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If You're Happy and You Know It, Check this Box. — May 15, 2013
If You're Happy and You Know It, Check this Box.
Lower your expectations now. You'll find yourself much more satisfied by the end.
Samsun Knight
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Have you heard that money buys happiness? That's right, your parents lied to you again. In a recent global survey, researchers demonstrated that wealth is a key variable that can explain the disparity of happiness between countries. And we know that it's really true, because happiness research is now SCIENCE.
But it wasn't always this way. Happiness research first emerged as an officially sponsored discipline in 1972, when the then 16-year-old King of Bhutan Jigme Singye Wangchuck introduced Gross National Happiness to his country as an alternative measure of societal well-being to Gross Domestic Product. This development was met with a resounding global silence. No one cared, and the metric was widely derided or, at best, ignored. Bhutan used the research as the rationale to cut down on deforesting and mandate that tourists spend at least $200 USD during their visits. In short, it used to be cool. However, since then, and especially after the research methodology grew more standardized in the nineties, happiness research has taken hold in manifold lamer ways. Economists now eagerly quantify all the fun they're missing out on while more and more governments are surveying their citizens' 'well-being' or 'life satisfaction'. Even the mother country, Britain herself, has tasked its Office of National Statistics to a 4-year $3.2 million research project on the subject, dubbed by the Wall Street Journal as a "national wellbeing campaign."
Now that happiness research has been embraced by both economists and her majesty the Queen, few readers will need further proof that this discipline is seriously suspect. But in case you're still credulous, here's why you're wrong.
"Taken together, how would you says that things are these days?"
"Do you think of yourself as very happy, pretty happy or not too happy?"
"Have you been feeling reasonably happy all things considered?"
The above are questions taken from various happiness surveys. Based on answers to questions such as these, researchers have determined the following: giving away money makes people happier than spending it on themselves; eating chocolate sparingly makes us appreciate chocolate more; and while people expect that 'life satisfaction' will double if they make $55,000 per annum versus $25,000––in fact, they are only 9 percent more satisfied when such a change in fortune occurs. But how do we know this? And what does "9 percent more satisfied" actually mean?
THE FINDINGS
The reliability of the research methodology aside , on the surface, happiness research is reporting some pretty interesting trends. Here are some favorite 'facts' from happiness research so far:
Money Matters: According to Gallup global polls, across countries, there is a direct causal relationship between wealth and self-reported well-being.
Exercise Doesn't: Based on studies of twins and families, Dutch researchers have shown that there is no causal effect between happiness and physical activity. But, they are Dutch.
Forced Affirmation Hurts: Those with low self-esteem feel even less confident after attempts to affirm themselves and (apparently) failing. This accompanies a recent trend in therapy, which advises patients to accept "negative self-talk," on the grounds that faking it till you make it doesn't work when the person you're trying to fool (yourself) knows it's fake.
Living in the Moment Helps: Daydreaming is associated with dissatisfaction – unhappy activities are associated with wandering minds, and often, such minds wander into an unhappy place.
The Pursuit of Happiness Makes You Sad. The single-minded search for happiness makes us unhappy. One study reports that "[those] primed to value happiness became less (not more) appreciative of positive events in their immediate environment."
QUESTIONS ABOUT QUESTIONS
It is easy to find problems with surveys predicated on questions ending with "all things considered", but the most salient are issues of subjectivity and context.
Imagine how Ee-or from Winnie the Pooh might answer the questions above. Would you expect his answers to bear any correlation to his external environment, or would they almost entirely be determined by the fact the Ee-or is kind of a downer?
Now imagine that the Queen from Snow White was asked the same question, after she thinks that Snow White has been vanquished. She would probably report that she's SO HAPPY. HA. HAHA. Do you believe her? And if so, do you think that her version of happiness should be recognized as commensurate with Piglet's?
Subjectivity is thefundamental problem with basing scientific studies on personal responses to questions like, "Taken together, how would you say things are these days?" Maybe people who exercise are just more moderate when they assess their own happiness. Maybe when people make $55,000 a year up from $25,000 a year they are in fact twice as happy as they would have previously defined it, but they're also 95.5% more jaded, so they only report a 9% increase. (And again, does anyone know what a 9% increase in happiness feels like?) Subjective variables such as these undermine the validity of the data as an assessment of aggregate wellbeing, and severely undermine the validity of using the data to compare happiness across nations. What if everyone in Switzerland is really mean, like the Queen, but society allows them to be mean, so they're all just fantastically pleased with themselves? Or if everyone in Ireland is like Ee-or when they're sober, which is the only time when they're surveyed, but find fulfillment as soon as they're drunk? Or if researchers stumble across a Winnie-the-Pooh-with-perpetual-honey society that finds happiness so unexceptional they don't even bother to report their satisfaction on surveys?
Imagine how happy most G.I.'s were to return home from World War II and find that they could attend college. Imagine how happy 19th century folk were to have plumbing. Now compare that to the contentment of a typical college student today.
Researchers tend to overlook the fact that happiness and satisfaction are based on standards that we often receive from culture and society, which evolve over time. In fact, they can often change upon a simple switch from one sub-culture to the next. Just watch an episode of "Gossip Girl" after viewing"Annie the Orphan" to see what I mean.
This problem is compounded by the tendency for many happiness surveys, such as the Gallup World Poll, to employ a ladder analogy. They ask their respondents to imagine a ladder in which every subsequent rung represents a successively better life, and decide which "rung" corresponds to their current life. Maybe money determines happiness across countries, or maybe American culture is so pervasive that people across the world judge themselves by comparison to the Hollywood dream.
While problems with context challenges the validity of the research, it especially makes comparing happiness over time, like when the Gallup World Poll declared that Americans in 2012 were the happiest since 2008, inherently flawed. Maybe our standards have just dropped. Who's to say?
BUT JUST WHAT ARE WE ASKING, ANYWAY?
Aside from the above superficial problems, there is one profound assumption underlying the vast majority of current happiness literature that is even greater cause for concern: the preference of hedonic happiness over eudaimonic happiness. Eudaimonic happiness comes from Aristotle's notion that "true happiness is found by leading a virtuous life and doing what is worth doing, with the realisation of our human potential as the ultimate goal." In so many words, a meaningful life. Hedonic happiness as a goal of society is a more recent construction, often attributed to Jeremy Bentham and the utilitarians. This is the "fun" associated with such things as roller coaster rides and, well, sex.
Richard Layard, the pre-eminent happiness economist today, writes, "By happiness I mean feeling good – enjoying life and wanting the feeling to be maintained. By unhappiness I mean feeling bad and wishing things to be different." Ed Diener, another prominent researcher, proclaims that a happy person is one who "experiences life satisfaction and frequent joy, and only infrequently experiences unpleasant emotions such as sadness or anger." It is clear that the happiness these researchers seek to quantify is of the hedonic variety. It shouldn't be surprising then that "relaxing, shopping, watching TV, socializing and having sex"are associated with higher levels of happiness, while "household work [and] professional work" are associated with lower levels of happiness.
This might be small potatoes if governments weren't poised to use these metrics as a guide to governance, but given that this seems to be a real possibility, the emphasis of hedonic happiness over eudaimonic happiness is a real concern. If governments incorporate hedonic happiness measurements as a means to estimate the efficacy of their policies, the policies lauded as most "effective" will almost invariably earn this title by giving more weight to the transient, more quantifiable forms of pleasure instead of encouraging citizens to take the path less traveled. An MDMA subsidy is only a few steps away.
BUT HEY
Richard Feynman is often attributed the quote, "Philosophy of science is as useful to scientists as ornithology is to birds." It's not clear who first replied, that ornithology would be of great use to many birds.
This article is not attempting to disqualify a new, exciting fusion between economics and psychology. Happiness research is bursting with promise, and even its most inchoate insights are beyond interesting. But as happiness metrics gain traction as a way to measure societal progress and direct government policy, it's important to understand its limits and especially its dependence on implicit assumptions. As long as we're going to build a new scientific vehicle to steer society forward, let's also be sure to take a look at the road.
Could getting rid of old cells turn back the clock on aging?
More work is needed before declaring the technique a fountain of youth.
Trimurti: Meet the "Holy Trinity" of Hinduism
Hinduism emphasizes the journey, whichever path that takes. And it holds us responsible for our own self-improvement.
Riddle solved: Why was Roman concrete so durable?
An unexpected ancient manufacturing strategy may hold the key to designing concrete that lasts for millennia.
Quantum superposition begs us to ask, "What is real?"
Quantum superposition challenges our notions of what is real.
15 research-backed benefits of employee training
The benefits of employee training are felt far and wide, from improvements in workers' wellbeing to better customer interactions.
Brainstorming about the BRAIN Initiative
Last month President Obama launched the BRAIN (Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies) Initiative to enable scientists to create a dynamic picture of brain function.


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Q: Javascript (jQuery) module/library loading As many of you will be aware, Google offers an API whereby you can load particular modules/libraries by calling a simple function:
<script type="text/javascript" src="//www.google.com/jsapi"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
    google.load("jquery", "1.7.1");
    google.load("jqueryui", "1.8.2");
</script>

I am currently in the process of developing my own library of code of which I would like to distribute amongst my websites easily and efficiently and I cannot think of a better method than the one above.
However, I am not too sure what the best way of writing the code for this is. Obviously my library will be an object, so will start with something like this (I think, correct me if I am wrong):
function company(){
    this.load = function(modules){
        // Modules is an array of modules to load
        // Load the separate modules here
        // from external files in their minified format
    }
}

var company = new company;
company.load(['forms']);

Is the above method the right way to go? How do I then load in the modules from separate files?

A: You could go with the CommonJS Module spec.  Then you can load them with RequireJS.

A: After searching around and gaining experience from others, I figured the following was the best method. Others may disagree, feel free to comment
/**
 * Sine Macula Javascript API
 * The Sine Macula API contains all base functions for use throughout
 * all websites
 * @name class.sinemacula.js
 * @author Ben Carey
 * @version 1.0
 * @date 25/10/2012
 * @copyright (c) 2012 Sine Macula Limited (sinemaculammviii.com)
 */

function SineMacula(){

    // Only proceed if jQuery has been loaded
    if(typeof jQuery=='undefined'){
        // jQuery has not been loaded
        console.log('jQuery has not been loaded');
    }else{

        /**
         * Sine Macula Load
         * Load the Sine Macula Libraries and Plugins
         * into the current document
         *
         * The options:
         * - package: the package of libraries to load
         * - packageURL: a remote source to load the package details from
         * - libraries: any additional libraries to load
         *
         * @param object options The options for the Sine Macula load
         */
        this.load = function(options){
            var url,query,script;
            // Set the defaults for the loader
            var options = $.extend({
                package:    'none', // Do not load any packages by default
                packageURL: false, // Do not retrieve the package details from a URL by default
                libraries:  [] // Do not load any libraries by default
            },options);
            // Build the query based on the parameters supplied
            if(options.packageURL){
                // Build the query to allow for a remote
                // package definition
                query = '?packageURL='+encodeURIComponent(options.packageURL);
            }else if(options.package=='none'){
                query = '?libraries='+encodeURIComponent(options.libraries.join());
            }else{
                query = encodeURIComponent(options.package)+'/?libraries='+encodeURIComponent(options.libraries.join());
            }
            // Complete the url by appending the query
            url = '//libraries.sinemaculammviii.com/'+query;
            // Append the script tag to the end of the document
            script = document.createElement('script');
            script.type = 'text/javascript';
            script.src = url;
            $('head')[0].appendChild(script);
        }
    }
};

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Sunsets and silhouettes are like slam dunks in basketball. They're only worth two points - just like any other basket. But the crowd loves them. We serious photographers tend to scoff at them, especially when we are hanging out with other serious photographers. Truth is, the rule is the same as for any other trick or technique. Don't overuse it. Save it for when it really works and then the truly good pictures won't be diluted by a bunch of average ones.
This photo was taken on a Sunday afternoon drive around Lake Sangchris and Lake Springfield on Sept. 2 This great blue heron was near the East Boat Dock. Exposure is for the highlights. With the digital preview function, it is easy to see if your exposure is correct or not, a big improvement over the film days when we had to drive back to the office to find out we messed it up. Take a drive with your camera this weekend.


But political corruption has taken root in Wisconsin, and it is poisoning the legislative process and trashing our state's once-proud reputation for clean, open and accountable government.
My involvement with state government started over 20 years ago as a legislative aide in the State Assembly. If I had pulled a Rip Van Winkle then and slept for 20 years, the legislature I would have seen upon waking would have been unrecognizable to me.
In the span of a single generation, Wisconsin's legislature has been transformed from one of the nation's most decentralized legislatures to one of the most centrally controlled. The citizen legislature I once knew is now full of professional politicians. And, of course, there is the money. The money chase at the Capitol is the root cause of the problems that led to the appointment of your task force. A flood of special interest money has washed away a political culture that made Wisconsin a special place - a state once known for squeaky clean politics.
In just the last year or so, over a half-dozen lobbyists have come to us and described in explicit detail the shakedowns they've experienced at the hands of legislative leaders. Some were threatened with a loss of access if their clients didn't make the campaign donations leaders sought. Others were told in no uncertain terms that they would not get items they desired in the budget or favorable treatment of bills they support unless they made the campaign contributions leaders demanded. They all were told how much they had to give and to whom the donations should be given. Call it what it is - extortion.
Nowhere is the impact of the shakedowns that have become commonplace in Wisconsin more noticeable than in the state budget process. The budget quite literally has been put up for sale to the highest bidder, and the auction is costing ordinary taxpayers a bundle. Our research shows lawmakers from both parties who had a hand in crafting the budget offered an array of tax breaks, pork barrel spending and other budget favors worth $819 million - at a cost of $211 for every Wisconsin taxpayer - to special interests who contributed more than $3 million to legislators and $2.8 million to the governor while budget decisions were being made.
This political graft is a major reason why Wisconsin has a billion dollar budget deficit. Not a single one of the more than three dozen special interest items in the original budget has been removed in the budget repair bill and lawmakers even added an extra $49 million in special interest tax breaks. Lawmakers' inability to say no to their big donors and consider cutting some of the pork they put in the original budget is a major reason why they have made so little progress toward putting the state's fiscal house back in order.
Without campaign finance reform, there is no hope for budget reform. Without campaign finance reform, you cannot reform ethics in Wisconsin government. The best campaign finance reform bill under consideration in the legislature is Republican Senator Mike Ellis' proposal, Senate Bill 104. Your task force should endorse SB 104 and advocate for its immediate enactment.
Along with campaign finance reform, there are other meaningful reforms you can embrace. At your June 14 meeting, Ethics Board director Roth Judd presented 58 ideas for strengthening the state's ethics code and lobbying law. We have reviewed his suggestions and I can tell you that we can endorse every last one of his recommendations. You should, too.
But if you do nothing else, you should recommend a wholesale restructuring of the state Elections Board.
The Elections Board is routinely failing to act in the public interest by routinely failing to enforce our state's campaign finance laws. Its persistent inaction has contributed mightily to a culture of permissiveness that now permeates state politics. And the board is failing because its structure is fatally flawed.
The Elections Board is a classic example of the fox guarding the hen house. Members are appointed by the very people they are supposed to regulate, so it is no surprise the board is the captive of the political power brokers. It is not a jury of citizens' peers, it is a jury of the politicians' pals.
At its last meeting, the board discussed 19 wealthy donors who exceeded Wisconsin's $10,000 annual limit on campaign contributions. The board learned of the violations from the Democracy Campaign because its own staff lacks the capability to track the contributions donors make to multiple campaigns.
fine of $100 plus 10% of the excess contributions (which in her case would have yielded a fine of $200), she said that was acceptable.
But one board member objected, saying the contributor shouldn't be fined because she was kind enough to make the long trip and appear before the board. The board member also said none of the 19 violations were serious - even though the donors exceeded the $10,000 limit by as much as $4,900 - and said the board should take no action on any of the 19, even if a formal complaint were filed in the future. His colleagues on the board agreed. Another board member noted there has been a significant increase in the number of donors exceeding the limit - the 19 represented more than a threefold increase over the previous reporting period. But instead of suggesting that perhaps enforcement of the law was in order, he said the board should write to the legislature to urge lawmakers to increase the limit.
That's just one day in the sorry history of the state Elections Board.
The board has compiled a lengthy record of inaction. A "Citizens Right to Know" law requiring electronic filing of campaign reports was enacted in 1998 and was supposed to be implemented by the Elections Board by July 1999. Four years after its enactment, the board finally took a first step toward implementing the law last month by adopting an emergency rule, but only after being threatened with a lawsuit.
The board ignored an open invitation from the state Supreme Court to craft new regulations closing a gaping loophole in Wisconsin's campaign finance laws that special interest groups have exploited to avoid the law's limits and disclosure requirements by running so-called "issue ads." Instead of taking the court up on its invitation, the board instead opted for a rule institutionalizing the loophole.
Last November, the board significantly widened the loophole when it ruled that state political parties also can avoid campaign finance limits and disclosure requirements in Wisconsin law by running issue ads.
The Elections Board also dropped its investigation into allegations of illegal campaign activity by legislative employees before contacting individuals with evidence of unlawful activity, including former Democratic Party voter file manager Don Fish, who filed a formal complaint with the board and claimed to have 500 pages of documents supporting his allegations. The board also dismissed a complaint alleging illegal collusion between the Assembly Republican Caucus and the independent campaign group Project Vote Informed - before receiving answers to investigators' questions sent in the mail by one of the central figures in the case and after two other targets of the probe refused to answer questions for fear of incriminating themselves.
The state Elections Board needs to be turned into a citizen board that owes no allegiance to the top political leaders of the state. One model we urge you to consider is to have the members of the board appointed by the nonpartisan members of the state Supreme Court rather than by the governor, legislative leaders and two major political parties. We also believe the members of the Elections Board should be nonpartisan - as Ethics Board members are required to be. Prospective board members should have to meet specific conditions of appointment. For example, members should not belong to any political party, should not have been a candidate for partisan elective office in the last five years or made a campaign contribution to a partisan candidate in the last five years.
An alternative model worthy of consideration would maintain some partisan representation on the board. In addition to the nonpartisan appointees, there could be partisan appointees so members have the benefit of the perspective of active practitioners who have hands-on experience in complying with the laws enforced by the board. If you conclude there is merit to keeping such an element on the board, we strongly believe the public interest would be best served by expanding any partisan representation beyond the two major political parties.
For example, in addition to having members appointed by the Supreme Court justices, each political party with ballot status could be given an appointment.We would define "ballot status" as each political party that qualified for a separate ballot under section 5.62 (1)(b) or (2) of the statutes at the September primary of the even-numbered year preceding the date of the appointment.
A reformed Elections Board also has to be given the resources it needs to be an effective regulatory agency. Specifically, we recommend adding a full-time campaign finance investigator position and a full-time auditor position to the board's staff.
You have been given very little time to act, but there are many steps that need to be taken in what has to be a very long journey if you are serious about rooting out political corruption in Wisconsin. I wish you success.


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Student's transition through many emotional, physical and developmental changes during their time at school. Pedare offers three distinct sub-schools to cater and support students through our support and pastoral care programmes.
Pedare Junior School offers a vibrant and compelling education for children from Reception to Year 5.
The Middle School is a place of warmth, focus, stimulation and achievement.
Senior School students have the opportunity to study subjects tailored to their individual learning needs and future pathways.


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Q: EIDE to SATA converter fails to show the Hard Drive in the OS I recently bought a new PC based on Asus Crosshair IV Formula and AMD 965 Phenom II x4.
After connecting my new SATA hard drive (working perfect) I wanted to connect my old PATA drive with an EIDE to SATA converter (MANHATTAN IDE to SATA 150 Converter).
However it does not seem to be recognised by the system. How can I fix this?

A: I would be doubting the converter. Grab a cheap sata/ide-to-usb converter off of ebay.. with shipping and little psu ~10$.
And just in case this doesnt fix it, these things are awesome and always come in handy.
ohh and its an awesome deal!
http://cgi.ebay.com/USB-2-0-IDE-SATA-S-ATA-2-5-3-5-HD-HDD-Adapter-Cable-/180550148600?pt=LH_DefaultDomain_0&hash=item2a09a0a1f8#ht_4020wt_1141


A few moments clearly stood out of the fantasy, for example, the first shot which featured Tony Stark reminiscing his journey from Iron Man to Avengers: Endgame.
Two cool new covers for the new The Avengers: Endgame issue of Empire Magazine have been released featuring a look at the Assemblers and Thanos with his armor. Empire gave us the gift of the pre-Endgame-launch glimpses at the big purple nasty, who graces one of the outlet's newest magazine covers.
Avengers: Endgame is the highly anticipated sequel to last year's Avengers: Infinity War, and will be released on April 26, 2019.
Confirmed cast members for the untitled fourth Avengers film so far include Robert Downey Jr., Chris Evans, Mark Ruffalo, Scarlett Johansson, Chris Hemsworth, Tom Hiddleston, Anthony Mackie, Paul Bettany, Elizabeth Olson, Jeremy Renner, Chadwick Boseman, Sebastian Stan, Don Cheadle, Chris Pratt, Dave Bautista, Zoe Saldana, Pom Klementieff, Benedict Cumberbatch, Benedict Wong, Sean Gunn, Tom Holland, Paul Rudd, Jon Favreau, Brie Larson, Karen Gillan, Gwyneth Paltrow, Evangeline Lilly, Katherine Langford and Josh Brolin. Thanos isn't someone known for his humility or coyness or self-doubt, and beating the Avengers in Infinity War should make him more confident than ever.
Earlier this week, news broke that BTS will release its new album " Map of the Soul: Persona " on April 12 . Winter may be leaving NY , but Kit Harington is coming.
The Fresh Market is offering $3.14 off Old Fashioned Apple and Cherry Pies as well as their chicken pot pies from the deli. Baking instructions will be provided! All slices on March 14 will be on sale for $3.14 and are first-come, first-served.
Con el nuevo porcentaje, el consumidor pagará 0.756 pesos menos pasando la cuota del IPES de 4.804 a 4.054 pesos por litro. Mientras que la gasolina Premium continúa sin estímulo fiscal. 804, pagará 4.054 pesos por litro.
La residente de Richmond ganó después de que compró 30 boletos Pick 4 con la misma combinación: 1-0-3-1. Los boletos fueron vendidos en la estación de gasolina Irongate Shell en el condado de Chesterfield .


Well, it was simply beautiful here yesterday.
Yep, one year ago (yesterday, when I intended to post this!) was our first measurable snowfall.
Glad there is a difference this year!
Oh Mother Nature… you sure do keep us on our toes!
When I was posting daily, I also regularly made posters from my photographs and quotes & sayings I liked.
I kinda miss doing that.


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Q: snap - how to grant permanent permission to read folder I have installed chromium snap package. Each time I download file and try to open it or download folder I see a GNOME prompt form with question:

Allow opening file?
  Allow snap "chromium" to open file "/home/username/Download"?

How can I disable it permanently? Is there an option to grant read/open permission to this folder for particular snap package?

*

*OS: Ubuntu 18.04 LTS

*X: GNOME

*snapd version: 2.33

A: This is the intentional behavior of snapd and hard-coded into source code.
This feature, opening files in snapd, is new (about seven month old). As I understand the developers are conservative and prompt is to prevent any security issues. The discussion about subject in forum.snapcraft.io and pull request that introduced new feature.

A: I got this solved in two steps:

*

*remove chromium-browser from snap: snap remove chromium-browser
(snap list to check if the browser is in the snap list)

*install the browser traditionally: sudo apt install chromium-browser

A: it is possible to change the permissions from the CLI as follows.
This example is for using a mounted unit
sudo snap connect gimp:removable-media

A: You can install chromium with the dev mode :
sudo snap remove chromium
sudo snap install --devmode chromium


The new TJ Hughes store in the Mill Gate Shopping Centre is set to create 50 jobs, according to centre bosses.
The jobs at the store, which is set to open on Wednesday, will be a mixture of full-time and part-time roles.
The Liverpool-based firm has signed a 10-year lease on the 40,000-square foot unit, which was previously the home of Marks and Spencer before it moved on to The Rock.
After the latest jobs announcement, bosses say this now means that more than 100 jobs have been created since new owners and a new asset manager took over at the shopping centre in August last year. In addition, the store occupancy at the centre has increased by 20 per cent.
In the last week, four new tenants have taken over previously empty units, including Perfect Home, which will move into Union Arcade, Savers , which will move to Princess Parade, Peter Rowlands hair salon, which will be based in Minden Square, and Fischer Estate Agents, which is now based in Compton Street.
Marie Gribben, centre manager of the shopping centre, said: "Our new owners and their asset manager have worked tirelessly since they took over Mill Gate last August to revitalise the tenant mix at the centre.
"Not only is Mill Gate a more exciting place to shop but there has been significant job creation for Bury which is great for our local economy."


When you feel like slipping out of our Sheath dresses, go British iconic in these staple grey checkered trousers. 90's inspired but all 2019 in functionality; with twin diagonal lip pockets and waistband gathers, you're bound to turn a few heads. Pair these pleated, ankle length trousers with a matching Co-ord Waist Coat Top to ace that formal event or conference.
For Work: Pair the Grey Front Pleat trousers with a White sleeveless top tucked in to flaunt the corded waistband which comes with gathers. Leave your hair open with a subtle makeup to compliment the colors.
For Going Out: Team up the trousers with a powder blue colored off shoulder top which compliments the weave pattern of the fabric. tie up your hair in a side plaid and wear double coats of Barn Red Lipstick. Also, add an extra layer of mascara for a glamorous look.


Hot Girls kissing in the club is so necessary!!! I had to put an example of that up front so you could see what I'm talking about...Lol. Artist "Rye Rye" performed on stage with (pics# 108). Wanna say whats up to Stay Fresh hanging with our very special guest and beautiful model Genevieve Chanelle.(pics# 4-6). On a different note, sorry for the lack of pictures some of you asked for. I had a camera failure last night, and I was only able to get what you see (except for those that asked for their picts to be deleted because they got caught-up! Lolllls!-Don't worry I got you!).


Introducing: Adwords Price Extensions for Apartment PPC!
Respage Now Offers Adwords Price Extensions to Apartment PPC Clients!
Starting this month, our paid search specialists can add Price Extensions to any client who has an apartment PPC campaign.
AdWords Price Extensions allow Respage paid search specialists to show additional lease cost information on mobile text ads. This information appears in table format within Google's mobile search pages, and pairs floorplans with their respective monthly price.
Providing pricing information in the initial stages of PPC campaigns will likely result in higher conversion rates. It's not uncommon for rental prospects to click on apartment ads, only to later discover on the apartment's website that units are out of their price range. The upfront transparency of Price Extensions allows us to qualify leads before they click on our ads, which ultimately increases ROI for our clients.
AdWords Price Extensions have functionality for time-sensitive offers. For example, if your community runs a special promotional price during a certain month, we can create separate price extensions for the corresponding start and end dates of that promotion.
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Tag: Carolina Heelsplitter
The content below has been tagged with the term "Carolina Heelsplitter."
Carolina heelsplitters ready to be stocked. Photo by FWS.
Private landowners step up to save the Carolina Heelsplitter
September 28, 2018 | 2 minute read
Ellison McDow and his grandfather Donnie Evans displaying Carolina heelsplitters that will soon be released on Mr. Evan's property. Photo by FWS. South Carolina, like many states in the Southeast Region, is mostly made up of private lands. Therefore, these lands and their owners are crucial to any effort aimed at recovery of endangered species. Last fall, a number of private entities voluntarily contributed to the ongoing recovery efforts for the critically endangered Carolina heelsplitter, a freshwater mussel. Learn more...
Gills Creek Drive crossing at Gills Creek after replacement Photo by USFWS.
Fish passage project benefits Carolina heelsplitter
October 13, 2017 | 2 minute read
In Lancaster County, South Carolina, more than three miles of critical habitat has been cleared for the Carolina heelsplitter, a mussel federally listed as endangered. Carolina heelsplitter. Photo by USFWS. The county is home to about one-third of the heelsplitter's remaining occupied habitat. In South Carolina, the heelsplitter is only found in the Savannah, Saluda, Catawba and Pee Dee river systems in York, Lancaster, Chester, Kershaw, Chesterfield, Edgefield, McCormick, Greenwood, and Saluda Counties. Learn more...
Carolina heelsplitter mussels. Photo by Gary Peeples, USFWS.
Musseling back from near extinction
June 12, 2017 | 7 minute read
Only an estimated 154 Carolina heelsplitters remain in the wild. A shocking revelation for a species that's been listed as endangered since 1993, but biologists with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) will not give up. Finding the Carolina heelsplitter, one of the most imperiled freshwater mussels in the Southeast, will bring delight to any biologist lucky enough to wade in its waters. Carolina heelsplitter. Photo by USFWS. Learn more...
North Carolina biologist recognized for work to recover endangered species
June 6, 2017 | 2 minute read
Asheville, North Carolina — The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service recognized N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission biologist Rachael Hoch with its Recovery Champion award, recognizing her significant contribution to the recovery of federally threatened or endangered animals. For the past five years, Hoch has coordinated the state's Conservation Aquaculture Center at the Marion Fish Hatchery, where she oversees the propagation and rearing of some of the rarest fish and mussels in the state. Learn more...
Coqui Llanero. Photo by Luis J. Villanueva CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.
Fish and Wildlife Service conducts five-year status reviews of eight southeastern species
March 9, 2018 | 3 minute read
As part of the process mandated by the Endangered Species Act (ESA), the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service will conduct five-year status reviews of eight endangered fish, wildlife, and plants. These species are found in the Southeastern United States and Puerto Rico. The public is invited to provide information and comments concerning these species on or before May 11, 2018. These five-year reviews will ensure listing classifications under the ESA are accurate and recommend changes in status where appropriate based on the latest science and analysis. Read the full story...
Smooth Purple Coneflower, Echinacea laevigata. Photo by Suzanne Cadwell, CC BY-NC 2.0.
2016 National and Regional Recovery Champions
May 19, 2017 | 8 minute read
On Endangered Species Day, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region celebrates the contributions and achievements of our nationally recognized Recovery Champions and regionally recognized Recovery Champions. These dedicated individuals have devoted themselves to recovering endangered and threatened animals and plants, and the Service is grateful for their hard work. 2016 National Recovery Champions Chris Lucash, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Chris Lucash in the field monitoring for red wolves. Read the full story...
Lampsilis mussels at the NCWRC's Conservation Aquaculture Center. Photo by Gary Peeples, USFWS.
North Carolinas Conservation Aquaculture Center
Transcript Greetings and welcome to the Southern Appalachian Creature Feature. It's a non-descript metal building in a compound tucked on the edge of Marion, North Carolina. From the outside, it looks like just another small warehouse. However, step inside and it's clear you're in no warehouse. This is the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission's Conservation Aquaculture Center. Inside, the hum of water pumps fills the air, and you see shelves filled with water basins and a network of PVC pipes moving water through them. Learn more...
August 4, 2010 | 2 minute read
Transcript Greetings and welcome to the Southern Appalachian Creature Feature. The Carolina heelsplitter mussel is one of the rarest animals in the country – with shrinking numbers found in only a handful of stream reaches across the Carolina piedmont. A conservation challenge, the mussel has declined as the piedmont, especially the area around Charlotte, has rapidly developed and streams have correspondingly degraded. However, one glimmer of hope is found outside Marion, North Carolina, inside what appears to simply be a large storage shed. Learn more...
Carolina heelsplitter. Photo by USFWS.
Carolina heelsplitter
Taxon: Mussel Range: North Carolina, South Carolina Status: Listed as endangered on June 30, 1993 Related content Sep 28, 2018 | 2 minute read Articles Private landowners step up to save the Carolina Heelsplitter Mar 9, 2018 | 3 minute read News Fish and Wildlife Service conducts five-year status reviews of eight southeastern species Oct 13, 2017 | 2 minute read Articles Fish passage project benefits Carolina heelsplitter Jun 12, 2017 | 7 minute read Articles Musseling back from near extinction Jun 6, 2017 | 2 minute read Articles North Carolina biologist recognized for work to recover endangered species May 19, 2017 | 8 minute read News 2016 National and Regional Recovery Champions Jun 2, 2014 | 2 minute read Podcasts North Carolinas Conservation Aquaculture Center Aug 4, 2010 | 2 minute read Podcasts North Carolina's conservation aquaculture center Wildlife Carolina heelsplitter Appearance The Carolina heelsplitter freshwater mussel was first described in 1852. Visit the species profile...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Not long ago i heard this kind of story from staff and merely knew I necessary to share it together with you.
Recently with lunch with a small grouping of coworkers, we targeted our attention using one of our own coworkers who was simply about to supply her initial baby. Light hearted dialogue followed together with some ideas from many of us more veteran parents. When questioned what my own advice could be as any parent regarding two adults and a teen, I identified the issue too daunting to create an response.
I viewed the pregnant ladies innocent face packed with wonder and also anticipation because of this miraculous new season of living while 20+ decades of nurturing choices flashed within my mind breastfeeding vs. child formula, am My partner and i leaving my own child at risk of disease easily don't immunize or perhaps am My partner and i subjecting these to risk simply by immunizing, how to possibly balance every one of the demands about my moment, is daycare a very important thing or not necessarily, are we all compromising a lot of by what our youngsters face riding the particular bus and planning to public university, I realize the motion picture is graded PG13 yet todays PG13 is similar to yesterdays Third rated motion picture, how may i give agreement for my own daughter's Brownie leader to operate a vehicle her troop to be able to Brownie trips when she's got a identified drinking difficulty, I know you would like to sleep over at your buddy's house yet we don't believe that her daddy is safe your choices got gradually harder as our youngsters got more mature. I usually felt your choices and cases were difficult.
Okay, so knowledgeable parent that we am, what exactly is my assistance? What continues to be my fail-safe reply? Believe that or not necessarily, I carry out have the one that has BY NO MEANS failed myself. Not also once.
My assistance to parents is always to grasp the particular incredible power offered to them while they pray for children. There is no-one to speak in to a child's life just how a father or mother can. God provides anointed mom and dad and offered them specialist over every one of the challenges their particular children are usually facing.
This failed to make my own parenting challenges disappear completely but I'll inform you what that did carry out. First and also foremost prayer regarding my youngsters changed myself. My knowing of how limited I was to produce decisions for this person that I loved greater than my very own life, drew me closer to God as compared to any experience may have. I realized to rely on Him and count on Him. I begun to experience His / her peace above my over-stimulated and also conflicted brain. I realized his loyal nature as i watched your pet bring us all through concern after concern. I professionally and totally experienced His / her provision, His / her protection, His promises plus a stronger trust.
As mom and dad, you and also I come in the special position to be able to pray over all facets of our own children's lifestyles.
Here's what spent some time working for myself. As I move through the dayArticle Submitting, I pray over-all the tiny caretaking jobs of nurturing. I give thanks to God regarding His provision as i wash my own kid's clothes and have Him to pay them together with protection and also guidance while they pull their particular hooded sweatshirts on. I give thanks to God for the opportunity to care for my children and question Him to be able to bless their particular health as i make their particular meals. I wish for His / her peace above their beds as i put items away inside their rooms. I wish for God's wisdom and also discernment above their backpacks as i step above them walking inside the door. I wish for do it yourself control and also purity as i dust the tv screen and grab their IPODS. I pray for your blessing regarding godly interactions over their cellular phones.


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Today, Progressive Conservative Leader Ches Crosbie is announcing his intention to run in the upcoming byelection in the district of Windsor Lake.
St. John's, NL (August 6, 2018) – Today, Progressive Conservative Leader Ches Crosbie is announcing his intention to run in the upcoming byelection in the district of Windsor Lake.
The current MHA for Windsor Lake, Cathy Bennett, announced yesterday that she will be vacating the seat as of August 21, triggering this byelection.
"I would like to thank outgoing MHA Cathy Bennett for her service to the people of our province, including the residents of Windsor Lake. I wish her well as she returns to the private sector." added Crosbie.
Crosbie believes that Premier Ball, given the fixed date of Bennett's departure, should immediately set a date for this upcoming byelection.


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The No. 1 responsibility of a CEO is to introduce strategic Game-Changers that accomplish this and make profit in the process. These concise, insightful notes support fulfilment of that responsibility.


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(2014-10-02) Crusader Caper
Crusader Caper
Summary: Jack Flag meets Batman after they both briefly think the other is a culprit at a factory fire - until the real culprit attacks; Solomon Grundy
Date: (2014-10-02
Related: http://ageofheroesmux.wikidot.com/plot:the-menace-of-mongo
NPCs: Solomon Grundy
Scene Runner: Jack Flag.
Social/Plot: Plot
Its October, no telling how busy things might be in Gotham for certain individuals monitoring things like civil disobedience. Jack Flag had come to town, to spend a few days at Amusement Mile. Not being part of the infrastructure, he hasn't really been doing anything hero like. However, as a morning fog lifts out of the swamps and rivers, there is such a call. Listening to a morning radio, there are traffic warnings about a Factory fire out on Mercey Island, on a plant near the rivers edge, close to where the swamps rise further west of the city itself.
Maybe its more than he needs to worry about, but he puts on his mask and runs out there, not a speedster, he's fast as any car on most interstates at least and is arriving as the first truck is awaiting the arrival of more trucks as the fire rages on. Its a multi-building complex, the wait buildings for grains or cehmicals, cylindar in shape with ladders on the outside and foreman rooms on the top to monitor everything going on.
Without waiting, knowing he can take most of the heat in a regular fire, he rushes in, snooping through the indoor areas looking for anyone trapped but perhaps also looking like a snoop taking advantage of the fire to find something.
Inside was found a group of teenagers. Some have already gotten out but Batman has found a young girl whom he lifts up in his arms. Noticing the masked man his eyes squint watching but he first has to get the girl out. He passes her out an opning to a fireman before now turning to go after whomever is messing around inside.
Not seeing the tapped group himself, Jack catches some movement and spots a black shape moving about. Moving in that direction, he calls through the heat and flames that are intermixed here and there as the fire eats at the wood and combustible objects. "Whoa, not so fast," he bellows, his voice maybe lost some in the roar of the fire, he might think the black shape is ignoring him, thus he picks up a nearby cannister, a barrel with nothing flammable in it and gives it a good toss in that direction to try and get the other's attention. Definitely not realizing there are trapped souls, or that the caped figure is actually helping them, perhaps suspecting the other is up to no good.
The voice is heard and the cannister blocked. Glaring through the haze at him, "Woah yourself! Is this your handwork?" he asks quickly not missing a couple of voices calling for help from somewhere deeper within.
"The Union Jack says you," says Jack Flag, it means something to him, more like the hell you say, but he's clean on the language for the moment. "Like I have time to burn buildings down. Besides, I'm not the one all blacked out and sneaking through fires." Well, technically he was sneaking through the fire, in all honest, trying to help but never mentioning to anyone what his intention was. "I'm here to help!" He doesn't hear the voices yet, being more on factory floor and around the machines, not were people would hide in afire.
"The Union Jack says you," says Jack Flag, it means something to him, more like the hell you say, but he's clean on the language for the moment. "Like I have time to burn buildings down. Besides, I'm not the one all blacked out and sneaking through fires." Well, technically he was sneaking through the fire, in all honest, trying to help but never mentioning to anyone what his intention was. "I'm here to help!" He doesn't hear the voices yet, being more on factory floor and around the machines, not were people would hide in a fire.
"I am not sneaking around. I am trying to get out those trapped." Batman tells him but hearing the voices he looks in their direction. "I hear voices from over there." he points in a direction that is closer to him and would take a moment to get to himself.
Keeping his gaze on Batman a moment longer, Jack Flag nods and turns to listen, going where Batman pointed, "Okay, help the trapped, jesus pal, you scared the bejesus right out of me. Don't sneak around a fire like that," says the pot calling the kettle black. But its batman, black is a fitting theme. Jack turns to the voices, opening whatever door is there. A few more teenagers trapped, maybe immigrant workers in the factory even, under age. Doesn't matter he takes a few to start getting them out to where Batman had been helping the others, starting to trust the other.
Clearing a path for them to get through he helps get them to safety. "That all?" Batman calls to him since he has the better view. "perhaps we best make our exit now." he tells him rather concerned that this structure may come down on their heads at any moment.
They both turn with that thought, and moving to the exit, last of the trapped in tow or in hands. "All I saw, on your hells buddy," says Jack Flag, carring who needs to be carried. All seems well as they near the exit and the firemen out there that have been taking victims from Batman.
That is when a big explosion resounds from within the complex, the whine of metal rending is heard as one of the big white tower things collapse. Not on them, but testiment to the building collapsing. Slightly odd as its the metal part that goes first, not the wooden frames of the parts where the humans work. They here a massive yell, "Ahhhhh!" Not in pain, more a roar actually. "Who done this to Solomon! Solomon make them pay for pain!" Whoever is in there is alive and well and upset they may have been hurt it seems.
Once outside Batman blinks as someone clings to him as the building explodes. He takes a moment to try and console the frightened girl. He manages to get her to go with a fireman to be checked. He now turns facing the burning structure. "No telling in times such as these." he notes a few of the locals staring at Jack, "He helped with the rescue." he tells them and a few cheer a little.
If not for the mask, they might see Jack Flag grinning, he does wave, "Ya, here to help." Then he looks more at Batman, maybe the man's legend proceeding just enough that he might have some clue now who he is even. Turning to the fire, the load roaring voice inside, he looks to Batman, "That might be the culprit, I'm-a-go in there and see." He says, totally ready to go back into the burning structure.
That's when the figure comes out, large like a mack truck, mabye 7' tall'ish, pounds of muscle that looks putrid, as if in formaldhyde for a long time, scares and stitches and ripped up clothes likely too small but pulled on to fit just right. It crashes through a wall nearby, roaring again, then is put off by the lights of the nearby fire trucks, "Solomon no like lights, he make them stop." And he rips off part of the building and hucks it at a fire truck. The siren goes wonky as the truck looks like something collided with it from the impact, then sputters more irritating before. Solomon Grundy holds his hears, then starts running for that truck.
All this happens rather fast that it can't be stopped. Batman hisses and is after this giant. Taking out a rope he begins spinning it above his head and then tosses it towards the feet of the culprit to try and trip him up before he can reach the truck. "Don't think so."
Jack is running too, he runs fast, but doesn't have a rope to toss out and head like Batman. It hits Solomon's feet and causes him to spill, digging slightly at the earth, just enough to raise some dust up as he skids a few feet closer to the truck. Batman beat him to that punch, but he agrees, "Ya, not today, you do all this?"
Though guessing by Solomon's choice of words, the answer might not be helpful, even if he did cause the fire to begin with even by blundering around out of the swamps and moving towards Gothom. "Squishy men leave Solomon alone," he says, moving his feet to snap the rope that grappled him, showing he's stronger than he looks and then some.
Even if Batman is gadgeting away, Jack moves up to punch the guy as he's trying to get up, the crack can be heard, showing that Jack's stronger than he looks two, but it only up-ends Solomon from his front side to his back side, "Solomon getting mad."
Running towards them Batman leaps trying to grab the giant from behind locking an arm around the throat. Batman never goes for a kill so this is more of a sleeper hold. "How about Solomon take a nap?" he hisses.
Solomon reacts as one might to a sleeper hold, trying to reach for Batman, with Jack on his front side, he punches to the face to mix him up and tries to grab his hands. It seems this could work, a sound tactic. But alas, the reanimated corpse that is Solomon grundy doesn't seem to need oxygen so much. In fact, his slow brain realizes it and he starts to stand up. Giving a kick to Jack, is sends him flying into the wrecked fire truck. Being durable, he starts to climb out as Solomong is backing up with Batman towards the fire. More to knock Batman into a wall to shake the pest. Jack rushes forward again, only to try and grab and turn at Solomon so Batman can hold on. "Any other tricks to stun him," asks Jack. He could exchange some blows with the giant, but he can't do much more than fist-a-cuffs with the giant zombie.
Hanging on to the giant Batman goes into quick thought of what might help. Taking a pellet from his belt he tries sticking it into the mouth of the giant to make him swallow. "Sleeping gas." if the thing belches it may get them too in the process.
Not needing oxygen is one thing, nerves on the other hand are reanimated and react the same. Dull senses, enhanced strength, its all one thing, but sleeping gas, direct to the gullet, is another thing. It starts to go off smoking come slightly from mouth or nose, but Batman holding jaw seems to keep it from coming out even if he doesn't swallow. IN fact, the more he keeps it in his mouth, the more he gasps. Oxygen isn't needed so much, but breathing is a natural reaction and with Batman holding his mouth, he inhales more sharply.
Jack clear out of the fire truck and comes to help hold Solomon where he can. Being in front, he's more privvy to excess gas from Solomon's nostrils as he snorts it out like a bull. Even he gets a little woozy, but the trick works, and eventually the giant zombie falls over, on top of Jack. He grunts, but the only hassle is being pushed into the dirt a little for Jack Flag.
It is like trying to ride a bull and this one is going down. Batman holds on as he calls upon Jack and giving a visible wince at thiss. He gets off the giant and then works on turning him over and off the other guy. "He should be out for a while." a hand is offered to help Jack out of the crater he made with his body.
Taking the hand, Jack Flag gets up and nods, trying to dust himself off a little. "Thanks buddy, good thing you had that." The gas pill, not that he knows what it was persay, but that Batman did it is enough. "Okay, same team, sorry about that in there, with the barrel, you just looked like, well, a crook - not to be offensive." The guy does wear black where Jack is all red-white-blue.
This rather draws out a laugh from him. "I try to look fearful to the bad guys. I an called Batman." he introduces himself. "New to Gotham?" he questions though never know might be a guy he just hasn't come across.
"Get out," he says, knowing the legends full well, while not normally being from Gotham. "The Batman, there's only one of you?" He chuckles in his mask just a little, "Man, this is awesome, a legend. Its not quite Cap awesome," says the Captain America fanboy, "But this is pretty cool. Ya, sort of new to Gotham, me and my friend were hanging out around Amusment Mile, but wanted to put on the suit, help out a little. I guess you could say, I spend more time in Metropolis, when I'm on earth and all."
"The one and only." Batman tells him rather amused at this. "I know Cap rather well. He and I are on the same team of sorts. So your name?" he asks.
"What, you're with SHIELD," says the man, his head tilting just a little. Realzing he lost his manners, knowing the other guy finally and geeking on it for a moment. "Jack … Jack Flag is what I go by. I guess it seems a rip-off if you know Captain America, but damnit, I can like me some 'Merica right?" He uses the current fun reference to the country he likes the most, picked up with the fun of it all the same. "You really know Captain America, like, yo Cap, lets go get a beer, this was a long day, we could wind down over some darts?"
"Actually no. We are part of a group called the Justice League. He isn't the only SHIELD agent that works with us though." Batman tells him with a bit of amusement. "Well met, Jack. I know him well enough yes. I know Iron Man as well."
"Ah, the Justice League, who isn't with you guys," he questions, out of all the big names, he's hitting them all. "Not to get all professional, but curious how your Mongo thing was coming, Power Woman had us take Jean up to his planet to recon, wondering if something helpful came off your sensor feed before Jean smashed Tony's relay from our ship's sensors?"
As the latest mission comes up, "She caused his sensors to go down?" Batman looks at him now a long moment. "You didn't happen to bring back some of those.. things with you right?" he hasn't had the time to really read all the reports as of late with diffrent things happening. "We are getting together a team and have a way to get there."
"You should ask Jean … that's, uh, Marvel-Girl with you guys," says Jack, meaning the Justice League. "Power Woman knew we … the Guardians of the Galaxy," he ads in, not that it helps, not a big name on earth itself, "Had a worthy spaceship that could get there fast. Marvel-Girl and Stargirl thought we could recon somehow, Power Woman talked with start about adding a device to our sensors to relay everything back to your Watchtower. You guys should have everything we got scanning the planet, and leading up to the battle we had with three of Mings warships."
Batman nods his head, "Guardians of the galaxy. So there is a team of you then?" he knows there likely is but perhaps he might tell him a little more. "Perhaps you'd like to join us when we go to face this evil. Not really face but gain more intel."
Nodding, Jack returns, "Ya, whole team. Power Woman and Marvel-Girl knows about us. Its me, Stargirl and Justice, he works for NASA. Lots of space stuff." He scratches his chin, "More intel, we didn't get you guys enough when we went up there?"
"Maybe more of a attack them before they attack us again." Batman tells him with a shrug, "Getting together those that are stealthy. Perhaps you'd like to ge tin on it. More the merrier. I believe they plan to use means of maic to get us there."
"That works, if you guys need help, we can get to Mongo pretty quickly in our ship," responds Jack, "Up to what you need. And double check with Jean, we met some Prince up there when we landed on the surface, might be willing to help with rebel forces, if you guys go to assualt them. We'd love to help."
"I'll speak with the others but I don't see it being a problem." Bat tells him and then looks over the current scene around them. He even watches as they try moving the sleeping giant into a large police wagon. "Looks like our work here is done."
"Mostly," grins Jack, "Ya, let them know, Marvel-Girl can probably find me pretty quickly, but Power Woman knows where to find us too." Then he moves to help, picking up the sleeping gian with ease to help move him. "Good to meet you, sorry about that barrell."
Batman nods his head, "No problem. Nice meeting you too. I'm sure we'll met again soon." a hand reaches ut a hand to shake his own.
Jack Flag gladly takes the hand, glad his mask is on so Batman can't see him grinning at how excited he is to shake the hand.
batmanguardiansjack-flagjustice-leaguelogmongooct-14plot


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Le chœur (, du , lui-même du grec ancien : ) désignait dans la haute Antiquité grecque une danse de cérémonial ou des danseurs cérémoniaux. Puis, ce fut un petit groupe d'hommes masqués et chargés de commenter la dramaturgie dans lorchestra du théâtre antique. Actuellement, le chœur est habituellement divisé en quatre pupitres principaux (soprano, alto, ténor et basse), chaque pupitre comportant ses propres divisions. Le nombre de choristes dépend de l'envergure de l'œuvre ou de la situation donnée. Par ailleurs, la plupart des chœurs ne sont en rien dépendants d'une maison d'opéra et peuvent, par exemple, participer à un office religieux ou, plus fréquemment aujourd'hui, se donner en concert ( les Chœurs de l'Armée rouge) dans un répertoire non obligatoirement d'opéra (motet, oratorio, variété, gospel). Certaines formations sont uniquement composées d'hommes, de femmes ou d'enfants. Il s'agit alors de chœurs à voix égales.

Transféré à l'opéra avec l'apport des voix de femmes, dans un premier temps, le chœur prend rarement part à l'action, se chargeant de l'illustrer et de la contraster. Au cours du , le chœur est de plus en plus intégré au drame, depuis les opéras de Lully, Rameau, Gluck, jusqu'à l'opéra du  où les chœurs entrent en discussion avec les solistes et prennent leur parti dans les différentes situations, faisant souvent progresser l'action. De petits rôles sont aussi parfois attribués à un ou plusieurs choristes.

Ensemble vocal

Un chœur désigne tout d'abord un ensemble musical, de nature exclusivement vocale, dont les membres, appelés choristes, chantent collectivement les différentes parties musicales destinées à ce type de formation sous la direction d'un chef de chœur. Dans ce sens, le mot « chœur » est souvent synonyme de chorale. Le concept de chœur s'oppose donc à celui d'ensemble de solistes car chaque voix du chœur doit être tenue par plusieurs personnes.

Dans la musique sacrée, le chœur, qui est à l'origine une formation musicale religieuse, doit son nom à la place qu'il occupait traditionnellement dans l'église.

Selon l'âge et le sexe des choristes, on distingue le chœur d'enfants, le chœur d'hommes, le chœur de femmes, ou encore le chœur mixte — voix de femmes (aiguës) et d'hommes (graves) assemblées.

Les membres d'un chœur peuvent être répartis en plusieurs groupes, appelés pupitres ou voix. Ces divers groupes sont destinés à interpréter autant de parties musicales différentes.

À l'époque contemporaine, un chœur mixte comprend le plus souvent quatre pupitres, deux pupitres féminins, soprano et alto, et deux pupitres masculins, ténor et basse. Ce type de chœur est appelé SATB. Selon le type de formation, on peut trouver un nombre inférieur ou supérieur à quatre pupitres. Lorsqu'il n'y en a qu'un seul, tout le chœur chante à l'unisson. Certains pupitres peuvent être dédoublés, voire détriplés, ce qui conduit à des polyphonies à plus de quatre voix.

Certaines œuvres sont écrites à double chœur (par exemple les Te Deum de Berlioz ou de Verdi, la Messe en ut mineur de Mozart, les psaumes 112 et 146 de Bruckner). Les chœurs se répondent, donnant des effets stéréophoniques intéressants. Le plus grand nombre de voix semble avoir été atteint dans le motet à 40 voix indépendantes Spem in alium de Thomas Tallis, composé pour huit chœurs de cinq voix chacun.

On peut avoir affaire à de grosses ou très grosses formations, plus de cent choristes, à des formations moins conséquentes, entre trente et cent choristes, ou enfin à de petites formations de moins de trente choristes.

Dans le bouddhisme, le courant du Sûtra du Lotus a toujours accordé une place privilégiée à l'art musical. Selon les écoles bouddhiques, lorsqu'un sūtra est récité ou chanté en chœur, un accompagnement du chœur est fréquent par l'usage de cornes, conques, flûtes, hautbois, biwa, cithares (à cordes pincées ou à archet), luths, harpes, cymbales, gongs et tambours.
Il existe trois types de chants bouddhiques en Corée :
 le sûtra, invocation syllabique accompagnée seulement du gong de bois (mokt'ak) ;
 le pomp'ae, d'origine chinoise, exécuté sur un rythme libre très lent et scindé en : hossori pomp'ae (en responsial : alternance de soliste (ou chantre) à chœur, le répons étant la reprise du tout ou de partie du verset qui vient d'être chanté) et chissori pomp'ae (en homophonie : où plusieurs voix chantent à l'unisson) plus long et plus orné. C'est le chant le plus important du rite bouddhique coréen ;
 le hwach'ong, s'inspire du folklore et est chanté par un soliste qui joue d'un gong et est accompagné d'un tambour (puk).

Partie musicale
Au cours d'une exécution musicale quelconque, on nomme chœur (ou chœurs au pluriel) chaque intervention de ce type de formation.

Dans la Messe en si mineur de Bach, les chœurs sont abondamment sollicités, depuis la première jusqu'à la dernière mesure de l'œuvre.

Le  et dernier mouvement de la symphonie  de Beethoven contient un chœur, lOde à la joie, choisi comme hymne européen en 1972 à Strasbourg.

Dans le domaine de la chanson ou de la musique populaire, les chœurs désignent la ou les parties vocales entendues à l'arrière plan, autres que celles chantées par l'interprète principal. Cette seconde acception est en usage quel que soit l'effectif réel des chœurs en question. Lorsqu'un seul chanteur accompagne la voix principale, on dit que ce chanteur « fait les chœurs ».

Présentation d'un chœur sur scène

De nombreuses possibilités de présentation du chœur en concert sont possibles. Depuis le côté jardin vers le côté cour, la disposition sopranos, altos ténors puis basses possède l'avantage de respecter l'ordre des tessitures sur la partition. Les chœurs amateurs, qui possèdent fréquemment moitié d'hommes que de femmes, trouvent un avantage esthétique à mettre les hommes au centre, surtout si leur tenue de scène est différente de celle des femmes (voir photo ci-contre). Il peut aussi être intéressant de rapprocher des voix qui vont chanter ensemble comme dans le Psaume 42 (Mendelssohn) dont le  est un chœur de femmes et le  un chœur d'hommes.

Les œuvres utilisant un double chœur, comme le Te Deum des quatre pièces sacrées de Verdi, l'ordre sopranos 1, altos 1, ténors 1, basses 1, basses 2, ténors 2, altos 2 et sopranos 2 permet de regrouper les hommes pour l'introduction de style grégorien qui est un chœur d'hommes tout en respectant la logique de la partition sopranos, altos, ténors et basses dans chaque chœur. Cette disposition permet en effet au chef d'orchestre de s'y retrouver simplement quand il fait signe à une voix particulière pour un départ.

Mais toutes les dispositions sont acceptables, comme les sopranos devant à droite, les altos devant à gauche, les ténors au fond à droite, derrière les sopranos, et les basses au fond à gauche, derrière les altos.

Genre musical
Au sein d'une pièce musicale de nature composite (un opéra, un oratorio, une messe, une cantate), un chœur est également un genre musical particulier, précisément destiné à être interprété par ce type d'ensemble vocal, et non par des solistes, par opposition aux arias, aux duos, etc. Ce genre musical peut être accompagné d'une partie instrumentale. Dans le cas contraire, on dit que le chœur est interprété a cappella.

LAlleluia de l'oratorio Le Messie de Haendel, ou encore le Va, pensiero, de l'opéra Nabucco de Verdi sont des exemples célèbres de chœurs, à l'origine partie intégrante d'une œuvre plus vaste, par la suite interprétés en concert indépendamment de cette œuvre.

Instrument de musique
Sur certains instruments à cordes pincées, un chœur désigne également un groupe de cordes accordées à l'unisson ou à l'octave et destinées à être jouées simultanément.

Compositeurs et répertoire
Le répertoire de la musique chorale est très riche dans toutes les périodes depuis le . Parmi de nombreux compositeurs, on peut citer :

Mais aussi le gospel et le jazz.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Articles connexes

Musique classique vocale par genre
Voix

Lutherie

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