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Віа Портуенсіс ( - Портова дорога) — римська дорога, що вела з Риму до порту Портус (), збудованого в гирлі Тибру в 42 році н.е. за правління імператора Клавдія.

Дорога мала довжину 24 км. Вона починалась біля мосту Емілія та йшла через ворота Порта Портезе через південно-західну частину Риму до меж міста, і далі по порту.

Через велику інтенсивність руху була реконструйована у дві паралельні дороги - одна для руху з Риму, інша - в протилежному напрямку. Вважається першою у світі дорогою з двостороннім рухом.

Джерела
 Russell Meiggs, Portus, Italy. In: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey 1976, ISBN 0-691-03542-3 (online).
 Anita Rieche, Das antike Italien aus der Luft. Lübbe, Bergisch-Gladbach 1978, ISBN 3-7857-0223-X, S. 197–206.

Давньоримські дороги

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Ahe'ey stands tall as a smart, full bodied fantasy written by the obviously talented Jamie Le Fay. Touted as a feminist's dream of a novel, the 'I am woman, hear me roar' vibe runs deep without being obnoxious. When you reflect on the fact that this manages to be a girl power work and a romance, you begin to see how insightful Le Fay writes. Piled on feminism and romance, Ahe'ey also mixes bits of action, fantasy, and paranormal in and still it doesn't feel overdone.
One of the few grumbles I have about the book is that the reader is thrown into this story seemingly in the middle. We have no idea who anyone is or why they might be important. For someone like me, that is jarring and my compulsive need to have everything known and straight in my head can't handle it. I am aware that some people enjoy massive unknowns in their literature; those people should have no issues. The appendices found at the end of the book laid out much useful information to help clear up aspects of the story. I wish I had known it was included, I think I would have been less lost.


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Business|Trump's Trade War With China Is Officially Underway
Trump's Trade War With China Is Officially Underway
China's explosive rise was a shock to the global trading system. For decades, Western economies like the United States have struggled with the growth of this economic powerhouse.CreditCreditJohannes Eisele/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images
By Ana Swanson
WASHINGTON — A trade war between the world's two largest economies officially began on Friday morning as the Trump administration followed through with its threat to impose tariffs on $34 billion worth of Chinese products, a significant escalation of a fight that could hurt companies and consumers in both the United States and China.
The penalties, which went into effect at 12:01 a.m., prompted quick retaliation by Beijing, which said it immediately put its own similarly sized tariffs on American goods. Previously, the Chinese government had said it would tax pork, soybeans and automobiles, among other products
China's Ministry of Commerce said in a statement that the United States "has launched the biggest trade war in economic history so far."
The escalation of the trade war from threat to reality is expected to ripple through global supply chains, raise costs for businesses and consumers and roil global stock markets, which have been volatile in anticipation of a prolonged trade fight between the United States and almost everyone else.
On Thursday, President Trump showed no signs of backing down from his fight, saying aboard Air Force One that the first wave of tariffs on $34 billion in goods would quickly be followed by levies on another $16 billion of Chinese products. And Mr. Trump continued to threaten Beijing with escalating tariffs on as much as $450 billion worth of Chinese goods.
For now, it is unclear how — or whether — the trade war might conclude. Mr. Trump's threats have been met with vows from China to retaliate, a stalemate that will require one side to blink first in order to avoid a protracted fight. With no official talks scheduled between the two countries, and disagreements within the Trump administration about how best to proceed, a quick resolution seems increasingly unlikely.
"At the moment, I don't see how this ends," said Edward Alden, a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. "This is very much in the president's hands because he's got advisers that seem divided, some substantively, some tactically. I just don't think we've had any clear signs of the resolution he wants."
[Read more about how Chinese shoppers reacted to the tariffs on American products.]
The Trump administration is waging trade wars on multiple fronts as it imposes tariffs on foreign steel, aluminum, solar panels and washing machines from countries like Canada, Mexico, the European Union and Japan. Yet the tariffs on China, the world's largest manufacturing hub, affect a much larger share of products and a greater percentage of companies that rely on global supply chains, potentially hurting American companies even more than the Chinese firms the Trump administration is targeting.
Mr. Trump's aggressive stance toward China is aimed at pressuring the country to curtail what the White House describes as a pattern of unfair trade practices and theft of American intellectual property. In addition to the tariffs, the White House is placing restrictions on investment and on visas for Chinese nationals. The administration says the trade barriers are being used as leverage to force Beijing to make changes, including opening its markets to American companies and ending its practice of requiring firms operating in China to hand over valuable technology.
But the trade measures come at a cost for American firms, which are facing potentially devastating disruptions to their businesses.
As of Friday morning, companies like Husco International, a Wisconsin-based manufacturing company that makes parts for companies like Ford, General Motors, Caterpillar and John Deere, now face a 25 percent increase on a variety of parts imported from China. Austin Ramirez, Husco International's chief executive, said that increase would immediately put him and other American manufacturers at a disadvantage to competitors abroad.
"The people it helps most of all are my competitors in Germany and Japan, who also have large parts of their supply chain in Asia but don't have these tariffs," he said.
The port of Savannah, Ga. China was quick to retaliate against tariffs imposed by Washington early on Friday.CreditStephen B. Morton/Associated Press
Mr. Ramirez said his company would not be able to absorb the additional costs, and would be forced to try to pass them on to suppliers or customers — if it could. He was also fearful of how China's tit-for-tat retaliation would ultimately affect his business in that country.
"One of the big scary unknowns is we don't know how China will react," Mr. Ramirez said. "There are lots of things they could do to make life difficult for U.S. businesses operating in China that would be detrimental to us."
China is expected to respond with its own tariffs on $34 billion worth of American goods, joining other countries that have retaliated against Mr. Trump's trade measures and bringing the total value of affected American exports to about $75 billion by the end of the week. That is still a small fraction of the $1.55 trillion of goods the United States exported last year, but in some industries, the pain is becoming intense.
Brent Bible, a farmer who cultivates 5,000 acres of corn and soy in western Indiana, said the trade war was already damaging his farm and the broader agricultural economy. More than half of American soybeans that are exported go to China, giving the country influence over the price of the American crop. Trade worries have pushed down the price of soybeans roughly 15 percent in recent months, erasing his typical yearly profit margin of 8 percent to 10 percent.
Mr. Bible said farmers are now putting off purchases of tractors, grain storage facilities and other items to make ends meet.
"If we're not spending money," he said, "then other industries aren't making any money off of us, either."
The Trump administration drafted its initial tariff list to spare consumers, and many of the products that American families purchase from China, like flat-screen TVs and shoes, are not directly hit on Friday. But American companies that depend on Chinese products are expected to feel the pinch, given the tariffs focus heavily on the kind of intermediate inputs and capital equipment that businesses purchase and ultimately sell both in the United States and abroad.
China's Commerce Ministry accused the United States of "typical trade bullying" and said in a statement that its tariffs "will impact innocent multinational companies and ordinary enterprises and consumers alike."
"It will also harm the interests of U.S. businesses and its people," it said.
Economists say Mr. Trump's trade war will raise costs for American industry, potentially threatening the manufacturing jobs that the president has long said he wants to protect. And some of those higher costs will ultimately work their way through the supply chain to American consumers.
Razat Gaurav, the chief executive of LLamasoft, which advises companies on organizing their supply chains, said that many of his customers have been making alternate plans to restructure their operations, with some choosing to set up in countries like Vietnam or Mexico. Others are postponing large investments, like new factories, and are trying to avoid signing long-term contracts with suppliers — all changes that will eventually take a toll on the economy.
Many international companies route their supply chains through China, and American companies may end up feeling the effects of a trade war more keenly than their Chinese competitors. Research by Mary Lovely and Yang Liang of Syracuse University shows that in the field of computer and electronics products, for example, non-Chinese multinational corporations operating in China supply 87 percent of the products that will be affected by tariffs, while Chinese firms send only 13 percent.
A 2011 study by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco showed that, for every dollar spent on an item labeled "Made in China," 55 cents went for services produced in the United States.
"I think you're going to see an effect on the longer-term view of the U.S. as a place to export," Ms. Lovely said. "These tariffs are not hitting the mark, and they're making it much harder for American firms to do business inside the United States, let alone export markets."
A version of this article appears in print on , Section B, Page 1 of the New York edition with the headline: U.S. and China Brace for Impact as Tariff Deadlines Expire. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


William Loud have a long and distinguished history in constructing state-of-the-art velodromes, beginning with the surfacing of the Packer Park Velodrome in Caulfield (Melbourne) in 1977. Since then we have surfaced and resurfaced numerous tracks throughout Victoria including Ararat, Bendigo and Wangaratta, including resurfacing and rebuilding the Packer Park track in 1999. Our expert team has also advised velodrome construction teams around the world on the specific needs of cycling venues.
William Loud use only the very best surfacing products, ensuring that our highly experienced team install surfaces which provide the maximum amount of grip whilst not affecting the speed of the bike, allowing cyclists to achieve superior track times.
The final product is a surface that is smooth and seamless, promoting optimal cycling performance. The surfaces are easy and economical to maintain and clean with water and mild detergents. Furthermore, William Loud's surfacing products are composed of environmentally friendly materials that are UV-stable, making them highly durable.


We're so grateful to be considered as parents for your baby. It's hard for us to fully understand how emotional this must be for you, but we are grateful for your selfless and courageous decision to provide the best possible home for your baby. We know that your journey through this process is not easy, but we promise to do everything we can to assure you that your baby would be joining a loving, nurturing, and caring family.
We've known since early in our relationship that raising a child together was important to us. There is no doubt in our minds that we are ready for this next step in our lives. We've had the fortune of coming from two amazing family settings. They provided love, compassion, and warmth throughout our upbringing, and we vow to do the same for our child. We cherish the opportunity to give our child all of the possibilities to live a meaningful, fulfilling, and rewarding life.
We'll encourage our child to make mistakes and learn from them, to be the best they can be, and to be compassionate toward others. There is no more fulfilling reward to think of than providing a life for our child that is filled with education, enrichment, and, most importantly, fun and enjoying the small things that really mean everything.
We will love, nurture, and cherish your child every day, every hour, and every minute.
Our story began nearly six years ago and grew quickly as it was—and still is—so easy for us to get along. We married in June 2018 with our closest friends and family surrounding us in a celebration that was filled with laughs, hugs, dancing, and incredible food. Matt is loving, fair, and consistent. You can always rely on Matt for an honest answer, a good laugh, or an encouraging hug. Matt's been working in a leadership role within the hospitality industry with the same organization for over 12 years. Christian is kind, respectful, and considerate. Matt knew Christian was the one when they met because of his calming and accepting demeanor. Christian has been in marketing for nearly 15 years, working with everything from small businesses to large global brands.
Last year, we sold our first home, which we had spent two years lovingly remodeling. We decided to purchase a home with Christian's parents, providing us with more room for starting our family as well as having our parents close by as they move into their retirement years. Our new home is located on a quiet street in a peaceful suburb just 15 minutes outside of downtown. It offers separate living spaces for our immediate family and for Christian's parents, with a shared kitchen and dining room where we spend our time cooking and eating together. The yard provides plenty of room for our two small rescue dogs to roam around as well as gardens and play areas.
We're both close with our extended families near and abroad. Christian's family is in the Midwest and Northeast, with extended family in Norway. (Fun fact: The whole family is from Norway originally, and they all speak fluent Norwegian). He had a lot of practice with babies and kids growing up and now spending a lot of time with his six nieces and nephews. Matt's family is also on the East Coast. He enjoys any time he can get with his four nephews (two of which are twins), who lovingly call him Zio Matt due to the family's Italian heritage.
In addition to our biological families, we are grateful for the incredible friendships we've grown over the years, all of whom have become an extension of our family. Most weeks we're lucky to share a "family dinner" with our friends, who all chip in for a potluck meal.
A common thread between our families is food. We both grew up cooking with our families and hope to continue the tradition as we grow our own family—especially around the holidays, where we both have certain recipes we HAVE to make to ensure it smells and tastes just like our childhood memories.
The conversation about having a family came up early in our relationship as it was a top priority for both of us as we looked to the next stage in our lives. We realized that adoption was the right path for us after having conversations with friends who had been adopted, walking through the adoption journey with another couple, and doing research about the realities of adoption for the mother, child, and adoptive families. We hope to share stories and learnings from our travels of the world, a moral compass with a strong sense of fairness that guides us each day, and hearts that are always open and accepting to the challenges life may bring.


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Biografia

Ludovico il Pio aveva preso al proprio servizio e accordato speciale protezione all'israelita Abraham di Saragozza che lo serviva fedelmente nel suo palazzo reale. Niente di simile si trova in favore di alcun commerciante cristiano.
Un privilegio analogo fu accordato dall'Imperatore, in quello stesso anno, a David Davitis, a Joseph e ad altri loro correligionari che abitavano a Lione. Furono affrancati dal pedaggio e da altri gravami che ostacolavano la libera circolazione, e i beneficiari furono posti sotto la personale protezione dell'Imperatore franco (sub mundeburdo et defensione).

Essi potevano quindi vivere in base alle loro disposizioni legali religiose, celebrare i loro sacrifici nella reggia, assumere cristiani ad opera sua facienda, acquistare schiavi stranieri e venderli nell'Impero.

Note

Bibliografia
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Economia medievale
Persone legate a Saragozza