Introgression of crop alleles in weedy sorghum populations may have an additive effect on the adaptive character of the weeds making them more competitive. The relative fitness in the F1 generation derived from weedy and crop sorghums was evaluated using competitive assays in densely planted plots. Replacement series assays were utilized to evaluate the competitiveness of the F1 in the greenhouse and in the field. Interspecific crosses between S. halepense×S. bicolor and S. sudanense×S. bicolor showed vigour in vegetative morphological parameters. Tillering, plant height at maturity and plant weight of the F1 increased up to 70, 50 and 100%, respectively. The analysis of reproductive fitness associated traits showed that the hybrids had Relative Crowding Coefficients (RCC) values of between 5.2 and 10.1 on the number of panicles per plant. High RCC values of up to 76.9 on the number of seeds per plant and values of up to 19.5 on the total seed weight were observed in the hybrid indicating that the hybrid was more competitive than the parents. The S. halepense×S. bicolor F1 progenies had less seed produced when grown in competition with S. bicolor and an RCC of 4.3 was observed. Ratooning was reduced in the F1 of S. halepense×S. bicolor when grown in competition with S. halepense and an RCC of 5.0 was observed. The F1 hybrid of S. sudanense×S. bicolor had significantly more panicles (6.3) than S. bicolor (1.9) but it was not different from S. sudanense (6.0). Both F1 populations had high levels of seed dormancy and forced germination gave 53% in S. halepense×S. bicolor and 69% in S. sudanense×S. bicolor which gave low values as compared to their parents. Results from the study indicate that the release of improved transgenic varieties should be preceded by investigation on the effect of their interaction with weedy members in the sorghum genus.
Titus O. Magomere, Silas D. Obukosia, Solomon I. Shibairo, Eliud K. Ngugi and Eunice Mutitu, 2015. Evaluation of Relative Competitive Ability and Fitness of Sorghum bicolor×Sorghum halepense and Sorghum bicolor×Sorghum sudanense F1 Hybrids. Journal of Biological Sciences, 15: 1-15.
Crop genes introgressed into their wild relatives may possibly confer an adaptive advantage or penalty to the crop weed hybrid as a consequence of acquired plant features that may of enhance or diminish its fitness. This advantage or penalty to the hybrid can influence the vegetative and/or the reproductive phase of the plant (Dale, 1994). Crop genes in weedy species may enhance plant fitness traits such as, levels of seed dormancy, mode of reproduction, nature of specific habitat and nature of competition. The persistence of hybrid weeds depends on their relative fitness and the levels of competition they may endure (Dale, 1994). Persistence of crop alleles in the weedy background may render the hybrid more invasive and increase the chance of hybridization and flow of robust crop alleles to both the hybrid and weedy populations. Interactions between crop genes and wild genes in sorghum weeds may also increase the selective advantage, invasiveness or weediness in the wild sorghum populations (Hokanson et al., 2010).
Studies on the potential invasiveness of crop wild hybrids in traditional agricultural systems show that fitness of crop×weed hybrids vary across crop species (Ellstrand, 2003) and across different agro-ecological environments (Chapman and Burke, 2006). Studies on hybrids of crop and wild rice showed increased heterosis for the vegetative production when compared to the parents (Langevin et al., 1990). Wild radish and crop radish hybrids showed greater seed set than non hybrids (Ellstrand, 2003). However, Arriola and Ellstrand (1997) found insignificant differences in the reproductive and vegetative competitiveness of S. halepense×S. bicolor hybrids as compared to S. halepense and S. bicolor monocultures.
Hybrids derived from different species in the same genus have been reported to have greater adaptive advantage due to enhancement of important vegetative features. Song et al. (2004) obtained an F1 population from crossing O. sativa and O. rufipogon and showed that the F1 had slightly higher hybrid vigour at the vegetative growth phase and better tillering than the parents. Crop by wild hybrids in lettuce have shown higher vigour than their parents and the resulting heterosis has potential of increasing fitness of their offsprings (Hooftman et al., 2009). This has also been shown in the F1 in response to drought, salt and nutrient deficiency environments (Uwimana et al., 2012).
Studies within Poaceae have shown that F1 hybrids between round-up-ready corn with teosinte showed significantly higher vegetative vigour than that of teosinte (Guadagnuolo et al., 2006). The F1 hybrids obtained did not exhibit a direct or negative impact of the transgene on reproductive fitness in the absence of selective pressure from glyphosate (Guadagnuolo et al., 2006). F1 hybrids between crop sorghum and shattercane exhibited higher vegetative vigour and higher biomass production as compared to the parents (Sahoo et al., 2010). However, the hybrid between shattercane×S. bicolor did not show any difference in ecological reproductive fitness with its parents (Sahoo et al., 2010). In addition, Mercer et al. (2006) showed that sunflower F1 hybrids were less fecund than wild plants, yet more likely to survive to reproduce. In addition crop×wild hybrids in sunflower showed greater relative fitness when grown under competitive conditions (Mercer et al., 2006). Fitness in crop×wild lettuce F1 hybrids and backcross populations also seemed to show similar or higher vigour compared to the parents (Uwimana et al., 2012). Transgressive segregation leading to hybrid vigour in the F1 derived from genetically distant but conspecific crop species is a vital aspect to consider while determining the role of transgenes in non target plant populations.
The vigour in the F1 due to interspecific hybridization may boost plant features associated with enhancing fecundity in the hybrid population. The change in fecundity has been observed in some studies. Wild radish×crop radish F1 population showed 27% greater fecundity and 22% greater survival than wild plants in some environments (Campbell et al., 2006). However, evaluation of the F3 population showed fewer seeds per fruit produced and fewer fruits per flower set than in the wild plants, resulting in lower lifetime fecundity (Campbell and Snow, 2007). A study of wild by crop hybrids of squash showed relative fecundities of between 15-53% as compared to the wild plants (Spencer and Snow, 2001). The effect of interspecific hybridization on vegetative fitness and fecundity suggests that the crop alleles can persist within introgressing populations over several generations. The F1 population therefore does not represent a barrier to introgression of neutral, null or beneficial alleles (transgenes) into weedy or wild sorghum populations.
It is imperative to define ways of evaluating the effect of transgenes on fitness of crop, wild relatives and their hybrids. The most important parameters to consider include; plant vigour, biomass production, seed production, seed dormancy and resistance or tolerance to given biotic pressures. The study determined and compared the relative competitive ability, fitness and fecundity of the S. halepense×S. bicolor and S. sudanense×S. bicolor hybrids.
Competitive study of F1 hybrids and parents in the greenhouse: Vegetative and reproductive fitness of S. bicolor, S. halepense, S. sudanense and their hybrids obtained from weed to crop crosses was tested using a competitive approach. Dense planting (4 plants in a 30 cm pot) with altered crop, weed and hybrid mixture ratios in greenhouse pots were applied to evaluate significant advantage among the weed-crop hybrids. The experiment was sited at the College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences (CAVS) (-1°14'59.72", +36°44'30.79"). Seeds from S. bicolor, S. halepense, S. sudanense and their hybrids were germinated by subjecting them to temperatures of 5°C for 10 days then to 45°C for 24 h in a drying oven to break dormancy (Holm et al., 1977). Two weeks after germination, the seedlings were transplanted into 30 cm diameter pots filled with growth medium mixture (3 parts loamy soil; 1 part sand and 1 part manure).
Plants were watered twice a day trough drip irrigation and maintained at 12/12 h day/night photoperiod and at 28/24°C day/night temperatures throughout the growth period. The plants were fertilized three times per week through fertigation. A starter fertilizer mixture Polyfeed® NPK, 19:19:19 from Amiran Kenya (95 μg L–1 nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium per day) was applied for 30 min two times a day and three times a week in irrigation water from germination till the onset of flowering. This was followed by a finisher fertilizer mixture Polyfeed® NPK, 18:9:27 from Amiran Kenya (90 μg L–1 nitrogen, 45 μg L–1 phosphorus and 67.5 μg L–1 potassium per day) that was applied for 30 min, two times a day and three times a week in irrigation water until flowering stage. Plants were watered twice a day trough drip irrigation and maintained at 12/12 h day/night photoperiod and at 28/24°C day/night temperatures throughout the growth period. Insect pests, such as cutworms, spider mites and stem borers were controlled. A miticide Ortus®, SC 5% (fenpyroximate) was applied as a foliar spray at a rate of 0.05 kg ha–1 during mite infestation. A pesticide Dursban® 50 W (chlorpyrifos) was used to control lepidopteran and homopteran pests at a rate of 0.28 kg ha–1. Polytrin® P440 EC was applied at 1.0 L ha–1 to control lepidopteran and homopteran and mites. Greenhouse conditions varied between 28-20°C day/night temperature and 12/12 h day/night photoperiod. Dense planting with 4 plants in a 30 cm pot was used in the replacement series to obtain competition through out the life cycle, but allow the plants to flower and to fruit.
where, μ value common to all data points, τi is the treatment effect, βj is the block effect, γij is the treatment effect×block interaction effect and εij is a random element of variation.
where, B (4:0 hybrid) and B (4:0 parent) represented biomass production in plots with 100% hybrid and parent, respectively. The B (3:1 hybrid) and B (3:1 parent) represented biomass production in plots with 75% hybrid and parent respectively. The B (2:2 hybrid) and B (2:2 parent) represented biomass the production in plots with 50% hybrid and parent, respectively. The B (1:3 hybrid) and B (1:3 parent) represented biomass production in plots with 100% hybrid and parent, respectively. Total biomass production including, plant height, number of tillers, time to flowering, grain yield were measured and Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR). A quantum light probe was used to measure the photon flux in the PAR at a wavelength range from 400-700 nm. Adaxial and abaxial readings were taken and the difference was determined as the actual PAR. The readings were taken over a 150 day period in 10 day intervals. The PAR was defined in terms of photon (quantum) flux, calculated as the number of moles of photons in the radiant energy. A germination test was carried out on the seeds from the hybrids to determine their viability. Plant height and number of tillers were analyzed using regression analysis. The regression slope and y intercepts were compared using t tests. Leaf and stem dry weight, grain yield and rhizome production parameters were analyzed using analysis of variance and mean differences between the genotypes were compared at p≤0.05 in GENSTAT 14.
Morphological differences at maturity (150 days) of S. sudanense, S. halepense, S. bicolor and their hybrids grown in competition: Experimental plants grown in competition in the replacement series designs showed significant differences among parents and their F1 progenies (p≤0.05) (Table 1). Total plant weight in both F1 populations of S. halepense×S. bicolor (426 g) and of S. sudanense×S. bicolor (424.1g) was higher than that of their three parents S. halepense (213.8 g), S. bicolor (241.7g) and S. sudanense (293.7g) (Table 1). Photosynthetic active radiation was highest in S. sudanense (110.17) while S. bicolor and the F1 between S. halepense and S. bicolor had PAR of 92.15 and 99.6, respectively while S. sudanense×S. bicolor had a PAR of 88.64. The least PAR was recorded in S. halepense (88.28) (Table 1). There were more tillers in the S. sudanense×S. bicolor F1 (3.362) and one of their parents, S. sudanense (3.345). Sorghum sudanense×S. bicolor had average number of tillers (2.257) while both S. bicolor and S. halepense had the least number of tillers with means of 1.083 and 1.505, respectively (Table 1). Branches above the second internode were more frequent in S. sudanense (mean of 0.3) and it's F1 with S. bicolor (mean of 0.2). Sorghum halepense, S. bicolor and their F1 had mean branching of less than 0.08. Differences in the total height of the experimental genotypes were significant (p≤0.05) (Table 1). The mean height of S. bicolor, S. halepense and their F1 were recorded at 111.8, 78.5 and 120.6 cm, respectively. Sorghum sudanense showed total height of 135.8 cm at maturity while the F1 progenies between S. sudanense and S. bicolor had a mean height of 144cm at maturity (Table 1).
The mean number of leaves at maturity ranged between 5-6 in all the parents and F1 progenies. Above 1 cm culm widths were recorded in S. bicolor while the F1 progenies between weedy species and S. bicolor showed widths of between 0.98 and 0.99. Thinner culms were seen in the weedy species S. halepense (0.92 cm) and S. sudanense (0.975 cm). The number of days the genotypes took to half bloom showed variation, with S. halepense giving a mean of 90-95 days and its F1 with S. bicolor attaining half bloom in 70-80 days from germination. Sorghum bicolor, S. sudanense and the F1 attained half bloom in between 80-90 days. The percentage flowering also had similar distribution in the genotypes with S. halepense showing 65.1% flowering on all main stems, tillers and branches. The results showed that 86.9% stems in S. halepense×S. bicolor flowered at maturity while 99.1% of all S. bicolor had flowered at maturity. Sorghum sudanense and its F1 with S. bicolor had flowering on 95.5 and 96.9% of stems (Table 1).
Morphological differences during growth phase (150 days) between S. halepense, S. bicolor and S. halepense×S. bicolor hybrids grown in competition: Vegetative phase morphological parameters showed significant differences among the experimental species. Branching above the second internode did not begin until day 100 in S. bicolor, S. halepense and their F1 (Fig. 1a). Maximum branching was seen at day 110 in S. halepense with a mean of 0.3166. However, in S. halepense×S. bicolor a mean of 0.1799 was obtained while S. bicolor had a mean of 0.1. At day 140 mean branching ranged between 0.2-0.5 in the two parents and the F1 (Fig. 1a). Fast growth in height was seen between day 10 and 80, after which a growth plateau was attained (Fig. 1b). At day 80 S. bicolor had a height of 87.75 cm, S. halepense had 121.50 cm while S. halepense by S. bicolor had 143.37 cm. At maturity (day 150) S. halepense×S. bicolor had a mean height of 164.5 cm, S. halepense had 154.5 cm while S. bicolor had a height of 108.25 cm (Fig. 1b). Sorghum halepense consistently recorded higher culm width from day 20-150 followed by the F1 between S. halepense and S. bicolor. S. halepense demonstrated thinner stems from day 20-150. However, culm width increase had a plateau at day 80 in all the genotypes (Fig. 1c). The number of leaves increased exponentially from day 20-70 where S. bicolor averaged 7.55, S. halepense averaged 8.05 while the F1 progenies of S. halepense×S. bicolor averaged 8.20. There after senescence associated decline was recorded in all genotypes. At day 150 all genotypes had means of between 5.0-5.25 leaves on the main stem (Fig. 1d). Sorghum halepense began flowering on the main stems at between day 60 and 70, as was the case in S. bicolor. The F1 between S. halepense×S. bicolor began flowering at between day 50 and 60. By day 120, more than 95% of the main stems and the early tillers had flowered (Fig. 1e). Tillers were first seen in S. halepense×S. bicolor at between day 50 and 60 which peaked at day 110. S. halepense had moderate to high tillers through its growth phase, beginning at day 70-150. Sorghum bicolor had low tillering that began after day 100 (Fig. 1f).
Morphological differences during growth phase (150 days) between S. sudanense, S. bicolor and S. sudanense×S. bicolor hybrids grown in competition: Vegetative parameters exhibited significant differences on the study species grown in competition (p≤0.05). The F1 between S. sudanense×S. bicolor showed significant branching between day 90-150. This was contrary to the situation in the parents where branching was minimal (Fig. 2a).
Both parents and F1 progenies achieved their maximum height between days 100 and 110 which was preceded by a fast growth phase between days 20-100 in all cases. Sorghum sudanense×S. bicolor F1 progenies consistently showed higher height values than S. sudanense and S. bicolor (Fig. 2b). Similar fast growth and plateau phases were seen on culm width. Higher width values were seen in S. bicolor parent (1 cm) followed by the F1 progenies of S. sudanense×S. bicolor (0.9 cm) and the S. sudanense parent (0.8 cm) (Fig. 2c).
Increase in the number of leaves was fast between days 10 to 60-70. Maximum number of leaves was recorded in S. bicolor on day 90 (7.7) S. sudanense on day 70 (7.1) and the S. sudanense×S. bicolor F1 on day 80 (7.1). By day 150 all genotypes had between 5.9-6.0 leaves as a result of senescence (Fig. 2d).
Flowering in the parents and the F1 progenies of S. sudanense and S. bicolor was most expressed between days 60-80. Flowering then had a plateau at day 150 where 100% of S. sudanense main stems and tillers had flowered, 97% of S. sudanense×S. bicolor had flowered and 82% of S. bicolor had flowered (Fig. 2e). Tillering began early in S. sudanense×S. bicolor day 40 and in S. sudanense (day 50). Tillering in both genotypes had plateaus at day 100. Low tillering was demonstrated in S. bicolor (Fig. 2f).
Regression analysis for morphological differences among S. halepense, S. sudanense, S. bicolor and their hybrids grown in competition: Growth phase parameters and the period of growth (days from germination) showed significant and positive regressions (Fig. 3). Culm width regressed with days from germination in S. bicolor had a p-value of <0.001, in S. halepense the p-value was equal to 0.069 while in S. halepense×S. bicolor the p-value was equal to 0.113. Culm width and days from germination in S. sudanense and the F1 from S. sudanense×S. bicolor had regressions that were not significant. The correlation values for culm width and days from germination were positive and above 0.5 in all genotypes (Fig. 3). Positive regressions and correlations coefficients involving number of leaves, percent flowering and plant height were obtained. The regression relationship involving tillers and branches did not show significant increase with days from planting in all genotypes.
Fitness of S. halepense×S. bicolor hybrids grown in the field conditions in competition with their parents: Differences on reproductive and fitness related traits among the parents S. halepense, S. bicolor and the F1 S. halepense×S. bicolor grown in competition were significant (p≤0.05) (Fig. 4a). The mean number of panicles per plant in monocultures of S. halepense were 2.17, in S. bicolor the number was 1.954 while the F1 of S. halepense×S. bicolor had a mean of 3.325 panicles per plant. In crop by hybrid plant mixtures of 25:75 the hybrid had more panicles (3.454). Intersection point was observed at crop by hybrid mixtures of 75:25. This showed increased competitiveness of the S. halepense×S. bicolor F1 on the number of panicles as compared to S. bicolor (Fig. 4a). A similar situation was seen when S. halepense was grown in competition plots with S. halepense×S. bicolor. The F1 was more competitive giving an intersection beyond the 25:75-hybrid:weed plant mixture (Fig. 4b). The competitive ability of the S. halepense×S. bicolor F1 on total plant weight was more pronounced in competition with S. halepense (intersection just before 0:100-hybrid: Crop mixtures) (Fig. 5b) than in competition with S. bicolor (intersection just before 25:75-hybrid: Crop) (Fig. 5a).
Analysis of the number of ratoons showed that the F1 of S. halepense×S. bicolor was more competitive than S. bicolor parent (intersection after 25:75-F1: S. bicolor) (Fig. 6a). The competitive ability of the F1 was less pronounced where the S. halepense×S. bicolor F1 was grown together with S. halepense in competition plots. In this case, the intersection was observed at around 50:50 plant mixture (Fig. 6b). The S. halepense×S. bicolor F1 was more competitive than S. bicolor on the total number of seed produced per plant. The intersection was seen beyond the 50:50 point (Fig. 7a). Enhanced fitness on seed number was observed in the S. halepense×S. bicolor F1. The intersection was towards the 0:100-hybrid:weed crop mixture (Fig. 7b). Enhanced fitness on the F1 progenies was observed on the total seed weight where the intersection was observed beyond 25:75 in F1:crop (Fig. 8a) and in F1:weed plant mixtures (Fig. 8b).
Fitness of S. bicolor×S. sudanense hybrids grown in the field conditions in competition with their parents: Parental genotypes of S. sudanense, S. bicolor and the S. sudanense×S. bicolor F1 showed significant differences when assayed for reproductive and fitness traits (p≤0.05) (Fig. 5). Monocultures of the S. sudanense×S. bicolor (Fig. 9a) had higher number of panicles (5.9) than that of the parental genotypes S. bicolor (3) and S. sudanense (5). Similarly, S. sudanense×S. bicolor showed higher fitness under 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75 plant mixtures. The intersection points for both F1 by crop parent (Fig. 9a) and F1 by weedy parent (Fig. 9b) were skewed towards 0:100 plant mixtures ratios. The F1 showed significant fitness than both S. bicolor and S. sudanense with regard to total plant weight. The intersection was towards 0:100 (F1: S. bicolor) (Fig. 10a) and 0:100-F1: S. sudanense (Fig. 10b) for plant weight.
Ratooning showed significant differences among the genotypes with the S. sudanense×S. bicolor F1 exhibiting fitness enhancement in monoculture and in plots with mixed plant ratios. In competition with S. bicolor the F1 had an 25:75-hybrid: Crop) (Fig. 5a). Analysis of the number of ratoons showed that the F1 of S. halepense×S. bicolor was more competitive than S. bicolor parent (intersection after 25:75-F1: S. bicolor) (Fig. 6a). The competitive ability of the F1 was less pronounced where the S. halepense×S. bicolor F1 was grown together with S. halepense in competition plots. In this case, the intersection was observed at around 50:50 plant mixture (Fig. 6b). The S. halepense×S. bicolor F1 was more competitive than S. bicolor on the total number of seed produced per plant. The intersection was seen beyond the 50:50 point (Fig. 7a). Enhanced fitness on seed number was observed in the S. halepense×S. bicolor F1. The intersection was towards the 0:100-hybrid:weed crop mixture (Fig. 7b). Enhanced fitness on the F1 progenies was observed on the total seed weight where the intersection was observed beyond 25:75 in F1:crop (Fig. 8a) and in F1:weed plant mixtures (Fig. 8b).
Ratooning showed significant differences among the genotypes with the S. sudanense×S. bicolor F1 exhibiting fitness enhancement in monoculture and in plots with mixed plant ratios. In competition with S. bicolor the F1 had an intersection beyond the 25:75-F1: crop plant competition mixture (Fig. 11a). A similar situation was observed when the F1 was planted in competition with the weed (Fig. 11b).
The total numbers of seeds were enhanced in situations where the F1 was grown in competition mixtures with S. bicolor (Fig. 12a) and S. sudanense (Fig. 12b). The intersection point in both cases was beyond the 25:75-F1: Crop and F1:weed plant competition mixtures. The total seed weight showed significant differences among the genotypes and plant growth mixtures. The F1 showed enhanced seed weight culminating in intersection points pulled towards the 0:100-F1:crop (Fig. 13a) and 0:100-F1:weed (Fig. 13b) plant competition mixtures.
Relative competitive ability of S. halepense×S. bicolor and S. bicolor×S. sudanense hybrids grown in the field in competition with their parents: Relative crowding coefficient of more than 1 showed that the F1 progenies obtained from hybridizations involving S. halepense×S. bicolor and S. sudanense×S. bicolor consistently out performed the parental populations in replacement series assessments (Table 2). Analysis of the number of panicles per plant showed RCC values of 6.2 and 6.9 in competitions between S. halepense×S. bicolor F1 by S. bicolor the parent and S. halepense×S. bicolor by the S. halepense. Competitions between S. sudanense×S. bicolor by S. bicolor gave a 10.1 value which was larger than all other competitions for the number of panicles (Table 2). Competition between S. halepense×S. bicolor and S. halepense for total plant weight gave a high RCC value (27.4) as compared to the competitions involving the F1 with S. bicolor. Plant competitions with S. sudanense×S. bicolor had 6.7 and 8.3 RCC values on plant weight. The two F1 progenies showed high RCC values (above 5) for the number of ratoons when compared to their parents in plant competition mixtures.
Competitions involving S. sudanense×S. bicolor by S. sudanense gave a high value 34.6 with regard to the number of ratoons (Table 2). The total number of seeds and total seed weight exhibited high RCC values in all F1 progenies and weed competitions. High values were seen in the competitions involving S. halepense×S. bicolor and S. halepense (76.9) and S. halepense×S. bicolor and S. bicolor (19.5) (Table 2).
Fecundity of S. halepense×S. bicolor and S. sudanense×S. bicolor hybrids grown in the field in competition with their parents: Fecundity was assessed by plant features that enhance the ability of the female parents to produce offspring. Analysis of the number of panicles produced per plant showed that there were differences among the three parents and their hybrids. The S. sudanense×S. bicolor F1 had the highest number with 6.3 panicles (Fig. 14), S. sudanense had 6 panicles while S. bicolor had a mean of 1.9 panicles. The S. halepense×S. bicolor F1 had 3.3 panicles as compared to S. halepense with 2.0 panicles (Table 3). The number of ratoons produced also differed among the genotypes. There was increase in the number of ratoons from 1.5 in S. sudanense to 1.7 in the S. sudanense×S. bicolor F1. However, a reduction was observed from 2.9 in S. halepense to 1.9 in the S. halepense×S. bicolor F1 (Table 3).
The total number of seeds produced in the F1 progenies exceeded that of each of its respective parents. S. sudanense×S. bicolor had 3,520 seeds, S. sudanense had 2708 seeds while S. bicolor had a mean of 2011 seeds. S. halepense×S. bicolor F1 progenies produced a mean of 2436 seeds per plant while S. halepense had 1030 seed per plant (Table 3). Total seed weight of the genotypes also differed significantly. The F1 from S. sudanense×S. bicolor had more seed weight of 178.4 g. Sorghum bicolor had 105.1 g while S. sudanense had 129.9 g. Similarly the F1 from S. halepense and S. bicolor produced a mean of 177.4 g of seed per plant while S. halepense produced a mean of 77.9 g. The F1 progenies had high levels of seed dormancy and poor germination of 53% in S. halepense×S. bicolor and 69% in S. sudanense×S. bicolor even after breaking dormancy.
The F1 progenies obtained from the interspecific crosses showed higher expression in most of the vegetative morphological parameters evaluated in this study. There was significant heterosis on reproductive and vegetative traits in the progenies. The F1 generation between S. halepense×S. bicolor had more tillers and branches above the first internode than either of the two parents. The F1 generation was taller and higher PAR values were observed (Fig. 1). The F1 flowered earlier with only 86.9% of stems having panicles at maturity. Similarly the F1 generation between S. sudanense×S. bicolor had more tillers and flowered earlier than both parents. However the F1 generation had lower PAR and lesser branches than S. sudanense parent. Both interspecific F1 progenies were heavier than their parents at maturity but had thinner culms than S. bicolor. This vegetative vigour was observed throughout growth phase (between day 40-60 to 150) in the F1 population. The vegetative competitive ability was also enhanced in the F1 progenies obtained from wide crosses as compared to their parents even when grown in competition (Fig. 2). This drastic increase in vigour could be attributed to heterosis obtained due to hybridization of genetically distant genotypes. The F1 vigour may not necessarily be due to the presence of crop alleles in the weedy sorghums. Hybrids derived from different species in the same genus have been reported to have greater adaptive advantage due to enhancement of important vegetative features. An F1 obtained from crossing O. sativa and O. rufipogon had higher hybrid vigour at the vegetative growth phase and better tillering than the parents (Song et al., 2004). In previous results radish F1 populations showed 27% greater lifetime fecundity and 22% greater survival than wild plants in some environments (Campbell et al., 2006).
Higher vigour has also been shown in crop by wild hybrids in lettuce (Hooftman et al., 2009). This would result in increasing fitness of their offsprings with regards to their response to drought, salt and nutrient deficiency environments (Uwimana et al., 2012). In Gramineae, F1 hybrids between round-up-ready corn with teosinte showed significantly higher vegetative vigour than that of teosinte (Guadagnuolo et al., 2006). F1 hybrids between crop sorghum and shattercane also exhibited vegetative vigour and higher biomass production as compared to the parents (Sahoo et al., 2010). Heterosis seems to be important in F1 derived from wide crosses in most crop species, with or without presence of robust transgenes, this concurs with results observed in this study.
The F1 hybrids derived from S. halepense×S. bicolor and S. sudanense×S. bicolor exhibited enhanced expression of fitness associated traits while grown in competition. The F1 population tended to out-crowd the parental genotypes during the growth phase and had more biomass (Fig. 4-8). This led to the increase in the number of panicles, panicle weight and seed number in the F1 hybrids as compared with their parental populations (Fig. 9-13). The difference between S. bicolor and the S. halepense×S. bicolor F1 hybrid was minimal with regards to the total number of seeds produced. Underground biomass accumulation also seemed to favour the F1 progenies resulting in higher ratooning except when S. halepense was grown in competition with the S. halepense×S. bicolor F1. Ratooning in the F1 hybrid implies greater proliferation of the F1 in agricultural systems as volunteer weeds or contaminants in farmers' seed, increasing chances of interspecific hybridization. This would enhance crop allele proliferation and persistence within the weedy background through introgressive backcrossing (Ellstrand, 2003). General vigour in the F1 enhances the populations' chance to produce more seed and more panicles and therefore fitness. However, fitness of crop×weed hybrids vary across crop species (Ellstrand, 2003) and different agro-ecological environments (Chapman and Burke, 2006). Furthermore, F1 hybrids did not have significant fitness differences to their parents in maize (Guadagnuolo et al., 2006) and shattercane (Sahoo et al., 2010). In contrast, crop×wild hybrids in sunflower (Mercer et al., 2006) and lettuce F1 hybrids and backcross populations (Uwimana et al., 2012) had higher relative fitness.
The increase in fitness associated traits in F1 between S. halepense×S. bicolor and S. sudanense×S. bicolor differed. The S. sudanense×S. bicolor F1 showed more increase on the number of panicles, number of seeds and total seed weight when compared to the parents. The differences in fitness gain or loss among different crop and wild hybrids can be attributed to the different environments of growth and differences in weedy biotypes used in each study. For instance, Arriola and Ellstrand (1997) did not observe any increase in fitness associated trait in the F1 between S. halepense and S. bicolor. This could be attributed to the lack of good heterotic combining ability among the biotypes used. Growing the F1 genotypes being evaluated either in competitive or non-competitive environments may also show some significant effect on the expressed fitness. The intrinsic competitive nature of some plants for example, allelopathy in sorghum may alter the general fitness advantage towards the heterotic F1. Allelopathy is conferred by phytotoxins such as the potent benzoquinone sorgoleone (2-hydroxy-5-methoxy-3-[(Z,Z)-8',11',14'-pentadecatriene]-p-benzoquinone) and its analogs (Baerson et al., 2008). Sorgoleone is produced and exuded from root hairs into the soil in such species where it inhibits the growth of other susceptible plants like those belonging to the Stiga species.
In this study, F1 progenies from interspecific crosses between crop and wild sorghums had higher fecundity accompanied with exaggerated levels of seed dormancy and poor germination (Table 3). The F1 generation between S. halepense and S. bicolor had more panicles than both parental genotypes. The second F1 hybrid between S. sudanense and S. bicolor was significantly different from S. bicolor on the number of panicles but this was not the case when compared with S. sudanense. The F1 had equal or lesser ratoons than its weedy parents, but they had more seed as compared to their parents (Table 3). Germination of the F1 seed between S. halepense×S. bicolor (53%) and S. sudanense×S. bicolor (69.6%) were lower than those of their parents (Table 3). Despite having more seed due to the increase in the number of panicles, the F1 progenies also had high levels of dormancy. This resulted in poor germination due to rotting of the larger loosely covered endosperm, a characteristic obtained from crop sorghum. Similar results were observed on the seed obtained from the F1 plants to raise the F2 population. The results on fecundity have been shown to differ among species with interspecific F1 and F3 populations in radish having lower lifetime fecundity (Campbell and Snow, 2007). In addition interspecific hybrids of squash showed lower relative fecundities (Spencer and Snow, 2001). The presence of crop sorghum alleles in S. halepense populations (Morrell et al., 2005) show that reduced fitness and fecundity in some crop to wild crosses may not defer the proliferation and persistence of crop alleles in weedy backgrounds. The F1 population does not represent a barrier to introgression of neutral, null or beneficial alleles into weeds or wild sorghum populations.
The F1 progeny obtained from the interspecific crosses showed higher expression at most vegetative morphological parameters evaluated in this study. This drastic increase in vegetative vigour could be attributed to heterosis obtained due to hybridization of genetically distant genotypes. Fitness associated traits of F1 hybrids derived from S. halepense×S. bicolor and S. sudanense×S. bicolor grown in competition with their parents were enhanced. All, the F1 progenies had equal or lesser ratoons than the weedy parents but they had more seed as compared to their parents. All the F1 populations had exaggerated levels of seed dormancy and forced germination of the F1 seed gave 53% in S. halepense×S. bicolor and 69% in S. sudanense×S. bicolor which were lower than those of their parents. This study is especially important due to maintenance of genes that boost agronomic performance in crop species that grow in sympatry with their wild progenitors harbouring weedy traits.
Arriola, P.E. and N.C. Ellstrand, 1997. Fitness of interspecific hybrids in the genus Sorghum: Persistence of crop genes in wild populations. Ecol. Applic., 7: 512-518.
Baerson, S.R., F.E. Dayan, A.M. Rimando, N.P.D. Nanayakkara and C.J. Liu et al., 2008. A functional genomics investigation of allelochemical biosynthesis in Sorghum bicolor root hairs. J. Biol. Chem., 283: 3231-3247.
Campbell, L.G. and A.A. Snow, 2007. Competition alters life history and increases the relative fecundity of crop-wild radish hybrids (Raphanus spp.). New Phytol., 173: 648-660.
Campbell, L.G., A.A. Snow and C.E. Ridley, 2006. Weed evolution after crop gene introgression: Greater survival and fecundity of hybrids in a new environment. Ecol. Lett., 9: 1198-1209.
Chapman, M.A. and J.M. Burke, 2006. Letting the gene out of the bottle: The population genetics of genetically modified crops. New Phytol., 170: 429-443.
Dale, P.J., 1994. The impact of hybrids between genetically modified crop plants and their related species: General considerations. Mol. Ecol., 3: 31-36.
Ellstrand, N.C., 2003. Current knowledge of gene flow in plants: Implications for transgene flow. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci., 358: 1163-1170.
Guadagnuolo, R., J. Clegg and N.C. Ellstrand, 2006. Relative fitness of transgenic vs. non-transgenic maize x teosinte hybrids: A field evaluation. Ecol. Applic., 16: 1967-1974.
Hokanson, K.E., N.C. Ellstrand, J.T. Ouedraogo, P.A. Olweny, B.A. Schaal and A.F. Raybould, 2010. Biofortified sorghum in Africa: Using problem formulation to inform risk assessment. Nat. Biotechnol., 28: 900-903.
Holm, L.G., D.L. Plucknett, J.V. Pancho and J.P. Herberger, 1977. The World's Worst Weeds: Distribution and Biology. University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI., USA., ISBN-13: 978-0894644153, Pages: 609.
Hooftman, D.A.P., Y. Hartman, J.G.B. Oostermeijer and H.C.M. Den Nijs, 2009. Existence of vigorous lineages of crop-wild hybrids in Lettuce under field conditions. Environ. Biosaf. Res., 8: 203-217.
Hunt, R., 1978. Plant Growth Analysis. Edward Arnold Ltd., London, UK., ISBN-13: 978-0713126969, Pages: 67.
Langevin, S.A., K. Clay and J.B. Grace, 1990. The incidence and effects of hybridization between cultivated rice and its related weed red rice (Oryza sativa L.). Evolution, 44: 1000-1008.
Massinga, R.A., K. Al-Khatib, P. St. Amand and J.F. Miller, 2005. Relative fitness of imazamox-resistant common sunflower and prairie sunflower. Weed Sci., 53: 166-174.
Mercer, K.L., D.L. Wyse and R.G. Shaw, 2006. Effects of competition on the fitness of wild and crop-wild hybrid sunflower from a diversity of wild populations and crop lines. Evolution, 60: 2044-2055.
Morrell, P.L., T.D. Williams-Coplin, A.L. Lattu, J.E. Bowers, J.M. Chandler and A.H. Paterson, 2005. Crop-to-weed introgression has impacted allelic composition of johnsongrass populations with and without recent exposure to cultivated sorghum. Mol. Ecol., 14: 2143-2154.
Novak, M.G., L.G. Higley, C.A. Christianssen and W.A. Rowley, 1993. Evaluating larval competition between Aedes albopictus and A. triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae) through replacement series experiments. Environ. Entomol., 22: 311-318.
Radosevich, S.R., 1987. Methods to study interactions among crops and weeds. Weed Technol., 1: 190-198.
Sahoo, L., J.J. Schmidt, J.F. Pedersen, D.J. Lee and J.L. Lindquist, 2010. Growth and fitness components of wild x cultivated Sorghum bicolor (Poaceae) hybrids in Nebraska. Am. J. Bot., 97: 1610-1617.
Song, Z.P., B.R. Lu, B. Wang and J.K. Chen, 2004. Fitness estimation through performance comparison of F1 hybrids with their parental species Oryza rufipogon and O. sativa. Ann. Bot., 93: 311-316.
Spencer, L.J. and A.A. Snow, 2001. Fecundity of transgenic wild-crop hybrids of Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae): Implications for crop-to-wild gene flow. Heredity, 86: 694-702.


To promote the premiere of their new original movie, Bird Box, Netflix tasked us with creating an innovative moment that would capture attention and build suspense around the intense thriller. We set the stage for the launch with an eye-catching activation that immediately immersed passersby in the tone of the film.
By tapping into the mysterious elements of the plot, we created an interactive cube that blended actual content from the film with custom AR and shadow animations that reacted to guests movements, resulting in a one-of-a-kind experience.


(L-R) Bradley Whitford, Jordan Peele and Betty Gabriel attend the 29th Annual Producers Guild Awards supported by GreenSlate at The Beverly Hilton Hotel on January 20, 2018 in Beverly Hills, California.
Women and inclusivity continued to dominate the awards season conversation Saturday at the Producers Guild Awards, where Guillermo del Toro's fantastical romance "The Shape of Water" won the top award and honorees like Jordan Peele and Ava DuVernay gave rousing speeches to the room of entertainment industry leaders.
The untelevised dinner and ceremony, held at the Beverly Hilton Hotel in Beverly Hills, Calif., is closely watched for its capacity to predict the eventual Oscar best picture winner, but this year the "awards race" seemed to be the secondary show to the more urgent questions facing the industry, including the crisis of representation and sexual misconduct.
"If we want more brilliant films like 'Get Out' ...we need to have many different perspectives including equal numbers of women, people of color, people of all faiths and sexual orientation involved in every stage of filmmaking," Langley said in accepting the Milestone Award — noting that she was only the third woman to do so.
It was not the only time "Get Out" got a special mention, despite not winning the top award. Peele also won the Stanley Kramer Award.
Del Toro was not present to accept the PGA's Darryl F. Zanuck Award for Outstanding Producer of Theatrical Motion Pictures, due to the health of his father.
His film was up against 10 others this year, including "Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri," which won big at the Golden Globes earlier this month, "Lady Bird," ''Get Out," ''Dunkirk," ''The Post," ''Call Me By Your Name," ''The Big Sick," ''I, Tonya" ''Wonder Woman" and "Molly's Game" — many of which were represented by actors and directors in attendance like Timothee Chalamet, Christopher Nolan, Margot Robbie, Patty Jenkins and Greta Gerwig.
Other presenters included the likes of Tom Hanks, Reese Witherspoon, Mary J. Blige, Gwyneth Paltrow, Kerry Washington and Morgan Freeman in the ceremony that saw Disney and Pixar's "Coco" pick up best animated feature and Brett Morgen's Jane Goodall film "Jane" win best documentary.
In television, "The Handmaids Tale" picked up best drama series, "The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel" won best comedy series, "Last Week Tonight With John Oliver" won best TV variety series, "Black Mirror" for long-form TV, "Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath" for nonfiction television, "Sesame Street" for children's program and "Carpool Karaoke" for best short-form program.
Norman Lear presented the Stanley Kramer Award to Peele invoking the award's namesake in speaking of "Get Out," which Lear proudly said he's seen three times.
"I want to say, you can use my body for your brain anytime," Peele laughed, before taking a more serious turn in his speech.
Peele likened the idea of "the sunken place" in the film to what is happening in the world right now, referencing Haiti, the water crisis in Flint, and President Donald Trump's criticisms of athletes for protesting on the field.
"What really scares me...is the silencing of voices," Peele said "'Get Out' is my protest against that."
"Finally unique voices are breaking through," he said. "Diverse and honest storytelling opens eyes and hearts. We can break out of the sunken place together."
"It's an odd moment, you have a women's march and you have a country with a government shut down," DuVernay said. "We're in the midst of times that will be long remembered."
DuVernay said what is important is, "The way we work. The people we actually choose to see. That we choose to amplify in the moments where no one is looking."
"Don't think of diversity as a good thing to do," she added. "Think of it as a must. An absolute must."
Like many awards shows in the midst of Me Too and Time's Up, even the men accepting awards devoted large portions of their time on stage to talk about extraordinary women in their lives.
"Wonder Woman" producer Charles Roven used his David O. Selznick Achievement Award acceptance speech to call out powerful women he's worked with, from his late wife Dawn Steel, to Langley, Sue Kroll, Amy Pascal and Jenkins, who he said "has reignited this industry."
"Glee" creator Ryan Murphy, who got the Norman Lear Achievement Award, said, "Women were always my champions and mentors for 20 years now and I believe that's because they deeply related to my struggle — what it's like to be an outsider." He has taken steps to ensure that women occupy at least half of the directing spots in his productions.
In the larger context of awards season "The Shape of Water's" win Saturday surprised some who expected "Three Billboards" to continue its ascendancy after the Globes. "The Shape of Water" is also up for two Screen Actors Guild Awards, which will be announced Sunday.
The Producers Guild's choice for top film has eight times in the last 10 years matched the eventual Academy Award best picture winner. Last year, its nominees predicted all 9 best picture nominees, although the PGA went to "La La Land" which lost out to "Moonlight" at the Academy Awards.


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Tag Archives: Defense Secretary Mark Esper
Media Confirmation of : #MichaelBloomberg getting black support and focus on #gay rights (#LGBTQ) – February 2020 – as predicted by #Clairvoyant Dimitrinka Staikova in her #book published December 20, 2019 : The #Devil and #2020Election in USA – Psychic predictions to : The Devil and Demons, The Director of CIA and FBI, Chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff, NATO Secretary General, Russia`s Foreign Minister, The Chief of the Pentagon, Michael Bloomberg…
Media Confirmation of : Michael Bloomberg getting black support and focus on gay rights (LGBTQ) – February 2020 – as predicted by Clairvoyant Dimitrinka Staikova in her
book published December 20, 2019 :
The Devil and 2020 Election in USA – Psychic predictions to : The Devil and Demons, The Director of CIA and FBI, Chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff, NATO Secretary General, Russia`s Foreign Minister, The Chief of the Pentagon, Michael Bloomberg…
Clairvoyants : Dimitrinka Staikova, Stoyanka Staikova , Ivelina Staikova
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Michael Bloomberg ( Democratic Presidential Candidate ) – Clairvoyant /Psychic predictions about the US Election 2020 – December 15 , 2019 – by Clairvoyant House "Dimitrinka Staikova and daughters Stoyanka and Ivelina Staikova " – from Europe , Bulgaria , Varna.
Photo : December 10 , 2019 Time- after the photo
……February and March 2020 he is starting to show a big group of people behind his back and he is uniting different group of the society.(MEDIA CONFIRMATION 1)
He will have a support , including from the gay organizations.(MEDIA CONFIRMATION 2)
From March to May 2020 he is starting to…..
1. Mike Bloomberg getting black support despite stop-and-frisk controversy – February 16, 2020
https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/02/16/bloomberg-campaign-getting-black-support-despite-stop-and-frisk/4750395002/
2.Bloomberg camp opens Georgia office with focus on gay rights – Feb 2, 2020
https://www.ajc.com/blog/politics/bloomberg-camp-opens-georgia-office-with-focus-gay-rights/YdLkqbLo7Vj8n024LUW6jJ/
White House hopeful Mike Bloomberg's campaign opened its first Georgia office in Midtown Atlanta, the heart of the city's gay community, with a promise to put the Democrat's recently-released LGBTQ platform at the center of his campaign.
"We want to show this is a campaign for unity," said Lance Orchird, the campaign's state director.
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Media Confirmation : "#PeterThiel's #Palantir lands $111M #Vantage contract from #USArmy" – December 15, 2019 and USA ahead of war – as predicted by Clairvoyant Dimitrinka Staikova in her book Published June 30, 2019 : Bilderberg Group 2019 – Steering Committee , US Election 2020 – Donors Clairvoyant /Psychic World Predictions : Henri de Castries, Alex Karp , Satya Nadella, Koç Holding, Peter Thiel….
Media Confirmation : "Peter Thiel's Palantir lands $111M Vantage contract from U.S. Army" – December 15, 2019 and USA ahead of war – as predicted by Clairvoyant Dimitrinka Staikova in her book Published June 30, 2019 :
Bilderberg Group 2019 – Steering Committee , US Election 2020 – Donors
Clairvoyant /Psychic World Predictions : Henri de Castries, Alex Karp , Satya Nadella, Koç Holding, Peter Thiel….
By Dimitrinka Staikova , Stoyanka Staikova, Ivelina Staikova
Published : June 30 , 2019
Buy Ebook from the Author: https://sites.google.com/site/clairvoyantpublishing/
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Buy the Paperback book from Amazon https://www.amazon.com/dp/1077187998/
Peter Thiel (President Thiel Capital) – Clairvoyant reading/Psychic predictions June 22, 2019 – by Clairvoyant House "Dimitrinka Staikova and daughters Stoyanka and Ivelina Staikova" – from Europe, Bulgaria, Varna.
Photo : June 2, 2019. Time – after the photo.
…..At the end of October and November 2019 they are turning against the spiritual leaders and they are getting their curse (damnation) . Then comes a standstill and fear – November 2019 – by mercenaries (murders) and landing (downthrow) of airplanes. I see destroyed railways.
At the end of year 2019 there will be risk moments for airplanes and war of USA. January 2020 – I see a war and distribution of money. (MEDIA CONFIRMATION)
Peter Thiel's Palantir lands $111M Vantage contract from U.S. Army – December 15, 2019
https://siliconangle.com/2019/12/15/peter-thiels-palantir-lands-111m-vantage-contract-u-s-army/
Iran's military leaders: We're not afraid of war with the US – January 2, 2020
https://nypost.com/2020/01/02/irans-military-leaders-were-not-afraid-of-war-with-the-us/
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Media Confirmation : Problems with the #ISS (The International #Space Station) – both in the #Russian and #American part – as predicted by Clairvoyant Dimitrinka Staikova in her book Published June 30, 2019 : Bilderberg Group 2019 – Steering Committee , US Election 2020 – Donors Clairvoyant /Psychic World Predictions : Henri de Castries, Alex Karp , Satya Nadella, Koç Holding, Peter Thiel….
Media Confirmation : Problems with the ISS (The International Space Station) – both in the Russian and American part – as predicted by Clairvoyant Dimitrinka Staikova in her book Published June 30, 2019 :
…. I see problems with Russians, problems with the ISS (International Space Station) and the American part of it. There will be problems with the Russian part of ISS (Media Confirmation)
and its relocation aside from the American nuclear power and the unification of the nuclear power……
Rage against the latrine: BOTH toilets on ISS reportedly broken down
https://www.rt.com/news/474442-iss-toilet-outage-space-diapers/
In what can only be described as a complete disaster, both $19,000 Russian-made toilets on board the ISS are out of order.
Earlier, International Space Station (ISS) commander Luca Parmitano reportedly stated that the toilet in the US section constantly shows it's out of order, while the Russian one is full to the brim.
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Media Confirmation : "#Pentagon awards $10 bn cloud contract to #Microsoft, snubbing #Amazon" – October 2019 – as predicted by Clairvoyant Dimitrinka Staikova in her book Published June 30, 2019 : Bilderberg Group 2019 – Steering Committee , US Election 2020 – Donors Clairvoyant /Psychic World Predictions : Henri de Castries, Alex Karp , Satya Nadella, Koç Holding, Peter Thiel….
Media Confirmation : "Pentagon awards $10 bn cloud contract to Microsoft, snubbing Amazon" – October 2019 – as predicted by Clairvoyant Dimitrinka Staikova in her book Published June 30, 2019 :
Satya Nadella (CEO of Microsoft) – Clairvoyant reading/Psychic predictions June 18, 2019 – by Clairvoyant House "Dimitrinka Staikova and daughters Stoyanka and Ivelina Staikova" – from Europe, Bulgaria, Varna.
……..September 2019 is with very hard business character – Satya Nadella is king for a short time and he will give valuable advices for survival – the Space – it is connected with software and hardware – successful, but tough missions and mastering of technologies, robots and new orders…. (Media Confirmation)
October 2019 is a month of work…
Pentagon awards $10 bn cloud contract to Microsoft, snubbing Amazon – October 26, 2019
https://amp.france24.com/en/20191026-pentagon-awards-10-bn-cloud-contract-to-microsoft-snubbing-amazon
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Media Confirmation of "#Trump Deploys More Troops to the #MiddleEast After #Embassy Attack" – January 1,2020 – as predicted by Clairvoyant Dimitrinka Staikova in her book : The Devil and 2020 Election in USA – Psychic predictions to : The Devil and Demons, The Director of CIA and FBI, Chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff, NATO Secretary General, Russia`s Foreign Minister, The Chief of the Pentagon, Michael Bloomberg…
Media Confirmation of "#Trump Deploys More Troops to the #MiddleEast After #Embassy Attack" – January 1,2020 – as predicted by Clairvoyant Dimitrinka Staikova in her book :
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Mark Esper (US Defense Secretary , Pentagon Chief ) – Clairvoyant / Psychic predictions December 14 , 2019 – by Clairvoyant House " Dimitrinka Staikova and daughters Stoyanka and Ivelina Staikova – from Europe , Bulgaria , Varna.
http://clairvoyant-dimitrinka-staikova.mystrikingly.com http://clairvoyant-dimitrinka-staikova.webnode.com
Photo: December 13 , 2019 Time – after the photo
…..Officially, the US ships and Army will be sent to a certain points : Mediterranean Sea, the Persian Gulf, but prepared. (MEDIA CONFIRMATION)
January and February 2020 – I see the creation of preconditions (attacks) of people, ships, the territory of Iran. Again, I hear laughter around Mark Esper – this is the time of contacts with certain individuals who are smaller than him…..
Trump Deploys More Troops to the Middle East After Embassy Attack – January 1, 2020
https://time.com/5757342/us-troops-deployed-middle-east-embassy-attack/
WASHINGTON (AP) — Charging that Iran was "fully responsible" for an attack on the U.S. Embassy in Iraq, President Donald Trump ordered about 750 U.S. soldiers deployed to the Middle East as about 3,000 more prepared for possible deployment in the next several days.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Home Business Meet 21-year-old textile designers from Sierra Leone
BusinessEntrepreneurshipFashion & StyleFeaturedPeople
by Diana Williams September 3, 2021
written by Diana Williams September 3, 2021 699 views
Mary and Martha Tondoneh (21) are young textile designers from Sierra Leone. They own a clothing brand called Mundaz Clothing, a brand that uses tie-dying to create items of clothing like T-shirts, Socks, Shirts, Crop Tops, and Hats into fabulous designs using the Tie-dye method.
They are modern-day gara dyeing designers who creatively found a way of applying this method to suit the contemporary world. They named their brand Mundaz which translates as "Our own" after their mother who has been a huge source of support and inspiration throughout their journey as textile designers. The art of "gara" dyeing was thought to have been developed between 1820 and 1920 in the north of the country by the Madingoes and the Susus, with "gara" deriving from the indigo plant.
"Mom was happy with our idea of doing fabric dyeing. Our first set of clothes were bought by her. She motivated us after our first try turned out to be a disaster and helped in developing our love for this business."
They are yet to get a physical space for their business but that has not stopped them from growing their business as they have taken to social media most specifically Instagram and WhatsApp to advertise and conduct their business. Social media marketing has proven to be a powerful tool for business owners of all sizes allowing them to reach prospects and customers from all over the world, something Mary and Martha hope to achieve one day.
Production is dependent on the specifications of the customer and also on orders received. In order to stay relevant and to make sure that their customers get the best, they had to challenge themselves to come up with new ideas, styles, and creative concepts on a daily basis.
"We do a lot of research online just to get a grip of what it's like out there in the fashion world and build a concept expressing our originality".
"We are portraying Sierra Leonean culture through our products. In as much as we live in a trending world, representing our country's identity in our fashion is our main aim. We want to be different, unique and at the same time showcase Sierra Leone in our business to the wider world."
As with any business Mary and Martha have encountered many challenges ranging from balancing their work with their education to acquiring and converting followers to customers, they knew that for them to be able to breakthrough in this market they needed to love what they do and also stay committed to their art.
Mary and Martha are twins who were born and raised in Freetown, to Sierra Leonean parents, they attended Modern High School, and are now in their second year of their tertiary studies Majoring in biochemistry at Wartburg College, USA. They are small business owners, who utilize their creativity by transforming ordinary clothing into contemporary clothing.
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text:
Q: Prove existence of disjoint open sets containing disjoint closed sets in a topology induced by a metric. Question: Let $(X, d)$ be a metric space. Let $A$ and $B$ be disjoint subsets of $X$ that are closed in the topology induced by $d$. Prove that there exist disjoint open sets $U$ and $V$ such that $A\subset U$ and $B\subset V$.
Is this proof correct? : By assumption, $A\cap B=\emptyset$, so there is no pair like $(x_A,x_B)$ (i.e., $x_A\in A$ and $x_B\in B$), such that $x_A=x_B$. Because every metric space is Hausdorff, so for every pair $(x_A,x_B)$ there are two disjoint open sets $U_A\ni x_A$ and $V_B\ni x_B$; and thus union of all $U_A$s (which is an open set containing A) are disjoint from union of all $V_B$s (which is an open set containing A).
Thanks a lot for any help.
PS In special case of standard metric topology on $\mathbb{R}$, if $[a,b]$ and $[c,d]$ are disjoint (say $c>b$), intuitively it is apparent that there is a 'space' between $c$ and $b$ so we can have two disjoint open sets, each of them containing $[a,b]$ or $[c,d]$.

A: In fact, you don't quite have to assume that $A$ and $B$ are disjoint closed sets, or even that they have disjoint closures; it's enough to assume that they are separated sets, i.e., each is disjoint from the closure of the other, a condition which is plainly necessary as well as sufficient.
Theorem. Let $A$ and $B$ be subsets of a metric space $(X,d)$. If $A\cap\overline B=\emptyset$ and $B\cap\overline A=\emptyset$, then there are disjoint open sets $U$ and $V$ such that $A\subseteq U$ and $B\subseteq V$.
Proof. If one of the sets is empty, it's easy; e.g., if $A=\emptyset$, we can take $U=\emptyset$ and $V=X$. So we may assume that $A$ and $B$ are nonempty sets. In that case the functions
$$x\mapsto d(x,A)=\inf\{d(x,a):a\in A\}$$
and
$$x\mapsto d(x,B)=\inf\{d(x,b):b\in B\}$$
are well-defined and continuous. It follows that the sets
$$U=\{x:d(x,A)\lt d(x,B)\}$$
and
$$V=\{x:d(x,B)\lt d(x,A)\}$$
are open sets, and of course they are disjoint. Finally, we have $A\subseteq U$ because $d(x,A)=0\lt d(x,B)$ for all $x\in A$, and $B\subseteq V$ because $d(x,B)=0\lt d(x,A)$ for all $x\in B$.

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text:
Takikomi gohan (炊き込みご飯, sammenkogt ris) er en japansk risret.

Ved tilberedningen koges risen sammen med forskellige valgbare ingredienser som f.eks. grøntsager, kartofler, hønsekød, fisk, østers, tyndt skåret kød eller svampe (f.eks. enoki eller nemeko) i dashi med sojasovs eller med teriyakisovs i en riskoger. Ingredienserne udvælges for det meste afhængig af årstiden. Om foråret tilberedes en takikomi gohan med bambusskud, om sommeren gerne med grønne bønner eller friske sojabønner, om efteråret med kastanjer eller svampe og om vinteren med østers.

Afhængig af regionen har retten forskellige egenskaber, f.eks. koges risen med en hel fisk i det vestlige Japan. Alt efter fisken kaldes denne variant for tai-meshi oder ayu-meshi. Andre varianter kaldes f.eks. for go-moku gohan oder mame gohan. Retten er især populær hos børn og laves derfor ofte i japanske hjem.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger
 Takikomi Gohan, web-japan.org

Mad fra Japan
Risretter

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The NCWIT Aspirations in Computing Educator Award publicly celebrates high school educators who encourage girls' interest and participation in technology pursuits. Educator Award recipients form a national community of peers, share practices, and empower other educators to encourage the participation of girls in computing.
Each year, a great number of Puerto Rican scientists are distinguished with prestigious prizes and awards. In Puerto Rico, the United States and in many parts of the world, Puerto Rican scientific talent makes itself known. Being the only network of Puerto Rican scientists in the world, it is our job to celebrate the achievements and recognitions of the members of our community.
Thus, it is with great pleasure that we announce the re-activation of our "Cerebros Boricuas" ("Puerto Rican brains") blog.
Our intention with this blog is to recognize the accomplishments of CienciaPR members. Our goal: to promote and celebrate the Puerto Rican scientific talent, motivating current and future generations of scientists.
Read more about Reactivating our "Boricua Brains"
ASM is currently accepting nominations for its prestigious achievement awards that will be presented at the 54th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC).
Several students from Puerto Rican institutions were awarded at the Annual Biomedical Reseacrh Conference for Minority Students (ABRCMS)at Tennessee.
The original news story is in Spanish. To read the full text, please click on the "Español" button below or the link at the top right of the page.
The last month has been one of many achievements for the scientific community of Puerto Rico.
At CienciaPR we want celebrate these achievements and give more visibility to these scientific heroes that raise the profile of Puerto Rican science around the world.
Here we highlight a few of these recent recognitions. If you have others to share with the CienciaPR community, please send a message to contact@cienciapr.org.
Nicole Blanco-Vicéns, student in the Departament of Industrial Engineering and member of the Applied Optimization Group of Dr. Mauricio Cabrera-Ríos, won first prize in the nanosciences category in a poster competition that took place during the 2013 NSF Emerging Researchers National Conference in STEM, held in Washington DC from February 28 to March 3rd.
The CienciaPR team and her group and department are very proud of her success and congratulate this young scientist on her achievements.
CienciaPR's founder and Yale University professor, Daniel Colón-Ramos, receiving the 2011 AAAS Early Career Award for Public Engagement with Science.
The answer to many of the environmental, health, social and economic challenges faced by modern society lay in the advancement of science, engineering and innovation. Thus, scientists and engineers must play a role in making science accessible to the public they aim to help with their discoveries.
Organizations such as the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) aim to increase communication between the scientists and the public to "advance science and serve society."


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Announcing the Deno Company
Ryan Dahl, Bert Belder
Of the myriad ways to program computers, scripting languages are the most effortless and practical variety. Of these, the web browser scripting language (JavaScript) is the fastest, most popular, and the only one with an industrial standardization process. It is clear that the web will be with us for a long time to come; and thus JavaScript will be with us for a long time to come.
Extending web programming beyond the browser is not a novel idea. Indeed, we have done that with moderate success in our "Node.js" project. But over a decade later, we find server-side JavaScript hopelessly fragmented, deeply tied to bad infrastructure, and irrevocably ruled by committees without the incentive to innovate. As the browser platform moves forward at a rapid pace, server-side JavaScript has stagnated.
Deno is our attempt to breathe new life into this ecosystem. To provide a modern, productive programming system that adheres to browser APIs. Deno is not a monolithic system, but rather a set of technologies that we believe can be repurposed to a variety of needs. Not every use-case of server-side JavaScript needs to access the file system; our infrastructure makes it possible to compile out unnecessary bindings. This allows us to create custom runtimes for different applications: Electron-style GUIs, Cloudflare Worker-style Serverless Functions, embedded scripting for databases, etc.
In order to vigorously pursue these ideas, we have raised 4.9 million dollars of seed capital. Our investors are Dan Scholnick from Four Rivers Ventures, Guillermo from Rauch Capital, Lee Jacobs from Long Journey Ventures, the Mozilla Corporation, Shasta Ventures, and our long-time collaborator Ben Noordhuis. This investment means we will have a staff of full-time expert engineers working to improving Deno. We will ensure that issues are addressed, bugs are fixed, timely releases are made; we will ensure Deno is a platform others can build on with trust.
Rest assured that Deno will remain MIT licensed. For Deno to grow and be maximally useful, it must remain permissively free. We don't believe the "open core" business model is right for a programming platform like Deno. We do not want to find ourselves in the unfortunate position where we have to decide if certain features are for paid customers only. If you watch our conference talks, you will find we've been hinting at commercial applications of this infrastructure for years. We are bullish about the technology stack we've built and intend to pursue those commercial applications ourselves. Our business will build on the open source project, not attempt to monetize it directly.
Many are more familiar with the Chrome DevTools console than they are with a Unix command-line prompt. More familiar with WebSockets than BSD sockets, MDN than man pages. Bash and Zsh scripts calling into native code will never go away. But JavaScript and TypeScript scripts calling into WebAssembly code will be increasingly common. Many developers, we think, prefer web-first abstraction layers.
The Deno company hopes to enable the millions of web programmers out there to maximally leverage their craft in other domains.
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