Hydration hacks to improve your water intake.
We all know that water is crucial for your health in many ways. It helps our body to function properly, keeps skin hydrated, and improves our concentration. It's safe to say that water is good for us from the inside out. Still, despite being told the ad nauseam to "remember to drink more water," it's all too easy for other things (such as tea and coffee) to get in the way. If you're finally ready to make a change and give your body the H2O it deserves, check out these tips.
Add some flavor. Not a fan of plain, bland water? To make sure that you keep sipping on water, add some flavor in the form of fresh fruit, such as strawberries, lemons, and grapefruit, and veggie slices like ginger, celery or cucumber. You can spice up your glass even more with herbs like lavender, mint or basil.
Improve water accessibility. An easy way to drink more water is to make it more accessible. You should get a reusable water bottle and take it everywhere you go, whether you're at home or in the office.
Make it a habit. You should include drinking water in your morning, afternoon and night routines. For example, as soon as you wake up in the morning, have a tall glass of water. This will help you wake up for the day ahead. Since sleeping can be dehydrating, it's a good idea to drink water before going to bed, too.
Eat foods with high water contents. This is a devious way of increasing the volume of water you take daily. Make sure to include vegetables and fruits into your diet. Foods rich in water include zucchini, watermelon, grapefruit, and cucumber.
Use a timer. Do you really struggle to have enough water throughout the day? Set a few alarms on your phone to remind you to have a glass of water now and again.
From the insurance professionals at Abbate Insurance, we hope that you enjoy these easy ways to drink more water.
Contact us to get started on your insurance policies in New Haven, Connecticut!


I am starting a new experience this year and I can`t wait for it to begin. I am making the brave switch from seven years in junior to grade two. I can`t wait to share all of the cool experiences and the learning that I am pretty sure we will both (students and more importantly me) be doing.
As I have often expressed in my other posts, change is a good thing. Want I am really looking forward to is the excitement that primary students bring to learning. I think this is just the coolest thing ever when their light bulbs go off and they have experienced something new and exciting.
I hope to do a better job at posting then I did last year. You can also check out our students blog site at: http://www.kidblog.org/MrSosGradetwos.


When Is National Political Environmental Sanitation Day?
Is It Political Environmental Sanitation Day Today?
It's Political Environmental Sanitation day on the 25th of March.
The most recent detection of references to Political Environmental Sanitation Day was 4 years, 1 month ago.
How Is The Date For Political Environmental Sanitation Day Calculated?
The day shown for 'National Political Environmental Sanitation Day' is based off how much chitter-chatter and buzz there was on March 25, 2015 across social media making references to 'Political Environmental Sanitation Day'. Our algorithms examine all of the references to National Days across social media and updates whatnationaldayisit.com hourly, with our homepage displaying the current national day, including others such as: Waffle, Dog or Cerebral Palsy Awareness Day. This crowdsourcing of data method to assess the National Political Environmental Sanitation Day date is used as opposed to being connected with any Government sacntioned lists :D Hurrah for democracy by concensus!
We've put together the following resources full of nifty tips on how to increase the reach of Political Environmental Sanitation Day. The resources include: graphs, badges, and resources on what steps to take to boost Political Environmental Sanitation Day's visibility.
Can I Register Political Environmental Sanitation Day?
We don't have an international authority or governmental remit to declare any officially celebrated "national Political Environmental Sanitation day". We only aim to programatically reflect what 'National Day' it is based of what The Internet Says It Is. We believe this is much more fun as it reflects the nature of how the most amusing / interesting national days are often created organically and grow based off popular social trends and sharing, as such we don't add new days to our database unless they are organically observed on social media.
Is it National Political Environmental Sanitation Day Everywhere?
We're now tracking the sentiment around every mention of Political Environmental Sanitation day to show how people feel about Political Environmental Sanitation. See if people like Political Environmental Sanitation here.
We're detecting how Political Environmental Sanitation affects other things more widely than just being a celebrated day. See how Political Environmental Sanitation affects company share prices.
Hang On, It Was National Political Environmental Sanitation Day Already This Year..!?
For people who wish to promote National Political Environmental Sanitation Day, we've put together the following resources.
See also: How does Political Environmental Sanitation affect the share price of Apple, Facebook, Microsoft?


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Man charged with assault in Belgrade and clash with police
Antonio F. Clarke	 Nov 4, 2021
ST. CLOUD - Formal charges were filed against a man accused of assaulting a woman and holding her hostage in Belgrade on Monday.Christopher Shepersky, 35, of Deer Creek, is charged with 2nd degree assault with a dangerous weapon causing…
Antonio F. Clarke	 Nov 2, 2021 0
Queens duo, The Forms, known for their experimental indie sound, are back with another new single, the odd sounding, "All Souls Day", an ode to the remembrance party of the same name.The group released their first two albums with legendary…
Revised here Women are up to something: How Elizabeth Anscombe, Philippa Foot, Mary Midgley and Iris Murdoch revolutionized ethics through Benjamin JB Lipscomb Oxford Buy on Bookshop.org Prospect receives a commission…
This is news that rocked the Western Connecticut State University community. Two of the school's lacrosse players were tragically killed on Friday October 22 in a car crash which also left another passenger seriously injured.Now, according…
Chloë Grace Moretz on Coming Out, Blurred Lines and Finding Unity
A profile picture of beautiful blonde actress Chloe Grace MoretzJust say a word, I keep thinking. I have been waiting for over a decade to hear Chloë Grace Moretz say the phrase: "I am homosexual". I'm not trying to get it out. And…
Sedalia Police Reports for October 26, 2021
Antonio F. Clarke	 Oct 26, 2021 0
This article is compiled from reports from the Sedalia Police Department.On Monday afternoon, Sedalia police spoke to Zachary Paxton by phone about a theft. A 12 foot tall inflatable ghost decoration was taken from the residence in the 300…
Hundreds of people rally to mourn two WCSU students killed in Colchester
A vigil that drew hundreds of people took place in Colchester on Sunday for two of the WestConn Lacrosse players who were tragically killed on Friday afternoon.This is news that rocked the Western Connecticut State University community.…
Podcast Reviews: Three Philosophical Discussions to Listen to to Make Sense of Big Opaque Things
In our time, the BBC Sounds philosophy…
Stagestruck: an absurdity of chairs
When I was researching my book A world of ideas, I learned that the mid-century European movement known as the Theater of the Absurd has an interesting lineage. Some of the early Church Fathers argued that the key Christian belief…
Houston's Jewish Existentialism Astro Alex Bregman – The Forward
If you're not from Beantown or Bayou City, you might not be aware of a remarkable drama that's going on right now. The Boston Red Sox and Houston Astros are engaged in a marathon fight to win the American League Championship Series.…

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Mr. Xie is global VP of Sales & Marketing and China President of mCube. He is responsible for all commercial activities, including sales, marketing, and business development, as well as operations in China. Peter has 20 years of experience in technology company leadership and management. He has served in a number of CEO, President and GM roles with strong focus in sales, broad technology and operational management in cross border business environment.
Dr. Bhandari is CTO & Senior Vice President at mCube. He is responsible for planning and growth of mCube's Technology, product roadmap and IP portfolio. As former VP of Engineering, Dr. Bhandari has managed global teams working on MEMS & ASIC design for over 6 years and has driven product development from concept to high volume production at mCube.
Bernie Chong is Vice President of Finance and Administration. He is responsible for strategic financial planning, budget management, risk management and the day to day financial operations of the company. He is also responsible for human resource matters and investor relations.
Boele de Bie is General Manager of Xsens. He is responsible for Xsens, with a focus on people, business development, R&D and operations. Prior to joining Xsens, Boele held several roles as CEO of start-ups and growth companies within Philips Consumer Electronics in Asia, and in companies in The Netherlands, in emerging technology domains.


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Home > Investor Relations and News > News releases > Prosecution of CSR Building Products Limited for pollution of waters
Prosecution of CSR Building Products Limited for pollution of waters
On 14 August 2008, the Land and Environment Court of New South Wales found CSR Building Products Limited (ACN 008 631 356) (CSR) a wholly owned subsidiary of CSR Limited guilty of an offence against the Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997, in that it caused the pollution of the Parramatta River between the Rydalmere Ferry Wharf and the Camellia Rail Bridge at Camellia.
CSR pleaded guilty to the charge and the Court found that, among other things:
On 14 July 2006 to 15 July 2006 between 2,250 and 3,250 litres of Durasol GEP2, a flammable substance which is toxic to aquatic organisms, escaped into the Parramatta River;
The escape was caused by the overflow of a tank that was not stored in a bundedarea on the premises and a failure to implement adequate processes to monitor such storage;
The substance entered a stormwater drain adjacent to the CSR premises at Camellia and flowed into the Parramatta River;
The two day clean up operation involved Sydney Ports Authority, NSW Maritime Authority, Parramatta City Council, NSW Fire Brigades and Department of Environment and Climate Change (DECC) and cleaning costs incurred by Sydney Ferries.
CSR was ordered to pay a penalty of $280,000 to the Parramatta City Council to fund part of the Parramatta River Fishways Project at the existing Marsden Street Weir. CSR was also ordered to pay the EPA's costs plus the clean up costs.
CSR co-operated with the DECC throughout the investigation.
CSR was prosecuted by the EPA, a part of the Department of Environment and Climate Change. This notice is placed by order of the Land and Environment Court and is paid for by the defendant CSR.


The HMG-HD3 heavy-duty hot melt glue gun model from The Gluefast Company, Inc. is ready for 24/7 usage in a variety of gluing applications. This adhesive applicator comes equipped with stroke adjustment screws that control flow amount, an on/off switch that allow users to turn off the gun without unplugging, an adjustable thermostat, an ergonomic handle, and a strong integrated support stand.
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HMG-NAD is an adapter needed for HMG-N1 and HMG-ND nozzles.
HMG-N1 nozzle applies 5 thin strips of adhesive 1/8" apart (for use with HMG-HD3 only).
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HMG-NH is the standard nozzle for the HMG- HD3 Heavy Duty Glue Gun.
Hot melt glue guns are typically classified as low-temperature or high-temperature. Low-temperature glue guns usually heat up to about 250°F and are well suited for delicate work, such as applying adhesive to lace or cloth. High-temperature hot melt glue guns generally heat up to around 380°F and are used for heavy-duty projects.
The added advantage of a variable temperature control means that the HMG-HD3 hot melt glue gun allows a user to complete a wide range of projects with all glue stick types. For operations that require versatility at an economical price, Gluefast's HMG-HD3 hot melt glue gun is the only choice. Although this model is compatible with a vast array of glue sticks, selecting the one that best matches your application needs will help you maximize performance. See our assortment of hot melt glue sticks for product-specific information.
Have a particular gluing problem? Need a uniquely formulated adhesive? Click here to ask a question.


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A few years ago, Brad Green and other Newport Beach police officers were responding to a report of gunshots on the Balboa Peninsula in the middle of the night.
Officers found a scattering of bullet casings in the area and began looking for the suspect.
Green headed down an alley with no lights and plenty of hiding spots.
"If this guy jumped out of nowhere, he would've had me. One shot and I'm done," Green, 54, recalled. "I looked up at the sky and there was no moon, so the stars were really showing. I thought 'At least I got to see that one last time.'"
There are few jobs where several times a day, a person pauses to think it could be their last moments alive, he explained.
When police officers put on the uniform and badge, it's like turning up a switch on vigilance, healthy skepticism and turning down the switch for emotions in violent, sobering situations.
"Sometimes that switch gets stuck down even when they're off work," Green said.
That's where Green, an ordained minister and one of the department's chaplains born and reared in Costa Mesa, comes in.
It's low-stress, but tragic situations you wouldn't expect can hit an officer like a punch to the stomach, he said. It might not be chasing a bank robber or a shoot-out, but seeing a child fatality or a suicide where the victim looks like someone the officer knows personally can stick in the mind, he said.
"It's like body blows in boxing. They come and they come until one thing makes it tough," he said.
For those moments, officers will sometimes turn to Green or one of the department's other eight chaplains for peace. Green doesn't even need to say anything to the officer, he said. He calls it a "ministry of presence," and it works with officers as well as it does with the public.
"Sometimes the point is not saying anything. There's not anything you can say to make it all OK. Sometimes you need to shut up and just be there," he said.
He has a certification in critical-incident stress management from the International Critical Incident Stress Foundation and conducts stress training and stress debriefings for officers and their families.
Green found the church when he was 7 years old.
"That was the greatest day of my life," he said. "I'm a chaplain. I'm a Christian. God is in control."
His family has as much a foundation in Christianity as it does in public service. His father was one of Costa Mesa's first police officers, with the badge No. 007. His grandfather was a fireman.
After graduating from Estancia High School, Green went to USC on a football scholarship. He was on the team that won the 1978 national championship and was one of the captains of the 1980 team, which beat Ohio State in the Rose Bowl. He played center and was the offensive line's smallest man. He blew his knee out and never played the same again, he said.
After working a series of other jobs, including with Ford Aerospace, Green joined the Newport Beach Police Department 20 years ago. He's married and has three daughters.
So how does an admittedly non-confrontational man slow to use physical force and who readily believes people handle being an officer?
"It's all God's plan," Green said.
Officers smile when they think about Green, the minister, being an undercover vice officer posing as a John to nab prostitutes.
"The Bible says not to lie. But cops use ruses in the search of the truth and protection," he said, smiling. "At the end of the day, I have peace with myself and God."


I purchased the fitted non-iron windowpane shirt pictured on right from Banana Republic tonight and I can't remember the last time I've been this smitten with a button down shirt. I found both of these shirts in the sales rack for $54.99 and with the additional 40% off sale items it came down to $32.99 while they're still full price online. I think the store locator doesn't work well on sale items as I know there is still at least one polka dot blouse left in size 0 at the store I visited tonight. I usually shop at Banana Republic online for all of my husband's clothing but if my memory is correct Banana Republic's in store style number and the online style numbers are different. Unfortunately, I only purchased the windowpane version so the item number on the receipt for that shirt is 066323.
I found regular size 0 fit me perfectly (click here for my size reference) but I noticed that the dot version seems slightly more fitted than the windowpane version. You can see the difference in fit from the side by side picture above despite both shirts being the same size and style. I prefer a more relaxed fit so I hemmed and hawed and ultimately purchased the one I figured I'd wear more. Even though the dot version is really cute I won't reach for it as much if I don't feel comfortable in it.
On the hanger you can see that the dot version of the shirt is not see through while the windowpane fabric is thinner. I buy these non-iron shirts for my husband quite often and they wash well in cold wash. I always shake out and hang the shirts to air dry after using the 'air dry' (no heat) setting on our dryer to further de-wrinkle. It also helps to prevent wrinkles in general if you don't let your wet clothes sit in the washer for a long time.
Really like the windowpane shirt on you. Can't wait to see you style it.


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Les Blades de Worcester sont une équipe féminine professionnelle de hockey sur glace de Worcester, au Massachusetts, créée en  à la suite du déménagement de la franchise des Blades de Boston. L'équipe joue ses matchs à domicile au Fidelity Bank Worcester Ice Center.

Histoire
En août 2018, le déménagement de la franchise des Blades de Boston est annoncée vers Worcester en conservant une grande partie du staff d'entraineurs et le directeur général Derek Alfama. L'équipe s'éloigne ainsi de ses concurrents directs, le Pride de Boston qui joue dans la Ligue nationale féminine de hockey et refond son équipe pour la saison 2018-2019. Les Blades de Worcester naissent ainsi sous un nouveau nom et nouveau logo, tout en conservant le code couleur de l'ancienne franchise.

Bilan par saisons
Pour les significations des abréviations, voir statistiques du hockey sur glace.

|- align=center
| 2018-2019 ||28 ||0 ||0 ||28 ||22||155||0 || Sixième || Non qualifié

Personnalités

Joueuses

Effectif actuel

Capitaines
 2018 - En cours :

Joueuses notables

Choix de premier tour
Ce tableau permet de présenter le premier choix de l'équipe lors du repêchage d'entrée de la LCHF qui a lieu chaque année depuis 2010.

Dirigeants

Entraineurs-chefs
 2018-En cours : Paul Kennedy

Directeurs généraux

Références

Worcester
Club de hockey sur glace au Massachusetts
Club sportif fondé en 2018

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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House of Wittelsbach
(Redirected from Wittelsbach)
"Wittelsbach" redirects here. For other uses, see Wittelsbach (disambiguation).
Find sources: "House of Wittelsbach" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The House of Wittelsbach (German pronunciation: [ˈvɪtəlsbax]) is a European royal family and a German dynasty from Bavaria.
Bavaria, Germany, Greece, Kalmar Union
Otto I
Current head
Franz, Duke of Bavaria
Final ruler
Ludwig III
Holy Roman Emperor
King of the Romans
King of Hungary
King of Denmark
King of Sweden
King of Norway
King of Greece
King of Bavaria
Duke of Bavaria
Elector of Bavaria
Elector of the Palatinate
Elector of Cologne
Cadet branches
Palatinate-Simmern,
Palatinate-Sulzbach,
Palatinate-Neumarkt,
Palatinate-Zweibrücken,
Palatinate-Birkenfeld
Coat of arms (13th to 14th century). The white-and-blue lozenges came to the family when Otto II Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria acquired the county of Bogen in 1240
Coat of arms (15th century), the Wittelsbach (Bogen) lozenges quartered with the lion of the Palatinate.
Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Bavaria (19th century)
Members of the family reigned as Dukes of Merania (1153–1180/82), Dukes, Electors and Kings of Bavaria (1180–1918), Counts Palatine of the Rhine (1214–1803 and 1816–1918), Margraves of Brandenburg (1323–1373), Counts of Holland, Hainaut and Zeeland (1345–1432), Elector-Archbishops of Cologne (1583–1761), Dukes of Jülich and Berg (1614–1794/1806), Kings of Sweden (1441–1448 and 1654–1720) and Dukes of Bremen-Verden (1654–1719).
The family also provided two Holy Roman Emperors (1328–1347/1742–1745), one King of the Romans (1400–1410), two Anti-Kings of Bohemia (1619–20/1742–43), one King of Hungary (1305–1309), one King of Denmark and Norway (1440–1447) and one King of Greece (1832–1862).
The family's head, since 1996, is Franz, Duke of Bavaria.
Berthold, Margrave in Bavaria (died 980), was the ancestor of Otto I, Count of Scheyern (died 1072), whose third son Otto II, Count of Scheyern acquired the castle of Wittelsbach (near Aichach). The Counts of Scheyern left Scheyern Castle (constructed around 940) in 1119 for Wittelsbach Castle and the former was given to monks to establish Scheyern Abbey.
The Wittelsbach Conrad of Scheyern-Dachau, a great-grandson of Otto I, Count of Scheyern became Duke of Merania in 1153 and was succeeded by his son Conrad II. It was the first Duchy held by the Wittelsbach family (until 1180/82).
Otto I's eldest son Eckhard I, Count of Scheyern was father of the Count palatine of Bavaria Otto IV (died 1156), who was the first Count of Wittelsbach and whose son Otto was invested with the Duchy of Bavaria in 1180 after the fall of Henry the Lion and hence the first Bavarian ruler from the House of Wittelsbach. Duke Otto's son Louis I, Duke of Bavaria acquired also the Electorate of the Palatinate in 1214.
Bavaria and Palatinate within the Holy Roman EmpireEdit
The Wittelsbach dominions within the Holy Roman Empire (Bavaria, The Netherlands and Palatinate) AD 1373 are shown as Wittelsbach, among the houses of Luxembourg which acquired Brandenburg that year and Habsburg which had acquired Tyrol in 1369
The Wittelsbach dynasty ruled the German territories of Bavaria from 1180 to 1918 and the Electorate of the Palatinate from 1214 until 1805; in 1815 the latter territory was partly incorporated as Rhine Palatinate into Bavaria, which Napoleon elevated to a kingdom in 1806.
On Duke Otto II's death in 1253, his sons divided the Wittelsbach possessions between them: Henry became Duke of Lower Bavaria, and Louis II Duke of Upper Bavaria and Count Palatine of the Rhine. When Henry's branch died out in 1340 the Emperor Louis IV, a son of Duke Louis II, reunited the duchy.
The family provided two Holy Roman Emperors: Louis IV (1314–1347) and Charles VII (1742–1745), both members of the Bavarian branch of the family, and one German King with Rupert of the Palatinate (1400–1410), a member of the Palatinate branch.
The House of Wittelsbach split into these two branches in 1329: Under the Treaty of Pavia, Emperor Louis IV granted the Palatinate including the Bavarian Upper Palatinate to his brother Duke Rudolf's descendants, Rudolf II, Rupert I and Rupert II. Rudolf I in this way became the ancestor of the older (Palatinate) line of the Wittelsbach dynasty, which returned to power also in Bavaria in 1777 after the extinction of the younger (Bavarian) line, the descendants of Louis IV.
Bavarian branchEdit
The Bavarian branch kept the duchy of Bavaria until its extinction in 1777.
The Electorate of Bavaria highlighted on a map of the Holy Roman Empire in 1648
The Wittelsbach Emperor Louis IV acquired Brandenburg (1323), Tyrol (1342), Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut (1345) for his House but he had also released the Upper Palatinate for the Palatinate branch of the Wittelsbach in 1329. His six sons succeeded him as Duke of Bavaria and Count of Holland and Hainaut in 1347. The Wittelsbachs lost the Tyrol with the death of duke Meinhard and the following Peace of Schärding – the Tyrol was finally renounced to the Habsburgs in 1369. In 1373 Otto, the last Wittelsbach regent of Brandenburg, released the country to the House of Luxembourg. On Duke Albert's death in 1404, he was succeeded in the Netherlands by his eldest son, William. A younger son, John III, became Bishop of Liège. However, on William's death in 1417, a war of succession broke out between John and William's daughter Jacqueline of Hainaut. This last episode of the Hook and Cod wars finally left the counties in Burgundian hands in 1432. Emperor Louis IV had reunited Bavaria in 1340 but from 1349 onwards Bavaria was split among the descendants of Louis IV, who created the branches Bavaria-Landshut, Bavaria-Straubing, Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Bavaria-Munich. With the Landshut War of Succession Bavaria was reunited in 1505 against the claim of the Palatinate branch under the Bavarian branch Bavaria-Munich.
From 1549 to 1567 the Wittelsbach owned the County of Kladsko in Bohemia.
Strictly Catholic by upbringing, the Bavarian dukes became leaders of the German Counter-Reformation. From 1583 to 1761, the Bavarian branch of the dynasty provided the Prince-electors and Archbishops of Cologne and many other Bishops of the Holy Roman Empire, namely Liège (1581–1763). Wittelsbach princes served for example as Bishops of Regensburg, Freising, Liège, Münster, Hildesheim, Paderborn and Osnabrück, and as Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order.
In 1623 under Maximilian I the Bavarian dukes were invested with the electoral dignity and the duchy became the Electorate of Bavaria. His grandson Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria served also as Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands (1692–1706) and as Duke of Luxembourg (1712–1714). His son Emperor Charles VII was also king of Bohemia (1741–1743). With the death of Charles' son Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria the Bavarian branch died out in 1777.
Palatinate branchEdit
The Electorate of the Palatinate (red) which lost the yellow territories in 1505, after the War of the Succession of Landshut
Heidelberg Castle of the Electors of Palatinate
The Palatinate branch kept the Palatinate until 1918, having succeeded also to Bavaria in 1777. With the Golden Bull of 1356 the Counts Palatine were invested with the electoral dignity, their county became the Electorate of the Palatinate. Princes of the Palatinate branch served as Bishops of the Empire and also as Elector-Archbishops of Mainz and Elector-Archbishops of Trier.
After the death of the Wittelsbach king Rupert of Germany in 1410 the Palatinate lands began to split under numerous branches of the family such as Neumarkt, Simmern, Zweibrücken, Birkenfeld, Neuburg and Sulzbach. When the senior branch of the Palatinate branch died out in 1559, the Electorate passed to Frederick III of Simmern, a staunch Calvinist, and the Palatinate became one of the major centers of Calvinism in Europe, supporting Calvinist rebellions in both the Netherlands and France.
The Neuburg cadet branch of the Palatinate branch also held the Duchy of Jülich and Berg from 1614 onwards: When the last duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg died without direct heirs in 1609, the War of the Jülich succession broke out, ended by the 1614 Treaty of Xanten, which divided the separate duchies between Palatinate-Neuburg and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. Jülich and Berg fell to the Wittelsbach Count Palatine Wolfgang William of Neuburg.
In 1619, the Protestant Frederick V, Elector Palatine became King of Bohemia but was defeated by the Catholic Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria, a member of the Bavarian branch. As a result, the Upper Palatinate had to be ceded to the Bavarian branch in 1623. When the Thirty Years' War concluded with the Treaty of Münster (also called the Peace of Westphalia) in 1648, a new additional electorate was created for the Count Palatine of the Rhine. During their exile Frederick's sons, especially Prince Rupert of the Rhine, gained fame in England.
The house of Palatinate of Zweibrücken-Kleeburg as heir to the Swedish throne ruled simultaneously the duchy of Bremen-Verden (1654–1719).
In 1685, the Simmern line died out, and the Catholic Philip William, Count Palatine of Neuburg inherited the Palatinate (and also Duke of Jülich and Berg). During the reign of Johann Wilhelm (1690–1716) the Electoral residence moved to Düsseldorf in Berg. His brother and successor Charles III Philip, Elector Palatine moved the Palatinate's capital back to Heidelberg in 1718 and then to Mannheim in 1720. To strengthen the union of all lines of the Wittelsbach dynasty Charles Philip organized a wedding on 17 January 1742 when his granddaughters were married to Charles Theodore of Palatinate-Sulzbach and to the Bavarian prince Clement. In the imperial election a few days later Charles III Philip voted for his Bavarian cousin Prince-Elector Charles Albert. After extinction of the Neuburg branch in 1742, the Palatinate was inherited by Duke Charles Theodore of the branch Palatinate-Sulzbach.
After the extinction of the Bavarian branch in 1777, a succession dispute and the brief War of the Bavarian Succession, the Palatinate-Sulzbach branch under Elector Charles Theodore succeeded also in Bavaria.
With the death of Charles Theodore in 1799 all Wittelsbach land in Bavaria and the Palatinate was reunited under Maximilian IV Joseph, a member of the branch Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld. At the time there were two surviving branches of the Wittelsbach family: Palatinate-Zweibrücken (headed by Maximilian Joseph) and Palatinate-Birkenfeld (headed by Count Palatine William). Maximilian Joseph inherited Charles Thedore's title of Elector of Bavaria, while William was compensated with the title of Duke in Bavaria. The form Duke in Bavaria was selected because in 1506 primogeniture had been established in the House of Wittelsbach resulting in there being only one Reigning Duke of Bavaria at any given time. Maximillian Joseph assumed the title of king as Maximilian I Joseph on January 1, 1806. The new king still served as a Prince-elector until the Kingdom of Bavaria left the Holy Roman Empire (1 August 1806).
Kingdom of Bavaria, 1806–1918Edit
Royal Bavarian coat of arms
The Electorate of Bavaria (1778) and the Kingdom of Bavaria (1816)
Under Maximilian's descendants, Bavaria became the third most powerful German state, behind only Prussia and Austria. It was also far-and-away the most powerful secondary state. When the German Empire was formed in 1871, Bavaria became the new empire's second most powerful state after Prussia. The Wittelsbachs reigned as kings of Bavaria until 1918. On 12 November 1918 Ludwig III issued the Anif declaration (German: Anifer Erklärung) at Anif Palace, Austria,[1] in which he released his soldiers and officials from their oath of loyalty to him and ended the 738-year rule of the House of Wittelsbach in Bavaria.[2] The republican movement thereupon declared a republic.
Activities during Nazi regime, 1933–1945Edit
During the Second World War, the Wittelsbachs were anti-Nazi.[citation needed] The family initially left Germany for Hungary, but were eventually arrested. Family members spent time in several Nazi concentration camps including Oranienburg and Dachau.
Reign outside the Holy Roman EmpireEdit
With Duke Otto III of Lower Bavaria, who was a maternal grandson of Béla IV of Hungary and was elected anti-king of Hungary and Croatia as Bela V (1305–1308) the Wittelsbach dynasty came to power outside the Holy Roman Empire for the first time. Otto had abdicated the Hungarian throne by 1308.
Christopher III of the House of Palatinate-Neumarkt was king of Denmark, Sweden and Norway in 1440/1442–1448, but he left no descendants. The House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken contributed to the monarchy of Sweden again 1654–1720 under Charles X, Charles XI, Charles XII and Ulrika Eleonora. The Wittelsbach princess Sophia of Hanover (1630–1714) was the mother of George I of Great Britain; she died as Heiress Presumptive of Great Britain a few weeks before the case of succession. The line of Jacobite succession is currently within the House of Wittelsbach. Franz, Hereditary Prince of Bavaria is recognised by the Jacobites as "Francis II". The Wittelsbach prince Otto of Bavaria was elected king of newly independent Greece in 1832 and was forced to abdicate in 1862.
Kingdom of SwedenEdit
The Swedish Empire following the Treaty of Roskilde of 1658
Queen Christina of Sweden abdicated her throne on 5 June 1654 in favour of her cousin Charles X Gustavus, a member of the Wittelsbach branch Palatinate-Zweibrücken. It was the second term for the rule of the House of Wittelsbach in Sweden since 1448 when Christopher III of the Palatinate branch was king of Denmark, Sweden and Norway.
Sweden reached its largest territorial extent under the rule of Charles X after the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658. Charles's son, Charles XI, rebuilt the economy and refitted the army. His legacy to his son, Charles XII, was one of the finest arsenals in the world, a large standing army and a great fleet. Charles XII was a skilled military leader and tactician. However, although he was also skilled as a politician, he was reluctant in making peace. While Sweden achieved several large scale military successes early on, and won the most battles, the Great Northern War eventually ended in Sweden's defeat and the end of the Swedish Empire. Charles was succeeded to the Swedish throne by his sister, Ulrika Eleonora. Her abdication in 1720 marked the end of Wittelsbach rule in Sweden.
Kingdom of GreeceEdit
Greece in 1843 after independence.
King Otto I of the House of Wittelsbach was made the first King of modern Greece in 1832 under the Convention of London, whereby Greece became a new independent kingdom under the protection of the Great Powers (the United Kingdom, France and the Russian Empire). Throughout his reign, Otto faced political challenges concerning Greece's financial weakness and the role of the government in the affairs of the Church. The politics of Greece of this era was based on affiliations with the three Great Powers, and Otto's ability to maintain the support of the powers was key to his remaining in power. To remain strong, Otto had to play the interests of each of the Great Powers' Greek adherents against the others, while not aggravating the Great Powers. When Greece was blockaded by the (British) Royal Navy in 1850 and again in 1853, to stop Greece from attacking the Ottoman Empire during the Crimean War, Otto's standing amongst Greeks suffered. As a result, there was an assassination attempt on the Queen and finally, in 1862, Otto was deposed while in the countryside.
The Old Royal Palace in Athens, built for King Otto I by Friedrich von Gärtner, 1841
Propylaea in Munich, monument for the secundogeniture of the Wittelsbach in Greece
The law of succession to the throne of Greece was defined by a supplementary article to the convention of 7 May 1832 awarding the Greek Throne to Otto I. It instituted a semi-salic order with an important rule preventing the union of the crown on the same head with any other crown, especially that of Bavaria. Under the terms of the succession law, a Wittelsbach claim to the throne would have passed on Otto's death in 1867 to his younger brother Luitpold, who was regent of Bavaria from 1886 to 1912; and after him to Ludwig who became king Ludwig III of Bavaria in 1913. At this point, tracing the claim becomes impossible as the same branch of the Wittelsbach became heir to both thrones, and a subsequent monarch or pretender should have issued a renunciation to one of the two thrones, which none did. In the end, neither Luitpold nor his son Ludwig actively pursued a claim to the Greek throne inherited from Otto I, and the throne of Bavaria itself disappeared in 1918, leaving the future of the claim to be decided by a further arrangement that never occurred.[3]
Joseph Ferdinand, a son of Maximilian II Emanuel, was the favored choice of England and the Netherlands to succeed as the ruler of Spain, and young Charles II of Spain chose him as his heir. Due to the unexpected death of Joseph Ferdinand in 1699 the Wittelsbach did not come to power in Spain, leaving the Spanish Succession uncertain again.
Major members of the familyEdit
Many women in the family are known as Elisabeth of Bavaria.
Patrilineal descentEdit
Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1314–1347)
Isabeau of Bavaria, Queen of France (1370–1435)
Frederick V, Elector Palatine, King of Bohemia (1596–1632)
Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria (1662–1726)
Charles XII, King of Sweden (1682–1718)
Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor (1742–1745)
Otto, King of Greece (1815–1867)
Ludwig II, King of Bavaria (1845–1886)
Duke Franz's patriline is the line from which he is descended father to son. Patrilineal descent is the principle behind membership in royal houses, as it can be traced back through the generations.
Otto I, Count of Scheyern, 1044–1072
Eckhard I, Count of Scheyern, d. before 1088
Otto IV, Count of Wittelsbach, 1083–1156
Otto I Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria, 1117–1183
Louis I, Duke of Bavaria, 1173–1231
Otto II Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria, 1206–1253
Louis II, Duke of Bavaria, 1229–1294
Rudolf I, Duke of Bavaria, 1274–1319
Adolf, Count Palatine of the Rhine, 1300–1327
Rupert II, Elector Palatine, 1325–1398
Rupert of Germany, 1352–1410
Stefan, Count Palatine of Simmern-Zweibrücken, 1385–1459
Louis I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, 1424–1489
Alexander, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, 1462–1514
Louis II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, 1502–1532
Wolfgang, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, 1526–1569
Charles I, Count Palatine of Birkenfeld, 1560–1600
Christian I, Count Palatine of Birkenfeld, 1598–1654
Christian II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, 1637–1717
Christian III, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, 1674–1735
Count Palatine Frederick Michael of Zweibrücken, 1724–1767
Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria, 1756–1825
Ludwig I of Bavaria, 1786–1868
Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria, 1821–1912
Ludwig III of Bavaria, 1845–1921
Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, 1869–1955
Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria, 1905–1996
Franz, Duke of Bavaria, b. 1933
Louis V, Margrave of Brandenburg, Duke of Bavaria and Count of Tyrol (1323–1361)
Albert I, Duke of Bavaria, Count of Holland and Hainaut (1347–1404)
Isabeau de Bavière (1371–1435), queen-consort of France
Ernest, Duke of Bavaria (1397–1438) duke of Bavaria-Munich
Albert III, Duke of Bavaria (1438–1460) duke of Bavaria-Munich
Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut and Holland (1417–1432)
Albert IV, Duke of Bavaria (1465–1508)
William IV, Duke of Bavaria (1508–1550), co-regent Louis X from 1516 to 1545
Louis X, Duke of Bavaria (1516–1545)
Albert V, Duke of Bavaria (1550–1579)
Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria (1597–1651)
Maria Anna, Dauphine of France (1660–1690)
Duchess Violante Beatrice of Bavaria (1673–1731), Hereditary Princess of Tuscany and Governess of Siena,
Clemens August of Bavaria (1700–1761)
Maria Antonia of Bavaria (1724–1780)
Frederick I, Elector Palatine (1451–1476)
Frederick III, Elector Palatine (1559–1576)
Frederick V, Elector Palatine (1610–1623), King of Bohemia (the "Winter King")
Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine (1648–1680)
Prince Rupert of the Rhine (1619–1682)
Sophia of the Palatine (1630–1714), daughter of Frederick V, heiress of Great Britain, mother of King George I
Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine (1652–1722)
Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine (1690–1718), his wife Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici being the last scion of the House of Medici
King Ludwig I of Bavaria (1825–1848)
Princess Sophie of Bavaria (1805–1872), Archduchess of Austria
Elisabeth in Bavaria (1837–1898) ("Sisi"), Empress of Austria
Ludwig II of Bavaria (1864–1886)
Marie Sophie (1841–1925), last queen of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Elisabeth of Bavaria (1876–1965), queen-consort of Albert I of Belgium
Sophie, Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein, b. 1967
Scandinavian kingsEdit
Christopher of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, reigned 1440–1448
Charles X Gustav of Sweden, reigned 1654–1660
Charles XI of Sweden, reigned 1660–1697
Charles XII of Sweden, reigned 1697–1718
Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden, reigned 1718–1720
Family treeEdit
Castles and palacesEdit
BavariaEdit
Some of the most important Bavarian castles and palaces that were built by Wittelsbach rulers, or served as seats of ruling branch lines, are the following:
The Old Court in Munich
Munich Residenz by Michael Wening
Nymphenburg Palace in Munich
Schleissheim Palace in Munich
Trausnitz Castle in Landshut
Ingolstadt Castle
Straubing Castle
Burghausen Castle
Hohenschwangau Castle
Herrenchiemsee Palace
Some of the most important castles and palaces of the Palatinate Wittelsbach were:
Heidelberg Castle 1670
Mannheim Palace
Schwetzingen Castle
Neuburg Castle (Bavaria)
Düsseldorf Castle
Benrath Palace in Düsseldorf
Bensberg Castle
Zweibrücken Castle
Birkenfeld Castle 1645
Sulzbach Castle
Neumarkt Castle
Simmern Castle 1648
Electorate of CologneEdit
From 1597 to 1794, Bonn was the capital of the Electorate of Cologne and residence of the Archbishops and Prince-electors of Cologne, most of them belonging to the Bavarian branch of the House of Wittelsbach (from 1583 to 1761).
Electoral Palace, Bonn
Poppelsdorf Palace, Bonn
Augustusburg Palace, Brühl
Coats of armsEdit
A full armorial of the Wittelsbach family can be found on the French-language Wikipedia at Armorial of the House of Wittelsbach.
Palatinate branch (senior line), issue of Rudolph I of the Palatine and BavariaEdit
Figure Name of armiger and blazon
Electoral Palatinate, County Palatine of the Rhine from 1215 to 1623.
Quarterly 1 and 4 sable, a lion or, armed, langued and crowned gules, 2 and 3 fusilly bendwise azure and argent.[4]
Heraldic augmentation for the Count Palatine of the Rhine, a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire: Quarterly 1 and 4 sable, a lion or, armed, langued and crowned gules, 2 and 3 fusilly bendwise azure and argent, overall gules, an orb or encircled of the same.[5]
Rupert of Germany (1352 † 1410), king of the Romans from 1400 to 1410.
Or, an eagle sable, membered, beaked and langued gules; overall quarterly 1 and 4 sable, a lion or, armed, langued and crowned gules, 2 and 3 fusilly bendwise azure and argent.[6]
Christopher of Bavaria (1416 † 1448), king of Denmark, Norway and Sweden
Quarterly a cross paty argent, fimbriated gules, cantonned 1 and 4, azure three bars wavy argent, overall a lion crowned or, which is Sweden ancien, 2 and 3 fusilly bendwise argent and azure, which is Bavaria. Overall quarterly 1 or, nine hearts gules in three pallets, three lions passant guardant azure in pale, armed and langued gules, crowned of the field, brochant sur-le-tout, which is Denmark, 2 azure, three crowns or, which is Sweden moderne, 3 gules, a lion crowned or, holding in his paws a battle-axe argent, the handle of the second, which is Norway ancien and 4 gules, a dragon or, which is for the Kingdom of the Vandals[7][8]
Frederick V, Elector Palatine (1596 † 1632), elector palatine from 1610 to 1623 and king of Bohemia from 1619 to 1620.
Quarterly of six, three rows of two, 1 gules, a lion argent, queue fourchée in saltire, crowned, armed and langued or (Bohemia), 2 azure, an eagle chequy of argent and gules, beaked, langued, membered and crowned or (Moravia), 3 or, an eagle sable, armed, beaked and langued gules, on its heart a crescent below a cross argent (Silesia), 4 barry of six argent and azure, a lion gules, queue fourchée in saltire, armed, langued and crowned or (Luxembourg), 5 per fess embattled azure and or (Upper Lusace), 6 argent, a bull gules issuant from a terrace vert (Lower Lusace). Overall per pale sable, a lion or, armed, langued and crowned gules (Palatinate) and fusilly bendwise azure and argent (Bavaria); grafted in point gules, an orb or, which is the heraldic augmentation for the archsteward of the Holy Roman Empire.[9]
Counts Palatine of the Rhine from 1648 to 1688.
Quarterly 1 and 4 sable, a lion or, armed, langued and crowned gules (Palatinate), 2 and 3 fusilly bendwise azure and argent (Bavaria), overall gules, a crown of Charlemagne or, which is the heraldic augmentation for the archtreasurer of the Holy Roman Empire.[10]
Counts palatine of Neuburg from 1574 to 1688.
Counts palatine of Sulzbach from 1688 to 1795.
Quarterly of eight, two rows of four, 1 fusilly bendwise azure and argent (Bavaria), 2 or, a lion sable, armed and langued gules (Juliers), 3 gules, an escutcheon argent surmounted by an escarbuncle with rays or (Cleves), 4 argent, a lion gules, queue fourchée in saltire, armed, langued and crowned or (Berg), 5 argent, a lion azure armed, langued and crowned or (Veldenz), 6 or, a fess chequy argent and gules of three rows (de la Marck), 7 argent, three chevrons gules (Ravensberg), 8 argent, a fess sable. Overall, a lion or, armed, langued and crowned gules (County palatine of the Rhine).[11]
Electors palatine of Neuburg from 1688 to 1742.
Per pale, I quarterly 1 sable, a lion or, armed, langued and crowned gules (county palatine of the Rhine), 2 fusilly bendwise azure and argent (Bavaria), 3 argent, a lion azure armed, langued and crowned or (Veldenz), 4 or, a fess chequy of three rows argent and gules (de la Marck), II per fess, the chief tierced in pale, the base per pale: 1, or, a lion sable, armed and langued gules (Juliers), 2 gules, an escutcheon argent, surmounted by an escarbuncle with rays or (Cleves), 3 argent, a lion gules, queue fourchée in saltire, armed, langued and crowned or (Berg); 4 argent, three chevrons gules (Ravensberg), 5 argent, a fess sable. Overall gules, a crown of Charlemagne or (Arch-treasurer of the Holy Roman Empire).[12]
Counts palatine of Zweibrücken from 1569 to 1675.
Per pale, I quarterly 1 and 4 sable, a lion or, armed, langued and crowned gules (county palatine of the Rhine), 2 and 3 fusilly bendwise, azure and argent (Bavaria); overall argent, a lion azure armed, langued and crowned or (Veldenz); II quarterly of six, two rows of three, 1 or, a lion sable, armed and langued gules (Juliers), 2 gules, an escutcheon argent, surmounted by an escarbuncle with rays or (Cleves), 3 argent, a lion gules, queue fourchée in saltire, armed, langued and crowned or (Berg), 4 or, a fess chequy of three rows, argent and gules (de la Marck), 5 argent, three chevrons gules (Ravensberg), 6 argent, a fess sable.[13]
Kings of Sweden from 1654 to 1720 (from the Counts Palatine of Zweibrücken)
Quarterly, a cross paty or, which is the cross of Saint Eric, cantonned 1 and 4, azure, three crowns or, two and one (Sweden moderne), 2 and 3 azure, three bars wavy argent, a lion crowned or, armed and langued gules (Sweden ancien). Overall quarterly Bavaria, Juliers, Cleves and Berg, inescutcheon sable, a lion or, armed, langued and crowned gules (County palatine of the Rhine).[13][14]
Counts palatine of Birkenfeld from 1569 to 1795.
Per pale, I quarterly 1 and 4 County palatine of the Rhine, 2 and 3 Bavaria; II quarterly 1 Veldenz, 2 chequy gules and argent (de Birkenfeld), 3 argent, three escutcheons gules, two and one (Rappolstein), 4 argent, three heads of eagles sable, crowned or, two and one (de Hohenach).[11]
Kings of Bavaria from 1809 to 1835.
Fusilly bendwise, azure and argent, an inescutcheon gules, a sword argent pommelled or and a scepter or in saltire, in chief a royal crown or[5][15]
Quarterly 1 sable, a lion or, armed, langued and crowned gules (County palatine of the Rhine), 2 per fess indented gules and argent (Franconia), 3 bendy sinister argent and gules, a pale or (de Burgovie), 4 argent, a lion azure, armed, langued and crowned or (Veldenz). Overall, Bavaria.[5][15]
Otto de Wittelsbach (1815 † 1867), king of Greece.
Azure, a cross couped argent, inescutcheon Bavaria.[16]
Dukes in Bavaria after 1834.
Paly-bendy azure and argent.
Prince Ferdinand of Bavaria (1884–1958), Infante of Spain
branch of "Wittelsbach-Bourbon»
Quarterly, County Palatine of the Rhine, Franconia, de Burgovie, de Veldenz. Inescutcheon, Bavaria. In chief, gules, a cross argent.
Bavarian branch (junior branch), issue of Louis of Bavaria, extinct by 1777Edit
Dukes of Bavaria from 1180 to 1623.
Fusilly in bend azure and argent[5][17]
Louis IV (1286 † 1347), king of the Romans in 1314, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1328.
Or, an eagle sable, membered, beaked and langued gules, inescutcheon fusilly in bend azure and argent.[6]
Dukes of Bavaria and Electors of Brandenburg : Louis V († 1361), Louis VI († 1365) and Otto V († 1379).
Per pale fusilly in bend azure and argent, and argent, an eagle gules, armed, beaked and langued or.[18]
Duke of Bavaria-Straubing, Counts of Hainaut and Holland from 1254 to 1433.
Quarterly 1 and 4, fusilly in bend, azure and argent, 2 and 3, grand-quarterly I and IV or, a lion sable, armed and langued gules, II and III, or, a lion gules, armed and langued azure.[19]
Electors of Bavaria from 1623 to 1777.
In 1620, the Elector Palatine Frederick V, a Protestant, was defeated after trying to take the kingdom of Bohemia. He was placed under the ban of the Empire and his lands, titles and electoral dignity were confiscated and given to his Roman Catholic cousin, the Duke of Bavaria, who takes:
Quarterly 1 and 4 fusilly in bend, azure and argent, 2 and 3 sable, a lion or, armed, langued and crowned gules, overall gules, an orb crucifer or.[6]
Charles VII (1697 † 1745), Holy Roman Emperor from 1742 to 1745.
Or, an eagle sable, membered, beaked and langued gules; inescutcheon quarterly 1 and 4 fusilly in bend, azure and argent, 2 and 3 sable, a lion or, armed, langued and crowned gules, sur le tout gules, an orb crucifer or.[6]
The Bavarian Crown Jewels (at Munich Residenz)
Kings of Germany family tree
List of rulers of Bavaria
List of rulers of the Palatinate
Asteroid 90712 Wittelsbach, named in the castle and dynasty's honour
Wittelsbach Diamond
Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918
List of coats of arms with the Palatine Lion
^ Germany: Bavaria: Heads of State: 1806–1918 archontology.org, accessed: 14 June 2008
^ Manfred Berger (2003). "Rupprecht, Maria Luitpold Ferdinand, Kronprinz von Bayern, Pfalzgraf bei Rhein, Herzog von Bayern, Franken und in Schwaben usw.". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). 22. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 1173–1186. ISBN 3-88309-133-2.
^ François Velde (30 April 2005). "The Succession Laws of the Greek Monarchy". Heraldica. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
^ BSB-CGM-1952.
^ a b c d Héraldique Européenne : Baviève
^ a b c d Héraldique Européenne : empereurs.
^ Héraldique Européenne : Dannemark
^ (Louda 1981, p. 46)
^ Héraldique Européenne : Bohême.
^ Par déduction. En 1648, le fils de Frédéric V recupère une partie des terres paternelles, le titre d'électeur, confisquées en 1623, et la charge d'archi-trésorier du Saint-Empire. Il paraît logique de penser qu'il ajoute l'écu de cette charge sur ses armes.
^ a b (Louda 1981, p. 193)
^ (Louda 1981, p. 165).
^ a b (Louda 1981, p. 65)
^ Héraldique Européenne : Suede
^ Héraldique Européenne : Grèce
^ (Louda 1981, p. 190)
^ Héraldique Européenne : Hainaut
Héraldique Européenne.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to House of Wittelsbach.
Haus Bayern – webpage of the Royal House of Bavaria (in German)
Archived website about the Royal Family of Bavaria
Haus Bayern – Wittelsbacher Ausgleichsfonds – Wittelsbach foundation (in German)
Die Genealogie der Wittelsbacher – Genealogy of the Wittelsbach family (in German)
Marek, Miroslav. "Genealogy of the House of Wittelsbach from Genealogy.eu". genealogy.euweb.cz (Genealogy.EU).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_of_Wittelsbach&oldid=897721298"


I got the earth/brown color boots. I broke them in by wearing them to work and for walking the dog a few days before finally getting them onto the trail for an afternoon hike of about 5 or 6 miles. They did great. No blisters. They felt good and were plenty roomy with a pair of lightweight hiking socks without being too loose. Order a half size up from your normal size and you should be good to go. For a lightweight hiker they shouldn't let you down. The only think I can't report on is the waterproofing. I have yet to get them wet, so I'm not sure if that aspect of the boot will perform as advertised.


Selective mutism is a diagnosis that describes a child who does not speak in certain situations where speech is expected (such as at school or in public) but is able to speak normally in at least one other setting (such as at home). According to the Diagnostic And Statistical Manual (DSM-V), this impairment must be interfering with the child's education or occupational achievement or be impacting his/her social communication in order for the child to qualify for the "Selective Mutism" diagnosis. The child must also have been experiencing the selective mutism for at least one month, cannot be due to a lack of knowledge or comfort with the language in use, and cannot be better explained by some other communication disorder (ex. stuttering). Keep in mind that this is much more severe than the typical "shy" child.
Unfortunately, the research base for treatments of selective mutism is limited. There have been many studies published presenting treatment methods for selective mutism but few are based on large populations to give us a good idea of how those methods perform on more than 1-2 subjects. Also, there haven't been any large scale studies comparing the different treatment methods.
In other words, there is no research that tells us which therapy method is the best for children with selective mutism. We must simply review the current treatment models and select which method we think will work best for a certain child. Then, we must take careful data and change course if we see that the treatment model is not working.
Selective mutism is defined in the DSM-V as a psychiatric disorder. However, selective mutism is also a disorder of communication. For that reason, a psychologist or psychiatrist must work together with a speech-language pathologist to provide treatment for a child with selective mutism. One of these professionals working alone will not be sufficient to fully help the child.
In 1996, Holly Harris wrote an article called "Elective Mutism" for the Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools Journal. In this article, she outlined the 4 main components of treatment methods for selective mutism. Although you could just select one component to use as your entire treatment plan, it makes more sense to select multiple components and combine them together based on the needs of the individual child.
This first component of treatment is what we would call "psychotherapy" or therapy that is conducted by a psychologist or psychiatrist to address psychological concerns in the child. The speech-language pathologist would not be heavily involved in this type of therapy unless additional communication concerns arose during the treatment. However, the other components of selective mutism treatment can be combined with this component (with appropriate collaboration) to create a balanced and cohesive treatment plan. Since I am not a psychotherapist, I will refrain from commenting any more on this component of treatment.
Some children experience selective mutism as a result of family conflict and problematic family dynamics. If this is the case, family counseling should be provided to alleviate some of these concerns. Again, this would be done by a counselor and not a speech therapist, but the speech therapist does have an important role in family counseling when it comes to teaching appropriate communication strategies and techniques to families.
Families should be kept informed of strategies that are being used at school or in therapy so they can use those strategies at home or in other settings.
Enter: The Speech Therapist! Ok folks, here's where we jump in. Behavior modification can be added to a treatment plan as a way for speech therapists to help improve functional communication in the school environment (or other settings if working in private practice). For this we will use our trusty sidekick of "Operant Conditioning". Remember him? Ok, maybe he's more of a rusty sidekick. Let's brush off the ole' college textbook and refresh our memories on this one.
Operant Conditioning comes from our buddy BF Skinner and is based on the premise that behavior which is reinforced tends to be repeated (i.e. strengthened); behavior which is not reinforced tends to die out-or be extinguished (i.e. weakened). Therefore, Operant Conditioning is simply when we change a child's behavior by reinforcing desired responses and not reinforcing (or sometimes punishing) non-desired responses. Ok, not so rusty, huh? You probably do this every day, you just don't think about it in such formal terms.
One type of behavioral modification therapy that has been described in the literature is called "Stimulus Fading". In this approach, you create an environment that the child will be comfortable communicating in. This may include bringing the parent into the school setting (if the child speaks only with the parent) or taking the therapy to the child's house (if the child only speaks at the home).
Once the child is comfortable and communicating, you gradually make the communication situation more like your target situation (which is usually communicating in the classroom). You will start by gradually introducing a new person to the room (like a teacher or a peer) by first having them in the room but not participating and slowly have them come closer and closer to the child (over a course of several sessions). Then, you have that person interact with the child through the therapist or parent and then eventually get to the point where that person is interacting with the child directly.
Once the child is communicating with several communication partners, then you move those exact people to a new location. For example, you would move the therapy back to school if it was being done at home or you move from the therapy room to the hallway and gradually move closer to the child's classroom. This gradual transition helps the child become comfortable communicating with different people and in different settings.
A second behavior modification technique is called "shaping". In this approach, the child is reinforced for any attempts at communication, starting with gestures or non-verbal communication and those attempts are gradually shaped to audible speech. Once the child is used to being reinforced for non-verbal communication, the child is encouraged to try mouthing words, then whispering, and eventually speaking. This transition is done gradually and at a pace that the child is comfortable with.
When using the shaping technique, the child is reinforced more heavily for communication attempts that are farther along this continuum. For example, if the child merely points to the M&M, she gets one piece of candy. If she mouths the word, she gets two. If she whispers the word, she gets 3. And if she says the word out loud, she gets a whole handful of candy. Keep in mind that the reinforcement must be motivating to that particular child. You may think that getting super excited and loud and hugging a child would reinforce the behavior but if she has some social anxiety already and doesn't like that kind of attention, it may actually encourage her not to speak out loud again. Some of these children may just want you to very quietly give them a whole bunch of what they wanted as a reward. Just judge what you think the child will like based on his/her reactions.
The final treatment approach which has been mentioned in the literature is certain medications that are designed to alleviate anxiety symptoms in children (or adults). Again, this is not my area of expertise so I will not be speaking more on that topic, but I wanted you to know what's available.
A complete therapy program should be designed through collaboration with the child's family, speech therapist, psychologist/psychiatrist/counselor, and teachers/educators. The components listed above should be combined in any manner that best suits the needs of the individual child. For example, the psychologist could be doing psychotherapy and family counseling while the speech therapist is doing behavior modification at the school.
Very useful article! Great info.
I have worked with some selective mute students. I have seen some nice gains by combining same age peers in therapy, that my student selected. We rotated to include everyone. I also did therapy in the lunch room. When she asked for an ice cream I bought her one. Eventually she was verbal in her room.
Another student was on anti anxiety meds and became much more comfortable and verbal.
That's great! I'm glad you've had some successes!
I haven't had the pleasure of working with any kids with this condition. What assessments are used to determine if a child is experiencing selective mutism or not? If Psychotherapy is the first step and your school rarely has visits or access to a school psychologist, what should be done?
Since this is actually a psychiatric disorder (with communication manifestations), it's important for the official diagnosis to come from a mental health professional. School districts are legally obligated to provide whatever services a child with a disability needs and I would guess that having access to a psychologist (even if it's just occasional visits) may be mandated by law for a child with selected mutism. I'm not confident on that though so I would make sure to look into if I were you.
The handout is an excellent resource for parents! Thank you for compiling the resource.
I've just begun working with an adolescent student who has a cognitive impairment and is selectively mute. He has been receiving therapy (from psychologists, SLPs) on and off for about 8 years now (since he was 6, he is now 15) and is also on anti anxiety meds. However, he has made limited gains. He does not speak to anyone outside of his direct family (not to relatives or friends even when they visit him at home), and generally has a very blank affect in school. He's uses gestures to answer questions in my sessions, but hardly does this in school. Though he agreed to it, combining same age peers in therapy has not helped. Suggestions for what I could do with him in sessions would be great. I'm at a loss of what to do at times as it is very difficult to find activities can engage him.
Wow, that sounds rough! I've not had any experience with a mutism that has lasted that long. Perhaps it's too much of a psychological block to move past in therapy. Have you tried using AAC or allowing the child to communicate in some other means like drawing or writing?
It's been really rough for him and his parents. AAC/ other forms of communication has been a miss with previous slps and in my sessions. He seems adverse to using it (closes the app/ does not press anything when given the ipad). He writes and draws in sessions as part of drawing activities/ language practice but will not do so for communicating. He'll answer questions only when given choices to choose from with gesturing (pointing, yes/no), and with lots of encouragement to do so. His mutism is deeply entrenched (began in preschool, diagnosed in primary and intervention began a little late) – the psych has mentioned that the mutism has had minimal negative impacts on his functioning as it has been accommodated for in school/ daily life for so long so there's very little motivation for him to change now. Definitely one of the hardest cases I've come across.
Oh wow that sounds like a tough case! I wish I had some magic words that would help but all I can offer are these general strategies here. Good luck!!
Thanks so much for this info! What would you say for a preschooler who has selective mutism? We don't have school counselors on our campus. We have school psychologists, but they conduct assessments and don't do any counseling. How about when providing therapy at school. Would you recommend having parent in the room or wait outside therapy room?
Thanks so much for this info! What would you say for a preschooler who has selective mutism? We don't have school counselors on our campus. We have school psychologists, but they conduct assessments and don't do any counseling. When providing therapy at school, would you recommend having parent in the room or wait outside therapy room?
Really wish I could access the handout after reading the reviews. However, it appears to be a dead end link to lead pages. What am I doing wrong ?
Hi there! I'm sorry you didn't receive your free download. We've just emailed it over to you. If you are missing any other downloads, please email us at speechandlanguagekids@gmail.com and we'd be more than happy to help!


Zimbabwe news !!! The latest and breaking news from Zimbabwe !!: O levels Results Out but 680 candidates' results withheld !!!
O levels Results Out but 680 candidates' results withheld !!!
Some 680 candidates from nine secondary schools in Midlands linked to alleged leaking of examination question papers last year will not get their Ordinary Level results as investigations continue.The papers that leaked were for Geography and Integrated Science.
The centres are Marathon Academy, Mbizo, Manunure, Amaveni, Globe and Phoenix, Kwekwe, Mambo, Zesa Munyati and Chituripasi secondary schools. In November 2013, a Zimsec official said they would only decide whether or not to re-set the papers after investigations.
Geography Paper 2 and Integrated Science Paper 2 are believed to have leaked, affecting at least six secondary schools in Gweru and Kwekwe.
A school head at Njeremoto Secondary in Sesombe Resettlement area in Zhombe, Vimbai Manaka (39), and five teachers from different schools in Kwekwe Urban and Gweru were arrested.


After I threw this outfit together I realized one thing – colors of the necklace match the top, the flats and the bag. Sometimes such weird things happen. Not on purpose…which could be a good or a bad thing.
Depends how you look at it!
what a pretty outfit! loving the colors and the bow flats!
The bright coral is a great accent color for your outfit!
Those flats are everything! I'm sure you will get so much wear out of them, they are totally worth it!
That top is amazing Lilly!!
I did go half size up. Glad I tried them on otherwise I would have ordered my actual size (I wish they would be consistent with their sizing).
I love the colours of the top and the bag/shoes/necklace together! Looking amazing!
absolutely love this outfit, lilly!!
Love those flats! I would've never picked that color online or on the shelf but I adore them on you! I think I may need a pair.
I love the color combo! Such a great outfit!
Shop White Long Sleeve Tees, Blue Shoes Flats, Red Rompers, Printed Pants and more. Get this widget.


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Lucy Liu has a baby boy via a surrogate
By Ella Alexander
Lucy Liu has welcomed her surrogate son, Rockwell Lloyd Liu, into the world.
The Elementary actress shared a photo of new newborn baby on Instagram alongside the caption: Introducing the new little man in my life, my son Rockwell Lloyd Liu. In ❤!"
A post shared by Lucy Liu (@lucyliu)
Liu, 46, said in 2013 that she wanted children, but said it "just hasn't happened yet". She is famously private about her personal life, but is known for working with children on behalf of UNICEF.
"I can confirm that Lucy Liu is the proud mother of Rockwell Lloyd Liu, brought into the world via gestational carrier," her rep told The Insider With Yahoo. "Mom and baby are healthy and happy."
Liu recently loaned her voice to the latest Studio Ghibli film, The Tale Of The Princess Kaguya, and will can currently be seen in US television series Elementary.
35 Celebrity Babies That Will Make You Broody
Transgender parents Jake and Hannah Graf on what having a baby during a pandemic is really like
"Our baby Millie is the focal point of our life."
Lizzo has a message for the people commenting on her body and her decision to detox
'I'm beautiful and I'm still fat.'


Here are a few of the wedding details and ideas that helped to inspire my new neon wedding garter collection. There is no doubt that incorporating a little neon into your wedding day can be tough, but if you stick to a few small neon elements you can do it effortlessly. Neon is a color palette that you should use sparingly perhaps for your invitations, or favor ribbons, And, of course, you really can't go wrong with a neon garter because it is hidden!
Few designers know how to use neon like Claudia of Fig. 2 Design. She is a master at using neon in just the right way!
I love the idea of these neon dresses as bridesmaids. It would be a bold choice, for sure, but given the right setting, it would look amazing.
If you are looking to incorporate neon into your wedding fashion look or your decor, don't miss this inspirational shoot from Brooklyn Bride. She pulled together two incredible posts full of neon inspiration.
A neon veil would be such a great addition to your wedding fashion look. If you had it made with tulle, like the ones below from Jennifer Behr, it would be just a touch of neon that would only be visiable from really close. And, how fun would that be?!
You can find more neon wedding inspiration on my Pinterest board. And, you can check out my new neon wedding garter collection here.


And the Jumu'ah (prayer) has a first adhaan which is from the Sunnah of Uthmaan (radiyallaahu anhu), and he is one of the rightly-guided Caliphs whose Sunnah we have been commanded to follow. Some of those pretending to be clever who claim that they are Salafis, Sunnis say: We do not accept the first adhaan of Jumu'ah, it is a bid'ah, it was not present in the time of the Prophet (sallallaahu alayhi wasallam).
This statement of theirs is a revilement upon the Prophet (sallallaahu alayhi wasallam), a revilement upon the rightly-guided Caliphs and a revilement upon the Companions. And these paupers reached this limit without knowing. As for it being a revilement upon the Messenger (sallallaahu alayhi wasallam), it is because the Prophet (sallallaahu alayhi wasallam) said, "You must follow my Sunnah and the Sunnah of the rightly-guided Caliphs after me." And by consensus of the Muslims, Uthmaan (radiyallaahu anhu) is from the the rightly-guided caliphs. And as for it being a revilement upon the rightly-guided Caliphs, then it is a revilement upon Uthmaan (radiyallaahu anhum) and he is from them. And the one who reviles one of them, he reviles all of them, just like the one who rejects a single Messenger, he is a rejector of all of the Messengers. And as for it being a revilement of the Companions, then it is beacuse the Companions did not show rejection against Uthmaan (radiyallaahu anhu) alongside the fact that if he had erred (in this matter), they would have rejected just as they rejected him completing (the prayer) whilst in Mina during Hajj. However, regarding the first adhaan of Jumu'ah, they did not show rejection against him. So are these opposers who are pretending to be clever more knowledgeable of the Shari'ah and its objectives than the Companions?! However, the Messenger of Allaah (sallallaahu alayhi wasallam) spoke the truth when he said, "The latter part of this uymmah will curse its first part" and refuge is with Allah, and he reviles them.
So the first adhaan is a legislated adhaan by indication of the Prophet (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) and the Sunnah of the chief of the believers Uthmaan (radiyallaahu anhu) and by consensus of the Companions, with an ijmaa' sukootee, and no one has any excuse, may Allaah cut the tongue of the one who criticizes the rightly-guided Caliphs of this ummah and the Companions. Someone might say: Why did the Messenger (sallallaahu alayhi wasallam) not legislate it whilst the Jumu'ah (prayer) was present in his era?
The answer: That the reason was the people increased in the time of Uthmaan and Madeenah expanded and they were in need of an adhaan to notify them before the later adhaan which is done when the Imaam arrives, so it was from wisdom that such an adhaan (be made). And Uthmaan (radiyallaahu anhu) built this upon the basis that the Prophet (sallallaahu alayhi wasallam) commanded Bilal to make adhaan at the end of the night, not because the (Fajr) prayer had entered but in order to awaken those who were sleep and to alert those praying at night (to end their night-prayer). Hence it is an objective recognized by the legislation and there is no problem in the legislative nature of the first adhaan of Jumu'ah.
Hence, the first adhaan on the day of Jumu'ah is legislated by the Sunnah of the rightly-guided Caliphs and the indication of the Chief of the Messengers (sallallaahu alayhi wasallam) and the consensus of the Companions who reached (the time when this adhaan was instituted).


text:
A335974 Number of tieless quidditch games with n scoring events. 1
2, 4, 4, 8, 12, 24, 40, 80, 140, 280, 504, 1008, 1848, 3696, 6864, 13726, 25740, 51450, 97240, 194210, 369512, 737124, 1410864, 2810178, 5408312, 10752868, 20801200, 41273500, 80233200, 158851800, 310235040, 612835830, 1202160780, 2369260560, 4667212440 (list; graph; refs; listen; history; text; internal format)
Quidditch is a sport invented by author J. K. Rowling for her fantasy book series Harry Potter.
In quidditch, the match ends when the snitch is caught. The team which caught it is awarded 150 points. All other scoring events are worth 10 points, and occur when the quaffle is thrown through one of the hoops.
A game is, therefore, a list of +10s and -10s, with a final entry of either +150 or -150. Negative points are for the away team, positive points are for the home team.
A tieless game is one in which the teams never have the same score (except at the beginning, when no team has scored yet).
For n <= 15 and all odd n: a(n) = 2*A063886(n)
For even n greater than 15: a(n) = 2*(A063886(n) + A009766((n-2+14)/2,(n-2-14)/2))
J. K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Chapter 10, Bloomsbury, 1997.
Cameron Ford, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..333
Wikipedia, Quidditch
A063886(n-1) gives the number of n-1 step walks on a line starting from the origin but not returning to it. This is equivalent to the number of quidditch games with n scoring events which are tieless after the first n-1 scores (all of which are +10 or -10). Therefore, as the last score can be +150 or -150, there are 2*A063886(n-1) quidditch games with n scoring events which are tieless after n-1 scores.
To be tied after n scores, one team must be 150 points ahead after n-1 scores and then the other team must catch the snitch. If n-1 is less than 15, this cannot happen. Additionally, if n is odd, then after n-1 scores the difference between the scores is an even multiple of 10, so cannot be 150.
Now, for even n greater than 15, we must subtract from 2*A063886(n-1) the number of games which are tieless after n-1 scores but tied after n scores. For this to be the case, supposing the away team catches the snitch, we must have the game starting with +10, ending with -150 and with a block of n-2 +10s and -10s in the middle such that the net score after n-1 scores is +150 and the cumulative number of -10s in the n-2 block is never more than the cumulative number of +10s.
Catalan's triangles, Catalan(m,k) gives the number of sequences of m +10s and k -10s such that the cumulative number of -10s is never greater than the cumulative number of +10s. We require m+k = n-2 and m = k+14. Solving this gives m = (n+12)/2 and k = (n-16)/2. Doubling, to count the games where the home team catches the snitch, we have the number of games which are tieless after n-1 scoring events but tied after the snitch catch is 2*Catalan((n+12)/2,(n-16)/2) hence giving the formula below.
Therefore, the total number of tieless quidditch games with n scoring events is:
2*A063886(n-1) if n is odd or n < 16.
2*A063886(n-1) - 2*A009766((n+12)/2,(n-16)/2) otherwise
a(3) = 4 because to avoid a tie after two scoring events, the same team must score the first two goals, i.e., the game starts (+10,+10) or (-10,-10). Then there are two options for who catches the snitch. So the tieless games with three scoring events are (-10,-10,-150), (-10,-10,+150), (+10,+10,-150) and (+10,+10,+150).
(Python)
def number_of_tieless_quidditch_games(n):
Takes an integer n, and returns a list containing the number of tieless
quidditch games with 1, 2, 3 .... n scoring events.
Note, the last scoring event is always catching the snitch, which gives
+150 if the home team caught it, or -150 if the away team caught it.
All scoring events prior to the snitch being caught are worth +10 or -10.
dictionary_of_scores = {0:1}
# The keys of this dictionary represent possible scores.
# The values represent the number of ways this score can be reached with
# the game being tieless.
list_to_return = []
for i in range(n):
# We have a dictionary of tieless games with i ten point scoring events.
# Check still tieless after snitch catch
number_of_tieless_games = 0
for score, number_of_ways in dictionary_of_scores.items():
if score != 150: # away team can catch snitch without a tie
number_of_tieless_games += number_of_ways
if score != -150: # home team can catch snitch without a tie
list_to_return.append(number_of_tieless_games)
# Update dictionary to have one more ten point scoring event
old_dictionary = dictionary_of_scores
dictionary_of_scores = {}
for scoring_event in (-10, 10):
for score, number_of_ways in old_dictionary.items():
new_score = score + scoring_event
if score + scoring_event != 0:
dictionary_of_scores[new_score] =\
dictionary_of_scores.get(new_score, 0) + number_of_ways
return list_to_return
Inspired by A137684 and Robin Smyrl.
Tieless games: A137684 (American football), A135490 (basketball), A135489 (basketball 1896-1967), A334288 (rugby union), this sequence (quidditch).
Cf. A063886.
Cameron Ford, Jul 03 2020