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Feasibility of sustainable provision of intradermal post exposure prophylaxis against rabies at primary care level –evidence from rural Haryana
Harshal Salve1,
Sanjeev Kumar2,
Rizwan SA1,
Sanjay K Rai1,
Shashi Kant1 &
Chandrakant S Pandav1
Rabies is the most severe and neglected public health problem in India. Management of animal bite with post exposure prophylaxis is the only existent strategy to prevent rabies related deaths. Cost-effective and sustainable programme for provision of post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is needed in India.
In this study, we have documented the experience of implementation of intra-dermal anti rabies vaccination in Animal Bite Management (ABM) clinic at Primary Health Centre (PHC). This study facility belonged to Comprehensive Rural Health Services Project, Ballabgarh in Faridabad district of Haryana. Hospital service record of ABM clinic was analyzed and various feasibility issues such as costing of services, vaccine wastage and other operational issues in providing PEP services at PHC level were documented.
A total of 619 patients were treated in the ABM clinic. Service utilization of ABM clinic was increased by 38% in the second year of implementation. Mean age of the patients was 23.9 years (SD: 18.8) and majority (70.4%) were males. Majority (86%) of the patients received the first dose of anti-rabies vaccine within the recommended 48 hours. A total 446 vaccine vials (1 ml) were consumed of which 20.8% was contributed in vaccine wastage. User-fee (350 Indian Rupees) collected from the patients. User-fee was re-used to purchase vaccines, intradermal (ID) syringes and other consumables required to ensure regular availability of ARV services at the PHC.
This study demonstrated the cost-effective and sustainable model of provision of PEP against rabies at primary care level. ID PEP provision at primary care level not only address the unmet need of animal bite management in the community also reduces the out of pocket expenditure of the patients.
Globally, annual incidence of human rabies is estimated to be between 30,000- 70,000 with more than 90% of cases reported from developing countries. This contributes to 20,000 deaths attributed to Rabies and 17.4 million cases of animal bite per annum. The highest numbers of human deaths due to rabies are observed in India and Philippines [1]. India accounts for 36% of the Global and 65% of the Asian rabies related deaths [2]. In India, a nationwide survey reported that annual incidence of animal bites was 1.7% (2003), more common in rural areas, among children and low income groups [2]. In spite of this disease burden, rabies is a neglected infectious disease in India. The main biting animals are stray dog followed by cat [2]. Rabies can be averted only by effective pre- exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) or post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) [3]. PEP includes anti-rabies vaccine administration, and for severe categories of exposure, infiltration of purified rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) in and around the wound [4]. In low and middle income countries, RIG is rarely used as it is expensive [5, 6] and not regularly available [7, 8]. Hence, only post exposure vaccination is provided to patients with animal bites [9]. In the year 2007, out of all animal bite cases, 50% received PEP in India. Out of this almost 40% got nerve tissue vaccine (NTV) due to its low cost and free availability [8]. Government of India (GOI) banned use of NTV in the year 2004, since then patients of animal bite are forced to purchase Tissue Culture Vaccine (TCV). Non-availability or irregular supply in public health system and high cost of TCV contributes to significant out-of-pocket expenditure (OOP) in the range of 1500-1800 Indian Rupees (Rs) for five doses under PEP. High OOP limits health care seeking by most of the animal bite-patients. In 1997, World Health Organization (WHO) recommended intra-dermal (ID) TCV administration in resource-poor setting [10]. Immunological response and effectiveness of PEP via intra-dermal route has been found to be similar to other intra-muscular regimens [11]. In the year 2006, GOI recommended use of ID TCV administration under PEP [12]. Although some Indian states provide TCV at free of cost through few public health facilities, erratic supply reduces its utilization. Loss of wages due to required multiple visits to the health facility has been incriminated in poor compliance to PEP. This has been also identified as a reason for increased rabies deaths especially in rural areas [12]. Therefore, the possibility of PEP provision for rabies via self-sustaining mechanism at primary care level becomes worth exploring.
As an initiative under National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), a patient welfare society or Rogi/Swasthya Kalyan Samiti (RKS/SKS) has been formed at all Primary Health Centres (PHCs) in India. The SKS is a registered society with the Medical Officer (MO) as the Chairman and selected healthcare provider and civil society representatives as members. Some funds are given to these SKSs by GOI through NRHM [13]. SKS members are authorized to utilize the funds. These societies can also levy user-fees which can be used for welfare of patients seeking healthcare. Encouraged by this financial flexibility, we planned to offer a comprehensive care package for patients with animal bite. The objective of this study is to document various feasibility issues related with provision of rabies ID-PEP services at a rural Primary Health Centre (PHC) in Haryana state in north India.
Present study was carried out in one of the PHCs under Comprehensive Rural Health Services Project (CRHSP) Ballabgarh of All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi [14]. Since more than three decades, preventive, promotive and curative services had been provided through this PHC (Chhainsa) to the population of 47, 000 (year 2012). Curative services were provided through daily general outpatient clinic at the PHC. In the latter half of the year 2010, we realized that many patients were approaching the PHC seeking treatment for animal bites. At that time, they were provided first aid and referred to district hospital for PEP. The district hospital was 30 kilometers from the PHC. The distance and OOP expenditure led to many of the patients not seeking further care as reported by health workers, Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA), and the family members themselves. At that time both government hospitals and private practitioners were following intramuscular regimen (days 0-3-7-14-28 – 90) for PEP without RIG for animal bite management.
An Animal Bite Management (ABM) clinic was started at the PHC in December 2010. Purified Chick Embryo Cell (PCEC) Vaccine and ID syringes were purchased using the funds provided by NRHM to SKS. We followed a two site (both deltoid regions), four doses (0, 3, 7, 28 days), intra-dermal regimen known as the 'Up-dated Thai Regimen'[11]. In this regimen, 0.1 ml ARV was given at both arm at deltoid region. Each patient received 0.2 ml ARV on vaccination day. We considered Day 0 as the day of administration of first dose of ID rabies vaccine, and this may or may not be the day of animal bite. Day 14 was skipped as compared to the IM regimen. In case of a bite-site on the arm, the vaccine was given by the ID route on supra-scapular areas [5]. Since the patient load was expected to be small at the beginning of this service, we decided to offer vaccination on fixed days (Mondays, Wednesdays and Saturdays). The schedule was made so. If a patient reported on other days, and if the next vaccination day was within 2 days (48 hours) of the date of exposure, patient was called on the that day for PEP.
In the ABM clinic, we followed WHO protocol for animal bite management. After confirmation of diagnosis, we provided thorough wound washing with soap and running water, wound care and tetanus prophylaxis (if not given before). We collected information on socio-demographic characteristics; earlier history of animal bite and PEP, selected characteristics of the biting animal. The provider then assessed the wound and decided on PEP schedule including other symptomatic treatment and antibiotics. Advices were given emphasizing the severity of rabies and the need to adhere to the schedule, do's and don'ts in case of animal bite. For cases requiring RIG, referral was made to the district hospital. The SKS committee decided to levy Rs. 350 from users of ABM Clinic services. Very poor patients, widows and patients belonging to Below Poverty Line (BPL) were exempted from the payment of user-fee.
Record of the patients in the form of brief exposure history, previous PEP history and socio-demographic information was maintained. This record was obtained and maintained by the staff nurses and ANM posted at the PHC. Contact numbers of the individual patients were collected to do follow up and to remind patients of PEP scheduled date in case of default. In the follow up, information about any vaccine related side effects and rabies related deaths were obtained on telephone. Record of user-fee collected was maintained by the medical officer in-charge. A separate account in a nationalized bank was maintained by the medical officer in-charge on behalf of SKS to deposit the amount so collected from PEP. The SKS commissioned yearly audit of account by the authority from district headquarter according to NRHM guidelines.
Training of PHC staff
ID PEP was administered by staff nurses/ANM posted at the PHC. These staff nurses/ANM were involved in routine vaccination programme and had adequate technical skills in ID administration of ARV which was reinforced from time to time. Sensitization of PHC staff regarding cause of rabies, transmission of rabies, preventive measures and ID PEP was carried out by the medical officers posted at the PHC [5].
Information Education and Communication (IEC)
Health workers, ASHA, Anganwadi worker (AWW) and opinion leaders of the community such as village headman (Sarpanch), school teacher etc. were involved in IEC. This helped in improved use of ABM services at the PHC (Figure 1).
Distribution of ABM clinic attendee by period (Jan 2011 to Dec 2012).
In this paper, we have described our experience of ABM clinic from January 2011 to December 2012. We explored various feasibility issues such as cost effectiveness, vaccine wastage and other operational issues in providing PEP services at PHC level.
Ethical clearance for the study was obtained from Ethical Committee of All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi.
Socio-demographic profile of patients attending ABM clinic
A total of 619 patients were treated in the ABM clinic of PHC. Service use of ABM clinic was increased by 38% in the year 2012 as compared to year 2011. Patient burden at ABM clinic showed increasing trend during study period (Figure 1). Mean age of the patients was 23.9 years (SD: 18.8) and majority (70.4%) were males (Table 1).
Table 1 Socio-demographic profile of the patients attended ABM clinic (N = 619)
Characteristics of the treatment availed at ABM clinic
Nearly 495 (80%) of the wounds were bleeding wounds (Class III). In about 99 (16%), the skin was just broken (Class II), and in 25 (4%) the skin was intact (Class I). Majority 533 (86%) of the patients received the first dose of ARV within the recommended 48 hours. Mean (SD) time interval between exposure and first dose of ARV was 2.2 days (SD: 4.2). Of total, 452 (73.0%) patients completed full course of PEP. Among the patients who completed treatment, 375 (82.8%) adhered to the schedule. None of the patients received PEP reported with any severe complication due to vaccine or rabies related death during one year post vaccination.
Consumption of vaccines and other consumables
During study period, 619 animal bite-patients reported to the ABM clinic, and a total 446 vaccine vials (1 ml) were consumed for PEP. One vial was used to vaccinate five patients (0.2 ml each) on the scheduled vaccination day. As per the recommendations of the manufacturer opened vial was used within 8 hours of reconstitution. The remaining vaccine, if any, was thereafter discarded. This resulted in 892 ID doses (~90 vials) being wasted. In total, 1890 ID syringes were used during study period for PEP.
Vaccine was stored in Ice-lined refrigerator (ILR) at 4 to 8 Degree Celsius along with other vaccines under routine immunization programme. ILR with capacity of 70 litters was found to be enough for storage of 100 vaccine vials at any given point of time. The ANM posted at PHC maintained the temperature record for ILR twice daily. Record showed that temperature was maintained at 2 – 8 degree Celsius throughout the study period.
Costing of the services
ARV was not available through government supply. In the initial period, vaccine was bought through the funds available at PHC under SKS funds following prescribed norms. The cost of one vial that contained 1 ml or 5 ID doses was Rs. 300. User-fee (Rs. 350) collected from the patients was re-used to purchase vaccines, ID syringes and other consumables required to make sure regular availability of PEP services at the PHC. One vial and four ID syringes were used to complete PEP schedule for one patient. Hence, total average cost incurred for provision of PEP to one patient was Rs. 315. Thus we gained Rs. 35 from each user charge paying patient. This mechanism helped us to offer this service to poor patients free of cost and to compensate for vaccine wastage. During study period, 76 (12.3%) patients were exempted from the user-fee. Vaccine wastage cost around Rs. 2700 during period of two years. Other services such as tetanus toxoid, first-aid and antibiotics were provided free of cost to all the patients.
Burden on existing health staff providing the services
Daily patient (old + new) load at ABM clinic was 20-25. Nursing staff had to spend 6-8 minutes per patient for ARV administration and record filling. This resulted in 120-200 minutes per ARV vaccination day. Medical Officer In-charge had to spend approximately 24 hours per month for supervision and procurement of vaccines and other consumables for ABM clinic.
In this study, we have documented our experience of providing of Rabies PEP and related care at primary care level in rural community of north India. The PCEC vaccine used in the ABM clinic has been considered to generate equal immunological response as that of HDC vaccine but at a cheaper rate [15]. Intradermal Up-dated Thai Regimen (2 -2 -2-0-2) was used for PEP whose safety and immunogenicity is well documented in Indian population [16]. Usefulness and cost-effectiveness of ID ARV among population who cannot afford it is also well documented [17]. High attendance in ABM clinic reflected acceptance and utility of ARV services at primary care level. This programme can serve as a model for delivery of this service in resource-poor setting using the nationally approved funding and treatment guidelines. Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) has already approved PCECV for use of reduced dosage intra-dermal vaccination regimen in rabies PEP [14].
The NRHM has endorsed user-fee strategy to create local resources which would then be utilized locally to improve service availability and quality [13]. In developing country like India, user-fee mechanism affects the utilization of health service by increasing OOP expenditure and limitation to access to health service by ability to pay [18]. Patients had to pay 75% - 80% less amount to avail PEP from the PHC as compared to that of private practitioners who usually charged Rs. 1800 to Rs. 1900. If ARV services were available at district hospital free of cost, then patient from study area had to travel approximately 20-30 kilometers to avail the service. For travel by usually available mode of transport the patient would have spent approximately Rs. 40 - Rs. 60 for each of the five visits. Hence, an amount of Rs. 200 - Rs.300 travel would have been incurred by the patient on account of travel cost. Most of the patients of ABM clinic were daily wage laborer; hence availing services at district hospital would have cost loss of daily wage Rs. 200 - Rs. 300 per visit. Patient had to make five visits to complete the ARV IM schedule. Hence, total OOP for the patient due to animal bite could have been Rs. 1200 to Rs. 1800. However, this study demonstrated 70% - 80% reduction in OOP expenditure of patients on ARV. Also, indirect cost involved in terms of man-hour cost, travel time and expenses per visit was reduced. This was also evident from yearly increase in ABM clinic service use at PHC in this study.
Majority of patients that attended ABM clinic were of younger age group and males. The incidence of animal bites has been reported to be higher in these groups [3]. Majority of the attendees reported residing far from the PHC (>5 kms away). This could be attributed to widespread unmet need and acceptability of ARV services in the community. One fourth of the patients did not complete entire PEP regimen. Similar findings were reported by Rasania et al. in their study at Primary Health Center in New Delhi [19]. This could be due to the need of multiple visits to health facility and hence having economic consequences to the patients.
In this study, ID ARV was provided by nursing staff posted at PHC who were already trained in ID BCG vaccination in routine immunization programme. Hence, availability of healthcare provider for ID route of administration would not be an issue if the model is emulated elsewhere in the country in similar setting. The ABM services can be provided as part of the existing primary health setting and no extra human resources and funds need to be mobilized.
In the initial phases of clinic, patient load was low. ABM clinic was operational for three days week (Monday, Wednesday and Saturday) (Figure 1). One of the limitations encountered with this method was that the day 3 dose fell on the 2nd day for patients receiving the first dose on Mondays and Saturdays. However this was essential to minimize vaccine wastage. Also, significant amount of duty time (8 – 10 minute per person) of staff nurse/ANM was expended for PEP on vaccination day. Anti-rabies passive prophylaxis was not provided due to high cost. But needy patients were referred to higher centers for the same. None of the previous study in India has reported use of anti-rabies antibody in public health system perhaps due to non-availability in government supply and high cost [2, 20].
PEP service was not provided on all days in week to minimize the vaccine wastage. This limitation could be overcome by providing this service on all days a week provided patient load increased to an optimum level. Exemption from user-fees was provided on the basis of availability of BPL cards irrespective of actual socio-economic status of the family. This limitation was also documented in studies evaluating user-fees dependent services [20]. This financial mechanism will not be relevant where regular ARV is provided through government supply at primary care level as prevalent in many states of India.
This study provides initial evidence of sustainable and cost effective model of PEP against rabies services provision at primary care level where its availability through government supply is a problem. It can also be argued that provision of such services may increase the trust of public in government healthcare system and increase the utilization of other services available but not popular at primary care level. Provision of services at primary care level will be one the way to attract population towards public health sectors.
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Authors are thankful to Dr. Rakesh Kumar, Indian Collation for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD), New Delhi for proof-reading and copyediting the manuscript.
Centre for Community Medicine, Old OT Block, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
Harshal Salve, Rizwan SA, Sanjay K Rai, Shashi Kant & Chandrakant S Pandav
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
Harshal Salve
Rizwan SA
Sanjay K Rai
Chandrakant S Pandav
Correspondence to Harshal Salve.
HS, SK, SKR, SK conceived and designed the study, HS, RSA contributed in acquisition of data, data analysis and interpretation of data, HS & SK drafted the manuscript. SKR, SK & PCS provided critical inputs to the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript.
Salve, H., Kumar, S., SA, R. et al. Feasibility of sustainable provision of intradermal post exposure prophylaxis against rabies at primary care level –evidence from rural Haryana. BMC Health Serv Res 14, 278 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-278
Intra-dermal PEP


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What is positively different about social entrepreneurs?
Doing good business well
· Entrepreneurship
What differentiates social entrepreneurs from just plain entrepreneurs is that they focus on business as a powerful vehicle for contributing to the Common Good. Social entrepreneurship is about doing good business well in a way that benefits are shared among all stakeholders.
Today the concept of the Common Good may seem antiquated or even a bit corny. But it is as relevant today as it was when the Founding Fathers of America embraced it as a basic virtue. The Common Good, as defined by Robert Reich in his most recent book entitled The Common Good (2018), is about inclusion; it's about joining together to achieve common goals in benefit of all.
Our Founding Fathers understood that "the best way to preserve freedom was through people fiercely committed to it". Although at America's founding, the common good didn't include African Americans or Native Americans, and women and the non-propertied poor couldn't vote, the Founding Fathers nevertheless embraced a concern for the common good as the basic virtue that would protect against authoritarian rule.
The practice of this virtue is what Frenchman Alexis de Tocqueville referred to as the "habits of the heart", which emerged from America's experience in self-government. These habits focused on putting public responsibility over selfish interest. But it was not, as Reich points out, mainly about generosity towards those in need. It was about giving others an equal chance to succeed by doing what John Winthrop, the first elected governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, referred to as the freedom to do that "which is good, just and honest".
Social entrepreneurship is the rapt expression of that founding idea of the Common Good as a national virtue. It is today's most powerful vehicle for addressing America's, and the world's, most pressing social, economic, environmental, geopolitical challenges.
In practice, social entrepreneurship focuses on pursuing business responsibly, based on a belief in America's founding principles: life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness; equality, natural rights and consent of the governed; religious freedom, private property and the rule of law; constitutionalism, self-government and independence. These are the principles that define the Common Good that binds us together as Americans.
Social entrepreneurs "walk the talk" behind those principles, by focusing on what the British philosopher John Stuart Mill meant when he wrote in his autobiography that "Those only are happy who have their minds fixed…on the happiness of others, on the improvement of mankind, even on some art or pursuit, followed not as a means, but as itself an ideal end." This is what Sally Osberg, President and CEO of the Skoll Foundation, refers to as "getting beyond better" by driving change where it matters most for the Common Good.
That is the very nature of social entrepreneurship: the sum total of reflection + action + transformation of the status quo, which leads to an equilibrium change through new approaches to old and pernicious problems. The result tips society to a new and better state.
Social entrepreneurship may be the newest business buzz word for those looking for inspirational business approaches to disrupt the status quo of the anything-for-profits-and-growth ethos. But it should not be confused with the business of philanthropy or charity. It is neither.
The goal of social entrepreneurship is doing profitable business for good, in both senses of the word, for the common good and sustainably.
Astrid Ruiz Thierry, Principal, UpBoost LLC
Who is a Good Leader?
Leadership in the Eye of the Storm

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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We make up lots of the names that you see on AllStars and ProRodz vehicles but this one is the real deal. Castro got permission from Wahoo's, the fish taco restaurant chain in California, Colorado and Texas. He used authentic graphics to make this low-down 1:25 scale VW Samba, #31022. For info about Wahoo's, go to http://www.wahoos.com (as usual, Maisto is not responsible for the content on other websites).
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In Praise of Uncle Toms
May 31, 2011 , by Sebastian Bennett
A former collegiate basketball star has taken leave of his senses during March Madness. In his ESPN documentary about the "Fab Five," the renowned group of basketball standouts at Michigan in the early 1990s, Jalen Rose, a former NBA player who was among the highly-talented group, lashes out at his onetime black rivals from Duke, calling them Uncle Toms.
What prompts the outburst? In his documentary, which aired ahead of college basketball's annual March tournament, Rose explains: "For me, Duke was personal. I hated Duke. And I hated everything I felt Duke stood for. Schools like Duke didn't recruit players like me. I felt like they only recruited black players that were Uncle Toms."
Asked to elaborate, Rose, who was raised by a single mother in hardscrabble circumstances, added, "Well, certain schools recruit a typical kind of player whether the world admits it or not. And Duke is one of those schools. They recruit black players from polished families, accomplished families. And that's fine. That's okay. But when you're an inner-city kid playing in a public school league, you know that certain schools aren't going to recruit you."
The New York Times' William Rhoden notes that Rose would have a stronger case if he and his African-American teammates had enrolled at a historically black college. "The reality is that, by the strict standards of black empowerment, [neither Duke players of color] nor the Fab Five did the black community any favors," he writes. "[They] simply made a wealthy white institution wealthier." Rhoden's right. Michigan's sports revenues, for example, tripled to $6 million during the Fab Five period in the early 1990s. What's wrong with that? Nothing. But the school's poor record of educating some of its cash cows is an outrage: the graduation rate of its black basketball players, most of whom will not make the pros, is a paltry 33 percent, versus 100 percent for their white teammates.
Rose would also be better placed to cast aspersions but for a scandal that engulfed Michigan's basketball program during the Fab Five era. The episode, which involved massive illicit payments to players by a booster, cost Michigan's basketball coach his job and led to a host of penalties against the school. An official with the National Collegiate Athletic Association called it, "One of the three or four most egregious violations of NCAA bylaws in the history of the association."
However, even though the Fab Five were not, pardon the expression, whiter than white, Rose may still have a point. Duke might target blacks from relatively well-to-do families. But so what? This might simply reflect the sad reality that those black (and white) student-athletes best equipped to handle a rigorous curriculum at a top university that takes its scholastic responsibilities seriously may come from relatively affluent milieus. That eighty-nine percent of Duke's black male basketball players graduate suggests that the school is doing something right.
More interesting still, Rose's critique singles out one Duke star in particular. "I was jealous of Grant Hill," he admits. "He came from a great black family [with two successful parents]." The blunt admission suggests that Rose's indignation does not stem from Duke's supposedly elitist recruiting policy alone. It's more complex. Rose condemns the allegedly biased policy and the black sellouts that are its beneficiaries, and yet he also longs to be one of those rarified recruits that he calls Uncle Toms.
Doug Robinson of Deseret News spots in Rose's observation a troubling dynamic. "Rose's statement reflects a division in black America," he writes. "Nearly 70 percent of black children live in single-parent families and apparently that has fomented resentment toward blacks who embrace traditional families, education and success. To listen to Rose, it means they have done it to ingratiate themselves to whites." Robinson might add that to listen to Rose is to also hear the voice of envy—an envy undoubtedly fueling his resentment.
Rose's choice of epithets rounds out this sordid story. The term he uses comes from Harriet Beecher Stowe's 1852 novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin. In the book, a noble black slave, Uncle Tom, is brutally killed by his sadistic master after refusing to reveal the whereabouts of two runaway slaves.
Beecher Stowe's novel became a sensation. Only the Bible outsold it in the 19th century. One leading politician at the time even credited it for Lincoln's election. Inevitably, a backlash to such a powerful work by those committed to the ugly status quo ensued. Thus, Uncle Tom, a Christ-like martyr, was recast as a credulous dupe. Uncle Tom therefore became a term of derision, and eventually morphed into its even more pejorative present-day meaning, a black sellout who "acts white."
Rose has bought into a similar racist canard, as he conflates positive values like polish and accomplishment with white skin, while characterizing blacks possessing those attributes as treacherously inauthentic. What sort of person has such a miserable image of his own race? A fake Uncle Tom, not one that Beecher Stowe would recognize.


If you are looking for a good printer that provides high quality and perfect resolution in each of the functions, then you have to look at the series of HP products. The product that has been released several times ago has the functions that can make you feel satisfy with the results. It is HP PhotoSmart 5525 which is perfect to be placed whether in your office space or in your home office. This printer allows you to do any jobs such as printing and copying with good results and easy operation.
HP PhotoSmart 5525 has the standard memory and maximum supported memory up to 64 GB. This number is quite large for a memory in its printer's range. You will find that this printer has the automatic duplex that can make it much easier. The resolution of maximum printing is around 1200 x 600 dpi for monochrome mode and 4800 x 1200 dpi for color mode while the maximum printing speed is around 23 ppm for monochrome mode and 22 ppm for color mode. Those numbers are fantastic for such a printing machine.
In addition, HP PhotoSmart 5525 has maximum copying speed in around 23 ppm and the resolution is around 600 dpi for monochrome and for color mode. This printer has many features and functions that you should not ignore it and you may be thankful with the printing machine that helps you in doing your job.


An important milestone was reached in Monkstown recently with the installation of the underground structure that will house the pumping station at Monkstown carpark. This structure or 'caisson' was built above ground and then sunk into its final position in order to minimise the time and disruption associated with constructing it underground.
Irish Water's Project Manager Deaglan Healy commented "Irish Water is immensely proud to be involved in cleaning up Cork Lower Harbour. With this project, we will eliminate the discharge of raw sewage into its waters and ensure that all wastewater is treated to the very highest standards before being returned safely to the environment.
The benefits of this work are clear. It will mean a cleaner harbour for all, enhancing its amenity value for local people and visitors to the area. It will facilitate the future growth and development of the Lower Harbour area by providing the infrastructure needed to support new homes and businesses. And it will ensure that we are compliant with all European and national legislation in relation to the treatment of wastewater.
For more information or to find out the latest new and updates, visit our dedicated section on Cork Lower Harbour.


Leading provider of online and in-person technical, maintenance, and continuing education industrial skills training.
TPC was founded in 1969. Frontenac recapitalized the company in 2018 alongside the acquisition of JADE Learning.


According to his biography, Indonesian director Arhan Arunika or Muhammed Abdillah Farhan has already directed a number of feature films and documentaries. He still studies Film and Television at Jakarta University of Arts and if you care to look at his profile on Facebook, he is "living [his] dream" of being a freelance writer and filmmaker. His latest short feature is called "Fana" and deals with the beginning and end of a relationship.
Fana (Alfpinka Mutia) and Bara (Fery Ardian) have been a couple for some time now and are still very much in love. However, as another man (Rizky Yudha) enter their relationship, jealousy takes hold of their relationship and first arguments start between them.
On the surface, "Fana" with its almost four minutes of running time tells possibly one of the oldest, but nevertheless universal stories there is to tell. The images of Muhana Raihan's camera capture the idyll of a love relationship with the stereotypical, almost corny sequences of the male playing the guitar to impress the girl, them holding hands at the beach and sitting by a cozy campfire. Even as the eventual first cracks in this relationship become obvious, "Fana" never truly leaves this kind of approach to the story.
However, given the duration of the film and the contrasting nature of the images, there may be a hidden truth underneath this narrative. Indeed Arunika has organized his feature not as a "mere" narration but as a symbolic work, boiling down the essence of love as well as its eventual absence. Jealousy is a dark chamber in which the one affected is tied down helplessly, trying to figure out the meaning of certain acts, pictures or statements. The pose of a person in a picture, as one of the characters points out, may be "unnatural" but in a symbolic, heightened reality, such as the one in this film, this reveals the true crime of being held hostage by perhaps misleading emotions.
In the end, "Fana" is an interesting short film, well-executed and photographed by Arunika and his crew. Given his approach to cinematic symbolism, the structure of each frame as well as the sheer beauty of the film, this is a director you should watch out for. Hopefully, this talented young director will make a longer feature soon for this short one holds a lot of promise.


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Veterinary /
Eye Diseases and Disorders /
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Ophthalmic Manifestations of Systemic Diseases
Which of the following treatments is most appropriate for the resolution of established entropion in a dog?
Palpebral nerve blocks
Subcutaneous injection of procaine penicillin into the inverted eyelid
Surgical correction
Temporary stay sutures
Kirk N. Gelatt
, VMD, DACVO, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida
Last full review/revision Jun 2014 | Content last modified Apr 2015
Intraocular hemorrhages with systemic hypertension, aged cat
Conjunctival habronemiasis, horse
Ophthalmic manifestations of systemic diseases are not uncommon with inherited, infectious, degenerative, and neoplastic disorders in animals. Often, ophthalmic examinations can assist in timely identification of the systemic disorder. Diseases affecting the vascular and nervous systems are likely to show ocular manifestations. Animals with bilateral ocular disease should be carefully evaluated for systemic diseases.
In dogs, ophthalmic diseases, such as retinal dysplasia, microphthalmia, and cataracts, have been associated with dwarfism, albinism, and merling. Infectious diseases often involve the uveal tract and present as iridocyclitis, choroiditis, and panuveitis. They may be caused by viruses (distemper, infectious hepatitis), rickettsial diseases (ehrlichiosis and Rocky Mountain spotted fever), bacteria (Brucella canis and Borrelia burgdorferi), fungi (Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Histoplasma, Cryptococcus, and Aspergillus), protozoa (Toxoplasma, Neospora, Leishmania, and Hepatozoon), algae (Prototheca), or parasites (Dirofilaria, Toxocara, and Diptera spp). Metabolic diseases associated with eye diseases in the dog include diabetes mellitus (cataract formation), hypocalcemia (cataracts), hyperadrenocorticism (corneal disease, cataracts, and lipemia retinalis), and hypothyroidism (keratoconjunctivitis sicca, intraocular hemorrhages from increased systemic blood pressure, and lipemia retinalis [hyperlipidemia]). Blood and vascular disorders may present as intraocular hemorrhage, retinal detachment, secondary glaucoma, and papilledema. Metastatic neoplasms, such as lymphosarcoma, most often affect the uvea, presenting as persistent uveitis, overt intraocular masses, intraocular hemorrhage, secondary glaucoma, or retinal detachment.
In cats, systemic diseases frequently affect the eye and associated structures. Eyelid inflammations are often associated with systemic Demodex cati and D gatoi, Notoedres cati (scabies), ringworm, and immune-mediated skin diseases. The pathogens that commonly cause infectious diseases of cats, eg, feline herpesvirus 1, Chlamydia, and Mycoplasma, frequently present as acute and recurrent conjunctivitis. Feline herpesvirus 1 is also associated with ulcerative and stromal keratitis, proliferative keratoconjunctivitis, corneal sequestrum, corneal symblepharon, and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Feline infectious peritonitis, toxoplasmosis, feline immunodeficiency virus, and feline leukemia virus often present as anterior and posterior uveitis, chronic uveitis, retinal detachment, and secondary glaucoma. Acute vision loss with intraocular hemorrhage and retinal detachment in older cats may be secondary to systemic hypertension and is often associated with chronic renal failure or hyperthyroidism. Resolution of intraocular hemorrhages, repair of the retinal detachment, and possible restoration of vision depends on the successful lowering of blood pressure to normal levels, often using amlodipine, an oral calcium channel blocker.
In horses, systemic infectious diseases, such as adenovirus in immunodeficient Arabian foals, equine influenza, strangles (Streptococcus equi), Rhodococcus equi infection, leptospirosis, Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi), and salmonellosis, may present as conjunctivitis, anterior uveitis, or posterior uveitis. Ophthalmic onchocerciasis can be markedly reduced by frequent administration of ivermectin but can present with anterior and posterior uveitis, peripapillary chorioretinitis, keratitis, keratoconjunctivitis, or lateral conjunctival vitiligo. Habronemiasis presents with inflammatory conjunctival masses of the periocular area (especially the medial canthus) associated with the aberrant migration of larvae of Habronema muscae, H microstoma, and Draschia megastoma. Therapy is usually systemic ivermectin.
In cattle, microphthalmia, cataracts, retinal dysplasia, and retinal detachments are associated with hydrocephalus and in utero infection of calves with bovine viral diarrhea. The same ophthalmic defects occur in lambs affected in utero with bluetongue virus. Vitamin A deficiency in piglets causes microphthalmia, and in calves blindness and optic nerve hypoplasia. Vitamin A deficiency in adult or growing cattle results in night blindness, mydriasis, and eventually total blindness. Ophthalmoscopic abnormalities include papilledema, retinal degeneration, and optic nerve atrophy. Vitamin A supplementation may restore vision in animals with night blindness only. Lymphosarcoma in cattle may present as bilateral progressive exophthalmia. Many infectious diseases, such as rhinotracheitis, malignant catarrhal fever, thromboembolic meningoencephalitis, and neonatal septicemia, may present with conjunctivitis or anterior or posterior uveitis. Intoxications such as male fern poisoning (Dryopteris filix), bracken fern poisoning (Pteridium aquilinum) in sheep, coumarin poisoning (sweet clover poisoning) in cattle, and phenothiazine toxicity in cattle present with clinical signs of blindness from retinal degeneration, intraocular hemorrhage, or corneal edema. (Also see Toxicology Introduction Toxicology Introduction read more .)
Chlamydial Conjunctivitis in Animals
Noninfectious Diseases of Rabbits
Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases of Rabbits
Eye Disorders Resulting from Generalized Diseases
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PRIME MINISTER RUGUNDA LAUNCHES PACOB FOR FY 2017/18
Home/General News, News and Events, Prime Ministers News/PRIME MINISTER RUGUNDA LAUNCHES PACOB FOR FY 2017/18
Prime Minister Rugunda on Thursday launched the inaugural meeting of the Presidential Advisory Committee on Budget (PACOB) for FY 2017/18 at the Conference Hall of the Office of the President in Kampala.
Speaking at the meeting, the Prime Minister said that the NRM Government was committed to deliver vision 2040, and in the medium term, the second National Development plan through the works of PACOB which all aim at transforming Uganda into a middle income country by 2020.
PM Rugunda chairs the inaugural PACOB meeting at the office of the President Conference Hall on Thursday. seated next to PM is Govt Chief Whip, Ruth Nankabirwa and OPM PS Christine Guwatudde (Photo by PMPU)
The Premier also said that the NRM government under the leadership of his Excellency the President, is now placing more emphasis on prioritisation, elaborate implementation planning, and a business oriented approach to implementation across government agencies to improve service delivery.
He called upon the members of PACOB to work towards contributing to the strategic challenge of taking Uganda to a middle income status in the next 4-5years as outlined by the PACOB strategy.
"This ambition requires meticulous strategies, detailed implementation planning, full alignment of sectoral budgets to priorities, and well-organised and accountable implementation," Dr Rugunda said.
Rugunda also emphasized to the members of PACOB to work within the critical priorities for Uganda's transformation agenda as outlined by the President in the 23 strategic guidelines and directives anchored on investment, industrialisation, wealth creation and service delivery.
The Premier however noted that a number of challenges still hinder national development and the transformation process of Uganda including slow implementation of programs and projects as well as poor budget formulation which limit the capacity necessary to generate resources for implementation.
Dr Rugunda called for strengthening of the alignment of the budget to top priorities as such improving the quality of primary education and the quality of health services among others. He also called for promotion of production, productivity, investment and export in order to overcome the challenges that hinder progress and national development of the country.
The Government Chief whip, Ruth Nankabirwa, advised the PACOB committee to ensure that all their activities aim at supporting the sectors in the priority budget, identifying other sources of revenue to enhance budget allocation and advising government on how to improve service delivery among others.
Christine Guwatudde, the Permanent Secretary of the Office of the Prime Minister urged members to support PACOB activities by working within the allocated time limit if they are to enhance the quality of service delivery which will usher Uganda into a middle income status by 2020.
The Presidential Advisory Committee on Budget is made up of 35 members including H.E the President, Vice President, Prime Minister, Ministers, Members of Parliament and Former Members of Parliament.
It has 5 sub-committees which include Social services, physical infrastructure, governance, and agriculture, trade, industry and tourism.
By Tumusiime Franklin| 2017-01-11T17:35:59+03:00	October 10th, 2016|Categories: General News, News and Events, Prime Ministers News|0 Comments
4 − two =


The roller skates. And the "skill" on said roller skates! Skates!
The green jumpsuits. Correction : The 'matching', green jumpsuits.
The graffitied parking lot. And one location.
The licorice. Though we hope it was an organic one because Twizzlers are crazy toxic. This one from Newman's Own has far safer ingredients + Newman's Own gives all profits to charity (not to Monsanto and their sue-happy, health-destroying company).
The farewell wave. In a pink-accented room. With a jaguar and trophy. And a fan with pink ribbons.
0 comments to "It's Good To Hear & Watch: Jungle's "The Heat""


Smetana's enduringly popular Overture crackles with energy, while Sibelius' Violin Concerto, written for the virtuoso the composer never became, smoulders with passion and opens with one of the most hauntingly beautiful passages ever penned by this Finnish composer. From Romantic fervour we enter Berlioz's hallucinogenic soundscape peopled by a tormented lover, an executioner and cavorting witches. This strikingly original symphonic journey has long been associated with the Hallé who gave its first complete performance in England in January 1879. This concert will be conducted by Sir Mark Elder featuring violinist Viktoria Mullova.
This is an event managed by Cardiff St David's Hall. For more information, please visit the Cardiff St David's Hall booking page.


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The Three Art Exhibits You Need to See in Paris, Now
The must-see exhibits in Paris right now: Miss Dior at Grand Palais, Brassaï, Pour l'amour de Paris at Hôtel de Ville, and Pixar, 25 Ans D'Animation at Art Ludique.
By Carin Olsson
Carin Olsson
In a culture-rich city like Paris, fascinating museum exhibitions abound all year round. Whether it's fashion, photography, fine art, or animation that piques your interest, the City of Lights has something for you. These are our picks for the coolest exhibits in Paris this fall and winter.
Miss Dior by Raf Simons: Dresses designed for Natalie Portman.
"Miss Dior" at Grand Palais
WHAT YOU'LL SEE: This startlingly beautiful exhibition will take you on a journey through time and fashion, through style icons like Grace Kelly, Elizabeth Taylor, and Natalie Portman—all muses of Monsieur Dior. You'll have the chance to feast your eyes on breathtaking couture dresses designed by Raf Simons for Dior, and admire a million glossy versions of the iconic, ever-changing "Miss Dior" perfume bottle.
ADMISSION FEE: Free.
DATES: Ends November 25. (Avenue Winston Churchill; +33 01-43-59-76-78)
Le Premier Bateau, 1929. Photographed by Brassaï
Courtesy Brassaï/Hotel de Ville
"Brassaï, Pour l'amour de Paris" at Hôtel de Ville
WHAT YOU'LL SEE: This exhibition, featuring 1930s black and white photographs by the Hungarian photographer Brassaï, feels more like a tribute to the city of Paris itself than anything else. You'll feel transported back to the time when these photographs were taken, and get goosebumps walking out of the Hôtel de Ville into the very same streets Brassaï's photographs were taken on several decades ago.
ADMISSION FEE: Free
DATES: Ends March 8. (1 Place de Hôtel de Ville; +33 01-42-76-40-40)
Ratatouille animation, Exposition Pixar
Courtesy Exposition Pixar/Art Ludique
"Pixar, 25 Ans D'Animation" at Art Ludique
WHAT YOU'LL SEE: In the 13th arrondissement, as a part of Les Docks en Seine, which is the home to la Cité de la Mode et du Design as well, you'll find the new museum Art Ludique. Say hello to Sully from Monsters Inc., look at original sketches from Finding Nemo, and see how the characters in Toy Story came about! (Note: The Pixar exhibition was previously shown at the Museum of Modern Art in New York).
ADMISSION FEE: 14€ for adults, 8,5€ for children between 4-12 years old.
DATES: Ends March 2. (Cité de la Mode et du Design, 34 Quai d'Austerlitz; +33 01-40-53-30-22).
More on Paris:
The Best New Restaurants in Paris
What to Buy When You're in Paris
Where to Get Amazing Coffee in Paris
TopicsArts & Culture


Game cloning? Does it have anything to do with Dolly the sheep or stormtroopers? Every game developer who has had the sad opportunity to experience it first-hand knows that is not the case. If and when they decide to provide an account of what they went through, the rest of us can learn what can be done to avoid or at least prepare for such a scenario. Only a few days ago we found out that someone took the liberty of making as part of the "cloned" crowd. Time to share our story.
We released our debut title 60 Seconds! on desktop computers back in 2015. It originally started off as a simple Unity prototype with the intent to test if the engine would be a good fit for us. Almost two years later we had a game that was ready to ship, severe sleep deprivation and spines that resembled a nicely calligraphed letter 'S'. We were hopeful 60 Seconds! would provide enough to keep our studio, Robot Gentleman, going. Its success caught us by surprise. The degree of freedom it gave us was astonishing and terrifying. It took us a few months to figure out how to operate and make sure we do not do anything silly, such as buying a maniac mansion or expanding our team like crazy. After coming back from Indiecade 2015 finals we decided we would love to see 60 Seconds! on more platforms. Player feedback and our own gut feeling pointed towards the same direction: mobile was the way to go.
We decided to approach the project cautiously and start with the iOS version. This move was rationalised by going for a premium sales model and the intention to limit the supported hardware. The happy day came in September 2016 when the game was unleashed on iPad and iPhone users. We were enthusiastic to see the price tag was not discouraging for our audiences and within three months mobile 60 Seconds! was played by over 100 thousand players. This was a great complement to the 300 thousand sales mark on Steam. Crossing that line and feedback from our fans set our eyes on Android.
We were certain that if by this time there were no incidents of cloning our game, we should be fine. 60 Seconds! was too small of a deal to get ripped-off by income-hungry corporate-sized cloners , but also too complex to be easily replicated by a tiny team . Vlambeer's experiences with Ninja Fishing  seemed like the only scenario that may have been a viable threat to us. What we did not anticipate was that someone had a different idea on how to monetise our success for their own means.
On 13th of January 2017 a malware/adware clone of 60 Seconds! found its way to the Google Play store.
It didn't seem very serious at first. Someone made a simple app with stolen assets from our game and its marketing art. The app would only load what looked like the main menu from 60 Seconds!. Any interaction with it brought up a loading screen, which generated tons of ads. Just before the loading was to be concluded the app crashed. With a lot of folks eagerly waiting for 60 Seconds! to be released on Android, and all the attention other versions of the game received, it was inevitable that downloads would spike soon. The fact that it was made available for free did not help and also made players overlook the fact that the app requested a wide spectrum of access privileges on their devices.
When we found out on the 16th the number of players was still below 5000. Quite a few of the reviewers who downvoted the game did not realise it was not the official version of the game from Robot Gentleman. We were concerned some of our fans may think we are responsible for this atrocity. To counteract we immediately reached out to Google, reporting the incident with their copyright infringement forms and attempted to contact people at Google we've met personally in the past.
As of the 22nd of January we have not heard back from any of them, despite following up on the issue through formal and informal channels. What is worse, the app climbed to 50k - 100k downloads and another, similar malware clone was uploaded to Google Play. Tracing the account that released the first app we found out that a similar strategy was used with three other games before. These clones were either banned by Google or taken down by the "developers" themselves.
This case may not be as bad as some other cloning scenarios. When discussing the Ridiculous Fishing cloning, Rami Ismail from Vlambeer  claimed that they have lost a million dollars to the team that ripped their game off. Luckily for us, we are not losing potential revenue. Not yet, anyway. However, the damage caused by whoever malwared our game may be very real. We care about our player community, present and future, and we consider this a problem that should not be ignored. Some players believe what they are downloading is the official release of 60 Seconds!. In fact, we only found out about the malware clone, because one of our fans contacted us through Facebook with a request to fix the Android version of the game. We cannot be entirely sure how this situation will develop. It may affect the popularity of our game on Android, should we decide to enter Google Play, as well as impact the game's and studio's reputation.
This problem could have been resolved at the app review stage, but it would seem that Google Play's review process, which supposedly involves human in the procedure , did not work. Still, averting the damage was possible in a day or two, if the platform owner was to step in. Unfortunately, the lack of response from Google prevents that. It makes the whole situation frustrating and confounding for us. Instead of acting quick, we have someone benefitting from our work at the expense of our fans and causing potential PR damage to our studio. We do not have any timeframe on when this malicious app will be shut down and the appearance of its second version is a sign this whole mess is far from over.
Is there anything that can be done to end this right now? Not really. We can contact Google via our lawyers to make the copyright infringement report more official, but that does not guarantee anything and will take time. With more people getting tricked by the malware clone, more ad revenue is generated. In the age of post-truth and the discoverability crisis on game distribution platforms, it is not hard to imagine scenarios like that happening more and more often and affecting developers both big and small. This has been an ongoing issue, since the entry level for game development and games distribution was lowered in the past few years.
As our example suggests, at this point cloners do not even have to expend any effort to clone an entire game. All they need to do is "impersonate" the game using official artwork, build up a fake profile to lure players into installing the supposed game and they can start reaping the profits. One may consider this phenomenon facade cloning. If platform owners, fans and the actual developer are too slow to respond, cloners can get several days' worth of ad revenue money, making such a ruse a highly profitable endeavour. All it takes is repeating it over and over again with one or more recognisable titles.
Sharing the experience seems like the best thing we can do, in case you were not aware what may be coming to your games. Be prepared.
Update #1: as of 23/01/2017 the app's downloads are between 100 and 500 thousand and we have still not heard back from Google Play. The cloner is using a strategy of "releasing" new versions of the app to lure back players who assumed the app was not crashing intentionally.
Update #2: Google got back to us in the end and took down the malware app in the evening of 23/01/2017. Another clone is currently available on Google Play and we filed a second report with Google. We can't be exactly sure how much money the clone made with ad spamming, but with hundreads of thousands of installs our guess is that it was much more than the $25 Google Play registration fee. Facade cloning seems like a parasite dream come true.
Update #3: Two more clones available on Google Play as of 24/01/2017. We reported them to Google. Seems like this is a beginning of a neverending clone story. It seems that with every clone, more "features" are available and not as many ads.


Joe Chunko, of Mason Ohio, has won with his first place Color Print Celebration.
This month's judge, Kathleen Sims, explains: "Choosing Print of the Month was very difficult because there were several well-qualified images. Aside from having no technical flaws, this image brings out the excitement of being a kid again. Everywhere I look there is a multitude of vibrant colors. The reflections in the water are captivating. The lighting on the buildings draw me in and make me want to take a closer look. The burst of colors in the sky keeps me smiling. This image is outstanding and should do well in any International exhibition".


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Pacheco is the right choice for school board
Cameron Castillo
The Las Cruces Public Schools District has spent its recent years marred by political infighting and a pervasive culture of fear among faculty and staff. All of these issues culminated under the supervision of current Board of Education President Ed Frank, who was a frequent supporter of embattled former superintendent Greg Ewing. President Frank even voted to raise Ewing's contract to $186,000 a year just two weeks before he submitted his alarming resignation to the board.
We are at the precipice of a critical juncture in the history of the district. The next school board will not only be tasked with selecting a permanent superintendent, but also with reinstituting trust between central office and district stakeholders. How can the public once again be expected to instill its confidence in the same man who supervised nearly three years of turbulence in the hallways of central office?
As a recent graduate of Centennial High School and former chairman of the LCPS Student Advisory Council, I had a front row seat to the inefficiency and political toxicity that plagued central office. I am confident that my two younger siblings will be better served in their educational pursuits with Maria Pacheco as their representative on the board of education. Maria is a longtime resident of Las Cruces and has worked diligently to advance many educational causes within the community, including three years as a LCPS Foundation board member and six years as a member of the Centennial High School Advisory Council. Through these endeavors Maria has helped raise a combined $750,000 for the students and teachers of Las Cruces Public Schools.
Throughout my time working alongside Maria, I witnessed the intrinsic value of her strong work ethic and commitment to the betterment of her community. In a time where pettiness and ego have plagued district leadership, I know that she will not tolerate or promote political divisiveness. Maria's mission has and will always be to promote and support the district's most valuable commodity: students. To put it simply, Maria Pacheco does not have time for political games. She would rather invest her energy in the progress of the nearly 25,000 students of the LCPS system.
Albert Einstein once said that insanity can be defined as "doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results." If the people of District 5 seek an end to the volatility and ineffectiveness of the board of education, they should join me in supporting Maria Pacheco for election to the position currently held by Board President Ed Frank. It has become obvious that it is time for new voices on the board to advocate for students, parents, teachers, staff and community members. I can only hope that my younger siblings will be served by leaders who will set aside personal political agendas in order to advance the mission of "Going above and beyond for every student, every day."
Cameron Castillo is a 2019 graduate of Centennial High School and is now a freshman at Texas A&M University.
More:Election questionnaire: Las Cruces school board candidates


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Q: Android Google Play Services Location Based APIs workflow I am new to android programming. I am planning to make an app that is location sensitive.
I am trying to use Google Play Services' Location Based APIs to detect the user's current location. For this I have been following the sample code and the details given here :-
developer.android.com- detect user's current location- Location APIs- Google Play Services
I am trying to understand the connection between the different method calls involved in detecting a user's current location. Now the above link although seems to have a lot of information, being a newbie, I find it difficult to connect the different method calls here.
So roughly what I understand form the code in the above URL is this :-

*

*In the onCreate() of the MainActivity class we create a LocationClient. LocationClient is used to connect to the location services.

*Now in the onStart() inside the MainActivity Class, we call locationClientObjet.connect().So it means that whenever the MainActivity of the app becomes visible, an attempt to connect to the location services is made.

*Now before we even made the LocationClient we had already defined something known as the Location Services CallBacks.

*So we implement the required interfaces and define the respective methods. So for example, the onConnected() gets called when the request to connect the client finishes successfully.

Now so far everything sounds good. The problem arises when I try to connect the above part with the below mentioned :-

*

*Now before even we had defined the Location Services CallBacks, we had defined an inner class inside the MainActivity class called, ErrorDialogFragment. This class is I guess used to create an error fragment (like an alert box) that can display error messages to the user in case apparently the connection attempt to the Location Services fails due to some reason. So there are some things that I do not understand here :-

*

*What is the use of CONNECTION_FAILURE_RESOLUTION_REQUEST = 9000; The documentation in the page says :-  Define a request code to send to Google Play services. This code is returned in Activity.onActivityResult. I do not understand this.

*When is the onCreateDialog() inside the ErrorDialogFragment class get called. I do not find an explicit call to this method anywhere in the sample code mentioned on the page in the URL mentioned above.

*What is the connection between the onConnectionFailed() and the error fragment.

*There are 2 more methods defined :- onActivityResult() and servicesConnected(). I understand to some extent the use of servicesConnected() - it is used to see if the GooglePlay services is available. Is it a user defined method ? And is it not ding the same things that were being done inside the callback methods onConnected(), onDisConnected() and onConnectionFailed(). If not how are they different from servicesConnected() ?

*And finally I just do not understand what is the use of  onActivityResult(), what exactly are we trying to do here ?

Please pardon my ignorance. I am completely new to Android Programming and am trying to learn concepts clear and sound. Please correct me wherever I went wrong or misunderstood things. I tried looking through Vogella resources but could not find much help. Any good resources explaining details that would make my above concepts clear would be great help.

A:
Q : What is the use of CONNECTION_FAILURE_RESOLUTION_REQUEST = 9000; The documentation in > the page says :- Define a request code to send to Google Play services. This code is > returned in Activity.onActivityResult. I do not understand this.

A : CONNECTION_FAILURE_RESOLUTION_REQUEST is the request code you have defined, If MainActivity exits,  onActivityResult gets the request code, one started with. i.e . CONNECTION_FAILURE_RESOLUTION_REQUEST (or USER_DEFINED_REQUEST_CODE)
This is specified by startActivityForResult(Intent,). This here is done through
connectionResult.startResolutionForResult(this,CONNECTION_FAILURE_RESOLUTION_REQUEST);

That itself calls startActivityForresult internally.
The usage is specified in the given sample code 'MainActivity.java' in the form of a comment before defining onActivityResult. This is quoted here as follows:
/*
     * Handle results returned to this Activity by other Activities started with
     * startActivityForResult(). In particular, the method onConnectionFailed() in
     * LocationUpdateRemover and LocationUpdateRequester may call startResolutionForResult() to
     * start an Activity that handles Google Play services problems. The result of this
     * call returns here, to onActivityResult.
     */

Q : When is the onCreateDialog() inside the ErrorDialogFragment class get called. I do not > find an explicit call to this method anywhere in the sample code mentioned on the page in > the URL mentioned above.

A: It is called from here :
// Show the error dialog in the DialogFragment
errorFragment.show(getSupportFragmentManager(),
                    "Location Updates");

onCreateDialog adds the dialog to the dialog cache, and the show method calls it.

Q: What is the connection between the onConnectionFailed() and the error fragment.

A: onConnectionFailed is a callback method that is called when there is an error connecting the client to the google play service. The errors list can be found at
http://developer.android.com/reference/com/google/android/gms/common/ConnectionResult.html in the 'Summary' section.
Now if the error occurred and it has some resolution, the error fragment will try to resolve it . Look at
http://developer.android.com/reference/com/google/android/gms/common/ConnectionResult.html#hasResolution()
AND http://developer.android.com/reference/com/google/android/gms/common/ConnectionResult.html#startResolutionForResult(android.app.Activity, int)
Here 'this' refers to the MainActivity and CONNECTION_FAILURE_RESOLUTION_REQUEST is the user defined request code called by startActivityForResult which is here implicitly called by
connectionResult.startResolutionForResult(
                        this,
                        CONNECTION_FAILURE_RESOLUTION_REQUEST);.

Q: There are 2 more methods defined :- onActivityResult() and
  servicesConnected(). I understand to some extent the use of
  servicesConnected() - it is used to see if the GooglePlay services is
  available. Is it a user defined method ? And is it not ding the same
  things that were being done inside the callback methods onConnected(),
  onDisConnected() and onConnectionFailed(). If not how are they
  different from servicesConnected() ?

A: Yes servicesConnected is a user defined method.
I am afraid it is not the same, it is checking if google play services  is available or not through isGooglePlayServicesAvailable().
OnConnected() on the other hand will be called after isGooglePlayServicesAvailable returns true. So they act after the service is connected or disconnected , servicesConnected() just checks if it is connected or not.

Q: And finally I just do not understand what is the use of
  onActivityResult(), what exactly are we trying to do here ?

This i hope is clear from the previous answers :)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
The National Pro Bono Professional Indemnity Insurance Scheme was launched by the then Attorney-General of NSW, The Hon John Hatzistergos, on 3 June 2009.
The Centre established the National Pro Bono Professional Indemnity Insurance Scheme to encourage in-house corporate and government lawyers to undertake pro bono legal work. The Scheme removes one of the key barriers for in-house, private and career break lawyers who wish to engage in pro bono legal work – the need for professional indemnity (PI) insurance to cover them for any civil claims arising from their pro bono legal work.
The Scheme provides free professional indemnity insurance to lawyers and paralegals working on pro bono projects approved by the Centre.
The Centre thanks the Law Society of New South Wales, Lawcover and DLA Piper for facilitating the establishment of the Scheme.
Pro Bono Legal Work: A Guide for In-house Corporate Lawyers is an invaluable guide and essential reference point for corporations looking to establish, manage or refine in-house pro bono programs and individual corporate lawyers seeking involvement in pro bono work. Corporations are encouraged to view the guide, which includes helpful precedents for establishing in-house pro bono programs.
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Can I access the Scheme?
The National Pro Bono PI Insurance Scheme is currently available in:
New South Wales;
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Queensland;
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in Western Australia, to holders of volunteer practising certificates only.
Therefore, lawyers who hold a practising certificate in any other State or Territory are not currently able to access the Scheme. The Centre continues to advocate for the expansion of the Scheme to other jurisdictions.
The Centre thanks the State and Territory governments, and Law Societies in the jurisdictions in which the Scheme is approved, for the steps they have taken to facilitate access to justice.
The Policy
To facilitate the National Pro Bono PI Insurance Scheme the Centre holds a Policy with Lawcover Pty Ltd (Lawcover). The Policy provides coverage for pro bono legal work undertaken by lawyers and paralegals as part of a pro bono project approved by the Centre.
A "project" can take many forms. For example, it might be legal work for a charity or community organisation; work referred through a pro bono referral scheme or organisation; work as part of a multi-partner project involving a law firm pro bono program; or a single legal case.
The Policy incorporates the Law Council of Australia's 1992 definition of "pro bono work":
Pro Bono Legal Work means work done or business transacted by:
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A lawyer or paralegal is involved in free community legal education and/or law reform; or
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The Policy is a "safety net" policy so cover will only extend to circumstances where no other PI insurance covers an approved project. For example, the Scheme will not apply if a lawyer is undertaking pro bono legal work through a community legal centre and the community legal centre's PI insurance provides coverage.
View the Policy [2021-22].
Applying for coverage
In order to obtain coverage under the National Pro Bono PI Insurance Scheme an Applicant must first complete the Application Form and submit it to the Centre for approval. Once approved, the Policy will, subject to the terms and conditions, provide insurance cover for all lawyers and paralegals who work on the approved project.
In assessing a proposed pro bono project the Centre will apply the definition of "pro bono legal work" contained in the Policy. Projects will also be assessed using the definition of "pro bono legal services" used in the Centre's Target, which is more specific about certain activities that have been considered "grey areas" in some definitional debates.
For further information on the nature of pro bono legal work, please refer to the Guidelines for Considering a Proposed Pro Bono Project.
PI insurance under the Scheme is provided free of charge. The Centre has paid the policy premium and will cover the excess payable on any claim.
Responsibility for approved pro bono projects
Responsibility for the coordination of each project rests with a Supervising Lawyer, who may appoint another person to be the contact person for communication with the Centre. However, the proposed Supervising Lawyer must sign the declaration on the Application Form.
The Supervising Lawyer will be responsible for supervising any legal advice being provided by the lawyers and paralegals under the auspices of the Project, and it is their responsibility to ensure that they hold an appropriate practising certificate that authorises them to undertake pro bono work in the relevant jurisdiction.
A corporation may wish to include a disclaimer to make it clear that the advice is provided by an individual lawyer covered by the Policy, and not their corporate employer. The Centre also provides "National Pro Bono Project" letterhead which may be used in correspondence relating to the pro bono project. For more detail see the Application Form.
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Collaborating law firms
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https://www.probonocentre.org.au/provide-pro-bono/pi-insurance-scheme/?s=


HONOLULU (HawaiiNewsNow) - You have the chance to be someone's hero and a former talk show host wants to be your partner.
Jenny Jones is best known for hosting a show that ran in syndication for 12 years. After she left TV, Jones says she wanted to give back to the people who helped keep her on the air for so long.
She set aside $2 million of her own money and formed the charity "Jenny's Heroes." It gives away money to people who are trying to better their communities.
Cities all across the country have benefited, but no one from Hawaii has ever applied. Jones says she wants to change that. "I could write a check and send it to a charity there in your area but this way I can touch more people and I'm looking for someone's whose idea will affect a lot of people," she told Hawaii News Now. "I look for longevity. I look for how many people will be helped. In some of our stories we've helped entire cities, entire communities, thousands of people. So it's time to spread my good fortune to Hawaii."
Jones wants anyone in Hawaii who has an idea to help, but not the funds, to apply. She personally picks the winning applications and awards up to $25,000. The money goes directly to buying whatever is needed to make the hero's idea a reality. Head to www.jennysheroes.com for the full information.


text:
EPA foes threaten Supreme Court battle to freeze climate rule
Emily Holden and Ellen M. Gilmer, E&E News reporters
Climatewire: Friday, January 22, 2016
Industry opponents of the Obama administration's Clean Power Plan vowed yesterday to go to the Supreme Court to challenge a federal appeals court's refusal to block the climate change regulations.
The ruling by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit denied requests by 27 states and numerous trade groups for a stay that would have barred U.S. EPA from implementing the carbon regulations for the electricity sector.
It was the latest in a series of setbacks to opponents seeking to stop the rule in its tracks.
"We are pleased that the court has rejected petitioners' attempts to block the Clean Power Plan from moving forward while litigation proceeds. ... We look forward to continuing to work with states and other stakeholders taking steps to implement the Clean Power Plan," the White House said in a statement last night.
But industry leaders insisted that yesterday's setback is just one chapter in a legal saga that could play out over many years.
The decision is "the first of many legal steps that will take place in the coming weeks and months as we seek to overturn Obama's costly power plan," the American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity noted.
Coal company Murray Energy Corp., a key challenger of the rule, said it would appeal the stay decision to the Supreme Court. And West Virginia Attorney General Patrick Morrisey (R) said the coalition of states against the rule is also considering appealing the stay denial. Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton (R) said opponents will continue challenging the rule "wherever the case takes us."
In their suit against EPA, industry groups are arguing that the agency doesn't have authority to shift the electricity industry away from greenhouse gas-producing fossil fuels. They petitioned the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit to stay the regulation, arguing that states and companies are already undertaking great efforts to plan ahead for standards that begin in 2022.
Judges denied that petition but will speed the process for considering the lawsuits and will hear oral arguments June 2. That's just months before states must submit to EPA their initial carbon-cutting plans.
EPA officials said they were pleased with the court's decision, but Natural Resources Defense Council attorney David Doniger cautioned that not issuing a stay is a small win for rule supporters in the litigation's broader context. It signals only that states and industry didn't meet the high bar for preliminary injunction, he said.
"The court simply said that they didn't meet the very stringent test," he said. But, Doniger added, the decision does reinforce supporters' confidence that the court will ultimately uphold the rule.
"It's a preliminary ruling, but it's a very good ruling," he said. "This deals a blow to political opponents to the Clean Power Plan, as well as legal opponents, because part of their political claim is that this is grossly illegal and so on and a great harm is happening. You can make those kind of claims in public, but when you can't convince the court; it takes the wind out of their sails."
Industry eyes 'horrific scenario'
Critics of the rule argue that although EPA won't require states to start cutting greenhouse gas emissions from power plants until 2022, the electricity industry is already beginning to make decisions to prepare for that shift. Most opposing states are exploring compliance options while awaiting final court decisions that could play out over years.
Clean Power Plan opponents raised concerns yesterday about the building momentum behind the greenhouse gas regulation taking place in the states.
"Failing to stay the rule puts pressure on states to develop compliance plans for a regulation that may very well turn out to be illegal," said R Street President Eli Lehrer. "During the ensuing confusion, we expect states to struggle to comply with the rule, energy providers to overhaul infrastructure and customers to bear higher costs and less reliable energy, when the rule ultimately may be found on shaky legal ground."
The National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA) said "charging ahead with implementation of the Clean Power Plan will cause immediate and irreparable harm" to co-ops and other companies that are taking "immediate costly and irreversible steps" to achieve EPA's goals.
But Kirk Johnson, senior vice president of government relations at NRECA, said in an interview that he was encouraged by the court's decision to expedite consideration.
Johnson said his members will continue to operate on a "two-track approach," planning for compliance while challenging the rule, because it would be irresponsible not to prepare. If the lawsuits fail, "we won't lose any sleep over the investment of time in the state planning process," he added.
Coal interests warned that the electricity industry might needlessly comply with the Clean Power Plan only to see it overturned later.
Murray Energy said in a statement that not pausing the rule sets up the "same horrific scenario" under which EPA's maximum achievable control technology standards for coal plants were allowed to proceed until the Supreme Court struck them down. He called companies' victory on that case "moot" because the rule had already forced the closure of 411 coal-fired plants.
Uncharted territory for the Supreme Court
Electric Reliability Coordinating Council Director Scott Segal said the Supreme Court may be receptive to Murray Energy's arguments.
"In the area of emergency stays, there is precedent for the Supreme Court to take action," he said.
If industry and states appeal to the Supreme Court, the justices could choose to take immediate action instituting a stay. Such emergency actions are relatively well-documented in criminal law and some other areas but are considered uncharted territory in Clean Air Act litigation.
Rule supporters assailed the approach, arguing that the Supreme Court would be unlikely to get involved.
"It would be extraordinarily unlikely that the Supreme Court would have any interest in getting involved at this point," said the New York University School of Law's Richard Revesz. "It's not going to happen."
Doniger agreed, noting that he couldn't think of a Clean Air Act rule where a failed stay request was reviewed by the Supreme Court.
Groups coordinating compliance planning urged state officials not to slow down their work to write carbon-cutting blueprints in anticipation of the ruling.
The court order sets an expedited briefing schedule for the case that will culminate in oral arguments on June 2. ClearView Energy Partners LLC analyst Christi Tezak said the schedule could represent an attempt by the court to issue a decision before key advances in the rule's implementation.
"We think it is possible that the D.C. Circuit intends to issue a ruling before the rule's September 6 deadline for states to file their initial State Implementation Plans (SIPs)," she wrote in a memo yesterday.
Will states move forward?
Others said a decision might not come until early 2017.
Politicians in several states, including Alabama and Texas, have signaled that they were waiting for the stay decision before determining whether to write an initial plan and request a two-year extension from EPA in September. They criticized the ruling yesterday but did not offer further details into whether they would attempt to comply while awaiting court decisions.
"Regardless of the court's ruling today, the Obama administration's power plan not only remains bad policy but is also still unlawful," Texas' Paxton said. "This ill-advised example of federal overreach will kill jobs, result in higher electric bills and create a significantly less reliable electric grid for all consumers."
At least two Southeastern states have taken unique strategies while the rule hangs in the balance of the court.
Confident that the court would freeze the landmark rule, Alabama's air division chief said the state was going to wait before taking any steps toward writing a compliance plan. The Alabama Department of Environmental Management has formed a stakeholder group with electric and natural gas companies only and said it likely won't meet until late spring, or at least until after the court rules.
North Carolina is working on two plans after Gov. Pat McCrory (R) challenged two parts of EPA's compliance strategy, arguing that the agency's legal authority is limited to directly regulating generator emissions. The first plan covers compliance limited to efficiency improvements by the state's existing coal- and natural gas-fired power plants.
Experts expect EPA would reject that version, so North Carolina is working on a backup blueprint to avoid EPA assigning the state a federal compliance plan.
Gabriel Pacyniak, climate change mitigation program manager at the Georgetown Climate Center, said "even if states oppose the Clean Power Plan, developing a state plan may be in the best interest of their residents and stakeholders."
"I think certainly the fact that the court denied the motion for a stay means there is no reason for states to slow down" their planning processes, Pacyniak added.
Reporters Elizabeth Harball and Kristi E. Swartz contributed.
Kavanaugh opens door to carbon rule challenge
Energywire: Monday, December 9, 2019
Legal war on the Clean Power Plan is over — sort of
Climatewire: Wednesday, September 18, 2019
States, greens oppose effort to spike dormant case
E&E News PM: Thursday, July 25, 2019
EPA echoes call to toss Obama rule challenge
Energywire: Thursday, July 18, 2019
Electric utility bows out of climate case
Energywire: Monday, February 25, 2019


text:
Shaping the Future of High Tech Manufacturing
By Nicole Cornett, Expansion Solutions Magazine Home to a surging ecosystem of global corporate businesses, start-ups and high-tech talent, Arizona offers a robust portfolio of programs and resources supporting both large and emerging employers. The state's abundance of skilled talent is ready to fill positions in advanced manufacturing, aerospace and defense, biotech, healthcare, digital media, high tech—just to name a few. And talent is only increasing thanks in large part to new incentives and programs. Increased Focus on High Tech Manu...
Virgin Galactic Announces New Spaceship Manufacturing Facility in Mesa, Arizona
Virgin Galactic, an aerospace and space travel company, announced it has signed a long-term lease in Mesa, Arizona for a new final assembly manufactur...
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KP Aviation, a woman-owned international aerospace business has relocated from Reno, Nevada to Mesa, Arizona. KP Aviation celebrated the grand opening...
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Mesa, AZ — Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation, a world leader in business jet aircraft manufacturing and maintenance, has announced they will cons...
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~ The partnership will focus on developing marketing strategies and providing workforce opportunities ~ Window Rock, AZ, Navajo Nation — Navajo ...
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text:
package net.resonious.sburb.abstracts

import net.minecraft.entity.player.EntityPlayer
import net.minecraft.inventory.Container
import net.minecraft.entity.player.EntityPlayerMP
import net.minecraft.inventory.ICrafting

object DummyContainer extends Container {
  def apply() = {
    this
  }
  override def canInteractWith(p: EntityPlayer) = true
  override def addCraftingToCrafters(c: ICrafting) = {}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub