive CLL and in rrCLL patients. An important parameter of this study is that it included treatment-naive (likely newly diagnosed) patients; the data for discontinuation due to disease progression (PD) shows that nearly all of these early-treated patients maintain a response for at least the DOT.
After 2.5 years, 76% of this patient population was still alive, an impressive number.
Abstract #673 also examined the impact of Ibrutinib monotherapy, in this case in elderly patients with or without the del(17p) cytogenetic factor indicating high risk for progression. In this study there was a significant difference in the PR percentage, with 81% of patients with wild-type 17p responding while only 53% of patients with a deletion of 17p responded (p = 0.04). This suggests more (or larger) studies will be required to sort out the best patients for Ibrutinib therapy.
A very nice study will be presented by investigators at The Ohio State University (Abstract # 2872). Using multivariate analyses of patient response, progression and survival, these investigators compare Ibrutinib monotherapy to checkpoint-inhibitor therapy (alvocidib, dinaciclib, or TG02) to "other" therapy, in del(17p) rrCLL patients. "Other" is unfortunately not identified, but must include standard-of-care, which would normally be chemotherapy plus Rituxan. Here is a snapshot of the data at 24 months (the analysis is beautiful and I won't reproduce their graphs here):
These data really drive home the importance of the new therapeutics and new therapeutic combinations, where we are seeing improvement in PFS.
There are a swarm of newer small molecule drugs coming up, and these will be covered in Part 3.
Targeted kinase inhibition in inflammation & oncology: lots of gambling, and some winners
December 19, 2012 B cell lymphoma, fostamatinib, Ibrutinib, myelofibrosis, RA, Rheumatoid arthritis, ruxolitinib, SLE, tofacitinibPaul Rennert
We've had a lot of news in the last 6 weeks from ACR, ASH and the release of clinical trial results. Here's what we've learned in, and some thoughts on what might come next:
1) Rigel and partner AstraZeneca threw craps in the RA game. Syk inhibition is less effective than Jak inhibition in Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), per ACR presentations on Jak inhibitor tofacintinib and clinical trial data released on Syk inhibitor fostamatinib. Whether the difference in efficacy is due to suboptimal dosing of the Syk inhibitor fosta'nib, or reflects distinct biological readouts is a critical question, particularly as fosta'nib has off-target activity on Jak1 and other relevant kinases. It is interesting that Pfizer's tofacitinib, widely viewed as a pan-Jak inhibitor with potential toxicity issues, has scored approval in DMARD-IR patients, and can therefore be prescribed before biologic therapy. I'll admit I did not see this coming and felt tofa'nib would get approval, to start, in TNF-IR patients only. AZN is clearly running the clinical trials needed to show a clean safety profile for fosta'nib, but may now lose out in the marketplace on the basis of efficacy. It remains to be seen how this will play out as Rheumatologists weigh the safety/efficacy profiles of these drugs, but clearly in a "treat to target" regimen, where the target is no clinical sign of disease and no advance in joint degradation, fosta'nib has a tough road ahead. They may yet persevere but it will take a combination of squeaky-clean safety data and a clear demonstration of protection from joint damage. The compound is also moving forward in B cell malignancies (see below).
We will not learn anytime soon if better Syk inhibitors would be better RA drugs, as Biogen Idec may have lost its bet on Portola's Syk inhibitor. Biogen has quietly withdrawn its phase 2 clinical trial for PRT062607, aka BIIB057 (clintrials.gov). The withdrawal occurred prior to the recent data coming out on fosta'nib and seems more likely to be related to the specific compound than to the pathway. Looking more widely at drug development in this space, the only other clinical stage compound is the inhaled Syk inhibitor R343, for asthma and other lung diseases, currently in phase 2 and unlikely to provide any insight into the systemic inhibition of the pathway in RA. We may have to wait for clinical readouts in RA following inhibition of Btk – this is the next kinase downstream of Syk – before we understand the utility of targeting this pathway. More on Btk to follow.
2) Jak inhibitors: does three of a kind equal two pair? There are actually four Jak kinases: Jaks 1,2,3 and Tyk2. People used to spend a lot of time discussing the specificity of different Jak inhibitors and the toxicity/efficacy expectations of targeting Jak3 vs Jak2 vs Jak1. The reality is that all Jaks are obligate hybridizers: distinct Jaks hybridize to transduce signals from cell surface receptors. It is very likely that different Jak specificities matter less than we think and that the current crop of Jak inhibitors are more alike than they are different, off target specificity aside. That being said, the Jak inhibitors appear to be poised to reap hefty winnings, in wildly distinct diseases. Novartis' and Incyte's ruxolitinib (Jakafitm),first-in-class "Jak2-selective" inhibitor, was approved for use in myelofibrosis in early 2011 and in 2012 is already poised to take in $100MM in sales as patients move onto this drug earlier in the treatment paradigm. The therapeutic rationale of Jak inhibitor use was well understood from genetic analysis of myelofibrosis, and the commercial and clinical validation is now clear, prompting Gilead to recently pay ~$400MM to buy the phase 1 Jak1/2 inhibitor CYT387 along with the rest of YM Biosciences. Other Jak2-selective inhibitors in development include the Sanofi Aventis compound SAR302503, currently in phase 2, and the Cell Therapeutics compound pacritinib. While myelofibrosis is the clear POC arena for these compounds, look for companies to begin moving these into new therapeutic areas as the compounds advance.
3) Jaks are wild in RA. I've already mentioned the success of Pfizer's pan-Jak inhibitor tofacitinib (brand name Xeljanztm), recently approved for use in RA patients who have an inadequate response to DMARDs such as methotrexate. Other Jak inhibitors being developed to compete in the inflammation area include the Jak1-specific inhibitor GLPG0634 from Galapagos, licensed in early 2012 by Abbott (now AbbVie), who paid $150MM upfront for rights to the Phase 1 compound. It should be noted that GLPG0634 does appear to have a different side effect profile than the other Jak inhibitors, in that no impact on lipid levels were seen, nor signs of anemia and neutropenia. These side effects have been seen in clinical trials of ruxolitinib and with tofa'nib and are generally ascribed to Jak2 inhibition. Given the promiscuous nature of Jak heterodimerization this differentiation remains somewhat surprising. Indeed, Cell Therapeutics, who is developing S*BIO's Jak2-inhibitor pacritinib in myelofibrosis, claims not to see anemia or thrombocytopenia (another class side effect) in the clinic. Finally, Vertex has moved its Jak3-selective inhibitor VX-509 into phase 2b following decent results in a phase 2a RA trial. No matter how you look at it, the data suggest that hitting any combination of Jaks, or just one if we believe the Galapagos selectivity data, is sufficient for efficacy in RA. This is almost certainly due to the prevalence of heterodimerization, as mentioned, but also due to the sheer number of pathogenic pathways impacted by Jak inhibition, including numerous cytokine and growth factor pathways. Despite the risk of side effects from such broad blunting of the immune system, this approach so far appears to be more efficacious, and at least as safe, as inhibition of Syk. On the basis of efficacy in RA, one might be tempted to move Jak inhibitors into stubborn and complex diseases like systemic lupus erythematosis. That's another bet altogether but I'll be looking for those investigator trials!
4) PCI's Btk inhibitor shows its hand. The recent American Society of Hematology (ASH) meeting was a showcase for Pharmacyclics' (PCI) and JNJ's Btk inhibitor ibrutinib, aka ib'nib. This Btk inhibitor produced remarkable efficacy in several B cell lymphomas, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and Mantle Cell Lymphoma, the latter being generally viewed as a very intractable disease. The data have been reviewed in detail elsewhere (e.g. fiercebiotech story), but clearly ib'nib has validated Btk inhibition as a therapy with broad application in B lymphoma oncology. The field is still young, with the next closest drug in development Avila's AVL-292, who reported phase 1b data at ASH. AVL-292 demonstrated efficacy in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL), CLL, multiple myeloma (MM) and other indications. Avila was acquired by Celgene earlier this year, further highlighting the interest in Btk inhibition in oncology. Ib'nib and AVL-292 covalently bind to the kinase domain of Btk, forming an irreversible bond that prevents substrate from accessing the active site of the enzyme. Historically, covalent inhibition has been associated with off-target toxicity, as it is possible for the drug to link irreversibly to unwanted targets. Happily, this does not appear to be an issue with this new class of covalent inhibitors, and toxicity is generally considered mild. Regardless, non-covalent inhibitors are being developed by several companies, perhaps with the goal of differentiating from the leading compounds. The CGI compound GDC-0834, now held by Genentech, in a non-covalent active site inhibitor under development for inflammatory disease, as is the Roche compound RN486. Given the current status of the Syk inhibitor fosta'nib in RA, it will be interesting to see if these companies stay the course, or move their inhibitors onto new disease targets. It was the success of Syk inhibition in early RA and B cell lymphoma trials that stirred interest in Btk, and the field will respond accordingly to any new Syk inhibitor data.
This is a lot of information to absorb, but it stimulates the obvious question: What's next? Here are just a couple of thoughts:
- What is considered safe and efficacious today will change tomorrow. As combination therapy takes hold in B cell oncology, additive toxicity may become problematic. If we consider the obvious combination of a Btk inhibitor with other kinase inhibition, or with biologic therapy, the safety/efficacy profile of these compounds will evolve. This is even more true in RA, where toxicity will drive physicians away from drugs.
- Escape is possible (or inevitable). As has already been described in myelofibrosis, patients needing chronic therapy may select for drug resistance. In myelofibrosis, such resistance is associated with the recruitment of other Jaks to take over for Jak2. Having a well-stocked armory may allow continued control over the disease, even as signaling pathways shift – in the context of B cell lymphomas this may mean Syk inhibitors, Btk inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, in succession or in tolerable combination therapies.
- In RA the success of tofa'nib heralds a new wave of oral medications that can challenge biologic therapies, in particular the anti-TNF biologics. This is no surprise, and it will be of considerable interest to watch how clinical practice evolves. I'm hoping that diligence is being applied to the collection of samples for analysis of response and non-response in patients receiving the new, targeted orals as it will be fascinating to understand why some patients fail while some succeed – something not yet adequately understood in RA.
- Finally its important to remember that "success" in RA still means that most patients fail to reach ACR 50 and ACR 70 scores, suggesting that they are continuing to experience disease despite treatment. Until these numbers come up, perhaps in the context of personalized medicine, we cannot declare that the work in RA is done. We note in passing that there are a plethora of diseases that could benefit from these new kinase inhibitors, and expect to see their use tested more widely.
December 12, 2012 ASH12, B cell lymphoma, Ibrutinib, immunotherapy, NovartisPaul Rennert
A bit more news from ASH 2012
Following up on our Immunotherapy post, here is a link to The In Vivo blog's writeup of the deal struck between UPenn and Novartis to commercialize the CAR (and specifically CART19) technology that we discussed in our last post:
http://invivoblog.blogspot.com/2012/12/alliance-deal-of-year-nominee_418.html
In Vivo highlights this deal as one of its "Alliance" nominees of the year, and it illustrates the race going on among big pharma and biotech to tie up academic assets at an early stage. Indeed other big players tried very hard to secure this technology.
The Btk inhibitor Ibrutinib made its own splash over the last few days at ASH, including startling clinical data in CLL and MCL:
here's the CLL press release (via FierceBiotech):
http://www.fiercebiotech.com/press-releases/new-investigational-agent-targets-gene-signaling-pathways-improve-therapeut
and the MCL story off the JNJ website:
http://www.jnj.com/connect/news/all/follow-up-results-of-phase-2-study-of-investigational-agent-ibrutinib-in-relapsed-refractory-mantle-cell-lymphoma-presented-at-american-society-of-hematology-annual-meeting
Taken together you have to wonder how these competing technologies – orally dosed small molecule kinase inhibitors v ex vivo T cell manipulation – will play out. Add a big dose of new biologics to the mix, and its clear that the field of B cell lymphoma treatment will become a very interesting scientific, clinical practice and commercial landscape.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I traveled the long road through the tunnel of despair, depression and self-doubts, and emerged a better person. The journey while difficult was worth it because you must look despair squarely in the eye to find yourself and at the of my journey I had rediscovered myself. I realized that receiving the accolades of others, being recognized for my achievements may have made me happy but was not the key to my happiness. I realized that while I was looking for validation from society the only validation I needed is from with-in. Gone was the fear of failure because I may fail again and its place was the resolve to move forward and seize the possibilities the future holds. I no longer put on a face for the world to believe I was happy but show my real face because I am happy. For in traveling the road back I found the keys to being truly happy, belief in myself and what I can accomplish. The journey may have been arduous but it helped me to find the strength to discover myself and to believe in my potential.
This entry was posted in You Can't Define Me and tagged Ambition, Dreams, Inspiration, motivation, opportunities, potential, self, self awareness, self confidence, self doubt, self esteem, self help, Self Love, self respect, success on July 25, 2018 by Carl A. Cooke.


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404 - The Winner Takes It All: Archives as Donors to Other Archives
There are no losers in donations, only winners. The prevalence of de-accessioning, backlog appraisal projects, and reviewing donor agreements has made archives into donors. Such donations are transformative: a burden becomes a welcomed addition, unheard voices in hidden collections become discoverable, institutional obstacles are overcome, and new collegial relationships are formed. Three examples of archives as donors are explored. Each pair of speakers present, followed by a "tennis-match" conversation with their counterpart.
Jim Gerencser: Reappraisal and Deaccessioning: Finding Better Homes for Collections of Personal Papers
Charles Greifenstein: You Got It, Now What? Integrating Transferred Collections
Geof Huth: Depatriation and the Necessity of the Anti-archivist
Aisha M. Johnson-Jones: De-Accessioning As a Best Practice: Transferring the Rupert Cutler Papers from Atlanta to Blacksburg
Aaron D. Purcell: The Other End of the Line: Acquiring the Rupert Cutler Papers at Virginia Tech
Bonita L. Weddle: Unifying New York State's Historical Court Records at the New York State Archives
Chair and Moderator: Laura Uglean Jackson
Laura Uglean Jackson
Archives and Special Collections Librarian, University of Northern Colorado
Laura is Archives and Special Collections Librarian at UNC. She has extensive experience with reappraisal and deaccessioning.
Geof Huth
Chief Records Officer and the Chief Law Librarian, New York State Unified Court System
Geof Huth is the Chief Records Officer and the Chief Law Librarian of the New York State Unified Court System. Previously, he worked for decades at the New York State Archives.
Aaron D. Purcell
Director of Special Collections, Virginia Tech
Aaron Purcell is director of Special Collections at Virginia Tech. He holds a PhD in history from the University of Tennessee and a MLS from the University of Maryland. Purcell has written and spoken widely on topics related to donors and archives.
Bonita Weddle
Coordinator, Electronic Records, New York State Archives
Bonnie Weddle is the Coordinator of the Electronic Records unit at the New York State Archives. She holds a BA from the College of Wooster and an MA in history from Kent State University.
Aisha M. Johnson-Jones
Supervisory Archivist, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum
Aisha serves as Supervisory Archivist at the Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Lecturer in Archival Studies at Clayton State University. She earned her PhD from Florida State, and focus on the African-American struggle for library equality.
Jim Gerencser
College Archivist, Dickinson College
Jim is the College Archivist at Dickinson College. He holds an MLS from the University of Pittsburgh and an MA in History from Shippensburg University. Jim has been reappraising and deaccessioning materials for nearly twenty years.
Charles Greifenstein
Associate Librarian & Curator of Manuscripts, American Philosophical Society
Charles Greifenstein is Associate Librarian & Curator of Manuscripts at the American Philosophical Society. He has an MA in literature from University of Arizona and an MS in information science from Drexel University.


text:
\section{Introduction}
Recently,
the universality of
large $N$ (wide) connected correlator in random matrix theories
is shown by Ambj{\o}rn, Jurkiewicz and Makeenko \cite{AJM}.
They solved the loop equation for the correlators
with the motivation of
studying the two dimensional gravity.
The function form of the wide
correlator does not depend
on the details of the probability distribution
of a matrix ensemble. The universality classification in terms
of this correlator is also done in uniatry ensembles
by  Ambj{\o}rn and Akemann \cite{AA}.
Br{\'e}zin and Zee stressed
this remarkably universal nature of random matrix theories
from the view point of the physics in disordered systems
\cite{BZ}. Although some other universal quantities in
random matrix theories have been well-known already \cite{M},
this new correlator can be calculated
explicitly in various types of trace class ensembles
in several approaches, and its
universal nature can be observed manifestly \cite{BHZ}.

In this paper, we calculate the large $N$
correlators in non-gaussian orthogonal and symplectic
ensembles
by solving the loop equation.
Ambj{\o}rn, Chekhov, Kristjansen and Makeenko
developed this method originally proposed in \cite{AJM}
to calculate the correlator in principle
to an arbitrary order in $1/N$-expansion
in an arbitrary distribution of a unitary invariant ensemble
\cite{ACKM}. Here, we extend this method to orthogonal
and symplectic ensembles, which are well-known as
useful description schemes for
the level statistics of time reversal non-integrable quantum
systems without and with spin degrees of freedom, respectively
\cite{M}.
Calculation scheme for wide connected correlator to an arbitrary order
in the $1/N$-expansion have never been obtained
in non-gaussian orthogonal and symplectic ensembles,
though its leading order is calculated by solving
an integral equation \cite{B},
its universality is shown by the super matrix method \cite{HW}
and critical phenomena in an orthogonal ensemble
have been studied by Br{\'e}n and Neuberger
as a model of two dimensional gravity on unoriented surface \cite{BN}.
Here, we derive a loop equation of orthogonal
and symplectic ensembles in the eigenvalue representation
to calculate their wide connected correlator.
We find a different nontrivial term from the unitary case
in their loop equation.
At the leading order in the $1/N$-expansion,
the extension of the solving scheme
is straightforward, while at the next to leading order
crucial modification is necessary.
Here we give a general scheme to solve the loop equation up to
an arbitrary order of the $1/N$-expansion.

\section{The loop equation}
First we derive the loop equation for orthogonal($\beta=1$),
unitary ($\beta=2$) and
symplectic ($\beta=4$) invariant ensembles. Their eigenvalue distribution
is given by
\begin{equation}
P(\lambda_1, \cdots, \lambda_N)
= Z^{-1} |\Delta(\lambda_1, \cdots, \lambda_N )|^{\beta}
\exp \left(- N \sum_{i=1} ^N V(\lambda_i) \right),
\end{equation}
where $Z$ is normalization constant
\begin{equation}
Z = \int_{-\infty} ^{\infty} d \lambda_1 \cdots \int_{-\infty} ^{\infty}
d\lambda_N |\Delta(\lambda_1, \cdots, \lambda_N )|^{\beta}
\exp \left(- N \sum_{i=1} ^N V(\lambda_i) \right),
\label{Z}
\end{equation}
Van der Monde determinant
is defined by
$$
\Delta(\lambda_1, \cdots, \lambda_N) =
\prod_{1 \leq i< j \leq N}  (\lambda_i - \lambda_j),
$$
and the potential is a polynomial
$V(x) = \sum_{k = 1} ^n \frac{g_k}{k} x^k $.
The Jacobian of an infinitesimal transformation of the integration variables
$\lambda_i ^{\prime} =  \lambda_i + \frac{\epsilon}{z- \lambda_i}$
gives
\begin{eqnarray}
&d^N \lambda^{\prime}& |\Delta(\lambda_1 ^{\prime}, \cdots, \lambda_N ^{\prime} )|^{\beta} \nonumber \\
 =
&d^N\lambda& |\Delta (\lambda_1, \cdots, \lambda_N )|^{\beta}
\left( 1+ \epsilon \left( \frac{\beta}{2}
( \sum_{i=1} ^N \frac{1}{z - \lambda_i} )^2
 + (1- \frac{\beta}{2}) \sum_{i=1} ^N  \frac{1}{(z-\lambda_i)^2} \right) \right).
\end{eqnarray}
This transformation in the integral (\ref{Z}) gives the loop equation
\begin{equation}
\frac{\beta}{2} \langle \left(\sum_{i=1} ^N \frac{1}{z-\lambda_i}
\right)^2 \rangle  +
\left( \frac{\beta}{2} - 1 \right)\partial_z \langle \sum_{i=1} ^N \frac{1}{z-\lambda_i}\rangle
-N \langle \sum_{i=1} ^N V^{\prime}(\lambda_i)\frac{1}{z-\lambda_i} \rangle
=0,
\label{loop1}
\end{equation}
where $\langle \cdots \rangle =
\int d^N \lambda (\cdots) P(\lambda_1, \cdots, \lambda_N)$.
Here, we define one point green function
$$
G(z)= \langle \frac{1}{N}
\sum_{i=1} ^N \frac{1}{z-\lambda_i} \rangle
$$
and $l$-level connected correlator
$$
G(z_1, \cdots, z_l)=N^{l-2} \langle
\sum_{i_1=1} ^N \frac{1}{z_1 -\lambda_{i_1}} \cdots
\sum_{i_l=1} ^N \frac{1}{z_l-\lambda_{i_l}} \rangle_c.
$$
As discussed by Ambj{\o}rn, Chekhov Kristjansen and Makeenko \cite{ACKM}, the
loop equation (\ref{loop1}) can be rewritten in terms of the one point green function and the connected two level corelator as the following closed form
\begin{equation}
G(z)^2 -\frac{2}{\beta} \oint_C \frac{d w}{2 \pi i}
\frac{V^{\prime}(w)}{z-w} G(w)
-\frac{1}{N} \left(\frac{2}{\beta} - 1 \right) \partial_z G(z)
+ \frac{1}{N^2} G(z, z) = 0,
\label{loop2}
\end{equation}
where the contour $C$ encircles the singularities of $G(z)$.
In the case of a finite $N$, these must consist of pole singularities,
while in the $1/N$-expansion these make up cuts. Here we assume
the coefficient in an arbitrary order has cuts
$(x_1, x_2), \cdots, (x_{2s-1}, x_{2s})$.
The third term in the left hand side in eq(\ref{loop2})
is absence in the unitary case. This term requires a
necessary modification of the
$1/N$-expansion
$$
G(z_1, \cdots, z_l ) = \sum_{n=1} ^{\infty}
\frac{1}{N^n} G_n(z_1, \cdots, z_l).
$$
Note that there is no odd degree term in the unitary ensemble.
The coefficient $G_n(z)$ and $G_n(z, z)$ of an arbitrary order
satisfies the following recursion relation
\begin{eqnarray}
&n=0,&
\hat{X} G_0 (z)=0,
\label{loopG0} \\
&n=1,&
\hat{X}G_1(z)= \left(1- \frac{2}{\beta} \right) \partial_z G_0(z),
\label{loopG1} \\
&n \geq 2,& \hat{X} G_n(z)= \sum_{m=1} ^{n-1} G_{n-m}(z) G_m(z)
+ \left(1- \frac{2}{\beta} \right) \partial_z G_{n-1}(z)
+ G_{n-2}(z, z),
\label{loopGn}
\end{eqnarray}
where we define the operator $\hat{X}$ acting
on an arbitrary function $f(z)$ by
\begin{equation}
\hat{X}f(z)\equiv
\frac{2}{\beta}\oint_C \frac{d w}{2 \pi i}
\frac{V^{\prime}(w)}{z-w} f(w) - 2 G_0(z) f(z).
\label{X}
\end{equation}
We shall derive large $N$ correlators by solving this equation
recursively.

\section{Large $N$ limit}
Here we obtain $G_0(z)$, $G_0(z, w)$ and $G_0(p, q, r)$
in a non-gaussian ensemble.
In the leading order $n=0$, the equation for $G_0$ can be written as
\begin{equation}
\frac{\beta}{2} G_0(z) ^2
- V^\prime (z) G_0(z) -R(z, V) = 0,
\label{loop0}
\end{equation}
where $R(z, V)$ is defined by
$$
\frac{1}{N} \langle \sum_{i=1} ^N
V^{\prime}(\lambda_i)\frac{1}{z-\lambda_i} \rangle
= V^\prime (z) G(z) + R(z, V).
$$
The quadratic equation (\ref{loop0}) is solved with respect to $G_0$
\begin{equation}
G_0(z) = \frac{1}{\beta} \left( V^\prime (z)
-\sqrt{V^\prime (z) ^2  +2 \beta R(z, V)}\right).
\label{sol0}
\end{equation}
If we assume s-cut solution, $G_0$ should have the form with the
certain polynomial $M(z)$.
\begin{equation}
G_0(z) = \frac{1}{\beta}\left( V^\prime (z) -M(z)
\sqrt{ \prod_{i=1} ^{2s}(z-x_i) }\right).
\label{sol1}
\end{equation}
This assumption gives the following integral expression for $M$
$$
M(z) = \oint_{C_\infty} \frac{dw}{2 \pi i}\frac{1}{w-z} M(w)
= \oint_{C_\infty} \frac{dw}{2 \pi i}
\frac{V^\prime(w)- \beta G_0(w)}{(w-z) \sqrt{\prod_{i=1} ^{2s} (w-x_i)}},
$$
where the contour $C_\infty$ is a circle with the infinitely large radius.
The second term of the integral vanishes due to the
asymptotic behavior of $G_0(z) \sim 1/z$
for $|z| \sim \infty$ and therefore
$$
M(z)= \oint_{C_\infty} \frac{dw}{2 \pi i}
\frac{V^\prime (w)}{(w-z) \sqrt{\prod_{i=1} ^{2s}(w-x_i)}}.
$$
Substituting this into eq(\ref{sol1}), one obtains
\begin{eqnarray}
G_0(z) &=&
\frac{1}{\beta} \left( V^\prime (z) -
\oint_{C_\infty} \frac{dw}{2 \pi i}\frac{V^\prime (w)}
{w-z} \sqrt{\prod_{i=1} ^{2s}
 \frac{z-x_i}{w-x_i}} \right) \\
&=& -\frac{1}{\beta} \oint_C \frac{dw}{2 \pi i}\frac{V^\prime (w)}{w-z}
\sqrt{\prod_{i=1} ^{2s}
 \frac{z-x_i}{w-x_i}} \label{1pg}
\end{eqnarray}
The large $z$ asymptotics of $G_0$ in this expression gives
\begin{equation}
\oint_C \frac{dw}{2 \pi i} \frac{w^r V^\prime(w)}{\sqrt{\prod_{i=1} ^{2s}
(w-x_i)}} = \delta_{r s}, \ \ \ \ r=0, \cdots, s.
\label{asympt}
\end{equation}
These equations and the arc independence of the chemical potencial
\begin{equation}
0 = \int_{x_{2k}} ^{x_{2k+1}} d \lambda M(\lambda)
\sqrt{\prod_{i=1} ^{2s}(\lambda-x_i)},
\ \ \ k=1, \cdots, s-1,
\label{chemical}
\end{equation}
determine the location of the edges
$x_{k},\ (k=1, \cdots, 2s)$ of the cuts \cite{J}.
In the $s=1$ case,
the edge values $x_1, \ x_2$ are determined only by the
condition (\ref{asympt}).
Here we calculate a wide two level correlator in the $s=1$ case
in the large $N$ leading order.
The green function is obtained by acting the loop
insertion operator
\begin{equation}
\frac{d}{dV(w)} \equiv -\sum_{j=1} ^\infty \frac{j}{w^{j+1}}
\frac{d}{dg_j},
\label{insertion}
\end{equation}
on the free energy $F \equiv \frac{1}{N^2}\log Z$
\begin{equation}
G(z) = \frac{dF}{dV(z)} + \frac{1}{z}.
\label{1green}
\end{equation}
The $l (\geq2)$ level correlator is obtained as well
\begin{equation}
G(z_1, \cdots, z_l) =  \frac{d}{dV(z_1)} \cdots \frac{d}{dV(z_l)} F.
\label{2level}
\end{equation}
Thanks to the formula
$$
\frac{dV^\prime (z)}{dV(w)} = \frac{-1}{(z-w)^2},
$$
we can differentiate the one point
green function $G_0(z)$ given by eq(\ref{1pg}) to calculate
the two level correlator in the leading order of the $1/N$-expansion
\begin{eqnarray}
G_0(p, q)
&=& - \frac{d}{dV(q)}\frac{1}{\beta} \oint_C \frac{dw}{2 \pi i}\frac{V^\prime (w)}{w-p}
\sqrt{\prod_{i=1} ^{2}
 \frac{p-x_i}{w-x_i}}
\nonumber \\
&=& \frac{1}{\beta} \oint_C \frac{dw}{2 \pi i}
\frac{-1}{(w-q)^2} \frac{1}{p-w}
\sqrt{\frac{(p-x_1)(p-x_2)}{(w-x_1)(w-x_2)}} \nonumber \\
&+& \frac{1}{\beta} \oint_C \frac{dw}{2 \pi i} \frac{V^\prime(w)}{p-w}
\sqrt{\frac{(p-x_1)(p-x_2)}{(w-x_1)(w-x_2)}}\frac{1}{2} \sum_{k=1} ^{2s}
\left(\frac{1}{w-x_k} -
\frac{1}{p-x_k} \right) \frac{dx_k}{dV(q)} \nonumber \\
&=& \frac{1}{\beta} \left[ \frac{-1}{(p-q)^2} +
\frac{\partial}{\partial q}\left( \frac{1}{p-q}
\sqrt{\frac{(p-x_1)(p-x_2)}{(q-x_1)(q-x_2)}} \right) \right] \nonumber \\
&+&
\frac{1}{\beta} \left[ \frac{1}{2} M_1 ^{(1)} \frac{d x_1}{dV(q)}
\sqrt{\frac{p-x_2}{p-x_1}}
+ \frac{1}{2} M_2 ^{(1)} \frac{d x_2}{dV(q)}
\sqrt{\frac{p-x_1}{p-x_2}} \right],
\label{2level2}
\end{eqnarray}
where the moment $M_i ^{(k)}$ is defined by
$$
M_i ^{(k)} \equiv \oint_C \frac{dw}{2 \pi i} \frac{V^\prime(w)}{(w-x_i)^k
\sqrt{(w-x_1)(w-x_2)}}.
$$
In this single arc case, $M_1 ^{(1)} \frac{dx_1}{dV(q)}$ and $M_2 ^{(1)} \frac{dx_2}{dV(q)}$
is obtained only by differentiating the condition (\ref{asympt})
\begin{eqnarray}
M_1 ^{(1)} \frac{dx_1}{dV(q)} &=& \frac{1}{(q-x_1)\sqrt{(q-x_1)(q-x_2)}}
\nonumber \\  M_2 ^{(1)} \frac{dx_2}{dV(q)} &=& \frac{1}{(q-x_2)\sqrt{(q-x_1)(q-x_2)}}.
\label{edge}
\end{eqnarray}
Substituting these into eq(\ref{2level2}),
we obtain the following expression of the wide two level correlator
\begin{equation}
G_0(p, q) = \frac{pq - (x_1+x_2)(p+q)/2 + x_1 x_2}{\beta
(p-q)^2 \sqrt{(p-x_1)(p-x_2)(q-x_1)(q-x_2)}} -\frac{1}{\beta(p-q)^2}.
\label{2levelng}
\end{equation}
This result agrees with that in \cite{AJM} in the
unitary case $\beta=2$  and that in \cite{B}
for an arbitrary $beta$.
We can calculate the three level correlator from this expression
and the derivative of the edge values (\ref{edge})
\begin{equation}
G_0(p, q, r) = \frac{(x_2-x_1)[(p-x_2)(q-x_2)(r-x_2)/M_1 ^{(1)}-
 (p-x_1)(q-x_1)(r-x_1)/M_2 ^{(1)}]}
{4 \beta [(p-x_1)(q-x_1)(r-x_1)(p-x_2)(q-x_2)(r-x_2)]^{3/2}}
\label{3levelng}
\end{equation}
This result
agrees with those obtained in \cite{AJM} in the
unitary case.
 It is obvious that the
correlator of the level more than two takes a universal form,
since the two level correlator depends on the distribution
$V(\lambda)$ only through the edge values

\section{Gaussian ensemble}
  Here we concern ourselves with the gaussian distribution.
We calculate the one point green function up to second order in the $1/N$-expansion.
In the gaussian model, the one point green function and
the wide two level correlator become
\begin{eqnarray}
&& G_0(z) = \frac{1}{\beta} \left(z- \sqrt{z^2 - 2 \beta} \right)
\label{gauss1} \\
&&G_0(z, w) = \frac{zw-2 \beta}
{\beta(z-w)^2 \sqrt{(z^2- 2 \beta)(w^2 - 2 \beta)}}
-\frac{1}{\beta(z-w)^2}. \label{gauss2}
\end{eqnarray}
The loop equation (\ref{loopG1}) for the next order $G_1(z)$ is
calculated by an reasonable assumption that
the green function has no singularity outside
the contour $C$ and the asymptotic behavior
$G_1(z) \sim 1/z^2$ for $|z| \sim \infty$
give
$$
\oint_C \frac{dw}{2 \pi i} \frac{w}{z-w} G_1(w) = z G_1 (z),
$$
which yields the special solution of the loop equation (\ref{loopG1})
\begin{equation}
G_1(z)= \frac {1}{2}\left( 1- \frac{2}{\beta} \right) \left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{z^2-2 \beta}}
-\frac{z}{z^2 - 2 \beta} \right).
\label{special1}
\end{equation}
The general solution is given by adding the general solution of the homogeneous
equation with respect to $G_1(z)$
$$
\frac{c_1}{\sqrt{z^2-2 \beta}} + \frac{c_2 z}{\sqrt{z^2-2 \beta}},
$$
which does not satisfy the large $z$ asymptotics. Therefore the unique solution
of eq(\ref{loopG1}) with the correct asymptotic behavior is  given by eq(\ref{special1}). These results eq(\ref{gauss1}),
eq(\ref{gauss2}) and eq(\ref{special1}) agree with those obtained
by the replica trick \cite{IMS}. \\

The loop equation (\ref{loopGn}) for $G_2(z)$ is
\begin{equation}
\hat{X}G_2( z)= \left(1-\frac{2}{\beta}\right) \partial_z G_1(z)
+G_1(z)^2 +G_0(z, z),
\label{loopG2}
\end{equation}
The two level correlator with the coincident point can be defined
as a finite function by limiting procedure
$$
G_0(z, z) \equiv \lim_{w \rightarrow z} G_0(z, w) = \frac{1}{(z^2-2 \beta)^2},
$$
which enables us to derive the solution of eq(\ref{loopG2})
\begin{equation}
G_2(z) = \frac{(2-\beta)^2 (2 z^2+\beta -2 z \sqrt{z^2-2 \beta}) +2 \beta^2}
{4 \beta(z^2-2\beta)^{5/2}}.
\end{equation}
This is the unique solution of eq(\ref{loopG2}) as derived $G_1(z)$. \\

\section{Higher orders in the $1/N$-expansion}
Now, we describe a general algorithm to
solve eq(\ref{loopGn}) to an arbitrary order
in non-gaussian case. In the orthogonal $\beta=1$ and
symplectic $\beta=4$ cases, the derivative term
$\partial_z G_{n-1}(z)$ in the right hand side of
eq(\ref{loopG1}) and eq(\ref{loopGn}) requires
the non-trivial modification of the algorithm
in the unitary $\beta=2$ case.
We have to solve the following type of
equation for an unknown function
$G(z)$ and a given function $F(z)$
\begin{equation}
\hat{X}G(z)= F(z),
\label{inteq}
\end{equation}
We assume
the regularity of $G(z)$, $G_0(z)$ and $F(z)$ outside the region encircled
by the contour $C$ and the large $z$ asymptotics of $G_0(z) \sim 1/z$
and  $G(z) \sim 1/z^2$.
A rewriting of the second term in the operation of $\hat{X}$
and a deformation of the contour $C_z$ to $C$ and $C_\infty$
give
\begin{eqnarray}
G_0(z) G(z) &=& \oint_{C_z} \frac{dw}{2 \pi i} \frac{G_0(w)G(w)}{w-z}
=-\left( \oint_{C} + \oint_{C_\infty} \right)
\frac{dw}{2 \pi i} \frac{G_0(w)G(w)}{w-z} \nonumber \\
&=& \oint_{C} \frac{dw}{2 \pi i} \frac{G_0(w)G(w)}{z-w}.
\end{eqnarray}
The contribution from the contour integral of $C_\infty$ vanishes
due to the large $z$ asymptotics of $G_0(z)$ and $G(z)$.
Therefore the operation of $\hat{X}$ can be written as
\begin{equation}
\hat{X}G(z)
=2 \oint_C \frac{d w}{2 \pi i}
\frac{M(w)\sqrt{\prod_{i=1} ^{2s} (w-x_i)}}{z-w} G(w).
\label{OP}
\end{equation}
In this expression of the operator $\hat{X}$, we can show a special solution of eq(\ref{inteq}). If $M(z)^{-1}$ has no pole outside the region encircled the contour $C$, we find a special solution
\begin{equation}
G^S(z) = \frac{F(z)}{M(z) \sqrt{\prod_{i=1} ^{2s}(z-x_i)}}.
\label{spsol1}
\end{equation}
In general, $M(z)^{-1}$ has poles
outside the contour $C$. We have to eliminate these
unphysical singularities from the expression. Therefore,
the solution becomes
\begin{eqnarray}
G^S(z) &=& \frac{F(z)}{2 M(z) \sqrt{\prod_{i=1} ^{2s}(z-x_i)}}
-\oint_{C \cup C_z} \frac{dw}{4 \pi i} \frac{F(w)}
{(w-z)M(w)\sqrt{\prod_{i=1} ^{2s}(z-x_i)}},
\label{spsol2} \\ &=&
\oint_{C} \frac{dw}{4 \pi i} \frac{F(w)}
{(z-w)M(w)\sqrt{\prod_{i=1} ^{2s}(z-x_i)}}
\end {eqnarray}
which has no pole outside the contour $C$.
Since the second term in the right
hand side in eq(\ref{spsol2})is annihilated by
the action of the operator $\hat{X}$ with the expression eq(\ref{OP}),
this $G^S(z)$ satisfies eq(\ref{inteq}).
General solution $G(z)$ of eq(\ref{inteq}) is
given by the linear combination of this special solution $G^S (z)$ and
the allowed zero modes of the operator $\hat{X}$.
In $s \geq 2$ case, Akemann shows that the allowed zero modes are
$$
\frac{z^0}{\sqrt{\prod_{i=1}^{2s}(z-x_i)}}, \cdots,
\frac{z^{s-2}}{\sqrt{\prod_{i=1}^{2s}(z-x_i)}},
$$
which obey the boundary condition $G(z) \sim 1/z^2 (z \rightarrow \infty )$
\cite{A}. In $s=1$ case, the boundary condition excluded any zero mode
to be added to $G^S (z)$. The unique solution of $G(z)$ as
the green function is determined by the condition eq(\ref{1green}) that
the green function which is
the total derivative with respect to the loop insertion
operator $\frac{d}{dV(z)}$.
The equation (\ref{loopGn}) for $G_n(z)$
can be solved recursively
in the above shown formula, and a correlator with an arbitrary level
can be calculated to an arbitrary order in $1/N$-expansion
by acting the loop insersion operator eq(\ref{insertion}) on the one point green function $G_n(z)$.

\section{Summary}
We have calculated two level and three level correlators
in the large $N$ limit in non-gaussian orthogonal, unitary and
symplectic ensembles. We have obtained
explicit forms of higher orders $G_1(z)$ and $G_2(z)$ in
the gaussian ensemble. These results
are consistent with those obtained in other method \cite{IMS}.
We have shown a new general algorithm to solve the
loop equation recursively to
calculate a correlator up to an arbitrary order in the $1/N$-expansion
for non-gaussian orthogonal and symplectic ensembles. \\

I would like to thank S. Higuchi, H. Mukaida and Y. Sakamoto
for helpful discussions.
I am grateful to S. Hikami for explaining his recent work.
\\

\newpage

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


President Trump hasn't even unpacked and leftists call for his head.
As the Left ever increasingly sinks into their delusional world where they really think President Trump should be impeached, they should recall the history lesson of the past 8 years.
Here is a few reminders of just how much a total fraud Obama was. Moreover, how the Left ignored the blatant disregard for America's national security.
The Obama administration pushed the Iran deal through and agreed to make terms without consulting with the U.S. Senate. Next, the White House championed the plan, as a historic deal that will prevent Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons. However, the plan contained no provision that required the Iranians to prove that they were not acquiring nuclear weapons. And if that wasn't enough, Obama then gave the Iranians billions of dollars under the cloak of darkness, again without Congressional or media scrutiny. There is no doubt that Iran currently uses those funds to finance its nuclear program, as well as terrorist activities.
Remember when Obama told CBS publicly that he learned about Hillary Clinton's secret server at the same time everybody else learned about it? That turned out not to be true.
As we learned through Wikileaks, Obama himself had exchanged emails with Clinton on the server. And, he used a fake name when sending emails to Hillary for reasons never explained.
So Obama was aware of the fraud server, and the fact that Clinton was sharing secrets using her private email address.
In the Benghazi cover-up, America's national security was put to a real-life test. Obama and Clinton failed and four Americans were brutally murdered. We now know that Ambassador Stevens, one of the deceased asked for more security over 600 times. The special forces personnel who came under attack requested air support, which never came. All the while the Obama administration claimed the attack was caused by a videographer in California, when they knew that wasn't the case. Further, Obama claimed he would do whatever was necessary to save those under fire, yet we now know he did absolutely nothing.
And what of our border?
In 2010 Arizona adopted an immigration law designed to discourage illegal aliens from entering the state.
This law required state police to verify a person's immigration status with federal authorities and attain individuals suspected of being in the country illegally. Obama disregarded the will of the people, and he immediately sued the state of AZ, thus stopping the action.
Obama not only allows sanctuary cities but encourages them, in blatant defiance of the Constitution. Time and time again he has protected illegals, even emptying our prisons of illegals and putting them in the streets.
But the situation is far worse when it comes to Muslims.
Knowing that Muslim terror groups exist in all 50 states, Obama brings in more and more undocumented Muslims. Even when America is attacked by Muslims, Obama blames Americans, not the terrorists who commit the crimes.
Obama surrounds himself with radical Muslims and had the most in an administration in the history of our country. He has helped radical Islam to become acceptable, as it hides under the false narrative of "religion," and the even more false "of peace". And, one of Obama's top advisers for Middle East foreign policy was also a member of the Muslim brotherhood organization-ISNA.
And what of Hillary Clinton's top adviser Huma Abedin?
She was aware of Clinton's crooked server, and the fact that secrets were being passed. In fact, she was passing them to HER HUSBAND.
Oh, and then there was her family ties to the brotherhood. But how would we expect the Obama administration to know or care. I'm sure she was thoroughly vetted, like the Tsarnaev brothers and all the people who set up the terror cells in ALL 50 states.
What could have been their clues about Abedin? Perhaps, the pesky factoid that she was on the executive board of the Muslim students Association at George Washington University.
For a man whose number one priority was to keep Americans safe, Obama sucked. Any one of these would have gotten a white Republican president impeached.


text:
Q: Count Vowels in String Using Recursion With JavaScript Hello I'm trying to understand recursion in JavaScript.
So far I have:
function countVowels(string) {
    let vowelCount = 0;

    // if we're not at the end of the string,
    // and if the character in the string is a vowel

    if (string.length - 1 >= 0 && charAt(string.length -1) === "aeiouAEIOU") {

    //increase vowel count every time we iterate

        countVowels(vowelCount++);
    }
    return vowelCount;
}

First of all, this is giving me issues because charAt is not defined. How else can I say "the character at the current index" while iterating?
I can't use a for-loop - I have to use recursion.
Second of all, am I using recursion correctly here?
countVowels(vowelCount++);
I'm trying to increase the vowel count every time the function is called.
Thanks for your guidance.

A: If you're interested, here is a version that does not keep track of the index or count, which might illuminate more about how the recursion can be done.

function countVowels(string) {
  if (!string.length) return 0;
  return (
"aeiou".includes(string.charAt(0).toLowerCase()) +
countVowels(string.substr(1))
  );
}

console.log(countVowels("")); // 0
console.log(countVowels("abcde")); // 2
console.log(countVowels("eee")); // 3

// Note that:

console.log('"hello".substr(1)', "hello".substr(1)) // ello
console.log('"hello".charAt(0)', "hello".charAt(0)) // h
console.log('"aeiou".includes("a")', "aeiou".includes("a")) // true
console.log('"a".includes("aeiou")', "a".includes("aeiou")) // false

Our base case is that the string is empty, so we return 0.
Otherwise, we check if the first character in the string is a vowel (true == 1 and false == 0 in javascript) and sum that with counting the next (smaller by one) string.

A: You are making two mistakes:

*

*You should have three parameters string , count(count of vowels) and current index i.

*You should use includes() instead of comparing character with "aeiouAEIOU"

function countVowels(string,count= 0,i=0) {
    if(!string[i]) return count
    if("aeiou".includes(string[i].toLowerCase())) count++;
    return countVowels(string,count,i+1);
}
console.log(countVowels("abcde")) //2

As asked by OP in comments "Can you please explain why it'sif("aeiou".includes(string[i].toLowerCase())) instead of if(string[i].includes("aeiou".toLowerCase()))"
So first we should know what includes does. includes() checks for string if it includes a certain substring passed to it or not. The string on which the method will be used it will be larger string and the value passed to includes() be smaller one.
Wrong one.
"a".includes('aeiou') //checking if 'aeiou' is present in string "a"   //false

Correct one.
"aeiou".includes('a') //checking if 'a' is present in string "aeiou"  //true

A: One possible solution would be:

function countVowels(string, number) {
  if (!string) return number;
  return countVowels(string.slice(1), 'aeiouAEIOU'.includes(string[0])? number + 1 : number);
}

// tests
console.log('abc  --> ' +  countVowels('abc', 0));
console.log('noor --> ' + countVowels('noor', 0));
console.log('hi   --> ' + countVowels('hi', 0));
console.log('xyz  --> ' + countVowels('xyz', 0));

and you should call your function like: countVowels('abc', 0)
Notes about your solution:

*

*you always reset vowelCount inside your function, this usually does not work with recursion.

*you defined your function to accept a string, but recall it with an integer in  countVowels(vowelCount++); this it will misbehave.

*always remember that you have to define your base case first thing in your recursion function, to make sure that you will stop sometime and not generate an infinite loop.

A: Alternative ES6 solution using regex and slice() method. Regex test() method will return true for vowels and as stated in a previous answer JavaScript considers true + true === 2.
const countVowels = str => {
  return !str.length ? 0 : /[aeiou]/i.test(str[0]) + countVowels(str.slice(1));
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Get a great vehicle and support a great cause. With every new Subaru purchased or leased, Subaru will donate $250 to your choice of charities*. Subaru of Wakefield will also support your local community by donating an additional $50 to Make-A-Wish Massachusetts and Rhode Island for each sold or leased vehicle. November 15 through January 2.
Our goal is to grant the wish of every medically eligible child in our territory. To do so, we greatly rely on the support of the community. Subaru of America and Share the Love have been critically important to helping us reach this goal. This year we will grant over 400 wishes. Funds raised through the Hometown Charity of Subaru of Wakefield in 2017 helped to support 5 of these life-changing wishes for the child and their family.


text:
FBS FCS DII DIII
Home Scores Rankings Standings Stats Video History Bowls
Ryan Cooper | NCAA.com | August 18, 2016
Cincinnati athletics reveals new red uniform line
New football jerseys were among the ArmouRED brand of Cincinnati apparel revealed Thursday.
There's always something intriguing about the reveal of a new line of uniforms. That becomes even better when they look as sharp as the ones that Cincinnati unveiled Thursday.
The brand of Bearcats unis, dubbed ArmouRED due to its color and production by Under Armour, is a return to red dominant scheme after the school switched to black for some time. The jerseys, which were revealed for football, soccer and volleyball, are red with black shoulders and/or sleeves with white lettering.
"So our purpose … is to not just to kind of reidentify ourselves or rebrand ourselves but to help tell our story better," said Cincinnati assistant athletic director Blake Reid.
"Every student-athlete that I've shown, every recruit that I've shown, has loved it."
Athletic director Mike Bohn said the jersey design was a lengthy process as the people involved weighed many factors to get the one that represents the school the best.
"We have had a lot of fun building our uniforms around a sense of 'What makes UC unique? What makes us special?' And it has been so fun to see our student-athletes respond in a positive way," Bohn said.
Check out the video below to see the new uniforms for yourself, as well as reactions from the student-athletes' first sights and an explanation by Reid of what makes them special.
Red uniforms are BACK for 2016-17. Check out the #Bearcats new #ArmouRED look!!https://t.co/Fah50Z9aHR
— Cincinnati Bearcats (@GoBEARCATS) August 18, 2016
The new golf shirts were also revealed by the men's golf team's Twitter account.
#ArmouRed pic.twitter.com/mNcK9QTsYz
— Cincinnati M-Golf (@GoBearcatsMGOLF) August 18, 2016
The 57 Cy Young Award winners who played college baseball
With the presentation of the 2020 Cy Young Award on Wednesday, Nov. 11, we've accumulated a list of 57 MLB Cy Young Award winners who played college baseball. One Cy Young standout from each decade will be featured and include a brief summary of their college career.
The college football teams, conferences and coaches with something to prove in Week 1
These are some of the best storylines in week 1 of the 2022 college football season, beginning with the Backyard Brawl between West Virginia and Pittsburgh.
Oscar Robertson: College basketball stats, best moments, quotes
Here's everything you need to know about Oscar Robertson's college career at Cincinnati.
Colleges with the most overall No. 1 picks in NFL draft history
17 of the best walk-ons in college football history
The longest college football field goal: What we know
Here are college football's 9 all-time winningest teams
College football national championship history
Follow FBS Football


text:
#include <grpc/support/port_platform.h>

#include "src/core/ext/transport/chttp2/transport/flow_control.h"

#include <inttypes.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <string.h>

#include <string>

#include "absl/strings/str_format.h"

#include <grpc/support/alloc.h>
#include <grpc/support/log.h>

#include "src/core/ext/transport/chttp2/transport/internal.h"
#include "src/core/lib/gpr/string.h"

grpc_core::TraceFlag grpc_flowctl_trace(false, "flowctl");

namespace grpc_core {
namespace chttp2 {

TestOnlyTransportTargetWindowEstimatesMocker*
    g_test_only_transport_target_window_estimates_mocker;

bool g_test_only_transport_flow_control_window_check;

namespace {

constexpr const int kTracePadding = 30;
constexpr const int64_t kMaxWindowUpdateSize = (1u << 31) - 1;

char* fmt_int64_diff_str(int64_t old_val, int64_t new_val) {
  std::string str;
  if (old_val != new_val) {
    str = absl::StrFormat("%" PRId64 " -> %" PRId64 "", old_val, new_val);
  } else {
    str = absl::StrFormat("%" PRId64 "", old_val);
  }
  return gpr_leftpad(str.c_str(), ' ', kTracePadding);
}

char* fmt_uint32_diff_str(uint32_t old_val, uint32_t new_val) {
  std::string str;
  if (old_val != new_val) {
    str = absl::StrFormat("%" PRIu32 " -> %" PRIu32 "", old_val, new_val);
  } else {
    str = absl::StrFormat("%" PRIu32 "", old_val);
  }
  return gpr_leftpad(str.c_str(), ' ', kTracePadding);
}
}  // namespace

void FlowControlTrace::Init(const char* reason, TransportFlowControl* tfc,
                            StreamFlowControl* sfc) {
  tfc_ = tfc;
  sfc_ = sfc;
  reason_ = reason;
  remote_window_ = tfc->remote_window();
  target_window_ = tfc->target_window();
  announced_window_ = tfc->announced_window();
  if (sfc != nullptr) {
    remote_window_delta_ = sfc->remote_window_delta();
    local_window_delta_ = sfc->local_window_delta();
    announced_window_delta_ = sfc->announced_window_delta();
  }
}

void FlowControlTrace::Finish() {
  uint32_t acked_local_window =
      tfc_->transport()->settings[GRPC_SENT_SETTINGS]
                                 [GRPC_CHTTP2_SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE];
  uint32_t remote_window =
      tfc_->transport()->settings[GRPC_PEER_SETTINGS]
                                 [GRPC_CHTTP2_SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE];
  char* trw_str = fmt_int64_diff_str(remote_window_, tfc_->remote_window());
  char* tlw_str = fmt_int64_diff_str(target_window_, tfc_->target_window());
  char* taw_str =
      fmt_int64_diff_str(announced_window_, tfc_->announced_window());
  char* srw_str;
  char* slw_str;
  char* saw_str;
  if (sfc_ != nullptr) {
    srw_str = fmt_int64_diff_str(remote_window_delta_ + remote_window,
                                 sfc_->remote_window_delta() + remote_window);
    slw_str =
        fmt_int64_diff_str(local_window_delta_ + acked_local_window,
                           sfc_->local_window_delta() + acked_local_window);
    saw_str =
        fmt_int64_diff_str(announced_window_delta_ + acked_local_window,
                           sfc_->announced_window_delta() + acked_local_window);
  } else {
    srw_str = gpr_leftpad("", ' ', kTracePadding);
    slw_str = gpr_leftpad("", ' ', kTracePadding);
    saw_str = gpr_leftpad("", ' ', kTracePadding);
  }
  gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
          "%p[%u][%s] | %s | trw:%s, tlw:%s, taw:%s, srw:%s, slw:%s, saw:%s",
          tfc_, sfc_ != nullptr ? sfc_->stream()->id : 0,
          tfc_->transport()->is_client ? "cli" : "svr", reason_, trw_str,
          tlw_str, taw_str, srw_str, slw_str, saw_str);
  gpr_free(trw_str);
  gpr_free(tlw_str);
  gpr_free(taw_str);
  gpr_free(srw_str);
  gpr_free(slw_str);
  gpr_free(saw_str);
}

const char* FlowControlAction::UrgencyString(Urgency u) {
  switch (u) {
    case Urgency::NO_ACTION_NEEDED:
      return "no action";
    case Urgency::UPDATE_IMMEDIATELY:
      return "update immediately";
    case Urgency::QUEUE_UPDATE:
      return "queue update";
    default:
      GPR_UNREACHABLE_CODE(return "unknown");
  }
  GPR_UNREACHABLE_CODE(return "unknown");
}

void FlowControlAction::Trace(grpc_chttp2_transport* t) const {
  char* iw_str = fmt_uint32_diff_str(
      t->settings[GRPC_SENT_SETTINGS][GRPC_CHTTP2_SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE],
      initial_window_size_);
  char* mf_str = fmt_uint32_diff_str(
      t->settings[GRPC_SENT_SETTINGS][GRPC_CHTTP2_SETTINGS_MAX_FRAME_SIZE],
      max_frame_size_);
  gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "t[%s],  s[%s], iw:%s:%s mf:%s:%s",
          UrgencyString(send_transport_update_),
          UrgencyString(send_stream_update_),
          UrgencyString(send_initial_window_update_), iw_str,
          UrgencyString(send_max_frame_size_update_), mf_str);
  gpr_free(iw_str);
  gpr_free(mf_str);
}

TransportFlowControlDisabled::TransportFlowControlDisabled(
    grpc_chttp2_transport* t) {
  remote_window_ = kMaxWindow;
  target_initial_window_size_ = kMaxWindow;
  announced_window_ = kMaxWindow;
  t->settings[GRPC_PEER_SETTINGS][GRPC_CHTTP2_SETTINGS_MAX_FRAME_SIZE] =
      kFrameSize;
  t->settings[GRPC_SENT_SETTINGS][GRPC_CHTTP2_SETTINGS_MAX_FRAME_SIZE] =
      kFrameSize;
  t->settings[GRPC_ACKED_SETTINGS][GRPC_CHTTP2_SETTINGS_MAX_FRAME_SIZE] =
      kFrameSize;
  t->settings[GRPC_PEER_SETTINGS][GRPC_CHTTP2_SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE] =
      kMaxWindow;
  t->settings[GRPC_SENT_SETTINGS][GRPC_CHTTP2_SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE] =
      kMaxWindow;
  t->settings[GRPC_ACKED_SETTINGS][GRPC_CHTTP2_SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE] =
      kMaxWindow;
}

TransportFlowControl::TransportFlowControl(const grpc_chttp2_transport* t,
                                           bool enable_bdp_probe)
    : t_(t),
      enable_bdp_probe_(enable_bdp_probe),
      bdp_estimator_(t->peer_string.c_str()),
      pid_controller_(PidController::Args()
                          .set_gain_p(4)
                          .set_gain_i(8)
                          .set_gain_d(0)
                          .set_initial_control_value(TargetLogBdp())
                          .set_min_control_value(-1)
                          .set_max_control_value(25)
                          .set_integral_range(10)),
      last_pid_update_(ExecCtx::Get()->Now()) {}

uint32_t TransportFlowControl::MaybeSendUpdate(bool writing_anyway) {
  FlowControlTrace trace("t updt sent", this, nullptr);
  const uint32_t target_announced_window =
      static_cast<uint32_t>(target_window());
  if ((writing_anyway || announced_window_ <= target_announced_window / 2) &&
      announced_window_ != target_announced_window) {
    const uint32_t announce =
        static_cast<uint32_t>(Clamp(target_announced_window - announced_window_,
                                    int64_t(0), kMaxWindowUpdateSize));
    announced_window_ += announce;
    return announce;
  }
  return 0;
}

grpc_error_handle TransportFlowControl::ValidateRecvData(
    int64_t incoming_frame_size) {
  if (incoming_frame_size > announced_window_) {
    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(absl::StrFormat(
        "frame of size %" PRId64 " overflows local window of %" PRId64,
        incoming_frame_size, announced_window_));
  }
  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
}

StreamFlowControl::StreamFlowControl(TransportFlowControl* tfc,
                                     const grpc_chttp2_stream* s)
    : tfc_(tfc), s_(s) {}

grpc_error_handle StreamFlowControl::RecvData(int64_t incoming_frame_size) {
  FlowControlTrace trace("  data recv", tfc_, this);

  grpc_error_handle error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
  error = tfc_->ValidateRecvData(incoming_frame_size);
  if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return error;

  uint32_t sent_init_window =
      tfc_->transport()->settings[GRPC_SENT_SETTINGS]
                                 [GRPC_CHTTP2_SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE];
  uint32_t acked_init_window =
      tfc_->transport()->settings[GRPC_ACKED_SETTINGS]
                                 [GRPC_CHTTP2_SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE];

  int64_t acked_stream_window = announced_window_delta_ + acked_init_window;
  int64_t sent_stream_window = announced_window_delta_ + sent_init_window;
  if (incoming_frame_size > acked_stream_window) {
    if (incoming_frame_size <= sent_stream_window) {
      gpr_log(GPR_ERROR,
              "Incoming frame of size %" PRId64
              " exceeds local window size of %" PRId64
              ".\n"
              "The (un-acked, future) window size would be %" PRId64
              " which is not exceeded.\n"
              "This would usually cause a disconnection, but allowing it due to"
              "broken HTTP2 implementations in the wild.\n"
              "See (for example) https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/6520.",
              incoming_frame_size, acked_stream_window, sent_stream_window);
    } else {
      return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(absl::StrFormat(
          "frame of size %" PRId64 " overflows local window of %" PRId64,
          incoming_frame_size, acked_stream_window));
    }
  }

  UpdateAnnouncedWindowDelta(tfc_, -incoming_frame_size);
  local_window_delta_ -= incoming_frame_size;
  tfc_->CommitRecvData(incoming_frame_size);
  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
}

uint32_t StreamFlowControl::MaybeSendUpdate() {
  FlowControlTrace trace("s updt sent", tfc_, this);
  // If a recently sent settings frame caused the stream's flow control window
  // to go in the negative (or < GRPC_HEADER_SIZE_IN_BYTES), update the delta if
  // one of the following conditions is satisfied -
  // 1) There is a pending byte_stream and higher layers have expressed interest
  // in reading additional data through the invokation of `Next()` where the
  // bytes are to be available asynchronously. 2) There is a pending
  // recv_message op.
  // In these cases, we want to make sure that bytes are still flowing.
  if (local_window_delta_ < GRPC_HEADER_SIZE_IN_BYTES) {
    if (s_->on_next != nullptr) {
      GPR_DEBUG_ASSERT(s_->pending_byte_stream);
      IncomingByteStreamUpdate(GRPC_HEADER_SIZE_IN_BYTES, 0);
    } else if (s_->recv_message != nullptr) {
      IncomingByteStreamUpdate(GRPC_HEADER_SIZE_IN_BYTES,
                               s_->frame_storage.length);
    }
  }
  if (local_window_delta_ > announced_window_delta_) {
    uint32_t announce = static_cast<uint32_t>(
        Clamp(local_window_delta_ - announced_window_delta_, int64_t(0),
              kMaxWindowUpdateSize));
    UpdateAnnouncedWindowDelta(tfc_, announce);
    return announce;
  }
  return 0;
}

void StreamFlowControl::IncomingByteStreamUpdate(size_t max_size_hint,
                                                 size_t have_already) {
  FlowControlTrace trace("app st recv", tfc_, this);
  uint32_t max_recv_bytes;

  /* clamp max recv hint to an allowable size */
  if (max_size_hint >= kMaxWindowDelta) {
    max_recv_bytes = kMaxWindowDelta;
  } else {
    max_recv_bytes = static_cast<uint32_t>(max_size_hint);
  }

  /* account for bytes already received but unknown to higher layers */
  if (max_recv_bytes >= have_already) {
    max_recv_bytes -= static_cast<uint32_t>(have_already);
  } else {
    max_recv_bytes = 0;
  }

  /* add some small lookahead to keep pipelines flowing */
  GPR_DEBUG_ASSERT(
      max_recv_bytes <=
      kMaxWindowUpdateSize -
          tfc_->transport()
              ->settings[GRPC_SENT_SETTINGS]
                        [GRPC_CHTTP2_SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE]);
  if (local_window_delta_ < max_recv_bytes) {
    uint32_t add_max_recv_bytes =
        static_cast<uint32_t>(max_recv_bytes - local_window_delta_);
    local_window_delta_ += add_max_recv_bytes;
  }
}

// Take in a target and modifies it based on the memory pressure of the system
static double AdjustForMemoryPressure(double memory_pressure, double target) {
  // do not increase window under heavy memory pressure.
  static const double kLowMemPressure = 0.1;
  static const double kZeroTarget = 22;
  static const double kHighMemPressure = 0.8;
  static const double kMaxMemPressure = 0.9;
  if (memory_pressure < kLowMemPressure && target < kZeroTarget) {
    target = (target - kZeroTarget) * memory_pressure / kLowMemPressure +
             kZeroTarget;
  } else if (memory_pressure > kHighMemPressure) {
    target *= 1 - std::min(1.0, (memory_pressure - kHighMemPressure) /
                                    (kMaxMemPressure - kHighMemPressure));
  }
  return target;
}

double TransportFlowControl::TargetLogBdp() {
  return AdjustForMemoryPressure(t_->memory_owner.is_valid()
                                     ? t_->memory_owner.InstantaneousPressure()
                                     : 0.0,
                                 1 + log2(bdp_estimator_.EstimateBdp()));
}

double TransportFlowControl::SmoothLogBdp(double value) {
  Timestamp now = ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
  double bdp_error = value - pid_controller_.last_control_value();
  const double dt = (now - last_pid_update_).seconds();
  last_pid_update_ = now;
  // Limit dt to 100ms
  const double kMaxDt = 0.1;
  return pid_controller_.Update(bdp_error, dt > kMaxDt ? kMaxDt : dt);
}

FlowControlAction::Urgency TransportFlowControl::DeltaUrgency(
    int64_t value, grpc_chttp2_setting_id setting_id) {
  int64_t delta = value - static_cast<int64_t>(
                              t_->settings[GRPC_LOCAL_SETTINGS][setting_id]);
  // TODO(ncteisen): tune this
  if (delta != 0 && (delta <= -value / 5 || delta >= value / 5)) {
    return FlowControlAction::Urgency::QUEUE_UPDATE;
  } else {
    return FlowControlAction::Urgency::NO_ACTION_NEEDED;
  }
}

FlowControlAction TransportFlowControl::PeriodicUpdate() {
  FlowControlAction action;
  if (enable_bdp_probe_) {
    // get bdp estimate and update initial_window accordingly.
    // target might change based on how much memory pressure we are under
    // TODO(ncteisen): experiment with setting target to be huge under low
    // memory pressure.
    double target = pow(2, SmoothLogBdp(TargetLogBdp()));
    if (g_test_only_transport_target_window_estimates_mocker != nullptr) {
      // Hook for simulating unusual flow control situations in tests.
      target = g_test_only_transport_target_window_estimates_mocker
                   ->ComputeNextTargetInitialWindowSizeFromPeriodicUpdate(
                       target_initial_window_size_ /* current target */);
    }
    // Though initial window 'could' drop to 0, we keep the floor at
    // kMinInitialWindowSize
    target_initial_window_size_ = static_cast<int32_t>(Clamp(
        target, double(kMinInitialWindowSize), double(kMaxInitialWindowSize)));
    action.set_send_initial_window_update(
        DeltaUrgency(target_initial_window_size_,
                     GRPC_CHTTP2_SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE),
        static_cast<uint32_t>(target_initial_window_size_));

    // get bandwidth estimate and update max_frame accordingly.
    double bw_dbl = bdp_estimator_.EstimateBandwidth();
    // we target the max of BDP or bandwidth in microseconds.
    int32_t frame_size = static_cast<int32_t>(Clamp(
        std::max(
            static_cast<int32_t>(Clamp(bw_dbl, 0.0, double(INT_MAX))) / 1000,
            static_cast<int32_t>(target_initial_window_size_)),
        16384, 16777215));
    action.set_send_max_frame_size_update(
        DeltaUrgency(static_cast<int64_t>(frame_size),
                     GRPC_CHTTP2_SETTINGS_MAX_FRAME_SIZE),
        frame_size);
  }
  return UpdateAction(action);
}

FlowControlAction StreamFlowControl::UpdateAction(FlowControlAction action) {
  // TODO(ncteisen): tune this
  if (!s_->read_closed) {
    uint32_t sent_init_window =
        tfc_->transport()->settings[GRPC_SENT_SETTINGS]
                                   [GRPC_CHTTP2_SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE];
    if (local_window_delta_ > announced_window_delta_ &&
        announced_window_delta_ + sent_init_window <= sent_init_window / 2) {
      action.set_send_stream_update(
          FlowControlAction::Urgency::UPDATE_IMMEDIATELY);
    } else if (local_window_delta_ > announced_window_delta_) {
      action.set_send_stream_update(FlowControlAction::Urgency::QUEUE_UPDATE);
    }
  }

  return action;
}

}  // namespace chttp2
}  // namespace grpc_core

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Come on out to get your car washed and enjoy some cold beer!
If you ever have needed an excuse to visit the Forward Operating Base Brewing Co. or needed an excuse to wear your silkies in public then this event might be for you.
This car wash is a fundraiser for our annual Silkies hike, located in Seattle this year.


text:
{{Infobox Ligne ferroviaire
 | surtitre              = Ligne de
 | nomligne              = Saint-Dizier à Doulevant-le-Château
 | numéro                = 018 000
 | image                 = Guerre - ECLARON - Gare (Extérieur).jpg
 | image-desc            = La gare d'Éclaron au début du
 | carte                 =
 | pays                  = France
 | villes                = Éclaron, Wassy, Brousseval
 | mise en service       = 1868
 | mise en service2      = 1881
 | concessionnaire1      = Compagnie du chemin de fer de Wassy à Saint-Dizier
 | dateconc1             = 1867
 | concessionnaire2      = SNCF
 | dateconc2             = 1972
 | concessionnaire3      = Syndicat Mixte des Chemins de fer de Blaise-et-Der
 | dateconc3             = 1994

 | concessionnaireact    = Département de la Haute-Marne
 | dateconcact           = 2011
 | longueur              = 39.526
 | écartement            = normal
 | électrifié            = non
 | pente                 = 9
 | nombre de voies act   = 1
 | nombre de voies hist  = 2 entre Saint-Dizier et Éclaron.
 | signalisation         =
 | propriétaire          = Conseil Départemental de Haute-Marne
 | exploitants           = Aucun
 | trafic                = Aucun
 | schéma                =

{{BS3bis|WASSERq|WBRÜCKE1|WASSERq|235,775||Pont sur le Canal de la Marne à la Saône|(25m)}}

}}

La ligne de  Saint-Dizier à Doulevant-le-Château, située dans le département français de la Haute-Marne, constituait la ligne 018 000 du réseau ferré national.

 Historique

La ligne de Saint-Dizier à Wassy est concédée le  par une convention signée entre le ministre des Travaux publics et Messieurs le Baron A. de Rothschild, Danelle, de Chanlaire, Cornuel et Guyard. Cette convention est approuvée à la même date par un décret impérial qui déclare la ligne d'utilité publique. Un traité passé entre les concessionnaires et la Compagnie des chemins de fer de l'Est le  prévoyait l'exploitation de la ligne par cette dernière.

Les concessionnaires initiaux rétrocèdent la ligne à la Compagnie du chemin de fer de Wassy à Saint-Dizier constituée le . Les statuts de la compagnie et la rétrocession sont approuvés par un décret impérial le .

La section de Wassy à Doulevant-le-Château est concédée par une convention signée entre le ministre des Travaux publics et Messieurs Berthelin, de Chanlaire, Le Bachelellé et Bernardin (Compagnie du chemin de fer de Wassy à Doulevant-le-Château en cours de constitution) le . Cette convention est approuvée par une loi le . Cette même loi déclare la ligne d'utilité publique. Un traité passé entre les concessionnaires et la Compagnie des chemins de fer de l'Est le  prévoyait l'exploitation de la ligne par cette dernière.

La section de Saint-Dizier à Wassy est ouverte le  (exploitation sous traitée à la Compagnie des chemins de fer de l'Est).
La section de Wassy à Doulevant-le-Château est mise en service le  (exploitation sous traitée à la Compagnie des chemins de fer de l'Est).

Les Compagnies du chemin de fer de Wassy à Doulevant-le-Château et des chemins de fer de l'Est signent un traité le  par lequel cette dernière reprend la concession de la ligne de Wassy à Doulevant. Ce traité est validé par une convention signée entre le ministre des Travaux publics et la Compagnie des chemins de fer de l'Est le . Cette convention est approuvée par une loi le .

Fermeture du service voyageurs
 De Saint-Dizier à Doulevant-le-Château, le .

À l'échéance de sa concession, la section entre Wassy et Saint-Dizier est incorporée dans le réseau de la Société nationale des chemins de fer français par une convention signée le  entre le ministre des Transports et la société. Cette convention est approuvée par un décret le .

Fermeture du service marchandises
 De Saint-Dizier à Doulevant-le-Château, le  (ligne alors affermée par la SNCF à la CFTA).

Déclassement
 De Saint-Dizier à Doulevant-le-Château, le

Lancement d'une exploitation conjointe fret et touristique
 De Saint-Dizier à Wassy - Brousseval,  (SM Chemins de Fer de Blaise-et-Der et Asso Amis de la Gare de Wassy) à .
Fermeture définitive et démontage
 À la suite de l'arrêt des circulations à partir de 2011, la ligne est restée à l'abandon jusqu'en 2016, où un projet de piste cyclable s'est concrétisé par le démontage de la section Louvemont - Wassy. Le projet prévoit également le démontage des sections encadrantes (emprises de la gare de Wassy exclues) ; les voies ont été démontées entre 2016 et 2018.

 Description de la ligne

 Tracé - Parcours

 Caractéristiques

 Infrastructure
La ligne est à voie unique, toutefois, la section de Saint-Dizier à Éclaron a été mise à double voie entre 1882 et 1884. Cette deuxième voie a été déposée vers 1942.
Le profil de la ligne est relativement bon, les déclivités ne dépassant généralement pas 6 mm/m.

 Superstructure
La gare de Wassy, imposante et de belles proportions, comportait 6 voies à quai, deux voies de circulation et 4 voies réservées au trafic marchandises.

 Exploitation et trafic
Exploitation au XXIe siècle

Depuis le , le Syndicat Mixte des Chemins de Fer de Blaise-et-Der (CFBD, basés à Wassy), après avoir racheté la ligne à la SNCF, a relancé une exploitation fret entre la gare SNCF de Saint-Dizier et les Fonderies de Wassy et Brousseval. L'activité fret des CFBD, a représenté jusqu'à 3/4 du trafic de la gare SNCF de Saint-Dizier.

Parallèlement, l'association des Amis de la Gare de Wassy (AGW) a lancé, également en , des circulations d'autorail touristique sur la même ligne, avec visites de la Gare de Wassy.

En 2011, l'abandon de la desserte fret de Saint-Dizier par la SNCF a entraîné l'arrêt de l'exploitation fret des Chemins de Fer de Blaise-et-Der et des circulations touristiques des AGW puis la dissolution du syndicat mixte (dont l'emprunt en cours et la propriété de la ligne de Saint-Dizier à Doulevant ont été repris par le Département de la Haute-Marne). La ligne est actuellement fermée à tout trafic à l'exception de circulations de démonstration dans les emprises de la Gare de Wassy, site désormais contrôlé par l'Association des Amis de la Gare de Wassy et dédié à la muséologie ferroviaire et aux activités artistiques.

La section de Louvemont à Wassy a été démontée en 2016, pour laisser place à une piste cyclable. Les Amis de la Gare de Wassy veulent reprendre une exploitation touristique sur Wassy - Brousseval - Montreuil-sur-Blaise et ont dernièrement fait une demande à la Communauté d'Agglomération de Saint-Dizier-Der-Blaise pour pouvoir utiliser la section de ligne correspondante.

Entre 2016 et 2018, les rails entre Saint-Dizier et Wassy ont à leur tour été démontés.

 Notes et références

 Bibliographie La Vie du rail'', n ° 2156, page 48.

Liens internes

Liens externes

Ancienne ligne ferroviaire en Haute-Marne

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NORTH NATOMAS -- The person shot and killed Tuesday night outside the library at the American River College Natomas Center was identified as 41-year-old Amber Clark. Clark's body was discovered in a parking lot shared by the North Natomas Public Library and the campus. It's unclear where the shooting actually took place.


Created as a collaboration among Joel Bruckenstein's T3 brand, Bob Veres' Inside Information, and Advisor Perspectives, the 2018 Advisory Profession Software Survey is an independent look at what software tools advisors are using in their practices. Now in its second year and with 2018 results published in late March, the survey also provides insight into what advisors actually think of the tools they're using based on user ratings, as well what tools advisors are thinking about adding to their technology stack in the future. Here are a few takeaways from this year's survey.
Of the various risk tolerance and profiling tools available, the two most widely used are currently Sacramento, CA-based Riskalyze and Australia's FinaMetrica, with Riskalyze leading by more than a 12-point margin. Though FinaMetrica's user satisfaction rating was slightly higher than that of Riskalyze (7.62 vs. 7.36 out of 10), more advisors surveyed are considering adding Riskalyze to their tech stack than FinaMetrica by a factor of over 2 to 1. These results are striking, given FinaMetrica lost significant market share compared to last year's survey, going from just under 20.72% in 2017 to under 14.74% in 2018, in spite of its user satisfaction rating.


You can attend ARCHITECT@WORK free of charge by registering online, using the code mentioned on your invitation. This invitation represents a value of EUR 100.
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You can get to the fairground through 3 main highways (E5, TEM and Coastal Highway).
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Q: Html.EnumDropDownListFor is not setting html attributes I am trying to display a dropdown list for an enum set with a css class and disabled attribute.
This in on a .Net Framework 4.6.2 project. I have tried setting the htmlAttribute parameter, like the documentation (and all blog posts) suggests, but the resulting html does not include the html attributes.
Code from the View:
@Html.EnumDropDownListFor(model => model.FundingDataSource, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "disabled", @disabled = "disabled" })

Expected
<select id="FundingDataSource" name="FundingDataSource" class="disabled" disabled="disabled">
    <option value=""></option>
    <option value="1">Option 1</option>
    <option selected="selected" value="2">Option 2</option>
</select>

Actual Html:
<select id="FundingDataSource" name="FundingDataSource">
    <option value=""></option>
    <option value="1">Option 1</option>
    <option selected="selected" value="2">Option 2</option>
</select>

Any thoughts or suggestions on what is going wrong?

A: Similar to this post, try removing the word htmlAttributes instead:
@Html.EnumDropDownListFor(model => model.FundingDataSource, new { @class = "disabled", @disabled = "disabled" })


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Palladium on Display at WinHEC
NEW ORLEANS -- The Next-Generation Secure Computing Base (NGSCB), better known by the code-name Palladium, will be a major feature of the next client version of Windows and is getting the spotlight here at Microsoft's conference for hardware partners.
NGSCB will combine work within Windows to hardware engineering changes by Microsoft partners to give users additional security and privacy protection. Current plans call for NGSCB to be integrated into the Windows "Longhorn" client operating system as a subset of Windows functionality.
While the idea that Palladium will be part of Longhorn has been the stuff of rumor, speculation and off-the-record interviews, the announcement Tuesday by Microsoft chairman and chief software architect Bill Gates at the Windows Hardware Engineering Conference gives the idea some real substance.
Microsoft's major architectural changes often get jettisoned as the deadline for putting out an operating system that addresses customers' day-to-day requirements gets closer. But because attendees at the WinHEC forum generally must go out and begin designing hardware based on Microsoft's roadmaps, announcements here tend to be a fairly reliable barometer of what the software giant actually expects it can accomplish.
"We're talking about the details of this here at WinHEC for the first time," Gates said of Palladium, which was introduced about a year ago in exclusive Microsoft interviews with Newsweek magazine.
Microsoft has scheduled 16 hours of breakout sessions at this week's WinHEC conference to explain the initiative to partners, who will have a major role in implementing it -- and whose level of participation will determine NGSCB's success or failure. "There are many pieces that have to come together here," Gates acknowledged. "We do think that over time this will be a feature of all PCs."
Gates called the initiative a "breakthrough" that will allow for privacy guarantees and document distribution controls and said the technology could allow PCs to be used for security-intensive tasks that they aren't currently secure enough for.
NGSCB is the next major step in Microsoft's Trustworthy Computing initiative. NGSCB is designed to protect users' critical data against viruses, Trojan horses and spyware, while balancing the need to preserve the openness that makes networked computers valuable.
Check back later this week for more detailed information on NGSCB coming out of the technical sessions at WinHEC.


text:
/en/n-51-lionfish-threaten-mediterranean
Lionfish threaten Mediterranean
The increasing of water temperature in the Mediterranean Sea has led to the emergence of a dangerous lion fish.
This voracious fish have colonized in the waters of Cyprus, which at least have seen about 23 copies, six of which have been fished out of the sea.
In just one year, this type of fish has spread to the whole south-eastern coast of Cyprus. Scientists turned to the fishermen and divers with a request to catch this fish, in case of detection.
It is invasive, predatory fish, usually from the South Pacific and the Indian Ocean.
Due to recent expansion and deepening of the Suez Canal, the problem can only increase.
Now the Mediterranean Sea is home for more than 1,000 species of fish, including lionfish as one of the most dangerous.
Its stings are rarely fatal to humans, but are accompanied by unbearable pain later vomiting and respiratory problems.
In general, the presence of this type of fish has a negative impact on the ecosystem in the sea.
Despite the bright coloring and slow movements, even the sharks do not approach the fish and give them the freedom to eat other types of fish that support the growth of algae.
For the first time this fish was found in Cuba in 2007.
Caribbean countries have organized a summit on combating the dissemination of this kind of fish.
Cuba, Colombia and the Bahamas called on local residents to catch and use of fish in food, thus reducing their number. Fish-lion appeared on the menu. The meat of this fish is white and juicy, even in Japan is considered a delicacy.
From this summer on the beaches of Montenegro, deck chairs and umbrellas will be free in the afternoon
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Volunteers planted 850 seedlings in the Montenegrin parks Zlatiсa and Cemovsky
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The news of the day on Wall Street is the record-setting $13 billion settlement JP Morgan is reportedly working out with the U.S. government in order to settle a civil investigation into mortgage-backed securities created before the housing market collapse in 2008.
It's a staggering number. In fact, it sets the record for the largest civil fine ever levied against a bank. It's half of what JPM earned in 2012.
It's also no sweat for JP Morgan.
You may notice that the bank's stock seems totally un-phased by the news of a $13 billion pay-out (it's down only 0.1% today). Its market cap is only down $10 billion from its 52-week high of $214 billion. In other words, this is nothing for its investors.
That's because legal costs, even ones as huge as this one, have already been priced in — JPM CEO Jamie Dimon prepared us for this news almost two weeks ago, when the bank reported its first quarterly net loss under his reign. In bank's third quarter earnings announcement, management said the bank dug into its coffers and found $23 billion to put aside to deal with the over a dozen probes into its activities being conducted by regulators around the world.
On the earnings call, CFO Marianne Lake said the bank was in a "highly charged and very volatile" legal environment, "far beyond what we reasonably expected... even a few weeks ago."
And it's not over. This massive settlement does nothing to stop the government from continuing its criminal investigation into JP Morgan's mortgage business. And while some of the mortgages backed securities in question in this civil probe were legacies from Washington Mutual and Bear Stearns — two banks JPM picked up during the financial crisis — the MBS in the criminal probe were originated at JPM, according to Bloomberg's Dawn Kopecki.
So Lake was being as precise as she could be when she said on the call that the deployment of JPM's legal funds will be "lumpy."
We don't know when the next fine will be handed down to JPM, and we don't know where it will come from. But as of right now, we do know that the bank still has $10 billion to deal with legal issues.
As that number dwindles, maybe investors will start to react. Until then, JP Morgan isn't shocking anyone, least of all itself.