text:
Q: php uploading file (powerpoint) I'm using these codes to upload images and then I tried it to upload CSV files. These codes worked for both uploading images and CSV files, but it won't work in uploading powerpoint files. What am I missing here?
<?php if (isset($_POST["calendarformat"])){
$calendarfilename = $_POST['calendarfilename'];
$calendarfile = $_FILES['calendarfile']['name'];
$calendarlocation = "calendar/".$calendarfile;
    move_uploaded_file($_FILES['calendarfile']['tmp_name'],$calendarlocation);
    $quer_calendar = "INSERT into calendar (name,format,path) values ('$calendarfilename','$calendarfile','$calendarlocation')";
    $quer1_calendar = mysqli_query($con,$quer_calendar);

if ($quer1_calendar==true)
{
    echo "";
}
else {
    echo "";
} }?>

This is the html form:
<form method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data">
                        <input type="hidden" name="MAX_FILE_SIZE" value="100000" />

<input type="file" name="calendarfile"/>

<input type="text" name="calendarfilename" placeholder="File Name"/>

                            <button type="submit" name="calendarformat" class="btn">Upload Calendar</button>
                        </form>

A: Try add this to your form:
<input type="hidden" name="MAX_FILE_SIZE" value="100000" />

A: <form method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data">
                            <input type="hidden" name="MAX_FILE_SIZE" value="100000" />

<input type="file" name="calendarfile"/>

<input type="text" name="calendarfilename" placeholder="File Name"/>

                                <button type="submit" name="calendarformat" class="btn">Upload Calendar</button>
</form>

This is my form, I already added the <input type="hidden" name="MAX_FILE_SIZE" value="100000" />
 The PPT file is already saved into my database, but it doesn't went to the location folder which is the calendar folder.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Jquery Cookie Function I'm still quite new to this so please bear with me. I have a function which adds a class on a click event, this works fine. But I would also like the clicked function to be saved as a cookie so when that user next visits the site those classes are still there/reapplied. I'm using jquery.cookie for this. My code is as follows.
$(".bblue").click(function bblue() {
    $("dl").addClass("bbluebg");
    $("dd .button").addClass("buttonb");
    $('.button img').attr('src',function(i,e){return e.replace("White","DBlue");});
    $.cookie("color", function bblue(){} , { expires: null, path: '/' });
});

When I call $.cookie('color'); is returns function bblue(){} but it doesn't run the function when the page loads next.

A: I assume you want to store the preference and take action based on that.  Try something like this:
// Event-independent color change function
var bblue = function() {
    $("dl").addClass("bbluebg");
    $("dd .button").addClass("buttonb");
    $('.button img').attr('src', $('.button img').replace("White","DBlue"));
}

// Click action
$(".bblue").click(function () {
    // Change the color
    bblue();
    // Store the preference
    $.cookie("color", "blue" , { expires: null, path: '/' });
});

// On page load
$(document).load(function() {
    // If they chose blue before, change the color
    if ($.cookie("color") == "blue") bblue();
});

A: The function isn't running again because the user isn't clicking anything when the page reloads. Your function only runs when someone clicks the .bblue element.
You need to get the value of the cookie and set classes where appropriate on document ready instead. The classes won't stick, you have to re-apply them. You want to use...
$(function() {
    var color = $.cookie("color");

    // Set classes according to color here
});

Which will execute and set all the classes once the page is loaded.


text:
Huntington Beach Hotels
Bars, Music
Houses, Homes
Huntington Beach Events
HB Events
Bolsa Chica SB
HB City Beach
HB Parks
HB State Beach
Beach Firerings
Beach paths
Art & Sculptures
Bars, Clubs
Bike,surf rentals
Bird murals
Kayaking,boats
Newland House
Par course
Plays, theatre
Surfing Museum
PETER GREEN IN HUNTINGTON BEACH CALIFORNIA PHOTOS AND INFORMATION
Peter Green Park is one of the newest, most kid-friendly parks in Huntington Beach. It features a playground of fun interactive stations, an upscale covered patio barbeque and tables, a tennis court, basketball court and volleyball court.
Peter Green Park is named after a former Huntington Beach mayor who served on the City Council and as mayor from 1990 - 1991 and 1998 - 1999. Peter has been known as a proponent of environmental programs and served as an educator for many years at Golden West College in Huntington Beach. The former priest from Oklahoma has made Huntington Beach his home for decades and lives with his wife, Cathy Green, who also has served as mayor of Huntington Beach.
The Peter Green Park is a spacious green park filled with many activities and things to do for all ages. Located in Seagate, it is surrounded by Bel Air, Promenade and Greystone Keys home developments and as such, is the centerpiece for these single family homes just a mile or two from the beach and Pacific Ocean. Afternoons at the park are breezy and pleasant, just the perfect weather Huntington Beach is known for.
The finest park in Huntington Beach for toddler exploration (some believe Harriett Wieder Regional Park is tops), we like it because of it's colorful toys that invite youngsters to turn handles, read maps, and explore in an educational process. Meanwhile just within reach of this fantastic playground of color and shapes, there is a covered patio (very upscale) for picnics, or for parents and grandparents to sit and relax in the shade and watch the kids play. A tennis court, sand volleyball court and basketball hoops make this park a multi-use, complete recreational opportunity for the entire family.
The park is a public park and can be accessed by anyone. It is located on Promenade Street near Main and Gothard.
Huntington Beach Parks
The City of Huntington Beach (California) is the caretaker and steward of the Huntington Beach public park system. Two departments involved with Huntington Beach parks are the Community Services Department and Park Maintenance. Park Maintenance is responsible for maintaining approximately 70 parks and public facilities, totaling 598 acres, 169 playground apparatus and irrigation systems.
Park Maintenance is also an integral component in special events in the City, closely working with Community Services to set up for events and activities that take place on or near park facilities. Community Services not only handles the rental of the park facilities but also operates programs for the public that include softball leagues, exercise classes, cooking, dancing and other types of interesting and fun things to do. For more information on park maintenance call (714) 536-5480. For information on park facilities or to make a reservation call Community Services at (714) 536-5486 or the phone numbers provided on the featured parks pages.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Invite noble Lords and Ladies to your court! If you help build their Kingdom, they'll help build yours!
Find other players who play Fairy Tale Wonderland here.
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Add new neighboring empires in Empire Story!


He worked hard in order to get the prize.
Laurent will be there to meet you.
Lynn and Raymond were sitting together.
I never thought Julia would commit suicide.
Why didn't Manny try to help Lawrence?
Please don't say anything to Reiner about this.
I can hardly make a speech without feeling nervous.
I thought you'd end up going to the party with Klaus.
Get back into your car.
I think Case is going to love this book.
Rhonda asked me whether I liked Edmond or not.
I thought Lawrence didn't know how to speak French.
Doug is a well witcher.
Hitoshi was covered all over with red paint.
I've been spending too much time with Stan.
Son had a good day at school.
Shane and Adam got married in Boston three years ago.
Tomas knows something about this.
It took the fireman almost two hours to put out the fire.
You'd do the same thing if you were me.
Marnix asked Reiner some stupid questions that she refused to answer.
Anton has been busy, hasn't he?
Dan's death was officially ruled as an unfortunate accident.
I didn't go into details.
Alexis told me not to open it.
Sanjay stopped coming to school.
You can't let him suffer.
We're going to need a lawyer.
Morning. Shall I dish up?
I wonder why Sofoklis killed himself.
Little by little, the bird made his nest.
I never thought Tim would run away.
This size is too large for me.
Suwandi said he needed to sort a few things out.
Tal came down with a cold and couldn't go to school.
Ricky is always well-groomed and fashionably dressed.
Ernest can't stand people who are mean to stoats.
Will you give this to Stu?
The Chinese are a hard-working people.


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Whether You're Bending Conduit or Measuring the Angle of a Door Jamb, The Craftsman Magnetic Universal Protractor Makes it Precise The Craftsman universal protractor features a magnetic edge and a V-Groove base for conduit and pipe, allowing you to attach the protractor to steel squares or door jambs and easily find the angle you need in a variety of situations. The Craftsman universal protractor will help you complete a variety of projects, like installing a door or bending conduit.
During a remodeling project on my stairs, I noticed the angles on all three axis were waaaaaaaay off, and this tool helped keep me from screaming bloody murder trying to do keep track those poorly constructed treads and risers. Though I usually prefer metal tools, the high density plastic has held up well. Not sure if a professional contractor would use this, but for around the house for us DIYer's, I think this a tool you'd not realize you'd truly need until you use it!


text:
Editorial: Say thanks to a firefighter or an officer today
Published 8:30 pm Sunday, August 19, 2018
By Editorial Board
As we're now in the middle of election season and residents have started discussing priorities for the community, we wish to shine a light on the public safety workers in Albert Lea who provide an invaluable service to the city's residents.
For the last two weeks, Tribune photographer Colleen Harrison has had the opportunity to tag along with the Albert Lea Fire Department, as firefighters have gone through various training exercises to practice for fires.
If you've never had the misfortune of having a fire on your property or a loved one's property, you may not realize how dedicated these firefighters are and how much they sacrifice each day they come to work.
On top of that dedication and sacrifice, the firefighters have top-notch skill.
It is hard to believe that as recent as 2012 — and even some on social media in the last week — there was question about whether Albert Lea needed a full-time fire department.
In September 2012, the Albert Lea City Council voted unanimously to restore the city's fire department to full-time staffing levels.
Though councilors at the time said the decision would mean increased property taxes, people in the community had overwhelmingly voiced support for a crew with five firefighters per shift. Residents who spoke at the meeting before the council made that decision emphasized that not having a full-time crew would not only put potential victims in danger but also the firefighters themselves. In the realm of fires, every second matters — not only for our homes and businesses but also for ourselves.
We think the council made a good decision then, and we continue to support that decision today.
We offer the same support for our city's police officers, who put themselves in harm's way every day.
These two groups of workers excel at their main duties of policing and fighting fires, but they also do so much more.
It is not uncommon for officers or firefighters to arrive first at the scene of a medical incident, crash or fire, and many are cross-trained in providing initial medical services in case ambulance crews have not yet arrived.
In situations where every second counts, their presence and expertise does not go unnoticed.
We hope the community continues to support these everyday heroes.
Editorial: What deserves a thumbs up this week?
Repairing gaps in state's juvenile justice system
Guest column: Strengthening the fabric of the region
Capitol Comments: Extreme abortion bill approved in Minnesota House


text:
Brilliantfiction fiction – Chapter 1056 – Over a 1000 swift blot recommendation-p1
Chapter 1056 – Over a 1000 trouble plant
While others who have been injured along with just fought, have been appearing to the center where other Designated got obtained, like they were a variety of beasts.
"Inform us then, just how many everyone has long gone missing?" Eno requested.
"Will you be praoclaiming that it distributes, just like an contamination?" Layla questioned.
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It didn't require much time for Quinn to hear the cries in the other individuals but concurrently, he could tell that weren't m.o.a.ns and groans from beasts, but from individuals. As Quinn experienced the hallway, he fought to work out what you should do when he saw these which had been Noted, assaulting everyone else close to them.
Certain enough, at that actual moment, an additional leader in the Orbus faction arrived bursting in.
Tired with requiring you to clarify themself to Ko, Quinn lifted his hands up and pointed it towards him.
'These individuals through the Cursed faction are wild.' Ko believed.
Shadows were appearing inside the instruction hallway everywhere and then in a few moments the Labeled everyone was vanishing into them. For each individual which was locked in the shadow lock, it would take around 20 things of MC. Using the team that Ko obtained delivered as well as him there were clearly seventy or so Noted men and women in the room, but not all of them got long gone angry at this time.
Ko grunted and was anticipating his faction individuals to do something, but they performed practically nothing and also there ended up more than one purpose. The same as the attack together with the beasts, people through the Cursed experienced served away most when subduing those which were definitely Marked. Besides that, they had been seriously injured, fatigued, and tired. They couldn't think that the Cursed hardly shattered a sweating. It was like they had boundless staying power, in a position to fight on once and for all.
"Whats up, this can't be good, perfect?" Fex explained. "Shouldn't we place them using the other Marked, on the inside that wood made prison you built."
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Ko grunted and was anticipating his faction individuals to carry out something, however they have nothing at all also there were definitely multiple reason. Just like the episode with all the beasts, the from the Cursed got made it easier for out your most when subduing those which were actually Marked. Added to that, these folks were wounded, worn out, and drained. They couldn't feel that the Cursed hardly shattered a perspire. It had been as though that they had limitless endurance, ready to battle on for a long time.
"Hey there, this can't be great, right?" Fex stated. "Shouldn't we put them with the other Noted, inside of that solid wood prison you created."
"No!" Ko screamed, then again, he could see him or her self from the coaching place yet again.
While the others who ended up hurt and had just fought, ended up shopping towards the heart the place that the other Noted had compiled, like these people were a handful of beasts.
It didn't take long for Quinn to find out the cries in the other individuals but all at once, he could explain to that weren't m.o.a.ns and groans from beasts, but from humans. As Quinn went through the hall, he battled to figure out what you should do when he found all those which had been Designated, assaulting other people approximately them.
He could see each of the Designated which had been in the room were definitely just standing up there, lifeless, until such time as they discovered him. They switched their heads and many types of their eye did start to gleam since they billed towards him.
"Ko, just what are you carrying out, Quinn just stored the many people!" Hayley explained, using an inkling to what he experienced completed.
Positive sufficient, at that precise time, a different innovator on the Orbus faction originated bursting in.
"What would you do today to her!" Ko shouted. "You ate her using your d.a.m.ned powers. I advised all people to not damage them. Exactly where is she? Where is she!"
"In my opinion so. At the moment, I have got manufactured a directory of all those that have demonstrated the marking." Hayley responded, talking about this list.
Positive sufficient, in that specific occasion, one other head of the Orbus faction came bursting in.
He could see all the Designated which had been within the room ended up just standing there, lifeless, until finally they observed him. They turned their heads and all sorts of their view did start to shine because they billed towards him.
All of the with marks were actually put into a tends to make.h.i.+ft Mobile, developed by among the faction potential customers, who could generate timber. But absolutely everyone knew that, if they proceeded to go angry, the fact that wood wouldn't be enough to hold them rear.
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Home Departments Tooth Tips Tooth Tips: Andy Milburn, P.E.
This month's column is the third of three on gearbox lubrication. This installment will cover issues related to monitoring lubricant and gearbox condition using oil analysis.
Just as a doctor uses blood tests to monitor our health, oil analysis can be a powerful tool to monitor the condition of both gearbox components and the lubricant. Most companies send oil samples to independent labs to perform the tests, but many can be done on site. Regardless of who performs the test, it is important to compare the results with tests on new oil and to look at trends over time.
Elemental Spectroscopic Analysis–The typical spectroscopy test measures the quantity of approximately 20 different dissolved and small undissolved particles of inorganic elements present in the oil. It is used to monitor oil additive depletion, oil contamination, and wear particles. The standard spectroscopy test can only detect wear particles that are less than about five microns, so its use for detecting catastrophic wear is limited because these wear particles are usually much greater than five microns.
Viscosity Measurement–Ensuring that the gearbox has the correct oil viscosity is an extremely important proactive maintenance practice because, as discussed earlier, viscosity is the most important oil characteristic for gears and bearings. Viscosity that is too low could indicate the wrong oil being used, contamination by water or solvents, or excessive mechanical shearing of the oil. Viscosity above normal may indicate excessive oxidation.
Water Content–Ensuring that oil remains dry is very important to gear and bearing life. Tests by several bearing manufacturers has shown that even small amounts of water in the oil can drastically reduce bearing life. Water content is usually reported in percent or parts per million.
Particle Counting–This measures the number of particles in specified size ranges per a specified oil volume (usually per ml or 100ml). The quantity and distribution of the different sized particles is usually expressed as a cleanliness code per ISO 4406. The test is performed either manually with an optical microscope or using pore blockage equipment or with laser counters. Special procedures must be taken when performing this test on high viscosity gear oils to avoid counting water droplets and air bubbles.
Total Acid Number (TAN)–This is a measure of the total acid concentration in the oil. The number is the milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize all of the acid in one gram of oil. Some gear oils have a high initial TAN number due to the additives, and as the additives are used up the TAN number drops. Then, as the oil ages and oxidizes, the TAN will increase slowly over time, which is considered normal.
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy–FTIR detects the presence of molecules as opposed to atoms, as in elemental spectroscopy. Infrared light is passed through a film of oil in the instrument's test cell. Different oil additives and contaminants absorb or transmit energy at different frequencies. The energy level at each frequency is graphed, and when compared with a reference graph from new oil it can be used to assess oil condition including additive depletion, oxidation, nitration, and many contaminants.
Patch Test–A specified amount of oil is filtered through a membrane filter with pore sizes usually in the range of 1 micron. After the membrane is dried, the contents are examined with a 100X optical microscope and the results are compared to reference photographs to determine the ISO cleanliness code. This simple and effective test can be performed on site and used to not only determine oil cleanliness, but to analyze the wear debris.
Analytical Ferrography–A quantity of oil is allowed to flow across a sloping glass slide that is on top of a varying magnetic field. Ferrous particles of varying sizes are distributed along the slide. The sample is then heated and/or treated with chemicals to help determine the metallurgy of the particles and then examined with an optical microscope to analyze the metal particles.
Ferrous Density Tests–These testers measure the concentration of ferrous metal particles less than five microns and larger than five microns in size. One such test is Direct Reading Ferrography, where the results are added and then divided by the volume of oil to arrive at a Wear Particle Concentration (WPC) index number. The Percent Large Particles (PLP) number is calculated by subtracting the concentration of small particles from the concentration of large particles and dividing by the sum of both.
Part of the process of monitoring oil and gearbox condition with oil analysis is setting target values and limits for each of the parameters measured. Most oil analysis labs have limits established and will show these on their printouts. Working with your lab and consulting the lubricant manufacturer regarding limits is a good place to start, but the operator of the equipment should be the final authority. Gearboxes, like people, have different personalities, and each one is going to have a unique set of operating parameters. The personnel that operate and maintain the gearbox on a daily basis are the ones who should determine what are normal and abnormal operating conditions.
For more information and training regarding oil analysis visit [www.noria.com].


Michael Coritsidis, a self-improvement career coach and motivational speaker, offers 12 Steps to Power Goal Setting on August 9, 7pm. He'll provide strategies to help with success, focus, and better connection to yourself and others. Special guest Martial Arts Grand Master Parks will help improve your physical and mental wellness by teaching de-stress techniques: proper breathing, meditation, breaking boards, demonstration, etc.


text:
Ann Marie Thomas, Author
Broken Reed
Medieval Gower Stories
Flight of the Kestrel
SciFi Signup
History Signup
Metropolis 1927 Film
Metropolis was an expressionist epic science fiction drama film made in Germany in 1927. The silent film was directed by Fritz Lang and written by him and his wife, Thea von Harbou. Filming took place in 1925 at a cost of approximately five million Reichsmarks.
In 2026, in the city of Metropolis, wealthy industrialists reign from high-rise tower complexes, while underground-dwelling workers toil to operate the machines below. Joh Fredersen is the city's master. His son Freder idles away his time in a pleasure garden, but is interrupted by the arrival of a young woman named Maria, who has brought a group of workers' children to witness the lifestyle of the rich.
Maria and the children are ushered away, but Freder, fascinated, goes to the machine rooms to find her. Freder secretly rebels against Fredersen by deciding to help the workers, after seeing his father's ignorance towards the treatment of the workers.
The inventor Rotwang shows Fredersen a robot he has built to 'resurrect' Hel, the woman he loved but who married Fredersen and died in childbirth. They examine maps which show a network of catacombs beneath Metropolis, and the two men go to investigate.
They eavesdrop on a gathering of workers, including Freder. Maria addresses them, prophesying the arrival of a mediator (the heart) who can bring the working (the hands) and ruling classes (the head) together. Freder believes that he could fill the role and declares his love for Maria.
Fredersen orders Rotwang to give Maria's likeness to the robot so that it can ruin her reputation among the workers, unaware that Rotwang plans to use the robot to kill Fredersen and Freder. Rotwang kidnaps Maria, transfers her likeness to the robot and sends her to Fredersen.
Finding the false Maria urging the workers to rise up and destroy the machines, Freder accuses her of not being the real Maria. The workers follow the false Maria from their city to the machine rooms, leaving their children behind. They destroy the Heart Machine, which causes the workers' city below to flood. The real Maria, having escaped from Rotwang's house, rescues the children with the help of Freder.
The foreman Grot berates the celebrating workers for abandoning their children in the flooded city. Believing their children to be dead, the hysterical workers capture the false Maria and burn her at the stake. A horrified Freder watches, not understanding the deception until the fire reveals her to be a robot.
Rotwang chases the real Maria to the roof of the cathedral, pursued by Freder. The two men fight as Fredersen and the workers watch from the street. Rotwang falls to his death. Freder fulfills his role as mediator by linking the hands of Fredersen and Grot to bring them together.
Metropolis was met with a mixed reception upon release. Critics found it pictorially beautiful and lauded its complex special effects, but accused its story of naiveté. The film's extensive running time also came in for criticism, as well as its alleged Communist message. Metropolis was cut substantially after its German premiere, removing a large portion of Lang's original footage. Numerous attempts have been made to restore the film since the 1970s.
[adapted from Wikipedia and other sources]
Ann Marie Thomas is the author of three medieval history books, a surprisingly cheerful poetry collection about her 2010 stroke, and the science fiction series Flight of the Kestrel. Book one, Intruders, is out now. Follow her at http://eepurl.com/bbOsyz
Posted by Ann Marie Thomas at 17:22
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Things To Come 1936 Film
Writers Should Be Readers
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yWriter Novel Writing Software
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Early Science Fiction Films
Alien Secrets
My Stroke of Inspiration
The Magna Carta Story
Broken Reed: The Lords of Gower and King John
Alina, The White Lady of Oystermouth
The Angevins
The Angevins were named after their territory of Anjou in France. In the 12th century they became rulers also of the kingdom of Jerusalem. W...
Fascinating Facts: Henry II
This is a king you may have heard of, thanks to Peter O'Toole! Fascinating Facts: Henry II [1154-1189] This is the king made ...
Intruders: Blog the Book 1
Over the last several weeks I have been introducing you to the crew of the Kestrel. Now I am beginning to blog the book itself, a new sectio...
The Welsh Kingdom of Deheubarth
Deheubarth 1190 (Wikimedia) The kingdom of Deheubarth was founded by Hywel Dda in 920, and included what is now Ceredigion, Pembrokeshir...
Fascinating Facts: Henry VI
This time we have a king who ruled twice, wrote miserable poetry, and nearly became a saint! Fascinating Facts: Henry VI [1422-1461, 14...
Phil Carradice, in his book Highlights of Welsh History , does a very good job of summarising the career of Llywelyn the Great. This is t...
The Magna Carta Story is out!
Did you know that King John didn't sign the Magna Carta? He sealed it. Did you know that the rebel barons offered the English ...
Meet Mike Holland, First Officer on the Kestrel
In a film, Holland would be played by Tom Cruise Mike Holland is the First Officer of The Kestrel and Captain Darrow's right hand m...
Pen Portrait of Alina
Alina de Mowbray lived through one of the most significant times in the history of the Lordship of Gower. The daughter of William de Breos (...
Meet Andrew Chambers, Helmsman on the Kestrel
Chris Pine would play Chambers in a film Andrew Chambers, the helmsman on the Kestrel, is human, from Earth. He joined the Kestrel a ...


The site is located on a directory localhost / [folder]. Joomla is installed in this directory. GTranslate Pro redirects in url localhost / fr / [folder] but not found any pages.
As mentioned in the readme.txt file you need to install it in the www root, not inside the directory. Also you need to create a .htaccess file in the www root if you already don't have it and put the RewriteEngine On and # gtranslate config block into it.
Edo is right; what's the hassle in re-installing on root or public_html or whatever. You can view sample of .htaccess files online. Pretty easy to create; actually.
whichroot folder is that actually the root?
sites: per website a folder: /share/web/site1 , /share/web/site2.
So where to put grtanslate?
The www root is the folder where you have index.php file. If you put a.txt file in your www root you will be able to access it http://domain.com/a.txt .


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text:
Remo Bodei (* 3. August 1938 in Cagliari; † 7. November 2019 in Pisa) war ein italienischer Philosoph.

Leben
Bodei studierte an der Universität Pisa, wo er 1961 seinen Studienabschluss und 1965 sein Doktorat absolvierte; anschließend setzte er seine Studien an den Universitäten Freiburg, Tübingen, Heidelberg und Bochum fort, wo er u. a. Vorlesungen von Ernst Bloch, Eugen Fink, Karl Löwith und Dieter Henrich hörte.

1968 kehrte er nach Pisa zurück und lehrte an der dortigen Universität sowie an der Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Bodei war als Gastprofessor an zahlreichen Universitäten in Europa und Amerika tätig. Ab 2006 war er Professor an der University of California, Los Angeles.

Im Jahr 1992 erhielt er den Nationalen Literaturpreis von Pisa in der Kategorie Sachbuch.

Beschäftigungsfelder
Remo Bodei befasste sich eingehend mit der klassischen deutschen Philosophie und dem Idealismus. Unter anderem übersetzte er Karl Rosenkranz Biografie Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegels ins Italienische. Mit dem Band "Geometria delle passioni" (übers. Geometrie der Leidenschaften, 1991) erweiterte er seine Betrachtung auf die moderne Philosophie, arbeitete unter anderem zu Descartes, Hobbes und vor allem Spinoza. Später beschäftigte sich Bodei auch mit Formen utopischen Denkens des 20. Jahrhunderts, insbesondere mit dem heterodoxen Marxismus von Ernst Bloch und den Ansätzen der Frankfurter Autoren wie Theodor Adorno und Walter Benjamin. In seinen Studien zur Ästhetik gab er Johann Karl Friedrich Rosenkranz Ästhetik des Hässlichen heraus und analysierte vor allem zentrale Begriffe wie die Kategorien des Schönen und des Tragischen. Er setzte sich mit Sigmund Freud und den Entwicklungen der Psychoanalyse auseinander, mit der Logik des Deliriums und mit scheinbar alltäglichen, aber schockierenden Phänomenen wie dem Déjà-vu-Erlebnis.

Viele von Bodeis Werken befassen sich mit der Tiefe und der Geschichte von Fragen, die die Suche des Einzelnen nach dem Glück, die unbestimmten kollektiven Erwartungen an ein besseres Leben, die Grenzen, die das Dasein und das Wissen in politischen, häuslichen und ideellen Zwängen einschließen, betreffen. Bereits in "Scomposizioni" (übers. Aufschlüsselung, 1987) behandelte er einige Themen der Genealogie des zeitgenössischen Menschen und schlug die Metapher der variablen Geometrie vor, um die begrifflichen und erklärenden Strukturen zu untersuchen, die, indem sie sich so weit wie möglich zusammenziehen oder ausdehnen, die Wahrnehmung und die Formulierung von Problemen ermöglichen. Seine Analyse der Interaktion dieser beweglichen Konfigurationen setzte er in "Geometria delle passioni" und "Destini personali" (übers. Persönliche Schicksale, 2002) fort.

Zuletzt beschäftigte sich Bodei mit Geschichte und Theorien des Gedächtnisses.

Schriften (Auswahl)
Italienische Veröffentlichungen
 Sistema ed epoca in Hegel. Il Mulino, Bologna 1975
 Hegel e Weber. Egemonia e legittimazione. De Donato, Bari, 1977 (mit Franco Cassano)
 Multiversum: tempo e storia in Ernst Bloch. Bibliopolis, Neapel 1979
 Scomposizioni. Forme dell'individuo moderno. Einaudi, Turin 1987
 Geometria delle passioni. Paura, speranza e felicità: filosofia e uso politico. Feltrinelli, Mailand 1991
 Ordo amoris. Conflitti terreni e felicità celeste. Il Mulino, Bologna 1991
 Le forme del bello. Il Mulino, Bologna 1995
 La filosofia nel Novecento. Donzelli, Rom 1997
 Se la storia ha un senso. Moretti & Vitali, Bergamo 1997
 Il noi diviso. Ethos e idee dell'Italia repubblicana. Einaudi, Turin 1998
 Le logiche del delirio. Ragione, affetti, follia. Laterza, Rom/Bari 2000
 Il dottor Freud e i nervi dell'anima. Filosofia e società a un secolo dalla nascita della psicoanalisi. Donzelli, Rom 2001
 Destini personali. L'età della colonizzazione delle coscienze. Feltrinelli, Mailand 2002
 Piramidi di tempo. Storie e teorie del déjà vu. Il Mulino, Bologna 2006
 Paesaggi sublimi. Gli uomini davanti alla natura selvaggia. Bompiani, Mailand 2008
 La vita delle cose. Laterza, Rom/Bari 2009
 Ira. La passione furente. Il Mulino, Bologna, 2011
 Immaginare altre vite. Realtà, progetti, desideri. Feltrinelli, Mailand 2013
 Limite. Il Mulino, Bologna 2016
 Dominio e sottomissione. Schiavi, animali, macchine, Intelligenza Artificiale. Il Mulino, Bologna 2019

Deutschsprachige Ausgaben
 Ordo amoris. Augustinus, irdische Konflikte und himmlische Glückseligkeit. Übersetzt von Petra Braun. Edition Passagen, Wien 1993
 Dekompositionen: Formen des modernen Individuums. Übersetzt von Sabine Schneider. Frommann-Holzboog, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt 1996
 Das Leben der Dinge (= Fröhliche Wissenschaft, 86). Übersetzt von Daniel Creutz. Matthes & Seitz, Berlin 2020, ISBN 978-3-95757-225-7.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Philosoph (20. Jahrhundert)
Philosoph (21. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Pisa)
Hochschullehrer (University of California, Los Angeles)
Träger des Verdienstordens der Italienischen Republik (Großoffizier)
Italiener
Geboren 1938
Gestorben 2019
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Из DataGridView в List Всем привет :)
Хотела бы узнать, как из DGV (самое последнее поле) перенести данные из второй колонки в список (скрин прикрепляю)? Данные вводятся пользователем и при нажатии Valider отправляются в список.
Мой код:
    private void button3_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        List<string> listOfTrad = new List<string>();
        MessageBox.Show(Convert.ToString(dataGridView2.Columns.Count));
        for (int a = 0; a < dataGridView2.Rows.Count; a++)
        {
            listOfTrad[a] = (string)dataGridView2[a, 1].Value;
        }
    }

Выдает ошибку привышения индекса..

A: listOfTrad.Add(...) и поменять местами индексы. Готовый вариант:
   private void button3_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        List<string> listOfTrad = new List<string>();
        for (int a = 0; a < dataGridView2.Rows.Count; a++)
        {
            listOfTrad.Add((string)dataGridView2[1, a].Value);
        }

A: Можно реализоваь через LINQ:
DataGridView dv = new DataGridView();
  dv.Columns.Add("dfdsf", "dfdsf");
  dv.Rows.Add("1");
  dv.Rows.Add("2");
  dv.Rows.Add("3");
  dv.Rows.Add("4");
  dv.Rows.Add("5");
  List<string> listOfTrad = new List<string>();
  dv.Rows.Cast<DataGridViewRow>().ToList<DataGridViewRow>().ForEach(cx => {
  listOfTrad.Add(cx.ToString()); });


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text:
Garage Magazine
Does Virgil Abloh Want to Be the Next Designer at Céline?
New York Fashion Week kicks off with dispatches from Virgil Abloh's Nike collaboration and Tom Ford's return to New York.
by Rachel Tashjian
September 7, 2017, 3:52pm
Photograph by Neil Rasmus/BFA.com
GARAGE is a print and digital universe spanning the worlds of art, fashion, design, and culture. Our launch on VICE.com is coming soon, but until then, we're publishing original stories, essays, videos, and more to give you a taste of what's to come.
Virgil Abloh—the man behind collaborative streetwear machine OFF-WHITE, Kanye West's symbiotic Svengali, and Martha Stewart fanatic—is always very busy, but these past few weeks, his tasks have felt a bit higher profile. Announcing that he was the creative director for Love Is Rage 2, the new album from Lil Uzi Vert, who is the emo Puck of the burgeoning SoundCloud rap scene, Abloh released a music video-cum-video-look-book for the single, "XO Tour Llif3," and made the cover art an OFF-WHITE billboard. (Bold: Riccardo Tisci's cover for Jay Z and Kanye's 2011 Watch the Throne may have looked like Givenchy, where Tisci was then creative director, but it didn't feel quite so advertorial.) Abloh also announced, on the eve of the 20th anniversary of Princess Diana's death, that the womenswear collection he'll show in Paris later this month will be inspired by the People's Princess (Diana, who made spandex and a Harvard sweatshirt look regal with an Hermes bag, is weirdly the perfect face for today's masstige avant-garde).
And last but certainly not least, he landed in New York to celebrate The Ten, a collaboration with Nike for which he reworked ten iconic sneakers, which are installed with much fanfare in a sprawling space on Wall Street for a multi-day event Nike is calling OFF CAMPUS.
Last week, Abloh was also asked to address ongoing rumors as to whether or not he'll take the helm at Versace (both he and the Italian house denied the rumors to Business of Fashion). But yesterday, during a Q&A at the OFF CAMPUS event, he seemed much more interested in another brand: "I'm searching for a new tool to communicate in post-American-Apparel-super-ironic, post-Been-Trill [world]," Abloh said, "that is a little bit closer to Céline. That is the goal of everything: to be closer to Céline."
Perhaps he's just fan-girling—later, he insisted that he get to answer a question directed at VP Nike Design Andy Caine about favorite artists, and said his was Céline designer Phoebe Philo—and his love of the brand is well documented. But rumors kick up every season or so about Philo leaving her post, too, which makes one wonder whether Versace is a red herring—perhaps it's the powerhouse of Parisian minimalism that Abloh is really after.
(The sneakers are pretty cool, by the way: nine classic Nike styles deconstructed, scribbled on, tricked out with labels and logos, and—in a move that feels like a more tender echo of Paul McCarthy's replica of Jeff Koons's balloon dog, or Mark McNairy's 2013 parody of Abloh's previous brand, Pyrex—a Converse sneaker.)
In the meantime, everyone is trying to figure out what New York Fashion means, after Rodarte, Proenza Schouler, Altuzarra, and Thom Browne defected to Paris. But to me, those designers always felt European—there is an emphasis on craftwork, emotion, and beauty. Paris is the city of light and New York…has a lot of dark alleyways (like the one Raf Simons showed his menswear collection in this past August!). It's about savvy, and hustle, and ideas, and even anxiety—although those are propositions that will be best be explored later this week by scrappy cool kids like Eckhaus Latta, power players like Raf Simons at Calvin Klein, and even our old friend Marc Jacobs.
The big to-do yesterday was Tom Ford, the best-smelling man in the world, who is back in the New York groove after taking some time in L.A. and London. In fact, that makes him the quintessential modern New Yorker— I'm taking some time to travel to other cities to work on my inner brand, man—but the question is whether sex, Tom Ford's hottest commodity, still sells. Today's most compelling designers—Balenciaga and Vetements' Demna Gvasalia, and Alessandro Michele at Gucci, where Tom Ford first made his big sexy mark—are all about covering up, whether it's through oversized silhouettes (Demna) or a surplus of embellishment and fabric (Alessandro). It's modesty as excess, if you can believe that contradiction—but that's fashion, baby!
As it turns out, sex will still sell, but it's less an invitation to a bedding and more about showing off the benefits of one's boutique fitness class regimen. Ford was suitably sporty—there were plungy, hiked-up body suits which were basically bathing suits, under low-slung pants and oversized blazers and sweatshirts that seemed tossed-on after a hard day's something. It was a little American Tale: Hedi Slimane Goes West—and Tom Ford has always seemed like a great American cowboy to me: whatta hunk! There was a glamorous, establishment energy to the sheer spectacle of it all—the late-night Shake Shack burgers served at the after-party made me think of Vanity Fair carting out In-N-Out in the wee hours of the Oscar Party. And on social media, at least, people seemed to take this in with a kind of exuberant relief. New York Fashion: it's alive and clicking!
Tagged:Tom FordVirgil Ablohkanye westoff-whiteNYFW


Abstract Decentralized approaches to development are gaining increasing prominence. Land tenure reform policy has been affected by many different types of decentralization. However, the literature on land tenure reform rarely explicitly addressed the implications of decentralization, and vice versa. This paper provides a review of how the issues of decentralization are linked to land tenure reform, in theory and practice. Both decentralization and land tenure reform each encompass a number of different, but related concepts and approaches. We begin with clarifying some key terms related to these different approaches, then look in more detail at contending perspectives on decentralization, and how these relate to the United Nations Development Programme's (UNDP) pillars of democratic governance. We then review the different types of land tenure reform in terms of the role of centralized and decentralized institutions, illustrating the strengths and weaknesses, gaps and challenges with experience from a range of developing countries. The final section turns to conclusions and policy recommendations, considering how decentralized approaches to land tenure reform can contribute to goals such as gender equity, social cohesion, human rights, and the identity of indigenous peoples.


June 26, 2007 - Are you looking for a shooter that's more than just run and gun? Do you long for ultra realism? How about squeezing off a double tap into the brain of a terrorist while suspended upside-down from a rappelling rope? Do you get giddy at the hollow, suppressed thud of a well-silenced weapon? Maybe you like to give orders and death commands to well-trained assassins in the name of liberty? If you answered yes to any of the previous questions, then Rainbow Six: Vegas for the PS3 will be perfect for you.
For those of you who have not picked up the game for your 360, or for those Sony fanboys out there that refuse to succumb to the evil empire, Rainbow Six: Vegas will have you begin the game playing as Logan Keller, squad leader of the clandestine Team Rainbow. Your goal is to thwart the best laid plans of one Irena Morales. Irena is the leader of a well-organized gang of smugglers based in San Joshua del Mosquiera, Mexico. You will first try and root her out south of the border, but will have to back pedal a bit and challenge her in the city of lights - no, not Paris - Vegas, baby, Vegas!
The story is interesting, but not fabulous. It is sufficiently well-devised, however; that you will find yourself eager to keep playing just to find out what happens next. This really helps the game produce a sense of accomplishment. Especially, because this is a very difficult game even when normal difficulty has been selected. If you're a masochist or just want to find out what urban warfare's really like, up the ante and go for the realistic setting. Don't peek your head around a corner though, because you're going to get it shot off.
To guard against such a horrible tragedy, Ubisoft Montreal has outfitted you with a host of weapons and armor, as well as fellow combatants that will obey your every command. The weapons you have to choose from are both lethal and realistic. They look like the real thing, they sound like the real thing, and heck, they even load like the real thing. My suggestion would be to play around with the weapons in the beginning of the game and find out which work best for you. You will be allowed to customize each weapon you carry in order to come up with perfect combo of lethality. My personal favorite armament selection is a silenced 552 Commando with laser scoping, accompanied by an MP5N submachine gun, flashbangs, and frag grenades. This combo is accurate, and allows me to fight in close quarters, at a distance, and in hostage situations.
You'll love your teammates and the control you have over them. They are not useless by any means. If you analyze each situation correctly and issue the proper orders, the bad guys don't have a chance. For example, say you come upon a room with two closed doors. Tell your boys to prepare for entry while you cruise to the flank and scope out the room. You'll then use your snake cam and see where the targets are. You can then set which targets have priority, and then have your boys chuck in a flashbang, take out the tangos, and secure the hostages in less than two seconds. By the way, did I mention this game is realistic? You will feel as if you are Logan Keller, leader of a covert government hit squad. The command controls are very easy to use. Depending on what you have told your squad members to prepare for, you will have a number of command options mapped to the D-pad. To expound upon the previous example, you can tell your boys to enter the room with guns blazing, with a flashbang to stun, or a frag grenade to clear out a hostage free room. This is a tactical, squad-based shooter that will have you scratching your head and laughing with joy. It is very easy to control and play, but difficult to master. You will find yourself dying frequently, and having to restart from the last checkpoint until you find a tactically sound solution.
If you think you can just move around like Schwarzenegger and miraculously come out unscathed while taking out 25 terrorists, you're sorely mistaken. If that's the kind of shooter you're looking for, then you will be frustrated. This game requires patience and calculated maneuvers. In order to help you remain stealthy, and keep your gray matter in tact, Ubisoft Montreal has developed a system for cover use that makes "Gears" jealous. It is an absolutely dynamite control scheme, and is the kind of thing that will be standard issue for all FPS games in the future. Like Gears of War, you will be able to use available cover by holding down on a button (the button varies depending on what button mapping you choose). You will then be taken to a 3rd person view. You can choose to fire blindly without any risk, but also without any accuracy, or you can set your virtual crosshairs on the tango, tap your analog stick, pop out from behind the wall, send the bullet flying toward your enemy's cranium, and hop back into cover all before the tango hits the floor. The execution is silky smooth and oh so lethal.
a lot! That's because the game is based heavily on realism. You can't just run out into the open and cross your fingers. Luckily for you, if you do get over-anxious and throw caution to the wind, with enough time you will regenerate your health. Your vision will blur and your movement will slow when you take fire, but you will be able to find cover and quickly heal as good as new. If you're unlucky enough to get hit squarely with a headshot then there is no coming back, and the screen will turn a bloody red, demarcating your untimely, yet well-deserved demise.


Burak Barutçu, Assist. Prof. Dr.
Fatih Öztürk, Assist. Prof. Dr.
New Energy Technologies Research Group (NET-RG); aims to develop alternative technologies for energy conversion and storage processes, which has some advantages over the conventional technologies. NET-RG; proposes to contribute to the developement of new technological devices.
In this perspective, NET-RG conducts the theoretical and applied research and development studies about heat pumps, thermoelectrics and battery management systems. The group has common projects with the industrial sector.


text:
Home Forums > History | Strategy | Opinions > Military History >
Great Battles #10 - Pharsalus 48bc (caesar Vs Pompey)
Discussion in 'Military History' started by Austerlitz, Oct 28, 2016.
Austerlitz Extraordinary Historian THINKER
PHARSALUS 48 BC - FALL OF THE REPUBLIC
Roman Republic 49 BC.Rome rules the western world.Gaius julius caesar,rome's most famous general, has just completed conquest of gaul,and now seeks a consulship-in-absentia from the roman senate,as his term as governor has expired-so he can return to rome without being prosecuted by his many jealous enemies in the senate for unlawful activities during his tenure.They are backed by Pompey the great,before caesar the most famous roman general and one time ally and son-in law of caesar,now 58, older than caesar.
During the last decade the 3 most powerful Roman politicians ,Pompey,Crassus and Caesar had come to an informal agreement to divide up the empire into respective spheres of influence and support each other to thwart the senate,called the three headed monster or the first triumvirate.Caesar got Gaul and Illyria,Pompey got Spain and Crassus rich Syria(they would back each other and rig election ,and set up their proxy consuls each year)However Crassus is killed on campaign against parthia at carrhae,and julia ,caesar's daughter and pompey's wife dies at childbirth-severing the ties between the two.
(Left to Right - Caesar,Crassus,Pompey)
''Pompey would accept no equal and Caesar no superior"
An increasingly jealous pompey backs the senators,led by the rhetoric of cato, the senate gives caesar an ultimatum to return to rome as a private citizen,and on caesar refusing outlaws him as public enemy.
Knowing legal prosecution and perhaps assasination awaits him,if he went to rome alone-caesar responds by crossing the Rubicon river-the boundary beyond which no roman general was allowed to take his troops and marching on Rome with his fanatically loyal legions.Its civil war,and in caesar's own words-
''Alea Iacta Est ''(The die is cast)
Caesar's attack,his initial marching force being just 1 legion(~5000 men) catches the republicans completely off guard and creates panic in rome.Caesar heads straight for rome,while being reinforced by more legions and brushes aside resistance.
Pompey and the senate abandon Italy for greece with as many troops as they can embark at brundisium-as pompey understands that their mobilization is far from complete and the available hastily raised levies would be useless against caesar's veteran army.They intend to reach greece and rebuild their force (by collecting all the legions deployed in the eastern provinces),and recieving aid from all the eastern client kings -most of which owe their positions to pompey's earlier conquests.They barely escape caesar's pursuing force which besieged brundisium but was unable to prevent the pompeian fleet evacuating the republicans and their forces at the last moment.
ILERDA CAMPAIGN :
Caesar consolidates his position in italy,calls a rump senate of loyalists then heads towards spain-where pompey's subordinates,afrainius,petreius and governor varro have 7 legions between them.
Caesar links up with his initial advance force under his subordinate fabius and then moves against the pompeians who are camped with 5 legions under afrainius and petrieus.Varro is in the spanish interior with 2 more.
Shortly after, Caesar arriving, active operations were at once begun by moving the camp close up to the enemy's so as to restrict the movement of his foragers. In order to cut Afranius off from the bridge at Ilerda, Caesar attempted to occupy a ridge which lay between the camps, but the XIV. legion was driven back. Counter-attacking with the IX. legion he drove a large party of the enemy into Ilerda and then tried to assault this city by forcing his way up a ravine,but was beaten back with losses.
Two days after this battle, which reflected no great credit on Caesar, his bridges over the Sicoris were swept away by a flood, and his communications with Gaul severed; worse still, his convoys could no longer reach him. Learning that he was expecting a large convoy, Afranius crossed the bridge at Ilerda with three legions and all his cavalry and attacked it. The attack, however, failed, and Caesar building a boat bridge 22 miles north of his camp enabled his convoy to cross, and his cavalry to attack Afranius's foragers.
In order further to restrict his enemy, by running the river into a number of artificial channels he created a ford near his camp which forced the Pompeians to transport two legions over the Sicoris to protect their communications, and then, on June 23, still holding the bridge they crossed their whole army over to the left bank, and set out towards the Ebro. Caesar having now dis lodged his enemy, his next step was not to defeat him but to force him to surrender. Not only would this save him casualties but augment his army, as all prisoners would be incorporated in it. He wished to gain his object by manoeuvring rather than by fighting. Sending his Gallic cavalry over the ford, these nimble horsemen greatly impeded the enemy's march, and gained time for Caesar to cross his infantry.
The manoeuvres now carried out were remarkable, and are shown on the plan.
(I) Caesar rapidly followed Afranius and forced him to form front;
(2) Afranius retired skirmishing, Caesar following;
(3) Afranius de cided to retire on Octogesa, Caesar pretending to withdraw, and Afranius made towards the defile;
(4) Caesar counter-marched and cut him off from the defile;
(5) Afranius reverted to retire ment on Octogesa; Afranius was now strategically beaten, and Caesar could have annihilated him but refused to do so;
(6) Afranius made for the Sicoris to obtain water ;
(7) Caesar headed him off ;
(8) Afranius attempted to regain Ilerda, but was forced to surrender on July 2.
Pompey lost his best legions without scarcely a fight,which led Caesar to quip he had defeated An army without a leader,now it remained to deal with the leader without an army.Soon varro and his mere 2 legions surrender too.Caesar pardons the commanders ,but afarianius and petrius break word and join pompey with whatever forces they can gather in greece.
(Maneuvering in Greece -Expand view)
FACEOFF IN GREECE :
Having only assembled half the needed sailing ships Caesar decided to take 7 available legions across, and to then have the ships travel back to Brindisi and transport the remaining legions once they had arrived at Brindisi. Travel across the Adriatic Sea to Greece would ordinarily be tricky, but was made more so given that it was winter but the sea was treacherous enough to deter the war galleys of Pompey's fleet, commanded by Caesar's former junior consul Bibulus, at Corfu. As it was winter Bibulus was unprepared and Caesar was able to sail through the blockade easily in an astonishing move which would have appeared suicidal to others and form a beachhead at Epirus with the first half of his army. Bibulus however was able to block Caesar's attempt to sail his reinforcements stuck at Brindisi. Bibulus died while conducting this blockade and no overall naval commander was appointed by Pompey. Libo attempted to make the blockade more secure by seizing the island off Brindisi preventing Caesar's reinforcements from sailing anywhere. However, Libo could not sustain this position because of a lack of water.
Caesar's blunder had put him in the worst possible position any army could find itself in. His army had no way to resupply from Rome due to the naval blockade, he couldn't resupply locally as Greece was pro-Pompey and closed their gates to Caesar, and his army was only at half strength. So dire was his situation that he made several attempts to discuss peace with Pompey but was refused at every channel. Realizing he was going to have to fight his way out, he attempted another winter blockade run back to Italy to lead his remaining forces to Greece. His luck was not with him and the rough seas and storms forced him back. Marc Antony after several attempts evaded Libo's blockade and managed to land at Nympheum with four more legions. It was now a race against time as both Caesar and Pompey rushed to meet Antony. Although Pompey reached Antony first Caesar was right on his heels and Pompey prudently moved his forces to Dyrrachium to prevent becoming caught between the two forces.
Caesar now with 11 legions sent one to southern greece secure supplies and the province and 2 other legions under Calvinus to intercept Metellus scipio who was about to arrive from syria with 2 legions to join pompey.
BATTLE OF DYRRACHIUM :
Dyrrachium was a strong defensive position for Pompey. His back was guarded by the sea, and at his front there were hills that commanded the immediate area. This made an assault on the position nearly impossible.Caesar instead decided to revisit his tactics at Alesia and ordered his engineers to build walls and fortifications to pin Pompey against the sea. Pompey responded with walls and fortifications of his own to prevent any further advance. Between these two fortifications a no man's land was created which saw constant skirmishes with little or no gain. Caesar held the outlying farmland but it had been picked clean and Pompey, with the sea at his back, was able to be resupplied by ship. However, as the siege wore on, their positions began to change. Pompey found it difficult with the limited land he controlled to create enough fodder for his horses, and other supplies such as fresh water became more and more difficult to maintain. The autumn harvest was approaching and soon Caesar would have enough food to prolong his position. This caused Pompey to become desperate to break out of the siege. By mid summer, though, Pompey had a fortunate stroke of luck. Two Gallic auxiliaries were caught stealing the pay from legionaries, but managed to escape to Pompey. With these two men on his side, Pompey was able to discover the weakest point in Caesar's wall.A section to the south of the lines hadn't yet been completed and it was the only viable target for attack.
Pompey mounted an attack of six legions against Caesar's line where it joined the sea and where the Legio IX was stationed. Pompey also sent some auxiliaries and light infantry to attack by sea. Heavily outnumbering the Caesarian troops, the Pompeian troops broke through the weakened fortifications, causing the Ninth to pull back from the onslaught with heavy losses. Caesar swiftly reinforced the breach with 4,000 men, which is twelve cohorts under Antony and then counterattacked, re-securing part of the wall and pushing Pompey's disordered forces back. Although Caesar's counterattack was initially successful, Pompey's forces were simply too numerous. Some days earlier Pompey had occupied a small camp that had been abandoned by Caesar, and enlarged the defences. Caesar responded by sending 33 cohorts to attack this position. Although the attack was initially successful, the Caesarian troops were outnumbered 2-1 and Pompey's troops fought hard. Pompey sent a large force of infantry and 3,000 cavalry to outflank Caesar's right wing. Caesar first ordered his troops on the right to stand firm, but then saw the danger of being outflanked. He ordered a retreat which soon became a panicked and disordered rout. The counterattack on Pompey's camp disintegrated completely. At first Caesar personally tried to stem the retreat, but the fleeing troops did not stop until they reached their own camps. After the failure of the counterattack and considering the losses incurred, Caesar resolved to give up attempting to besiege Pompey and to change the entire strategy of the campaign - he had lost the strategic initiative.
Pompey ordered a halt, believing that Caesar had been decisively beaten, and also suspecting a trap. According to Plutarch, Caesar remarked on that decision saying, "Today the victory had been the enemy's, had there been any one among them to gain it.''
WARRIOR : CENTURION MARCUS CASSIUS SCAEVA
The story of dyrrachium would be incomplete without the tale of Centurion Marcus Cassius Scaeva -who finds a rare mention in Caesar's own commentaries.A veteran of the Gallic wars he had been promoted to centurion there by caesar in person for valour.Scaeva's cohort of 480 men was tasked with holding a gate in a timber and mud fort when they came under attack from a whole Pompeiian legion of over 5000 legionaries.Scaeva steadied his men and personally led them in this unequal contest.
Scaeva is said to have fought with fanatical ferocity - he held his ground even as his century fled in the face of a determined assault.Initially holding the gate then fighting on the slope of the rampart his helmet was shattered by repeated blows ,his brow cut,he was wounded in all his limbs by javelins,struck in the thigh by a sword cut,his shield was pierced with 120 arrows!An arrow blinded him on his left eye and his face was awash with blood.He didn't stop even here,in an inhuman feat he pulled the arrow out of his eye socket threw it into the ground and kept fighting.He kept hacking and stabbing like a man possesed crushing enemy skulls with arock when his sword tip was blunted from the carnage.Eventually he grew weak from the loss of blood and collapsed,as to 2 pompeians approached him asking him to yield Scaeva suddenly found strength,slashing one in the throat and hacking anothers shoulder off.His awestruck century watching this demonic effort by one man rallied to him and carried him to the rear,the Pompeiians equally awestruck didn't interfere.The gate held.As the caesarian army was in rout scaeva and his cohort held the line against impossible odds.
Miraculously he survived the battle and Caesar in awe awarded him 200 years worth of bonus pay,promotion and the survivors of his cohort double pay for life.His shield,resembling a porcupine was paraded before the caesarian army.Though he missed pharsalus as he was in recovery he fought in caesar's last battles and after his assasination joined his heir and eventual emperor Octavian in his rise to power in the roman civil wars first against caesar's assasins and then against antony.Scaeva remained a legend in the roman army long after his death ,as evidenced by cohorts in the imperial age naming themselves with the honorific Scaeva.
FROM DYRRACHIUM TO PHARSALUS :
Caesar withdrew towards Thessaly,with Pompey eventually giving up the chase and tries to destroy calvinus's isolated contingent,calvinus escaped just in time to join caesar.Meanwhile scipio joins Pompey.Pompey now follows Caesar into Thessaly who had sacked the town of gomphi on his way doing much to restore the morale of his hard pressed army.Pompey intended to grind down caesar through fabian warfare harassing his supplies,but here certain factors lead him to abandoning this strategy.
1.The corn harvest was approaching and caesar's supply situation would dramatically improve.
2.His soldiers heartened by victory wanted a battle soon,and pompey wished to keep their new found confidence.
3.Finally and most importantly,unlike Caesar who was unquestioned as commander,Pompey was only first amongst equals having been elected by the senators who accompanied him.The prominent senators and officers believe caesar a beaten man and clamour for a direct engagement to finish him off and return to rome.Reluctantly pompey gives in after some senators mocked him as Agamemnon,King of Kings accusing him of enjoying total power and refusing to surrender it-(the reason for delay) with the words
'I still wanted to wear Caesar down, but you yourselves have invited this contest'
After several days standoff at Pharsalus,with Pompey on his camp on high ground enticing caesar to come to him at a disadvantage and Caesar on the plains offering battle and no side accepting,Pompey broke camp and deployed his army on the plains for battle.Caesar,elated by the news accepted immediately.
NEXT: OPPOSING ARMIES
Last edited: Oct 29, 2016
Austerlitz, Oct 28, 2016
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THE ROMAN ARMY IN THE AGE OF CAESAR
THE MARIAN REFORMS :
We have observed in detail the evolution the roman army from a warband to a semi professional citizen militia organized into the manipular triplex acies legion tactical system during Hannibal's times in the mid republic here -
http://indiandefence.com/threads/great-battles-4-cannae-216-bc-hannibal-in-italy.56526/
Posts 3,4,5,6 show the developments in detail.Now we will see the impact of what has been called the Marian Reforms on the roman army of the late republic -its transition from a citizen militia to a professional force being completed.
Until the last decade of the 2nd century BC, the eligibility requirements to become a Roman soldier in the service of the Republic were very strict:
He had to be a member of the tax paying class
He had to own property worth 3500 sesterces in value.
He had to supply his own armaments.
In particular, that produced a division among Roman census classes in which four standardized unit types (based on how much money the soldier could spend on his own arms and armor) comprised each legion:velites,hastati,principe,triarii and the equites.The causes that triggered the reforms reflected Rome's transformation from a city state to an empire with fur flung military responsibilities and the huge influx of wealth from new conquests.Initially legions would be raised for small terms then disbanded next year and the men could return to their farms,this was not feasible with the need to garrison far away conquests which heavily burdened the small propertied class that supplied the bulk of the citizen militia of the pre-marian legions.
Especially since the end of the Punic Wars and conquests in the east, the small landowning classes had dwindled to dangerous numbers. Wealthy senatorial aristocrats and equestrian elite land owners bought up small farms from struggling families and worked them with vast numbers of imported slaves. The jobless and landless mobs in Rome swelled out of control.The jugurthan war in Numidia followed by the initial catastrophic defeats to the germanic cimbri and teuton invaders led to a manpower crisis similar to that faced against Hannibal and meant by the time Gaius Marius(statue top) came to power as Consul, the typical Roman recruiting base was literally non-existant. There simply weren't enough landowners available who weren't already fighting the Germanics or Jugurtha to field a new army.
(Legionary century charge and Testudo)
RISE OF THE PROFESSIONAL ARMY AND WARLORDISM :
The foremost of the Marian reforms was the inclusion of the Roman landless masses, the Capite Censi(head count) men who had no property to be assessed in the census. Instead, they were "counted by the head". The men were now among the ranks of those who could be recruited even though they owned no significant property. Because the poor citizens could not afford to purchase their own weapons and armor, Marius arranged for the state to supply them with arms. He thus offered the disenfranchised masses permanent employment for pay as professional soldiers and the opportunity to gain spoils on campaign. With little hope of gaining status in other ways, the masses flocked to join Marius in his new army. The professional soldiers were recruited for an enlistment term of 16 years.To symbolize this transition to a permanent force each legion was given an Aquila or Eagle standard by Marius which became the symbol of the legions of Rome.(and has been emulated by nearly every continental european empire thereafter,directly or indirectly)
Marius himself did not understand possibly the enormous socio-political implications of this.Besides gaining an army, Marius gained something else: the extreme personal loyalty of the Roman head count. The recruiting of the masses would change the entire relationship between citizens, generals, the Senate and Roman institutional ideology. Prior to Marius, the armies may have been loyal to a general, but were fighting in theory for the survival or expansion of the state, including their own lands. After Marius, they fought for their General, provided they liked him, and for the plunder and glory he could provide.The extreme loyalty to generals rather than state would lead to open rebellion -warlordism under generals like Sulla ,Marius himself,Pompey and finally Caesar.Civil war, military political power and eventually the crowning of emperors were to follow.
>The first and most obvious result was the improvement in the military capability of the army. A general, when war threatened the Republic, no longer hastily had to recruit a citizen army, train it to fight and obey military commands and discipline and then march it off to do battle, raw and un-blooded. That was instrumental in the growth and success of the Roman military machine and resulted in the continued success of the Romans on the battlefield.
>Another benefit of the reforms was the settlement of retired legionaries in conquered land. That helped to integrate the region into a province and "Romanise" its citizens, reducing unrest and revolt against Roman rule.
ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGES :
Marius during his unprecedented tenure as consul 5 succesive times to deal with the Cimbri threat made permanent organizational changes to the roman legions.Most importantly, he mostly replaced the maniple structure which consisted of four distinct legionary units (velite, hastati, principe, triarii) Each used different weapons, served different purposes tactically.
>Marius did away with the different types of infantry and standardized the entire infantry of the legion on the heavy principe armed with pilum,gladius short sword,scutum shield and mail shirt.They were equipped from the state treasury.The equites were no longer used as battle cavalry,their performance had always been mediocre at best.But a detatchment of 120 horsemen was added to each legion as a scouting,escort and dispatch duty force.
>Within Marius's lifetime the Italian allies which hitherto provided half of rome's manpower revolted in the Social war.The war was ended after heavy fighting through an emergency reconciliatory measure passed in the senate which gave roman citizenship to all Italians - in effect there were no allied legions anymore.They were all Roman legions and they were standardized on the Marian model with a single heavy infantry soldier -the Legionary based on the previous principe.
>The light infantry and cavalry to supply the legions were recruited exclusively from Auxillaries in the conquered areas.Romans had the pick of their choice - Balearic and Rhodian slingers,cretan archers,Syrian archersThessalian and Thracian cavalry (after caesar gallic and germanic) , Numidian light cavalry etc.This freed up the romans to devote the citizen soldiers entirely to the job of acting as heavy infantry -the roman speciality.
>The biggest organizational change was the substitution of the 160 man maniple(originally 120 man during the hannibalic era,later increased to 160 ) with the Cohort of 480 men as the basic tactical unit.This was brought about by the requirements of the time.The maniple was a formation made of 2 centuries of 80 men each.The new cohort was composed of 3 former maniples -a total of 6 centuries.Marius divided his legion into 10 cohorts.The cohort had been in use occasionally as an ad hoc formation from the hannibalic war,but marius institutionalized it as the standard basic tactical unit.The roman maniple had been sufficient to defeat the phalanx based armies of the greeks .
However the tactics of the Germanic and Celtic tribes, the latter armed with a long two-edged sword designed for slashing, was to stake everything upon a vigorous onslaught at the start of the battle, beating down the shields of the opposition and breaking into their formation. This was a terrifying thing, and at times could swiftly sweep away an opponent - especially a nervous one - but if it was halted the tribesmen would tend to lose their enthusiasm and retreat quickly. To meet this brutal method of attack, where the perpetrators believed that fighting power increased in proportion to the size of the mass, the formation in three fixed battle lines of maniples was unsuited. The units themselves were fairly small and shallow, and an attack strongly pressed home might easily overcome their resistance.The small size of the maniple was a major weakness against such a style of fighting, and Marius decided to strengthen his front line of defence by increasing the size of the individual units.
>Every century comprised of 10 contubernium - the lowest tactical unit of 8 men.Each century was led by a centurion who acted as the NCOs of the ancient world.The most senior centurion of the legion led the first cohort on the right of the first line(this was double strength cohort with the best men as its one side was unshielded)
>The cohorts still deployed in the well known roman Aces Triplex triple line checkerboard formation with 4 cohorts on the front line and 3 on the rear lines.Troop rotation in battle was carried out through rotation of individual centuries or in case of heavy fighting indivdiual filtering.(see details of this in link of last thread).The fighting method remained same as earlier with a volley of pilum to kill an opponent or disable his shield and disrupt the enmy front line then close close combat with shield and gladius.From the the protection of his shield a legionary employed what has been called the punch and thrust routine.(details link),but veteran professional men of permanent legions were naturally better at this butcher's work at close range.
>To improve logistics ,the way soldier's kits and baggage were carried was completely adjusted. From this point on, the legionary would carry their entire standard package including weapons, armor, food, tents, supplies and tools. The "Marius' Mules" allowed bulky, slow and cumbersome baggage trains to be shortened, making the infantry faster and more efficient.This improved the strategic mobility of the roman legions which caesar was to employ with maximum effect in his gallic wars.
NEXT : OPPOSING ARMIES
OPPOSING ARMIES
Late roman republican marian legionaries.As an irony of civil war,both sides possesed exactly similar types of heavy infantry.The roman marian legionary was armoured in ring mail,armed with a oval scutum shield for protection and a gladius short sword for close range thrusting.He had 2 heavy javelins called pilum,for throwing before closing with the short sword.Pilum was a deadly weapon,its iron shank bent on contact with an enemy shield-so if it didn't kill an enemy it would then make his shield useless.The pilum could also be used as a medium spear to ward off cavalry.
CAESAR'S ARMY :
Commander- Gaius Julius Caesar
Second-in-Command - Marc antony.
Strength - 9 understrength veteran Legions(22,000 legionaries),1000 germanic auxillary cavalry.
(Germanic auxillary cavalry and a roman veteran legionary)
Outnumbered 2 to 1 in infantry and 7 to 1 in cavalry,caesar's crack veteran gallic legions were his greatest strength.Just emerged from a gruelling decade long campaign in gaul where they fought a dozen or so pitched battles are counted among the greatest infantry of all time.Disciplined,fanatical and experienced.Caesar also began the process of recruiting fierce germanic auxillary cavalry during his campaign in gaul with great success and they followed him to Pharsalus.
THE REPUBLICAN ARMY :
Commanders - Pompey the great
Second in command - Titus labienus.
Strength - 12 legions[44,000 legionaries]+4200 auxillaries,7000 cavalry.
The pompeian army was much larger than caesar's forces.However the force was not battle experienced apart from the action at dyrrhachium.Only 2 legions were really battle hardened.
Pompey had a massive cavalry advantage 7000 to caesar's 1000.Led by Titus labienus,caesar's former second in command and most trusted aide in his gallic campaigns had left caesar. About 1000 of this cavalry force was labienus's own ,rest were allied contingents and thus despite being excellent eastern horsemen not as disciplined or trained to work together.
Pompey also possesed large numbers of eastern light infantry and archers provided by his eastern client rulers which were excellent in their role but if caught in the open or in close combat were liable to be massacred.
NEXT : BATTLE OF PHARSALUS
BATTLE OF PHARSALUS
The battlefield is a flat plain with one flank of both armies anchored by the enipus river with hills at the back.Caesarians in red,pompeians in blue.Pompey offers battle goaded by his companions-and caesar is happy to accept it.
Pompey deploys his 12 legions an unusual 10 man deep-closely packed.He seeks to absorb the infantry charge of the veteran caesarian legionaries by weight of mass.He also instructs his legionaries,not to go ahead and meet the caesarian infantry charge with their own-but to stay and recieve it.Hoping the caesarian legionaries will be winded by running the double distance at the charge if the pompeians do the unexpected and not come out to meet them.Lentulus commands the left,scipio centre and ahenobarbus right.Pompey is left.
Pompey also bolsters his left with a composite force of archers and 600 cavalry to prevent any outflanking move.
Caesar deploys 9 legions stretched out to match length of pompey's formation in standrad three line formationlike pompey ,but only 6 men deep. Antony commands the left,calvinus centre and Sulla right.Caesar is positioned right.At his extreme right of the infantry line is the Legendary Legio X-the tenth legion.On the extreme caesarian left are two understrength legions,having suffered at dyrhachium.Cesar orders them to act as one.
Pompey's main trump card is the 6000 strong cavalry force under labienus,outnumbering caesar 6:1.Pompey seeks to pin down caesar's legions with his,then rout the opposing cavalry his his superior one and hit the legions from the rear in a classic hammer and anvil maneuvre..This huge cavalry mass is supported by light archers and skitrmishers to the rear.
Facing this is a meagre of 1000 caesarian cavalry.But caesar notices pompey massing his cavalry and archers and appreciates his intentions immediately.He takes several cohorts from his third line and creates an adhoc fourth line(2000-3000 men) behind his cavalry.This redeployment remains hidden due to the cavalry screen and the men are instructed by caesar to remain in kneeling position.
1.Battle begins with a infantry charge.The caesarian first 2 lines charge forward to clash with the pompeians.To their surprise the pompeians do not advance to meet them.Then in a frightening display of their discipline -caesar's veterans led by their centurions stop of their own accord and catch their breath(without any orders from their commanders)before resuming the charge.
2.Pompey's closely packed masses- succeed in absorbing the charge as pompey feeds all his infantry in to contain the assault.
3.Labienus makes his move - 6000 republican cavalry thunder forward sweeping aside their numerically inferior caesarian mounted counterparts.The caesarian cavalry withdraw after brief resistance.
4. As labienus moves to regroup his disorganized cavalry and charge into the rear of the caesarian infantry,suddenly out of nowhere caesar's fourth line charges forward holding their riveted pilum like a spear and acting on caesar's instructions not to throw them but jab with them at the horsemen's eyes and faces.(''these pretty dancers will not last long with the steel shining in their eyes'').
1.Taken completely by surprise and in a disorganized state by this caesarian infantry attack,coming on like a charging phalanx with bristling spears,and the caesarians inflicting horrific wounds by poking at the faces of the horsemen-the pompeian cavalry panics and routs and flees for safety in the hills.The lack of discipline in the allied cavalry contingents mean they join the rout without most of them even taking part in the battle.
2.The exposed archers and light infantry are massacred by the now advancing caesarian 4rth line and the returning caesarian cavalry.
3.The 4rth line,fall like a hammer on the pompeian left flank-now open and exposed.The caesarian cavalry joins them.
4.Seeing the pompeian flank under attack,with perfect timing caesar releases his third line to join the frontal assault.
5.Pompey understands the game is undone,and leaves the battlefield.Most officers follow suit.
Pompeian left wing routs under double pressure and flees to the camp,caesarians pursue.Ahenobarbus is killed.
Whole pompeian army now crumbles and flees towards camp.Caesarians pursue and manage to assault and take camp.They massacre all auxillaries guarding the camp.Remaining pompeian survivors flee towards the hill,but are hunted down by caesar and forced to surrender.
LOSSES :
Caesar suffered perhaps 200-1200 killed.Pompeians 6000 legionaries and 10,000 auxillaries killed.Bulk of the rest(~20,000) surrendered.
AFTERMATH -
Pompey fled to egypt but was assasinated.The republicans regrouped and fought on in africa and spain,but were eventually defeated by caesar.Pharsalus turned the civil war-and paved the way for the end of the roman republic.Caesar himself would not live long to enjoy his triumph in the civil war- assasination would be his end.
BATTLE ANALYSIS :
This battle can be viewed as both an example of a succesful single flank envelopment,and a failure of the same.
Reasons for pompeian defeat and caesar's success.
1] Unity of Command - 'A battle avoided can't be lost'.The republicans didn't need to engage caesar and his veterans in open combat,they threw away the advanatge they had gained.This primarily happened due to the interference of senators and officers,that diminished pompey's authority.On the other hand,caesarians acted as one unit-commanded by caesar.
2]Flexibility - Pompey just didn't have a plan B.Despite superior numbers he didn't keep a reserve to deal with contingencies,while caesar wonderfully improvised with a fourth line on observing pompey's move.
3]Surprise-Caesar's 4rth line achieved total tactical surprise with their attack.
4]Discipline- The veterans of caesar were far more battle hardened and their discipline shone through,allowing them to easily take on twice their number and totally negating pompey's plan to wind them out charging-in a superb display of initiative and discipline.
5]Deception - Pompey made no attempts to hide his intentions,caesar however kept his redeployment well hidden allowing him the advantage of surprise.
6]Security - Caesar shielded his weakness with his strength,the principle of security.Pompey with his huge numbers didn't bother with reserves.
7]Wrong choice of battlefield -
The choice of battlefield for pompey was wrong.One flank being secured by the river,it made pompey's cavalry attack totally predictable .As the other flank was closed-caesar always knew the attack was going to come on his right flank.
Also the compressed nature of the battlefield didn't allow pompey to stretch his lines and outflank caesar's line with his superior numbers.
On a open field,pompey could have stretched caesar's forces to the limit using his numbers.And also 2 open flanks would have further stretched caesar's limited forces as he would have to create 2 4rth lines-withdrawing even more troops as the cavalry could attack on both flanks.
(Death of Crastinus)
''Cry 'Havoc'! and let slip the dogs of war'' - caesar
WARRIOR - CENTURION GAIUS CRASTINUS
Crastinus,a legionary of Caesar's dreaded 10th legion had been handpicked by caesar on the legion's formation as a junior centurion.Crastinus fought throughout Caesar's Gallic campaigns, and was present at the Battle of Alesia, where he witnessed the surrender of the Gallic chieftain Vercingetorix .Early in the war, Crastinus commanded his unit as it repelled an attempted crossing of a river by the Helvetii. Crastinus, whom Caesar considered to be amongst his best soldiers, was promoted by Caesar to the rank of Primus pilus or "First File" Centurion. This rank was one of exceptional prestige, since centurions of this rank commanded the first (primus), and most important, century in a legion. With this rank, Crastinus also would have outranked all other centurions in his legion, as it was the highest possible rank of any enlisted Roman soldier.
He died at Pharsalus , playing a vital role as he led a forlorn hope party of volunteers on a mad charge in the opening attack against Pompey's line from Caesar's right wing. As reported by Caesar in the Commentaries he incited his comrades saying "Follow me, my old comrades, and give your general true service. Only this battle remains; when it's over he will regain his dignity and we our freedom."
Then he turned to Caesar and said "Today, general, I shall earn your gratitude alive or dead".The front ranks of Pompey's line was composed of veterans called Evocatii(re-enlisted for 5 yrs after completing their 16 yr service),Crastinus broke through them and was deep into the Pompeian line when he was killed by an enemy legionary thrusting a gladius in his mouth. Appianus reports that after the battle Caesar himself said to be in Crastinus' debt, tributed him heroic rites and erecting an altar.
Sources -
Osprey Campaign - Pharsalus
Osprey Battle orders - Legions of the Civil Wars
Osprey Elite -Roman Battle Tactics
Warfare in the Classical world -
Greece and Rome at War - Peter connolly
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sangos Lt. Colonel ELITE MEMBER
wow where is this content sourced from!?
Btw Caesar and Pompey were te fearsome triumverate with Marcus Crassus. Guess Crassus's death broke the deal between them.
sangos, Oct 30, 2016
sangos said: ↑
Sources given in last post.Pictures are from the internet and a few from books.
The maps i drew myself.
Yeah i mentioned triumvirate in the first post.
Maybe Your Great-Great-Great-Great-Great Grandkids Will Live On One Of These 10 Exoplanets (INFOGRAP
sangos, Apr 4, 2014, in forum: Education & Research
sangos
Great Battles #1 -jhelum/hydaspes 326bc
Austerlitz, Oct 24, 2016, in forum: Military History
Agent_47
Great Battles #2 Kalka River 1223
Great Battles #3 - Panipat 1526
Great Battles #5 - Vienna 1683 (last Great Ottoman Attack)


text:
Neyab-e Ab Kenaru (, also Romanized as Neyāb-e Āb Kenārū) is a village in Charam Rural District, in the Central District of Charam County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 36, in 6 families.

References

Populated places in Charam County


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