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A Tale of Two Bicycle Boulevards
September 20, 2011 September 20, 2011 / Joe Linton
Vista Street Bicycle Boulevard in Long Beach
"[L.A. City public works are implemented with] utter contempt for merchants and neighbors."
– Rick Cole, City Manager, City of Ventura, speaking at the Complete Streets conference, Little Tokyo, Los Angeles, 26 February 2011
There's Vista Street in Long Beach and there's 4th Street in Los Angeles. Long Beach's Vista Street is a more-or-less completed Bicycle Boulevard facility already serving to improve the quality of life in a city where cyclists are valued. 4th Street in Los Angeles is an incomplete "bicycle friendly street" in a city that values cars over quality of life and safety.
I think it's informative to explore the differences between these two projects.
Bicycle activist generated vision for a Bicycle Boulevard diverter treatment at 4th and Catalina. Image by Aaron Kuehn, based on concept by Joe Linton
First, though – what's a Bike Boulevard? It's a relatively quiet generally mostly residential street, where bicycling and walking are prioritized. It's not just for bikes, though, the street is shared by bikes and relatively slow-moving local car traffic, too. Watch this Streetfilm for more explanation on Bike Boulevards.
How Long Beach's Vista Street Became So. Cal's First Bicycle Boulevard:
If you haven't ridden lately in Long Beach, stop reading, hop the Blue Line and check it out. They're doing great stuff, and it's been written about here, here and at L.A. Streetsblog.
When the city of Long Beach decided to create a Bicycle Boulevard, city staff reached out to bicyclists and worked with them to select Vista Street.
Long Beach's Vista Bike Boulevard
Vista Street is residential, two lanes. In the initial phase, sharrows were added. In the second phase, the city of Long Beach planned to add six traffic-calming roundabouts/traffic circles. Long Beach sent out their mobility coordinator, Charlie Gandy, to talk with the neighbors. When Gandy finished talking, the neighbors asked for more traffic calming – the number of circles increased from six to eight! The city added a new signal at the intersection of Vista Street and Redondo Avenue. The new signal only allows bikes to go straight across and diverts car traffic off of Vista.
The project is in. It looks great. It works well. Cyclists and pedestrians use the street, so do cars.
How L.A.'s 4th Street Didn't Become a Bicycle Boulevard:
When the city of Los Angeles decided to create a Bicycle Boulevard, after years of cyclists pushing for "4SBB", city staff were too timid to actually call it a Bicycle Boulevard and created a whole new poorly-understood term in their oft-delayed Bike Plan. It's not a Bicycle Boulevard, no, it's a "Bicycle Friendly Street."
Sharrows on 4th Street
Fourth Street is residential, two lanes. In the initial phase, sharrows were added. In the second phase, the city of Los Angeles came up with some kind of plan… I think… I dunno… I am hard pressed to find it anywhere on-line. If it exists, it hasn't been made public… hasn't been shared with bicyclists.
Here LADOT announces the project on its website (May 2011):
4th Street… Bicycle Friendly Street … will include a large amount of community outreach. Staff is currently developing concept designs for various treatments, and the next step will be to obtain community support for specific projects before moving forward with final design of the first round of treatments.
Then the next thing I heard about the 4th Street project is that LADOT has presented it to Hancock Park homeowner groups… I think – it's unclear… never announced to my email, and I'm involved and following this. I only know this meeting happened because the aftermath. Here's an excerpt from a homeowner's email, forwarded to me by a bike activist whom I trust. I don't have this person's permission to print this, so I am not going to name the author:
[…] Adding stoplights at 4th and Highland and 4th and Rossmore is a huge concern in the Hancock Park, Windsor Square and La Brea
Hancock neighborhoods. […] The stoplight at Rosewood and Highland which was installed to aid pedestrians has caused a huge "cut through" problem and Rosewood has become a speedway…not calmer due to that light. […] the plans currently proposed for 4th street have strong opposition.
WTF?!? How on earth did a bike boulevard project turn into the installation of two signals opposed by the neighborhood due to cut-through traffic? I actually really agree with this homeowner's criticism… one of the most important things about designing a bike boulevard is to make sure it doesn't result in more cut-through car traffic. How on earth did the LADOT present their still-not-publicly-available plans for these areas in such a way that the neighbors saw them as creating cut-through car traffic? Were the plans bad? Was the presentation unclear?
Last week the second shoe fell. Here's an email I received from a (sorry again uncredited as I haven't checked with the sender for permission to quote) bicycle advocate:
[I attended the] Greater Wilshire Neighborhood Council meeting last night [Wednesday September 14th]. Councilmember LaBonge made a surprise appearance and announced that he was not supporting the bicycle crossing lights at Highland or Rossmore. Furthermore, he stated that the project should be moved to Sixth between Wilton and Fairfax, possibly as a road diet. […] Tim Fremaux of DOT stated they would not be pursuing the crossing lights [at 4th/Highland and 4th/Rossmore]. The Hancock Park residents were well represented and submitted over 100 signatures opposing the lights. The GWNC then approved a motion to oppose the lights.
When LADOT talks with neighbors, they get two fewer bike-friendly features. A huge contrast from Long Beach where they get two additional bike-friendly features.
I wasn't at these meetings, so I am going to speculate on a couple of causes… this is my guess.
1) LADOT has lost the trust of the public. LADOT has a culture of lying, not sharing information, and foisting unpopular projects announced as done deals. Generally a lot of us cyclists feel like we've borne the brunt of this, but most neighborhoods and businesses feel the same way as we do; see the Rick Cole quote at the top of this post. I can completely relate to the GWNC… when LADOT comes into my community with a plan, I am generally inclined to oppose it, solely based on their track record. If the LADOT wants to put a project on a street, it can be assumed that the project will increase cut-through traffic.
2) LADOT doesn't have confidence in the benefits of bike projects. It may be a bit of a stretch, but, to explain this, I am going to invoke Dan Savage, a great advice columnist. Savage frequently advises folks with sexual kinks to communicate the kinks to their lovers. If feet (or leather or whatever) turn your sexual crank, he advises you to tell your partner, but don't make it sound like you're telling them like you have leukemia, make it sound like it's a fun new Christmas present you're giving them. So, when LADOT goes into a community and says "we've got a bike project on your street," they can make it sound like "we're giving your street leukemia" instead of "we're giving your street a Christmas present." LADOT needs to bring on folks like Long Beach's Charlie Gandy – people who understand the value of bike projects, and who can communicate them with the general public. In some ways this could happen if LADOT chooses to treat L.A.'s bicycling communities (and, frankly, L.A.'s Neighborhood Councils, businesses, y mas y mas) as collaborators instead of as adversaries. That's easier said than done. It's going to take real culture change at John Fisher's LADOT before the department embraces bicycling, walking, and a collaborative community-oriented quality-of-life approach to transportation infrastructure.
Where does it all go from here? I am not sure. It looks like LACBC's 4th Street Bicycle Boulevard Campaign is reviving and considering our options (to get involved sign up for Google Group here.)
Cyclist on 4th Street in Koreatown
My hunch is that cyclists will need to focus on making the eastern portion of 4SBB happen first. 4th Street has a few apartment-lined miles in Koreatown and Ramart Village neighborhoods – which are much more population-dense and have higher levels of bicycling and walking than the more single-family residential neighborhoods west. I worry that LADOT will pull back the entire project after the drubbing they've received at GWNC… so we cyclists need to get out ahead of LADOT in organizing support for the project in Koreatown. Maybe we cyclists can begin to dialogue with GWNC folks, too, whose concerns we share…
We'll see.
4th Street, bicycle, Bicycle Boulevard
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30 thoughts on "A Tale of Two Bicycle Boulevards"
Interesting…I recently started a part-time job in the Miracle Mile district and 4th (and 6th west of La Brea) is my bike commute route. Although I can count on one hand the number of cars that pass my by on 4th (at least from Oxford to Sycamore), I'd also like them to address the uneven pavement through there.
City workers taking taxpayer dollars to serve the rich and flush cars through the intestines ofLos Angeles.
Christ, what a mess.
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The 4th Street Bicycle Boulevard is such an easy slam dunk. Maximizing tax dollar return from simple street features that improve safety and quality of life for everyone along the route, while developing desperately needed bicycle infrastructure. To alienate cyclists and neighbors from the project at this early stage is embarrassing. I agree that LADOT in it's current form is obviously incapable of carrying out the bicycle plan. Does a separate agency need to be created, a task force if you will, populated with people who give a damn about our streets, and who are capable of reading the plans that they write?
Joe Linton
@Alex – re: "City workers taking taxpayer dollars to serve the rich and flush cars through the intestines ofLos Angeles." I am not sure that it's about serving the rich… The rich aren't asking for more traffic. LADOT is stuck in a mid-20th century mindset that as you state "flushes cars" whether the rich/poor/middle like it or not.
Received this comment via email and passing it on anonymously:
"JOE! Your analogy of the way LADOT presents bike projects to the public, like an oncologist explaining a complicated cancer illness to a patient, is spot on. Confusing, big words, complex, not really meant for you to understand anyway, and just obligatory instead of explanatory. Very funny and made me smile.
I wish they could hire you to do their outreach, and deliver all of those future Christmas presents!!"
Nate Baird
We'll have an update on 4th St. up on the LADOT Bike Blog soon. Thanks all.
John Huan Vu (@jhvu)
I don't get why they insisted on stop lights when the obvious answer is a crossing stripe and a manually activated light for pedestrians and bikes.
I ride on 4th all the time, joggers and peds and strollers outnumber cars by a big margin. They should emphasize that it's the safety of those on foot that's the main concern here.
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@Joe: "The city added a new signal at the intersection of Vista Street and Redondo Avenue. The new signal only allows bikes to go straight across and diverts car traffic off of Vista."
There is a signal, and lane markings and signage indicating that cars mustturn right, but unfortunately there's nothing preventing cars from going straight on Vista across Redondo Ave. Google Streetview captures this:
http://g.co/maps/yjztq
Click on the "up" arrow to continue east towards Redondo in Streetview and you'll notice that the USPS van that approaches Redondo from the east continues straight on Vista! A diverter funneling cars into a right turn would be good.
Evan, no need to notice the USPS van….the google car also goes straight! You can follow the guy on the bike
Duh…of course, I forgot to mention that!
Joe, you're really not giving the whole story here.
1) It would not promote cut-through traffic because the bike signals loop detectors would only be triggered by bikes, cars wouldn't be able to use the signal. There would be roundabouts installed, as well as chicanes, the Bike Plan specifies 3 traffic calming measures. If anything this street would greatly reduce cut through traffic, it's much less attractive when you can't blow through a stop sign (a roundabout would prevent that from happening)
2) The homeowners were opposed due to a misinformation campaign where the cost of the project was doubled, residents were told that there would be huge increases in traffic on Highland and Rossmore, and that stop signs would be removed without having a roundabout in stead. In this vision, of course one would be opposed! But this vision is not the reality! I think you're to hasty to throw the DOT under the bus, they're working to help the bike community in the face of an unwilling Mayors office and a homeowners constituency who're going door to door to prevent this from happening. How can the under resourced Bike Team compete with rich housewives who have nothing else better to do than go door to door and stand on their soapbox? Place the blame on the HPHOA not the DOT.
3) Also in original mock-ups found on the DOT bike blog, there was a median extension at Highland which would've physically blocked cut through traffic! But the homeowners were opposed to these measures because they wouldn't be able to use the street themselves. First they neuter the project to something that conveniences them, then attack the project for allowing cut through traffic. There has to be a give a take at some point. It's unbelievably selfish.
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Ian McIlvaine
I am interested in your concept drawing for 4th and Catalina, which shows the bike lanes in the center of the street – would that be true for the full length of the bike boulevard? It is a wonderful statement about which form of transportation is supposed to take precedence, but I wonder how comfortable bicyclists would feel out in the middle of the road?
My father-in-law lives in Hancock Par/Windsor Square and never learned how to ride a bicycle. As a result, he has no appreciation for what a bicycle boulevard means to a bicyclist. He does have experience with bicyclists, and, in his view, more often than not, he is slamming on his brakes because yet another bicyclist has flown through a stop-signed intersection without stopping, or yielding to existing traffic. He does not see a need to accommodate bicyclists who do not follow traffic laws, and in his view, that would be most cyclists.
Promoting the 4th St. Bicycle Boulevard in Hancock Park/Windsor Square might require emphasizing the reduction in cut through traffic, and not so much the bicycle aspect. However, if there is a worthwhile design for 4th St., I would be happy to try and talk at least one resident in to approving the concept.
@Ian – not for the whole length (there's only one jog intersection the whole way – at Catalina. It depends on the site, but places like Long Beach, San Luis Obispo, Berkeley, etc. etc. will put one actual traffic diverter only every 2-3 miles – just to get rid of overall cut-through traffic. You don't need a lot of these. The idea is that if you can slow down some cars and divert some cars, you get a street that prioritizes bikes and peds.
From Portland studies, a lot of bicyclists – especially less confident ones, feel more comfortable using these quieter more residential street facilities.
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Mark Elliot
Re-reading this after a fashion has me thinking about my own city. In LA, with some leadership from the Mayor, DOT got out in front of stinging criticism about the bike plan process (including genius mock site and DIY sharrows). Since then they've been much more active. But reality is reality. As a DOT managing engineer told me, "We work for the Council offices."
At least uncertain progress against ever-changing political winds is some progress. Sure, DOT will back down if it has to.
Here in Beverly Hills, there is a prior restraint on innovation. That is, the transportation officials charged with protecting all road users utterly cave. Not to direct political pressure; but to presumed pressure. Not to a well-organized homeowners group (we do have those) but to the specter of threat from such groups.
I had a revealing conversation with the PW deputy over transportation. He attributed the city's reluctance to cut into our wide lawn an inch for bike lanes on SM Blvd. is because of community resistance to expansion. But that's no proposal has been floated. That resistance was many years back owing to adding another traffic lane in each direction.
Duh – who WOULDN'T be opposed to that? But an active transportation corridor?
Then I realized that the fear comes from presumed opposition. So, no action is taken. And I believe that in the department itself, that same fear pervades. It's hostile to innovation and even imagination.
Roland Beinert
The other day I was headed to the post office on Western and decided to take my bike along 4th Street, even though it took me a block out of my way. I just moved here, so I wasn't sure what to expect. I have to admit I was pretty disappointed. There wasn't a lot of car traffic, but the ones that were there all piled up behind my bike and started zooming around me, which obviously made me nervous. My overall impression was that this was just a typical street with a few sharrows painted on. It's still too wide and doesn't have any traffic calming. I see no reason to use it on a bike unless it leads directly to your destination.
I guess I don't see why 4th was chosen in the first place. In an urban setting, a lot of bicyclists are riding for practical reasons, not just recreation. When you're taking your bike to the grocery store or office or whatever, you want your path to lead you directly there. You don't want to ride several blocks out of your way, just to take a street that isn't much safer than a normal one. I'd rather the city take some more of the cross streets leading to 3rd street and make them boulevards like they did on New Hampshire. Well marked bike lanes on both Vermont and 3rd would be nice, too. Why strand us on 4th street?
@Roland – Definitely the plan would be not to stop at just implementing a safer more bikeable 4th Street, but to do the planned bike lanes on Vermont and elsewhere. In looking at what to do first, it's often useful to start with the "low hanging fruit" before doing the more challenging, more pushy projects.
Keep riding and let's work together to make all of Los Angeles a great place to bicycle.
It 's good to know they don't plan to stop with just 4th street. I see a relatively large number of cyclists riding on Vermont already.
How could I get involved in bicycle and pedestrian planning around here?
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Dustin W. Osborne Explores Professional Employer Organizations with CLM Magazine
Dustin W. Osborne
Dustin W. Osborne, a partner of Goldberg Segalla's Workers' Compensation group, recently wrote to CLM Magazine, providing exploration into professional employer organizations (PEOs) and how they intersect in the world of workers' compensation. PEOs are typically used for human resources services and act as a co-employer with a business. Among the services are workers' compensation insurance. This leads to the question Dustin explores within the article in regards to New York State – "The biggest question being, from which employer do [employees] seek benefits?"
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READ THE FULL ARTICLE HERE:
"Of the (PEO)ple, by the (PEO)ple, for the (PEO)ple,"CLM Magazine, March 28, 2022
MORE ABOUT GOLDBERG SEGALLA'S DUSTIN W. OSBORNE:
Dustin W. Osborne's practice focuses on the defense of complex workers' compensation claims. In representing clients in all types of workers' compensation litigation, Dustin handles matters from their inception through resolution, and, if necessary, on appeal. In addition, as a member of the firm's New York Workers' Compensation Subrogation team, Dustin assists employers and insurance carriers in navigating all issues pertaining to compensation liens and subrogation, including calculating and protecting liens, responding to requests for lien compromises, and obtaining lien recoveries for clients. His background also includes commercial litigation, and he is an emerging authority in sports and entertainment law.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
January 18, 2022 Trending New York News
So the coronavirus is bringing the auto industry to its knees
Clelia Crisci, president and CEO of Lapo Compound at AGI: the situation is dramatic, perhaps we would have done better to stop immediately
The coronavirus epidemic is also sweeping the auto and components sector. Today all the main Italian factories of FCA will be involved in extraordinary sanitization interventions which will also, in some cases, lead to the temporary closure of individual plants to put in place all possible measures to minimize the risk of contagion among workers. Yesterday the governor of Bavaria, Markus Soeder, said that "the auto industry is almost stalled. We need a cyclical package to deal with the impact of the coronavirus".
This sector too is, therefore, preparing for hard times. After the 'war' of tariffs between China and the United States that hit the European automotive sector hard, a new spectrum now appears. "After paying for the Chinese problem that has slowed down and in some cases stopped the automotive market due to lack of components, today we are dealing with limited transport and general fear. From the inside, we stop for the risk of contagion and the tail will be long! Once the supply crisis is over, with China recovering, we will have to deal with the demand crisis, with Germany that is now completely in. There will be no investment and we will have a new financial crisis that will slow down demand even more ", explains to Agi, Clelia Crisci, president and CEO of Lapo Compound, a company active in the production of polypropylene compounds to be used in the automotive, household appliance, aesthetic and technical sectors in general.
The company, born in 2001 in Campania and grown a lot in these years, represents the first link in that chain which is the basis of the automotive sector and beyond. "We make the raw material for those who make auto components . We have the pulse of the situation, because if you don't buy raw materials, you don't make cars. Because without question, the manufacturers stop and we play, we too who are at the beginning of the chain" , highlights Crisci. The real problem is that "right now the last thing people think about is changing the car ."
"The situation is dramatic, " observes the president of Lapo Compound, "perhaps we would have done well to stop immediately, at the beginning of the infection . We will certainly resort to layoffs which is the only way to deal with critical issues. In the long run you will see even more difficulties. Nobody will go around dealerships to buy cars in 4-5 months from now. "
In addition to the problem of demand is added that of transport. In particular for "abroad we have greater difficulties in exporting , because foreign carriers are afraid to come to Italy fearing that they will no longer be able to return. This also adds to the difficulties of the orders themselves", adds Crisci.
Difficult to quantify the drop in orders. "It is still early to say, of course if we were able to resume activity in early April, on the 4th or 5th, we will have to discount a 20-30% drop . However, I believe this is an optimistic estimate."
The regret is that the year had started well. "We worked hard, in the early months of 2020 the market was recovering. January but also February were positive months. The market was also starting up again in Germany while now the situation is very difficult. There will certainly be a crisis in the sector", he concludes .
Yesterday, the New York Times wrote in an article on the European auto sector, it is precisely that indicated by Crisci: the real problem is not if the car manufacturers will be able to build cars but if they will be able to sell them.
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Introducing a NEW TREND to Maltese couples | Wedding Blog - Malta | Chris X.
Destination wedding planners organise weddings in Malta or abroad for foreigners. None of the Maltese destination wedding planners organise weddings to the locals outside the Maltese coast.
As destination wedding planners, at Chris X., we also offer inbound destination wedding services. Right now, we are introducing a new trend to the Maltese couples. Have you ever thought of getting married abroad? These types of weddings are getting more and more popular every year.
So, what are destination weddings?
Some foreign couples choose to travel with their family and friends to get married, away from the country they reside in, a country they have always desired to say, 'I do'.
In such weddings, the average stay of the guests is three days, whereas the couple tend to spend a whole week. Destination weddings are very different from the Maltese weddings we know. The decisions are made by the couple, or in case of Indian weddings by their families. European couples celebrate their wedding over a day, and then maybe hold another event before and/or after the wedding day. Indian weddings are more elaborate and colourful, and take two to three days of celebrations.
These destination weddings work around the couple's budget. There are luxurious, big weddings and intimate weddings – to each his own. In this blog, I am going to focus on intimate weddings. Most destination weddings are intimate; number of invitees ranging from 15 guests up to 100 guests. For the couple's family and friends, the experience is just like going to a holiday. In this case, if the guests do not present a gift to the couple, it is not a big deal. The only thing that matters to the couple is that they spend their big day with their loved ones. In some cases, after-party bars will not be that open-bar that we are so accustomed to in our Maltese weddings. Instead, invitees are expected to pay for their drinks during the after-party. Everything boils down to budget. I can imagine the reaction of Maltese readers right now, but yes, as surprising as this might sound, for foreigners this is common practise. Other couples decide to pay everything themselves, and in some cases even the lodging of their guests, especially in Indian weddings.
Gay couples, who would like to tie the knot, but reside in countries were civil union or marriage is not allowed, are familiar with destination weddings. Gay couples are accustomed to choosing to acknowledge their love in a foreign country. Malta is a perfect destination for gay civil unions, due to its geographical position in the heart of the Mediterranean, and also because Malta is the first country in Europe with the most rights and protection to LGBTIQ community.
Some of the Maltese have already started going abroad to celebrate their bachelor's and bachelorette's. On top of that, they choose another foreign destination to enjoy their big honeymoon; top countries on the lists, America, Mauritius, Maldives. Most of the Maltese honeymooners spend circa ten days up to a month abroad. As islanders, the majority of the Maltese travel (minimum) once a year, for a vacation. Having said that, if you are adventurous, who detests traditions, and would like to break the cycle, you have all the right ingredients to explore the possibility of a destination wedding.
Can you imagine getting married in a majestic palace in Europe or in India or Thailand? Maybe you prefer a nice beach wedding at the Bahamas or Maldives? Most of us Maltese have families who are living in Australia. Imagine getting married in the spectacular scenery of Australia, experiencing a different set of photo backdrops from what we normally see in Malta!
When it comes to weddings, the Maltese mentality is evolving. Nowadays, Maltese couples know that they can choose between a civil or a religious wedding. If you opt for a destination wedding, you can still choose between the two.
We, Maltese, prefer to organise a big wedding, inviting 200 to 500 guests. Maltese wedding couples spend an average of €30,000 and another average of €7,000 on honeymoon expenses. So, what if instead of spending an amount of money for, let's say, 400 - 500 guests (whom most of them you might not even know anyway), you decide to take just 25 - 100 relatives and friends to Norway, Austria, Sicily, or any other country you want in the world? Like I said, most of the Maltese love to travel every year, so it might also be a vacation for your guests. You can see destination weddings like a two-in-one event – wedding and honeymoon for the couple – vacation and celebration for the guests.
If you are picturing yourself getting married in a forest or a nice beach, but at the back of your mind you are visualising your parent's reaction when you tell them, "Dad, mum, we decided to get married abroad." Hold it! I have another alternative for you – have a normal wedding in Malta, and then during your honeymoon abroad, have an intimate, symbolic wedding ceremony, just the two of you, where a photographer will capture those charming moments.
Many couples, during their consultation meeting tell me, "Chris, we want something unique!" My reaction to that is uniqueness is expensive. On the other hand, I did give you one unique, alternative idea that wouldn't exceed your pre-planned budget.
If you opt for a destination wedding, your big day will be a memorable one to you and your guests. Take my word for it.
Are you intrigued by this new concept? Talk to us; we will pave the way!


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text:
Innovative models predict effects of climate change on nor'easters
by John Spizzirri, Argonne National Laboratory
An extra tropical cyclone, or nor'easter, blankets the East Coast of the United States. Argonne researchers are trying to predict their future frequency and intensity in light of climate change. Credit: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service
Argonne-developed high-resolution models predict the effect of climate change on the extratropical storms that bear down on the Northeast in the winter.
These days, we expect studies regarding climate change to illustrate some distressing outcomes. Droughts are more widespread, wildfires more frequent, hurricanes more powerful.
But results from a recent study on the potential for increased intensity and frequency of nor'easters—storm events that arise during the Atlantic Ocean's cold season—leaned more toward the moderate end of the spectrum.
It looked like a bright spot on the climatic horizon. Then a "however" appeared in the data in the form of Northern Chesapeake Bay and Delaware Bay.
"We found a decrease in extreme coastal sea levels that occur on average every 1-3 years during the cool season months, in many parts of the Northeast," said William Pringle, a coastal and geophysical scientist with the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory.
"But in the upper parts of the Chesapeake and Delaware Bay regions, we found an increase in strong inland tracking storms, causing higher water levels that could cause more damage along that part of the coast."
Pringle led an Argonne research team that models nor'easters. Technically known as extratropical cyclones, the storms affect the Northeast United States from Massachusetts to North Carolina, and from November to March, producing storm tides and surges that can cause serious flooding.
The team wanted to determine whether climate change would play a significant role in the evolution of these storms and the surges that they might generate over the next several decades. Research results could help cities and regions along the East coast develop strategies for limiting damage caused by associated events.
The study, published in the journal Earth's Future, was a follow-up study of work conducted for AT&T to understand changes to winter and summer storms all across the U.S. Argonne climate modeling expertise and supercomputing resources helped the telecommunications giant develop a tool to help project the impacts of climate change on its infrastructure.
What sets this new study apart from similar studies is the combination of several Argonne-developed, high-resolution model projections. Like the one used for AT&T, some of the projections have already been applied to future drought, wildfire, hurricanes and other weather-related events.
And where many global climate models provide a broad stroke view of large areas, they do not capture the dynamics that drive more localized weather patterns. Using DOE supercomputers, Argonne's researchers ran regional climate and coastal ocean models with much higher resolutions. The combination helped them capture a more detailed assessment of cyclone frequencies and intensities, and associated storm surges, Pringle noted.
"This is also the first time that we have used a high-resolution climate model plus a high-resolution coastal flood model to do these calculations," said Rao Kotamarthi, one of Argonne's leading experts in climate modeling. "Our climate calculations run at a resolution of 12 km, which then drives the coastal model at a very high resolution of 50 meters."
A resolution of 12 km provides far more detail than traditional 100 km climate models. And models with a 50-meter resolution, while very computationally expensive, revealed more localized features that were previously unattainable.
In fact, they were able to determine which areas along the coast would get higher or lower storm tides on a county-by-county basis.
"The paper describes, for example, what would happen in Sussex County in Boston," added Kotamarthi. "So, as we were looking closely at regions along Delaware and the Chesapeake Bay area, we were able to pinpoint this increase in storm tide flooding."
Another factor that set this study apart was the consideration of coastal ocean physics not typically used in this type of study. For example, where researchers traditionally focused just on storm surge—the wall of water pushed shoreward by the storm—Pringle's team focused on surge plus the astronomical tide—the daily rise and fall of sea level along the coast.
"We ran simulations a number of times with different random timings between what the normal tide would be and the weather event," said Pringle. "That would produce different peaks, depending on if it lined up with high tide or low tide."
Because the tides are quite large in this region, the size of the tide could be similar to or even larger than the magnitude of the surge. This could create a stronger and possibly dangerous storm tide depending on when they aligned.
The regional climate model also developed the projections of atmospheric conditions, like winds and pressure, which play a large role in weather patterns that could decide the intensity of such storms. The coastal model, at a resolution of 50 meters, used this information to capture a more detailed picture of local phenomena, like storm tides and coastal water levels.
Depending on where you are in the world, weather is affected by local topographies, among many other factors. For example, Lake Michigan impacts the wind patterns around Chicago in a different way than locations to the east of the lake, notes Jiali Wang, an Argonne atmospheric and Earth scientist and a member of the study's team.
But to understand that distinction properly requires the kind of resolution that the Argonne model provides.
"If you use grid cells that are 100 km by 100 km over Illinois or the Midwest, you only get a few grid cells, which only gives you projections that are smoothed out over a large region," said Wang. "At 12 km, the much smaller grid cells let you zoom in and see the local phenomena at work."
In an ongoing project, the team is calculating the climate projections at an even finer scale of 4 km, which allows them to represent the physics in greater detail.
Beyond that, the tide-weather timing ensemble gave the researchers a better idea of the uncertainty of projections in the extreme water level changes. In those places where uncertainties occur, the team will go back and do more model simulations to understand some interaction they might be missing.
For example, models might have to be adjusted for expected sea level rise created by the effects of global warming. According to the team's paper, the sea level rise may prove a bigger problem than changes in storm tides by the end of the century.
While a little nuanced, noted Pringle, the differences in peak water levels based on the winter storm climatology was generally small compared to the differences we might expect from sea level rise.
"Overall, we did see some evidence of a slight decrease for counties on the open Atlantic Ocean versus an increase in those counties further up in the big estuaries, like Delaware Bay and Chesapeake Bay, where the storms are tracking further inland," he said.
On the whole, the statistics for these extratropical storms are not changing so significantly as to suggest a higher probability of a large surge event in the future versus now.
"It's neutral news," Pringle quipped. "But we shouldn't treat it complacently."
This research was published under the title "Projected Changes to Cool-Season Storm Tides in the 21st Century Along the Northeastern United States Coast." Authors include Pringle, Wang and Kotamarthi of Argonne; and Keith J. Roberts of Stony Brook University in New York.
More information: William J. Pringle et al, Projected Changes to Cool‐Season Storm Tides in the 21st Century Along the Northeastern United States Coast, Earth's Future (2021). DOI: 10.1029/2020EF001940
Provided by Argonne National Laboratory
Citation: Innovative models predict effects of climate change on nor'easters (2021, October 20) retrieved 29 January 2023 from https://phys.org/news/2021-10-effects-climate-noreasters.html
Storm-induced sea level spikes differ in origin on US East, Gulf coasts
Sandy's surge topped by 'rogue' 1950 storm in some areas
Study projects more intense rain during future hurricanes
Climate change may lead to more landfalling tropical cyclones in China
Tropical cyclones in the Arabian Sea: Why are they increasing?
Why do we need sharper weather and climate models?
Low emission energy systems can create water conflict without smart design
Climate modelers add ocean biogeochemistry and fisheries to forecasts of future upwelling
Mercury helps to detail Earth's most massive extinction event
Human activity has degraded more than a third of the remaining Amazon rainforest, scientists find


text:
For other uses, see Karl May (disambiguation).
Karl Friedrich May (/maɪ/ MY; German: [maɪ]; 25 February 1842 – 30 March 1912) was a German writer best known for his adventure novels set in the American Old West. His main protagonists are Winnetou and Old Shatterhand. May set similar books in the Orient and Middle East (in which the main protagonists were Kara Ben Nemsi and Hadschi Halef Omar), Latin America and Germany. May also wrote poetry, a play, and composed music; he was a proficient player of several musical instruments. Many of his works were adapted for film, stage, audio dramas and comics. Later in his career, May turned to philosophical and spiritual genres. He is one of the best-selling German writers of all time with about 200 million copies worldwide.
Karl Friedrich May
(1842-02-25)25 February 1842
Ernstthal, Saxony, German Confederation
30 March 1912(1912-03-30) (aged 70)
Radebeul, German Empire
Writer; author
Western, travel fiction, German homeland novels, adventure novels
www.karl-may-gesellschaft.de
Life and careerEdit
The house in which May was born
YouthEdit
May was the fifth child of a poor family of weavers in Ernstthal, Schönburgische Rezessherrschaften (then part of the Kingdom of Saxony). He had thirteen siblings of whom nine died in infancy. During his school years, he received instruction in music and composition. At twelve, May was making money at a skittle alley, where he was exposed to rough language.[1]
DelinquencyEdit
In 1856, May commenced teacher training in Waldenburg but in 1859 was expelled for stealing six candles. After an appeal, he was allowed to continue in Plauen. Shortly after graduation, when his roommate accused him of stealing a watch, May was jailed in Chemnitz for six weeks and his license to teach was permanently revoked. After this, May worked with little success as a private tutor, an author of tales, a composer and a public speaker. For four years, from 1865 to 1869, May was jailed in the workhouse at Osterstein Castle, Zwickau. With good behaviour, May became an administrator of the prison library which gave him the chance to read widely. He made a list of the works he planned to write (Repertorium C. May.)
On his release, May continued his life of crime, impersonating various characters (policemen, doctors etc.) and spinning fantastic tales as a method of fraud. He was arrested, but when he was transported to a crime scene during a judicial investigation, he escaped and fled to Bohemia, where he was detained for vagrancy. For another four years, from 1870 to 1874, May was jailed in Waldheim, Saxony. There he met a Catholic Catechist, Johannes Kochta, who assisted May.[2]
Early yearsEdit
After his release in May 1874, May returned to his parents' home in Ernstthal and began to write. In November 1874, Die Rose von Ernstthal ("The Rose from Ernstthal") was published.[3] May then became an editor in the publishing house of Heinrich Gotthold Münchmeyer in Dresden. May managed entertainment papers such as Schacht und Hütte ("Bay and Cabin") and continued to publish his own works such as Geographische Predigten ("Collected Travel Stories") (1876). May resigned in 1876[3] and was employed by Bruno Radelli of Dresden.
In 1878, May became a freelance writer. In 1880, he married Emma Pollmer. Once again, May was insolvent.[3] In 1882, May returned to the employ of Münchmeyer and began the first of five large colportage novels. One of these was Das Waldröschen (1882–1884). From 1879, May was also published in Deutscher Hausschatz ("German House Treasure"), a Catholic weekly journal from the press of Friedrich Pustet in Regensburg. In 1880, May began the Orient Cycle, which ran, with interruption, until 1888. May was also published in the teenage boys' journal Der Gute Kamerad ("The Good Comrade") of Wilhelm Spemann, Stuttgart. In 1887, it published Der Sohn des Bärenjägers ("Son of the Bear Hunter"). In 1891 Der Schatz im Silbersee ("The Treasure of Silver Lake") was published. May published in other journals using pseudonyms. In all, he published over one hundred articles. In October 1888, May moved to Kötzschenbroda (a part of Radebeul) and 1891 to Villa Agnes in Oberlößnitz. In 1891, Friedrich Ernst Fehsenfeld offered to print the Deutscher Hausschatz "Son of the Bear Hunter" stories as books. In 1892, publication of Carl May's Gesammelte Reiseromane (Collected Travel Accounts or Karl May's Gesammelte Reiseerzählungen) brought financial security and recognition. May became deeply absorbed in the stories he wrote and the lives of his characters. Readers wrote to May, addressing him as the protagonists of his books. May conducted talking tours in Germany and Austria and allowed autographed cards to be printed and photos in costume to be taken. In December 1895, May moved to the Villa Shatterhand in Alt-Radebeul, which he purchased from the Ziller brothers.[4]
Later yearsEdit
Karl May and Sascha Schneider, 1904
Tomb of Karl and Klara May
In 1899, May travelled to Egypt then Sumatra with his servant, Sejd Hassan. In 1900, he was joined by Klara and Richard Plöhn. The group returned to Radebeul in July 1900. May demonstrated some emotional instability during his travels.[5]
Hermann Cardauns and Rudolf Lebius criticised May for his self-promotion with the Old Shatterhand legend. He was also reproached for his writing for the Catholic Deutscher Hausschatz and several Marian calendars. There were also charges of unauthorised book publications and the use of an illegal doctoral degree. In 1902, May did receive a Doctor honoris causa from the Universitas Germana-Americana, Chicago for Im Reiche des Silbernen Löwen ("In the Realm of the Silver Lion.")[6] In 1908, Karl and Klara May spent six weeks in North America. They travelled through Albany, New York, Buffalo, New York, the Niagara Falls and visited friends in Lawrence, Massachusetts. May was inspired to write Winnetou IV.
However, on his return, May began work on complex allegorical texts. He considered the "question of mankind", pacifism and the raising of humans from evil to good. Sascha Schneider provided symbolistic covers for the Fehsenfeld edition. On 22 March 1912, May was invited by the Academic Society for Literature and Music in Vienna to present a lecture entitled Empor ins Reich der Edelmenschen ("Upward to the Realm of Noble Men"). There, he met Bertha von Suttner. Karl May died one week later on 30 March 1912. According to the register of deaths, the cause was cardiac arrest, acute bronchitis and asthma, but according to Ralf Harder from the Karl-May-Stiftung, May's death certificate does not include the cause of death.[7] Scientists examining the remains of May in 2014 found excessive quantities of lead and other heavy metals, and concluded that his death was probably due to a long-time exposure to lead in water as well as tobacco.[8] May was buried in Radebeul East. His tomb was inspired by the Temple of Athena Nike.[7]
IntroductionEdit
May used many pseudonyms, including "Capitan Ramon Diaz de la Escosura", "D. Jam", "Emma Pollmer", "Ernst von Linden", "Hobble-Frank", "Karl Hohenthal", "M. Gisela", "P. van der Löwen", "Prinz Muhamel Lautréamont" and "Richard Plöhn". Most pseudonymously or anonymously published works have been identified.
For the novels set in America, May created the characters of Winnetou, the wise chief of the Apaches and Old Shatterhand, Winnetou's white blood brother. Another series of novels was set in the Ottoman Empire. In these, the narrator-protagonist, Kara Ben Nemsi, travels with his local guide and servant Hadschi Halef Omar through the Sahara desert to the Near East, experiencing many exciting adventures.
May's writing developed from the anonymous first-person observer-narrator (for example Der Gitano, 1875) to a narrator with heroic skills and equipment, to a fully formed first-person narrator-hero.[citation needed]
With few exceptions, May had not visited the places he described, but he compensated successfully for his lack of direct experience through a combination of creativity, imagination, and documentary sources including maps, travel accounts and guidebooks, as well as anthropological and linguistic studies. The work of writers such as James Fenimore Cooper, Gabriel Ferry, Friedrich Gerstäcker, Balduin Möllhausen and Mayne Reid served as his models.[citation needed]
Non-dogmatic Christian values play an important role in May's works. Some of the characters are described as being of German, particularly Saxon, origins. Characters described as Native Americans are usually portrayed as innocent victims of white law-breakers.[citation needed]
May avoided ethnological prejudices. Nevertheless, there are in his work some phrasings, which today are seen as racist. In some instances, but not all, May makes pejorative statements about Armenians, black people, Chinese people, Irish people, Jews and mestizos. In a letter to a young Jew who intended to become a Christian after reading May's books, May advised him first to understand his own religion, which he described as holy and exalted, until he was experienced enough to choose.[9]
In his later works (after 1900) May left the adventure fiction genre to write symbolic novels with religious and pacifistic content. The change is best shown in Im Reiche des silbernen Löwen where the first two parts are adventurous and the last two parts belong to the mature work.[citation needed]
Early workEdit
In his early work, May wrote in a variety of genres until he showed his proficiency in travel stories.[10] During his time as an editor he published many of these works within the periodicals for which he was responsible.
Das Buch der Liebe (1876, educational work)
Geographische Predigten (1876, educational work)
Der beiden Quitzows letzte Fahrten (1877, unfinished)
Auf hoher See gefangen (Auf der See gefangen, parts later revised for Old Surehand II) (1878)
Scepter und Hammer (1880)
Im fernen Westen (reworked in Old Firehand (1875) and later in Winnetou II)(1879)
Der Waldläufer (reworked in "Le Coureur de Bois", a novel by Gabriel Ferry)
Die Juweleninsel (1882)
The shorter stories of the early work can be grouped as follows, although in some works genres overlap. Some of the shorter stories were later published in anthologies, for example, Der Karawanenwürger und andere Erzählungen (1894), Humoresken und Erzählungen (1902) and Erzgebirgische Dorfgeschichten (1903).
Adventure fiction and early travel stories (for example, Inn-nu-woh, der Indianerhäuptling, 1875)
Crime fiction (for example, Wanda, 1875)
Historical fiction (for example, Robert Surcouf, 1882)
Humorous stories (for example, Die Fastnachtsnarren, 1875)
Series about "the Old Dessauer", Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (for example, Pandur und Grenadier, 1883)
Stories of villages in the Ore Mountains (for example, Die Rose von Ernstthal, 1874 or 1875)
Natural history works (for example, Schätze und Schatzgräber, 1875)
Letters and poems (for example, Meine einstige Grabinschrift, 1872).
Colportage novelsEdit
Cover for Waldröschen
May wrote five large (many thousands of pages) colportage novels which he published either anonymously or under pseudonym between 1882 and 1888.
Das Waldröschen (1882–84, a part was later revised for Old Surehand II)
Die Liebe des Ulanen (1883–85)
Der verlorne Sohn oder Der Fürst des Elends (1884–86)
Deutsche Herzen (Deutsche Helden) (1885–88)
Der Weg zum Glück (1886–88)
From 1900 to 1906, Münchmeyer's successor Adalbert Fischer published the first book editions. These were revised by third hand and published under May's real name instead of pseudonym. This edition was not authorised by May and he tried to stop its publication.[11]
Travel storiesEdit
Cover of Orangen und Datteln by Fritz Bergen (1893)
Thirty-three volumes of Carl May's Gesammelte Reiseromane, (Karl May's Gesammelte Reiseerzählungen) were published from 1892 to 1910 by Friedrich Ernst Fehsenfeld. Most had been previously published in Deutscher Hausschatz, but some were new. The best known titles are the Orient Cycle (volumes 1 - 6) and the Winnetou-Trilogy (volumes 7 - 9). Beyond these shorter cycles, the works are troubled by chronological inconsistencies arising when original articles are revised for book editions.
Durch Wüste und Harem (1892, since 1895 titled Durch die Wüste)
Durchs wilde Kurdistan (1892)
Von Bagdad nach Stambul (1892)
In den Schluchten des Balkan (1892)
Durch das Land der Skipetaren (1892)
Der Schut (1892)
Winnetou I (1893, also titled Winnetou der Rote Gentleman I)
Winnetou II (1893, also titled Winnetou der Rote Gentleman II)
Winnetou III (1893, also titled Winnetou der Rote Gentleman III)
Orangen und Datteln (1893, an anthology)
Am Stillen Ocean (1894, an anthology)
Am Rio de la Plata (1894)
In den Cordilleren (1894)
Old Surehand I (1894)
Old Surehand II (1895)
Im Lande des Mahdi I (1896)
Im Lande des Mahdi II (1896)
Im Lande des Mahdi III (1896)
Old Surehand III (1897)
Satan und Ischariot I (1896)
Satan und Ischariot II (1897)
Satan und Ischariot III (1897)
Auf fremden Pfaden (1897, an anthology)
Weihnacht! (1897)
Im Reiche des silbernen Löwen I (1898)
Im Reiche des silbernen Löwen II (1898)
Am Jenseits (1899)
May's oeuvre includes some shorter travel stories that were not published within this series (for example, Eine Befreiung in Die Rose von Kaïrwan, 1894). After the founding of the Karl May Press in 1913, works in Gesammelte Werke were revised (sometimes extensively) and many received new titles. Texts (other than those from Fehsenfeld Press) were also added to the new series.
Stories for young readersEdit
Cover of Der blaurote Methusalem by Oskar Herrfurth
These stories were written from 1887 to 1897 for the magazine Der Gute Kamerad. Most of the stories are set in the Wild West, but Old Shatterhand is just a figure and not the first-person narrator as he is in the travel stories. The best known volume is Der Schatz im Silbersee. In the broadest sense the early works Im fernen Westen and Der Waldläufer belong to this category.
Der Sohn des Bärenjägers (1887, since 1890 within Die Helden des Westens)
Der Geist des Llano estakata (1888, since 1890 correctly titled as Der Geist des Llano estakado within Die Helden des Westens)
Kong-Kheou, das Ehrenwort (1888/89, since 1892 titled Der blaurote Methusalem)
Die Sklavenkarawane (1890)
Der Schatz im Silbersee (1891)
Das Vermächtnis des Inka (1892)
Der Oelprinz (1894, since 1905 titled as Der Ölprinz)
Der schwarze Mustang (1897)
Replies to letters from readers in Der Gute Kamerad.
Mature workEdit
Ardistan und Dschinnistan, 1909, cover by Sascha Schneider showing Marah Durimeh
May's mature work dates to 1900, after his travels to the East.[12] Many of them were published by Fehsenfeld.
Himmelsgedanken (1900, poem collection)
Im Reiche des silbernen Löwen III (1902)
Erzgebirgische Dorfgeschichten (1903, anthology)
Im Reiche des silbernen Löwen IV (1903)
Und Friede auf Erden! (1904)
Babel und Bibel (1906, drama)
Ardistan und Dschinnistan I (1909)
Ardistan und Dschinnistan II (1909)
Winnetou IV (1910)
Mein Leben und Streben (1910, autobiography)
Schamah (1907) and other short stories.
Briefe über Kunst (1907) and other articles.
"Karl May als Erzieher" und "Die Wahrheit über Karl May" oder Die Gegner Karl Mays in ihrem eigenen Lichte (1902) and other legal proceedings.
Other worksEdit
May was a member of the "Lyra" choir in about 1864 and composed musical works including a version of Ave Maria and Vergiss mich nicht within Ernste Klänge, 1899).[13]
During his last years, May lectured on his philosophical ideas.
Drei Menschheitsfragen: Wer sind wir? Woher kommen wir? Wohin gehen wir? (Lawrence, 1908)
Sitara, das Land der Menschheitsseele (Augsburg, 1909)
Empor ins Reich der Edelmenschen (Vienna, 1912)
Furthermore there are posthumous publications of fragments of stories and dramas, lyrics, musical compositions, letters and the library catalogue.
Number of copies and translationsEdit
It is stated that Karl May is the "most read writer of the German tongue". The total number of copies published is about 200 million, half in German.[14]
May's first translated work was the first half of the Orient Cycle into a French daily in 1881.[15] Since that time, May's work has been translated into more than thirty languages including Latin, Esperanto and Volapük. In the 1960s, UNESCO said May was the most translated German writer.[14] His most popular translations are Czech, Hungarian and Dutch.[15] In 2001, Nemsi Books Publishing Company, Pierpont, South Dakota, was one of the first English publishing houses to produce the unabridged translations of May's oeuvre.
InfluenceEdit
May had a substantial influence on a number of well-known German-speaking people and on the German population itself.[16] The popularity of his writing, and indeed his (generally German) protagonists, are seen as having filled a lack in the German psyche which had few popular heroes until the 19th century.[17] His readers longed to escape from an industrialised, capitalist society, an escape which May offered.[18] May "helped shape the collective German dream of feats far beyond middle-class bounds."[17] and contributed to the popular image of Native Americans in German-speaking countries.
The name Winnetou has an entry in the German dictionary, Duden. The wider influence on the populace also surprised US occupation troops after World War II, who realised that thanks to May, "Cowboys and Indians" were familiar concepts to local children (though fantastic and removed from reality).[16]
Many well-known German-speaking people used May's heroes as models in their childhood.[19] Albert Einstein enjoyed May's books and said, "My whole adolescence stood under his sign. Indeed, even today, he has been dear to me in many a desperate hour..."[17]
Adolf Hitler was an admirer, who noted in Mein Kampf that the novels "overwhelmed" him as a boy, going as far as to ensure "a noticeable decline" in his school grades. According to an anonymous friend, Hitler attended the lecture given by May in Vienna in March 1912 and was enthusiastic about the event.[20] Ironically, the lecture was an appeal for peace, also heard by Nobel Peace Prize laureate Bertha von Suttner. Claus Roxin doubts the anonymous description, because Hitler had said much about May, but not that he had seen him.[21] Hitler defended May against critics in the men's hostel where he lived in Vienna, as the evidence of May's earlier time in jail had come to light; although it was true, Hitler confessed that May had never visited the sites of his American adventure stories. This made him a greater writer in Hitler's view since it showed the author's powers of imagination. May died suddenly only ten days after the lecture, leaving the young Hitler deeply upset.[22] Hitler later recommended the books to his generals and had special editions distributed to soldiers at the front, praising Winnetou as an example of "tactical finesse and circumspection",[23] though some note that the latter claims of using the books as military guidance are not substantiated.[17] However, as told by Albert Speer, "when faced by seemingly hopeless situations, he [Hitler] would still reach for these stories," because "they gave him courage like works of philosophy for others or the Bible for elderly people."[23] Hitler's admiration for May led the German writer Klaus Mann to accuse May of having been a form of "mentor" for Hitler.[16] In his admiration, Hitler ignored May's Christian and humanitarian approach and views completely, not mentioning his relatively sympathetic description of Jews and other persons of non-Northern European ancestry.
The fate of Native Americans in the United States was used during the world wars for anti-American propaganda.[citation needed] The National Socialists in particular tried to use May's popularity and his work for their purposes.[17]
Influence on other authorsEdit
The German writer Carl Zuckmayer was intrigued by May's Apache chief and named his daughter Maria Winnetou.[14] Max von der Grün said he read May as a young boy. When asked whether reading May's books had given him anything, he answered, "No. It took something away from me. The fear of bulky books, that is."[24]Heinz Werner Höber, the twofold Glauser prize winner, was a follower of May. He said, "When I was about 12 years old I wrote my first novel on Native Americans which was, of course, from the beginning to the end completely stolen from Karl May." He had pleaded with friends to get him to Radebeul "because Radebeul meant Karl May". There he was deeply impressed by the museum and said, "My great fellow countryman from Hohenstein-Ernstthal and his immortal heroes have never left me ever since."[25]
May's poem Ave Maria (1896) was set to music in at least 19 versions. Other poems, especially from the collection Himmelsgedanken were also set to music. Carl Ball wrote Harp Clangs for the drama Babel und Bibel for May. The Swiss composer Othmar Schoeck adapted Der Schatz im Silbersee for opera. May's concepts, such as Winnetou's death, inspired musical works.[26]
The first stage adaptation of May's work was Winnetou (1919) by Hermann Dimmler. Dimmler and Ludwig Körner made revised editions of the play. Different novel revisions have been played on outdoor stages since the 1940s. The Karl May Festival in Bad Segeberg has been held every summer since 1952 and in Lennestadt-Elspe since 1958. At some of these festivals, Pierre Brice has played Winnetou. Another festival has been conducted on a rock stage in Rathen, in Saxon Switzerland near Radebeul in 1940 and then since 1984.[27]
Main article: Karl May film adaptations
In 1920, May's friend Marie Luise Droop, her husband Adolf Droop and the Karl May Press founded Ustad-Film, a production company. Ustad-Film made three silent movies (Auf den Trümmern des Paradieses, Die Todeskarawane and Die Teufelsanbeter) after the Orientcycle. The company became bankrupt in 1921 and the films are lost.[14] In 1936 a first sound movie Durch die Wüste was shown. Die Sklavenkarawane [de] (1958) and its sequel Der Löwe von Babylon [de] (1959) were the first colour movies.
From 1962 to 1968, a series of May movies were made.[28] While most of the seventeen movies of this series were Wild West movies (beginning with Der Schatz im Silbersee), three were based on the Orientcycle and two on Das Waldröschen. Most of these movies were made separately by the two competitors Horst Wendlandt and Artur Brauner. Several actors were employed, including Lex Barker (Old Shatterhand, Kara Ben Nemsi, Karl Sternau), Pierre Brice (Winnetou), Gojko Mitić (Winnetou), Stewart Granger (Old Surehand), Milan Srdoč (Old Wabble) and Ralf Wolter (Sam Hawkens, Hadschi Halef Omar, André Hasenpfeffer). The film score by Martin Böttcher and the landscape of Yugoslavia are associated with the movies. Other movies such as Die Spur führt zum Silbersee (1990) and TV productions such as Das Buschgespenst (1986) and the television series Kara Ben Nemsi Effendi (1973) were produced. The productions vary from the original written works.[28]
In 2016, German RTL Television premiered three-part television movies based on Winnetou, directed by Philipp Stölzl.[29]. In the part "Winnetou and Old Shatterhand", Gojko Mitić, one of actors who played Winnetou in '60s movies, portraited a character named Intschu Tschuna.
May's works (about three hundred) have been adapted for audio dramas, particularly in the 1960s.[14][30] The first, Der Schatz im Silbersee, was written by Günther Bibo in 1929.[14] There are also Czech and Danish versions of the audio dramas.[30] In 1988, Der Schatz im Silbersee was read by Gert Westphal and published as an audiobook. Wann sehe ich dich wieder, du lieber, lieber Winnetou? (1995) is a compendium of Karl May texts read by Hermann Wiedenroth.[30]
In the 1960s and 1970s, May's works were adapted for German comics including an eight comic series based on Winnetou and a further nine titled Karl May (1963–1965). The series was drawn by Helmut Nickel and Harry Ehrt and published by Walter Lehning Verlag. Eighty-seven issues of the Flemish comic, Karl May, were published by Standaard Uitgeverij from 1962 to 1987. The series was drawn by the studio of Willy Vandersteen. Comics were also produced in Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Mexico, Spain and Sweden.[31]
May's life has been the subject of screen works, novels and a stage play, including
Freispruch für Old Shatterhand (1965, directed by Hans Heinrich)
Karl May (1974, directed by Hans-Jürgen Syberberg)
Karl May (1992, directed by. Klaus Überall, a television series in 8 episodes)
Swallow, mein wackerer Mustang (1980) by Erich Loest
Vom Wunsch, Indianer zu werden. Wie Franz Kafka Karl May traf und trotzdem nicht in Amerika landete (1994) by Peter Henisch
Old Shatterhand in Moabit (1994) by Walter Püschel
Karl May und der Wettermacher (2001) by Jürgen Heinzerling
Die Taschenuhr des Anderen by Willi Olbrich.
Copies, parodies, and sequelsEdit
May was copied or parodied during his lifetime. Some wrote similar wild west stories. Others such as Franz Treller published under May's name.[32] Novelisations of May's characters include
Hadschi Halef Omar (2010) Jörg Kastner describes the first contact of the titular character with Kara Ben Nemsi.
In Mekka (1923) Franz Kandolf, a sequel to Am Jenseits (Karl May's Gesammelte Werke volume 50).
"Die Schatten des Schah-in-Schah" (2006) Heinz Grill, an alternative to Im Reiche des silbernen Löwen III/IV.
Winnetous Testament Jutta Laroche and Reinhard Marheinecke, a series of eight volumes as a sequel to Winnetou IV.
Der Schuh des Manitu (2001) Michael Herbig, a parody on the Karl May films of the 1960s.
Asteroid 15728 Karlmay is named in May's honour.[33]
Karl May institutionsEdit
Karl May FoundationEdit
In his will, May made his second wife, Klara, his sole heiress. He instructed that after her death all of his property and any future earnings from his work should go to a foundation. This foundation should support the education of the gifted poor including writers, journalists and editors. One year after May's death, on 5 March 1913, Klara May established the "Karl May Foundation" ("Karl-May-Stiftung"). Contributions have been made since 1917. Klara and Karl May's estate went to the foundation. The foundation established the Karl May Museum to maintain the Villa Shatterhand, the estates, the collections and May's tomb.[34][35] In 1960, the Karl May Foundation received the Karl May Press.[35]
Karl May PressEdit
On 1 July 1913, Klara May, Friedrich Ernst Fehsenfeld (May's main publisher) and the jurist Euchar Albrecht Schmid established the "Foundation Press Fehsenfeld & Co." ("Stiftungs-Verlag Fehsenfeld & Co.") in Radebeul. In 1915, the name changed to "Karl May Press" ("Karl-May-Verlag" (KMV)). The KMV consolidated the rights to May's works from internal discord and from other publishers.[36] Third-hand revisions of these texts were added to the series Karl May's Gesammelte Reiseerzählungen, which was renamed to Karl May's Gesammelte Werke (und Briefe). The existing 33 volumes of the original series were also revised, some extensively. By 1945 there were 65 volumes. The press is exclusive to May's work and subsidiary literature. Besides the Gesammelte Werke (the classical "green volumes"), which have 91 volumes today, the press has a huge reprint programme.
The Karl May Press aims to rehabilitate May from literary criticism and to support the Karl May Foundation. In 1921, Fehsenfeld left and in 1960, the foundation fell to Klara May's estate, and thus the Press is owned by the Schmid family. In 1959, due to censorship in the Soviet occupation zone and East Germany, the Press moved to Bamberg (Germany). In 1963, when copyright ended, the Press began commercialising May's works. After German reunification, in 1996, the Press took a second office in Radebeul. The name "Karl May" is a registered trade mark of the "Karl May Verwaltungs- und Vertriebs-GmbH", which belongs to the Karl May Press.[36]
MuseenEdit
RadebeulEdit
Karl May's Villa Shatterhand
Villa Bärenfett
The Karl May Museum is in the Villa Shatterhand in Radebeul and contains artifacts from May's life as well as from life on the American frontier and Native American life of that era.[37] It was founded in 1928 by May's widow and an eccentric Austrian named Ernst Tobis.[38] When the Nazis took over Germany, they appropriated the museum and the image of May, and were especially focused on swastikas that appeared in some of the Native American artwork. Hitler Youth were encouraged to visit the museum and hear stories from Tobis.[39] After World War II, the original museum was in East Germany and a replica was built in Bamberg in West Germany.[40]:73 From 1956 to 1984, the museum in Radebul was called the "Indianer Museum", because May's books were suppressed by the East German government; its original name was restored in 1986.[37] Around 2010, controversy arose over scalps, some of them from Native Americans, that were in the museum's collection.[38]
Hohenstein-ErnstthalEdit
The "Karl May House" ("Karl-May-Haus") is the three-centuries-old weaver house where May was born. Since 12 March 1985, it has been a memorial and museum. It shows an original weaving room and non-German book editions. The garden has been arranged according to May's description in his memoirs.
Opposite the house is the International Karl May Heritage Center ("Karl-May-Begegnungsstätte"), which is used for events and special exhibitions. In Hohenstein-Ernstthal, called "Karl May Home Town" since 1992, every May-related place has a commemorative plaque. These places are connected by a "Karl May Path" ("Karl-May-Wanderweg"). Outside the city lies the "Karl May Cave" ("Karl-May-Höhle"), where May found shelter during his criminal times.[41]
SocietiesEdit
In the 1890s, there were Karl May clubs.[42] Today, various entities focus on research about the author.[43] These organisations exist in German-speaking regions, the Netherlands, Australia and Indonesia. While such societies are responsible for the release of most May-related periodicals, for example, Der Beobachter an der Elbe, Karl-May-Haus Information, Wiener Karl-May-Brief, and Karl May in Leipzig, the magazine Karl May & Co. is published independently.
The "Karl May Society" (KMG), founded on 22 March 1969, is the largest organisation, with approximately 1800 members.[44] The KMG publishes Jahrbuch, Mitteilungen, Sonderhefte der Karl-May-Gesellschaft, and KMG-Nachrichten and reprints. Since 2008 and in cooperation with the Karl May Foundation and the Karl May Press, the KMG has published the critiqued edition of "Karl Mays Werke". This project was initiated by Hans Wollschläger and Hermann Wiedenroth in 1987.[11][45]
^ May K. Mein Leben und Streben (My Life and Aspirations") Karl May, 2014 in German ISBN 6050342989, 9786050342987.
^ M. Bugmann, Savage To Saint: The Karl May Story (2016).
^ a b c Sudhoff D. and Steinmetz H. Karl-May-Chronik Karl-May-Verlag, 2006. ISBN 3780201704, 9783780201706.
^ Bugmann, Savage To Saint: The Karl May Story (2016).
^ Bartsch E. and Wollschläger H. Karl May's Orientreise 1899-1900 in In fernen Zonen: Karl Mays Weltreisen. (In remote areas : Karl May's world travel) Karl-May-Verlag, 1999, Original from	Indiana University, digitized 20 Jan 2011. ISBN 3780200821, 9783780200822.
^ Heermann C. Winnetous Blutsbruder: Karl-May-Biografie. Karl-May-Verlag, 2002. ISBN 3780201615, 9783780201614.
^ a b http://www.bild.de/regional/dresden/karl-may/karl-may-starb-an-blei-45126002.bild.html
^ Simona Block (30 March 2016). "Karl May: Winnetou-Erfinder starb wohl an Bleivergiftung". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
^ May K. Letter to Herbert Friedländer (13 April 1906) in Wohlgschaft H. Karl May, Leben und Werk, Buecherhaus Bargfeld, Germany, 2005 p1555f. ISBN 3930713934.
^ Lowsky M. Karl May Metzler, Stuttgart, 1987, vol 231 p38.
^ a b Wehnert J. Der Text. In Ueding: Karl-May-Handbuch, p. 116 - 130.
^ Schmid E. A. Gestalt und Idee. p. 367-420 in Karl May. ICH 39th Edition Verlag, Bamberg, 1995
^ Kühne H. and Lorenz C. F. Karl May und die Musik. Verlag, Bamberg and Radebeul, 1999.
^ a b c d e f Petzel M. and Wehnert J. Das neue Lexikon rund um Karl May. Lexikon Imprint Verlag, Berlin 2002.
^ a b von Thüna U. Übersetzungen in Ueding G.Karl-May-Handbuch Königshausen & Neumann, 2001 p519–522. ISBN 3826018133, 9783826018138.
^ a b c Ich bin ein Cowboy The Economist, 24 May 2001.
^ a b c d e Tales Of The Grand Teutons: Karl May Among The Indians. The New York Times, 4 January 1987
^ Camurat D. The American Indian in the Great War, Real and Imagined
^ Müller E. Aufgespießt in KMG-Nachrichten
^ Anonymous Mein Freund Hitler in Moravsky ilustrovany zpravodaj. 1935, No. 40 p10.
^ Roxin C. Letter dated 24 February 2004. Cited in Wohlgschaft Karl May - Leben und Werk, p. 2000.
^ Hamman B. Hitler's Vienna: A Dictator's Apprenticeship Oxford University Press, New York 1999 p382 - 385 ISBN 0-19-512537-1.
^ a b Grafton A. Mein Buch The New Republic, December 2008.
^ Thor Heyerdahl Gymnasium, Anecdotes Archived 19 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine in German.
^ Eik J. Der Mann, der Jerry Cotton war. Erinnerungen des Bestsellerautors Heinz Werner Höber. Das Neue Berlin, Berlin, 1996. EAN 9783359007999
^ Kühne H. Vertonungen in Ueding's Karl-May-Handbuch p532 - 535.
^ Hatzig H. Dramatisierungen in Ueding's Karl-May-Handbuch, p523 - 526.
^ a b Hatzig H. Verfilmungen in Ueding's Karl-May-Handbuch p. 527 - 531.
^ Winnetou (2016 film)
^ a b c Karl May audio drama database
^ Petzel M. Comics und Bildergeschichten in Ueding: Karl-May-Handbuch p539 - 545.
^ Wehnert J. Fortsetzungen, Ergänzungen und Bearbeitungen. in Karl-May-Handbuch p509 - 511.
^ 15728 Karlmay NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory – Small-Body Database. Accessed 16 October 2012.
^ Schmid E. Karl Mays Tod und Nachlaß. in Karl May ICH 39th edition. Karl-May-Verlag, Bamberg, 1995, pp. 327–365.
^ a b Wagner R. Karl-May-Stiftung (Radebeul) in Ueding: Karl-May-Handbuch, pp. 549–551.
^ a b Wehnert, Jürgen. Der Karl-May-Verlag in Ueding: Karl-May-Handbuch p. 554 - 558.
^ a b Galchen, Rivka (2 April 2012). "Wild West Germany". The New Yorker.
^ a b Eddy, Melissa (17 August 2014). "Germany's fascination with American old West, Native American scalps human remains". New York Times. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
^ Penny, H. Glenn (2013). Kindred by Choice: Germans and American Indians Since 1800. UNC Press Books. p. 166. ISBN 9781469607641.
^ Weaver, Jace (2001). Other Words: American Indian Literature, Law, and Culture. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806133522.
^ Neubert A. Karl-May-Haus (Hohenstein-Ernstthal) in Karl-May-Handbuch p. 546 - 547.
^ Wohlgschaft: Karl May – Leben und Werk. p. 1029
^ Heinemann E. Organe und Perspektiven der Karl-May-Forschung. In: Ueding: Karl-May-Handbuch, p559 - 564.
^ Satzung der Karl-May-Gesellschaft e.V. 2 March 2010.
^ Edition plannings.
Bugmann M. Savage To Saint: The Karl May Story. Verlag Reinhard Marheinecke, 2019 edition, ISBN-10: 1079857214 ISBN-13: 978-1079857214 (A first English biography of Karl May).
Frayling C. Spaghetti Westerns: Cowboys and Europeans from Karl May to Sergio Leone. Routledge, London and Boston 1981; revised edition, Taurus, London and New York 2006, ISBN 978-1-84511-207-3.
Grams G "Was Karl May in Canada? The works of Max Otto: A German writer's "Absurd Picture of Canada" Yearbook of German-American Studies, Volume 42 2007, p. 69 - 83.
Grams G. This terrible Karl May in the Wild West
Schneider, Tassilo. "Finding a new Heimat in the Wild West: Karl May and the German Western of the 1960s." Journal of Film and Video (1995): 50-66. in JSTOR
Sammons J. Ideology, nemesis, fantasy: Charles Sealsfield, Friedrich Gerstäcker, Karl May, and other German novelists of America. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill 1998, ISBN 0-8078-8121-X.
Schwerla K. Kanada Im Faltboot Alberta History Volume 56(1) 2008 p10 - 13.
In GermanEdit
Wiedenroth H. and Wollschlager H. Karl Mays Werke: historisch-kritische Ausgabe (Karl May's Works, an historical critique.) various publishers.
May K. Mein Leben und Streben (My Life and Aspirations.) (1910) Karl May, 2014. ISBN 6050342989.
My life and my efforts. Karl May company English version website.
Michalak M. My Life and My Mission Nemsi Books 2007. ISBN 0-9718164-7-6 and ISBN 978-0-9718164-7-3.
Plaul H. Illustrierte Karl-May-Bibliographie. Unter Mitwirkung von Gerhard Klußmeier. Saur, Munich, London, New York, Paris 1989, ISBN 3-598-07258-9 (in German).
Sudhoff D. and Steinmetz H. Karl-May-Chronik (5 volumes and companion book). Karl-May-Verlag, Bamberg and Radebeul 2005–2006, ISBN 3-7802-0170-4 (in German).
Ueding G. (Ed.) Karl-May-Handbuch. Second enlarged and revised edition. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2001, ISBN 3-8260-1813-3 (in German).
Wohlgschaft H. Karl May, Leben und Werk Bücherhaus, Bargfeld 2005, ISBN 3-930713-93-4 (in German).
Wollschläger H. Karl May. Grundriß eines gebrochenen Lebens (1965) Wallstein, Göttingen 2004 ISBN 3-89244-740-3 (in German).
Schiedt H. Karl May oder Die Macht der Phantasie. Beck Verlag, München 2011 ISBN 978-3-406-62116-1 (in German)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Karl May.
German Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Karl May Gesellschaft KM Society.
The 100th Anniversary of Karl May's Death: Literary Genius or Man of Legendary Hubris?
Hermesmeier W. Karl May in German.
Karl May bibliographic database in German.
Karl Friedrich May Papers Gettysburg College.
Karl-May-Wiki in German
Karl May BBC Radio 4 documentary.
Karl May Foundation in German.
Karl May Press in German.
Karl May Museum in Radebeul in German.
Museum flyer in English.
Karl May House in Hohenstein-Ernstthal (Museum) in English.
Karl May societies. in German.
Free scores by Karl May at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
Free scores by Karl May in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
Literature by and about Karl May in the German National Library catalogue
Works by Karl May at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Karl May at Internet Archive
Works by Karl May at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Works at Open Library
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_May&oldid=906029455"


text:
Shakhespajouh
SPRI at a glance
SPRI's President
SPRI's Leadership
Armin Ofogh Holding
SPRI Booklet
Strategic Planning
Organizational Chart
Majors
Awards
About Isfahan
Field of activities
Thesis of Students
Thesis support
International Membership
International Cooperation
Shakhes Pajouh at a Glance
Research Institute of Shakhes Pajouh has been established from the early years of the New Millennium in 2001, by creating Seismic Research Group with the permission of the Iran's Ministry of Science Research and Technology. Continuing activities of this research group developed it to a research center to be titled as the first research center from the private sector of the country in the field of Crisis Management. Proudly, the research center upgraded to the "RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF SHAKHES PAJOUH" in accordance with the approved regulations and definitive - official licenses of Iran's Ministry of Science Research and Technology. In addition, at the same time, the ministry has issued the license to establish an observatory of science and technology in this institute. The Institute has expanded its research activities in three research sectors of management, geography and civil engineering.
These successes achieved by decades hardworking of directors, employees and researchers in this institute which with an emphasis on the private sector in higher education are working in the contest of Commercialization of Ideas, Holding National and International Conferences, Workshops, Summits, Publishing National and International Books & Journals in different fields of Natural Crisis Management, Futures Studies, Entrepreneurship, Urban Planning & Development and Human Resources.
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