text:
Mystery crabs wash up in Hawaii
Posted by Stacey King on July 26, 2012 at 8:57pm
ABC RADIO AUSTRALIA - Pacific Beat
Updated 25 July 2012, 13:20 AEST
On the beaches of Hawaii thousands of mysterious crabs have washed ashore.
http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/radio/program/pacifi...
Mystery crabs wash up in Hawaii (Credit: ABC)
Scientists are having trouble identifying the crabs and say they've not seen anything like it before.
Presenter: Geraldine Coutts
Speaker: Dr Andrew Rossiter, the director of the Waikiki Aquarium
ROSSITER: They're very small, very hard to identify and there's not a lot known about the larval stages of crabs, so it's a pretty tough thing. The way we're approaching it at the moment is we've collected a bunch of them, we've got them behind the scenes and we're trying to rear them up to adulthood so that we can be sure of what they are.
COUTTS: How far into that are you, how big do they get?
ROSSITER: They actually grow to about six inches in size. At the moment they're probably a little bit bigger than peas so you can imagine they've got quite a way to go.
COUTTS: Well trying to identify these crabs, are they unnamed or have you given them a working title?
ROSSITER: Yeah we think they're what's called 7-11 crabs or also known as the spotted reef crab, but that's a best guess it's not a strong statement.
COUTTS: So what do you do now to try and absolutely identify them? Do you put it out to the world scientists to say have you seen this critter?
ROSSITER: We've actually got somebody at the university doing a DNA analysis on them, but that's only good enough, it's only of any use if there's already a sequence of that species. But it's a step forward.
COUTTS: And if that is the case where have they come from?
ROSSITER: If it is the 7-11 crab they're found here naturally, they're found right through the Indo-Pacific, the Red Sea, Japan, China, Australia. So when they spawn, when they breed the eggs and larvae are washed offshore, they live in the plankton, they grow up to about pea-sized and then they move onshore, but never in such huge numbers as this.
COUTTS: Well why do you think they are such huge numbers? But before we get to that it makes it more curious if they're actually indigenous to the area?
ROSSITER: Right, right. There was a case in 2004 I believe where a significant number were washed up, but nothing on this scale. For something of this magnitude to happen it has to be environmental or ecological, so people have said it's a slug of cold water come in, a slug of warm water, pollution. But if it were any of those it would affect other species as well. So what I think has happened is that it's been an exceptionally good year for the breeding of this species, there's millions of them offshore and an onshore blow has probably aggregated them and swept them onshore all at one time.
COUTTS: Well what do you do now, are you going to try and maintain the population so that they stay there?
ROSSITER: We've got some behind the scenes but in terms of on the reef itself the little fishes are having a feast, so I think it's self-regulating.
COUTTS: Now to ask this question is a must actually, have you popped any into the pot, what do they taste like?
ROSSITER: These things are about pea-sized, the shells are pretty soft, I would imagine dipped in breadcrumbs and fried they'd be delicious, but I haven't tried yet.
COUTTS: And do you think that they'll be sustainable, they won't be wiped out, that they'll live on happily in this cycle that you've described?
ROSSITER: Yeah given the numbers that have come in some of them have bound to have settled out, so I would suggest that probably in three or four years they'll be a lot of adults of this species present once they reach adulthood.
COUTTS: And most of them are dead when they arrive anyway in this particular population?
ROSSITER: No actually most were alive, it's only when some of them got washed up onshore that they died. So in some places there are bays around the shore and the water was absolutely purple with these things, and people were swimming in there and they said they were absolutely covered in them and the little buggers were pinching them as well.
COUTTS: Well that sounds like a lot, can you put a number on it, how many have actually swum ashore?
ROSSITER: Probably millions.
COUTTS: Wow, and are many of them making it ashore, are they nipping the people on the beaches as they're trying to get a suntan?
ROSSITER: It's only in certain parts of Oahu and they're also on the big island as well. And there was a hurricane passed by here about two weeks ago so we think that may have caused an onshore blow because they're only on one side of the island. So they're not everywhere and the numbers have gone down now, there's not many being washed up at all.
COUTTS: So how does this leave you with the Waikiki Aquarium, is it the kind of thing you'd like to maintain and have in the aquarium or you're quite happy for it to be cyclical?
ROSSITER: Yeah we've got some in the aquarium, we're going to grow them up and then we'll put some on display for sure. But it's all part of the pattern of nature so some years are good for some species, some years are bad, and this is a good one for the 7-11 crab.
COUTTS: And are you working with the university or is this something that you're doing at the Waikiki Aquarium?
ROSSITER: We're actually part of the University of Hawaii.
COUTTS: Alright so they're doing the testing for you?
ROSSITER: We're doing it altogether yeah. And the mission of the aquarium is education, conservation and research, so something like this is right up our alley/
COUTTS: How long will it be do you think before they grow to that six-inch diameter that you were talking about earlier?
ROSSITER: Again nobody knows how quick they grow but I would guess within three or four years they'll be at least three or four inches.
COUTTS: Well for the Waikiki Aquarium is this actually exciting or is this just ho-hum for you?
ROSSITER: I think it's brilliant.
COUTTS: And what about the spectators or the visitors to the aquarium, do they think it's pretty cool too?
ROSSITER: Yeah they're surprised, they're absolutely amazed that there are so many of one species all present at one time.
COUTTS: Is it drawing extra numbers for you through the gates?
ROSSITER: I think the first day that there were a lot of crabs on the shore there were increased numbers in the aquarium and that's because people didn't want to go in the water. So instead of lying on the beach they came to the aquarium instead.


Srila Gurudeva chose to have his Samadhi at Sri Navadvipa-dhama to help us to cross the ocean of material existence. Sri Navadvipa-dhama is non-different from Sri Nityananda prabhu who is akhanda-guru-tattva (Supreme spiritual master) and the abode of nitya-ananda (etenal bliss). Without the mercy of Nityananda Prabhu one cannot attain the service of Radha and Krishna. Hence, as we visit Srila Gurudeva's Samadhi, then automatically we are approaching entire Guru-Parampara up to Akhanda-guru-tattva Sri Nityananda prabhu.
Following his commands and instructions, we invite all his beloved sons and daughters to Sri Navadvipa-dhama Parikrama 2015, on his behalf. We will also relish the sweet enchanting memories of days spent during his manifest pastime, in his divine presence.
In Vraja, Sri Krishna relishes the mellows of transcendental love which he receives from Vrajavasis , and in Sri Navadvipa-dhama he relishes the love of Srimati Radharani by adopting her mood and luster. In the ecstasy of such relishment he distributes vraja-prema freely and joyfully to everyone without considering the eligibility. Thus Sri Krishna in the mood of Srimati Radharani is more glories and magnanimous similarly his abode Sri Navadvipa-dhama though non-different from Sri Vrindavana-dhama is more potent and merciful. That devotee who performs his devotional practices aspiring for the transcendental mellows of Vraja can easily attain this vraja prema by taking exclusive shelter of Sri Gaurasundara and His dear associates in Sri Navadvipa-dhama, where offences are not considered. Devarshi Narada, Sri Uddhava and other exalted saints possess a high caliber of prema, but still they aspire to acquire this rarely attained vraja prema. Sri Gaurasundara's abode easily bestows this prema.
In conclusion, Sri Navadvipa-dhama is as supremely magnanimous as Sri Gaurasundara Himself. Navadvipa-dhama consists of nine islands [nava means "nine" and dvipa means "island"], namely, Antardvipa, Semantadvipa, Godrumadvip, Madhyadvipa, Koladvipa, Ritudvipa, Jahnudvipa, Modadruma dvipa and Rudradvipa. Furthermore, Sri Navadvipa-dhama is the abode of the nine types of devotional service as follows: Antardvipa – self-surrender; Simantadvipa – hearing; Godrumadvipa – chanting; Madhyadvipa – remembering; Koladvipa – serving the Lord's lotus feet; ritudvipa – worshiping (archan); Jahnudvipa – offering prayers; Modadruma dvipa – engaging as a servant; and Rudradvipa – serving as a friend.
Our Sampradaya Acharya, Nitya-lila-pravista om visnypada astottara-sata Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura inaugurated the Navadvipa-dhama Parikrama and Vraja Mandal Parikrama for the ultimate benefit of all the sincere devotees of the lord. And our beloved Gurudeva, Nitya-lila-pravista ashtottara-sata Sri Srimad Bhaktivedanta Narayana Gosvami Maharaja has been carrying forward the same tradition. In fact Srila Gurudeva is still continuing this parikrama at Sri Sri Keshavji Gaudiya Matha, Navadvipa-dhama and thus inviting all for the annual Navadvipa-dhama Parikrama in 2015.
O brother, the result one obtains by residing at any of the other holy places for many days will be received by residing for only one day in Sri Navadvipa. Therefore, all the sincere devotees of the Lord who desire pure love of godhead are cordially invited to take part in the parikrama of Sri Navadvipa-dhama.
A minimum contribution of Indian Rs. 4500, US$ 75, or EU 60 per person is requested in order to cover the most basic expenses of the festival. Your contribution will help to cover delicious prasadam, electricity and water, the rental of the pandal and sound system, payment for various workers, cleaning costs, and facilitation of the many poor pilgrims from India.
Sri Devananda Gaudiya Math, Sri Simantadvip : Simulia, Sri Rudradvipa : Praudhamaya, Sri Jagannath Das baba ji Maharaja's Bhajan kutir and samadhi mandir, Nidaya Ghat.
Fast break time: Sunrise to 9:42am.
Fasting for SRI GAURA-PURNIMA. Celebration of the appearance day of Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and Maha-abhishek in evening and kirtan festival.
Fast break time : Sunrise to 9:50am. Departure.


text:
\section{ Introduction }

 The electron neutrinos emitted from the sun disappear somewhere
when they travel to the earth. This is the famous solar
neutrino deficit, which is the almost forty years' ``Solar Neutrino
Problem''. There were many attempts to solve this
puzzle during the years. Some of them were tried to modify the solar model
in order to give a lower original neutrino flux, which conflict the
energy spectrum provided by
the 4 first-generation experiments: Homestake, Sage, Gallex and
Kamiokande \cite{CHLOR,SAGE,GALLEX,Kamiokande}.  Recent experiments have shown that the solar neutrino
oscillate by
$\nu _{e}\rightarrow \nu _{\mu ,\tau }$ inside the sun via MSW conversions.
This was proven by the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) \cite{SNO}, and it
was confirmed by the reactor experiment KamLAND \cite{KamLAND}. The
former experiment detects $\nu _{e},$ $\nu _{e}+\nu _{\mu }+\nu _{\tau }$ and
$\nu _{e}+15\%(\nu _{\mu }+\nu _{\tau })$ three quantities on earth,
which correspond to CC, NC and ES interactions respectively;  KamLAND
observes $\overset{-}{\nu _{e}}\rightarrow $ $\overset{-}{\nu _{x}}$
neutrino oscillation channel.

\section{Solar neutrinos}

\bigskip The solar neutrino puzzle was solved by the neutrino oscillations $%
\nu _{e}\rightarrow \nu _{\mu ,\tau }$ inside the sun via MSW conversions.
This was proved by the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) in Canada. And it
was confirmed by the laboratory base line experiment KamLAND in
Japan.

SNO is a 1000 ton heavy water Cerenkov detector mainly measuring
$^{8}B$ solar neutrinos. It consists of nearly 9450
photon-multiplier tubes and light concentrator units arrayed on a
geodesic support structure, with light water surrounding the
spherical acrylic vessel containing the $D_{2}O.$The first phase
of SNO data is from the pure $D_{2}O$. After that the
experimenters add up $NaCl$ (salt) to enhance the NC events rates.
This is called the second phase or "salt phase".

In analysis of the solar oscillation data \cite{Liu1}, we use
the $\chi^2$  defined as:

\begin{equation}
\chi _{\otimes }^{2}=\chi _{1gen}^{2}+\chi _{SK}^{2}+\chi _{SNO}^{2},
\label{Chi1}
\end{equation}
where $\chi _{1gen}^{2}$stands for Chlorine
and Gallium experiments. To calculate each individual chi square in the
right hand side of eq. (\ref{Chi1}), we use the so called
covariance approach:
\begin{equation}
\chi _{covar}^{2}=\sum_{n,m=1}^{N}(R_{n}^{\exp }-R_{n}^{theo})[\sigma
_{nm}^{2}]^{-1}(R_{m}^{\exp }-R_{m}^{theo})  .
\label{Chicovar}
\end{equation}
Here $R_{n}^{\exp }$and $R_{n}^{theo}$ correspond to experimental result and
theoretical value for the n-th data point. N=2,34,44 are for
 $\chi _{1gen\RIfM@\expandafter\text@\else\expandafter\mbox\fi{ }}^{2}$, $\chi _{SK}^{2}$, $\chi _{SNO}^{2}$
respectively. For getting a $R_{n}^{theo}$, the important step is to calculate the $%
\nu _{e}$ survival probability. We have used three methods to
check its consistency: the Parke formula \cite{Parke}; the
modified semi-analytic formula in \cite{Mont}; and the completely
numerical propagation. We found that the second way is the best,
considering both the calculation precision and the computer CPU
hour.

The covariant matrix of squared error $\sigma _{nm}^{2}$ can be written as

\begin{equation}
\sigma _{nm}^{2}=\delta _{nm}\mu _{n}\mu
_{m}+\sum_{k=1}^{K}c_{n}^{k}c_{m}^{k}.
\label{sigmamn}
\end{equation}

$\mu _{n}$ is the uncorrelated error of the n-th detected quantity for both
the experiment and the theory (such as the statistic uncertainty, or other
uncertainties which affect only one detectable value), and $c_{n}^{k}$ is
the correlated systematic error caused by the k-th correlated original
error (the original error may be the spectrum uncertainty, or the energy
resolution uncertainty, etc.). For a detectable value $R_{n}^{\exp }$, we
can say that its uncertainty $(R_{n}^{\exp }-$ $R_{n}^{theo})$ is in
the range of
$\pm \mu _{n}\pm c_{n}^{1}\pm c_{n}^{2}\pm ...\pm c_{n}^{k}.$

For $\chi _{1gen}^{2},$ the correlated errors are the 12 SSM uncertainties $%
X_{i}$ (the cross section factors
$S_{11},S_{13},S_{34},S_{1,14},S_{17}$; the $^{7}Be$ capture cross
section $C_{Be}$; the solar luminosity; metallicity Z/X; age;
opacity; the element diffusion and $S_{hep}$), whose relative
uncertainties $\Delta \ln X_{k}$ determine the correlated
uncertainties of the neutrino fluxes $\Phi _{i}^{SSM}$ through the
logarithmic derivatives

\begin{equation}
\alpha _{i,k}=\frac{\partial \ln \Phi _{i}^{SSM}}{\partial \ln X_{k}}
\label{alphaik}
\end{equation}

With this uncertainties and the matrix given in (\ref{sigmamn})
(\ref{alphaik}),
we can calculate the fractional uncertainties of the SSM neutrino fluxes:

\begin{equation*}
\Delta \ln \Phi _{i}^{SSM}=\sqrt{\sum_{k=1}^{12}(\alpha _{i,k}\Delta \ln
X_{k})^{2}}
\end{equation*}

For $\chi _{SNO}^{2}$ and $\chi _{SK}^{2}$, the only effective SSM
uncertainty is the $^{8}B$ neutrino flux uncertainty since the $hep$ neutrino
flux is too small. So, we uses free $^{8}B$
flux method \cite{Hol}, i.e., we float the flux near the central value
given in paper \cite{BP}
within $1\sigma $ uncertainty range, then find out which flux gives the
minimal $\chi ^{2}$. The $\chi ^{2}$ formula changes a little as

\begin{equation*}
\chi ^{2}=\sum_{n,m=1}^{N}(R_{n}^{\exp }-f_{B}\cdot R_{n}^{theo})[\sigma
_{nm}^{2}]^{-1}(R_{m}^{\exp }-f_{B}\cdot R_{m}^{theo})+\frac{(1-f_{B})^{2}}{
\sigma ^{2}}.
\end{equation*}

Thus to describe $\sigma _{nm}^{2}$ in these two experiments, we don't need to
consider the SSM uncertainties. The remaining original uncertainties that
can affect $\chi _{SK}^{2}$ are the $^{8}B$ spectrum shape error, the energy
scale uncertainty, the resolution uncertainty and an overall SK systematic
offset uncertainty. For SNO, the remaining original uncertainties are $^{8}B$
spectrum shape error, the energy scale uncertainty, the resolution
uncertainty, the vertex reconstruction uncertainty, the cross section
uncertainty, the neutron capture uncertainty, the neutron background
uncertainty, and low energy background uncertainty \cite{SNO}.

\bigskip Using this method we scan the solar neutrino $\tan ^{2}\theta
_{12}-\Delta m_{12}^{2}$\ parameter space, neglecting the tiny
correction from $\theta _{13}$ and$\ \Delta m_{13}^{2}.$ The allowed regions
are shown in figs. \ref{fig:SNO}.

\begin{figure}[t]
\mbox{\epsfig{figure=SNO2.eps,height=6cm}} \mbox{%
\epsfig{figure=SNO1.eps,height=6cm}}
\caption{ The 90$\%$, 95$\%$, 99$\%$, and 99.73$\%$ C.L. allowed regions in
the $\Delta m_{12}^{2}-tan^{2}\protect\theta_{12}$ plane after SNO
experiments. Left corresponds to the result of SNO's first phase, the right
is the result of SNO's salt phase case. }
\label{fig:SNO}
\end{figure}

\section{Manufactured neutrinos}

At present the only detected laboratory neutrinos which are sensitive to
$\Delta m_{12}^{2}-\tan\theta _{12}$ parameters are reactor neutrinos. KamLAND
is a first experiment to deal with these solar neutrino parameters completely from
manufactured source instead of from the sun. This reactor neutrino experiment
convinces scientists that the Large Mixing MSW is the solution of the
solar neutrino problem \cite{Hol,LMA_sun,Bahcall}.

In a reactor, anti neutrinos are released by radioactive isotope
fission; the total neutrino spectrum is a rather well understood function of
the thermal power $W$, the amount of thermal power $w_{i}$ emitted during
the fission of a given nucleus, and the isotopic composition of the reactor
fuel $f_{i}$,
\begin{equation}
S(E_{\nu })=\frac{W}{\sum f_{i}w_{i}}\sum f_{i}\left( \frac{dN}{dE_{\nu }}%
\right) _{i}
\end{equation}
The index $i$ of $f_{i}$ stands for 4 isotopes such are $^{235}U$,
 $^{238}U$,  $^{239}Pu$ and $^{241}Pu.$ The (dN/dE) is the
energy spectrum of the fissionable isotope, it can be parameterized by the
following expression\cite{nu_spectrum} when $E_{\nu }\geq $ $2MeV$:
\begin{equation}
\frac{dN_{\nu }}{dE_{\nu }}=e^{a_{0}+a_{1}E_{\nu }+a_{2}E_{\nu }^{2}}
\end{equation}%
the coefficients $a_{i}$ depend on the nature of the fissionable isotope.
KamLAND is a scintillator detector, where electronic anti neutrinos are
detected by free protons via inverse $\beta -$decay reaction\cite
{nu_spectrum},
\begin{equation}
\overline{\nu }_{e}+p\rightarrow e^{+}+n
\label{inverse-decay}
\end{equation}%
in the limit of infinite nucleon mass, the cross section of this reaction is
given by $\sigma (E_{\nu })=kE_{e^{+}}P_{e^{+}}$, where $%
E_{e^{+}},~P_{e^{+}} $ are the positron energy and momentum respectively and
$k$ can be taken as $k=9.55\times 10^{-44}~cm^{2}/MeV^{2}$. The anti neutrino
events are characterized by the positron annihilation signal and the delayed
neutron capture sign \cite{KamLAND}.

From the reactor to the detector, massive neutrinos oscillate on the way and
change their flavor composition to a certain extent. The anti neutrino, $
\overline{\nu }_{e}$, can oscillate to other flavors via $\Delta m_{12}^{2}$
and $\Delta m_{13}^{2}$. For KamLAND experiment, the distance is in the
range of hundred kilometers. Due to the tiny value of $\theta _{13}$ and the
value of $\Delta m_{13}^{2}$, contribution to oscillation from the
biggest neutrino mass scale $m_{3}$ gives a small averaged effect thus we
can reduce it to a two-flavor \ neutrino analysis:
\begin{equation}
P(E_{\nu },L,\theta _{12},\Delta m_{12}^{2})=1-\sin ^{2}(2\theta _{12})\sin
^{2}\left( \frac{1.27\Delta m_{12}^{2}(\mathtt{eV}^{2})L(\mathtt{m})}{E_{\nu
}(\mathtt{MeV})}\right)
\end{equation}

The combined results of solar and reactor neutrino experimental data before "Neutrino 2004" are shown in figs. \ref{fig:BKamL}.

\begin{figure}[t]
\mbox{\epsfig{figure=3.eps,height=6cm}} \mbox{%
\epsfig{figure=4.eps,height=6cm}}
\caption{
  The combined LMA region of solar and KamLAND data before
 conference Nu$2004$. The difference between left and right shows
  improvement from SNO's salt phase result.
The confidence
  levels are the same as what in fig. \ref{fig:SNO}. }
\label{fig:BKamL}
\end{figure}

Using the newest 766.3 Ton-Year of data published by KamLAND collaboration
at conference $Neutrino$ 2004, we find the $\tan ^{2}\theta
_{12}-\Delta m_{12}^{2}$ allowed region with the energy spectrum in 13 bins.
The result is shown in fig. \ref{fig:KamL} -left. The combined chi
square is then $\chi^{2}=\chi _{\otimes }^{2}+\chi _{KL}^{2}$ with
result shown in fig. \ref{fig:KamL} -right;
which confirms the Large Mixing Angle MSW solution to the solar neutrino
problem. The best fit point we get is
$$\tan^2\theta=0.4;   ~~~~~\Delta
m^2_{21}=8.3 \times 10^{-5}eV^2, $$
which is consistent with the previous papers \cite{analy}; The day-night effect \cite{daynight} for solar neutrinos
is then expected to be about two to four percent.

Many other possible candidates for the solution of solar neutrino problem are
excluded; sterile neutrinos are no more supported in this long-lasting
puzzle. However, the most reliable candidate, the LMA MSW solution is
becoming precise and more confident in terms of a much larger
confidence level and much smaller allowed region. Thus we conclude
that the solar neutrino problem is solved by large mixing MSW
solution, with parameters shown in fig. \ref{fig:KamL}.
 \begin{figure}[t]
\mbox{\epsfig{figure=KamL.eps,height=6cm}} \mbox{%
\epsfig{figure=Glo.eps,height=6cm}}
\caption{Left is the new KamLAND allowed regions for 766.3 Ty data,
  together with the LMA solution contours (not filled in) by solar
  neutrinos themselves. Right is
  the combined LMA region of solar and KamLAND data. The confidence
  levels are the same as what in fig. \ref{fig:SNO}. }
\label{fig:KamL}
\end{figure}

  In conclusion, using the new data of KamLAND experiment we conclude
  that the solar neutrino solution is in
the large mixing MSW adiabatic allowed region, corresponding to
($\tan^2\theta$, $\Delta m^2$) $\sim$ ($0.27 - 0.62$,
$7.2 \times 10^{-5} - 9.5 \times 10^{-5} eV^{2}$), at $4\sigma$ level.
Which is an amazing small region in the parameter space with such a
high confidence level. Our result with best fit point at ($\tan^2\theta$,
  $\Delta m^2$) $\sim$ ($0.4$, $8.3 \times 10^{-5}
  eV^{2}$) is in good agreement with previous
  studies. Predictions of the MSW adiabatic
  conversion solution of the neutrino energy spectrum, the day-night effect,
  the seasonal variation, the ratio of CC and NC current events are
  all consistent with the solar
  data. At present, none signal indicates other solutions rather than the MSW
  adiabatic solution, together with the standard solar model.

\noindent{\large \textbf{Acknowledgments:}} One of the authors,
Q.Y.L., would like to thank A. Yu. Smirnov for reading of the
paper and useful suggestions, and the Abdus Salam International
Center for Theoretical Physics for hospitality when the paper was
written. This work is supported in part by the National Nature
Science Foundation of China.

\newpage

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\@ifundefined{nB}{\def\nB#1{\hbox{#1}}}{
\@ifundefined{note}{\def\note{$^{\dag}}}{}%
\defLaTeX2e{LaTeX2e}
\ifx\fmtnameLaTeX2e
  \DeclareOldFontCommand{\rm}{\normalfont\rmfamily}{\mathrm}
  \DeclareOldFontCommand{\sf}{\normalfont\sffamily}{\mathsf}
  \DeclareOldFontCommand{\tt}{\normalfont\ttfamily}{\mathtt}
  \DeclareOldFontCommand{\bf}{\normalfont\bfseries}{\mathbf}
  \DeclareOldFontCommand{\it}{\normalfont\itshape}{\mathit}
  \DeclareOldFontCommand{\sl}{\normalfont\slshape}{\@nomath\sl}
  \DeclareOldFontCommand{\sc}{\normalfont\scshape}{\@nomath\sc}
\fi

\def\alpha{{\Greekmath 010B}}%
\def\beta{{\Greekmath 010C}}%
\def\gamma{{\Greekmath 010D}}%
\def\delta{{\Greekmath 010E}}%
\def\epsilon{{\Greekmath 010F}}%
\def\zeta{{\Greekmath 0110}}%
\def\eta{{\Greekmath 0111}}%
\def\theta{{\Greekmath 0112}}%
\def\iota{{\Greekmath 0113}}%
\def\kappa{{\Greekmath 0114}}%
\def\lambda{{\Greekmath 0115}}%
\def\mu{{\Greekmath 0116}}%
\def\nu{{\Greekmath 0117}}%
\def\xi{{\Greekmath 0118}}%
\def\pi{{\Greekmath 0119}}%
\def\rho{{\Greekmath 011A}}%
\def\sigma{{\Greekmath 011B}}%
\def\tau{{\Greekmath 011C}}%
\def\upsilon{{\Greekmath 011D}}%
\def\phi{{\Greekmath 011E}}%
\def\chi{{\Greekmath 011F}}%
\def\psi{{\Greekmath 0120}}%
\def\omega{{\Greekmath 0121}}%
\def\varepsilon{{\Greekmath 0122}}%
\def\vartheta{{\Greekmath 0123}}%
\def\varpi{{\Greekmath 0124}}%
\def\varrho{{\Greekmath 0125}}%
\def\varsigma{{\Greekmath 0126}}%
\def\varphi{{\Greekmath 0127}}%

\def{\Greekmath 0272}{{\Greekmath 0272}}
\def\FindBoldGroup{%
   {\setbox0=\hbox{$\mathbf{x\global\edef\theboldgroup{\the\mathgroup}}$}}%
}

\def\Greekmath#1#2#3#4{%
    \if@compatibility
        \ifnum\mathgroup=\symbold
           \mathchoice{\mbox{\boldmath$\displaystyle\mathchar"#1#2#3#4$}}%
                      {\mbox{\boldmath$\textstyle\mathchar"#1#2#3#4$}}%
                      {\mbox{\boldmath$\scriptstyle\mathchar"#1#2#3#4$}}%
                      {\mbox{\boldmath$\scriptscriptstyle\mathchar"#1#2#3#4$}}%
        \else
           \mathchar"#1#2#3#
        \fi
    \else
        \FindBoldGroup
        \ifnum\mathgroup=\theboldgroup
           \mathchoice{\mbox{\boldmath$\displaystyle\mathchar"#1#2#3#4$}}%
                      {\mbox{\boldmath$\textstyle\mathchar"#1#2#3#4$}}%
                      {\mbox{\boldmath$\scriptstyle\mathchar"#1#2#3#4$}}%
                      {\mbox{\boldmath$\scriptscriptstyle\mathchar"#1#2#3#4$}}%
        \else
           \mathchar"#1#2#3#
        \fi
	  \fi}

\newif\ifGreekBold  \GreekBoldfalse
\let\SAVEPBF=\pbf
\def\pbf{\GreekBoldtrue\SAVEPBF}%

\@ifundefined{theorem}{\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}}{}
\@ifundefined{lemma}{\newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma}}{}
\@ifundefined{corollary}{\newtheorem{corollary}[theorem]{Corollary}}{}
\@ifundefined{conjecture}{\newtheorem{conjecture}[theorem]{Conjecture}}{}
\@ifundefined{proposition}{\newtheorem{proposition}[theorem]{Proposition}}{}
\@ifundefined{axiom}{\newtheorem{axiom}{Axiom}}{}
\@ifundefined{remark}{\newtheorem{remark}{Remark}}{}
\@ifundefined{example}{\newtheorem{example}{Example}}{}
\@ifundefined{exercise}{\newtheorem{exercise}{Exercise}}{}
\@ifundefined{definition}{\newtheorem{definition}{Definition}}{}

\@ifundefined{mathletters}{%

  \newcounter{equationnumber}
  \def\mathletters{%
     \addtocounter{equation}{1}
     \edef\@currentlabel{\arabic{equation}}%
     \setcounter{equationnumber}{\c@equation}
     \setcounter{equation}{0}%
     \edef\arabic{equation}{\@currentlabel\noexpand\alph{equation}}%
  }
  \def\endmathletters{%
     \setcounter{equation}{\value{equationnumber}}%
  }
}{}

\@ifundefined{BibTeX}{%
    \def\BibTeX{{\rm B\kern-.05em{\sc i\kern-.025em b}\kern-.08em
                 T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}}}{}%
\@ifundefined{AmS}%
    {\def\AmS{{\protect\usefont{OMS}{cmsy}{m}{n}%
                A\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex\hbox{M}\kern-.125emS}}}{}%
\@ifundefined{AmSTeX}{\def\AmSTeX{\protect\AmS-\protect\TeX\@}}{}%

\def\@@eqncr{\let\@tempa\relax
    \ifcase\@eqcnt \def\@tempa{& & &}\or \def\@tempa{& &}%
      \else \def\@tempa{&}\fi
     \@tempa
     \if@eqnsw
        \iftag@
           \@taggnum
        \else
           \@eqnnum\stepcounter{equation}%
        \fi
     \fi
     \global\@ifnextchar*{\@tagstar}{\@tag}@false
     \global\@eqnswtrue
     \global\@eqcnt\z@\cr}

\def\@ifnextchar*{\@TCItagstar}{\@TCItag}{\@ifnextchar*{\@TCItagstar}{\@TCItag}}
\def\@TCItag#1{%
    \global\@ifnextchar*{\@tagstar}{\@tag}@true
    \global\def\@taggnum{(#1)}}
\def\@TCItagstar*#1{%
    \global\@ifnextchar*{\@tagstar}{\@tag}@true
    \global\def\@taggnum{#1}}
\def\QATOP#1#2{{#1 \atop #2}}%
\def\QTATOP#1#2{{\textstyle {#1 \atop #2}}}%
\def\QDATOP#1#2{{\displaystyle {#1 \atop #2}}}%
\def\QABOVE#1#2#3{{#2 \above#1 #3}}%
\def\QTABOVE#1#2#3{{\textstyle {#2 \above#1 #3}}}%
\def\QDABOVE#1#2#3{{\displaystyle {#2 \above#1 #3}}}%
\def\QOVERD#1#2#3#4{{#3 \overwithdelims#1#2 #4}}%
\def\QTOVERD#1#2#3#4{{\textstyle {#3 \overwithdelims#1#2 #4}}}%
\def\QDOVERD#1#2#3#4{{\displaystyle {#3 \overwithdelims#1#2 #4}}}%
\def\QATOPD#1#2#3#4{{#3 \atopwithdelims#1#2 #4}}%
\def\QTATOPD#1#2#3#4{{\textstyle {#3 \atopwithdelims#1#2 #4}}}%
\def\QDATOPD#1#2#3#4{{\displaystyle {#3 \atopwithdelims#1#2 #4}}}%
\def\QABOVED#1#2#3#4#5{{#4 \abovewithdelims#1#2#3 #5}}%
\def\QTABOVED#1#2#3#4#5{{\textstyle
   {#4 \abovewithdelims#1#2#3 #5}}}%
\def\QDABOVED#1#2#3#4#5{{\displaystyle
   {#4 \abovewithdelims#1#2#3 #5}}}%
\def\tint{\mathop{\textstyle \int}}%
\def\tiint{\mathop{\textstyle \iint }}%
\def\tiiint{\mathop{\textstyle \iiint }}%
\def\tiiiint{\mathop{\textstyle \iiiint }}%
\def\tidotsint{\mathop{\textstyle \idotsint }}%
\def\toint{\mathop{\textstyle \oint}}%
\def\tsum{\mathop{\textstyle \sum }}%
\def\tprod{\mathop{\textstyle \prod }}%
\def\tbigcap{\mathop{\textstyle \bigcap }}%
\def\tbigwedge{\mathop{\textstyle \bigwedge }}%
\def\tbigoplus{\mathop{\textstyle \bigoplus }}%
\def\tbigodot{\mathop{\textstyle \bigodot }}%
\def\tbigsqcup{\mathop{\textstyle \bigsqcup }}%
\def\tcoprod{\mathop{\textstyle \coprod }}%
\def\tbigcup{\mathop{\textstyle \bigcup }}%
\def\tbigvee{\mathop{\textstyle \bigvee }}%
\def\tbigotimes{\mathop{\textstyle \bigotimes }}%
\def\tbiguplus{\mathop{\textstyle \biguplus }}%
\def\dint{\mathop{\displaystyle \int}}%
\def\diint{\mathop{\displaystyle \iint}}%
\def\diiint{\mathop{\displaystyle \iiint}}%
\def\diiiint{\mathop{\displaystyle \iiiint }}%
\def\didotsint{\mathop{\displaystyle \idotsint }}%
\def\doint{\mathop{\displaystyle \oint}}%
\def\dsum{\mathop{\displaystyle \sum }}%
\def\dprod{\mathop{\displaystyle \prod }}%
\def\dbigcap{\mathop{\displaystyle \bigcap }}%
\def\dbigwedge{\mathop{\displaystyle \bigwedge }}%
\def\dbigoplus{\mathop{\displaystyle \bigoplus }}%
\def\dbigodot{\mathop{\displaystyle \bigodot }}%
\def\dbigsqcup{\mathop{\displaystyle \bigsqcup }}%
\def\dcoprod{\mathop{\displaystyle \coprod }}%
\def\dbigcup{\mathop{\displaystyle \bigcup }}%
\def\dbigvee{\mathop{\displaystyle \bigvee }}%
\def\dbigotimes{\mathop{\displaystyle \bigotimes }}%
\def\dbiguplus{\mathop{\displaystyle \biguplus }}%

\if@compatibility\else

  \RequirePackage{amsmath}
\fi

\def\makeatother\endinput{\makeatother\endinput}

\bgroup
\ifx\ds@amstex\relax
   \message{amstex already loaded}\aftergroup\makeatother\endinput
\else
   \@ifpackageloaded{amsmath}%
      {\if@compatibility\message{amsmath already loaded}\fi\aftergroup\makeatother\endinput}
      {}
   \@ifpackageloaded{amstex}%
      {\if@compatibility\message{amstex already loaded}\fi\aftergroup\makeatother\endinput}
      {}
   \@ifpackageloaded{amsgen}%
      {\if@compatibility\message{amsgen already loaded}\fi\aftergroup\makeatother\endinput}
      {}
\fi
\egroup

\typeout{TCILATEX defining AMS-like constructs in LaTeX 2.09 COMPATIBILITY MODE}
\let\DOTSI\relax
\def\RIfM@{\relax\ifmmode}%
\def\FN@{\futurelet\next}%
\newcount\intno@
\def\iint{\DOTSI\intno@\tw@\FN@\ints@}%
\def\iiint{\DOTSI\intno@\thr@@\FN@\ints@}%
\def\iiiint{\DOTSI\intno@4 \FN@\ints@}%
\def\idotsint{\DOTSI\intno@\z@\FN@\ints@}%
\def\ints@{\findlimits@\ints@@}%
\newif\iflimtoken@
\newif\iflimits@
\def\findlimits@{\limtoken@true\ifx\next\limits\limits@true
 \else\ifx\next\nolimits\limits@false\else
 \limtoken@false\ifx\ilimits@\nolimits\limits@false\else
 \ifinner\limits@false\else\limits@true\fi\fi\fi\fi}%
\def\multint@{\int\ifnum\intno@=\z@\intdots@
 \else\intkern@\fi
 \ifnum\intno@>\tw@\int\intkern@\fi
 \ifnum\intno@>\thr@@\int\intkern@\fi
 \int
\def\multintlimits@{\intop\ifnum\intno@=\z@\intdots@\else\intkern@\fi
 \ifnum\intno@>\tw@\intop\intkern@\fi
 \ifnum\intno@>\thr@@\intop\intkern@\fi\intop}%
\def\intic@{%
    \mathchoice{\hskip.5em}{\hskip.4em}{\hskip.4em}{\hskip.4em}}%
\def\negintic@{\mathchoice
 {\hskip-.5em}{\hskip-.4em}{\hskip-.4em}{\hskip-.4em}}%
\def\ints@@{\iflimtoken@
 \def\ints@@@{\iflimits@\negintic@
   \mathop{\intic@\multintlimits@}\limits
  \else\multint@\nolimits\fi
  \eat@
 \else
 \def\ints@@@{\iflimits@\negintic@
  \mathop{\intic@\multintlimits@}\limits\else
  \multint@\nolimits\fi}\fi\ints@@@}%
\def\intkern@{\mathchoice{\!\!\!}{\!\!}{\!\!}{\!\!}}%
\def\plaincdots@{\mathinner{\cdotp\cdotp\cdotp}}%
\def\intdots@{\mathchoice{\plaincdots@}%
 {{\cdotp}\mkern1.5mu{\cdotp}\mkern1.5mu{\cdotp}}%
 {{\cdotp}\mkern1mu{\cdotp}\mkern1mu{\cdotp}}%
 {{\cdotp}\mkern1mu{\cdotp}\mkern1mu{\cdotp}}}%
\def\RIfM@{\relax\protect\ifmmode}
\def\RIfM@\expandafter\text@\else\expandafter\mbox\fi{\RIfM@\expandafter\RIfM@\expandafter\text@\else\expandafter\mbox\fi@\else\expandafter\mbox\fi}
\let\nfss@text\RIfM@\expandafter\text@\else\expandafter\mbox\fi
\def\RIfM@\expandafter\text@\else\expandafter\mbox\fi@#1{\mathchoice
   {\textdef@\displaystyle\f@size{#1}}%
   {\textdef@\textstyle\tf@size{\firstchoice@false #1}}%
   {\textdef@\textstyle\sf@size{\firstchoice@false #1}}%
   {\textdef@\textstyle \ssf@size{\firstchoice@false #1}}%
   \glb@settings}

\def\textdef@#1#2#3{\hbox{{%
                    \everymath{#1}%
                    \let\f@size#2\selectfont
                    #3}}}
\newif\iffirstchoice@
\firstchoice@true
\def\Let@{\relax\iffalse{\fi\let\\=\cr\iffalse}\fi}%
\def\vspace@{\def\vspace##1{\crcr\noalign{\vskip##1\relax}}}%
\def\multilimits@{\bgroup\vspace@\Let@
 \baselineskip\fontdimen10 \scriptfont\tw@
 \advance\baselineskip\fontdimen12 \scriptfont\tw@
 \lineskip\thr@@\fontdimen8 \scriptfont\thr@@
 \lineskiplimit\lineskip
 \vbox\bgroup\ialign\bgroup\hfil$\m@th\scriptstyle{##}$\hfil\crcr}%
\def\Sb{_\multilimits@}%
\def\endSb{\crcr\egroup\egroup\egroup}%
\def\Sp{^\multilimits@}%
\let\endSp\endSb
\newdimen\ex@
\ex@.2326ex
\def\rightarrowfill@#1{$#1\m@th\mathord-\mkern-6mu\cleaders
 \hbox{$#1\mkern-2mu\mathord-\mkern-2mu$}\hfill
 \mkern-6mu\mathord\rightarrow$}%
\def\leftarrowfill@#1{$#1\m@th\mathord\leftarrow\mkern-6mu\cleaders
 \hbox{$#1\mkern-2mu\mathord-\mkern-2mu$}\hfill\mkern-6mu\mathord-$}%
\def\leftrightarrowfill@#1{$#1\m@th\mathord\leftarrow
\mkern-6mu\cleaders
 \hbox{$#1\mkern-2mu\mathord-\mkern-2mu$}\hfill
 \mkern-6mu\mathord\rightarrow$}%
\def\overrightarrow{\mathpalette\overrightarrow@}%
\def\overrightarrow@#1#2{\vbox{\ialign{##\crcr\rightarrowfill@#1\crcr
 \noalign{\kern-\ex@\nointerlineskip}$\m@th\hfil#1#2\hfil$\crcr}}}%
\let\overarrow\overrightarrow
\def\overleftarrow{\mathpalette\overleftarrow@}%
\def\overleftarrow@#1#2{\vbox{\ialign{##\crcr\leftarrowfill@#1\crcr
 \noalign{\kern-\ex@\nointerlineskip}$\m@th\hfil#1#2\hfil$\crcr}}}%
\def\overleftrightarrow{\mathpalette\overleftrightarrow@}%
\def\overleftrightarrow@#1#2{\vbox{\ialign{##\crcr
   \leftrightarrowfill@#1\crcr
 \noalign{\kern-\ex@\nointerlineskip}$\m@th\hfil#1#2\hfil$\crcr}}}%
\def\underrightarrow{\mathpalette\underrightarrow@}%
\def\underrightarrow@#1#2{\vtop{\ialign{##\crcr$\m@th\hfil#1#2\hfil
  $\crcr\noalign{\nointerlineskip}\rightarrowfill@#1\crcr}}}%
\let\underarrow\underrightarrow
\def\underleftarrow{\mathpalette\underleftarrow@}%
\def\underleftarrow@#1#2{\vtop{\ialign{##\crcr$\m@th\hfil#1#2\hfil
  $\crcr\noalign{\nointerlineskip}\leftarrowfill@#1\crcr}}}%
\def\underleftrightarrow{\mathpalette\underleftrightarrow@}%
\def\underleftrightarrow@#1#2{\vtop{\ialign{##\crcr$\m@th
  \hfil#1#2\hfil$\crcr
 \noalign{\nointerlineskip}\leftrightarrowfill@#1\crcr}}}%

\def\qopnamewl@#1{\mathop{\operator@font#1}\nlimits@}
\let\nlimits@\displaylimits
\def\setboxz@h{\setbox\z@\hbox}

\def\varlim@#1#2{\mathop{\vtop{\ialign{##\crcr
 \hfil$#1\m@th\operator@font lim$\hfil\crcr
 \noalign{\nointerlineskip}#2#1\crcr
 \noalign{\nointerlineskip\kern-\ex@}\crcr}}}}

 \def\rightarrowfill@#1{\m@th\setboxz@h{$#1-$}\ht\z@\z@
  $#1\copy\z@\mkern-6mu\cleaders
  \hbox{$#1\mkern-2mu\box\z@\mkern-2mu$}\hfill
  \mkern-6mu\mathord\rightarrow$}
\def\leftarrowfill@#1{\m@th\setboxz@h{$#1-$}\ht\z@\z@
  $#1\mathord\leftarrow\mkern-6mu\cleaders
  \hbox{$#1\mkern-2mu\copy\z@\mkern-2mu$}\hfill
  \mkern-6mu\box\z@$}

\def\qopnamewl@{proj\,lim}{\qopnamewl@{proj\,lim}}
\def\qopnamewl@{inj\,lim}{\qopnamewl@{inj\,lim}}
\def\mathpalette\varlim@\rightarrowfill@{\mathpalette\varlim@\rightarrowfill@}
\def\mathpalette\varlim@\leftarrowfill@{\mathpalette\varlim@\leftarrowfill@}
\def\mathpalette\varliminf@{}{\mathpalette\mathpalette\varliminf@{}@{}}
\def\mathpalette\varliminf@{}@#1{\mathop{\underline{\vrule\@depth.2\ex@\@width\z@
   \hbox{$#1\m@th\operator@font lim$}}}}
\def\mathpalette\varlimsup@{}{\mathpalette\mathpalette\varlimsup@{}@{}}
\def\mathpalette\varlimsup@{}@#1{\mathop{\overline
  {\hbox{$#1\m@th\operator@font lim$}}}}

\def\stackunder#1#2{\mathrel{\mathop{#2}\limits_{#1}}}%
\begingroup \catcode `|=0 \catcode `[= 1
\catcode`]=2 \catcode `\{=12 \catcode `\}=12
\catcode`\\=12
|gdef|@alignverbatim#1\end{align}[#1|end[align]]
|gdef|@salignverbatim#1\end{align*}[#1|end[align*]]

|gdef|@alignatverbatim#1\end{alignat}[#1|end[alignat]]
|gdef|@salignatverbatim#1\end{alignat*}[#1|end[alignat*]]

|gdef|@xalignatverbatim#1\end{xalignat}[#1|end[xalignat]]
|gdef|@sxalignatverbatim#1\end{xalignat*}[#1|end[xalignat*]]

|gdef|@gatherverbatim#1\end{gather}[#1|end[gather]]
|gdef|@sgatherverbatim#1\end{gather*}[#1|end[gather*]]

|gdef|@gatherverbatim#1\end{gather}[#1|end[gather]]
|gdef|@sgatherverbatim#1\end{gather*}[#1|end[gather*]]

|gdef|@multilineverbatim#1\end{multiline}[#1|end[multiline]]
|gdef|@smultilineverbatim#1\end{multiline*}[#1|end[multiline*]]

|gdef|@arraxverbatim#1\end{arrax}[#1|end[arrax]]
|gdef|@sarraxverbatim#1\end{arrax*}[#1|end[arrax*]]

|gdef|@tabulaxverbatim#1\end{tabulax}[#1|end[tabulax]]
|gdef|@stabulaxverbatim#1\end{tabulax*}[#1|end[tabulax*]]

|endgroup

\def\align{\@verbatim \frenchspacing\@vobeyspaces \@alignverbatim
You are using the "align" environment in a style in which it is not defined.}
\let\endalign=\endtrivlist

\@namedef{align*}{\@verbatim\@salignverbatim
You are using the "align*" environment in a style in which it is not defined.}
\expandafter\let\csname endalign*\endcsname =\endtrivlist

\def\alignat{\@verbatim \frenchspacing\@vobeyspaces \@alignatverbatim
You are using the "alignat" environment in a style in which it is not defined.}
\let\endalignat=\endtrivlist

\@namedef{alignat*}{\@verbatim\@salignatverbatim
You are using the "alignat*" environment in a style in which it is not defined.}
\expandafter\let\csname endalignat*\endcsname =\endtrivlist

\def\xalignat{\@verbatim \frenchspacing\@vobeyspaces \@xalignatverbatim
You are using the "xalignat" environment in a style in which it is not defined.}
\let\endxalignat=\endtrivlist

\@namedef{xalignat*}{\@verbatim\@sxalignatverbatim
You are using the "xalignat*" environment in a style in which it is not defined.}
\expandafter\let\csname endxalignat*\endcsname =\endtrivlist

\def\gather{\@verbatim \frenchspacing\@vobeyspaces \@gatherverbatim
You are using the "gather" environment in a style in which it is not defined.}
\let\endgather=\endtrivlist

\@namedef{gather*}{\@verbatim\@sgatherverbatim
You are using the "gather*" environment in a style in which it is not defined.}
\expandafter\let\csname endgather*\endcsname =\endtrivlist

\def\multiline{\@verbatim \frenchspacing\@vobeyspaces \@multilineverbatim
You are using the "multiline" environment in a style in which it is not defined.}
\let\endmultiline=\endtrivlist

\@namedef{multiline*}{\@verbatim\@smultilineverbatim
You are using the "multiline*" environment in a style in which it is not defined.}
\expandafter\let\csname endmultiline*\endcsname =\endtrivlist

\def\arrax{\@verbatim \frenchspacing\@vobeyspaces \@arraxverbatim
You are using a type of "array" construct that is only allowed in AmS-LaTeX.}
\let\endarrax=\endtrivlist

\def\tabulax{\@verbatim \frenchspacing\@vobeyspaces \@tabulaxverbatim
You are using a type of "tabular" construct that is only allowed in AmS-LaTeX.}
\let\endtabulax=\endtrivlist

\@namedef{arrax*}{\@verbatim\@sarraxverbatim
You are using a type of "array*" construct that is only allowed in AmS-LaTeX.}
\expandafter\let\csname endarrax*\endcsname =\endtrivlist

\@namedef{tabulax*}{\@verbatim\@stabulaxverbatim
You are using a type of "tabular*" construct that is only allowed in AmS-LaTeX.}
\expandafter\let\csname endtabulax*\endcsname =\endtrivlist

 \def\endequation{%
     \ifmmode\ifinner
      \iftag@
        \addtocounter{equation}{-1}
        $\hfil
           \displaywidth\linewidth\@taggnum\egroup \endtrivlist
        \global\@ifnextchar*{\@tagstar}{\@tag}@false
        \global\@ignoretrue
      \else
        $\hfil
           \displaywidth\linewidth\@eqnnum\egroup \endtrivlist
        \global\@ifnextchar*{\@tagstar}{\@tag}@false
        \global\@ignoretrue
      \fi
     \else
      \iftag@
        \addtocounter{equation}{-1}
        \eqno \hbox{\@taggnum}
        \global\@ifnextchar*{\@tagstar}{\@tag}@false%
        $$\global\@ignoretrue
      \else
        \eqno \hbox{\@eqnnum
        $$\global\@ignoretrue
      \fi
     \fi\fi
 }

 \newif\iftag@ \@ifnextchar*{\@tagstar}{\@tag}@false

 \def\@ifnextchar*{\@TCItagstar}{\@TCItag}{\@ifnextchar*{\@TCItagstar}{\@TCItag}}
 \def\@TCItag#1{%
     \global\@ifnextchar*{\@tagstar}{\@tag}@true
     \global\def\@taggnum{(#1)}}
 \def\@TCItagstar*#1{%
     \global\@ifnextchar*{\@tagstar}{\@tag}@true
     \global\def\@taggnum{#1}}

  \@ifundefined{tag}{
     \def\@ifnextchar*{\@tagstar}{\@tag}{\@ifnextchar*{\@tagstar}{\@tag}}
     \def\@tag#1{%
         \global\@ifnextchar*{\@tagstar}{\@tag}@true
         \global\def\@taggnum{(#1)}}
     \def\@tagstar*#1{%
         \global\@ifnextchar*{\@tagstar}{\@tag}@true
         \global\def\@taggnum{#1}}
  }{}

\def\tfrac#1#2{{\textstyle {#1 \over #2}}}%
\def\dfrac#1#2{{\displaystyle {#1 \over #2}}}%
\def\binom#1#2{{#1 \choose #2}}%
\def\tbinom#1#2{{\textstyle {#1 \choose #2}}}%
\def\dbinom#1#2{{\displaystyle {#1 \choose #2}}}%

\makeatother
\endinput

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Launching of Hull No. SH-1077
The fifth in a series of six 22.000 DWT Bulk Carriers, with Hull No. SH-1077, has been successfully launched...The fifth in a series of six 22.000 DWT Bulk Carriers, with Hull No. SH-1077, has been successfully launched on the 26th of March 1998 by Saiki Heavy Industries in Japan. Mrs. Trulte Knutsen had the honour to christen the vessel during a successful launching and christening ceremony. The vessel is due for delivery by the shipyard in May 1998. Read more...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Driving lessons in Pembroke, driving lessons in Haverfordwest, driving lessons in Milford Haven, driving lessons in Pembroke Dock and driving lessons in Neyland. Hurley School of Motoring.
Richard Trevithick made the first automobile in Cornwall in 1799; he used the second cylinder that Watt had added to the steam engine and high pressure steam together with a valve-gear he designed so the car could run automatically without a lever being pulled back and fore. He called his car Locomotive. In 1804 he built the first automatic steam locomotive to haul coal from Pen-y-Darren Coal Mine to Cardiff docks.
The steam cars may not have been as famous as the steam railway locomotives of the nineteenth century, but they were used extensively.
In 1886 Karl Benz patented the first gasoline engine motor car, and started the Mercedes Benz car company which makes cars to this day.
Although BMW does not aim their quality range of cars at a price most people can afford they are developing the next generation of cars. They are removing the valve gear that was thought of by Richard Trevithick over 200 years ago and replacing it with an electronically operated solenoid. Also they are replacing the alternator with a TEG in the exhaust system. These advances should make their cars more powerful and fuel efficient.


Vulnerable people being forced to work in Cheshire are the focus of a special police operation today (Tuesday 18th October).
Officers from Cheshire Constabulary have joined forces with colleagues from a number of agencies including the local authority, health, housing and Immigration to identify workers who are potentially being exploited.
Operational activity throughout the day includes visits to business premises - in particular nail bars - where intelligence suggests there is a potential risk of individuals employed at these premises being exploited.
Detective Chief Inspector Gwyn Dodd said: "Modern day slavery is a challenging issue for police and partners to deal with as it is very much a hidden crime – and the true extent of the problem is not known. Operations such as this are helping us to build up a bigger picture of what is happening in Cheshire and understand better the true extent of the issue.
"Intelligence suggests nationally that people are being forced to work for very little reward and in poor conditions at business premises and we rely on information from the public to help us build up a bigger picture of what is happening and where on a local level here in Cheshire.
"Nail bars are an area of business that have been identified as a potential risk of individuals being employed at these premises being exploited. The majority of these premises are well run and operate with no issues – but there are a small number where intelligence suggests there could be problems.
"Today, police and partners are working together to carry out a number of checks at premises, to gather vital intelligence about this type of crime and to identify any potential victims and ensure they are kept safe."
The operation coincides with a regional week of action by forces across the North West – one of the biggest it has ever seen.
Operational activity is being carried out across the region and events are being held to educate the public about modern day slavery – and to ensure people know the signs and behaviours to look out for in potential victims.
It follows on from a national week of action in June, which aimed to raise awareness of the issue.
In Cheshire, operational activity focused on hand car washes and identified two potential victims.
Cheshire Police & Crime Commissioner David Keane said: "Policing nationally is only starting to get a true understanding of the nature and scale of modern day slavery. People are being tricked into coming to the UK by organised crime groups with a promise of a good job and a better life.
"It's difficult for them to ask for help because they are completely controlled by their abusers. If we all keep our eyes and ears open and tell police of our suspicions, we can help victims and their families escape from the terrible conditions they could be trapped in.
"Forced labour is happening across the country and this day of action is about understanding it's closer than we think. It's everyone's responsibility to look out for potential victims, and as residents we need to be aware of the signs that could mean modern slavery is happening in our community. More information about how to spot the signs of modern day slavery can be found on the Constabulary website and any suspicions should be reported to police."
Modern day slavery takes many forms but the most common include sexual exploitation, forced labour and domestic servitude.
One of the biggest challenges for police and partners is the fact that many victims do not realise they are victims.
DCI Dodd said: "It is really important that we all recognise the signs and behaviours associated with this type of crime, to look out for potential victims and to report any concerns you may have – no matter how small. That information could be the vital piece of the jigsaw for us.
"It is also important that anyone who is a victim - or is at risk of becoming a future victim - is identified and offered the necessary support and safeguarding. There is no place in Cheshire for this type of activity and we are determined to make sure people can live and work in Cheshire safely."
Anyone who has any information about this type of crime or is concerned about someone being a potential victim is urged to call Cheshire Police on 101.
If you do not feel comfortable contacting police directly then information can be passed on anonymously, via Crimestoppers, on 0800 555 111.
Forced labour is happening across the country and this week of action is about understanding it's closer than we think.


text:
Q: add EventListener to element under element I have two images on top of each other.
I would like to add a mouseenter and mouseleave EventListener to the image on the bottom and I would like for the EventListeners to completely ignore the image on top.
How can I do this?

This is my code: (Fiddle here: https://jsfiddle.net/tLyk6pxu/)

document.querySelector(".testImageBottom").addEventListener('mouseenter', () => {
    console.log("trigger: mouseenter");
});

document.querySelector(".testImageBottom").addEventListener('mouseleave', () => {
    console.log("trigger: mouseleave");
});
img {
  position: absolute;
}

.testImageBottom {
  width: 400px;
}

.testImageTop {
  width: 200px;
  opacity: .5;
}

As you can see, there are two images on top of each other. – The bottom image has EventListeners for mouseenter and mouseleave and I need these EventListeners to only look at the edges of the bottom-image and ignore the top-image.
I guess I could just create an empty div that has exactly the same size and position as the bottom image and then position that div over everything and add the EventListeners to the empty div. – But I'm hoping that there's a more elegant solution? ;)

A: Just add CSS pointer-events:none to your imageTop

document.querySelector(".testImageBottom").addEventListener('mouseenter', () => {
    console.log("trigger: mouseenter");
});

document.querySelector(".testImageBottom").addEventListener('mouseleave', () => {
    console.log("trigger: mouseleave");
});
img {
  position: absolute;
}

.testImageBottom {
  width: 400px;
}

.testImageTop {
  width: 200px;
  opacity: .5;
  pointer-events:none;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Can you imagine being thirsty and not having water to drink?
get water just to stay alive.
it for years to come. What a long reaching impact that will have!
greatest thing they can do with their lives is to help other people.
to share what they have.
give will go a long way toward saving lives. We appreciate your help!
07/28/14 Conner Middle School $100.00 My son, Ethan, asked for donations for this cause in place of birthday gifts for his 12th birthday. So proud he wants to help others.
06/03/14 Louis Valsoano $460.00 An inspired and worthy project.
05/30/14 Tammi Potter-Riddell $46.00 Thank you for showing our children humanitarianism! You are a wonderful teacher!
05/23/14 Joetta Schmitt $23.00 Thank you for what you are doing Mrs. Bertelsen!
05/13/14 Carla Bolser $10.00 im glad to help my schools with this project.
03/09/14 Annonymous Donor $1200.00 CMS Students...What a fabulous opportunity to help others in need! You're off to a great start! Keep it up!


text:
UPDATES & BLOGS
Title Holders 2017
The Final
Titles to be won
Miss Continental UK 2018- The contestant in this category with the highest points
Miss Teen Continental UK 2018- The contestant in this category with the highest points
Supreme Winner - The contestant the judges believe is the most inspirational or most deserving of the award.
Miss Charity Kindness
Miss Talent
Miss Inspiration
Miss Popularity
Best Smile
Please note there will also we sponsor titles.
Press on the button prizes bellow to find out more about our prizes.
The Final of Miss Continental UK 2018 will be held in the Clayton Crown Hotel on Cricklewood Broadway on the 11th of May 2018. We have no height, size, age or background restrictions and are searching for females of all ethnicities to celebrate and represent female empowerment.
We know that many of our contestants will have never participated in a pageant before, so we have created this system to introduce new comers into the pageant industry. You do not need any experience and there will be lots of other girls in the same position, so do not panic. We have a friendly team of experienced professionals to guide you from the start and throughout to ensure you know exactly what you are doing at all times.
Miss Continental UK will give you the once in a lifetime opportunity to make friends with likeminded individuals from all over the United Kingdom. Our system will teach you important life skills such as; confidence, people/communication skills, interview technique, team work, perseverance and more.
The final of Miss Continental UK is a GRAND one, being an unique show which combines beauty with brains. The finalists will be presenting a variety of outfits provided by a range of designers with totally different styles. The ambiance of beauty and style will make the grand final one to watch out for. Starting from the Black Dress Round and ending with the Elegant Gown Round, it will keep the essence of beauty pageants while combining it with modernised aspects of life and for women.
The pageant consists of two round one being for Teen's from 12 to 18 years old. This round is helping young teenagers gain confidence and feel like queens on stage. The Miss section is for women of all ages starting from 18 helping them develop new communication and presentation skills.
The show includes lots of dance performances, magic tricks as well as singing performances those making the show more complete in addition to the runways done by the finalists.
In addition to watching a show which is one of it's kind by attending it you get the chance to meet former stars from Ex on the Beach and Love Island as well as the former Miss Continental UK and Miss Teen Continental UK.
Miss Continental UK is a contest organised by Continental Modeling Agency Limited


iPhone 5 is on its way and every single Apple fan is looking forward to it; thanks to the rumour mills who have been actively contributing to the curiosity of people by coming up with their speculations time and again. We have already informed you about the top rumours about the much awaited iPhone 5.
With so much news going on about this amazing device, millions of people have a major concern – is it the time to upgrade? Below is an interesting infographic which provides information collected from users of iPhone 4 and its predecessors, iPhone 3GS, iPhone 3G and iPhone – as to how many apps have been installed by them, how many people are on network-locked devices and how many people have got their iPhones jail-broken.
One of the interesting facts in this infographic is regarding the usage of the iPhone – the number 1 use for the iPhone is texting and not talking, quite surprising isn't it? 😉 It also brings forward the new features that the users want to see in iPhone 5.
This detailed infographic is part 1 of a 3-part series which would help you out in making the final decision whether to upgrade or stick to your existing iPhone; till the launch of the latest Apple Phone – the iPhone 5, which is likely to be announced on October 04. This infographic has been developed by AYTM and PaidViewpoint along with Mashable, based on an extensive series of questions asked to 1,000 U.S. iPhone owners aged 18 years and older.
As I mentioned, this is Part 1 of a 3-part series of information about who is most likely to upgrade to iPhone 5. So, stay tuned to get the remaining 2 parts as well and subscribe to our newsletter to get free email updates.
Hi, i have upgraded the os to 5.0, but some of my apple applications stop working!!!!!
and the photo stream just take all my battery!!!!!
I am also facing some issues with quite a few apps with iOS 5. The devs of these apps need to give an update to make these compatible to iOS 5.


text:
This celebrity goo was created by player Chris Lemler.
Scott Hardie made minor changes to the clue provided by Chris.
publication date: Saturday, August 8, 2020 (part of Summer 2020)
clue: Don't give this comedian from Georgia your password or else looking for this answer will not match in this game. After you find this picture, you will tell the truth.
explanation: Russell is a comedian who was a celebrity on Match Game and To Tell the Truth and Password. Russell also became the first black performer to become a regular panelist on a daily network game show when he joined ABC's Missing Links in 1964. more…
solved by: Russ Wilhelm, Steve West, LaVonne Lemler, Samir Mehta, Denise Sawicki, and Erik Bates
Belita Moreno
This Texan-born actress played the role of a mother of a son who owns a factory, a waitress, a woman in a retirement home, and if you can't remember this then you might remember my name if you find the answer. Go »
Bob Bell
This actor was a real bozo when in Chicago performing live on TV. Go »
Pat Sajak
If Celebrity Goo Game was like spinning the wheel and solving puzzles for cash, at the end of 90 goos you could go to the bonus round to win money or a new car. Go »
Jake Farrow
This TV writer and actor voices a triumphant puppet and a dangerous invisible guy, and he would shake things up playing this game. Go »
One of the original not-ready-for-primetime players remains one of the most missed. Go »
Brett Somers
This Canadian actress is no match for this goo game but she sure makes a very odd couple with her husband. But there is one more thing you ought to know about her and that is that she is hot in the summer. Go »


text:
Two famous directors to star in Mr. Chandramouli
moviecrow.com
As announced yesterday, Karthik's next film with his son Gautham Karthik titled Mr. Chandramouli, inspired from the former's dialogue. The latest about this film is that two National award-winning directors, Mahendran and Agathiyan will be playing significant roles.
Director Mahendran essays, a businessman and director Agathiyan plays Karthik's friend. The film also has Regina Cassandra and Varalaxmi Sarathkumar in important roles.The movie is helmed by Thiru and produced by Creative Entertainers and Distributors.
Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hain July 15, 2019 epi...
'Mission Mangal' teaser: Aks...
Shahid Kapoor's 'Kabir Singh...
Salman Khan's 'Bharat'...
Shraddha Kapoor on playing a cop in Saah...
Bala plagiarism row: Assistant director ...


The round QRB version of our NEW TRIA downlight series is available in either matt white or brushed aluminum colour version. The generously chosen rotation and tilt range of the spot guarantees the individual orientation of light, whether your light source of interest is halogen or LED retrofit. To operate the NEW TRIA downlights you only need a matching transformer providing 12V alternating current.


We are given so many messages from the beginning of our life about who we should be, how we should feel, what we should want, it can be confusing and difficult at times when we may feel that who were are inside doesn't match the expectations of the world around us. One of those difficult times maybe letting ourselves discover our sexuality, which Miriam believes is actually as unique as each person is unique.
Our desire to belong, to fit in to groups may compete with who we really are. For some people, being open about their sexuality can result in rejection from their family or social group. Some people find that their sexuality changes through life but the world seems to insist on a loyalty to staying the same. Sadly this aspect of our humaness which should give us a lot of happiness, and which can help us to bond and become close with another, can cause a lot of sadness, rejection and pain. Get help now or read on.
It is important to find someone you can talk to who will not judge you but help you unfold your uniqueness. Whether it is coming to terms with your own level of sexual desire, or your preference for a same gendered partner, the impact of illness, injury or trauma or a clash in your relationship dynamics, acceptance is usually a good place to start. In therapy you can explore what you feel blocks you from either knowing who you are or even when you know, what stops you from expressing who you are.
Your difficulties may also be helped by relationship counselling or be rooted in fears from childhood (see abuse). If you want to talk about these issues, contact Miriam at Blue Skies.


An ectopic pregnancy is when a fertilized egg implants outside the womb (uterus). In most cases, it implants in a fallopian tube. This is a tube that goes from the uterus to an ovary. When this happens, the embryo can't grow normally. In some cases, it may stop growing quickly. Or it may grow until the fallopian tube tears (ruptures). This can cause severe bleeding and a risk for death for the mother.
Methotrexate is a medicine that stops the embryo from growing. The tissue is then absorbed by the mother's body. This treatment can prevent the rupture, bleeding, and risk of death to the mother. Methotrexate is often used instead of surgery to remove the fetus. Surgery has risks, like bleeding, infection, scarring of the fallopian tube, infertility, and the risks of anesthesia.
Methotrexate is most often given by a shot (injection) into a muscle. It can also be given through an IV.
Once you are home, you can resume normal activities as you are able. You will have some bleeding and pain. While you are recovering, you can use acetaminophen for pain if advised by your healthcare provider.
Avoid the sun during the first week after your shot. Sun can cause a rash during this time.
Use birth control for at least 3 months after treatment.
Talk with a counselor if you feel sadness or grief after pregnancy loss.
You will have blood tests several times in the weeks after you have the shot. This is to make sure that your pregnancy hormone (HCG) level is getting lower. This shows that the fetus is no longer growing. It may take up to 4 weeks for your level to drop to zero. Most women need only one shot. If HCG levels are not low enough, your healthcare provider may give you a second shot. In some cases, this treatment does not work and surgery is needed. Your healthcare provider can tell you more about surgery for ectopic pregnancy.


text:
Huntington Bank Stadium
2023 Minnesota Golden Gophers Football Season Tickets (Includes Tickets To All Regular Season Home Games)
55414, 420 SE 23rd Avenue, Minneapolis, MN, US
Minnesota Golden Gophers vs. Nebraska Cornhuskers
Minnesota Golden Gophers vs. Eastern Michigan Eagles
Minnesota Golden Gophers vs. Louisiana-Lafayette Ragin' Cajuns
Minnesota Golden Gophers vs. Michigan Wolverines
Minnesota Golden Gophers vs. Michigan State Spartans
Minnesota Golden Gophers vs. Illinois Fighting Illini
Minnesota Golden Gophers vs. Wisconsin Badgers


text:
Source Jan 29, 2020 3 years ago
China Says Patients in Critical Condition Fast Rising To 1,252. Current Dead Toll Is Now 140, Infected 6189, Under Observations 147, 617, New Cases In Hong Kong and Ukraine
News Coronavirus
China Health Authorities announced this evening that the number of individuals that are in a severe critical condition as a result of the coronavirus have now rapidly increased in the last 24 hours. The current number of such patients stands as 1,252 patients as of 1700 hours (Beijing time)
Interesting Data About Chinese Travellers Who Went Overseas From December 2019 till January 23rd 2020.
Interesting data for epidemiologists has emerged about the number of Chinese travellers travelling internationally for the months of December 2019 and January 2020. According to figures from China, 5.4 million Chinese travelled to various overseas destinations in the month of December 2019 while for January 2020 till the 23rd, more than 6.8 million Chinese had travelled to various overseas destinations.
In January alone, more than 4.79 million residents from the epicenter of Wuhan had left the city leaving behind 9 million residents. This data was publicly announced by the Mayor of Wuhan, Zhou Xianwang.
Of these, about 3.65 million had travelled to other parts of China while about 1.14 million had travelled internationally, some directly via airports in Hubei while other through other airports in China.
Also interesting is that Thailand received more than 920,000 Chinese visitors from December 2019 to 23rd January 2020. It is roughly estimated that about 380,000 were from Wuhan.
Also disturbing is the fact that local Thai media has been reporting that there are currently more than 20,000 Wuhan residents who are stranded in Thailand.
All this unconfirmed figures has some alarming implications for Thailand as should the number of infections start rising, it could become the "Hub Of The Coronavirus" outside China!
It must be noted that Chinese are still leaving China in droves from other city airports in China and that Thailand is one of the few countries still receiving thousands of them each day.
Hong Kong has confirmed two more cases about 15 minutes ago bringing the total to 10.
Meanwhile in Ukraine, a first case of the coronavirus has been confirmed in Kiev. This is has been proven by the diagnostic results revealed by the Kiev City Lab Center of Ukraine's Healthcare Ministry. There are two more highly suspected cases that are pending test results.
The number of& ;nbsp;global coronavirus infected cases stands as :Thailand (14 cases), Hong Kong (10 cases), Singapore (7 cases), Malaysia (7 cases), Australia (7 cases), United States (5 cases),Macau (5 cases), , Taiwan (5 cases), South Korea (4 cases), UAE (4 cases), Japan (4 cases), France (4 cases), Germany (4 cases), Vietnam (2 cases), Canada (1 case), Nepal (1 case), Mexico (1 case) and Africa-Cote d'Ivoire (1), Sri Lanka (1 case), Ukraine (1 case)
Meanwhile, the Brazilian Ministry of Health confirmed three highly suspected cases of the new coronavirus called 2019-nCoV, in the city of Belo Horizonte, in Minas Gerais. One patient was a 22-year-old girl who recently returned from a trip to Wuhan, the epicenter of the disease in China while another two were Chinese males.
Brazil Health Minister Luiz Henrique Mandetta announced during a press conference that the patients were in a stable condition and that family and relatives of the infected were fine and not showing any symptoms. He also said that they are numerous other suspected cases but genomic and diagnostic tests have yet to confirm if they are affected with the new coronavirus strain.
Just Added at 18.57pm : Australia announces new cases, current total is now 7 cases.
For more updates about the China coronavirus epidemic or the Thailand Coronavirus scenario, keep on checking at : https://www.thailandmedical.news/articles/coronavirus
FROM MONKEYPOX
LATEST ON CANCER
Brain Cancer: Leukemia Drug Arsenic Trioxide Can Be Repurposed To Treat Aggressive Pediatric Brain Cancer
Lung Cancer: Swiss Research Shows That Inhibiting Sugar Metabolism Reduces Growth Of Lung Cancer Tumors
Cancer: Oncology Researchers Develop Effective Delivery Protocol Of Breast Cancer Drugs
Study Shows Colorectal Cancer Screenings Should Start Earlier As More Younger And Middle-Aged Adults Are Developing Colorectal Cancer
New Combo Protocol Of Adoptive Cell Therapy With Bempegaldesleukin To Treat Advanced Melanoma
PPIs Or Acid Reflux Drugs Affects Cognitive Abilities Of Breast Cancer Survivors


'Stronghold & Chill' returns this week as Aaron from Firefly introduces a new member of the team in the form of Game Designer and occasional programmer Stephen! Our series of informal developer interviews introduces you to the people behind your favourite castle-building series, taking you behind the scenes at Firefly Studios' London office. From Lead Designer Simon Bradbury and Producer Paul all the way through to our Junior Programmers and Senior Artists watch as we play a little Stronghold and discuss the making of the original castle sim.
In today's episode Aaron asks Stephen how he managed to enter the games industry as a designer, his favourite memory working on the series and even tries to tease out a little Stronghold Next info! See what you can gleam from his response and enjoy another episode introducing a new team member to our growing YouTube community!


To find the right IT career for you, Fort Point identifies and connects the factors for an exact fit and partners with companies for IT recruitment.
Fort Point is devoted to helping engineers achieve their ambitions through jobs and careers that best suit their professional skills and personalities.
Fort Point recognizes the importance and value of highly skill professionals in the workplace. Professionals are the people who make business work.
Fort Point shares a special connection with engineers because our company was founded by them. We are devoted to helping you achieve your Engineering and design career ambitions.
A significant share of Fort Point resources and capabilities specialize in the advancement of your IT career in this high velocity field. Experience how we can help you mange your IT Career.
Fort Point recognizes the significant value of highly skilled professionals in the workplace and we put due emphasis on your career management in a wide variety of industries. Career Professionals make businesses work!
© 2019 Fort Point, LLC.


text:
public class A{
 public void method(){
  String str = "";
  boolean x = str i<caret>
 }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Leading operators in local outsourcing claim that the remuneration being offered to its Jamaican workers is comparable to or betters any of the other industries in Jamaica. However, they are concerned that the gains achieved over the past five years could be undone by uninformed, negative perceptions about the sector.
There are approximately 55 business process outsourcing (BPO) firms operating on local soil, employing an estimated 32,000 workers and contributing about US$1.7 billion to the local economy in the last five years.
Industry players are denying the accusation that they are offering Jamaicans menial wages for low skilled tasks.
"It is so hard to find quality people, because of the perception being created by individuals that clearly have their information twisted," said Davon Crump, chief executive officer (CEO) of Global Outsourcing Solution Limited. "Even if there are one or two firms that might offer lower than normal rates, our sector has workers just leaving high schools that are earning over $100,000 monthly and it is hard for you to find that being offered in other industries."
"My payroll reflects sales people, on different projects, that are earning nearly $200,000 monthly," continued Crump, a known advocate of the great opportunities in the sector. "That is far more than workers at their level in the tourism, banking or insurance sector earn."
According to Crump, a desktop support in an information technology department, with basic training in information technology (IT), earns about $70,000 to $80,000 monthly; but an IT specialist attracts in the range of US$2,000 to US$3,000.
"It depends on your level of qualification, and experience, but this does not sound like a low-paying sector to me," he stressed.
While agreeing that outsourcing services by accountants and lawyers would create more earning opportunities, Gloria Henry, president of the Business Process Industry Association of Jamaica (BPIAJ), believes Jamaica still has some way to go to be competitive with those services.
"The BPO industry is still relatively new to Jamaica and for a long time did not command the respect and support of the government and was unknown to many," she told The Gleaner. "Now that we have everyone's attention, like other industries, we will evolve and optimise on the job offerings."
"But even as we move up the value chain, the fact that we have many accountants and lawyers, for example, does not mean they are ready to provide the services in a BPO environment," argued Henry. "Advanced training is required to prepare for those jobs."
- Operations manager attracts a salary of between $3.5 million and $5 million annually.
"At the level of front office, horizontal services, a BPO with 5,000 employees would have more than 500 professionals such as team managers, supervisors, account managers, trainers, quality associates, directors, VPs, accountants, HR professionals, IT specialists, among others," the association explained. "Therefore, at a minimum, we have over 3,200 professionals serving our BPO centers."
Henry noted, "These professionals require, in most cases, tertiary education and they earn salaries that complement their academic qualification and work experience."
The lowest rate paid by Knightfox Apps Design, a highly rated Jamaican software development firm, is US$35 per hour, which is higher than the average salary of US$33 for a similar role in Belarus.
"An individual at our firm that works 40 hours per week usually takes home about US$1,600 monthly and that is the lower end of the scale," chief executive officer Egbert von Frankenberg said. "But we are in a globally competitive market, so we have to pay attractive rates to attract the best in the business."
However, von Frankenberg is expressing disappointment that more tertiary level students have not opted to pursue a career in software development. "We do quality work in Jamaica, but there is not enough interest in software development, yet there is not enough human capital for these higher paying jobs."
"Most of the students are complaining that software development is too hard and therefore are not being trained for the needs of the market," he said. "It is very alarming and if we don't start dealing with this now, we will find ourselves very far behind in our global competitiveness."


text:
Judith Malina (June 4, 1926 – April 10, 2015) was a German-born American actress, director and writer. With her husband, Julian Beck, Malina co-founded The Living Theatre, a radical political theatre troupe that rose to prominence in New York City and Paris during the 1950s and 60s. The Living Theatre and its founders were the subject of the 1983 documentary Signals Through The Flames.

Early life and education
Malina was born in Kiel, Germany, the daughter of Polish Jewish parents: her mother, Rosel (née Zamora), was a former actress, and her father, Max Malina, a rabbi in the conservative denomination. In 1929 at the age of three, she immigrated with her parents to New York City.

Her parents helped her see how important political theatre was, as her father was trying to warn people of the Nazi menace and he left Germany with his family largely due to the rise of antisemitism there in the late 1920s.

Except for long tours, she lived in New York City until she moved in 2013 to the Lillian Booth Actors Home in Englewood, New Jersey. 1943 till 1945, Malina worked for Valeska Gert at the Beggar Bar. There she observed many of Gert's performances which influenced her later artistic approach. Interested in acting from an early age, she began attending the New School for Social Research in 1945 to study theatre under Erwin Piscator. Malina was greatly influenced by Piscator's philosophy of theatre which was similar to Bertolt Brecht's principles of "epic theatre" but went further in departing from traditional narrative forms. Piscator saw theatre as a form of political communication or agitprop ("Theatre interests me only when it is a matter of interest to society."); Malina, unlike Piscator, was committed to nonviolence and anarchism.

Career

In 1963, they had to close the Living Theatre because of IRS charges (later proved false) of tax problems, and Malina and Beck were convicted of contempt of court, in part because Judith defended Julian wearing the garb of Portia from The Merchant of Venice – and tried to use a similar argument.

In 1969, the company decided to divide into three groups. One worked on the pop scene in London, another went to India to study traditional Indian theatre arts, and the third, including Malina and Beck, traveled in 1971 to Brazil to tour. They were imprisoned there on political charges for two months by the military government.

After Beck's death from cancer in 1985, company member Hanon Reznikov, who had become Malina's lover (they married in 1988), assumed co-leadership of the Living Theatre company. In 2007, it opened its own theater at 21 Clinton Street in Manhattan. In April 2008 Reznikov suffered a stroke and while hospitalized died of pneumonia on May 3 of the same year at the age of 57.

Malina appeared occasionally in films, beginning in 1975, when she played Al Pacino's mother in Dog Day Afternoon. Using her for the role was Pacino's idea, said its director, Sidney Lumet. Lumet recalls that tracking her down was difficult, as she had moved from New York to Vermont. "I had no idea of what to expect," said Lumet. "I didn't even know whether she'd want to do a 'commercial' film. Well, let me tell you, she is an actress. Totally professional. She also had no money and we had to pay her fare from Vermont, but she walked in and was perfect."

She also appeared in Pacino's Looking for Richard. Malina's other roles in cinema include Rose in Awakenings (1990) and Granny in The Addams Family (1991). She had major roles in Household Saints (1993) and the low-budget film, Nothing Really Happens (2003). She appeared in an episode of the TV series The Sopranos in 2006 as a nun, the secret mother of Paulie "Walnuts" Gualtieri. Malina took part in Rosa von Praunheim's documentary New York Memories (2010) and also in the documentary Love and Politics (2012) by Azad Jafarian. Von Praunheim's film premiered at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2010 and Azad's film premiered in 2012 at the Tribeca Film Festival. Malina also has a significant supporting role in the well-received film Enemies, A Love Story (1989), in which she acted alongside Lena Olin, Ron Silver and Anjelica Huston. Some of Malina's artistic qualities were described by theater scholar Richard Schechner:

Personal life and death

Malina met her long-time collaborator and husband, Julian Beck, in 1943, when she was 17 and he was a student at Yale University. Beck, originally a painter, came to share her interest in political theatre. In 1947, the couple founded The Living Theatre, which they directed together until Beck's death in 1985. Beck and Malina had "two offstage children", Garrick and Isha.

Malina's and Beck's marriage was non-monogamous. The bisexual Beck had a long-term male partner, as did Malina. In 1988, she married her long-term partner Hanon Resnikov. They co-directed the Living Theatre's activity in the Middle East, Europe and the United States, until Reznikov's unexpected death in 2008.

Malina died in Englewood, New Jersey, on April 10, 2015.

Awards and honors
In 1996, Malina was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters (L.H.D.) degree from Whittier College.

Selected bibliography

 Entretiens avec le Living Théâtre (with Julian Beck and Jean-Jaques Lebel) (1969)
 We, The Living Theatre (with Julian Beck and Aldo Lastagmo) (1970)
 Paradise Now (with Julian Beck) (1971)
 The Enormous Despair, Diaries 1968–89 (New York: Random House, 1972)
 Le Legs de Cain: trois projets pilotes (with Julian Beck) (1972)
 Frankenstein (Venice Version) (with Julian Beck) (1972)
 Sette meditazioni sul sadomachismo politico (with Julian Beck) (1977)
 Living Heist Leben Theater (with Imke Buchholz) (1978)
 Diary excerpts Brazil 1970, Diary of Bologna 1977 (1979)
 Poems of a Wandering Jewess (book of poetry; Paris: Handshake Editions, 1982)
 The Diaries of Judith Malina: 1947–1957 (New York: Grove Press, 1984)
 Love & Politics (book of poetry; Detroit: Black & Red, 2001)
 The Piscator Notebook (London/NYC: Routledge, 2012)
 Full Moon Stages: Personal Notes from 50 Years in the Living Theatre (book of poetry; New York: Three Rooms Press, 2015)

Selected filmography
The Bachelor Party (1957) - Long-hair Village intellectual (uncredited)
Narcissus (1958) - Narration (voice)
Flaming Creatures (1963) - The Fascinating Woman
Queen of Sheba Meets the Atom Man (1963)
Après la Passion selon Sade (1968)
Wheel of Ashes (1968) - Crazy Woman Preaching
Candy (1968) - Bit Part
Love and Anger (1969) - (segment "Agonia")
Dog Day Afternoon (1975) - Mother
No Picnic (1986)
Radio Days (1987) - Mrs. Waldbaum
The Secret of My Success (1987) - Mrs. Meacham
China Girl (1987) - Mrs. Monte
American Stories, Food, Family and Philosophy (1989)
Enemies, A Love Story (1989) - Masha's Mother
Awakenings (1990) - Rose
The Addams Family (1991) - Grandmama
Household Saints (1993) - Carmela Santangelo
Men Lie (1994)
The Deli (1997) - Vincenza Amico
Music from Another Room (1998) - Clara Klammer
Snow Day (2000) - Grammy
Nothing Really Happens: Memories of Aging Strippers (2003) - Tillie Hirsch
When in Rome (2010) - Umberto's Grandma
New York Memories (2010) by Rosa von Praunheim
The Forgiveness of Judith Malina (2019)

Accolades
 2003, induction into the American Theater Hall of Fame.
 2008, annual Artistic Achievement Award from the New York Innovative Theatre Awards. This honor was presented to Malina by Olympia Dukakis on behalf of her peers and fellow artists of the Off-Off-Broadway community "in recognition of her unabashed pioneering spirit and unyielding dedication to her craft and the Off-Off-Broadway community".
 2009, the Edwin Booth Award from the Doctoral Theatre Students Association of the City University of New York.
 Other awards include an honorary doctorate from Lehman College, the Lola d'Annunzio award (1959); Page One Award (1960); Obie Award (1960, 1964, 1969, 1975, 1987, 1989, and 2007); Creative Arts Citation, Brandeis University (1961); Grand Prix du Théâtre des Nations (1961); Paris Critics Circle medallion (1961); Prix de L'Université de Paris (1961); New England Theater Conference Award (1962); Olympio Prize (1967); and a Guggenheim fellowship (1985).

References

External links

The Living Theatre official site

Judith Malina diaries, 1947-1959, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
Living Theatre records, 1945-1991, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts

1926 births
2015 deaths
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American women writers
20th-century German Jews
Activists from New York (state)
Actresses from New York City
American anarchists
American film actresses
American pacifists
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
American television actresses
American theatre directors
American women dramatists and playwrights
Anarchist writers
Deaths from lung disease
German emigrants to the United States
Jewish American actresses
Jewish American dramatists and playwrights
Jewish anarchists
Jewish pacifists
Jewish theatre directors
Jewish women writers
Women theatre directors
Writers from New York City

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Linux or, less frequently used, is a Unix-like and mostly POSIX-compliant computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open-source software development and distribution. The defining component of Linux is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on 5 October 1991 by Linus Torvalds. The Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to describe the operating system, which has led to some controversy.
In this post discuss Most Useable advensed Linux commands for linux operating system user which helps in many ways . If you are not linux administrator then these commands can help you in many ways .
Following commands are very important .
this command is used to setup network details . Also we can see ip address of the system . there are many uses of this command . complete usage of this command can be seen use command "man ifconfig " .
netstat is very important command to use on servers . it shows details about all port activities . which port are working and how many connections on the ports at any time . complete usage of this command can be seen using command "man netstat" .
traceroute google.com --> will show all nodes of connectivity between your system and google.com servers .
iostat --> will show average of input and output operation on every disk partition .
iostat 2 --> will show continuously current io statistics .
mpstat shows output stats of every processor available .
mpstat , mpstat -P all --> will how all processors statistics .
mpstat -P 0 --> will show just first processor output statistics .
these three commands will provide you details about how many user are logged in the system and from how much time .
w --> will show details of all logged in users .
who -- > similar to w but show less details .
whoami --> will show you your username .
who am i --> will show you more details about your login .
top is most basic and mostly used command . it can provide complete overview of your system . This will show CPU usage , RAM usage , load on system ,which process is using maximum system .etc .
slightly modified version of top command . It show use individually of every CPU .
this command is used to make two directoris in sync with each other . This can be used over two different systems or on the same system itself .
rsynch -uar /home/parveen/ /home/backup/ --> this will send all updated file from /home/parveen/ directory to /home/backup directory .
rsync --rsh='ssh -p22' -aur root@192.168.0.1:/home/parveen/images/ /home/parveen/images/ --> this command will get all files from different machine to current machine .
lsof -u root --> will show files opened by user root .
lsof -p 10 --> will specify opened file by specific process .i.e process id 10 .
find /home/ -name abc.txt --> this command will try to search file abc.txt under directory /home/ .
find / -name abc.txt --> this command will find abc.txt in the whole system .
find . -name abc.txt --> this command will find abc.txt in the current directory .
whereis cp --> will show the location of cp command . This may also search is binary files .
unalias pp --> now pp will no longer be any alias .
df -k --> this will show all partitions witgh there usage and free memory available in bits.
df -kh --> this will show size in MB KB and GB format .
this command is used to show disk usage by directories and files . this can be used in maby ways .
du --> will show directories which are using some space that means files which are non empty .
du -ah --> will show memory in human readle form like KB MB GB .
du -s --> will show summarised memory .
du -sh * --> will show memory taken by all files and directory at your current location with human readable form .
this command is used to find difference between two files . for comparison of two files this is well structured command .
diff file1 file2 --> will print differences between this two files .


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text:
Q: Does any oriented atlas of a manifold have maps diffeomorphic to either $\mathbb{R}^n$ or the upper half plane in $\mathbb{R}^n$? I came across this claim: let $M$ be an oriented manifold of $\dim M=n$ and $\mathcal{A}$ an atlas for $M$. Then any $U \in \mathcal{A}$ is diffeomorphic to either $\mathbb{R}^n$ or $\mathbb{H}^n:= \left\lbrace x \in \mathbb{R}^n : x_n \geq 0 \right\rbrace $.
This appears in a proof of Stokes' theorem found on page 33 of Bott and Tu's Differential Forms. They first prove the theorem for cases $\mathbb{R}^n$ and $\mathbb{H}^n$ and use these cases to prove it for a general manifold: one just picks an oriented atlas and a partition of unity associated to it and instead of proving the theorem for a compactly-supported form $\omega$ on $M$, the problem reduces to proving it on forms of the type $f_i \omega$ where $f_i$ is in the partition of unity; $f_i \omega$ will obviously have support in a map in the atlas.
Excerpt from the book:

I have two questions.
Firstly, I believe in this proof, there's no need for all the atlases of $M$ to satisfy this property, it suffices to find one that has it, which is easy: just pick charts around each point that are diffeomorphic to a ball in $\mathbb{R}^n$ and hence to the entire $\mathbb{R}^n$. Since the integral is well defined, if we prove the theorem by splitting up $M$ in this atlas using the partition of unity, we will have proven it for any atlas. is this correct? If it were, then why would the authors also prove the theorem for $\mathbb{H}^n$, if it suffices for $\mathbb{R}^n$?
Secondly, independent of this proof, is the claim I mentioned in the beginning true? Intuitively it seems  like it can't be but I can't seem to come up with any counterexample. I was thinking for example that an atlas on $\mathbb{R}^2 \setminus \left\lbrace (0,0) \right\rbrace$ can be just the identity map, which makes the (unique) map domain not diffeomorphic to $\mathbb{R}^2$, which I've seen by means of deRham cohomology. I also saw in this question that the upper half plane is not diffeomorphic to the whole plane. But maybe $\mathbb{R}^2 \setminus \left\lbrace (0,0) \right\rbrace$ is diffeomorphic to the upper half plane? This I don't know the answer to.
Thank you.

A: Bott and Tu consider manifolds with boundary (otherwise Stokes' theorem wouldn't make much sense).
On p. 30 they define
A manifold $M$ of dimension $n$ with boundary is given by an atlas $\{(U_\alpha, \phi_\alpha) \}$ where $U_\alpha$ is homeomorphic to either $\mathbb R^n$ or the upper half space $\mathbb H^n = \{(x_1, ... , x_n) \mid x_n \ge 0\}$.
In my opinion this is an unusual definition because it imposes serious restrictions on the charts occcurring in an "admissible" atlas. I would require that $U_\alpha$ is homeomorphic to either an open subset of $\mathbb R^n$ or of $\mathbb H^n$. On the other hand, it is no problem to restrict to special charts as you noticed in your question. So let us agree that the definition is a matter of taste.
Bott and Tu's definition provides the answer to your question. It does of course not say that any atlas will do. Your atlas on $M  = \mathbb R^2 \setminus \{(0,0\}$ csnistng of the identity map is not adequate because $M$ is not homeomorphic to $\mathbb R^2$ or to $\mathbb H^2$. Both of these spaces are contractible, but $M$ is not.


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