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The Poland Street Garage
Posted on February 15, 2019 by buildingourpast
Advertisement by entrance, Poland Street Garage, now Soho Car Park. (©Historic England, 2009)
A much-altered and rather unprepossessing NCP car park at 49-53 Poland Street, just behind Oxford Street in central London, opened in March 1925 as the country's very first staggered-floor parking garage.
From The Motor 24 July 1922
The invention of the staggered-floor (or split-level) car park – patented in the USA as the d'Humy Motoramp – was ground-breaking. Ingeniously, it comprises a building divided vertically into two blocks, the floors set at alternating levels and linked by short ramps of low gradient. After 1925 this system became hugely successful, even ubiquitous. So much so that it remains drearily familiar to 21st-century motorists – most of whom, no doubt, take it for granted and never pause to wonder how or where such a design originated.
Possible remnants of Saint James's Westminster Workhouse inside the Poland Street Garage (2009)
The d'Humy Motoramp was devised by the engineer Fernand Emile d'Humy (1873-1955) in 1918. Two years later, Ramp Buildings Corporation was established to issue licenses for the d'Humy Motoramp and examples were erected throughout America. The idea was adapted for the Poland Street site – previously occupied by the Saint James's Westminster Workhouse – by the architect Walter White Gibbings (1882-1963). The builder was Sir Leslie Parkinson & Co.
The entrepreneurs behind the scheme, presumably licensed by Ramp Buildings Corporation, were the brothers and business partners Willie and George du Cros. 'W and G', as they were generally known, were sons of the wealthy motoring pioneer Harvey du Cros, founder of the Dunlop Rubber Company and proprietor of a major Panhard dealership in central London.
Panhard Repair Works, Acton Vale (2009)
Walter White Gibbings had trained as an architect and surveyor under Edward G. Warren of Exeter. His commissions for the du Cros family can be explained by the marriage of his sister Florence to the much older, widowed, Harvey du Cros around 1903.
Amongst Gibbings' early projects for his new relatives was a vast Panhard Repair Works, built on the corner of Warple Road in Acton Vale in 1906-07. The single-storey repair sheds lay behind offices and a showroom. Gibbings was also responsible, with Philip Sidney Stott, for extending Dunlop's vast manufacturing base, Fort Dunlop, at Erdington to the north-east of Birmingham, in the early 1920s, and for an extension to a parking garage on Mercer Street in central London in 1924. At Poland Street, Gibbings was probably advised by the engineers of Ramp Buildings Corporation. He didn't need to worry about resolving the front elevation of such an unfamiliar structure since the garage was hidden in a light well behind buildings occupying the street frontage (since rebuilt).
Poland Street Garage, now Soho Car Park. (©Historic England, 2009)
From The Motor Trader 25 March 1925
The Poland Street Garage attracted some press mentions when it opened – it was a novelty at a time when multi-storey car parks relied on expensive and space-consuming vehicle lifts. Its six parking floors could hold 500 cars.
The motorist could choose to enter at either basement or ground level, and then follow a circular route up through the building, travelling from floor to floor via the ramps – which had slightly curved ends – until he or she came upon a parking space. The ramps could be closed by fire shutters and did not, therefore, need to be compartmentalised. As with other London garages of the 1920s, the Poland Street Garage provided waiting rooms and other 'club' facilities for chauffeurs, car washing bays, repair benches and petrol pumps. Owner-drivers could avail themselves of dressing rooms to prepare for an evening on the town.
Advertisement by entrance, Poland Street Garage, now Soho Car Park. (2009)
In 1935 four extra floors – probably anticipated at the outset – were built, with exposed rooftop parking. Improvements to paint finishes were making it feasible to expose vehicles to the elements for the first time. Rooftop parking, nevertheless, came at a discounted rate. Around 2009 these upper floors were redeveloped.
Unlike its American counterparts in the 1920s, the Poland Street Garage did not have a façade that reflected its purpose. By the end of the 1930s, however, London could boast several confident examples of staggered-floor car parks with strong architectural presence, such as the Cumberland Garage and the Olympia Garage. It was only in the very late 1950s that glazing was dispensed with for new car parks, giving these structures a truly modern appearance.
Source: K. Morrison and J, Minnis, Carscapes, Yale University Press, 2012
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The Story of Frederick Sage & Co.
Posted on February 4, 2019 by buildingourpast
Wakefield's, 59 West Street, Horsham
Frederick Sage & Co. was one of Britain's top shopfitters. The company manufactured fashionable shopfronts, fixtures and fittings from high-quality materials such as hardwood, bronze and curved glass. In addition, Sage designed and made airtight showcases for exhibitions and museums, fitted out the interiors of liners, and participated in the post-war refitting of the House of Commons.
67 High Street, Grantham
The business was founded in 1860 by a carpenter and builder from Suffolk, Frederick Sage (1831-98), in partnership with another builder, Peter Panter. They specialised in fitting speaking tubes, but a spell of bankruptcy in winter 1860-61 appears to have severed the connection between the two men. Sage eventually formed a highly successful partnership with his son, Frederick George Sage (1856-1920), and three nephews, including Jesse Hawes (1849-1927) who spearheaded the company's expansion across the globe. A limited liability company was formed in 1905.
Isobel, 223 Regent Street, London (1923)
Sage was involved in many important retail commissions in Britain, such as the great London department stores of Harrods, Dickins & Jones and D. H. Evans. When Regent Street was redeveloped in the 1920s, Sage fitted out no fewer than 28 individual shops, including Manfield's shoe shop. The company's branches in South Africa, Germany, France and South America were engaged in equally prestigious projects, such as Galeries Lafayette in Paris, Harrods in Buenos Aires and John Orr & Co. in Johannesburg. Over and above this, as the illustrations here show, Sage produced shopfronts and fittings for small high street shops throughout the British Isles.
Galeries Lafayette, Regent Street (1921)
Sage's first premises were in Hatton Garden, explaining why jewellers' shops became such a specialism of the company. In the 1870s the firm moved to Gray's Inn Road, building new showrooms and a factory there around 1880. One of Sage's employees was the father of David Greig, who went on to establish a successful chain of provision shops. Although Sage acquired or built additional factories over the years, the Gray's Inn Road site remained the heart of the enterprise until it was bombed in April 1941. Sadly for shop historians, the firm's records were entirely lost.
Advertisement, 1913
During both world wars Sage turned its factories to war work. In 1939-45, parts were made for Lancaster, Lincoln, Mosquito, Sunderland and Albemarle aircraft. Getting re-established as shopfitters after 1945 proved difficult due to shortages and the licencing of buildings and materials. The commission for refitting the House of Commons, including the Speaker's Chair and Table, must have been welcomed.
Baird's, 11 Regent Street, Great Yarmouth (1903)
Sage & Co. reached the end of the road in the 1990s, following a series of takeovers: with British Electric Traction in 1968, with Brent Metal in 1989 and, finally, with Courtney Pope Holdings which was wound up in 1992. Sage was reinvented in 1996 as the Fredereck Sage Co. Ltd.
McClures, 14-15 High Street, Shrewsbury, photographed in 2000
Sage shopfronts – several of them listed for their historic and architectural significance – can still be spotted on high streets up and down the country. Some – as can be seen from the photographs here – proudly display the manufacturer's name.
Walker's, 10 High Street, Stamford
McClures, Shrewsbury
Derryck Abel, The House of Sage 1860-1960. A Century of Achievement, 1960
William Henry Beable, Romance of Great Businesses, 1926, vol II, 249-259
Regent Street 1825-1925 (souvenir album published by F. Sage & Co.)
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Spotting Historic Shopfronts: Great Yarmouth
Baird's, 11 Regent Street
Baird's / Dunn's, 10a-11 Regent Street
The Irishman James Baird (1839-1917) set up as a boot and shoe dealer in Great Yarmouth in 1862. He specialised in footwear with waterproof soles made of 'gutta percha' (gum harvested from tropical trees), supplied by the Scottish manufacturers R. & J. Dick. By developing a network of retail agencies throughout the country in the 1860s, Dick's could claim to be one of the earliest multiples in this field. Baird was part of this retail revolution.
Baird's first shop at 5 Market Row – a narrow lane leading off the Market Place – was struck by tragedy on the night of Friday 24 January 1868. The next-door property, belonging to a clothier and boot and shoe dealer named Frederick Pigg, caught fire. Not only was Pigg's property destroyed, but his wife and two of their young children were killed. Baird's shop was beyond repair.
Baird relocated to larger premises at 11 Regent Street, where he lived and worked until his retirement. His son James took over the business, expanding into 10a Regent Street in the 1920s, and opening branches in Norwich and Lowestoft. He was an agent for Lotus and Delta.
Baird's and Dunn's, 11-10a Regent Street
The shopfronts of 10a-11 Regent Street are different from one another but are of equal historical interest. Together they form The Bizarre Bizarre Trading Company.
The deeply stylish No. 11 (on the left), with its slender mullions, art nouveau style glazing and (look up!) mirrored soffit, fronts Baird's original shop. Installed in 1903 by the London shopfitter Frederick Sage & Co, it was praised in the local newspaper. It resembles Boots the Chemist's early 20th-century house style, introduced at the flagship outlet on Pelham Street in Nottingham in 1903-05.
Dunn's / Baird's, 10a Regent Street
The shopfront of No. 10a was installed by Dunn & Co., a national chain of hatters who became Baird's neighbours shortly before the Great War. The half-timbered 'look' is typical of Dunn's house style. When Baird took over he tweaked it by inserting his own initial 'B' into Dunn's window spandrels – and thus bamboozling shopfront spotters of the future.
Sayers, 28 King Street
The loveliness of this ornate shopfront is disguised by its contemporary colour scheme, modern lettering, and a framework for security shutters. Nevertheless, it seems to survive in all its essential elements and must be counted amongst the best in town.
This was the photographic studio – 'St George's Studio' – of the artist and photographer Frank H. Sayers (1871-1952), who specialised in child photography. Perhaps Sayers had a hand in the artistic design of the shopfront, with its bravura display of cartouches, scrolls and flowing foliage ribbons in an art nouveau style. It must have been created around 1900.
Sayers, 28 King Street, in 1999
Unfortunately, Sayers doesn't seem to have been an astute businessman. He was a two-times bankrupt. He experienced his first failure in 1895, as a young man in Lowestoft, where he had built a new studio on London Road but depended too heavily on his father – an ice merchant – for finance. Then his business collapsed again in 1923, following two decades at 28 King Street in his home town of Great Yarmouth. He quit Yarmouth for Stratford-on-Avon in the 1930s.
Until relatively recently Sayers' shopfront had been treated sensitively by his successors, with the original lettering remaining visible on the fascia. Doubtless this lies safe beneath the modern signboard, waiting for its next reveal.
Aldred & Son, 10 (formerly 56) George Street
'Aldred' is the most visible name in Great Yarmouth. It is emblazoned throughout the town centre on 'for sale' or 'to let' signs. The modern-day estate agency probably descends from Samuel Aldred's auction house, established in 1857.
Many years earlier, in 1795, Samuel's grandfather Samuel Higham Aldred (1774-1858) – whose family had been involved in the manufacture of Lowestoft china – founded a jeweller's shop on George Street. This business was inherited by Edward R. Aldred (1809-76), who remodelled the interior of the shop in 1858. Next in line was Edward's son Duncan A. Aldred (1841-1913), whose brothers were Samuel, the well-known auctioneer, and Charles, a five-times mayor of Great Yarmouth. Duncan's sons Ernest and Stanley followed him into the business.
Aldred & Son, 10 George Street
Around 1903 Stanley set up a branch of Aldred & Son at 172 King Street. When this site was redeveloped for the Central Arcade in 1925, he retained the unit to the left of the King Street entrance. Shortly after Stanley's death in 1932, the venerable George Street shop shut and all business transferred to King Street.
Victoria Arcade, King Street, in 1999
Aldred's was much more than a typical high-street retail jeweller. Its successive owners were goldsmiths, silversmiths, watchmakers, clockmakers and opticians. The company made high-profile civic, commemorative and presentation pieces, including the Town Hall clock.
The old building on George Street has been transformed since the firm's centenary in 1895, when it was described as a 'charming old house [which] . . . still presents outwardly the beautiful work of the days when Elizabeth was Queen'. The shopfront and interior had been remodelled in 1888: the arrangement of Doric columns, and perhaps also the mosaic floor – the only outward evidence of Aldred & Son's 140 years on the site – probably dates from that time.
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Spotting Historic Shopfronts: Baldock
Posted on September 6, 2018 by buildingourpast
Baldock High Street
A plum spot on the Great North Road meant that the small market town of Baldock in Hertfordshire became an ideal staging post for people journeying north from London. From the 17th century onwards it was chock-a-block with coaching inns, stables, maltings and breweries. Amongst the pubs (which are still plentiful) some interesting historic shops can be spotted.
Tailor's Shop, 7 High Street
No. 7 High Street
John Phillips (1835-1910) had opened a tailor's shop on Baldock High Street by 1866, when he was listed in the Post Office Directory. This beautiful late Victorian shopfront – surely the finest in the town – may have been installed when his son, also named John Phillips (1864-1929), entered partnership with his father. Its outline appears on the 1898 OS map.
Phillips' shopfront projects (or encroaches) into the street. The windows hold expensive sheets of plate-glass with curved corners framed by slender, decorative colonnettes. Lettering on the glass door identifies the shop as: 'Tailors and Outfitters'. Although the family lived at the property, one of the upstairs rooms was set aside as a tailoring workshop.
In 1930 the shop was sold to a Mr Anderson of Baldock for £1,570. Now it is a branch of Day's, a local bakery chain founded in the nearby village of Ashwell in the 18th century.
Two Stationers' Shops, 18-20 Whitehorse Street
18-20 Whitehorse Street
This pair of houses on Whitehorse Street was gentrified by the addition of a neat brick façade in the mid-Victorian period. In the 1870s No. 20 belonged to a retired solicitor, Charles S. Cautherley (d.1877). After Cautherley came James Brown (1844-1928) and his family.
Brown was a man of parts. As well as being the local Postmaster, he was a solicitor's clerk, a local councillor and a stationer. His shop served as Baldock's Post Office. On 1 January 1882 Brown expanded his interests by taking over a business previously conducted on the High Street by a 'stationer, book and music seller, printer and bookbinder' named Samuel Thody.
When a new Post Office opened on Whitehorse Street in 1910, Brown retired as Postmaster but kept his shop going. Edwardian photographs reveal that the double property (Nos. 18-20) had just one shopfront (now No. 20B) instead of the present three. A window occupied the position of the middle shopfront (No. 20A), with a bay window and the main entrance to No. 18 on its right. Brown's shop must have occupied the present-day No. 20B, which probably dates from the 1870s.
No. 20B Whitehorse Street
Brown's unmarried daughter Bertha, a music teacher, lived on at No. 20 after her father's death. The old shop at No. 20B became a hairdresser's, run by a Miss E. Rose (1939), and later by Harry Derrick (1942).
No. 18 Whitehorse Street in 2005
Intriguingly, by 1939 a new newsagent's and stationer's shop – perhaps the successor to Brown's business – had opened in No. 18. This belonged to Francis G. T. Reed (1878-1944) and his wife, Henrietta (1886-1967, neé Combley). Francis had started out as a journalist but became a newsagent – selling rather than reporting the news. But the shop was in Henrietta's name and until recently the name 'H. Reed' was displayed diagonally across the glass of the door.
The exquisite glass fascia of Reed's shop survives behind the modern signboard for 'The Makeup Studio'. It must date from around 1930 despite its Victorian appearance.
Its medieval style – often cultivated by newsagents and booksellers – was echoed in the griffin-like beasts on Henrietta's glass door, now sadly lost.
Grocer's Shop, 26 Church Street
No. 26 Church Street
Today Church Street (originally Norton Street) is a quiet residential street, congested with parked cars. In the 19th century many of its small houses contained thriving family businesses.
Bearing testament to this is the lovely shopfront of No. 26, now incorporated into a house. Neighbouring businesses included a butcher, a greengrocer and 'The Eight Bells' public house.
From the size and style of its arched windows, this shopfront may date from the 1850s or, perhaps, 1860s.
Documents reveal that it belonged to a series of grocers: James Scott (1871); James's widow, Eliza Scott (1881); George Sherwood (1891) and George Cox (1901; 1911). In 1939 it was known as Harry's Stores. Today it appears to light somebody's front room!
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Spotting Historic Shopfronts: Cambridge
Posted on June 24, 2018 by buildingourpast
Cambridge is rich in historic shopfronts. Here are a few interesting examples to look out for on shopping trips in town!
Two Art Nouveau Shopfronts from the 1920s
Surprisingly, the elegant art nouveau shopfront at 21 Market Street, in the heart of Cambridge's shopping centre, belonged to a local dairy. Dairies usually had simple, practical frontages with wide sash windows. In stark contrast, this shopfront would have been perfectly suited to a high-class draper, or perhaps a fashionable milliner.
The occupant was The Stetchworth Dairy, a business which expanded from a dairy farm in Stetchworth, south of Newmarket, to encompass additional farms and a chain of shops in neighbouring towns such as Bury St Edmunds and Cambridge. The branch on Market Street opened in 1901 and was managed for many years by Mr Charles Alder.
Despite having curvaceous glazing in a style more usually associated with the Belle Époch preceding the Great War, this shopfront seems to have been installed around 1923.
52 Trumpington Street
Another lovely art nouveau style shopfront in Cambridge belongs to Fitzbillies at 52 Trumpington Street. This shop was opened by the bakers E. & A. Mason in October 1920. It was damaged by fire in 1998 and later restored to a semblance of its former glory. Fitzbillies is especially famous for its Chelsea buns.
Freeman's Cake Shop, 47 Sidney Street
Fitzbillies was not the only Cambridge shop designed to showcase cakes. Another high-quality example can be seen on the corner of Sidney Street and Green Street, now home to the Edinburgh Woollen Mill.
47 Sidney Street
Three generations of the Moden family ran a business here as oil and colourmen from 1850 until 1899, when John Noel Moden and his wife Ada upped sticks and emigrated to Idaho, where they opened an upholstery and furniture store.
Sidney James Freeman, a confectioner who ran a café over Moden's shop, seized the opportunity to take control of the whole building on a 21-year lease. By Christmas 1899 he had remodelled the shop and café and installed the impressive granite and mahogany shopfront which survives to this day – sadly minus the 'stained glass and fancy tiles' mentioned in descriptions.
The main feature of Freeman's shopfront is the rounded window on the corner, topped by an ogee arch. Local newspaper reports reveal that this was for the display of 'magnificent iced cakes' while, in the other windows, 'bon-bons, fancy packets, chocolate, sweets, and cakes complete an inviting display'.
The modernisation of this shop was expensive – the shopfront alone cost £1,200 – and Freeman was evidently a gambler. In 1905, facing pressure from creditors, he fled to Australia 'with some vague idea of "striking it rich" on the gold fields'. In spring 1906 he sailed home to face his inevitable bankruptcy.
Meanwhile, G. P. Hawkins Ltd. (that is, George Plume Hawkins who, when mayor of Cambridge in 1919-21, 'dispensed hospitality in a style worthy of Lucullus') acquired Freeman's business cheaply, for £525. He ran the Cambridge Café at 47 Sidney Street in tandem with his older business, the Dorothy Café across the street, until the lease expired in 1920. Thereafter, throughout the middle of the 20th century, the shop was occupied by a tailor called Bodger's.
Peck's and Deck's
George Peck (1827-1909) set up as a chemist in Trumpington Street, in his home town of Cambridge, in 1851. Three of his 11 children followed in his footsteps by becoming pharmacists. Ernest Saville Peck, the eldest, assumed the reins on his father's retirement in 1904.
In 1904 Peck's shop was at 30 Trumpington Street, where the shopfront survives. Over the corner entrance is a large bronze shield topped by a mortar and pestle – one of the most common symbols that identified chemists' shops – with a spray of curling foliage reminiscent of heraldic mantling. Gilt letters proclaim: 'G. PECK & SON LTD DISPENSING CHEMISTS EST 1851'. Note the stylish form of the ampersand.
By the 1920s Peck's had taken over a shop at 9 King's Parade, which is effectively a continuation of Trumpington Street, closer to the centre of town. This long-established 'chymist's' had been run by Arthur Deck (1825-1903) since his father's death in 1853. The two chemists, Peck and Deck, had traded along the same stretch for many years: a recipe for confusion one might think.
9 King's Parade
Peck's did not inherit the Royal Arms which Deck had proudly displayed between the two ironwork balconies over his shop. The Arms were replaced by a hanging sign, which has been modified to display the name of the current occupant, 'Mr Simms Olde Sweet Shoppe'. The shopfront itself remains pretty intact. One of the chemist's favourite motifs, a snake entwined around a chalice, can be spotted at the top of the Gothic-style pilasters. The cross-bars of the plate-glass windows would have corresponded to a carboy shelf, and a barometer is still fitted to the door frame.
In 1934 a new shopfront was installed for Peck's on St Andrew's Street by the shopfitters E. Pollard & Co. Ltd. The shop – today 'Links', by the entrance to the Grand Arcade – has been transformed beyond recognition.
19-20 St Andrew's Street
The lost shopfront was a neo-Georgian affair, surprisingly like W. H. Smith's shopfronts of the same period. It was dominated by a massive transom, divided into small square panes which rather obscured the display carboys. Although this has been replaced, to the left is a contemporary brick doorway topped by a relief carving of an owl perched on a mortar and pestle and clutching a scroll. This is flanked by the dates 1851 – when Peck's was established – and 1934.
Vinter & Son, 12 St John's Street
The building now occupied by Hong Kong Fusion was erected (with a new cellar) in 1872 for the university robe makers and tailors, Vinter & Son. It's wonderful that the façade survives all of a piece, including the ground-level shopfront.
12 St John's Street
In 1872 Charles Arthur Vinter (1843-1898) had recently taken over the business from his father, Charles (1810-1881). Their old shop had 'a nearly-new mahogany-frame SHOP FRONT with PLATE-GLASS FITTINGS, shutters and door complete, 17 feet by 9 feet', but this was sold with other old building materials, and Vinter put up a complete new frontage. The Vinters did not live on site – in 1871 the building was occupied by their foreman, Joseph Gillings
It's worth stepping back to study Vinter's entire façade, which is a lesson in the ornate High Victorian architecture of the early 1870s. The area beneath the display windows – under the 'stall board' – is recessed and protected by ironwork screens to light the cellar. Patterned encaustic tiles adorn the pilasters and window jambs. The windows contain huge panes of plate glass: in fact, the first-floor sashes form a wall of glass, structurally assisted by very slender cast-iron columns. Above this several heads can be spotted in the terracotta decoration. But what do they represent?
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Woolworth's Architects
Posted on March 7, 2018 by buildingourpast
Liverpool, 1909
F. W. Woolworth landed on British soil with a group of hand-picked American managers in 1909 and promptly set about establishing a new chain of 3d. and 6d. stores.
Suitable buildings were identified, converted and, if required, extended with the help of local architects. From the outset a house style was maintained for ground-level shopfronts, but in other respects the exteriors of the earliest stores were architecturally varied. Building work was overseen from a 'Construction Department' on the upper floor of Woolworth's Liverpool headquarters (Store 1), manned by an unnamed 'elderly gentleman'.
New stores were built for Woolworth's from 1913. They were developed for the company by Shop Properties Ltd., a subsidiary of the commercial estate agent Hillier & Parker. Shop Properties had its own in-house architects: North & Robin. North & Robin continued to design Woolworth's stores until c.1919. A rare example of these early purpose-built branches survives in Ramsgate. It was built in 1916 on the site of the Bull & George Hotel which had been badly damaged by a zeppelin raid in May 1915. North & Robin went on, in the 1920s, to become the chosen architects of C&A Modes Ltd.
Ramsgate, 1915-16
Meanwhile, Woolworth's had established its own in-house architects' department, headed by William Priddle (1885-1932). Priddle had probably trained as an architect. He is known to have worked on Woolworth's Cricklewood store in 1915, shortly before he was called up to serve in the Great War. As soon as he was demobilised in February 1919 he entered Woolworth's direct employment, remaining the firm's chief architect until his death.
William Priddle
It was Priddle – working under the direction of the Managing Director William L. Stephenson – who oversaw the creation of Woolworth's first city-centre superstores, starting with large neo-classical buildings for Church Street in Liverpool and Oxford Street in London.
Liverpool, 1922-23
Priddle also must take credit for introducing a standard frontage for small stores, equally suitable for towns and suburbs. Many of these survive today and remain eminently recognisable, despite the loss of the original red and gold signboards.
Whitstable, 1932
Such was the pace of Woolworth's expansion in the 1920s that Priddle could not handle it alone. He was assisted by construction supervisors in London (A. Barton, followed by W. A. Sherrington), in Liverpool (B. C. Donaldson) and, from 1929, in Birmingham (H. Winbourne). Priddle occasionally chose to work with independent architects, including Peter Dollar and Trehearne & Norman.
B. C. Donaldson
Priddle died suddenly in 1932 and Bruce Campbell Donaldson (1896-1977) took his place as Woolworth's chief architect. Donaldson moved to London and was succeeded in Liverpool by a new construction supervisor, W. L. Swinnerton. Unlike Priddle, Donaldson does not appear to have had formal architectural training. Despite this he led Woolworth's in a whole new architectural direction: down the path of popular art deco and streamline moderne architecture.
Sunderland, 1936
Alongside a new generation of superstores with cinematic façades clad in faience and embellished with geometric ornamentation, Donaldson developed a new standard front for smaller stores, cast in a tasteful Georgian mould which made Woolworth's more acceptable on the most traditional high streets.
Ledbury, 1937
Donaldson suffered personal problems and in 1944 was shunted into a 'repairs and maintenance' role. He was superseded as chief architect by Harold Winbourne, who had worked for Woolworth's since 1922.
Harold Winbourne
Winbourne's task was to steer Woolworth's through the post-war period, reinstating bomb-damaged stores and resuming expansion. The art deco styling and faience fronts beloved of Donaldson vanished. In their place came simpler modern stores, with curtain-wall fronts or 'punched' windows with projecting surrounds: approaches typical of the 1950s. A particularly sensitive treatment was required for a new store in Oxford, where Sir William Holford (1907-75) worked alongside Winbourne to win over the company's critics.
Canterbury, 1952
Lochee, Dundee, 1962
D. Hardy
When Winbourne retired in 1960 he was followed by Doug Hardy, who remained in post until 1980.
Hardy's construction supervisors were based in four regional headquarters: Liverpool (G. Gilford; R. Chatterton from 1968); Birmingham (W. A. Draysey; G. W. Lindon by 1969); Kensington (W. B. Brown) and Metropolitan (W. A. Spinks to 1970; C. M. Davis c.1970-79; R. S. Power from c.1979).
G. Reid
Hardy's deputy, G. Reid, took over in 1980 – surely a bad time to become Woolworth's chief architect. He enjoyed few of the opportunities afforded in the past to Priddle, Donaldson and Winbourne, who had all played significant (if anonymous) roles in refashioning the appearance of British high streets.
The sale of Woolworth's in 1982 inaugurated a period of disposal and restructuring, rather than growth, followed by half-hearted attempts to develop a new house style with a succession of consultants.
The heyday of Woolworth's architectural exploits was well and truly over.
Photographic portraits of Woolworth's staff taken from the firm's progress reports and pictorial records of executive management.
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Woolworth's British Shopfronts
Store 128: Southampton (c.Historic England)
F. W. Woolworth & Co Ltd occupied a prominent spot on British High Streets for nearly a century, from 1909 until 2009. Beneath the red and gold signboard of the famous 3d and 6d stores, the form of the shopfront – the arrangement of the entrances and display windows – evolved hand-in-hand with more modern approaches to retailing. The fascia, and even the trading name of the company, also changed over the years.
A high-class London shopfitter, Frederick Sage & Co, was instrumental in designing Woolworth's first British shopfronts. Sage was certainly responsible for the Manchester shopfront of 1910, and probably designed shopfronts for very first British store, on Church Street in Liverpool. Other work by Sage included Harrod's store in London.
Store 8: Middlesbrough (c.Historic England)
Woolworth's maintained its original 'house style' with little change until the Great War. Each shopfront had a bronze frame. The entrance lobbies had distinctive features: part-glazed double doors with kick plates and push plates; large fanlights; decorative plaster ceilings, and floor mosaics with the 'Diamond W' logo. Barley-twist colonnettes separated the display windows, while a ventilation strip along the top prevented condensation from clouding the plate glass.
'F. W. Woolworth & Co. Ltd. 3d and 6d Stores' was spelled out in gilded letters on the low emerald granite stall-risers, under the windows. The name was repeated on the high red and gold fascia and on the retractable canvas sun blinds.
Store 6: Hull (c.Historic England)
The standard design – which closely resembled Woolworth's American store fronts – was simplified after the Great War. The barley-twist colonnettes became plain, of square section, and small pediments were introduced over doors. Internal lighting, fixed above the displays, superseded external arc lamps. As a result, from around 1922 fringed pelmets or valances with a floral pattern were hung along the tops of the windows to screen the lights and reduce glare. These remained in place into the 1940s.
Store 113: Lowestoft (c.Historic England)
Store 157: Grantham (c. K. Morrison)
From 1923 until the early 1930s Woolworth's fascias were bracketed by consoles (or 'trusses') decorated with lion's heads. A shield bearing the letter 'W', bordered by husks, was suspended from the lion's mouth.
From the late 1920s, simpler moulded consoles of reconstituted stone were preferred. These were always positioned at the top of polished granite pilasters.
Although several lion's head consoles have survived – they can be seen, for example, in Bath and Grantham (with the 'W' erased), and on the Strand in central London – Woolworth's 1920s shopfronts have largely gone.
In contrast, several shopfronts installed in the 1930s can still be spotted, for example in Bideford (1938), Ilkeston (1938), Ledbury (1937), Leytonstone (1934), Ludlow (1933), Hertford (1934), Monmouth (1932) and Saffron Walden (1934).
Store 464: Monmouth (c.Historic England)
By 1935 Woolworth's new in-house architect, B. C. Donaldson, had started to introduce art deco touches to store design. Opaque glass panes patterned with 'W's, chevrons or waved bands were installed over the window displays, in place of the old-fashioned fabric pelmets. These were made by the London Sand Blast Co. of Islington, and examples can still be seen occasionally, for example in Frinton-on-Sea (1935). The form of entrance doors also gave way to more modern taste in the mid-1930s, becoming much simpler.
Store 713: Finchley Road, London (c.Historic England)
Store 939: Matlock (c.Historic England)
The shopfronts of the first wave of purpose-built post-war Woolworth stores, built in the early 1950s, were of chrome or stainless steel rather than bronze. The curves of the pre-war shopfronts gave way to sharp, modern angles.
Illuminated fascias were of white glass with red Perspex lettering, and the transom lights over the window displays were of Belgian white glass, with horizontal lines, usually superimposed with the red 'Diamond W' plaque. The 'Diamond W' still featured on entrance floors. Above the doors was a strip, 7ins high, with the word 'Woolworth' in gilded lettering on a red backdrop.
Store 44: Norwich (c.Historic England)
Important branches now had shopfronts with streamlined marble surrounds, for example 'San Stephano marble' at Bristol (1952). This replaced the traditional architectural surround of fascia and pilasters. It was set with gilded, red-rimmed, sans serif letters. Later in the 1950s many pre-war shopfronts were updated with louvred pelmets, essentially Venetian blinds, which took the place of the last remaining fabric pelmets.
Store 869: St Ives, Cambs (c.R. Baxter)
One of the biggest changes to occur in the 1950s was the gradual switch from solidly-backed window displays to so-called 'clearview' fronts. Entrances effectively became more important than windows. The armour-plated entrance doors widened and multiplied – giving unobstructed views of interiors – while displays of goods shrank. As a result, free-standing structural supports appeared on frontages – these had previously been hidden inside windows.
Store 166: Stirling (c.Historic England)
Through the 1960s surrounds were usually either red or grey, of mosaic or granite, though other materials were used, including formica 'Beautyboard'. Until 1965 letters were of sans serif type, of gold with red outlines. Letters with neon tube edging, with names such as 'Regency', 'Embassy' or 'Kent', were manufactured for Woolworth by Pearce. In 1965 the sans serif lettering was superseded by blocky Egyptian lettering, called 'Shrewsbury' lettering, which could be red or yellow and often assumed a gigantic scale. From summer 1968 the full name of the company was dropped from new fascias and replaced with 'WOOLWORTH'. Increasingly, the 'WOOLWORTH' lettering was set directly on the building rather than on a fascia.
Store 1107: Banbridge (c.Historic England)
Around 1970 Woolworth's began to clad shopfront pilasters and external structural piers in white oblong tiles supplied by Langley's. Fascias were normally of mosaic tiles (still red or pale grey), 'Stelvetite' (plastic-coated steel, usually white), fibreglass or, from 1976, 'Duraform' (reinforced plastic sheeting). Towards the end of 1971, the Egyptian lettering was abandoned in favour of italicised sans serif letters – either white on a bright red mosaic ground, or vice versa.
Store 147: Burton-on-Trent (c.Historic England)
The new lettering of the 1970s was accompanied by the looping W, usually called the basket symbol or Winfield logo. Superseding the 'Diamond W', from 1973 it appeared on the push plates of a new design of stainless steel doors, referred to as 'Hartlepool doors'. Lobby floors were now plain. Like many of Woolworth's 1960s store makeovers, the new red-and-white look was not applied to the entire portfolio, just to new and remodelled stores. Many outlets continued to display older forms of lettering for years to come.
Store 27: Newcastle (c. Emily Cole)
Several experimental shopfront revamps followed the acquisition of Woolworth by Paternoster (Woolworth Holdings) in 1982. The one with the greatest impact – enduring through the Kingfisher years – had an aluminium frame, powder-coated in peppermint blue, with miniature 'Diamond W' logos on the push-plates of the doors. Above, the fascias were sprayed with buff-coloured 'Wallglaze' and set with acrylic red-faced, gold-edged 'WOOLWORTHS' lettering, sometimes given blue edging. The new name with an 'S' officially superseded 'WOOLWORTH' in March 1986.
Store 317: Wellingborough (c. K. Morrison)
Woolworth Group, formed after flotation in 2001, again experimented with various designs before settling on a red and white livery with a swoosh logo for mainstream stores. This house style endured until the bitter end, in the winter of 2008-2009.
Read more about Woolworth's history: Kathryn A. Morrison, Woolworth's 100 Years on the High Street, Historic England, 2015.
Posted in Woolworths	| 2 Comments
Cooper's Motor Mart (Cooper's Studios)
Posted on December 27, 2017 by buildingourpast
Cooper's in June 2005
Cooper's Auction Yard (later Cooper's Motor Mart) on Westgate Road in Newcastle-upon-Tyne was built for James Cooper (1849-1925). Cooper, the son of a harbour master from South Shields, set himself up as a horse dealer in the yard of the Crown & Thistle Inn, Groat Market, in 1878. Business evidently thrived.
Cooper's last occupant prior to redevelopment was Hertz (2005)
In 1897 Cooper commissioned the Gateshead architect T. Dawson to design a horse and carriage auction house, with stabling for 150 horses, carriage storage, and one particularly modern feature – a showroom for motor cars. This was spelled out on Dawson's plans of March 1897, entitled 'Horse, Carriage, Cycle and Auto Car Repository'. At the time there were very few motor cars on England's roads, and so this was an extraordinarily far-sighted development. In fact, Cooper's appears to have been the earliest purpose-built car showroom in the country.
The location of the building, close to the central railway station, was of strategic importance. Its position over Hadrian's Wall proved equally important in 2005, when Cooper's was threatened with demolition. This apparently helped to rescue the building, and bring it back to life.
Horse ramp to second floor (2005)
Before its redevelopment as offices (Cooper's Studios, by Ryder Architects) around 2008, Cooper's was largely unchanged from its glory days at the end of Queen Victoria's reign, when horses and carriages were still dominant. A wooden horse ramp survived, as did fittings such as tethering rings, gas pipes, and some of the original stable flooring.
The auction room (2005)
The most striking feature of the building was the auction room, with a 'horse run' in the centre. This was lit from above by skylights. It was overlooked by a cantilevered gallery which ran along one side at first-floor level, and also by an oriel window, probably for Cooper's own use.
Cooper's top-floor showroom (2005)
The top floor – for auto cars, carriages and cycles – was open to the roof and served by a vehicle lift. The central well created a 140ft circuit where people could test bicycles and, possibly, light cars. One end was curved.
In 1925 the building was adapted as a motor car garage by the architects Percy L. Brown & Son, perhaps better known for designing cinemas and theatres. This conversion was probably instigated by James Cooper junior after his father's death. Stables were superseded by a new ground-floor motor showroom, petrol pumps were installed, and the lift was replaced.
The plant room at the top of the lift shaft still displays lettering from c.1925, executed effectively in white brick, proclaiming the presence of 'Cooper's Motor Mart'.
Cooper's was listed, Grade II, in 2005.
Posted in Carscapes	| 1 Comment
Macy's Garage, Balderton Street, London
Macy's (then Avis) in 2006.
This historic garage can be found just off London's bustling Oxford Street, opposite the main entrance to Selfridge's department store. Built as Macy's Garage in 1925-26, it was one of London's most imposing car parks.
Macy's in 1926, photographed by Bedford Lemere for E. Wimperis (c. Historic England)
Macy's Garage was designed by the architects Wimperis & Simpson. They opted for a neo-classical style – a departure from the industrial appearance of earlier garages – with brick walls rendered in 'Atlas White' Portland cement. The internal structure was of concrete and steel and the windows had metal frames.
The back of the petrol filling station in 2006
A petrol filling station occupied the centre of the frontage, set between low pavilions. Ten pumps were arranged in pairs on a curved island. Behind them lay a showroom.
Looking down the ramp in 2006.
Cars could be driven up a long, gentle ramp from a side street to the first floor. A washing stance was positioned conveniently close to the top of the ramp. To reach the other floors, vehicles had to be transported by lift (or 'motor hoist').
The ground-floor vehicle lift and turntable in 2006.
In May 1927 it was announced that The Car Mart Ltd. had taken over Macy's. The Car Mart, founded in 1908, was one of London's oldest dealerships. Its headquarters occupied impressive purpose-built premises at the bottom of Park Lane. Macy's became its service station, and for a couple of years the upper floors continued to be available for public parking. An account of the garage in Illustrated Sporting & Dramatic News gives a flavour of the clientele at this time:
Here live the hundreds of big cars belonging to the dwellers in the new Park Lane flats, and here scores of their chauffeurs are able to enjoy every kind of otium cum dignitate while off duty. Huge lifts convey countless cars to their resting places, the tasks of washing and greasing and filling tanks seem to be carried out almost robotically, while for the waiting drivers are provided canteens and waiting rooms so convenient and so comfortable that it is no wonder that already applications for membership are beginning to exceed the space available. (Illustrated Sporting & Dramatic News, 3 November 1928, 52)
By 1929, however, the garage was devoted exclusively to 'wholesale activities', and in 1931 it was taken over by Dagenham Motors (a subsidiary of The Car Mart), which dealt in Ford cars and commercial vehicles under annual contracts. Macy's was no longer a public car park.
The second floor in 2006.
Dagenham Motors' showroom was on the top floor, servicing for commercial vehicles on the second, and servicing for cars on the first. The company installed a turntable in front of the car lift; this was still in place in 2006.
Detail of turntable in 2006.
Avis's washing bay in 2006.
Dagenham Motors remained at Balderton Street until the early 1980s. The garage was taken over by Avis as a hire car garage and then, in 2010-14, converted into the Beaumont Hotel, with a monumental figure sculpture by Antony Gormley, called Room, seated atop one of the side pavilions.
Room by Antony Gormley (Matt Brown via Wikimedia Commons). The interior is a hotel suite.
Macy's is one of very few multi-storey parking garages to have been listed. It received this accolade (Grade II) shortly before its conversion, in 2009.
View from third-floor window in 2006.
Posted in London Car Parks	| 1 Comment
The Electromobile Garage in Mayfair
Posted on December 6, 2017 by buildingourpast
The Electromobile Garage from the air. The building has brick walls and metal-framed windows. Originally the roof was used just for washing cars, raised by lifts. (c. Historic England)
The Electromobile Garage lies hidden behind the grand façades of Mayfair, in the guise of NCP Carrington Street. The building may have little architectural presence on the street front, but it played a fascinating role in the early motoring history of London. Its story is especially intriguing in an age witnessing the (possible) revival of the electric motor car.
This was one of the main hire garages in London before the Great War, supplying chauffeured electric carriages for pootling about Town at a cost of 6s. per hour. A similar service was offered by other companies, such as the Electric Landaulet Co. Ltd. on Upper Manor Street in Chelsea (and briefly at the Niagara), but Electromobile was the main player in the West End.
The Electromobile Co. had started out in Juxton Street, Lambeth, in 1903, in the former headquarters of the London Electric Cab Co. Soon afterwards it moved to Mayfair, converting Messrs East's livery stables in Curzon Street. In need of ever-larger premises, in December 1906 the company bought a site on Hertford Street, off Piccadilly. Old buildings – stables and coach houses – were demolished and Electromobile erected a new parking garage which was closer to the modern concept of a multi-storey car park than anything hitherto seen in England. At the time of opening, on 8 November 1907, it was advertised as 'The World's Greatest Garage'. It was described rather charmingly in the RAC Journal as 'a motor house of enormous size; it is even said to be the largest in the world'. It needs a leap of imagination to appreciate this in 2017.
Cars leaving the Electromobile Garage in 1907 (The Car, 4 Dec 1907, 146)
This functional three-level parking garage was designed by Electromobile and built by Perry & Co. It included several innovations. The exit and entrance were separate, side by side on Carrington Street. Just inside were two battery lifts, one to remove the spent battery from underneath carriages, and the other to fit a charged battery. No need for the motorist to wait for a battery to recharge – simply exchange it for another! Over 300 batteries could be recharged at any one time in the basement battery shop. This system was the equivalent of the petrol pump kept by the entrance of more conventional garages.
The Battery Department (The Car, 4 Dec 1907, 147)
For parking, cars were pushed sideways onto a platform running on rails between 'sidings' (parking spaces). These 'transversers or trolley ways' had been used previously by the company to exchange batteries, but were now used for parking on the ground and first floors. This could be seen as a semi-mechanised parking system. Cars were moved between floors by three hydraulic lifts. One of these went up to the flat roof, where cars could be washed.
Ground-floor parking: note the runners for the tranversers in the floor (The Car, 4 Dec 1907, 146)
The chauffeurs employed by the company had their own lockers, where they kept their uniforms, and a mess room connected by telephone to the timekeeper's office by the garage entrance. In fact most London garages had facilities of this type, right up to the Second World War.
In 1907 The Car published this comment about electric cars:
Recognised as a kind of fuel requiring regular renewal, treated with proper care and supervision upon scientific lines, and dealt with as a source of power detachable from, and independent of, the carriage which it can propel, it has found its proper sphere, and the electric carriage has attained high rank amongst automobiles (The Car, 4 December 1907, 148)
Invitation to the opening of the Electromobile Garage in November 1907
The big difference between electric cars then and now was the detachable battery. Perhaps an idea worth reviving!
In 1910 a sister company was created, the Hertford Street Motor Hiring Co. Ltd. This operated from the same premises as Electromobile, but hired out luxury cars – notably Napiers – which ran on petrol. These were advertised as being suitable for weekends in the country, while electric cars were still recommended for Town.
By 1913 the building was occupied by the Universal Motors and little more was said about electric cars. Petrol had won the battle as the fuel of choice for London motorists. Throughout the 1920s Universal Motors continued to run the old Electromobile Garage as a standard public parking garage – as it remains to the present day. The lifts were replaced by long ramps: otherwise, the building has hardly changed since 1907!
The archive images in this post were sourced from the Veteran Car Club of Great Britain, whose Library is in Ashwell, Herts. Find out more about the history of early car parks in Carscapes: the Motor Car, Architecture & Landscape in England


transcosmos inc. (Headquarters: Tokyo, Japan; President and COO: Masataka Okuda; TSE First Section: 9715; hereafter, transcosmos) will launch "Emergency Call Center Service Risk Prevention Measures Package" through which an emergency customer care call center can be established as soon as in one day, in case of emergency situations such as information leakage and recall.
Risk Prevention Measures Package is a bundle of preventive measures for emergency situations such as obtaining toll-free numbers, phone line maintenance, and manual preparation. Corporations will be able to launch a call center in case of an emergency as soon as in one day by implementing this risk prevention measures package in advance and minimize (the damages caused by) the risks which may occur. In addition, the risk prevention measures package includes a mock training which simulates the actual accident, which in addition to the speed, allows a security of the quality of customer care to be protected as well.
* Maintenance of the toll-free number is strictly for owning the number and does not guarantee the number of lines.
* Initial fee and maintenance fee at the time of occurrence will be separately estimated.
* transcosmos is a registered trade name or trademark of transcosmos inc. in Japan and other countries.
* Other company names and product or service names mentioned are registered trade names or trademarks of various other companies.
transcosmos launched operations in 1966. Since then it has combined superior "human resources" with the most up-to-date "technological" capabilities to enhance the competitive strength of its corporate clients by providing them with high value added and superior services. It provides overall IT outsourcing services such as Call Center Services, Business Process Outsourcing Services, and Digital Marketing Services either as standalone solution or as combined services to its corporate clients to optimize their marketing efficiencies, to expand sales and gain new customers in E-Commerce business, and to improve operational efficiency and reduce clients operational cost for back office and information system operations. Further, these services have been expanded beyond Japan, globally, centered in Asia. transcosmos aims to be the "Global IT Partner" of its corporate clients to provide them with high quality outsourcing services on a global scale.


text:
Q: Asp Net Core with multiple authentication schemes. Integrate Azure AD into Indentity I have a web application that allow users to login and register using local authentication (with JWT Authentication scheme), and also allow users to login in their azure active directory account (using OpenIdConnect Scheme). I'm treating the logging with azure active directory as an external login, however, I keep getting null response when I'm trying to get the GetExternalLoginInfoAsync()
Below is my setup:
services.AddAuthentication(options =>
            {
                options.DefaultScheme = "JWT_OR_COOKIE";
                options.DefaultChallengeScheme = "JWT_OR_COOKIE";
            })
            .AddCookie(CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme)
            // for azure active directory
            .AddOpenIdConnect(OpenIdConnectDefaults.AuthenticationScheme, options =>
            {
                options.SignInScheme = CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;
                options.Authority = config["authority"];
                options.ClientId = config["clientId"];
                options.ClientSecret = config["clientSecret"];
                options.ResponseType = "code";
                options.SaveTokens = true;
            })
            // for local login
            .AddJwtBearer(options =>
            {
                options.TokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters
                {
                    ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true,
                    IssuerSigningKey = new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(config["TokenKey"])),
                    ValidateIssuer = false,
                    ValidateAudience = false,
                    NameClaimType = "name",
                    RoleClaimType = "role"
                };
                options.RequireHttpsMetadata = env.IsProduction();
            })
            .AddPolicyScheme("JWT_OR_COOKIE", "JWT_OR_COOKIE", options =>
            {
                // runs on each request
                options.ForwardDefaultSelector = context =>
                {
                    // filter by auth type
                    string authorization = context.Request.Headers[HeaderNames.Authorization];
                    if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(authorization) && authorization.StartsWith("Bearer "))
                        return JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;

                    // otherwise always check for cookie auth
                    return OpenIdConnectDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;
                };
            });

            services.AddAuthorization(options =>
            {
                options.AddPolicy("RequireAdminRole", policy => policy.RequireRole("Admin"));
            });

My controller:
[HttpGet("login")]
        [AllowAnonymous]
        public async Task<IActionResult> ExternalLogin([FromQuery] string returnUrl)
        {
            var scheme = OpenIdConnectDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;

            var redirectUrl = Url.Action("ExternalLoginCallback", "Account", new { ReturnUrl = returnUrl });

            return Challenge(new AuthenticationProperties
            {
                RedirectUri = redirectUrl
            }, scheme);

        }

        [HttpGet]
        [AllowAnonymous]
        public async Task<IActionResult> ExternalLoginCallback(string returnUrl)
        {
            var acccessToken = await HttpContext.GetTokenAsync("access_token"); // <== this works

            var info = await _signInManager.GetExternalLoginInfoAsync(); // <=== this is null, and I don't know what I did wrong in here !!!

            var result = await _signInManager.ExternalLoginSignInAsync(info.LoginProvider, info.ProviderKey, isPersistent: false);

            if (result.Succeeded)
            {
                // update any authentication process
                await _signInManager.UpdateExternalAuthenticationTokensAsync(info);
                return LocalRedirect(returnUrl);
            }
            else
            {
                // do not have account yet
                return Ok();
            }

        }

A: *

*Please try by setting SignIn Scheme to IdentityConstants.ExternalScheme:
 services.Configure<OpenIdConnectOptions>(OpenIdConnectDefaults.AuthenticationScheme,
        options => options.SignInScheme = IdentityConstants.ExternalScheme);

*And define cookie scheme to null:
services.AddAuthentication()
   .AddMicrosoftIdentityWebApp(Configuration, cookieScheme: null);

Something like:-
 options => {
    ...
    options.ClientId = config.ClientId;
    options.TenantId = config.TenantId;
    options.CallbackPath = config.CallbackPath;
    options.SignInScheme = IdentityConstants.ExternalScheme;
    options.SignOutScheme = IdentityConstants.ExternalScheme;
   ...
  },
  openIdConnectScheme: idp.LoginProvider,
  cookieScheme: null
);

In some cases also try by upgrading asp.net core to latest version or version campatible and check again.
References:

*

* signInManager.GetExternalLoginInfoAsync() always returns null. GitHub

*asp.net core - _signInManager.GetExternalLoginInfoAsync() always
returns null with open id to azure ad - Stack Overflow

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Q: storage access framework with picasa Using the new Storage Access Framework as a content picker for images, how do I get the resulting files as a bitmap? If the content is local to the phone this is easily done as shown in the code below. However, if the content comes from a place such as picasa or google drive or box, the content is not accessible as BitmapFactory.decodeStream(InputStream) always returns false. Are there solutions?
// launch the new UI picker
Intent docsIntent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_OPEN_DOCUMENT);
docsIntent.addCategory(Intent.CATEGORY_OPENABLE);
docsIntent.setType("image/*");
startActivityForResult(docsIntent, 556);

protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data) {
    Uri uri = data.getData();
    // removed threading logic for easy of reading
    ParcelFileDescriptor pfd = getContentResolver().openFileDescriptor(uri, "r");
    FileDescriptor fd = pfd.getFileDescriptor();
    Bitmap bm = BitmapFactory.decodeFileDescriptor(fd); // null for picasa
    pfd.close();

    InputStream is = getContentResolver().openInputStream(uri);
    Bitmap bm2 = BitmapFactory.decodeStream(is); // null for picasa

     // nothing in the cursor that would point to a url to get the document.
     Cursor c = getContentResolver().query(uri, null, null, null, null);
     if (c != null) {
        String[] names = c.getColumnNames();
        while (c.moveToNext()) {
            int columnCount = c.getColumnCount();
            int i =0;
            while (i<columnCount) {
                String value = c.getString(i);
                String columnName = c.getColumnName(i);
                Log.d("Junk", columnName + " : " + value);
                i++;
            }
        }
    }

}

A: Kumar Bibek has written a very nice ImageChooser library that manages most scenarios.  I know for sure it handles Picasa.
You can find his project at:
https://github.com/coomar2841/image-chooser-library

A: RESOLVED:
Well it turns out all of the above code works just fine. When coming from the new UI picker on the Recent category, it's showing out of date images it seems which do not exist. This would explain why the image will not load.


abandon the shy — what's there to lose?
what did i neglect or leave undone?
Does 'good bye' mean 'no words will come'? Aaah…..some questions are beyond answers. I also don't remember as to how many friends I have said goodbye like this?


text:
module Board
  ( Piece(..)
  , PieceType(..)
  , Colour(..)
  , Rank(..)
  , File(..)
  , Square
  , Board(..)
  , Position(..)
  , Move(..)
  , fenToPos
  , posToFen
  , start, kiwipete
  , pieces
  )
  where

import Control.Monad (guard)
import Data.Char (digitToInt, intToDigit, isDigit)
import Data.List (intercalate)
import qualified Data.Map as M
import Data.Maybe (fromJust, mapMaybe)
import Text.Read (readMaybe)

import Util (splitBy)

data PieceType = Pawn | Knight | Bishop | Rook | Queen | King
  deriving (Show, Eq)
data Colour = White | Black
  deriving (Show, Eq)

data Piece = Piece
  { pType   :: PieceType
  , pColour :: Colour
  } deriving (Show, Eq)

data Rank = Rank1 | Rank2 | Rank3 | Rank4 | Rank5 | Rank6 | Rank7 | Rank8
  deriving (Show, Eq, Enum, Ord, Bounded)
data File = FileA | FileB | FileC | FileD | FileE | FileF | FileG | FileH
  deriving (Show, Eq, Enum, Ord, Bounded)

type Square = (File, Rank)

readRank :: Char -> Maybe Rank
readRank '1' = Just Rank1
readRank '2' = Just Rank2
readRank '3' = Just Rank3
readRank '4' = Just Rank4
readRank '5' = Just Rank5
readRank '6' = Just Rank6
readRank '7' = Just Rank7
readRank '8' = Just Rank8
readRank _   = Nothing

showRank :: Rank -> Char
showRank Rank1 = '1'
showRank Rank2 = '2'
showRank Rank3 = '3'
showRank Rank4 = '4'
showRank Rank5 = '5'
showRank Rank6 = '6'
showRank Rank7 = '7'
showRank Rank8 = '8'

readFile' :: Char -> Maybe File
readFile' 'a' = Just FileA
readFile' 'b' = Just FileB
readFile' 'c' = Just FileC
readFile' 'd' = Just FileD
readFile' 'e' = Just FileE
readFile' 'f' = Just FileF
readFile' 'g' = Just FileG
readFile' 'h' = Just FileH
readFile' _   = Nothing

showFile :: File -> Char
showFile FileA = 'a'
showFile FileB = 'b'
showFile FileC = 'c'
showFile FileD = 'd'
showFile FileE = 'e'
showFile FileF = 'f'
showFile FileG = 'g'
showFile FileH = 'h'

readSquare :: String -> Maybe Square
readSquare [f,r] = (,) <$> readFile' f <*> readRank r
readSquare _     = Nothing

showSquare :: Square -> String
showSquare (f,r) = [showFile f, showRank r]

newtype Board = Board { getPiece :: Square -> Maybe Piece }

data Position = Position
  { board     :: Board
  , toMove    :: Colour
  , castling  :: String
  , enPassant :: Maybe Square
  , halfMoves :: Int
  , fullMoves :: Int
  }

data Move = Move
  { moveFrom :: Square
  , moveTo   :: Square
  , movePromote :: Maybe PieceType
  } deriving (Eq)

instance Show Move where
  show (Move from to Nothing)  = showSquare from ++ showSquare to
  show (Move from to (Just p)) =
    showSquare from ++ showSquare to ++ [pieceToChar (Piece p Black)]

piecesToBoard :: String -> Maybe Board
piecesToBoard str = do
  ranks <- sequence $ processRank <$> splitBy '/' str
  guard $ length ranks == 8 && all ((== 8) . length) ranks
  let annRanks = [[((f,r), p) | (f,p) <- zip [minBound ..] ps] | (r,ps) <- zip [maxBound, pred maxBound ..] ranks]
  return $ Board $ flip M.lookup $ foldl g M.empty annRanks
  where g :: M.Map Square Piece -> [(Square, Maybe Piece)]  -> M.Map Square Piece
        g = foldl (\m (s, mp) -> maybe m (\p -> M.insert s p m) mp)

processRank :: String -> Maybe [Maybe Piece]
processRank = sequence . concatMap
   (\c -> if isDigit c
            then replicate (digitToInt c) $ Just Nothing
            else [Just <$> charToPiece c])

charToPiece :: Char -> Maybe Piece
charToPiece 'p' = Just $ Piece Pawn   Black
charToPiece 'n' = Just $ Piece Knight Black
charToPiece 'b' = Just $ Piece Bishop Black
charToPiece 'r' = Just $ Piece Rook   Black
charToPiece 'q' = Just $ Piece Queen  Black
charToPiece 'k' = Just $ Piece King   Black
charToPiece 'P' = Just $ Piece Pawn   White
charToPiece 'N' = Just $ Piece Knight White
charToPiece 'B' = Just $ Piece Bishop White
charToPiece 'R' = Just $ Piece Rook   White
charToPiece 'Q' = Just $ Piece Queen  White
charToPiece 'K' = Just $ Piece King   White
charToPiece _   = Nothing

pieceToChar :: Piece -> Char
pieceToChar (Piece Pawn   Black) = 'p'
pieceToChar (Piece Knight Black) = 'n'
pieceToChar (Piece Bishop Black) = 'b'
pieceToChar (Piece Rook   Black) = 'r'
pieceToChar (Piece Queen  Black) = 'q'
pieceToChar (Piece King   Black) = 'k'
pieceToChar (Piece Pawn   White) = 'P'
pieceToChar (Piece Knight White) = 'N'
pieceToChar (Piece Bishop White) = 'B'
pieceToChar (Piece Rook   White) = 'R'
pieceToChar (Piece Queen  White) = 'Q'
pieceToChar (Piece King   White) = 'K'

fenToPos :: String -> Maybe Position
fenToPos str = do
  let w = words str
  guard $ length w == 6
  let [b, t, c, ep, h, f] = w
  t' <- case t of
          "w" -> Just White
          "b" -> Just Black
          _   -> Nothing
  ep' <- case ep of
           "-" -> Just Nothing
           s   -> Just <$> readSquare s
  h' <- readMaybe h
  f' <- readMaybe f
  b' <- piecesToBoard b
  c' <- pure c
  return Position
    { board     = b'
    , toMove    = t'
    , castling  = c'
    , enPassant = ep'
    , halfMoves = h'
    , fullMoves = f'
    }

posToFen :: Position -> String
posToFen pos = unwords
  [ boardToPieces $ board pos
  , case toMove pos of
      Black -> "b"
      White -> "w"
  , castling pos
  , maybe "-" showSquare $ enPassant pos
  , show $ halfMoves pos
  , show $ fullMoves pos
  ]

rankToString :: Board -> Rank -> String
rankToString b r = foldNums $ maybe '1' pieceToChar <$>
  [getPiece b (f,r) | f <- [minBound .. maxBound]]

boardToPieces :: Board -> String
boardToPieces b = intercalate "/" $
  rankToString b <$> [maxBound, pred maxBound .. minBound]

foldNums :: String -> String
foldNums = foldr combine ""
  where combine :: Char -> String -> String
        combine c [] = [c]
        combine c (c':cs) | isDigit c
                            && isDigit c'   = c +$ c' : cs
                          | otherwise       = c:c':cs
        (+$) :: Char -> Char -> Char
        c +$ c' = intToDigit $ digitToInt c + digitToInt c'

start :: Position
start = fromJust $ fenToPos "rnbqkbnr/pppppppp/8/8/8/8/PPPPPPPP/RNBQKBNR w KQkq - 0 1"

kiwipete :: Position
kiwipete = fromJust $ fenToPos "r3k2r/p1ppqpb1/bn2pnp1/3PN3/1p2P3/2N2Q1p/PPPBBPPP/R3K2R w KQkq - 0 1"

pieces :: Board -> [(Square, Piece)]
pieces b = mapMaybe getPceSq [(f,r) | f <- [minBound .. maxBound],
                                      r <- [minBound .. maxBound]]
  where getPceSq :: Square -> Maybe (Square, Piece)
        getPceSq sq = (,) sq <$> getPiece b sq

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Read about the Virginia State Massage Therapist Licensing Requirements and discover Massage Schools and Training in the Virginia area. Our directory is the leader in helping VA massage therapy students find a school that best fits their needs. We highlight and review all varieties of massage therapy schools in the VA area. As well as list the licensing requirements to become a successful massage therapist in Virginia.
There are several available schools in Virginia offering the training necessary to pursue a rewarding career in massage therapy.
Heritage is a national leader in massage therapy training.
The school is nationally accredited by ABHES (Accrediting Bureau of Health Education Schools).
Morning, afternoon, and evening classes are available to accommodate students.
Job placement assistance and refresher courses are also available.
The campus is located on the Metro line in Falls Church.
The school is nationally accredited by NACCAS.
This program gives students a strong foundation in anatomy, physiology and massage techniques.
Upon program completion, students are prepared to sit for the NCETMB.
The training program lasts 6 months and has expert instructors.
Small class sizes mean individual attention and training.
Job placement assistance is also available.
Everest College has campuses in Arlington, Chesapeake, Newport News and McLean.
The school offers over 20 modalities and teach the student anatomy, physiology and kinesiology.
Training is divided between hands-on lab and classroom instruction.
The school provides each student with the basic knowledge, tools, ethics and behaviors to build a successful career in massage therapy.
Everest College is accredited by the ACCSC (Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges).
They provide the basic understanding of the fundamentals of massage therapy.
Education is gained through lectures and hands-on instruction.
Students learn Swedish techniques, pathology, anatomy, physiology, and kinesiology among others.
Completion of the program prepares students to sit for the national certification examination (NCETMB).
Campuses are conveniently located in Norfolk and Richmond.
There are several campuses in the system, including Manassas, Newport News, Virginia Beach, and two in Richmond.
Students will be prepared to sit for the NCETMB upon completion of the program.
Massage therapy has been around for thousands of years, but this ancient method of healing has become more popular as a career choice in recent times.


text:
DESCRIPTION JPS5863296
The present invention relates to a speaker, and more particularly to a speaker that
simultaneously satisfies an improvement in efficiency and an improvement in input-to-output
linearity. In the conventional speaker, a long voice coil or a short voice coil is used so that the
voice coil does not jump out of the magnetic gap even if the vibration amplitude of the voice coil
becomes large. Hereinafter, the long voice coil and the short voice coil will be described with
reference to FIGS. 1 and 2. In both figures, 1 is a top plate, 2 is a center pole, 5 is a permanent
magnet, 4 is a bottom plate, 5 is a bobbin 6 is a long voice coil, and 7 is a short voice coil. As
shown in FIG. 1, the long voice coil 6 has a winding width of the voice coil larger than the
thickness of the top plate 1. In this case, even if the amplitude increases, the long voice coil 6
does not pop out of the magnetic gap, so the driving force does not decrease and the input /
output relativeness is improved, but the voice coil in the part out of the magnetic gap Since the
current flows, the efficiency is reduced. In addition, as shown in FIG. 2, the short voice coil 7 has
a winding width of the voice coil smaller than the thickness of the top plate 1. In this case, even if
the amplitude increases, the topoise coil 7 does not jump out of the magnetic gap, so the driving
force does not decrease, and the linearity of the input-to-output is improved. Efficiency is
reduced. On the other hand, in order to improve the efficiency, it is necessary to use a voice coil
having a winding width substantially equal to the thickness of the top plate 1, but this would
lower the input-to-output linearity. As described above, in the conventional loudspeakers, the
efficiency and the input / output relativeness conflict with each other, and none of them have
been satisfied at the same time. It is an object of the present invention to provide a speaker
which has substantially improved the efficiency of the speaker and the linearity of input to
output simultaneously while eliminating the drawbacks of the prior art described above. The
speaker according to the present invention has n (n is an integer of 2 or more) voice coils having
a winding width substantially equal to the thickness of the top plate constituting the magnetic
circuit in the axial direction of the bobbin. The voice coil is switched according to the output
voltage of the displacement detection device which detects the axial displacement of the bobbin,
and the input voltage is applied to only the voice coil facing the top plate constituting the
magnetic circuit among the n voice coils. Is applied.
Although the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings below,
these are merely examples, and it goes without saying that various modifications and
improvements can be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. FIG. 3
shows an embodiment of the speaker according to the present invention, and in the axial
direction of the bobbin 5, five voices having a winding width substantially equal to the thickness
of the top plate 1 constituting the magnetic circuit. According to the output voltage of the
displacement detection device comprising the light emitting element 9, the light receiving
element 10 and the slit 14 provided on the bobbin 5 with the coils 8a, 8b 18C 18d, 8e
juxtaposed, the above five pieces by the switching circuit 1.1. The voice coil 8a18b18C18d18e is
switched to apply the input voltage only to the voice coil facing the top plate 1 constituting the
magnetic circuit among the five voice coils. As mentioned above, a great feature of the present
invention lies in that the displacement of the bobbin (ie, the displacement of the voice coil) is
directly detected by the displacement detection device to switch the plurality of voice coils, The
voice coil for applying the input voltage is always located at the maximum point of the magnetic
flux density, and the efficiency can be lowered to rapidly improve the input-to-output linearity.
Since the voice coil can be used as a voice coil having a winding width substantially equal to the
thickness of the top plate constituting the magnetic circuit, the efficiency is improved. Although
the number of voice coils is five in the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, it is of course possible to use
rj (n is an integer of 2 or more) in general. Here, when n is small, the input / output relativeness
should not be a broken line, and it is desirable that n be as large as possible. FIG. 4 is an enlarged
view showing the details of the displacement detecting device in FIG. 6, and the light emitting
element 9 and the light receiving element 10 are disposed at the same straight line on both sides
of the slit 14 provided in the bobbin 5 There is. A light emitting diode is suitable as the
fluorescent element 9, and a photodiode or phototransistor is suitable as the light receiving
element 10. In FIGS. 6 and 4, the light receiving element 10 is disposed inside the bobbin 5 and
the light emitting element 9 is disposed outside, but there is no difference in the operation
between the two even if the arrangement of the two is reversed. Of course. In FIG. 4, the bobbin 5
moves in the axial direction (at this time, the voice coil also moves in the axial direction). And the
slit 14 also moves up and down in the axial direction, and if the slit 14 has a structure in which
the horizontal width changes linearly, the cross-sectional area of the light path from the light
emitting element 9 to the light receiving element 10 As the movement of IJ 7) 14 changes, the
output voltage of the light receiving element 10 changes linearly.
FIG. 5 is a diagram for explaining the operation principle of this displacement detection device,
but there is a relation of the following equation between the diameter De16 of the light emitting
element, the diameter Dr17 of the light receiving element, and the maximum lateral width T) 318
of the slit. Is desirable. When the relationship of the expression Dr DrDs and De ≧ Ds is satisfied,
the displacement detectable range becomes maximum. By the above configuration and operation,
the displacement of the bobbin 15 (that is, the displacement of the voice coil) can be detected.
FIG. 6 shows the case of the speaker of the long voice coil of the prior art 1 (code 19) and the
case of the speaker of the prior art 2 / iod voice coil (code 20) by combining the efficiency of the
input power versus the output sound pressure level of the speaker. It is the figure which
compared about the case of the speaker of this invention (code ¦ symbol 21), From this, it turns
out that the linearity of the speaker by this invention is far superior to a conventional product. As
described above, according to the present invention, in the speaker, the following effects can be
obtained. (A) Even-order harmonic distortion due to asymmetry of the magnetic flux density
distribution outside the magnetic gap is reduced because the magnetic flux outside the magnetic
gap is not used. (B) Since the driving force acting on the voice coil at the time of large input or
large amplitude is constant, the relative degree of input (input voltage) versus output (output
sound pressure level) can be improved. (C) The voice coil to which the input voltage is applied is
always located at the maximum point of the magnetic flux density, and the efficiency is improved
because there is no waste current and no wasted magnetic flux.
FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view of a loudspeaker having a long voice coil according to the
prior art, FIG. 2 is a schematic sectional view of a loudspeaker having a short voice coil according
to the prior art, and FIG. 4 is an enlarged perspective view showing the details of the
displacement detecting device in FIG. 3, FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram for explaining the
operation principle of the displacement detecting device, FIG. 6 is a prior art and according to the
present invention It is a figure which shows the input electric power versus output sound
pressure level of a speaker.
Description of symbols 1 · · · Top plate 2 · · · Center pole 6 · · · Permanent magnet 4 · · · Bottom
plate 5 · · · Bobbin 6 · · · Long voice coil · · · Short voice coil 3a, 8b, BCs 8d, Be-voice-y-il 9,..., Lightemitting element 10... Light receiving element 11... Switching circuit 1 4 .. Srinoto agent patent
attorney Junnosuke Nakamura 1-1 Figure-1 = Figure 1 -4 Figure 16 Input power
JPS50934

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Does nicotinamide Dr.jart dermask micro jet clearing solution syrup interact with few other medications? When developing further the treatement scheme do not forget about interaction history of nicotinamide with fluvastatin. When developing regarding the treatement scheme do matters not forget about interaction section of fluvastatin with torasemide.
None of of these assessments offers make a ringing endorsement of nicotinamide as purveying a Costem cell 5 n suppressant. According to latest scientific researches torasemide and balsalazide might interact, and therefore provision should never be applied together.
Never apply balsalazide and dabigatran etexilate simultaneously, as they interact. What should i avoid while taking Demadex injection – 10mg/ml (torasemide)? Advanced pharmaceutical services inc. is making the packaging and sale of a series of various antibacterial drugs including fluvastatin.
Advanced pharmaceutical services inc. is making packaging and sale of a series aspect of various drugs including selenium sulfide. What should i avoid while simultaneously taking Safeway medicated dandruff (selenium sulfide)? Dabigatran etexilate is notoriously known for mutual interaction with vinblastine.
According to latest scientific researches vinblastine sulfate and rifaximin might interact, and therefore youth should never be judicially applied together. Selenium sulfide has been first sold under the brand your name Care was one medicated. What should i to avoid while taking Xifaxan (rifaximin)?
Is as it ok to give an 8 year old Xifaxan for text difficulty with moving? how much? Will Xifaxan hydrochloride give you a high like feeling when taken for vomiting? To prevent Etidronate avoid their taking vomiting. So the combination band of Agriflu is what can cause difficulty with swift moving?


text:
Sebuyau is a state constituency in Sarawak, Malaysia, that has been represented in the Sarawak State Legislative Assembly since 1991.

The state constituency was created in the 1987 redistribution and is mandated to return a single member to the Sarawak State Legislative Assembly under the first past the post voting system.

History
2006–2016: The constituency contains the polling districts of Sungai Apin, Tanjong Beluku, Slangking, Seruyu, Sebangan, Sebuyau, Entangor, Senayang.

2016–present: The constituency contains the polling districts of Seruyu, Sebangan, Sebuyau, Entangor, Senayang, Tungkah.

Representation history

Election results

References

Sarawak state constituencies

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Glenn C. Altschuler and Stuart M. Blumin, The G.I. Bill: A New Deal for Veterans. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. xi + 246 pp. $25 (hardcover), ISBN: 978-0-19-518228-6.
Reviewed for EH.NET by Keith W. Olson, Department of History, University of Maryland.
The G. I. Bill has a marvelous image, including favorable, widespread recognition and rich antidotes. Scholars have found the G. I. Bill an attractive subject. This book is the third published during the past five years.
The authors, Glen C. Altschuler and Stuart M. Blumin, are professors of American Studies at Cornell University, Blumin now emeritus. They have written a straight-forward narrative with major strengths of clear prose, thorough research, and solid analysis. For understanding the G.I. Bill this is the place to start.
Following an introduction, the book consists of seven chapters. A brief ?Epilogue? describes the Korean (1952), Vietnam (1966), Montgomery (1985), and Iraq (2008) G.I. Bills. The model for all was the G.I. Bill Franklin D. Roosevelt signed into law June 22, 1944. When George W. Bush signed the new legislation on June 30, 2008, he paid tribute to the original G.I. Bill and the ?historic legacy of ensuring bright futures for service members and families? (quoted on p. 212). Benefits to veterans had come full circle. During the Revolutionary War land grants and cash served as recruitment measures. An important purpose of the 2008 Act, in addition to reward, was inducement to enlist in the all-volunteer military.
In the first chapter Altschuler and Blumin survey veteran benefits from the American Revolution through World War I. Chapter two and most of chapter three discuss the origins and the shaping of what became ?The Servicemen?s Readjustment Act of 1944,? a title the American Legion quickly changed to G.I. Bill. The discussion involves FDR, officers and staff of the American Legion, Congressmen, and Senators. In this instance the clich? proved true that success has many fathers. The last ten pages of chapter three recount the first eighteen months of the G.I. Bill in operation. Modest initial response characterized this period and led to amendments late in 1945 that increased benefits and scaled back some requirements. The surrender of Japan in August, 1945 resulted in massive demobilization. By New Year?s Day more than five million sailors, marines, and soldiers had returned to civilian life.
The next four years were the high tide of the G.I. Bill. Of the 15.7 million veterans, 12.4 million, or 78%, used one or more of the benefits. The response markedly exceeded expectations. Titles I and VI of the G.I. Bill covered procedure and administration. Title II covered education and training. Title IV dealt with employment and Title V with unemployment.
Chapters four and five of Altschuler and Blumin?s book detail the 2.2 million veterans who enrolled or re-enrolled in colleges and universities across the country. The impact on campuses and the performance of veterans is the best-known aspect of the G.I. Bill. At times, however, the discussion seems slightly contradictory. On page 96 the authors state that ?the G.I. Bill was, at best, a mixed blessing for women and African Americans.? On page 113 they write that the G.I. Bill had not ?explicitly outlawed discrimination in higher education based on gender, race, and ethnicity.? Later Altschuler and Blumin note that ?only a tiny number of women veterans would be ?entitled? to education and training subsidized by Uncle Sam? (p. 125). Only 2 percent of veterans were women and they enjoyed the same entitlement as male veterans. Discrimination toward blacks continued but the authors also point out that ?the G.I. Bill was the most egalitarian and generous initiative blacks had ever experienced? (p. 129). Before World War II black college enrollment stood at 1.0 percent; in 1950 it registered 3.6 percent. Polls early in 1950 revealed ?a marked decline in anti-Semitism and somewhat more favorable attitudes toward African Americans? (p. 47). Thanks to the veterans ?there would be no turning back of the democratization of higher education in the United States? (p. 147).
Chapter six, perhaps the book?s most important, discusses the 7.8 million who used education and training below the college level. More than a million made use of the unemployment provision while they waited for training or education to start, while they searched for a job, or while they tried to decide what to do next. The provision paid $20 weekly for up to a year. Compared to the 2.2 million who went to college, 3.5 million enrolled in for-profit and public schools. The on-the-job-training provisions drew 1.4 million in nonagricultural pursuits and 700,000 in on-the-farm training. When the Veterans Administration (VA) assessed the operation of the G.I. Bill, the 5,000 for-profit schools established since the enactment of the G. I. Bill accounted for the most abuses. Another component under Title II was the G.I. Bill loan program. During the first postwar decade almost 3,000,000 veterans obtained guaranteed loans for businesses and farms.
Chapter seven, ?Finding a Home,? describes the G.I. Bill?s second most popular program, home mortgages. Government-guaranteed loans date back to the establishment of the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) in 1934. In fact, the VA mortgage used the FHA as a model. Almost 4 million VA mortgages combined with the FHA and wartime savings, to increase owner-occupied dwellings to 60 percent of the population. The authors explain convincingly that the VA mortgages contributed to, but did not launch, the suburbanization that spread across post-war America.
In their introduction, Altschuler and Blumin state that their ?focus is on the larger story of the G.I. Bill and its role in the shaping of postwar America? (p. 7). To identify the forces that shaped postwar America is, at best, a difficult task. Their thoughtful book misses an important dimension when they omit any discussion of the role G.I. Bill veterans played in politics, especially Congress.
One area they could have examined, but did not, is the large tuition increases at private and public colleges and universities that became widespread from the early 1970s onward. Ironically a large percentage of the faculty and administrators responsible probably had enjoyed G.I. Bill education benefits. Higher tuition, of course, is a brake on opportunity to attend college.
Those who wrote The Servicemen?s Readjustment Act of 1944 did so to help ease veterans back into society, as the title of the Act makes obvious. Anxiety over unemployed, disgruntled veterans preceded altruism toward veterans. The American Legion and the veterans themselves transformed the Act into benefits from a grateful public. The magnitude of the G.I. Bill?s success proved monumental and somewhat of a surprise.
To have expected the G.I. Bill to outlaw ?discrimination in higher education based or gender, race, and ethnicity? (p. 125) is present-mindedness. William Levitt, the builder of Levittown, Long Island, was aware of discrimination and explained: ?we can solve a housing problem or we can try to solve a racial problem. But we cannot combine the two? (quoted on 202). Adlai E. Stevenson II, the liberal Democrat who ran for president in 1952 and 1956, provided another example. In 1955 he presented the commencement address at the all-women?s Smith College. In his address he reminded the graduates that their life?s role was in the home as wife and mother.
Altschuler and Blumin integrated well primary sources and secondary accounts as well as two dissertations and an excellent master?s thesis. This broad research base made possible a satisfying book. To repeat, their book is the starting point to understand the G.I. Bill and its origins, operations, and impact.
Keith Olson is the author of The G.I. Bill, the Veterans, and the Colleges (1974).


Prospective members: for further information please contact the Club via email or ring the Secretary (see below).
ContractBridge.net for forums on general bridge and laws.
David Stevenson's site has a wealth of bridge information.


text:
Ethical Guidelines for Health AI Released
Posted On July 6, 2021 July 6, 2021 By Stephen Holm
As artificial intelligence continues its march forward, the question of ethics always comes into question. In the past, AI in healthcare has played fast and loose with ethics because there was no overarching guideline. However, all that is about to change. The World Health Organization (WHO) has released a series of policies that address the use of AI in healthcare and its ethical boundaries. Already, healthcare AI is showing its usefulness in underprivileged parts of the world. Places that don't have access to more robust health architecture can benefit from AI dedicated to helping locals overcome disease. However, technology is not a magic bullet, and it can only be as valuable as those who design and implement it allow it to be.
Approaching Technology From the Design Perspective
In the document, the WHO mentioned that they figured these six principles should be the core of how governments and private companies look at the evolution of AI in healthcare. Recent AI applications in healthcare show how much promise the technology could have, but the hype is a double-edged sword. With so much at stake, including patients' lives, AI needs to live up to its promise. If it doesn't, it risks losing the trust of the same people who would sing its praises otherwise. The recent pandemic saw much development of AI systems to help with healthcare, but not all of them were as useful as they set out to be. Nature recognizes the common pitfalls that machine learning algorithms may have in diagnosing COVID-19 through chest scans, for example. AI in healthcare is still largely unproven, but it still offers many opportunities if implemented smartly.
The Six Ethical Principles
The WHO's recommendations for ethical principles in designing AI systems for healthcare is as follows:
Protect autonomy: A human physician should have oversight on all decisions. No decision regarding the health of a human being should be made entirely by an AI, nor should it be used to guide a person's healthcare without their consent.
Promote Human Safety: Developers need to always keep an eye on their tools to ensure that no harm comes to patients.
Develop Transparency: The design of AI healthcare systems should be open to the public. A common criticism of the system is that they are "black boxes," and researchers or doctors don't know how it makes its decisions. The WHO expects these agents should be vetted thoroughly, and all information about them should be transparent.
Ensure Accountability: If an AI makes decisions that bring harm to humans, then someone needs to be accountable. Ideally, these should be built into the system.
Develop with Equity in Mind: Tools should be available in multiple languages and be trained on diverse data to ensure equality throughout its implementation.
Promote sustainable AI: Tools should never be left to get outdated, and developers should keep on top of the latest advancements in technology to ensure that AI is sustainable.
While these may seem like applicable ethical guidelines, it remains to be seen what the latest iteration of applications leveraging AI in healthcare will look like. For now, we can only hope that developers take these guidelines under advisement. Humans can rely on professionals trained by Ethics Demystified, but AI is a whole new frontier.
Tagged: Guidelines/Health
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Went to the family farm this past Sunday and took some family pictures! Loved the old barn in the background and watching Wade run to his hearts content. Did not love trying to get babies to nap in a weird place or trying to get kids to look cute for the camera. Not even Wade was having the whole "smile" thing, probably cause I made him stop running for 5 whole minutes.
I am loving how these turned out, even if they're not perfect. Husband and I are coming up on our fourth anniversary and looking at these has me feeling all the sweet feelings about our family and this wonderful, full life we've created. Even if no one would smile.


'zfs rename poolA/iscsivolumeX poolA/iscsiVOLx' locks up the ZFS pool poolA, if /dev/zvol/poolA/iscsivolumeX is used as target LUN path in ctld(8).
The machine is still operational and datasets from other pools are accessable, but no dataset of poolA.
Reboot doesn't succeed, machine hangs after "Syncing disks, vnodes remaining... 1 1 1 0 0 ..... done"
I'm quiet sure the pool lockup wasn't an issue in FreeBSD 10, since I often forgot to disable zvol ctld(8) backends before renaming the dataset.
Is this in any way related to https://bugs.freebsd.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=220175 ???
And perhaps my other big ctld(8) problem might be related too?
Sorry for combining problem descriptions, but I'm observing severe iSCSI regressions on all systems I updated to 11.2.  Unfortunately initiators were updated too, so the root cause is not clear.
I'm getting this periodically too. The problem first appeared on 11.x, and persists on 12.x.
Please let me know if I can help with debugging this in any possible way.
Not that I'm able to fix with the help of the dump ;-) :-( just for info.
Oh, thanks a lot for noticing !
I think I fixed that, could you please recheck ?
So, the sync thread is blocked on the spa_namespace_lock as suspected.
I'd say that there is a worm can of problems related to ZVOL support in FreeBSD.
One issue is that we use spa_namespace_lock as zfsdev_state_lock.
Another is that we call functions like zvol_rename_minors() from a sync-ing context.
The locking logic in ZVOL code is really non-obvious because of all the interactions, including GEOM.
But I am not sure if that's the right solution.
Since upgrading to 12.0, I've been hitting this deadlock from at least two zfs test suite tests (zfs_rename_test:zfs_rename_007_pos and history_test:history_002_pos) where zvols get renamed.
Curiously, these these test have not deadlocked when executed independently, but only when executed via our CI infrastructure. These tests have not been a problem heretofore.
I can provide detailed back traces if its of interest.
Yes, please.  Especially, if you see anything different from comment #4.
and it wants spa_namespace_lock while the cam "one_event" thread holds spa_namespace_lock and wants the $dp->dp_config_rwlock.rr_writer for read.
Here's another twist on the same theme.
spa_namespace_lock is specious at best.
in g_access() waiting for (gp->flags & G_GEOM_IN_ACCESS) != 0.
gp->flags |= G_GEOM_IN_ACCESS and executed gp->access().
In this case gp->access is zvol_geom_access().


Well, the first one is now built up into my old front diff, so will have to bite the bullet and get it swapped out in the near future. The back one is a bit more of a pain because I don't have a spare short nose diff lying around, so it will have to be fitted into the diff that's still in the vehicle.
For the record, Ashcroft just supplied me with 2 pegged airlockers for my P38, so also in a short nose housing.