text:
The New Microsavings: Community-Driven Lending
While microfinancial institutions in developing countries tend to fail without outside volunteers, microsavings groups owned and organized by the communities that use them are on the rise.
By Jeffrey Ashe with Kyla Jagger Neilan
| November 2014
For women in hard-to-reach villages, the ability to save money and take out flexible loans can be the difference between running a successful business and going hungry.
Photo by Fotolia/Aleksandar Todorovic
Jeffrey Ashe describes how he developed Saving for Change, a microsavings program that leverages the wisdom and strength of group members to train and establish new savings groups, in "In Their Own Hands," bypassing the subsidies, dependency and high costs of other microfinance programs.
Cover courtesy Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc.
The need for a better system of saving and lending in developing countries is readily apparent—but microfinance continues to reach only a small fraction of the world's poor. In Their Own Hands (Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc., 2014) is Jeffrey Ashe and Kyla Jagger Neilan's illustration of how microsavings groups, formed and operated by their members, can answer that need. More than a financial benefit, microsavings groups offer political and social empowerment to the women who organize them, giving them greater autonomy as well as a way to save money and provide for themselves and their families. The following excerpt from chapter 3, "Dependency is Not Empowering," describes Ashe's first experience with microsavings in Terai, Nepal.
To find more books that pique our interest,
visit the Utne Reader Bookshelf.
It was the year 2000, and I was attending a microfinance conference at Brandeis University. After I gave my talk about a program in Burkina Faso that I had just evaluated, Marcia Odell, at the time the director of Pact's Women's Empowerment Program (WEP) in Nepal, walked up to the podium, and with a voice filled with passion told of a dramatically different approach to financial services for the poor. Pact's WEP initiative made it possible for small groups of village women to pool regular savings into a usefully large fund they managed themselves. They could borrow from that growing fund as they needed. A better way to save and borrow was being delivered in a simple, low-cost, replicable, and (as I was to learn later) self-replicating package. Marcia's talk was the beginning of my journey of transformation from microcredit to microsavings, and I never looked back.
I felt compelled to evaluate Marcia's program to better understand its approach and impact. One hundred and thirty thousand women saving and borrowing in a year—how was this possible? I pulled all the networking strings I could, and with support from Pact, USAID, and Freedom from Hunger, I finally secured the funding I needed. I had been a consultant to Freedom from Hunger for years, and they, like me, were interested in savings. Lisa Parrott, Freedom from Hunger's technical advisor in microfinance, also joined me in conducting an evaluation of WEP's savings group model in Nepal. Lisa and I visited Nepal three times, devoting a year of our lives to learning about and critically understanding savings groups. I had found my calling.
Pact's Women's Empowerment Program in Nepal
We first arrived in Katmandu during the monsoon. Driving out from the city to the lowlands on the border with India, we watched out the window of the car as we descended down treacherous Himalayan roads into the open wetland valley—Nepal's Terai region and its thousands of villages. Our process was simple. Pact's senior leadership in Nepal introduced us to the local NGO staff that directly trained villages on the savings group model. We visited WEP groups each day, and Lisa and I, with one or two of Pact's staff to translate, observed the WEP groups' regular meetings. After the meetings, Lisa and I spoke with the groups and asked questions.
We interviewed two to three groups per day, in school buildings, on porches, or in courtyards of houses of better-off group members or community leaders. Each night, Lisa and I and the small WEP team traveling with us reviewed what we learned over sweet buffalo-milk tea, momos, and dal. From these visits, we learned the basic process group members used to collect savings, ask for loans, and record transactions. Sometimes we dropped into villages by surprise and pulled together meetings to ensure that we did not just see the preselected, cherry-picked groups. It was encouraging that these groups also worked quite well and operated by the same principles.
These were the basics: WEP was organizing women into several twenty-person groups in each village. In total, more than 130,000 women joined 6,500 WEP groups in little more than a year. This achievement was extraordinary in itself, as no microfinance program I had heard of over the previous two decades had grown so quickly. The program grew so fast because it did not need to build a financial institution to provide loans; instead, it built on preexisting literacy and forest conservation groups—even microcredit groups. Each WEP group was a miniature financial institution in which the money loaned out came directly from members' weekly contributions to their savings accounts, and where the profits from borrowers' interest returned to and increased the size of the savings account of each member. Unlike credit unions, which often have hundreds or even thousands of members and are regulated to protect member savings, WEP groups operated informally under the regulatory radar. Transparency and self-management took the place of regulation. Regulation was not necessary; members observed every savings deposit and loan payment and discussed and approved every loan at their weekly meetings.
Microsavings Gives Communities Ownership
The members of the savings groups were careful because they were managing their own money. There were neither matching funds or handouts nor a link to an external credit source. "Dependency is not empowering," Marcia told us on our arrival, a mantra that she repeated with equal fervor every time we met. Group members purchased the lockboxes where they stored their money between meetings, the forms they used to keep their records—even the kerosene they used for the lanterns for their evening literacy classes. Instead of waiting for a handout, they took charge. Because they were in charge, the program grew quickly.
WEP had opened a new market for financial inclusion. Few of the almost entirely illiterate and impoverished members of the WEP groups had ever thought of taking out a loan from an MFI. They had no assets for a guarantee or any business to invest in, yet they were saving and borrowing. The few women we met who had previously taken out loans from MFIs now saved and borrowed only through their groups. "Why pay them," one woman said, "when we can pay ourselves."
As I learned more, Marcia's logic began to make sense. Every four months the groups distributed dividends to their members based on the profits from lending. Members explained to us how borrowing from their groups built their savings—even if it took a while to obtain a loan or if the loan might be smaller than they wanted because the amount they could borrow was naturally limited by the tiny amounts each group member saved. They were willing to wait.
While interacting with groups composed of some of Nepal's most marginalized women, Lisa and I noticed a pattern. At the beginning of every meeting, each person introduced herself. In recently formed groups, some members could barely muster the courage to stand up and stammer their names before sitting down to cover their heads in embarrassment, not wanting to speak in front of outsiders such as ourselves. By contrast, in groups that were a year old or more, the women not only introduced themselves proudly, they also eagerly answered our questions, and not just the group leaders but regular members chimed in as well.
Other Goals of the Women's Empowerment Program
WEP was about more than saving and lending—it was called the "Women's Empowerment Program" for a reason. Sometimes, even before receiving the specialized training on women's legal rights provided to many groups by the Asia Foundation, members leveraged their savings groups into advocacy groups. We learned about groups coming together to work against partner abuse, alcoholism, and child marriage in their communities. Marcia recalled how it was common in the Terai region for human traffickers to recruit young girls by offering poor mothers money to send their daughters to "waitressing jobs," which were really brothels in India. Their daughters were their last remaining asset. Nepalese girls were in high demand by traffickers since they would be easier to control in a foreign country where they could not speak the language. WEP groups became a platform from which women rallied against the exploitation of their children by human traffickers. They told me they felt more courageous now that they were organized.
One image remains vivid in my mind. Lisa and I were talking to a group of women in southern Nepal, a village so close to the Indian border that we could see it. Members were telling us what had by then become a common refrain: with their WEP group, the women had their own money, so their husbands showed them more respect. They had joined with other groups to advocate against child marriages. Meanwhile, through a gap in the high adobe wall, I could see that a group of men was meeting on the other side. Through our translator, I learned that the village imam was exhorting the men to keep their wives subservient and under control. Two group meetings, two different agendas. The WEP groups appeared to be giving women more say in their households and as community-level advocates for women and children, but they faced considerable resistance.
Literacy was another pillar of the WEP program—in fact, it was the program's foundation. Pact had promoted literacy in Nepal for many years, providing literacy training through more than a thousand local NGOs. Pact used simple, well-crafted workbooks that taught new readers important information or skills while they learned to read. For WEP groups, the literacy workbooks taught members how to organize their group and how to keep records. Additional workbooks explained human and civil rights and how to run a business. Costs for literacy training were minimal because the instructors were local volunteers trained and supported by WEP's NGO partners. These committed volunteers met with their groups four evenings per week. The women studied and chanted the words in the workbooks, and as they learned to read, they learned the practical and the transformative messages the workbooks contained.
Saving and lending plus advocacy and literacy training made for a powerful program. However, it was something that I learned entirely by accident that brought to my attention just how important these groups were for their members. One of the group leaders mentioned that she had trained another group. Lisa and I were intrigued. Wasn't it the NGO's responsibility to train new groups? Why did she do it? The group leader told us she wanted to share what she had learned. In a village we visited a few days later, another leader proudly showed me her dog-eared WEP manual. "I trained twenty-one groups using that manual," I remember her saying. Voluntary replication became a central theme of our questioning.
Lessons in Microsavings
At the end of our first tour in Nepal, we brought together group leaders to answer some final questions about WEP, focused especially on their particular role in training others in the method. We learned that compared with the structured way that WEP staff trained groups, the member-leaders' approach could hardly be more informal. Often, a few women from their village would approach a group leader, curious about what the group was doing. The leader would invite them to attend a meeting. On leaving the meeting, she would tell the women to round up fifteen or so others interested in saving and lending, and if they could pull together a group, she would train them.
I asked the leaders, "Since so many of you are already training groups, why not make a business out of it?" The immediate response was "No!"—almost in unison from all fifty women. One continued: "We would not be trusted; our motivations would be suspect. We train groups because women are asking for our help. How could we refuse them?" Later, when it came time to design a community finance program for Oxfam America, I would remember how much these women valued their savings groups. They inspired me to build the training of member-trainers into the design of Saving for Change.
WEP provided an answer to my growing uncertainty about how microfinance could reach villagers in numbers that could make a difference: not with loans that are often too big to manage and even more difficult to repay, but with financial services that meet the needs of village women. This was effective financing for women in scattered villages where financial institutions are weak and money is scarce, but it was also something more—a member-managed, member-owned model that spread through the enthusiasm of its local leaders.
Why did it work? Lisa and I reflected on this question after many days of research in Nepal. The answer was as simple as it was profound: WEP had abandoned the costly infrastructure that MFIs use to deliver loans—all the staff it takes to secure capital, make loans, collect on them, and prevent fraud. Due to the complexity of managing a loan fund, a typical MFI has, on average, one staff person for every 284 outstanding loans. The task of the WEP staff and the 250 some NGO partners with which WEP collaborated was much simpler: to train groups until they could operate on their own. Once a group mastered record keeping, the paid staff could focus on WEP's literacy and empowerment agenda and move on to train more groups, whereas bank and MFI staff had to spend time making loans and tracking payments for as long as the group borrowed. Besides requiring fewer staff and for a shorter duration than an MFI, a model that transferred management to the group members introduced another important difference between WEP groups and institutional microfinance. Success became defined in terms of sustainability of the groups instead of the long-term survival and growth of the financial institutions—the locus of success was at the level of the member, not the organization.
WEP was based on the assumption that groups quickly learn how to manage themselves if asked the right questions. They called their training "appreciative inquiry," an area in which Mac Odell, Marcia's husband, was expert. Appreciative inquiry posed questions such as "What do you like best?" "What would 'better' look like?" "How could you achieve that?" "What will you do first?" "When?" "Who is responsible?" "How will you know that this has been achieved?" By the end of the appreciative inquiry, the women were already taking their first steps for putting their plans into action. Promoting savings groups is about training a few strong groups (the "positive deviants") that will become a good example for future replication.
Reprinted with permission from In Their Own Hands: How Savings Groups Are Revolutionizing Development by Jeffrey Ashe with Kyla Jagger Neilan and published by Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc., 2014.


text:
Independent Panel to Review Department of Defense Detention Operations
The four-member Independent Panel to Review Department of Defense Detention Operations completed "its final report on its investigations into the prisoner abuses that are known to have taken place in US-run detention centers throughout Iraq and Afghanistan" on August 24, 2004, finding that "a failure of leadership, leading all the way" to Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, "contributed to the abuse of prisoners." [1]
Former Secretary Of Defense Harold Brown
Former U.S. Representative Tillie K. Fowler (R-Florida)
General Charles A. Horner, USAF (Retired)
Former Secretary Of Defense James R. Schlesinger
SourceWatch Resources
global detention system
Taguba Report
Press Conference with Members of the Independent Panel to Review Department of Defense Detention Operations, August 24, 2004.
Executive Summary: Investigation of Intelligence Activities At Abu Ghraib (pages 1-5). AR 15-6 Investigation of the Abu Ghraib Prison and 205th Military Intelligence Brigade (pages 6-33), LTG Anthony R. Jones. AR 15-6 Investigation of the Abu Ghraib Detention Facility and 205th Military Intelligence Brigade (pages 34-176), MG George R. Fay, August 25, 2004. Posted by C-SPAN.
Douglas Jehl, "A Trail of 'Major Failures' Leads to Defense Secretary's Office," New York Times, August 25, 2004.
Josh White, "Abuse Report Widens Scope of Culpability. Generals Point to Contractors, Military Intelligence Soldiers," Washington Post, August 26, 2004.
Retrieved from "https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Independent_Panel_to_Review_Department_of_Defense_Detention_Operations&oldid=336411"
War in Iraq
Civil liberties (U.S.)

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Q: Bundle Price shows different on list page vs. product page. I have a dynamically priced Bundle Product.
It's composed of two products, product A ($10) and product B ($5).
They're part of the Bundle via a required checkbox where they're both selected by default.
On my product page, the output price for the Bundle Product is $15.
On my listing pages, the output price for the Bundle Product is $5.
Why is it displaying differently depending on the page?  I want for my listing page to also show $15.  Although I've tried changing /template/bundle/catalog/product/price.phtml, I'm wondering if I'm looking at the wrong file (the price on the product page seems to be changed via Javascript somehow, not sure).

A: Magento has default feature of Bundle product price to show on the listing and product view page. It should be shown the min price on the listing page like,
Starting at $5 or as low as $5, and on the product page, the user can see the full price as there is the bundle.

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Nitronica based in Co. Down, Northern Ireland, provide contract electronic manufacturing (CEM) services including; PCB assembly, box build, cable assembly, cabinet/ panel build and full product build.
Nitronica have evolved and diversified to offer much more than traditional contract electronic manufacturing services. A combination of value added activities and development of our key skills allow us to effectively engage in large scale electro-mechanical integration projects not normally associated with "build to print" organisations.
Nitronica operate in many industry sectors with its breadth of capability and flexible approach attracting a diverse range of customers from local start ups through to global corporations. We do business with customers in North America, Europe, Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland, and the rest of the UK. Offering a complete range of services such as cable assembly and PCB assembly through to the design, refinement and supply of high quality, fully integrated electro-mechanical products, this positions Nitronica to be an attractive partner for your business.
From complex builds to basic assembly, we have a proven record in manufacture, engineering & design.
Nitronica has created long term relationships with various customers across 12 diverse industry sectors.
With a 64 year legacy Nitronica has developed & maintained a reputation for excellence.


text:
How Android is Taking Over As The Leading OS for Enterprise?
> Technoblogger
Everything Enterprises Need To Know About Google's Mobile Operating System To Boost Productivity. How Every App Developer Helps Defend Android And iOS Against A Smartphone Revolution. Android vs. iOS vs. Windows Phone: Which is Best for Business? The best business smartphones have sharp displays, high-quality builds and long battery life.
But there's a lot more to a smartphone than hardware. Ultimately, what makes a phone great for business is the software it runs on. There are three major operating systems available on smartphones today: iOS from Apple, Android from Google and Windows Phone from Microsoft. Each offers a distinctive spin on the smartphone experience – but which one will make you most productive in the long run? Apps When it comes to smartphone satisfaction, ultimately it's all about the apps. Android: In terms of sheer scope, the Android app store – dubbed the Google Play store – rivals the iOS App Store, with more than 1 million apps available. iOS:It's hard to top Apple's App Store when it comes to app support and availability. Features Baked into each mobile OS are unique features that will give business users a boost. Security iOS: Apple's iOS is a highly secure mobile operating system. Android 5.0 Lollipop: 7 Sweet Features for Business. Will the new Android hit your business's sweet spot?
Google recently unveiled another statue joining the dessert party at Googleplex. In addition to the giant cupcake, gingerbread man, ice cream sandwich, jar of jellybeans, Kit Kat bar and other representations of previous Android versions, there's now an Android robot holding an oversized swirl lollipop. The company announced this week the release of Android 5.0 Lollipop, the newest version of Android. Built with what Google calls Material Design, Lollipop was "made for a world where moving throughout the day means interacting with a bunch of different screens," the company said. This Material Design focuses on a more intuitive user experience, which features improved performance, better touch and voice response, enhanced fluidity as users transition between apps and Android devices, and much more. 1.
Do you depend on Android to run your business and stay productive? 2. 3. No one likes having to charge their devices throughout the day. Why Google's Android keeps dominating the smartphone OS market. Analyzing the key trends for mobile phone companies in 2Q14 (Part 1 of 15) By Puneet Sikka • Aug 29, 2014 12:39 pm EDT Android continues to dominate the smartphone operating system market In this series, we'll discuss the latest key trends that are affecting the mobile phone industry.
According to a report from Strategy Analytics and as the chart below shows, Google's (GOOGL) Android continues to dominate the smartphone operating system market. It has, in fact, gained share in this market—from 80.2% in 2Q13 to 84.6% in 2Q14. This gain has come at the expense of Apple's (AAPL) iOS, Microsoft's (MSFT) Windows Phone, and BlackBerry's (BBRY) operating systems. Enlarge Graph Google has taken a few initiatives to strengthen its position A couple of months back, Google introduced the enhanced version of Android's operating system for smartphones, Android L. Developing Small Utility to Enterprise-Grade Solutions. The Android platform is the most widely used platform for smartphones today with a share of close to 50% globally as reported by Gartner.
This is mainly due to its openness and freedom across various manufacturers & carriers. This means that an Android strategy is a must for any company developing apps for the smartphone users. Over the past three years, Rishabh Software has built up a strong, dedicated android application development team. How will Android's new "Work" features affect enterprise mobility management? By Jack Madden It's been almost two weeks since Google announced that the next version of Android will have a new set of enterprise mobility management frameworks called Android Work, intended for devices that get used for both work and personal functions.
(Here's my initial post from the day after the announcement.) Since this is such an important announcement, more questions are bound to come up—what will Android Work actually be like? Will it be good enough to solve our fragmentation issues? And what happens to all those other "specialty" Android solutions? Features First off, how extensive will the new work/personal features be, and how well will they work? One of the key points of Android Work is that it's based on Knox, the powerful, full-featured set of management APIs that Samsung uses in its own Android devices. The separate work and personal management and security features will be enabled by something called a work profile.


One of the biggest challenges we run into when we work with organizations is that GenX does not have the fundamental competency and skill set to think strategically for the organization. This isn't a slight at GenX; I don't believe the organizations have prepared them well nor have organizations invested the necessary resources for GenX to be where they need to be at this stage of the game. Whether in meetings or on the shop floor or helping prep for a presentation, we find that many GenXers have a tendency to stay at an operational, 10,000 foot thinking capacity.


Although most of us want to eat more whole grains, not all of them so called are indeed whole. Take barley, for example. You might know the grain from beef barley soup or a stuffing for baked bell peppers. Unfortunately, you might not know that most of what we can find in our supermarkets is "pearled" or "semi-pearled" barley--meaning that much of the whole grain goodness in the bran and germ have been partly or even wholly removed. Just to be clear, white rice is "pearled" rice.
But there is barley on the market that is truly a whole grain. It's a hull-less variety, bred so that it can be harvested and kept as a whole grain. It makes a chewy, nutty grain salad--like this one. If you want to find our more about hull-less barley, click here. Otherwise, let's make a salad!


"During this period of time joining the age of quarrel with the previous age, the earth, although the abode of treasure, is perishing due to being covered by ignorant materialistic people, However there is a medicine, Śrī Kṛṣṇa-nāma, which is the abode of all rasa. It is the cure for all these people afflicted by wicked propensities.
Śrī Nāma can save every one of them, except that person who hates the holy Vaiṣṇava. Sages say that dull-witted and conceited persons, who blaspheme Śrī Kṛṣṇa-nāma as well as the arca-vigraha forms of the Lord saying that they are temporary, have hell as their certain destination.
"O! How can this situation be remedied?" Then Nārada whose merciful heart is as broad as an ocean and who possesses clear intelligence, travelled to the transcendental realm of the Lord, known as Vaikuṇṭha.
He perceived that spotless eternal abode of the Lord, which is free from all care, all dust and all impurity, whose glories are sung by the three Vedas. Upon entering that world, the sage transcended the ten directions and the three material modes of goodness, passion and ignorance.
The shining fame of Śrī Hari was loudly hummed by multitudes of bees amongst clusters of lotuses, within pleasurable jewel-bordered ponds, surrounded by flowering creepers exuding sublime fragrances.
The abode was embellished by ruby-studded houses with turrets, nicely ornamented by strands of elephant-pearls. Amidst pathways made of moonstones, the trees blossomed forth the flowers of all seasons, and in them birds warbled melodiously.
There the unborn, primeval Lord was rendered service by the goddess of fortune. His majestic glittering crown illumined His curling locks. His eyes defeated the beauty of blossoming lotuses and His radiant face was worshipped by the moon.
His cheeks were beautified on either side by great sparkling earrings. His smooth, well-formed neck with three lines resembled a conch, and He wore a tunic of brilliant gold. With His four mighty club-like arms, He appeared like a peak of a blue mountain surrounded by celestial desire-trees.
He appeared splendid, with His arms encircled by golden bangles and strings of pearls mounted on fine golden chains swinging from His neck, A net of tiny tinkling bells was bound upon the brilliant cloth around His hips. His lotus feet were most precious.
By smelling the enthralling fragrance of the Lord's lotus feet, tears of jubilation appeared in the eyes of Śrī Nārada. His hairs stood erect out of rapture and instantly He fainted, falling like a rod before Śrī Kṛṣṇa.
"Arise, magnanimous sage, son of Brahmā. Whatever you now ask of me, I grant you, for today, after many millennia, the time has arisen of its own accord for Me to show the way of virtue for godly men."
The heart of Lord Śrī Hari is devoted exclusively to those great souls who without any motivation take complete shelter of His feet. Thus clasping Nārada's hand, He raised him up, and quickly showed him to a seat. And when on Śrī Hari's insistence the sage accepted the seat, the Lord inquired from him, "O sage, what is your reason for coming here? Please speak your desire. Whatever it may be, it is My duty to award you complete satisfaction, for saints such as yourself always strive for the ultimate welfare of others."
Spoken by the Lord with a brightly smiling glance, these ambrosial words, had a deep resonance like the rumblings of a water-laden cloud, a cloud drawn from the ocean of undying compassion that is Śrī Kṛṣṇa. Nārada replied, "O Lord, I bow as a particle of dust at Your feet. Kindly award protection to Your people who are presently rendered wretched.
"Today the earth is much disturbed and polluted because of she maintains a populace engaged in a great variety of iniquitous acts. Everyone is infected by the vices of Kali. They are solely attached to sinful life and have abandoned the association of Your Lordship and Your dear servitors.
"O Lord, kindly protect Your people. Other than Yourself, no one can save the absolute goal of life from the scourges of demonic life. O Lord of all worlds, kindly consider the situation and do the needful. You are indeed the absolute goal of our lives. O Lord, there is no other existence beyond You."
"Descending in a pure dynasty of brāhmaṇas, the radiance of Your form more soothing than hundreds of moons, You shall attain wide-spread renown as the son of Jagannātha Miśra. O my Lord! bring peace to the earth.
"O Bhagavān, Your other avatāras such as Rāma and others accomplished Their missions by subduing and slaying the wicked rākṣasas and demons. At present there is no such necessity. The only need is to purify the corrupted minds of humanity.
"Indeed, if You were to slay all those who have been seduced by the demonic path of life, would there remain anyone still living anywhere on the earth? Therefore through Your own wisdom, kindly come to a decision. Proclaim Your fame far and wide and let the people again become happy and peaceful.
"In this avatāra of Yours, the heroes among the sages together with Rudradeva shall also descend to give You assistance." "So be it," Śrī Hari replied to the sage amongst the gods. Then swiftly the sage jubilantly bowed before the Lord and departed.
Thus ends the Third Sarga entitled "Nārada Muni Pleads for the Lord's Descent," in the First Prakrama of the great poem Śrī Caitanya Carita.


omg I love this! Really wicked work, little lady.
it looks tiny on my laptop.
i think the navs should have had something to tell them apart but its great.
I think it's really cool!
we need more layouts like this!!!!
navigation links dont work. everything don't match. the background image gotta go.


text:
Cheated at work
Housing in crisis
Criminalizing kids
Integrity Out loud
Center for Public Integrity
Investigating inequality
Posted inAccountability
FACT CHECK: Romney didn't OK new benefits for illegal immigrants
by Admin October 26, 2011 January 7, 2022
Texas Gov. Rick Perry speaks during a Republican presidential debate as former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney listens in Orlando, Fla. Phelan Ebenhack/AP
Romney's small tax bill could be a big problem
By Corbin Hiar
Texas Gov. Rick Perry is claiming that Mitt Romney "OKd health care for illegal immigrants" by signing Massachusetts' 2006 health care overhaul law. But the law didn't give illegal immigrants anything new. It merely continued and renamed a state program that had long allowed low-income, uninsured residents, including those in the country illegally, to get care at community health centers and (as in all other states) hospital emergency rooms.
Perry's campaign seized on an Oct. 23 Los Angeles Times story that said the law Romney signed "includes a program known as the Health Safety Net, which allows undocumented immigrants to get needed medical care along with others who lack insurance." The Times noted that the Health Safety Net "built on a previous program." But the story did not make clear that the old program, called the Uncompensated Care Pool, did not treat illegal immigrants any differently than the newly named Health Safety Net.
We spoke with two former commissioners of the Massachusetts Division of Health Care Finance and Policy, which oversees the hospital reimbursement program — one official under the Romney administration and one under current Gov. Deval Patrick's administration — and both told us there is no difference between the pre-health care law program and post-law program as it relates to illegal immigrants.
Romney has made Perry's treatment of illegal immigrants a major issue in the presidential campaign. He has been hammering Perry for allowing illegal immigrants to pay in-state tuition at Texas colleges. In the Oct. 18 debate, the former Massachusetts governor made the shaky claim that the program was a "magnet to draw illegals into the state."
Now, Perry is criticizing Romney for the health care law that he signed in 2006. Perry's website, however, falsely claims that "Romneycare – includes provisions that allow illegal immigrants to receive full health benefits for free," according to the Los Angeles Times. That goes well beyond what the newspaper said, and that's not what the law does. Instead, low-income uninsured people can get necessary health care at hospitals — just as they can in any other state — or, in Massachusetts, in community health centers, and those institutions can receive reimbursement through the state program, which is funded largely by an assessment on hospitals and insurers.
Sarah Iselin, president of the Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts Foundation, was the commissioner of the state Division of Health Care Finance and Policy from 2007 to 2009. She told us there were no substantive changes in the way the Health Safety Net versus the old Uncompensated Care Pool affected illegal immigrants. The state health care law did add "much stronger accountability provisions" to the safety net, and it required hospitals and community health centers to screen for eligibility for Medicaid or subsidized insurance through the new state exchange, she says.
But "absolutely" care for illegal immigrants was paid for by the Uncompensated Care Pool, just as it is now by the Health Safety Net, Iselin says.
Amy Lischko, an associate professor of public health and community medicine at Tufts University School of Medicine, was commissioner of the DHCFP during the Romney administration. She also confirmed, via email, that there's no difference between the Uncompensated Care Pool and the Health Safety Net concerning illegal immigrants. "Several changes were made to the Health Safety Net beginning in 2008," she says. But not as it relates to immigrants. Changes were made to the payment system — the new one is "based on Medicare principles" and does away with the old "block grant" payments to hospitals — and, as Iselin mentioned, "new program integrity features were added to ensure that people were enrolled into the coverage they were eligible for before they were permitted to use the Health Safety Net," says Lischko, who is also a senior fellow at the Pioneer Institute, a think tank in Massachusetts.
And, of course, the name was changed. But the program existed long before Romney took office.
"The Uncompensated Care Pool goes back to the 1980s," Brian Rosman, research director for the advocacy group Health Care for All, told us via email. "The HSN is the same thing, with a new name." In a phone interview, Rosman said his colleagues still refer to it as "the pool." Health Care for All posted a blog item on the Times' story, adding context on the Health Safety Net.
The situation is similar in other states. "Every state, even Texas, has programs that acknowledge people show up for care," Iselin says. "Hospitals have obligations under federal law to take care of people when they show up with a broken leg" or other ailments. "You can't leave hospitals holding the bag."
In Texas, public hospital districts provide care for illegal immigrants, and the Texas Emergency Medicaid program pays hospitals for providing emergency care.
In Massachusetts, the safety net program also reimburses community health centers. It's not free health insurance for the people seeking care; rather, it's payment for the hospitals and health centers that provide treatment. "This is a program for financing care that many of these institutions, either by virtue of their nonprofit mission or federal law, have to provide," Iselin says.
Iselin, Lischko and Rosman all told us that, overall, the Massachusetts health care law didn't give anything new to illegal immigrants that they didn't have before.
The Romney campaign has responded to this issue by blaming Romney's successor, Gov. Patrick. Spokesman Eric Fehrnstrom told MSNBC: "To the extent that illegals are receiving some kind of care under the Health Safety Net program, that would be a function of what the current governor, Deval Patrick, has put into place." He noted, correctly, that federal law requires hospitals to provide emergency care to anyone, regardless of immigration status. But Massachusetts' program, which was highlighted in 2004 by the Commonwealth Fund as one of several innovative state programs, allows access to care at hospitals and at community health centers, where it's often cheaper, and it was started in 1985.
Fehrnstrom, MSBNC, Oct. 24: "There's nothing in the law that permits illegal immigrants to receive care that they're not entitled to. Now, federal law requires that illegal immigrants get care in emergency settings. If they're getting anything beyond that, that would be because of rules that were written by Deval Patrick, not by Mitt Romney."
Iselin and Lischko told us that there were no changes made by Patrick that gave illegal immigrants more benefits. Says Iselin: "As it related to how we treated undocumented folks in terms of the eligibility to get care [that was] billed to this program, we didn't make any changes. None."
Lischko says the Patrick administration "could have promulgated regulations that restricted care more." But no regulations were written that would give illegal immigrants additional benefits. "Changes were made, true, but the program is more or less the same as it was before the reform."
There isn't solid information on how many illegal immigrants may in fact receive medical care paid for by the safety net, says Lischko. "The program has always garnered attention in the state since a bulk of the funding comes from insurers and providers," she says. "There is not a lot of state funding in the safety net."
Rosman doesn't recall any major debate over whether the pool should continue to cover care for illegal immigrants when the legislation was being written. "It was part of the landscape here," he says.
– Lori Robertson
FACT CHECK: GOP tackles the 9-9-9 tax plan, immigration in Las Vegas debate
FACT CHECK: Romney's 'magnet' charge attracts scrutiny
California coverage plan for undocumented echoes earlier call by Schwarzenegger
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Why Mississippi is ground zero in the fight for voting rights
Home lending remains unequal
Child homelessness is on the rise. Schools may just be seeing the 'tip of the iceberg'
Analysis: Fauci's finances are already public. But they could be easier to find.
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by admin, Center for Public Integrity

FACT CHECK: Romney didn't OK new benefits for illegal immigrants

by admin, Center for Public Integrity
October 26, 2011

  <hgroup>

Romney's small tax bill could be a big problem

By Corbin Hiar

January 17, 2012
 </hgroup>

Texas Gov. Rick Perry is claiming that Mitt Romney "OKd health care for illegal immigrants" by signing Massachusetts' 2006 health care overhaul law. But the law didn't give illegal immigrants anything new. It merely continued and renamed a state program that had long allowed low-income, uninsured residents, including those in the country illegally, to get care at community health centers and (as in all other states) hospital emergency rooms.

Perry's campaign seized on an Oct. 23 Los Angeles Times story that said the law Romney signed "includes a program known as the Health Safety Net, which allows undocumented immigrants to get needed medical care along with others who lack insurance." The Times noted that the Health Safety Net "built on a previous program." But the story did not make clear that the old program, called the Uncompensated Care Pool, did not treat illegal immigrants any differently than the newly named Health Safety Net.

We spoke with two former commissioners of the Massachusetts Division of Health Care Finance and Policy, which oversees the hospital reimbursement program — one official under the Romney administration and one under current Gov. Deval Patrick's administration — and both told us there is no difference between the pre-health care law program and post-law program as it relates to illegal immigrants.

Romney has made Perry's treatment of illegal immigrants a major issue in the presidential campaign. He has been hammering Perry for allowing illegal immigrants to pay in-state tuition at Texas colleges. In the Oct. 18 debate, the former Massachusetts governor made the shaky claim that the program was a "magnet to draw illegals into the state."

Now, Perry is criticizing Romney for the health care law that he signed in 2006. Perry's website, however, falsely claims that "Romneycare – includes provisions that allow illegal immigrants to receive full health benefits for free," according to the Los Angeles Times. That goes well beyond what the newspaper said, and that's not what the law does. Instead, low-income uninsured people can get necessary health care at hospitals — just as they can in any other state — or, in Massachusetts, in community health centers, and those institutions can receive reimbursement through the state program, which is funded largely by an assessment on hospitals and insurers.

Sarah Iselin, president of the Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts Foundation, was the commissioner of the state Division of Health Care Finance and Policy from 2007 to 2009. She told us there were no substantive changes in the way the Health Safety Net versus the old Uncompensated Care Pool affected illegal immigrants. The state health care law did add "much stronger accountability provisions" to the safety net, and it required hospitals and community health centers to screen for eligibility for Medicaid or subsidized insurance through the new state exchange, she says.

But "absolutely" care for illegal immigrants was paid for by the Uncompensated Care Pool, just as it is now by the Health Safety Net, Iselin says.

Amy Lischko, an associate professor of public health and community medicine at Tufts University School of Medicine, was commissioner of the DHCFP during the Romney administration. She also confirmed, via email, that there's no difference between the Uncompensated Care Pool and the Health Safety Net concerning illegal immigrants. "Several changes were made to the Health Safety Net beginning in 2008," she says. But not as it relates to immigrants. Changes were made to the payment system — the new one is "based on Medicare principles" and does away with the old "block grant" payments to hospitals — and, as Iselin mentioned, "new program integrity features were added to ensure that people were enrolled into the coverage they were eligible for before they were permitted to use the Health Safety Net," says Lischko, who is also a senior fellow at the Pioneer Institute, a think tank in Massachusetts.

And, of course, the name was changed. But the program existed long before Romney took office.

"The Uncompensated Care Pool goes back to the 1980s," Brian Rosman, research director for the advocacy group Health Care for All, told us via email. "The HSN is the same thing, with a new name." In a phone interview, Rosman said his colleagues still refer to it as "the pool." Health Care for All posted a blog item on the Times' story, adding context on the Health Safety Net.

The situation is similar in other states. "Every state, even Texas, has programs that acknowledge people show up for care," Iselin says. "Hospitals have obligations under federal law to take care of people when they show up with a broken leg" or other ailments. "You can't leave hospitals holding the bag."

In Texas, public hospital districts provide care for illegal immigrants, and the Texas Emergency Medicaid program pays hospitals for providing emergency care.

In Massachusetts, the safety net program also reimburses community health centers. It's not free health insurance for the people seeking care; rather, it's payment for the hospitals and health centers that provide treatment. "This is a program for financing care that many of these institutions, either by virtue of their nonprofit mission or federal law, have to provide," Iselin says.

Iselin, Lischko and Rosman all told us that, overall, the Massachusetts health care law didn't give anything new to illegal immigrants that they didn't have before.

The Romney campaign has responded to this issue by blaming Romney's successor, Gov. Patrick. Spokesman Eric Fehrnstrom told MSNBC: "To the extent that illegals are receiving some kind of care under the Health Safety Net program, that would be a function of what the current governor, Deval Patrick, has put into place." He noted, correctly, that federal law requires hospitals to provide emergency care to anyone, regardless of immigration status. But Massachusetts' program, which was highlighted in 2004 by the Commonwealth Fund as one of several innovative state programs, allows access to care at hospitals and at community health centers, where it's often cheaper, and it was started in 1985.

Fehrnstrom, MSBNC, Oct. 24: "There's nothing in the law that permits illegal immigrants to receive care that they're not entitled to. Now, federal law requires that illegal immigrants get care in emergency settings. If they're getting anything beyond that, that would be because of rules that were written by Deval Patrick, not by Mitt Romney."

Iselin and Lischko told us that there were no changes made by Patrick that gave illegal immigrants more benefits. Says Iselin: "As it related to how we treated undocumented folks in terms of the eligibility to get care [that was] billed to this program, we didn't make any changes. None."

Lischko says the Patrick administration "could have promulgated regulations that restricted care more." But no regulations were written that would give illegal immigrants additional benefits. "Changes were made, true, but the program is more or less the same as it was before the reform."

There isn't solid information on how many illegal immigrants may in fact receive medical care paid for by the safety net, says Lischko. "The program has always garnered attention in the state since a bulk of the funding comes from insurers and providers," she says. "There is not a lot of state funding in the safety net."

Rosman doesn't recall any major debate over whether the pool should continue to cover care for illegal immigrants when the legislation was being written. "It was part of the landscape here," he says.

– Lori Robertson

This article first appeared on Center for Public Integrity and is republished here under a Creative Commons license.
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An improved format; more opportunity to do business; an excellent speaker line-up; coverage of a broader spectrum of the industry; an expanded list of leisure activities – these are just some of the elements that are being planned for the 2019 African Insurance Exchange (AIE).
So that's more value for the same price.
Conference hosts, the Insurance Institute of South Africa (IISA) and South African Insurance Association (SAIA), have paid special attention to the scope of the conference to ensuring it has a broader appeal than "just short-term".
Nolte says that, apart from the formal indoor sessions, there will be plenty of opportunities for delegates to participate in sporting activities on and around the Sun City grounds.
The 2019 AIE has received the endorsement of many big players in the industry. Lizelle van der Merwe, CEO of the Financial Intermediaries' Association (FIA), says this year's event promises to be ultra-memorable.
Volker von Widdern, chief executive officer of Constantia Insurance who wowed delegates in 2018 with their entertaining coffee stand, says the AIE is a great forum for engaging with channel partners and other stakeholders.
Discovery, Old Mutual Insure, Santam, MunichRe, as well as a range of brokers, UMAs and other industry stalwarts have already secured their spots. Secure yours today!
For individual bookings, visit www.iisa.co.za.


text:
Sad (album)
Lost Dogs (album)
Sadness (also called heavy-heartedness) is emotional pain associated with, or characterized by feelings of disadvantage, loss, despair, grief, helplessness, disappointment and sorrow. An individual experiencing sadness may become quiet or lethargic, and withdraw themselves from others. Crying is often an indication of sadness.
Sadness is one of the "six basic emotions" described by Paul Ekman, along with happiness, anger, surprise, fear and disgust.
In childhood
Sadness is a common experience in childhood. Acknowledging such emotions can make it much easier for families to address more serious emotional problems, although some families may have a (conscious or unconscious) rule that sadness is "not allowed".Robin Skynner has suggested that this may cause problems, because with sadness "screened-off" we are left a bit shallow and manic.
Sadness is part of the normal process of the child separating from an early symbiosis with the mother and becoming more independent. Every time a child separates just a tiny bit more, he or she will have to cope with a small loss. If the mother cannot allow the minor distress involved, the child may never learn how to deal with sadness by themselves. Pediatrician T. Berry Brazelton argues that too much cheering a child up devalues the emotion of sadness for them; and Selma Fraiberg suggests that it is important to respect a child's right to experience a loss fully and deeply.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Sadness
Sad is the fourth Nels Cline Trio album. The album was recorded at New Zone Studio by Wayne Peet.
"Anthony (In Memory of Tony Williams)"
"Fluff With Fork"
"The Luxury of Silk (for Lynn Johnston)"
"Little Shaver"
"Arrows (for Carla Bozulich)"
"Texas Telephone Pal"
"Where Is Your Woman? (In Memory of Laura Nyro)"
"In Form (for Carole Kim)"
"Thought Cloud"
"Crest In Black (for Rincy and Her Drums)"
Nels Cline - Guitars, Voice (#2)
Bob Mair - Bass, Guitar (#6)
Michael Preussner - Drum Set, Organ (#6, #9)
Noriko Peet - Voice (#3)
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Sad_(album)
Lost Dogs is a two-disc compilation album by the American alternative rock band Pearl Jam, released on November 11, 2003 through Epic Records. The album has been certified gold by the RIAA in the United States.
Lost Dogs is a double-disc collection of B-sides and other released and unreleased rarities. Lost Dogs sold 89,500 copies in its first week of release and debuted at number fifteen on the Billboard 200 chart. Lost Dogs has been certified gold by the RIAA.
A number of songs included on Lost Dogs differ from the originally released versions, including "Alone", "U", "Wash", and "Dirty Frank". The album includes the hidden track "4/20/02" at the end of disc two, a tribute to Alice in Chains frontman Layne Staley. It was written by vocalist Eddie Vedder during the recording sessions for Riot Act on the day that he heard the news of Staley's death. The song features only Vedder singing and playing the guitar in a ukulele-inspired tuning. According to Vedder, the reason why it was not included on Riot Act was that the band already had too many songs. According to guitarist Mike McCready, the reason the song was only featured as a hidden track on Lost Dogs is because Vedder "wouldn't want it to be exploitative."
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Lost_Dogs_(album)
by Kelly Clarkson
by Iced Earth
by Samael
by Machinae Supremacy
by Wheatus
by Crucified Barbara
by Jan & Dean
by Dr. Death
by Tim Minchin
by Nitocris
by Polly Paulusma
by Lovecrave
by: Kelly Clarkson
There's a place that i know
it's not pretty there and few have ever gone
if i show it to you now
will it make you run away
or will you stay
even if it hurts
even if i try to push you out
will you return?
and remind me who i really am
please remind me who i really am
everybody's got a dark side
can you love mine?
nobody's a picture perfect
but we're worth it
you know that we're worth it
will you love me?
even with my dark side?
like a diamond
from black dust
it's hard to know
what can become
If you give up
so don't give up on me
don't run away
just tell me that you will stay
promise me you will stay
just promise me you will stay
will you love me? ohh


text:
Move off Campus, Collect $200
By Online Editor on October 8, 2011 in Campus News, Campus News Old
Photo by Josiah McGinnis
In the latest last-minute plan to keep pace with campus construction, Queens is offering a $200 incentive to students who agree to park off campus to clear the way for a large crane that – ironically – will be helping erect a new parking deck.
The incentive plan was announced Sept. 30 in an email to students from Dean of Students John Downey. According to the email, students who volunteer to move their cars to the Sports Complex on Tyvola Road until the end of the academic year in May will receive $200 in two installments. Participating students could still park on campus on weekends, but would be fined if caught parking on campus or adjacent streets at other times.
The size of the fine: $200.
"It's meant to be a strong punishment or warning," Queens Chief Financial Officer Matt Packey said of the fine. "You are signing up for this. We'll give you the money. We're happy to give you the money. You are helping us, and we can't have you sneaking back on."
Student reaction to the incentive plan has been mixed. "It sounds like it's good money for a poor college student," said junior Christian Allen. But sophomore Liz Westfield isn't as sold on the idea. "It's difficult to be without a car… I know for me personally I work and go shopping so I need to have my car available to me whenever I need to go somewhere. It wouldn't be useful for me to have it somewhere else," Westfield said.
Lindsey Nuckles isn't very fond of the idea at all. "We are not guaranteed a spot. We have to park at the Sports Complex, which would require planning an hour ahead, which we don't have. We don't even get the $200 cash in full. We only get paid in increments. I am a music therapy student. I have off-campus sessions. This plan just needs to be a lot better for it to be worth it," Nuckles said.
The email from Downey said 88 parking spots on top floor of the existing parking deck would be lost starting with fall break on Oct. 13, when a crane is scheduled to arrive to help with construction of a planned new 500-space parking deck, due to be completed next July. Access to the top floor needed to be closed in the meantime for safety reasons, according to the memo.
In an interview with The Chronicle, Packey said, "[We actually] need less than 88. We don't fill the deck every day. When we look at our average counts we need about 60-65 folks, whether that's students or staff, to really move off campus."
When asked how many volunteers he's received as of Oct. 7, he said, "We had an expression of interest from 32 people before we published the request." Queens plans more promotion for the incentive program, he added.
And if enough students don't volunteer? "We have a mandatory plan built for staff to rotate them off campus," said Packey. "Right now it's about 20-day intervals. Three to five departments each rotate off for 20 days for the rest of the year."
Packey also said the effective date has been delayed until Nov. 1 because of recent developments with the crane. That could be a welcome reprieve because the incentive plan had to be quickly devised.
"We tried to spend some time formulating what's the best option, knowing that we know the crane is going up and we are going to lose the spaces," said Packey. "What do we do about it? It took us about two days to work through that, and then we came up with the announcement… to try the voluntary program to get people to move to the other parking and see if that works."
Packey said the university is working with the provider of the existing shuttle service between the Sports Complex and campus, approximately 3.4 miles apart. Shuttles now depart every 20 to 30 minutes, according to the Queens website. Security also is being increased the Sports Complex, including lights installed and a security officer. Currently there is a minimal amount of security at the Sports Complex, which has caused some students to express concern.
According to the "Student Offsite Parking Option" outlined in Dean Downey's email, those eligible to receive the incentive include residential sophomores, juniors, seniors and all traditional undergraduate commuting students who current drive cars to the main campus. (Residential freshmen already are required to park at the Sports Complex because of a parking shortage on campus.)
Participating students would be required to park at the Sports Complex through May 4, 2012, though they would be allowed to park on campus after 5 p.m. on Fridays until 10 p.m. on Sundays.
In return, participating students would be mailed $100 by Oct. 28 and another $100 by Jan. 27, according to the memo. Students could not have any past due amounts on their account.
Asked how the university decided on $200 for the incentive, Packey said, "We talked around with some other institutions as well as with our campus student life leadership and thought that $200 would be a meaningful number."
The incentive plan is the latest hurried decision by the university as it accelerates $70 million of campus construction projects, which include a new science center and health building, new residence hall and new wellness and recreation student center in addition to the new parking garage. For example, Greek Row lodges were demolished over the summer as part of a plan for a new Greek Village in the basement of Wireman Residence Hall, which in turn prompted a hurried move of the fitness center to the basement on Belk Residence Hall. Dean Downey has said university officials decided to accelerate the construction timetable in part because of rising construction costs.
Students are being asked to complete a form agreeing to participate in the program and drive their vehicle to the Campus Police in Stultz Hall. Campus police will confirm current vehicle registration is valid, place a secondary sticker on the vehicle and mark through the existing one. The form is attached to Dean Downey's memo ( linked here), and is available at Campus Police.
About Online Editor
View all posts by Online Editor →
Album Review: St. Vincent – Strange Mercy
A story of lacrosse, loss and rediscovery


"Grateful" © Tom Malavoda, 2014. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.
We talk about how to plan an attack before I even think about the sunlight we get back now that solstice has passed. The mile-markers fly by with minimal recognition. I'm always bracing for something.
I want to feel like I'm moving forward, but every year it floors me. I try to tell myself that this year, yes, this year I can plan better. I can stick to the plan easier. I can do this. Every year I wonder what I have to figure out to make it different than the last. Then I wonder if it's time to start blaming myself. Like I somehow force myself into bottoming out just by assuming I will.
Or maybe I just wish it were that easy. Point one finger in one direction and change the thing I'm pointing to. Yes, wouldn't that be nice?
But maybe. Maybe it is different. Maybe we can acknowledge our growth and our achievements. Maybe February will sneak up on us like the end of 2014. Maybe if we immerse ourselves in projects, goals, and commitments we can come out on the other side of winter still intact.
That would follow the pattern, wouldn't it? We always come out still intact. Just barely, but we do.
Deciduous trees. We give all our leaves to the winter and spend six months trying to get them back. But I've lived in the Pacific Northwest most of my life. I want to be an evergreen.
i feel this way about January…I don't know what it is for you, but a plan of attack is ever a bad idea, in my experience.
Right? No such thing as being over-prepared.
April here. All of Spring really.
I hope this year will be different. For us all.
I find myself clenching each year as the months draw closer, but this year I may open in to it, "lean in" to go all cliche, but really I may just try to observe without judgment. We'll see.
The leaves come back. Then they go. Then they regrow. Then they go. It's all so cyclical. The pattern is almost calming.
I like your idea of thinking about it being calming. I tend to get so discouraged by everything being cyclical. Like I'm never getting anywhere.
Come March, I'll be a real Evergreener.


text:
The King of Fighters '95 is a 1995 fighting game produced by SNK for the Neo Geo arcade and home console. It is the sequel to The King of Fighters '94 and the second game in The King of Fighters series. It is also the first game in the series to be ported to other home consoles besides the Neo Geo AES and Neo-Geo CD thus making SNK a second-party developer, with versions released for the PlayStation, Sega Saturn and Game Boy. It was also rereleased in The King of Fighters Collection: The Orochi Saga in 2008 for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable and Wii.
The game features a similar cast to KOF '94 with the exception of the USA Team, which was replaced by the Rival Team. The plot features a new King of Fighters tournament once again promoted by the criminal Rugal Bernstein, who wants to take revenge against Kyo Kusanagi, who defeated him in last year's tournament. The game also introduces a sub-boss character, Saisyu Kusanagi, who is the father of Kyo. KOF '95 also introduces the fighter Iori Yagami, who becomes Kyo's rival in the series.
One of the main focuses in the creation of The King of Fighters '95 was the introduction of the Rivals Team, most notably Iori, who became one of the favorite characters from the staff. The game has received mixed reviews from various video games publications. Most writers have complained about the response from controls and long loading times from the PlayStation port. However, the introduction from the enhanced version of Rugal, Omega Rugal, as well as the differences between all the characters have been noted to be one of the best parts from the game.
Mario is Missing! – SNES
Super Mario World – Snes
← Matrimelee / Shin Gouketsuji Ichizoku Toukon
The King of Fighters 96 →


text:
Trust But Clarify, llamado Confía, pero aclara en Hispanoamérica y Confía, pero verifica en España, es un episodio perteneciente a la vigesimoctava temporada de la serie animada Los Simpson, emitido originalmente el  en EE.UU. El episodio fue escrito por Harry Shearer.

Sinopsis
El abuelo Abraham Simpson se reúne con otros veteranos de la guerra en un bar cuando "The Late Late Late Night with Jimmy Jimmy" entra al aire con Kent Brockman como su estrella invitada. En el programa, Kent comienza a contar historias de guerra como cuando él aterrizó forzosamente en un contenedor que se hundía. Otro veterano de guerra confirma, sin embargo, que la historia de Kent es falsa. Como resultado, Kent se disculpa sobre las falsas historias que contó en el aire. Es despedido por eso y reemplazado por Arnie Pye.

Mientras tanto, Krusty presenta un nuevo producto: Krustaceos, un dulce que incluso Krusty creyó que era bueno. Sin embargo, Lisa Simpson pronto encuentra que el dulce es extremadamente adictivo y deja una sensación de hormigueo, por lo que decide investigar junto a Bart. Ambos entran a una de las fábricas de Krusty, roban muestras del producto y los llevan al Profesor Frink, donde descubren que contiene formaldehído.

Lisa intenta poner la historia en el Canal 6, pero no quieren emitirlo. Kent está deprimido porque no fue capaz de encontrar un nuevo empleo en una escena noticiosa llamada BizzFad al punto de que el consideró suicidarse. Lisa le pidió cubrir su historia sobre el nuevo producto de Krusty, pero se niega. En una reunión, es incitado a considerar la historia de Lisa como una oportunidad para su regreso, por lo que él y Lisa graban a Krusty admitiendo que su producto era malo y logra recuperar su empleo. Esta vez, Kent le da el crédito a Lisa.

Homer Simpson se siente envidioso como un empleado de la planta nuclear que apenas habla inglés tiene una oficina en la esquina, por lo que la Ambición de Homer le dice que debe vestirse mejor para tener más posibilidades de tener un aumento. Homer le pide a Marge que le ayude y le compre un traje. Al día siguiente, Homer va a la oficina del Sr. Burns para que le dé razones para tener un aumento, pero fracasa. La ambición de Homer es destrozada por su apatía, alcoholismo, ira y temor y arrojada fuera del oído de Homer, por lo que decide ir a la taberna de Moe.

Recepción
Dennis Perkins de The A.V. Club le dio al episodio una B- declarando, "Al final, 'Trust But Clarify' es bastante olvidable en el gran esquema, aunque difícilmente despreciable. No es justo para el episodio el medirlo contra las altas expectativas provocadas por el aumentado involucramiento de Shearer, pero tampoco es irrazonable pensar que el crédito como escritor del multi-talentoso Shearer pudo haber empujado a un territorio más interesante, de cualquier modo."

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Episodios de la vigesimoctava temporada de Los Simpson
Episodios de televisión de 2016

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Abnormal Labor
Prabhcharan Gill
Article Author (Archived):
Anita Tamirisa
James Van Hook MD
Normal labor is characterized by regular and painful uterine contractions that conclude in progressive in labor. A discussion on abnormal labor patterns is reviewed as abnormalities of the first stage (cervical dilation to complete cervical dilation) and the second stage (descent of the presenting part leading to delivery of the baby). The third stage of labor describes expulsion of the placenta. An overview of labor abnormalities encompasses all the stages of labor. First and second-stage abnormalities are described either as protraction disorders (which means that delivery is progressing but is lower than normal) or as arrest disorders (complete cessation in progress). Abnormal third-stage labor meriting intervention is placenta retention beyond 30 minutes, as most third stages are concluded within the first 10 to 20 minutes of delivery.[1]
The normal progression of labor requires the three "Ps" which represent power from uterine contractions, adequate bony maternal pelvis as the passage, and finally the fetus as a passenger presenting itself in a favorable presentation. The size of the fetus and the capacity of the maternal pelvis are tested as uterine contractions provide propulsion. A deficiency in the uterine contractions is addressed easily with the judicious use of oxytocin. However, labor abnormalities due to unfavorable fetal pelvic dynamics lead to true dystocia requiring a cesarean delivery.
[2]The trend toward more cesarean sections in the developed countries has drawn attention to initiatives to minimize primary cesarean sections. In this regard, guidelines have been developed to guide more conservative management of the first and second stages of labor abnormalities (Obstetric care consensus: Safe prevention of the primary cesarean delivery-ACOG and SMFM, March 2014). After delivery of the baby, the third stage of labor opens the risk for postpartum hemorrhage leading to blood transfusions and maternal morbidity. In the United States, the rate of postpartum hemorrhage increased from 26% from 1994 through 2006 primarily due to increased risks of uterine atony. However, the maternal motility from postpartum obstetric hemorrhage has decreased since the late 1980s to a little more than 10% of the total maternal modality in 2009. Increased and appropriate use of blood transfusions, as well as surgical approaches such as peripartum hysterectomy and compression sutures, have contributed favorably to this statistic.
Friedman originally established the labor curve for the first stage of labor; however, it has since been contemporized by Zhang et al. Using recent reference graphs, this stage of labor is not diagnosed until 6 cm cervical dilation. Before diagnosing the rest of cervical dilation in the first stage of labor, allow 4 hours to progress under adequate uterine activity (with oxytocin as necessary), but for no more than 6 hours. Prior to 6 cm dilation, the latent phase has a variable duration, and it is best to defer amniotomy or neuraxial anesthesia which brings a commitment to delivery and limits the scope of conservative management. In the second stage of labor, in the absence of neuraxial anesthesia, the nulliparous abdomen may be allowed to push for at least 3 hours. When an epidural is used, an additional 1 hour is provided. Additionally, voluntary pushing in the second stage in women with an epidural may be allowed when the station of the fetal head is at or below the ischial spines.
Usually, histopathology is used for scenarios where postpartum hemorrhage has occurred. When a hysterectomy is performed for postpartum hemorrhage, the histopathology may return consistent with morbidly adherent placenta such as placenta accreta, increta, or percreta. On occasion, the placental histopathology may return as chorioamnionitis (with our without funisitis) which may be associated with postpartum atony leading to hemorrhage.
Toxicokinetics
Oxytocin is a key pharmacologic agent in the correction of abnormal labor patterns. Although oxytocin's first clinical usage was described in 1906 for postpartum hemorrhage, its molecular structure remained elusive until 1955, and 1 year later it became commercially available. Exogenous oxytocin responsiveness typically commences at 20 weeks and improves with advancing gestational age until 34 weeks when it appears to stabilize. The next peak in its sensitivity occurs in labor and this occurs primarily due to the recruitment of myometrial oxytocin receptors binding sites as well as receptor activation is based on elevating intracellular calcium. During spontaneous labor, the blood oxytocin concentration remains stable; however, the responsiveness increases. Oxytocin has a short plasma half-life between 3 to 6 minutes. It is been shown that oxytocin takes approximately 40 minutes to reach a steady state of plasma concentration; however, clinically it could be adjusted every 30 minutes. Oxytocin is utilized as a continuous intravenous administration using an infusion pump. This allows a continuous, precise control of the dosage. Standard institutional protocols are required to minimize adverse oxytocin administration. Of note, oxytocin-induced myometrial receptor desensitization has been demonstrated in animals; its clinical relevance is unknown. As placental perfusion occurs between contractions tachysystole (six or more contractions in a 10-minute window averaged over 10 minutes), it should be avoided as it may impact on fetal condition if uncorrected. Maternal hyponatremia occurs only in extended exposures to a high dose of oxytocin, especially if administered in hypotonic solutions. The reason for this is based on its structure being similar to vasopressin in some regard and thus oxytocin cross-reacts with the renal vasopressin receptors. Hypotension has been shown to occur with bolus IV administrations.
Symptoms for the onset of preterm labor are reviewed, including a history of contractions that are progressively stronger and any history of leakage of fluid or passage of a mucous plug. Asking about recent vaginal bleeding is always a significant inquiry to exclude concerns for placental abruption. At admission to labor and delivery, prenatal records and obstetric history should be reviewed because these optimally inform the provider to the best intrapartum obstetric care. This care includes determination of the static gestational age. Abdominal examination is a key component of an obstetric exam as it provides an estimated fetal weight of the fetus and informs the provider the fetal presentation and the descent of the presenting part into the pelvis. The continuous monitoring of the external fetal heart rate provides insight into fetal well-being. A manual vaginal exam to evaluate maternal bony pelvis capacity and cervical dilation, as well as fetal pelvic dynamics, occurs at intervals.
The uterine activity is assessed by external tocometry and targeted at 3 to 5 contractions in the 10-minute window. The contractions should last 30 to 40 seconds to be effective. Internal intrauterine pressure assessment using a catheter could be utilized, in which case marked medial units are used and targeted at more than 200 Montevideo units in a 10-minute window. The monitoring of uterine contractions should be continuous during labor. The assessment of the fetal heart rate could be performed utilizing external or internal fetal heart rate monitoring. An alternative is fetal heart rate auscultation every 15 minutes in the first stage of labor and after each contraction during the second stage of labor. In the interpretation of the fetal heart rate strip millimeters considered are baseline viability, basal heart rate, cardiac accelerations or decelerations, endocrine activity. Strip abnormalities are characterized based on consideration of the above parameters.
The Obstetric Partogram is a composite graphic record of labor progress. Along with documentation of essential obstetric vital signs, it is used in developing confluent areas to control intrapartum care. The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes this status as useful labor management that adequately draws attention to excessively prolonged labors. Partogram has increasingly fallen out of use.
Most labor and delivery unit will have an established protocol for administration of oxytocin that entails the administration of the proper medication and dosage, as well as criteria for an incremental increase as clinically warranted. The protocols also include monitoring maternal and fetal vital signs, as well as the atria, for discontinuation of the medication in the event of concern for tachycardia systole all fetal well-being. Such protocols allow collaborative care between the nursing staff and the obstetrician.
During labor complications, cesarean deliveries can be a life-saving procedure and may become medically necessary. Cesarean section rates among the nulliparous, singleton, term gestation and vertex presentation (NSTV) are currently trending in most institutions and states. Diligent management of labor aspires to minimize variation between providers. Management may lower the average cesarean section rates in this population, and this can provide the best opportunity to improve outcomes and reduce costs. In 2012 the baseline NSTV cesarean birth rate was 27% in California, and the most recent rate available in 2015 was 25.6%. As an example, California aspires to reach its target rate of 23.9% or lower by 2022. Racial disparities such as non-Hispanic black women having disproportionately higher cesarean delivery is also a deserved focus of inquiry.[3]
The best management of labor requires a coordinated interprofessional effort between trained obstetric nurses, midwives, and providers. Team management may lower the average cesarean section rates and improve outcomes. [Level V]
[1] Clark SL,Garite TJ,Hamilton EF,Belfort MA,Hankins GD, [PubMed PMID: 29733840]
[2] Stokholm L,Talge NM,Christensen GT,Juhl M,Mortensen LH,Strandberg-Larsen K, Labor augmentation during birth and later cognitive ability in young adulthood. Clinical epidemiology. 2018; [PubMed PMID: 30538580]
[3] ACOG Committee Opinion No. 766 Summary: Approaches to Limit Intervention During Labor and Birth. Obstetrics and gynecology. 2019 Feb; [PubMed PMID: 30681540]
Take 3 Question Quiz on Abnormal Labor


text:
Q: Re-saving JPEG while keeping quality Sometimes I use XnView's* "batch conversion" tool to downsize a bunch of JPEGs (to maximum of 1600x1200). But some of them are equal or smaller than that and no resizing is done.
Is any image quality lost during the process? (Even if I choose JPEG 100% quality?)
Edit: I was asking about those images which are already smaller than the limit, and are not being resized, just re-compressed.
* My Linux laptop is toast, can't do any imagemagick tricks.

A: Yes, there will be loss of quality, even at 100%. That said, is it likely to be all but unnoticeable immediately. If you have Photoshop you can easily confirm the loss of quality:

*

*Load up the original and the resaved image as two layers in the same image.

*Change the top one's display mode to Difference.

*Select All and then Copy Merged (Ctrl+A and Ctrl+Shift+C by default).

*Paste the result in as a new layer.

*Using the Magic Wand tool, (Tolerance 0, Contiguous unchecked, Antialias unchecked), select an all-black pixel (RGB 0, 0, 0).

If all pixels are selected (which won't happen), the two images are identical. Otherwise the unselected areas have been modified.
If you resave the same JPEG a few times it will become much more noticeable.

A: Any sort of resizing that is not 1:1 aspect ratio will affect the quality, however, if you do not change the size or any properties, a 100% quality export / save should not affect quality.
However, I have never used the tool you are using. What I said is just general experience from using Photoshop and other photo editing software.
(Also, you can always use Imagemagick on Windows!)
Lastly a bit of general advise, Jpeg is not really a good format for anything professional, you should use a lossless format and then just use Jpeg for the distribution ... Although, for every day stuff, Jpeg is more than sufficient.


text:
Leave It to Blanche is a 1934 British comedy film directed by Harold Young and starring Henry Kendall, Olive Blakeney and Miki Hood. It was made at Teddington Studios by the British subsidiary of Warner Brothers.

Cast
 Henry Kendall as Peter Manners
 Olive Blakeney as Blanche Wetherby
 Miki Hood as Doris Manners
 Griffith Jones as Philip Amesbury
 Rex Harrison as Ronnie
 Hamilton Keene as Brewster
 Julian Royce as Patteridge
 Elizabeth Jenns as Blossom
 Harold Warrender as Guardee
 Phyllis Stanley as Singer

References

Bibliography
 Low, Rachael. Filmmaking in 1930s Britain. George Allen & Unwin, 1985.
 Wood, Linda. British Films, 1927-1939. British Film Institute, 1986.

External links

1934 films
British comedy films
1934 comedy films
Films shot at Teddington Studios
Films set in England
Films directed by Harold Young
Warner Bros. films
British black-and-white films
1930s English-language films
1930s British films


text:
Fenestraja is een geslacht van kraakbeenvissen uit de familie van de Gurgesiellidae.

Soorten
 Fenestraja atripinna (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1950)
 Fenestraja cubensis (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1950)
 Fenestraja ishiyamai (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1962)
 Fenestraja maceachrani (Séret, 1989)
 Fenestraja mamillidens (Alcock, 1889)
 Fenestraja plutonia (Garman, 1881)
 Fenestraja sibogae (M. C. W. Weber, 1913)
 Fenestraja sinusmexicanus (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1950)

Gurgesiellidae


text:
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Pippa Middleton's Son Treated By Therapy That 'Retunes' Body
by Robert Dunne
Pippa Middleton, the younger sister to the Duchess of Cambridge, has revealed that she has been paying for her one-year-old son to receive a form of 'alternative' therapy said to 'retune the body'.
The therapy, called 'Cranial Osteopathy', is a non-invasive form of therapy involving using your hands on the skull or the spine, to tune into the 'Craniosacral rhythm', before then manipulating the body of the patient. This type of therapy has been hailed for its use to treat babies for colic, bad sleeping patterns and some digestive issues. Currently, despite the growing popularity on its use on infants, there is a lack of scientific evidence supporting the legitimacy of this form of therapy, with critics still claiming it to be a "pseudo-science".
Despite this, Pippa Middleton continues to stand by the treatment, claiming that her one-year-old son Arthur has had physical benefits from the therapy. When talking about the benefits of the treatment, the 36-year-old quoted Kam Pansear, from London Osteopathic Care, who explained the treatment "uses gentle, non-invasive techniques to gently manipulate the head and spine, which affects the whole body".
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Writing in Waitrose Weekend Magazine, she continued her support by saying "Soon after Arthur last year, I heard a few mums talking about seeing a cranial osteopath. It's a popular alternative therapy for newborns, particularly those who have had a traumatic birth, are unsettled, or have trouble sleeping", and after starting the treatment, Pippa explained " I was fascinated to see how calming it was for him, but also how valuable the feedback was. The osteopath noticed one side of his neck was tighter than the other, which explained why he favoured one side sleeping. She also saw that his arms were stronger than his legs, so she gave me an exercise to help him". In addition to using the treatment for her son, Pippa also suggested the treatment could be an effective help for mums, saying " It is an expense...but well worth it" suggesting the audience for such a treatment could be growing.
If you enjoyed reading this article why not share it with others!
Robert Dunne
Junior Content Writer
Hiya! I'm Rob, a Content Marketing Apprentice from Kent, although my work with Your Baby Club all takes place from London. My main passions are politics, journalism, current affairs and events and generally staying in the present moment. Most of my time is spent out experiencing the world, whether that's by foot, train or car, seeing and doing all that I can in the world. It is my intention to keep the parents of Britain, as well as those generally interested, informed in all things baby that is happening in the world with the hope of one day becoming a platform of news, knowledge and conversations for all those interested in the world of babies.
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Rent a Dumpster in Mount Olive Now!
Simply give us a call and we will answer any questions you may have about the Mount Olive dumpster rental procedure, allowed materials, size you may need, etc.
Our roll off containers can usually be delivered in Mount Olive the day after you place your order. Make sure to call us early to ensure timely delivery.
Deciding where to place your dumpster can get a huge effect regarding how quickly you finish endeavors. The most effective option would be to choose a location that is near the worksite. It is vital, however, to contemplate whether this location is a safe option. Make sure the place is free of obstructions that could trip people while they take heavy debris.
A lot of people choose to set dumpsters in their own driveways. This is really a handy option because it usually means you can avoid requesting the city for a license or permit. In case you have to set the dumpster on the street, then you need to contact your local government to ask whether you are required to get a permit. Although a lot of municipalities will let people keep dumpsters on the road for brief amounts of time, others will ask you to complete some paperwork. Following these rules can help you stay away from fines that can make your job more expensive.
5. Discover what services you get with your in Mount Olive.
Building Dumpster Rental in Mount Olive - Do You Need One?
Although local governments generally provide waste disposal services, not many of them will haul away construction debris. That makes it important for people to rent dumpsters so they can dispose of waste during construction projects.
The most common exception to this rule is when you've got a truck that is large enough to transport all construction debris to a landfill or landfill drop off point. If you are working on a little bathroom remodeling job, for instance, you might find that you can fit all of the debris in a truck bed.
Other than quite little projects, it's recommended that you rent a dumpster in Mount Olive for construction projects.
If you aren't certain whether your municipality accepts construction debris, contact the city for more information. You'll likely discover you will need to rent a dumpster in Mount Olive. Setting debris out for garbage removal could possibly result in fines.
What Size Dumpster Should I Get for a Residential Clean Out in Mount Olive?
When picking a dumpster, though, it's often a good idea to ask for a size larger than that which you think you'll need. Unless you are a professional, it's tough to estimate the precise size required for your project. By getting a slightly larger size, you spend a little more cash, however you also avoid the possibility you will run out of room. Renting a larger dumpster is nearly always cheaper than renting two little ones.
You can put most forms of debris into a in Mount Olive. There are, however, some exclusions. For instance, you cannot place substances into a dumpster. That includes motor oil, paints, solvents, automotive fluids, pesticides, and cleaning agents. Electronic Equipment and batteries are also prohibited. If something presents an environmental hazard, you likely cannot place it in a dumpster. Get in touch with your rental company if you are unsure.
That leaves most varieties of debris you could place in the dumpster, contain drywall, concrete, lumber, and yard waste. Just about any type of debris left from a construction job can go in the dumpster.
Particular kinds of okay debris, however, may require additional fees. In case you plan to throw away used tires, mattresses, or appliances, you should ask the rental company whether you are required to pay another fee. Adding these to your dumpster may cost anywhere from $25 to $100, depending on the thing.
Most firms in Mount Olive normally rent containers for a standard rate for 7 days, although most one-time customers end up keeping their container an average of three and a half days. When you phone to reserve the container, discussion with the customer service representative about the duration of time you believe you'll need.
In case it turns out that your job takes longer than you expected, only telephone the dumpster company to explain. Most firms will bill you on a per-day basis after your first 7 days. It's very important to communicate this added need when you understand you have it since most dumpster companies have a limited number of bins that may already be reserved. Most firms will work with you to accommodate your additional rental time. In case you believe you will need the dumpster for an additional week or more, make sure to mention that; rates may change based on a longer time frame.
All major credit cards accepted for dumpster rentals in Mount Olive.


text:
Premiere: Philly Metallers MINDLESS HOPE Launch "Paradigm" Video Single
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Watch a music video by Philly metallers Mindless Hope titled "Paradigm."
Premiere: CHAMEL3ON Launch New Single "Numbers"
Denver progressive rock trio CHAMEL3ON launch the "Numbers" single via Prog Sphere.
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Premiere: FALSE GHARIAL Spiral Into Despair with "Turning Point" Single
Singapore-based metal purveyors False Gharial launch a new single "Turning Point."
6 Useful Guitar Tips for Beginners
By Rick Griffin on March 22, 2021
Learning how to play guitar for the first time can be extremely exciting. However, many new guitar players are bound to make some mistakes, especially...
Amazing Moments That Transpired Inside Ryman Auditorium
Music has the ability to bring people together across all cultures, languages, and ages. According to Statistica, 68% of the population of people between the...
Premiere: Israeli Alt/Prog Rock Act SAFFEK Launch Animated Video for "Mad"
By Prog Sphere on March 3, 2021
Israeli alternative/progressive rock band SaffeK has launched an animated music video for the electrifying single "Mad."
GTA Vice City's V-Rock: The Best of '80s Metal
By Rick Griffin on February 23, 2021
It's been almost 20 years since Grand Theft Auto (GTA): Vice City came out in 2002. Yet somehow, it remains one of the most influential...
Premiere: THE CROWN REMNANT Launch "Storm's Edge" Lyric Video
By Prog Sphere on October 27, 2020
SoCal-based metal band The Crown Remnant have launched a lyric video for "Storm's Edge," a single taken from the upcoming album "The End of Days."


TA right? Well, an algorithm would take over your ship designs by striking a "strange but random" balance between weapons & defenses component % sliders. Whether the Engines, supports, sensors & others were left out by SD devs is an entirely different issue (or is it, really) but i fully expect them to fix or tweak this important feature in an update - eventually.
Otherwise, i (had) no choice but to leave it alone for the busy cleanup work necessary once hundreds of different designs started to fill out the available list.
When i tried to use it, it doesnt work. It doesn't generate any new designs or modify the existing design. Is there any particular way to use it?
In that case, the option (Interface:Autodesign Ships for player) on the pre-gameplay settings screen isn't active.
You don't have much control over how the auto ship designer designs ships. You can tell it to focus on the use of specific weapons (like 50% laser, 50% missiles) and specific defense types (like 50% shields, 50% armor), but you can't specify the balance between guns and defense. You also can't tell it to use HP boosting modules, engines, sensors, life support, atlas modules (fleet modules), or fleet warp bubbles. The designer also doesn't modify designs for colony ships, constructors, trade ships, etc.
Overall its quite limited, but I find you can usually trust it to build decent combat ships. I don't often design my own ships now a days. Mind you, I usually have a significant technological edge. Its difficult to design bad ships if you are using technologies better than your opponent.
Also, the game will only use the default ship templates for the civ you are playing. You can't design an awesome looking ship template and then tell the game to start using it. Modders probably know a way around it though.
How about-its a just a fairly useless feature that even if it did work properly(which it does not), would at best be, of marginal utility. Once I mastered the art of making my own designs, and disabled the boxy looking stock designs, I found the game a lot more fun. The few times I tried to use the 'focus' button, all I learned was i was spending too much time focusing on something that didn't really do anything very useful.
So I stopped trying ages ago.
My 2cents? Ignore it-make your own ships that appear in a linear fashion-building on previous designs(your own). Its much more fun-and it works. My designs hold there own even against superior numbers because the game frankly, seldom maxes the tech trees. The few times the AI has, well, damn, there ships can be tough, but that seldom happens. Even with numerical superiority , even my med and L class fleets do very well most times. I never change my designs armor types even to match the AIs preferred weapons-there is seldom any need to.