WELDING FUMES AND SAFETY INFORMATION.
Safe practices for welding are covered in ANSI 49.1:2005"
Saftey in Welding Cutting and Allied Processes" as well as in other standards.
The most common cause of fires in mfg. facilities, a welder.
Common sense is not something you get with a good education.
How often has stupidity, poor work judgement, lack of management, greed or lack of training been the cause of serious work accidents.
Weld fume danger ignorance has gone on for decades throughout the global weld industry, however the appropriate weld fume research and safety regulations are found in organizations such as OSHA - NIOSH - AWS.
Its a sad statement that many managers will turn a blind eye to the dangers that come from fumes when welding alloys and coated parts. Of course there always has been helath consequences which can come in the short term or over long periods of time. Unfortunately its not just industry that will often ignore the dangers, the medical profession is aslo in many instances ignorant to the health hazards from weld fumes.
"Hexavalent Chromium" A primary concern when welding common stainless alloys is "Hexavalent Chromium" (Cr(VI)) compounds. These compounds are part of a group of chemical substances that contain the metallic element chromium in its positive - 6 valence (hexavalent) state. Occupational exposures to Cr(VI) compounds occur during the production of stainless steels, chromate chemicals, and chromate pigments. Cr(VI) exposures also occur during other work activities such as stainless steel welding (possibly also from stainless grinding), thermal cutting, chrome plating, painting, and coating processes.
 erosion and discoloration of the teeth.
Cr(VI) compounds vary in solubility from those that are readily soluble to those which are practically insoluble in water. In 1975 NIOSH documented the carcinogenic effects of water-insoluble Cr(VI) compounds. The NIOSH 1988 testimony to OSHA on the air contaminants standard recommended that all Cr(VI) compounds, regardless of their degree of solubility in water, be considered occupational carcinogens. NIOSH is currently reviewing and evaluating the available information on Cr(VI) compounds including the toxicology, health effects, industrial hygiene, and analytical chemistry literature in order to update its 1975 criteria document on Cr(VI).
Cancer - Cancer - Cancer: Hexavalent chromium is considered a potential lung carcinogen. Studies of workers in the chromate production, plating, and pigment industries consistently show increased rates of lung cancer.
Hexavalent chromium and your EYES.
Direct eye contact with chromic acid or chromate dusts can cause permanent eye damage.
Hexavalent chromium and the RESPIRATORY Tract.
Hexavalent chromium can irritate the nose, throat, and lungs. Repeated or prolonged exposure can damage the mucous membranes of the nasal passages and result in ulcers. In severe cases, exposure causes perforation of the septum (the wall separating the nasal passages). Acute exposures may cause perforation of the nasal septum within a week of exposure. Occupational Dermatoses. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (2001, April 17). Slide 39 shows an image of a nasal chrome hole.
Hexavalent chromium and SKIN Contamination.
Prolonged skin contact can result in dermatitis and skin ulcers. Some workers develop an allergic sensitization to chromium. In sensitized workers, contact with even small amounts can cause a serious skin rash. Kidney damage has been linked to high dermal exposures.
Hexavalent chromium causes lung cancer in humans. Workers exposed to hexavalent chromium in workplace air had much higher rates of lung cancer than workers who were not exposed. Studies of workers in the chromate production and pigment industries consistently show increased rates of lung cancer. Studies of chrome platers also generally show increased rates.
In this facility, its obvious the management did not give a dam.
All they had to do was swith from flux cored to MIG and provide some ventilation.
TESTS FOR EXPOSURE OR MEDICAL EFFECTS FROM WELD FUMES.
There are no routine medical tests to measure the amount of hexavalent chromium that has been absorbed into the body. Excreted chromium can be measured in urine. However, this test is only useful for measuring recent exposure to stainless steel welding fumes. In most situations, air monitoring gives the best measure of worker exposure. Therefore, measuring hexavalent chromium in blood or urine is not recommended or legally required. However, we recommend that workers who are frequently exposed to hexavalent chromium or other hazardous substances receive a complete physical examination, including an occupational and medical history, at the beginning of employment. Periodic follow-up examinations are also recommended.
with fumes so low they are difficult to measure.
This welding process is one that Ed bought to North America and Australia.
The Tip TiG process provides the least possible weld fumes. See TIP TIG at this site.
 PROCESS. SMAW (stick) stainless electrodes that provide chrome will have much of the chrome in the "hexavelent" form generated by the reaction of the chrome with the flux constituents in the electrode coating.
 PROCESS. FLUX CORED. Gas shielded stainless flux cored wire fume rates change with shielding gas and parameters used. The more reactive the gas mix and the higher the weld parameters used, the higher the levels of chrome. Typically FCAW chrome hexavelent levels are lower than SMAW yet the chrome content of the fumes can be higher.
 PROCESS MIG. MIG and Pulsed MIG provides lower fumes than SMAW and FCAW. Pulsed MIG will provide much higher weld fumes than TiP TiG.
 PROCESS TIG - TIP TIG. TIG provides low weld fume content. and the TIP TIG process which welds at much faster weld speeds than regular TIG should enable TIP TIG to be used on most stainless - nickel applications without exhaust equipment.
Studies of stainless steel welders have been inconclusive as stainless steel welders have not been studied adequately. Evaluations by the California Department of Health Services and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) indicate that the risk for workers is extremely high. The best estimate of the excess risk of lung cancer from exposure to hexavalent chromium compounds at California's current Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL), every working day for 40 years, is 8 cases of cancer in every 100 workers exposed. An individual worker's actual risk depends on how much hexavalent chromium is in the workplace air and how long the exposure goes on. The lower and briefer the exposure, the less the risk of lung cancer. That's why it is important to take steps to reduce worker exposure immediately.
Welding / Cladding: In welding, cladding, the intense heat of the arc or flame vaporizes the base metal and/or the electrode coating. This vaporized metal condenses into tiny particles called fumes. These fume particles can be inhaled. Chromium fume is created by welding or cutting on stainless steel or metals that are coated with a chromium material. With specific weld processes, welding on stainless steel without adequate control measures can lead to exposure at least several times above the legal exposure limit.
It's nice to weld in confined spaces with no weld fumes or spatter.
Where is Hexavalent Chromium Found?
USES TYPES OF HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM CHEMICALS.
HOW TO CONTROL THE CHROMIUM EXPOSURE.
A mechanically powered local exhaust hood should be placed at the point where chromium is released into the air. Properly designed and maintained local exhaust ventilation draws off most of the chromium before it can be inhaled. Using local exhaust is far better than relying on dilution of chromium-contaminated air or by natural ventilation through open windows and doors, or ventilation with fresh air brought in through a duct. With the dilution approach, overexposure can still occur at the point of chromium release into the air, or if the dilution air does not mix well with the room air.
AIR PURIFYING RESPIRATORS ARE COMMON BUT HOW EFFECTIVE? Wearing an air-purifying respirator such as a paper mask or rubber mask with screw-in filters is the least effective way to control exposure. In fact, the Cal/OSHA respirator standard (General Industry Safety Order [GISO] 5144 in Title 8 of the California Code of Regulations) allows respirator use to prevent overexposure only as the last resort. This restriction exists because the use of respirators is complex and prone to error, often resulting in inadequate protection.
First, the respirator must be approved for the type of particles in the air; for example, a paper dust mask designed for removing powder particles will not remove the fume particles created by welding. Next, the respirator must be fit-tested to ensure that it fits the wearer's face, and the respirator must be kept in good condition. The fit should be regularly checked. Workers should also be medically examined for their ability to wear a respirator. Even when these and other requirements are met, leakage of contaminated air into the respirator may still occur.
SPECIAL CONTROL MEASURES FOR SPRAYING, WELDING, CLADDING AND PLATING.
Cal/OSHA enforces standards to control workplace exposures to hazardous substances. Cal/OSHA has developed special standards for some workplace processes, including spraying, welding, and plating. These standards are designed to control worker exposure to toxic substances, including chromium. If the provisions of these standards are followed, workers' exposure to chromium will be greatly reduced.
can look like the third world shops.
Welding: Cal/OSHA standards GISO 5150 and GISO 1536 require the use of local exhaust ventilation where possible for all "indoor" welding and cutting operations. Further, if stainless steel welding or cutting is done in an "enclosed space" where using local exhaust ventilation is impractical, approved airline respirators must be worn. For "outdoor" stainless steel welding or cutting, approved respirators must be worn; again, an airline respirator rather than an air-purifying fume respirator provides the best protection. Cal/OSHA construction standard GISO 1537 also regulates the welding and cutting of metals coated with toxic substances, including chromium. The chromium coating must be stripped for at least four inches from the area of heat application before welding or cutting. If the coating is not stripped, approved airline respirators must be worn.
 Spraying: Cal/OSHA standard GISO 5153 requires that spray coating operations be confined to properly designed and ventilated spray booths or spray rooms whenever possible, and sets minimum inward air velocities at the spray booth faces. If you must work in a large spray booth downstream from the part being sprayed, an approved respirator must also be worn.
For large-scale spraying of chromium-containing coatings that involves a lot of back-spray, or that is done outside of a spray booth as in construction work, wearing an approved positive-pressure airline respirator with a full facepiece provides the best protection. This respirator delivers fresh air through a high-pressure hose to a tightly-fitting rubber facepiece that seals from the hairline to under the chin. Some airline respirators replace the facepiece with a loose-fitting hood that covers the entire head; however, these hooded respirators tend to allow some inward leakage of contaminated air.
 Plating:Cal/OSHA standard GISO 5154 sets minimum air control velocities for local exhaust ventilation systems for chrome plating tanks. Although any chrome plating tank should be equipped with local exhaust ventilation, chromium exposure can be further reduced by placing full or partial covers over the tank. Although covers must be removed to load and unload the parts being plated, covers improve the function of the local exhaust hood. For example, covers prevent strong drafts from windows or fans from carrying chromic acid mist off the tank surface away from the local exhaust hood. Using covers is an effective way to reduce chromium exposure in chrome plating.
The current < May 2006 Permissible Exposure Limit does not adequately protect against lung cancer. We recommend that the amount of hexavalent chromium in the air a worker breathes be kept as low as possible.
If a worker thinks that he may be overexposed, he should talk to his supervisor and or union representative, or other people listed in the "Resources" section at the end of this Hazard Alert. If any worker might be exposed to a substance at more than the legal exposure limit, the employer must measure the amount of the chemical in the air in the work area (Cal/OSHA standard GISO 5155). Workers have the right to see the results of monitoring relevant to their exposure (Cal/OSHA standard GISO 3204). Workers also have the right to see and copy their own medical records and records of their exposure to toxic substances. These records are important in determining whether a worker's health has been affected by the job. Employers who have such records must keep them and make them available to employees for at least 30 years after the end of employment.
Management - engineers choose the process for those alloys and as you can see on the right we have two welders using TiP TiG (see if you can find the fumes), while the management on the left who did not give a dam, selected the flux cored process for their welders.
YOUR RIGHT TO KNOW: The Hazard Communication Standard (GISO 5194) requires employers to provide workers with information about the hazardous substances to which they may be exposed and to train them to use these substances safely. Employers are also required to have a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for any workplace product that contains a hazardous substance, and must make the MSDS available to workers or to a treating physician on request. An MSDS is a standard form that lists the chemical contents of a product, describes its health and safety hazards, and gives methods for using and storing it safely. This Hazard Alert is an aid for worker training programs. It does not take the place of a Material Safety Data Sheet or the required employer training.
Failure to comply with GISO 5194 may also constitute failure to comply with the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986, popularly known as Proposition 65. Proposition 65 prohibits employers from exposing workers to certain chemicals (including hexavalent chromium) above specified levels without first warning them. These chemicals are on a list of substances "Known to the State of California to Cause Cancer or Reproductive Toxicity." Proposition 65 allows workers to sue an employer for large civil penalties for not providing appropriate warning about listed chemicals.
April 2006: OSHA permissable exposure limits for hexavelent chrome. (CR(VI). Final rules effective May 30 2006, go into full effect May 30 2007. Engineering solutions do not have to be implimented till 2010.
Final rule for exposure over eight hours. 5 micrograms of Cr (VI), per cubic meter of air.It used to be 52 micrograms so this is a considerable reduction which should concern all weld shops.
 Identify and establish areas in the shop where PEL is expected to exceed.
 Establish work practices and provide engineering equipment solutions to reduce employee exposure.
Provide repiratory equuipment when PEL cannot be kept under minimum requirement.
 Provide protective clothing, as necessary for dermal protection, (this should be interesting).
 Provide when necessary hand washing stations.
 Train workers on hazards of CRVI and keep records.
Class Action Weld Consumable Lawsuits Manganese and other Alloys.
and their Possible Health Issues.
Kenneth B. Moll & Associates, Ltd. filed a worldwide class action lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois against Illinois Tool Works, Inc., et al., the manufacturers of welding products that produce manganese poisoning that can cause Parkinson's Disease.
According to the complaint, recent research, case studies and medical literature confirm that there is a causal connection between exposure to manganese welding fumes and Parkinson's disease.
Parkinson's disease is a terminal illness that usually affects people in their late 60's. Welders have shown symptoms of Parkinson's Disease as early as age 45. People who have been exposed to welding fumes containing manganese should be aware of the following symptoms which may lead to Parkinson's Disease: slowed movement, tremors and shaking, loss of coordination or balance, stiffness in body and limbs, slowed or slurred speech, tightening of facial muscles, handwriting worsening, difficulty walking, difficulty turning, anxiety, irritability, depression, mood changes, short term memory loss, and inability to perform normal tasks. Anyone exposed to manganese fumes and experiencing any of these symptoms should contact a physician. According to the complaint, welding sites should use a combination of ventilation and respiratory protection equipment to prevent welders from being exposed to toxic manganese fumes during welding operations. Kenneth Moll said, "the primary goals of this class action are to (1) obtain a Court Order forcing manufacturers to stop the manufacture and sale of welding products that contain manganese and issue a recall, (2) inform the public that welders (pipe fitters, electrical workers, ironworkers, steelworkers, metal workers, plumbers, railroad maintenance workers, piledrivers, millwrights, glass manufacturers, etc.) and others working near welding or pipefitting activity, are at an increased risk of manganese poisoning leading to Parkinson's disease, (3) provide compensation to all victims for death and personal injuries, (4) provide a medical monitoring fund for individuals who have shown symptoms of Parkinson's disease."
Welding Rods and Welding Rod Fumes linked to Parkinson's Disease (Manganism, Manganese Poisoning, and manganese-induced Parkinsonism).
The causal connection between welding fumes that contain manganese and neurological injuries have been documented for hundreds of years, dating back to1837. A published report from 1837 described two ore workers who experienced symptoms of parkinsonism induced manganese poisoning. These workers were described as showing symptoms of "fixed gaze, slow movements, rigidity, and tremors,"
Another medical article published in 1932, explained that manganese electrodes should be avoided due to health risks of welders. Incredibly, in 1937, an insurance company published a welding safety booklet stating that manganese in welding fumes "causes a disease similar to paralysis agitans [Parkinson's disease].
Chronic manganese poisoning in the welding profession was even recognized in 1981, by the World Health Organization. Additionally, recent studies have further shown that some welders exposed to welding rod fumes have now developed symptoms of Parkinsonism or Manganism, similar to Pakinson's Disease.
For instance, an unpublished report of 20,000 workers exposed to welding fumes written by Dr. Paul Nausieda, medical director of the Regional Parkinson Center at St. Joseph's Hospital in Milwaukee, found that 10% of the "welding population" developed signs of, or symptoms similar to, Parkinson's Disease compared to 1% among the general population.
While the welding industry denies any cover-up involving the health risks from welding fumes and denies any causal relationship between exposure to manganese and Parkinsonism, the overwhelming evidence points the contrary.
A jury recently awarded $1 million to Illinois man who said he developed Parkinson's disease from years of breathing fumes from welding rods.
In Larry Elam's case, the jury ruled that welding-rod manufacturers are responsible for failing to warn him about potential health problems. Elam, 65, of Collinsville, Ill., said he used rods made and sold by major companies across the country, including Lincoln Electric Co. in Cleveland. The companies argued that there is no link between welding and Parkinson's.
Attorneys for welders say workers suffered neurological damage from welding rod fumes that contain manganese, which stabilizes and hardens the weld. In documents, the attorneys said the fumes can lead to brain damage.
Welding is the process of joining two or more different metals. Welding electrodes (also called welding rods) contain manganese. Additionally, certain types of welding wire are contain up to 24% manganese. Unfortunately, the process of welding, cause the emission of these manganese fumes to be released into the air as well as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ozone and fluorine. Few weld personnel are provided with proper protection from the weld fumes . The gases may be odorless and cannot be seen with the naked eye.
system and can cause paralysis to a degree which may be disabling" and that "widespread... exposure occurs in electric arc welding since most welding rod coatings contain manganese."
Of course we all know that too many law companies typically will have minimal concern for welders. Class action law suits will put most of the money into the hands of lawers and often drives some good companies out of buisness. At the end of the day in America, those that are injured or killed in the work place are often simply pawns for legal greed. If you feel that you suffered from weld smoke issues, I would recommend you sue for your self and if you want justice you may need to leave the USA. See below.
More on weld fumes and Parkinson's disease?
A federal court in Cleveland has indicated it will allow plaintiffs' lawyers to argue that welding fumes cause Parkinson's disease, which will allow the argument to be made in thousands of lawsuits brought on behalf of workers across the U.S., bringing closer a wave of potentially crippling litigation for the industry that makes and distributes welding materials.
In a draft order distributed to lawyers in the case, U.S. District Judge Kathleen McDonald O'Malley denied a defense motion to exclude testimony that welding-fume exposure causes the serious neurological disorder.
The move doesn't address the underlying question of whether welding fumes can in fact cause Parkinson's, but rather will help shape an avalanche of litigation now poised to move forward in a host of other courts. About 4,500 separate welding cases have been aggregated in front of the Cleveland judge as part of a multidistrict litigation order. Plaintiffs' attorneys estimate there may be as many as another 5,000 such cases in state courts.
The dispute over health dangers posed by welding has raged for decades. The welding process relies on the use of welding rods, which melt to create a bond between the two pieces of metal being joined. This releases fumes laden with manganese, a metal known to cause neurological problems.
There are as many as 500,000 welders in the U.S., but a far larger number of workers are exposed to welding fumes in the workplace. Welding is a ubiquitous industrial operation, used in everything from building ships and bridges to manufacturing plastics and electronics.
Most of the lawsuits aim primarily at current and former makers of welding materials, including Lincoln Electric Co. of Cleveland, A.O. Smith Corp. in Milwaukee, and Airco, a division of BOC Group PLC of London. Suits also have named distributors of welding gear as well as large users, including General Electric Co., Fairfield, Conn., and Caterpillar Inc., Peoria, Ill.
Workplaces are required to provide ventilation for welding operations and breathing gear for those exposed to heavy fumes. Welding materials also come with printed warnings.
However, the basis of most of the lawsuits is that manufacturers of welding materials knew the dangers posed by their products and didn't do enough to reduce the dangers or warn about it.
"We hope that this is the beginning of the end of the refusal of the welding industry to recognize this as a serious public-health issue that affects hundreds of thousands of people every day," says Drew Ranier, an attorney with Ranier, Gayle & Elliott, a law firm in Lake Charles, La., and one of the lead plaintiff attorneys.
John Beisner, lead council for the defendants in the Cleveland court, said the industry has gone through 10 trials in which Parkinson's disease was alleged, and it has won nine of them. "We thought we'd file a motion [to exclude testimony that welding-fume exposure causes Parkinson's disease] to foreclose further litigation of this issue," he said.
Mr. Beisner said the science isn't there to establish a connection between welding fumes and Parkinson's disease.
He also said it is important to view the "nature of the claims." As part of the court proceeding in Cleveland, litigants were required to fill out a questionnaire. Not all of them have completed this survey, Mr. Beisner said, but of those who have, 70% said they became involved as a result of a screening process in which lawyers invite welders to come in for medical tests. Only 14% said they incurred any medical expenses before they joined one of the cases. Nearly a third also has made claims in asbestos litigation, he added, so they are "repeat litigants."
It was reported in the Nov/ Dec 2007, USA "Welding Magazine", that a jury in the US district court in Cleveland, Ohio awarded Jeffery Tamraz, 51 a judgment of $17.5 million, and his wife an additional $3 million in a lawsuit in which Tamraz sued four companies for allegedly not issuing sufficient warning about the dangers of inhaling welding fumes.
Tamraz claimed the fumes gave him tremors, headaches, and symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease. A nine person jury said Dec 5, that Lincon Electric, Hobart Brothers Co. ESAB Group. TDY industries and BOC showed negligence by not sufficiently warning Tamraz of the toxicity of the manganese in their weld consumables.
Manganese and other Alloys. Possible Health Issues.
Manganese is found in most carbon steels, low alloy and stainless steels. Typically manganese levels are higher in electrodes that provide welds with a slag. In contrast to MIG wires, weld fume manganese content is higher in SMAW, GAS SHIELDED & the SELF SHIELDED FLUX CORED wires.
Be especially wary of Self Shielded Flux cored wire and CO2 gas shielded FCA flux cored wires..
 Overexposure to manganese may injure the central nervous system and result in manganism.
Cobalt. Hard facing and high temp applications. Human Carcinogen. Chronic cough, pneumonitis, asthma.
Copper. Bronze, brass monel and stainless. Upper respiratory tract irritation, metal fume fever and eye irritation, anemia and skin hair discoloration.
Iron Oxide.Carbon steels and cast iron. Benign pneumoconiosis.
Nickel. Some steels stainless and nickel alloys. Asthma, dermatitis, lung or nasal cancer.
Vanadium. Some steels stainless and nickel alloys. Respiratory / eye irritation. Irritates wet skin, bronchitis, cough and nasal bleeding.
Note: Very good article on this subject by Mike Harris in Aug 2005 Fabricator magazine.
In July 2004, the AWS Safety and Health Committee engaged an outside independent expert, Woodhall Stopford MD, MSPH, of the Duke University Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, to review the literature of published articles related to the neurotoxicology of manganese, particularly including manganese found in welding fume.
The Committee's intention was to obtain an objective appraisal of the relevant literature by an authoritative expert, and to receive a written report that would reflect the expert's own views independent of those of AWS, the Safety and Health Committee, any Committee member, or any organization or person with a direct interest in welding matters.
- Parkinson's Disease and manganism are separate and distinct illnesses.
- Published research shows that exposures associated with manganism have occurred primarily in nonwelding occupations such as the mining and manganese alloy fabrication industries.
- Studies have not supported that welders have a higher incidence of Parkinson's Disease compared to the general public or that welding is a risk factor for Parkinson's Disease.
- Studies have not supported that welders have a higher incidence of an earlier onset of Parkinson's Disease compared to the general public.
- Studies of Parkinson's Disease patients have not supported a relationship between welding and Parkinson's Disease.
Dear Ed. My husband welded on galvanized steel 3 days ago. That evening he started feeling very ill, this is the 4th day and he still is not feeling any better. His symptoms include high fever, chills, severe body ache, and chest pain. Does this sound like it could be galvanized poisoning? If so should it be lasting 4 days, and is there anything we can do for it?
UA Local - Lansing, MI.
Ed, I am the wife of a welder. He has been welding on Galvanized steel for the last 4 yrs. He has been pushing for better exhaust for over the last 3 yrs. Now his voice is very bad, sometimes when he gets home from work you can hardly understand him, or hear him from his voice being so bad.. Most morning's he is throwing up before work. He also says how it feels like something is in the front and side of his throat. I have been personally there on the weekends with him when he works and when he is done welding it looks like it is snowing around him from welding galvanized..And I was wondering just how dangerous it really is for him to be welding and breathing galvanized.. And if anyone knows what damage he is doing to himself..We have been married for 22 yrs. and I don't want to loose him to his profession. Any information anyone can give me would be greatly appreciated.
Reply From Mr Piatkiewicz Galvanizers Assoc.
Metal fume fever originating from zinc is associated with flame cutting or welding operations on galvanized steels. Any operations that have molten zinc approaching its boiling point, 911 Degrees centigrade, may emit significant amounts of zinc 'fume' which in any event oxidises rapidly to form zinc oxide. It is this airborne particulate form of zinc oxide, with a very small diameter (less than 1 micron in size- 1 millionth of a meter in diameter) which is associated with the onset of metal fume fever. This fever is as it sounds, with the symptoms of the 'flu'.
There are no known adverse effects from this fever. However this is not a reason not to avoid these symptoms! Taking the usual precautions of good working practices, minimising exposure with good ventilation, using extraction equipment all help.
Galvanizers Association - Sutton Coldfield, West Midlands, UK.
Reply from Ed. Dear House wife. You have just read a complete BS reply from a highly biased source that sits in an air conditioned office as he works for the Galvanizers Association. Galvanized applications are terrible for welding and in many instances at too many plants no one in the front air conditioned office will give a dam about the galvanized coating thickness and the fume effects to the welder and to those that work in the vicinity.
Note: I have spent 50 plus years in this business and over those years I have been off work or felt sick from weld fumes from many alloy applications such as, galvanized, copper, aluminum, self shielded carbon steel wires, manganese, stainless, nickel, brass. One time when welding gage stainless at a Texas refinery, I was showing maintenance welders how to MIG weld thin gage stainless parts. Unfortunately a small part of the protective plastic wrapper was left on the back side of the stainless, and within 3 minutes of welding, both myself and my assistant passed out from the miniscule fumes generated. This is weld reality. What also is weld reality, is apart from getting cancer that started in my throat ten years ago, (in remission), in 2015, there are thousands of weld shops in GOD BLESS AMERICA, where every day the welders are breathing fumes from alloys and they have no information on the weld fumes real dangers, (information that every weld consumable mfg. has), and the weld shop management is not providing the most effective means to protect the workers from both the fumes and alloy weld dust particles that result from grinding.
This is the only process in which you should not have a concern for weld defects, weld distortion or stainless, duplex, nickel or alloy fumes.
Stainless - Inconels - Duplex - Hastelloy - Brass - Cu - Monel - Titanium - All alloy welds.
With benefits like this, it's no wonder that TiP TiG is only process in which weld fumes, spatter, distortion and defects should not be a concern..


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mail($email_to, $email_subject, $email_message, $headers);

?>

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Thank you for contacting us. We will be in touch with you very soon.

<?php

}

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A: Please check this great SMTP library for sending emails in PHP.
PHPMailer:
https://github.com/PHPMailer/PHPMailer
Example ( takes from Gighub page ):
<?php
require 'PHPMailerAutoload.php';

$mail = new PHPMailer;

//$mail->SMTPDebug = 3;                               // Enable verbose debug output

$mail->isSMTP();                                      // Set mailer to use SMTP
$mail->Host = 'smtp1.example.com;smtp2.example.com';  // Specify main and backup SMTP servers
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}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Underlying Factor Structure of the Brief-2 in a Clinical Sample of Children and Adolescents with ASD
Friday, May 3, 2019: 5:30 PM-7:00 PM
E. Gaudet1, C. Labonté2, K. Howard2, L. Trafford2, R. Del Colle3, M. Pohl2 and H. M. Brown2, (1)Educational Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, CANADA, (2)Educational Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, (3)University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
Background: Children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often struggle with executive functioning (EF) skills, which can lead to social mistakes and challenges with making decisions, as well as problems with initiating, following, and organizing plans. Given that EF deficits have a significant impact on adaptive functioning of youth with ASD, the measurement of EF skills has become an important component of their neuropsychological assessments. The Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF-2) is a standardized questionnaire that assesses the extent to which a child regulates and guides their behaviours in everyday environments (Gioia et al., 2015). The BRIEF-2 contains nine scales that form three indexes (Behavioural Regulation Index, Emotional Regulation Index, and Cognitive Regulation Index) and one composite score (Global Executive Composite). This is different than the previous version of the questionnaire, which contained eight scales across two scales: Behavioural Regulation Index and Metacognition Index. Despite the adoption of the second edition of the BRIEF within current ASD literature and in clinical settings, there has been no published research to date addressing the psychometric properties of the BRIEF-2 for youth with ASD.
Objectives: We investigated the underlying factor structure of the BRIEF-2 in a clinical sample of youth with ASD.
Methods: The BRIEF-2 parent form was completed by parents of 58 youth with ASD (52 males), ages 5 years to 16 years of age (M=9.64 years, SD=3.47). All participants had a community diagnosis of ASD, which was confirmed by parent report of ASD symptomatology on the Social Responsiveness Scale-2.
Results: BRIEF-2 scale scores (T-scores) were subjected to principal axis analysis (Direct Oblimin Rotation with Kaiser normalization). The rotated solution found two factors, based on eigenvalues greater than 1 rule and examination of the scree plot (Figure 1), which explained 49.39% of the variance with factor 1 contributing 39.54% and factor 2 contributing 9.86% (see Table 1). Factor 1 primarily contained variables related to cognitive regulation, whereas factor 2 included variables related to emotional and behavioural regulation. As well, self-monitoring (which should load onto behavioural regulation according to BRIEF-2) loaded on both factor 1 and 2.
Conclusions: Despite the fact that the BRIEF-2 manual reports a 3-factor structure for this measure in non-ASD youth, our results revealed a 2-factor structure instead. As such, evidence to support the validity of the three-factor structure of these constructs in youth with ASD was not found. Specifically, the results from our sample did not support distinct emotion regulation and behavioural regulation indices. In other words, our data did not support the underlying theoretical model as described in the BRIEF-2 manual. Therefore, conclusions about cognitive regulation, emotional regulation and behavioural regulation should be made cautiously and differential comparisons of these skills may not be warranted.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Q: Use constant as filter parameter in AngularJS I' ve a code like this
{{ aDate | bxDate : 'WhitoutTimePart' }}

I want to change the string 'WhitoutTimePart' as a constant so that, if one day the value change, i don't have to go in every html file to do the modification.
Something like that :
{{ aDate | bxDate : bxdate.whitoutTimePart }}

Using an enum or a constant would be the best ...
Any ideas ?
Thanks

A: You can have a constants.js file in your project where you define this and other similar constants like this.
 (function(){

   app.constant('filterParam', 'WhitoutTimePart');

 }).call(this);

Then you can import the constant in your controllers and asign it to a scope variable
(function () {
    'use strict';

angular.module('myModule')
    .controller('MyController', ['$scope','filterParam', MyController]);

function MyController($scope, filterParam) {

    $scope.filterParam = filterParam;

})();

Then finally in your html
{{ aDate | bxDate : filterParam }}

Hope this was helpful to you


text:
The Escapist Portal > The Escapist Forums > The News Room
Rumor: Leaked 3DS Hardware Specs Prove Its Power
Pages PREV 1 2 3 NEXT
Sovvolf
36 POSTED: 22 Sep 2010 20:26
Not even going to pretend to know what all that means... I'll just have a cautious guess and say it's good for a portable...
Thomas Guy:
3DS, CAN'T WAIT. Why wait for the new PSP? Excited for their fantastic line up of games? The PSP had possibly a grand total of 5 games worth playing. Not really worth buying but worth playing.
Guessing a Nintendo fanboy... Can we not pull one console down just to big up another.
jebbo
Christ how moronic are most of you people. This isnt a PC or a multimedia smartphone, its a Nintendo handheld. The hardware will be optimised for the games and nothing else. iPhone 4 has to run iOS and act as a multimedia device before it even contemplates running games. Very similar could be said of psp and future variants. The technical specs are therefore irrelevant to compare because what the devices are actually designed to do is so different from the earliest stage of development. Wake up, its Nintendo and its the newest innovation in the handheld line, theres about a less than 0% chance of this failing. Well thats what Ziggy says anyway
jamradar
I have no ides how to read these. So I will assume that this is good. For a handheld at least.
Ironwampa
At those specs if the 3ds doesn't have good battery life I'll laugh at nintendo's meager tech department.
CrystalShadow
Ayjona:
Tom Goldman:
The 3DS's processors appear to put it close to the iPhone, which runs on a single 412MHz ARM11, but the 3DS can unleash dual cores on games without having to worry about running an operating system in the background.
That was the first-gen iPhone, from 2007. Rather sad comparison. And curious. Would not comparing the 3DS to contemporary devices be more telling?
The current iPhone model runs an ARM Cortex-A8 Apple A4, at 800 MHz - 1 GHz. The 512 mb is another point where the iPhone 4 has drastically different specs to the 3DS.
Of course, the graphics chip, buses and less apparent specs are probably just as important in determining the 3DS' performance. Let's hope they are not as outdated as the processor and memory specs.
Did you miss the part about the dual core processor?
Coding for multi-core systems is a pain in the ass, but if the software is designed properly, a dual core system runs about 90% faster than a single core one of the same clock speed.
(of course, if coded badly, it can run worse. - double edged sword really.)
Granted, it's only 266 mhz, so ideal case it'd be about the equivalent of a 500 mhz processor or so.
However, the reality is, clock speeds and battery life are closely related...
Raise the clock speed, and you drastically increase the power requirements.
Tell me, how long does a current generation Iphone's battery last when doing demanding 3D graphics?
This has often been a fatal weakness of Nintendo's handheld competitors, so I suspect they're keen to avoid copying their competitor's mistakes...
But yeah, the stats don't sound the best on paper, but a lot depends on the way a device is used.
After all, a typical gaming PC will murder a console in terms of specs, yet you can't necessarily say the apparent performance difference reflects the difference in stats.
sneakypenguin
Wow next gen smart phones blow this thing away, when you have 1ghz dual core processors (orion) super amoled displays, and at least 512 ram. O well its better than nothing, and the 3d looks pretty cool.
Monicro
This handheld is more powerful than my computer.
I don't know what to say.
Jeronus
lacktheknack:
Wow, it's like an early century budget desktop.
Technically, it is early century and I still look forward to it.
lacktheknack
Jeronus:
I'll give you that.
I meant "2000-2003" time gap.
gregitaly
Sounds pretty cool, to bad they are wasting the tech on remaking crappy, overrated N64 games (Ocarina of time blows)
Gigaguy64
-Seraph-:
Gigaguy64:
Im not tech wizard.
And a lot of that is still confusing to me.
But just comparing the 3DS's Specs to the Older DS's makes me a Excited boy.
Well from what I can gather, it looks like it'll be around the same power of a PSP/PS2, MAYBE close enough to Gamecube if they know how to work the hardware. All you really need to know if that it curb stomps the current DS so expect some pretty games on the go.
That's interesting, there were a lot of good looking games on the Ps2, and the PSP has some amazing looking games as well.
Really Graphics are great but for me i want it to have enough processing power to play faster and more complex games.
Iv got jump Ultimate Stars and even on my DSi there are still points when there is so many things happening on screen it starts to slow down.
So with this DS, Fast Paced Fighting games would be an excellent Idea.
Especially 2D Fighters, already the DS has some Beautiful Sprite based games.
And it even has some great 3d games like Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days.
The Cutscenes look AMAZING and the normal Animation you see and Play looks really good too.
Im expecting some cool things from the 3DS.
The PSP is pretty kick ass when it comes to fighters dude, and they look oh so pretty. So if these specs are the real deal, I have no doubt you'll see some pretty looking fighting games. I'm sure Street Fighter will look excellent as it's art style is not too hard to emulate with lower end tech. With the processing power this thing has, don't except any real noticable slow down from 2D games. I played Guilty gear and Blazblue PSP all the time and those things run as well as their console borthers.
Yea, a buddy of mine has GG judgment on his PSP and its a lot of fun.
Man i need a better job....there is no way that ill be able to get this if it comes out this year...
gregitaly:
Ocarina of Time blows
...PHA+PGltZyBzcmM9Imh0dHA6Ly9pNTQudGlueXBpYy5jb20vMjliaGYyOS5qcGciIGFsdD0iaW1hZ2UiLz48L3A+
Ummmm, ok.
And they arnt just remaking 64 Games.
Did you not see the Resident Evil vid?
Or that entire list of Games to expect?
Worgen
mad825:
I'm still waiting for those battery specs.......
If those tech specs are real, I'm sure the battery life will not be all that much different from the current DS. May be a little less due to the dual processing, but it'll probably still pump out a reasonable amount of hours.
if nintendo's hand helds are known for anything its battery live, none of nintendo's competitors has been able to outlast any of the gameboys or ds's
Sovvolf:
yeah the psp had more like.... 7, 7 games worth playing, yeah thats about right
Lordofthesuplex
I personally don't care for the specs. It's the games that matter. Still pretty impressive stuff though.
Worgen:
Maybe, maybe not. I don't know... I didn't own a PSP long before it was broken and I haven't yet went and replaced it. So I don't know what games aren't and what games are good. However, as said before. Lets not pull one console down in order to big up the other. This often starts a console war (which no one wants).
I do own one, Im glad mine hasnt busted since I doubt I would ever care enough to replace it, Id trade it in but there are a few games exclusive to it that I love, rtype command, prinny can I really be the hero, pursuit force, and dissidia
When I had it... I just had Crisis Core and a really bad Scarface game so I can't really judge on what is or isn't good. Was going to replace the damned thing but I simply don't have the money at the moment and I don't often use portable consoles when I do have them.
Mr. Omega
I have NO idea what any of this means. I'm more of a "software-over-hardware" person anyway, so these specs could be awesome or crap. Judging on the games I've seen for it, I can't wait for the 3DS. (I still hate 3D, though...)
All the numbers are well and good, but history has taught me all what developers do with it. I remember being told the Atari Jaguar had 64 bits! Still didn't hold a candle to the 16 bit systems.
Kid Icarus looked good on this, and hoping still place for pretty 2D games (Castlevania please).
shaboinkin
This just popped in my mind: I would LOVE to see Portal on the 3DS.
XT inc
or maybe Ill wait till the 3ds lite or the 3ds micro or the 3ds XL or the 3dsi// would you please stop fucking one upping your own shit god damnit.
Brotherofwill
I don't know how specs translate to battery usage but I know one thing: Nintendo handhelds have always had great battery life. I doubt this will be much different.
If it sucks...adapters and rechargables are your friends.
Atmos Duality
The "conservative hardware" specs look pretty damn good for a handheld.
Keeping in mind that this is a device made specifically for portable gaming; it has to have minimal heat output and a decent battery life.
-Seraph-
Brotherofwill:
Normally it's the processor that can kill the battery. The more of it that's used or taxed, the more power it consumes. Although I am going to assume some games won't use full processor power all the time and be caped at an optimum limit.
Also how much you use the 3D of the device will determine how long the battery lasts on a single charge. If you always got the 3D going, it's goign to have less battery life than when it's off.
The thing has two processors so that is rather concerning when it comes to battery life. Both processors work together to render the image twice to produce that 3D effect. So I'm guessing witht he 3D on all the way for a full charge it'll probably cut the battery life by 1/3 or 1/4 or something.
Well that's my assumption on the matter.
3D slider...how times have changed. I remember abusing the volume dial on the original grey block to save battery and struggling for hours with the gradually fading red light and silently praying everytime I saved while my power was low and the game asked me to not switch off the Gamebo...whoa ehrmmm....nostalgia flash.
Ok, I get what you mean, the 3D will be heavier on the batteries. Makes sense, altough I have no idea where you arrived at 1/3 or 1/4 (which would be pretty detrimetal). Fancy 3D visual come at a fancy battery price I guess. I'm sure Nintendo will figure something out.
Oh the battery life being shortened by 1/4-1/3 was just my best guess considering the thing would be running TWO processors at the same time which is not that very energy efficient I'd assume. I'm sure it'll still have a decent battery life, but don't expect that fancy 3D to not have some short comings when it comes to the systems performance.
As long as it has respectable battery life, can handle running games smoothly and has a library to back it up, I don't care. The DS games now look fine to me and the 3DS can only improve from it, so it can't look terrible.
It's a hand-held with a small screen where the level of detail seen from a PS3/PC/Xbox title frankly doesn't matter.
Cadapalo
It's dangerous to go alone! Take this! *hands flame shield*
OT: The fact the 3ds has weak specs compared to some of the devices now I see as a good thing because it'll bring the price down when it releases. In any case I'll be reserving this thing as soon as I am able to because chances are they will sell out very fast. It'll be the Wii fiasco all over again.
Ayjona
CrystalShadow:
No, I didn't care about the dual core processor. My point was that a comparison to a 2007 device is peculiar, and puts the 3DS in a bad light. The dual processor does not factor into that conveyance. (Although I must say that an ideal case of 500 MHz still sounds rather lacking to me, since both iPhones, WM7 and Android devices come with processors close to or at 1 GHz these days.)
As for battery life, I'd take power over longevity any day, since opportunities abound to charge whatever handheld device I choose to bring with me.
And I must say that most of the time, the apparent difference between console games and their PC counterparts seems to reflect the difference in specs rather acutely. I've yet to see a console game that can come close to the same title run on a gaming PC.
But yes, I fully expect the 3DS to outperform its' own tech specs, so I do agree with you in that regard. If only Nintendo and Sony could realize that proper online gaming requires a constant internet connection. This is the stopper that makes me default to the Android and iOS platforms for all my gaming needs. Being able to just pick up my smartphone and play an adventure in an MMO with a few friends/execute a few moves or commands in an asynchronous strategy game against a pal/go head to head with people from all over the world in an action game/purchase a new title directly from my device and start playing within a few minutes is more fun and rewarding than any disconnected single player game, and a trend that is growing, avalanche-style. Strange that the (previously) dominant makers of handhelds completely fail to appraise the appeal of this element...
The Great Zegrool
...RAM in the current DS with a total of 64MB...
I honestly misread that as 64GB of ram. I thought the universe had gone crazy while I was on vacation.
Damn lysdexia messin' up mah readan.
Electrogecko
I've gotta say, I really have no idea what any of this means. But I don't care!!!
Oh my. Thats quite some power for the lil device. Heh, Nice leak!
Rainforce
XT inc:
thats Nintendo humor for you. one-upping. haha.
Unrulyhandbag
Comparing those specs is hardly fair though.
How much is an Iphone 4 when not bundled with network contract? in the UK its around £600; about three times the maximum people will pay for a portable console. Apple portables are only worth buying when subsidised and running apples OS is a major factor in the required power for an apple device.
The hardware isn't old in the 3DS but it's all set to very low clock rates and why did they drop Nvidias latest portable graphics? I can only assume battery life was a major consideration for those hardware settings.
The ram is probably enough considering the screen resolutions and given the games we've been shown I doubt that it's going to be an issue for a few years.
The major issue is the PSP which will certainly make the 3DS's specs an embarrassment with it's next release as all it need to beat it atm is a newer graphics processor. The decider will be which will have the better games, the more friendly price and if 3d is enough of a pull.


text:
The opening of Chashitsu in Bucharest and the visit of Mrs Akie Abe, the wife of the prim minister of Japan
In Sen no Rikyu's times it was normal for political people to share a cup of tea in a tea hut. In Japan this tradition still exists, in a form proper for this century.
Yesterday in Romania the prim minister of Japan was in Romania, and his wife, Mrs. Akie Abe visited such a tea hut / Chashitsu together with our minister of Culture and other personalities, and could drink a cup of tea on tatami.
The Japanese Embassy organized this great event, inviting Mrs Abe at the National Museum of Arts in Bucharest, where a Chashitsu was built.
The National Museum of Art in Romania / MNAR, which is situated in the old Royal Palace, together with the Japanese Embassy, with the architects, with Takenaka, the company that built the Chashitsu, with the help of Chado Urasenke from Kyoto and of the JTI Romania finished the building of the Chashitsu, inside the museum's section dedicated to the Japanese and Oriental arts.
The school of tea ceremony, Chado Urasenke from Kyoto gave the name of the Chashitsu, RYŌKOAN, writen on a hangaku.
The event included the ceremony of opening this Chashitsu and of it's hangaku. Mrs Akie Abe, Mrs. Ambasador Ishii, the minister of Culture, the director of MNAR and the director of JTI performed this ceremony.
The tea ceremony was performed by Tsutsumi sensei, representative of Chado Urasenke and her student, Mr. Kani, from Paris, with the help of both Chado Urasenke Tankokai Romania Luminis and Chado Urasenke Tankokai Romania.
Links toward other oficial publications about the event:
https://www.agerpres.ro/cultura/2018/01/16/sotia-premierului-japoniei-akie-abe-la-ceremonia-ceaiului-de-la-mnar-sunt-enorm-de-impresionata--37893
http://www.mnar.arts.ro/evenimente-muzeu/eveniment/229-camera-de-ceai-de-la-mnar-inaugurat%C4%83-%C3%AEn-prezen%C8%9Ba-doamnei-akie-abe
TAGS: demonstrations, Japanese Embassy, MNAR, Mrs. Akie Abe, winter2017-2018
"Interviurile lui Matei Georgescu" @ TVH - On Chado with Gabriel Caciula sensei
On a rather rainy December day we have been invited by Mr. Matei Georgescu at his Television Show, called "Interviurile lui Matei Georgescu", at TVH. The television was situated right inside the building of an University in Bucharest, and it is actually that University's television. We have found out that Mr. Georgescu is a professor there, and also a psychoanalyst. Every week he has an interview, and discussions are always on some interesting cultural aspects.
That particular day he was interested in Chado and Chanoyu. Our meeting with him was quick and as smooth as possible. Just one phone call from him and there we were, making and drinking tea together.
First of all I have to say I am happy to realize that Chanoyu has gained enough visibility in Romania for people to become curious about it and to have TV shows about it. It is an endless subject for discussion, for Chado/ Chanoyu are the essence of the Japanese Culture.
We have presented Chanoyu and Chado in so many places and in so many different ways, that I hope the Romanian public can see this philosophy and practice in a larger perspective now.
Here is the link to this TV show, were Gabriel Caciula Soga sensei speacks about Tea Ceremony with Mr Matei Georgescu and prepares a cup of tea for both our host and myself.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4v3EI08i9VA
TAGS: reflections, winter2017-2018
The opening of Chashitsu in Bucharest and the visi...
"Interviurile lui Matei Georgescu" @ TVH - On Chad...


text:
FUE shines in the QS World Universities Ranking: Arab Region 2021
The QS World University Rankings: Arab Region 2021, is an annual insight into the top performing institutions in the Arab region. In what has been a challenging year for the higher education sector across the globe, the level of engagement from institutions in the Arab region has been tremendously encouraging.
Future University in Egypt has been crowned with the rank 71-80 among Arab universities in 2021 after being ranked 111-120 in 2020.
Future University in Egypt has worked hard to verify data and check accuracy. The 2021 edition saw 160 institutions ranked, up from 130 last year. FUE sustained efforts around data collection and institutional engagement with absolute performance in terms of reputation, research, and teaching.
The methodology of the QS World Universities Ranking: Arab Region 2021, retains key indicators of the global ranking such as academic reputation, employer reputation and Faculty to student ratio, but also considers a set of performance metrics carefully tailored for the region.
QS Arab Certificate
QS Arab Region University Rankings


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