Discover the clean and modern shape of our layered multi chain choker. Designed to make a striking statement as the perfect accessory for this season's most directional styles, our layered choker highlights the decolletage. The design is finished with a chain fastening.


We take to the wastelands of Boston, Massachusetts to find our son, scavenge, hunt, kill and wear a selection of funky clothing, with accompanying gas mask….
Fallout 4 is an epic, sprawling open world FPS RPG, made by Bethesda; the same company who gave us Fallout 3, Fallout: New Vegas, Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion and of course, TEO V: Skyrim. It's out now and available at all good stores. Check it out.


Thoughtful use of the earth's resources and protection of the environment may seem like an odd topic for a newsletter written by a printer. After all, printing requires paper, and the paper industry has been criticized for destruction of forests, water pollution and other anti-environment actions. Printed advertising mail is portrayed as a nuisance to those who receive it and cited for adding to landfills. Even e-mail messages are critical of print - you may have seen this tag line as part of an e-mail signature: Please consider the environment before printing this e-mail.
Is printing really the environmental evil its critics assert? Should businesses and individuals adopt a policy of eliminating hard copies of documents and using only e-mail and digital media for sales and marketing outreach? Or are there other considerations that will allow businesses and organizations to continue to use printing and still be good environmental stewards?
Q and A: How does ink get taken off of paper that is being recycled?
There are a couple different ways to remove ink from paper - by washing, by flotation, or a combination.
In the washing process, soaps are added to paper as it is being pulped. The ink dissolves in the water which then can be cleaned and re-used. Ink removed by flotation requires air to be passed through the paper pulp. This produces foam that captures the ink; the foam is then skimmed off.
Acid-free paper: paper that has had the acid removed during manufacturing so it has a neutral pH. Acid-free paper is often used for documents that need to be archived.
Carbon sequestration: the process by which carbon is removed from the atmo- sphere and stored in soil, biomass, geological formations and the ocean.
Deforestation:the conversion of forests to other land uses including agriculture, cattle ranching, urbanization and other uses. Also called forest land-use change.
ECF/TCF papers: papers made from pulp that has been bleached using hydrogen peroxide instead of chlorine. ECF = elemental chlorine free; TCF = totally chlorine free.
Forest conversion: the process of converting a natural forest to a cultivated forest. Typically accompanied by an increased focus on wood production.
Recycling paper has become a popular worldwide - over 95 million metric tons of paper are recovered each year and made into recycled paper and paperboard. Recovered paper fiber makes up over one-third of the total fiber used to make the world's paper.
The United States is the world's leading paper recycler, responsible for over one-third of all the paper recovered in the world.
Is printing bad for the environment? That's a question of real importance, both to you and us. It's important to our customers and prospects who are concerned about environmental issues, and it's important to us because printing provides our livelihood.
Although all paper can be recycled, some paper products may be rejected for recycling because of additives or processes on the paper. One example is pressure sensitive adhesive. When added to paper to create peel-and-stick labels, the resulting product can't be recycled. This is because most paper recycling systems add water to recovered paper to create pulp - the first step in papermaking. Pressure sensitive labels don't dissolve in water. Instead, they break into smaller pieces that deform when subjected to heat and pressure. The deformed particles are hard to filter out of paper pulp and can stick to paper making equipment and even to the paper itself.


Adopting a pet adds responsibility to your already busy life. Take a moment to read over our adoption procedures.
The next volunteer class will be held at the Conway Animal Welfare Unit on Saturday April 13th, 2019 at 9:30 a.m. Class will last just a little over an hour. No need to sign up in advance….. Hope to see you there!


text:
Oklahoma Senate leader Greg Treat faces Democratic challenger
Carmen Forman
Videos: Oklahoma 2020 election coverage More Oklahoma 2020 election coverage
The Republican leader of Oklahoma's state Senate is up for re-election this year and faces a Democratic challenger.
Senate Pro Tem Greg Treat faces Democrat Andrea Stone in the Republican-leaning Senate District 47.
Treat, 42, has represented the district since 2011 and is running for his final, four-year term in the Senate. He is poised to lead the chamber for at least two more years.
Stone, 46, has volunteered with Moms Demand Action for Gun Sense in America since shortly after the 2018 shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida. A shooting at Penn Square Mall in Oklahoma City nearly a year ago solidified her decision to run for office.
"I got involved with Moms Demand Action, and through that, I got the opportunity to see our Legislature in action," she said. "I had paid attention before, but I hadn't been up there and seen how everything works, and I was very disappointed."
Stone said she was particularly disappointed in Treat because, like a majority of Oklahoma's Republican legislators, he voted in favor of the 2019 permitless carry bill that allowed most Oklahomans to carry a firearm in public with no training or license.
Treat said his job leading the GOP-majority Senate is to help set a vision for the state and to move Oklahoma forward — a job that is a give-and-take with Gov. Kevin Stitt and House Speaker Charles McCall, R-Atoka. McCall is also up for re-election this cycle, but is running unopposed.
A big part of that overall vision is trying to diversify Oklahoma's economy so the state is less reliant on oil and natural gas revenues that often fluctuate, Treat said. He also vowed to prioritize public education funding and protect the teacher pay raises and other education investments the Legislature has made in recent years.
"There was a general sense in Oklahoma, not just among educators, that a significant teacher pay raise was overdue, and we were able to deliver on that, but that was a very painful process to get there," he said. "I don't think you could have walked through that and lived through that and want to ever see us get in that position again."
This summer, Treat also got the ball rolling on serious discussions about police reform in Oklahoma, saying the conversations might lead to legislation next year.
He also aims to help restore Oklahomans' trust in the Legislature and the legislative process, which he said involves improving the culture at the state Capitol. The public image of the Legislature has improved in recent years following the departure of several lawmakers who were embroiled in sex scandals.
"It's still my No. 1 goal to restore trust that those people that you elect are actually working for you and taking the job seriously," Treat said. "That's something that I try to project and actually do every day."
The power and political influence that comes with leading the state Senate also comes with a flood of campaign cash. In his mid-August campaign finance report, Treat reported having a campaign war chest of $254,000, or more than 80 times the campaign funding of his opponent.
Stone said it was daunting jumping into a race against such a well-financed opponent. But where she may be out-fundraised, Stone said her campaign is not out-worked.
"I think when you see that your opponent has $250,000 in the bank at the start of a race, and you know that special interests are going to invest in his campaign, it's daunting," she said. "But I've lived in the district for almost 20 years, and I wasn't going to move to dodge the competition. I think people deserve a choice."
Prior to running for office, Treat was a political operative who got his start in politics by interning for former U.S. Rep Tom Coburn in Washington, D.C.
Treat, who strongly opposes abortion, said that was one of the main issues that drove him into politics. He has helped pass several anti-abortion laws, some of which were later struck down by the courts.
"It's something I'm more passionate about than any other issue we talk about, and I'm going to continue to try to advance dignity and respect of life from conception all the way through death," he said.
Treat is hopeful that the conservative majority on the U.S. Supreme Court will be able to overturn Roe v. Wade — the court's ruling that gave women the right to choose to have an abortion.
Stone supports a women's right to an abortion, but she hopes to see the number of abortions decline. Reducing the number of abortions should be the goal on both sides of the aisle, instead of passing laws the courts will simply strike down, she said.
"I think abortion is a women's health issue," she said. "It is an issue between a woman and her doctor, and government interference in that decision is not necessary."
Stone works at Enable Midstream Partners, but she previously spent years helping teachers shift to distance learning and improving their ability to teach online. She believes she could use her skills to help improve virtual learning in the state, especially since it has become so commonplace amid the pandemic.
Stone and Treat differ on Medicaid expansion. Treat opposed State Question 802, while Stone supported the question to expand Medicaid.
Oklahoma could have expanded Medicaid years ago if legislative leaders had gotten on board, she said.
"I think Sen. Treat, for a long time, held back Medicaid expansion," she said. Treat opposed Medicaid expansion, saying he didn't think it was the right move for Oklahoma and expressing concerns that the costs could become unwieldy.
But since Oklahomans approved SQ 802 this summer, Treat said the Legislature will work diligently in the 2021 legislative session to fund the expansion.
Stone criticized state leadership for not doing more to curb the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic response is being led by Gov. Kevin Stitt, and legislative leaders don't appear to be directly involved in the day-to-day response.
Treat said he has had regular meetings with health care and business leaders to keep a pulse on how they're faring. He also has kept a close eye on how Stitt is doling out federal CARES Act funds for pandemic relief efforts.
Senate District 47 includes northwest Oklahoma City and parts of Edmond, Deer Creek, and Bethany.
For more information, visit gregtreat.com and stoneforok.com.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif

/* $Id: except.h 6 2007-01-22 00:45:22Z drhanson $ */
#ifndef EXCEPT_INCLUDED
#define EXCEPT_INCLUDED
#include <config.h>
#include <setjmp.h>

#define T Except_T

////////////////////////////////////////////
////////////////////////////////////////////
/// contains OE modifications to support ///
/// thread local exceptions              ///
/// invalid reads all at END_TRY. 7/5/9  ///
////////////////////////////////////////////
////////////////////////////////////////////

typedef struct except_T {
	const char *reason;
} T;

typedef struct Except_Frame Except_Frame;
struct Except_Frame {
	Except_Frame *prev;
	jmp_buf env;
	const char *file;
	int line;
	const T *exception;
};
enum { Except_entered=0, Except_raised,
       Except_handled,   Except_finalized };

#ifndef WIN32
#ifdef OE_USE_THREADS
#include <pthread.h>
#define ThreadData_T pthread_key_t
#define ThreadData_set(key, value) pthread_setspecific((key), (value))
#define ThreadData_get(key) pthread_getspecific((key))
#define ThreadData_create(key) pthread_key_create(&(key), NULL);
extern ThreadData_T Except_stack;
#define pop_except_stack ThreadData_set(Except_stack, ((Except_Frame*)ThreadData_get(Except_stack))->prev)
#else
extern Except_Frame *Except_stack;
#define pop_except_stack Except_stack = Except_stack->prev
#endif
#else
extern Except_Frame *Except_stack;
#define pop_except_stack Except_stack = Except_stack->prev
#endif

extern void Except_init(void);
extern const Except_T Assert_Failed;
void Except_raise(const T *e, const char *file,int line);
#ifdef WIN32
#include <windows.h>

extern int Except_index;
extern void Except_push(Except_Frame *fp);
extern void Except_pop(void);
#endif
#ifdef WIN32
/* $Id: except.h 6 2007-01-22 00:45:22Z drhanson $ */
#define RAISE(e) Except_raise(&(e), __FILE__, __LINE__)
#define RERAISE Except_raise(Except_frame.exception, \
	Except_frame.file, Except_frame.line)
#define OE_RETURN switch (Except_pop(),0) default: return
#define TRY do { \
	volatile int Except_flag; \
	Except_Frame Except_frame; \
	if (Except_index == -1) \
		Except_init(); \
	Except_push(&Except_frame);  \
	Except_flag = setjmp(Except_frame.env); \
	if (Except_flag == Except_entered) {
#define EXCEPT(e) \
		if (Except_flag == Except_entered) Except_pop(); \
	} else if (Except_frame.exception == &(e)) { \
		Except_flag = Except_handled;
#define ELSE \
		if (Except_flag == Except_entered) Except_pop(); \
	} else { \
		Except_flag = Except_handled;
#define FINALLY \
		if (Except_flag == Except_entered) Except_pop(); \
	} { \
		if (Except_flag == Except_entered) \
			Except_flag = Except_finalized;
#define END_TRY \
		if (Except_flag == Except_entered) Except_pop(); \
		} if (Except_flag == Except_raised) RERAISE; \
} while (0)
#else
#define RAISE(e) Except_raise(&(e), __FILE__, __LINE__)
#define RERAISE Except_raise(Except_frame.exception, \
	Except_frame.file, Except_frame.line)
//#define RETURN switch (Except_stack = Except_stack->prev,0) default: return
#ifdef OE_USE_THREADS
#define OE_RETURN switch (pop_except_stack,0) default: return
#else
#define OE_RETURN switch ( Except_stack = Except_stack->prev, 0) default: return
#endif

#ifdef OE_USE_THREADS
#define TRY do { \
    Except_init(); \
	volatile int Except_flag; \
	Except_Frame Except_frame; \
    Except_frame.prev = ThreadData_get(Except_stack); \
    ThreadData_set(Except_stack, &Except_frame); \
	Except_flag = setjmp(Except_frame.env); \
	if (Except_flag == Except_entered) {
#else
#define TRY do { \
	volatile int Except_flag; \
	Except_Frame Except_frame; \
    Except_frame.prev = Except_stack; \
    Except_stack = &Except_frame; \
	Except_flag = setjmp(Except_frame.env); \
	if (Except_flag == Except_entered) {
#endif

#define EXCEPT(e) \
		if (Except_flag == Except_entered) pop_except_stack; \
	} else if (Except_frame.exception == &(e)) { \
		Except_flag = Except_handled;
#define ELSE \
		if (Except_flag == Except_entered) pop_except_stack; \
	} else { \
		Except_flag = Except_handled;
#define FINALLY \
		if (Except_flag == Except_entered) pop_except_stack; \
	} { \
		if (Except_flag == Except_entered) \
			Except_flag = Except_finalized;
#define END_TRY \
		if (Except_flag == Except_entered) pop_except_stack; \
		} if (Except_flag == Except_raised) RERAISE; \
} while (0)

#endif

#undef T
#endif

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


My Dr. is out of town till the 7th and so this week I went to someone else in the same office. I was excited to see if I've dilated at all, but he didn't check. I am now 187lbs which is 1lb over on where I want to be, but that's okay. He did tell me that as far as belly measurement I'm still right on 37 weeks 37 inches. They measure from your pelvic bone to just under your chest. He said I am having a hard time telling because her head is right on your pelvis and her legs and bum are up in your ribs. He said she hasn't dropped yet, but she is defiantly head down.
I'm having a really hard time sleeping I wake up a few times every night and go get a drink and use the bathroom.
I am defiantly forgetful! I have to put everything in my phone calendar.
My belly button looks so strange. Mike thinks it is going to start poking out any day now. My belly also itches a lot. I know that if itch it, it will cause stretch marks and I already have some so there won't be any itching.
On a good note my ribs aren't hurting like they use to! That makes me wonder if she's dropped a little. I also don't have as much heart burn or acid reflux. It happens every now and then, but it's not an every night thing anymore.
Oh you look so cute! I'm so excited for you. I can't wait to see your darling little baby. I want to come up with a cute gift for you... what do you still need. Email me and let me know. Good luck the next few weeks. Let us know if you need anything.
Oh Nikki you are almost there! Congratulations! I can only think that we get so miserable at the end of pregnancy to be willing to endure the labor! If the end of pregnancy was a breeze we wouldn't be so willing to go through the pain!
So excited for you guys! Thats a bummer the doc didn't check you...at my 37 week I was dialted to a 3 and 90% effaced, it was nice to know I would probably deliver within a few days!
I also love how open and honest you have been about all things pregnancy related :) its fun to read.
you are so close and i am looking forward to meeting little payton!!


text:
University of Manchester Medical School
University of Nottingham - Lincoln Medical School
Non-EU Students Years 1-2: £21,000 pa; Years 3-5: £38,000 pa
How? If your UKCAT score is in the approximately the top third of all results nationally then you will be invited to interview based on our UKCAT threshold as long as you meet our minimum academic requirements (for example, GCSE and predicted grades). We expect to invite approximately 900-1000 candidates to interview based on this selection route. If your UKCAT does not fall within the top third of results nationally then we will include it as part of a holistic assessment using all the information available to us to arrive at a decision (for example, GCSE grades, A-level profile, additional qualifications, NAI form etc). We expect to invite 300-500 applicants to interview on this selection route. All applicants must take the UKCAT before applying
How? n/a
GCSE Subjects Required We require at least five GCSEs at grade A or A*. English Language, Mathematics and at least two science subjects are required at GCSE minimum grade B. If Dual Award Science or Core and Additional Science are offered, the minimum required is BB. Due to the phased introduction of GCSE reform in England, we will accept a mixture of GCSE grading scales. We can confirm our position in terms of equivalencies: A* = 8; A = 7; B = 6; C = 4. At least six GCSEs at grade 7 (A) including biology and chemistry, one of either physics or maths must also be passed to grade 7 (A) with the other being grade 6 (B) and a minimum of grade 6 (B) in English language. (Double science requirement is 7,7 and triple science is 7,7,7).
A-Level Subjects Required Chemistry or Biology/Human Biology; and one of the following subjects from Chemistry; Biology/Human Biology; Physics; Mathematics or Further Mathematics. Biology (or human biology) and chemistry at grade A (a pass is required in science practical tests, where assessed separately). The third A can be in any subject except citizenship studies, critical thinking, general studies and global perspectives. A levels must be taken within a two-year period.
A-Level Grades Required AAA. AAA
Scottish Highers Subjects Required English language and any science subject (Maths, Physics, Chemistry or Biology) not taken at Higher/Advanced Higher must have been achieved at SCQF level 5 (National 5, Intermediate II or Standard Grade Credit level grade 2 or above).
Scottish Higher Grades Required AAAA
Scottish Advanced Highers Subjects Required We require at least two Advanced Highers at grades AA by the end of Secondary 6. Any of the following combinations are acceptable: three Advanced Highers, including Chemistry or Biology; a second science (from Chemistry, Mathematics, Biology, or Physics); plus one other rigorous academic subject; two Advanced Highers, plus one A2-level subject at grade A (subjects as above); two Advanced Highers, plus one new Higher at grade A (subjects to include Chemistry or Biology at Advanced Higher, plus one other science at Advanced Higher, and a further rigorous academic subject).
Scottish Advanced Highers Grades Required AA
IB Subjects Required Major subjects must include Chemistry or Biology, plus another science (one from Chemistry, Biology, Physics or Mathematics) and one further rigorous academic subject at Higher Level. Any sciences not offered at Higher Level (HL) must be taken at Standard Level (SL) or at GCSE. 36 (6, 6, 6 at Higher Level including biology and chemistry, excluding core component)
IB Grades Required 37 points are required overall to include core points with at least 766 at Higher Level, including Chemistry and minimum 555 at Standard Level. If Maths and English Language are not offered as part of the Diploma, they should be offered at GCSE or IGCSE at grade B or above. 36
21 June 2019: The best way to get a feel for student life at Manchester is to come and see for yourself. 9 January 2019: Mini Open Day
22 June 2019: The best way to get a feel for student life at Manchester is to come and see for yourself. 6 March 2019: Postgraduate Open Day 'Being Brilliant Brunch'
28 September 2019: The best way to get a feel for student life at Manchester is to come and see for yourself. 6 April 2019: Postgraduate Taster Day
12 October 2019: The best way to get a feel for student life at Manchester is to come and see for yourself. 18 May 2019: Postgraduate Open Day 'Being Brilliant Brunch'
5 July 2019: Undergraduate Open Day
6 July 2019: Postgraduate Open Day 'Being Brilliant Brunch'
28 September 2019: Undergraduate Open Day
13 October 2019: Undergraduate Open Day
16 November 2019: Undergraduate Open Day
11 December 2019: Undergraduate Open Day
Career After 6 Months 99% 100%
Average Entry Tariff 198 —
Student Satisfaction / 5 3.84 —
Research Quality / 5 3.19 —
Graduate Prospects 100% —
The Complete University Guide Score 96.7% —


text:
Retrocomputing Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for vintage-computer hobbyists interested in restoring, preserving, and using the classic computer and gaming systems of yesteryear. It only takes a minute to sign up.
Why were closed tape loops never a popular storage medium (or were they)?
Tape storage is, in some sense, the most successful technology across all of IT, being first used in the 1950s and AFAIK still unbeaten today in its niche. Though the success is mostly because tape can be wound up so compactly, it also seems to be intrisically quite good to handle – unlike with big drums or disks, you don't need to carefully align the heads on a huge surface but can just let a small part of the tape come to the fixed head. And at any rate, the tape head technology had been well optimised since the beginning of audio recording.
Yeah, sure tape is also famous for its rip- and knottability, needs careful alignment too etc., but I think we can say it's an overall very good medium.
Spooled-up tape has the obvious problem of access time, which has always pretty much confined it to backups only, however that's not the only way to operate a tape – it's also possible to close the tape to a loop, so each part periodically passes the head. This isn't only theoretical, it has been the standard way to achieve echo in audio production. And we might actually say that a drum storage is nothing but a bunch of closed rigid tape loops in parallel, so if drums worked well for storage then tape loops should have worked well to. Except they would presumably have been cheaper, and the loops could be made much longer than a drum circumference, to trade in latency for capacity – at arbitrary ratio!
This would certainly not have been as cheap as spooled tape because to get really high capacity you'd still need multiple loops, each with its own head. But that too is actually something that was done in audio, in the Mellotron. At least after audio cassettes became a consumer mainstay, the heads should have been cheap enough to make this viable.
magnetic-tape
leftaroundaboutleftaroundabout
This is what Sinclair thought in designing the Microdrive — en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZX_Microdrive — but alas build quality for that particular instance was, ummm, questionable. – Tommy Aug 17 '18 at 16:59
There was the stringy floppy too... – Stephen Kitt Aug 17 '18 at 17:24
@StephenKitt I was about to answer with the Exatron Stringy Floppy, until I saw that you already posted it as a comment. Turn it into a real answer. – manassehkatz-Moving 2 Codidact Aug 17 '18 at 18:50
@StephenKitt THe answer would be (at least in part), that tapes where a fast access medium - at least 'real'ones like IBM 34xx 9-track. Transfer rate was a whooping 1.2 MiB/s. They could be read in either direction. Positioning worked at more than 10 ft/s. A 2400 ft tape had an end to end positioning in less than three minutes and storing over 100 MiB. There have been customers that rejected the use of disk drives almost until 1980. They didn't see any speed benefit. No real need to go for smaler loops. and long ones would have had similar positioning time. – Raffzahn Aug 17 '18 at 21:44
@tommy they later changed the manufacturer, then it was ok, but the damage to the reputation already done – PlasmaHH Aug 18 '18 at 8:03
Because a closed tape loop doesn't buy you anything in random access latency, which is presumably the problem you're trying to solve.
The problem is that large tape loops, like 8-track, only can wind one way. So on average, you need to wind the tape halfway through to get to a random piece of data. The worst case, you wind the entire tape.
Random access tape (IBM 3570 and the canceled LTO Accelis) keeps the tape at the midpoint by default. So in the average case, you wind a quarter of the tape, in the worst case you wind half the tape. This is a 2x improvement.
If you have a bi-directional tape loop, you can avoid this, but then you have a density problem because the tape is no longer wrapped in a spool, but on a series of rollers.
The fundamental problem with tape is that in order to get decent transfer rates, you need to move the entire reel of tape very fast, which is difficult, or spin the heads independently of the tape (helical scan), which brings its own set of alignment issues. A 7200 RPM hard drive gives you >20 m/s linear velocity, exceeding tape (~7 m/s for LTO).
Once you have the tape moving, the heads are contacting the medium, so it will wear out with every pass. Back when we used helical-scan DDS tape, it was rated for 2,000 passes, requiring 10 passes per read, so the tape was only good for 100 full read or write cycles.
Hard drives heads float on an air bearing, making their lifetime much greater and giving a much more stable head-disk interface. Because there's very little friction in the system, you can very precisely servo the heads to a track. Tape doesn't let you do this. The best tapes today (LTO-6) give you about 13,000 tracks per inch, where as hard drives exceed 400,000 tracks per inch, a 30x increase.
I reckon "it will wear out with every pass" is the crucial point – it explains why short tape loops that keep looping around every few seconds (which is what I had mainly in mind with the question) don't work out, at least not in a 24/7 application. – leftaroundabout Aug 17 '18 at 22:11
@leftaroundabout: a short tape loop doesn't have much storage per motor + heads. Seems unlikely to be of any use compared to a hard drive with ~200x better random access latency (~10ms vs. ~2000ms for a 4 second tape loop). As this answer points out, the rigidity and other factor of an HD allow much higher areal density for a similar era of technology. Were you imagining that even a short tape loop would have a useful amount of storage? If it repeats every 4 sec, and can read/write at 200MB/s, you have at most 800MB of storage (unless you very wide multi-track tape?) – Peter Cordes Aug 18 '18 at 15:46
though @leftaroundabout there were tape formulations that never had oxide contact with the heads and drive gear. DECTape was mylar-coated on both sides and incredibly durable — if not very high density. – scruss Aug 18 '18 at 17:03
@PeterCordes there was a time when a 800 MB storage with "only" 2 s latency would have been amazingly good. Hard drives only started their journey towards today's storage density and reliability when the industry figured out flying heads and giant magnetoresistance. – leftaroundabout Aug 18 '18 at 23:08
@leftaroundabout: and back when 800MB total storage would have been very good, 200MB/s read/write bandwidth was unheard of for hard drives, and I assume for tape drives. Because of the way your proposed design works, your storage capacity always = latency x bandwidth product (times 2), unless like I said you had multiple tracks on one tape you could seek in 2 dimensions. 200MB/s is typical for 7200RPM magnetic HDs made in the last couple years. Older HDs were much slower. – Peter Cordes Aug 19 '18 at 4:15
They were used, but suffered from latency issues and complex electro-mechanical design challenges. Their brief day in the sun was around the mid-1950s: after that, it was likely cheaper to add another drum or disk platter rather than work out massive tape-loop logistics.
An example of a large tape-loop system was the Machine Mathématique IRSIA-FNRS (MMIF), built in Belgium in 1955-56:
The auxiliary memory consisted of six tape loops, each 100 meters long, and of a capacity of about one Mbits (10 bits per mm). The tapes stored data from input coding devices and for output printing machines. Each tape was wound around a hollow driving barrel which was covered by a cap. The tape movement was controlled by a pneumatic clutch. Air valves controlled the relative air pressures in the barrel and in the cap. A depression in the barrel pressed the tape against the barrel and drove it; on the contrary, an overpressure in the barrel – i.e. a depression in the cap - applied the tape against the cap and stopped it. Coming from a driving speed of about 1m/sec to a brutal halt and vice-versa took no more than about 2,5 msec
(quoting from Courtois PJ. (2011) The Belgian Electronic Mathematical Machine (1951-1962): An Account. In: Jones C.B., Lloyd J.L. (eds) Dependable and Historic Computing. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 6875. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg)
Later home-computer tape loop systems, such as the Exatron Stringy Floppy and the Sinclair Microdrive, only came into existence after floppy drive technology had been developed. They were only viable while they offered adequate performance for a far lower price than add-on floppy drives. Once floppies were cheaper, tape loop drives were quickly forgotten.
The University of Strathclyde had a large fleet of Sinclair QLs that it loaned to its students. These were perhaps the only machine that initially relied entirely on Microdrive tape loops. The pragmatic approach to unreliable tape media was to encourage students to buy more tapes, format them, and return the unreliable ones for refund. Since Microdrive tapes stretched as they were used, their capacity increased up to a generally stable value. Accepted practice at the time was to format tapes up to 10 times using a FOR loop in SuperBASIC. If a tape stayed at the same capacity over the first few formats, it was likely to be reliable. If, however, the capacity kept increasing it meant that the tape was likely to break and that particular cartridge should not be used.
scrussscruss
Beyond the Exatron Stringyfloppy and the Sinclair Microdrives was also the Rotronics Wafadrive that tried to compete with the Sinclar Microdrives at a slightly lower price for a dual drive. They offered "wafas" between 16 and 128k of capacity. It wasn't very successful, being slower and less reliable than Sinclair's original. – tofro Aug 17 '18 at 23:10
Less reliable? Whoa, that would take some doing! – scruss Aug 18 '18 at 0:46
The drives themselves were built like a tank - The tape cartridges were the problem, binding and jamming and eventually simply ripping the tape. – tofro Aug 20 '18 at 7:05
@tofro - "Beyond the Exatron Stringyfloppy was also the Rotronics Wafadrive". Though "the Wafadrive comprised two continuous loop 'stringy floppy' tape drives" (Wikipedia), much as "Texas Instruments licensed the Stringy Floppy as the Waferdrive" (Wikipedia). – Nigel Touch Aug 20 '18 at 14:42
unlike with big drums or disks, you don't need to carefully align the heads on a huge surface but can just let a small part of the tape come to the fixed head.
Sounds a bit like you never had to do so ;) I started my professional life in tape/disk service And believe me, there's a lot to be adjusted at a 34xx compatible tape drive head - not to mention what's needed to adjust the capstan drive and the vacuum chambers :)) (*1)
Spooled-up tape has the obvious problem of access time, which has always pretty much confined it to backups only,
Not really. that's maybe basic use of today – and what modern tape systems are optimized for. But there was a time when tape drives were a major component of external storage. In many cases the only one. If at all, disks where used for OS and software and maybe paging. All data was done with tapes (*2).
The heydays of tapes as main data media lasted through the whole 1970s with the IBM 3420 as cornerstone.
A 3420-8 (the top model in 1973) could read, write and seek data at 200 inch per second at 6250 bpi - which, at 9 track was also a byte. This gave a raw speed of up to 1,25 MiB/second. A maximum sized spool of 2400ft could hold 100..130 MiB (depending on block size) and be read/written/seeked in about two minutes. Pure rewind was even shorter at ~45 seconds. Further, blocks could be read in either direction.
These tapes were not meant as backup, but work media. Usually not the tape, but the mainframes CPU and application speed was limiting throughput and when used for disk backup, the tape had to wait for disk seek.
These tapes were blockwise rewritable (when keeping the same block size). From an applications view the differences to disk drives where rather minor - when keeping the tape nature in mind.
however that's not the only way to operate a tape – it's also possible to close the tape to a loop, so each part periodically passes the head. This isn't only theoretical, it has been the standard way to achieve echo in audio production.
And as well for cheap microcomputer storage with the stringy floppy and its most well known incarnation, the ZX Microdrive. A bit like the floppy story, as mainframe drives were far ahead.
Except they would presumably have been cheaper, and the loops could be made much longer than a drum circumference, to trade in latency for capacity – at arbitrary ratio!
Beside that the fact that it has been done, that there is no speed gain.
If the tape is longer than a few meters, it needs to be spooled which in all cases will make it only single direction, resulting in exactly the same worst case access times as a bidirectional read standard tape, while being less effective in average seek time. Unless speed is greatly reduced, the mechanics would have needed the same effort as 3420 drives spend, thus being as expensive, without any improvement. With more simple mechanics, speed had to be greatly reduced to keep wear in check. Existing (cheap) stringy floppies did offer only 1/100 of the read sped of a 3420-8
Bottom line: What you wanted to do with loops was already achieved with standard tapes. They were a great storage (when used right), but did need exceptional effort to do so - and modern backup ones aren't in line with these requirements.
*1 - The Wiki got a rather good explanation of the workings in their 9-Track-Tape article - even though it's tied to a medium speed drive with vacuum chambers, but a conventional capstan.
*2 - I remember several customers who even in 1980 refused to switch for disk storage. The mainframe could be booted from tape and as data storage tapes could work at similar speeds as disks. Given a useful data organization ofc.
RaffzahnRaffzahn
Interesting to hear from experience. No, I have indeed not adjusted any storage tape myself – all tapes I've used were various audio machines. – You haven't really addressed the main idea behind my question: really short tape loops, only like a meter, unspooled, a whole lot of them in parallel. I accepted user71659's answer which suggests the problem would be that tape wears out with each pass at the head, can you confirm this? – leftaroundabout Aug 17 '18 at 23:08
@leftaroundabout An answer like you want to get is way out of scope as it would require a description of a 3420 tape drive in detail. Waht you know are acoustic taped pressed with force onto a head and moved by friction. A 3420 uses a sysem of vacuum chanbers to level out tape movement for short distance transport, while also holding the tape onto the head with almost no pressure against the head, moved by capstans that hold the tape not by friction but again byvacuuom, again puting no stress on the tape.This way a tape could passed thens of thousends of times across a head without much wear. – Raffzahn Aug 17 '18 at 23:21
@leftaroundabout To make the same working with short loops woudl mean inccoporating the same effort as for a with a 3420 tape drive - and having many is like having many tape drives. So why just storing ~250 KiB per meter loop and drive when it's possible to have many megabytes with the same effort? Real tapes in the 1970s where already way faster and better than what could have been archieved with your solution - and even at a loweer price than your loops. Keep in mind, back then and with a right (real world) setup, tapes easy outperformed disks. – Raffzahn Aug 17 '18 at 23:23
Or in simple words, it would have been an invention without use case and market, as it would have brought no performance gain or money savings. – Raffzahn Aug 17 '18 at 23:31
Since tapes at that time were blockwise rewritable and /dev/mt0 on UNIX systems was a block device, you could put a filesystem on a tape and mount the filesystem. And write to it. If you were patient. A lot of operations result in writing to an inode, so the drive was constantly seeking to the beginning of the tape. – Mark Plotnick Aug 18 '18 at 0:12
Closed tape loops may not have been popular, but they were used occasionally.
One of the first computers, Colossus, used a paper tape loop for read-only data storage (the ciphertext to be decoded was stored on the tape). This tape was stuck in a loop and driven at high speed (~45 km/h) past an optical reader.
HobbesHobbes
There are two ways to achieve a tape loop:
Keep all of the tape perpendicular to the same plane, and add enough rollers that the tape never has to wrap against itself. This approach works well for things like tape echo units that have only a few seconds of tape, if even that much, but quickly gets bulky and unworkable for handling larger quantities. If tape were stored in a cartridge that's 4cm on a side, it would be necessary to have about ten rollers for each meter of tape. Perhaps not a problem if the loop is short, but a big problem if it isn't. An advantage of this approach is that the tape can be kept under tension.
Have the tape loosely coiled up in the cartridge around a spool, and pull tape upward from the middle. This approach can work (it's how 8-track tapes are constructed), but it requires that the tape slip against itself in the cartridge (causing excessive wear) and is prone to have problems if things don't wind and unwind themselves just right.
To achieve good reliability and capacity in a tape cartridge, tape needs to be coiled and uncoiled while staying in a common plane. Non-looping cartridges can do that. Looping cartridges may allow for slightly-simpler recording/playback equipment, but their downsides are too great to make them particularly competitive with other technologies.
supercatsupercat
ZX Microdrives also take approach 2 above. – Toby Speight Aug 20 '18 at 7:59
I wonder what the costs and benefits would have been of a system that used a short loop of rather wide tape as a cross between a floppy disk and a drum? Perhaps have cartridges with a 50cm wide tape that goes around a 5mm roller near the front, and use a head-movement mechanism similar to that of a floppy drive to move the head across the tape. If used with a tape whose per-track capacity was similar to a floppy, it could offer comparable performance, but if the cartridge didn't have to fit within the drive, storage capacity could be increased with taller cartridges and longer loops. – supercat May 19 '20 at 16:19
An erstwhile popular closed tape loop analog storage medium (8-track tape) was used to carry digital signals, although only for toy purposes:
Milton Bradley's (MB) OMNI Entertainment System was an electronic quiz machine game first released in 1980, similar to Jeopardy! or later You Don't Know Jack video game series, using 8-track tapes for playback analog audio for questions, instructions and answers as well as digital signals in magnetic tape data storage [emph. mine - LeoB.] on remaining tracks to load the right answer for counting the score. In 1978, the Mego Corporation launched the 2-XL toy robot, which was similar.
So, formally, there was a popular storage medium made of a closed tape loop which was used as data storage, albeit not for computing-related applications, and read-only.
Leo B.Leo B.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZX_Microdrive
"Microdrives used tiny (44 × 34 × 8 mm including protective cover) cartridges containing a 5-metre (200-inch) endless loop of magnetic tape, 1.9 mm wide, driven at 76 cm/second (30 in/second); thus performing a complete circuit in approximately 8 seconds."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exatron_Stringy_Floppy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotronics_Wafadrive
The former ZX owners would tell you stories about how unreliable these tapes were. Compared to audio compact cassette players (TRS-80 !), at least you didn't have to press the play-stop-forward-reverse-record buttons.
StessenJStessenJ
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"Conjurer"– the haunting new single from the prolific Oh! Pears.


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Vice President Pence visits Baltimore to honor Secret Service agent, tour ICE facility
By Jeff Barker and Catherine Rentz
Vice President Mike Pence gives a speech and presents an award at a luncheon for the Hispanic American Police Command Officers Association, which was held at the Grand Hotel this afternoon. (Barbara Haddock Taylor / Baltimore Sun)
Vice President Mike Pence visited Baltimore Wednesday, presenting an award to an Annapolis man at a conference of Hispanic law enforcement officials before touring the local office of the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement.
Pence received a standing ovation from about 200 officials of the Hispanic American Police Command Officers Association, a national organization of police chiefs, sheriffs, police superintendents and other law enforcement commanders.
Vice President Mike Pence to speak at Republican Party's Red, White and Blue Dinner in Linthicum in June
Audience members also applauded when Pence, speaking at an Inner Harbor hotel, said President Donald Trump sent greetings.
The vice president presented a top association award to Secret Service agent Hector Hernandez of Annapolis, who has served under three presidents and is now the special agent in charge of the vice presidential protective division. Hernandez was among the responders to the domestic terrorist bombing of the federal building in Oklahoma City in 1995 that killed 168 people.
"I have to tell you, he's been a fan favorite of the Pence family," said the vice president. "He is a professional to his very core."
[Most read] Rain Pryor, daughter of comedian Richard Pryor, files to run for Baltimore City Council »
Hernandez told the audience in a ballroom of the Embassy Suites Inner Harbor how his Mexican-born parents "never once took assistance from anyone" after completing paperwork and relocating to the United States in 1959, before he was born.
Immigration court backlog piled up in Maryland, nationally during the U.S. government shutdown
By Doug Donovan
"They felt the United States was built on hard work," Hernandez said in an interview afterward.
Hernandez demurred when asked about recent issues at the U.S.-Mexico border. Trump has threatened recently to close the border because he says the American immigration system is severely strained.
"My part in it is just to keep the vice president safe," Hernandez said.
After speaking to the association, Pence took a brief tour of Baltimore's ICE office on South Gay Street with Rep. Andy Harris.
[Most read] Elijah Cummings faced hate when integrating a Baltimore pool. Decades later, Trump's tweets reopen old wounds. »
ICE is in transition. Last month, Trump withdrew the nomination of acting director Ron Vitiello to become the permanent agency chief. The president told reporters he wanted to go in a "tougher direction."
The two listened to ICE employees talk about their efforts in Maryland seizing the deadly opioid fentanyl, arresting human traffickers and cracking down on MS-13 gang members. Maryland had the second-most defendants in federal human trafficking cases last year. And Baltimore had the fifth most fentanyl overdose deaths in the country, according to the agents.
Vice President Mike Pence toured the Baltimore ICE facility on Wednesday, May 1, 2019.
Pence thanked them for their work and said the Trump administration had just submitted a supplemental budgetary request to help the agency meet its mission.
He reemphasized the need for Congress to work with the administration to help stem the flows of immigrants across the southern border.
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"The president has done his job. You do you your job," he said. "It's time for Congress to do their job and for the Democrats in Congress to do their job and bring the security and humanitarian crisis to an end."
Pence took one reporter question about the upheaval in Venezuela, where opposition leader Juan Guaidó is attempting to overthrow the current president Nicolás Maduro.
Former Maryland Congressman Tom McMillen shown in old video with Epstein, Trump
ICE exploring possible Baltimore-area detention facility to hold 600 to 800 detainees
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Elijah Cummings faced hate when integrating a Baltimore pool. Decades later, Trump's tweets reopen old wounds.
"America stands with the only legitimate president of Venezuela — Juan Guaidó," Pence said.
The vice president said it was "heartening" to see the tens of thousands of people taking to the streets in Venezuela and then speaking in Spanish and in English, he said he wanted them to know "we are with you."
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Robertians
Robertian dynasty
Robertiens
West Francia
ca. 800 (800)
Robert of Hesbaye
Final ruler
Hugh the Great
Kings of West Francia
Dukes of the Franks
Dukes of Burgundy
Margraves of Neustria
Counts of Paris
Counts of Hesbaye
Counts of Orléans
Counts of Worms
Cadet branches
Capetians
Popponids
The Robertians, or Robertines, was the Frankish predecessor family of origin to the ruling houses of France; it emerged to prominence in the ancient Frankish kingdom of Austrasia as early as the eighth century—in roughly the same region as present-day Belgium—and later emigrated to West Francia, between the Seine and the Loire rivers. The members were 'forefathers' of the Capetian dynasty. With fealty (sometimes mixed with rancor) to the Carolingians, they held the power of West Francia through the whole period of the Carolingian Empire; and from 888 to 987 theirs was the last extant kingdom of that house until they were succeeded by their own (Robertian) lineage, the house of Capet.
The family frequently named its sons Robert, including Robert of Hesbaye (c. 800), Robert III of Worms (800–834), Robert the Strong (d. 866) and Robert I of France (866–923). It figured prominently amongst the Carolingian nobility and married into this royal family. Eventually the Robertians themselves delivered Frankish kings such as the brothers Odo (reigned 888–898) and Robert I (r. 922–923), then Hugh Capet (r. 987–996), who ruled from his seat in Paris as the first Capetian king of France.
Although Philip II was officially the last king of the Franks (rex Francorum) and the first king of France (roi de France), in (systematic application of) historiography, Hugh Capet holds this distinction. He is the founder of the Capetians, the royal dynasty that ruled France until the revolution of the Second French Republic in 1848—save during the interregnum of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars. It still reigns in Europe today; both King Felipe VI of Spain and Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg are descendants of this family through the Bourbon cadet branch of the dynasty.
2.1 Robert the Strong
3 Family branches
Find sources: "Robertians" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The oldest known Robertians probably originated in the county Hesbaye, around Tongeren in modern-day Belgium. The first certain ancestor is Robert the Strong count of Paris,[1] probably son of Robert III of Worms, grandson of Robert of Hesbaye, and nephew of Ermengarde of Hesbaye, who was the daughter of Ingram, and wife of Louis the Pious. Other related family includes Cancor, founder of the Lorsch Abbey, his sister Landrada and her son Saint Chrodogang, archbishop of Metz.
Robert the Strong
The sons of Robert the Strong were Odo and Robert, who were both king of Western Francia and ruled during the Carolingian era. His daughter Richildis married a count of Troyes. The family became Counts of Paris under Odo and "Dukes of the Franks" under Robert, possessing large parts of the ancient Neustria. Although quarrels continued between Robert's son Hugh the Great and Louis IV of France, they were mended upon the ascension of Lothair I of France (954–986). Lothair greatly expanded the Robertian dominions when he granted Hugh Aquitaine as well as much of Burgundy,[2] both rich and influential territories, arguably two of the richest in France.
The Carolingian dynasty ceased to rule France upon the death of Louis V (d. 987). After the death of Louis, the son of Hugh the Great, Hugh Capet was chosen as king of the Franks, nominally the last ruler of West Francia. Given the resurgence of the Holy Roman Empire title and dignities in the West Francian kingdom, Europe was later believed to have entered a new age, so became to be known in historiography as the first king of France, as western civilization was perceived to have entered the High Middle Ages period. Hugh was crowned at Noyon on July 3, 987 with the full support from Holy Roman Emperor Otto III. With Hugh's coronation, a new era began for France, and his descendants came to be named, after him, the Capetians. They ruled France as the Capetians, Valois, and Bourbons until the French Revolution. They returned after 1815 and ruled until Louis Philippe was deposed in 1848.
However they continue to rule Spain, with two republican interruptions, through the Bourbon Dynasty right down to Felipe VI.
Family branches
See also: Robertian kings family tree
Ro(d)bert (d. 764), dux of Hesbaye from 732, married Williswinda of Worms
Ingerman of Hesbaye
Ermengarde of Hesbaye (780-818), wife of Emperor Louis the Pious
Cancor (d. 782), founder of Lorsch Abbey
Heimrich (d. 795), count in the Lahngau
Poppo of Grapfeld (-839/41), ancestor of the Frankish House of Babenberg
Landrada, married Sigram
Saint Chrodogang (d. 766), Archbishop of Metz, Abbot of Lorsch Abbey
Robert II of Hesbaye (770–807)
Robert III of Worms (800–822)
Robert IV the Strong (820–866)
Odo of Paris (860-898), king of West Francia from 888, married Théodrate of Troyes
Richildis, or Regilindis, married to William I of Périgueux, son of Count Wulgrin I of Angoulême
Robert (866–923), king of West Francia from 922, second marriage to Béatrice of Vermandois
Emma (894–934), married Rudolph of Burgundy
Adela, married Herbert II, Count of Vermandois
Hugh the Great (898–956), married for the 3rd time to Hedwige of Saxony, daughter of German king Henry the Fowler
Béatrice (c.938–987), married Frederick of Bar
Hugh Capet (c.939–996), ancestor of the Capetian dynasty
Emma of Paris, Duchess of Normandy (c.942–966), married Richard I, Duke of Normandy
Otto of Paris (c.943–965), Duke of Burgundy from 956
Odo-Henry (c.945–1002), Duke of Burgundy from 965
Herbert (d. 994), Bishop of Auxerre
^ Urbanski, Charity (2013-09-20). Writing History for the King: Henry II and the Politics of Vernacular Historiography. Cornell University Press. p. 160. ISBN 9780801469718.
^ Bourchard, Constance Brittain (1999). "Burgundy and Provence:879–1032". In Reuter, Timothy; McKitterick, Rosamond; Abulafia, David (eds.). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Vol. III, c.900 – c.1024 (Link is extract=Volume III, Chapter 1 "Introduction: Reading the Tenth Century") (PDF). III (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 336. ISBN 0521364477. Retrieved 28 Feb 2013.
Pierre Riché. The Carolingians, a Family who Forged Europe. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Christian Settipani and Patrick van Kerrebrouck. La Préhistoire des Capetiens, Premiére Partie: Mérovingiens, Carolingiens et Robertiens.


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The new Scottish whisky brand was launched in Ukraine
Rob Allanson
global brand ambassador
'I genuinely believe that Grant's presents the best product portfolio in the Scottish whisky industry – it was a pleasure to meet likeminded people at the event. Grant's 8 is a special product and its launch required such warm ambient just like we had'
The new eight-year-old Scottish whisky Grant's 8 was launched in Ukraine at the official presentation in BEEF Meat & Wine restaurant in Kyiv. The global Grant's brand ambassador Rob Allanson was a special guest at the event – he introduced the new whisky and asked to join the blind testing of the new release. After that, an award ceremony took place where the winner of the contest: To Scotland with Grant's 8 , which had started a month before the event, was awarded with the package trip to Grant's birthplace.
The new Grant's 8 whisky had its official launch in Ukraine in BEEF Meat & Wine restaurant on October 15. Grant's 8 is the eight-year-old blended whisky crafted by the oldest family-run distillery in Scotland and it promises to be the favourite among the Grant's devotees.
The special guest, Grant's global brand ambassador Rob Allanson, told about the advantages of the drink, explained how to taste all flavours and shared other secrets and trends in whisky drinking. During the degustation session guests were offered the best Grant's releases, including Grant's Ale Cask (matured in the ale barrels), Grant's Sherry Cask (matured in the Xeres barrels) and, surely, Grant's 8. Connoisseurs who named the releases blindfold received vouchers for 2 author's cocktails with Grant's 8, mixed by the BEEF head bartender Ella Mikhailenko.
Within the event, guests had a chance to see the award ceremony of the contest To Scotland with Grant's 8 . Facebook and Instagram participants of the contest had to take photos of objects and things that visually formed number 8 and post them with the hashtag #G8ua. More than 300 nonstandard interpretations were collected in one month, 15 of them were shortlisted and presented at the award ceremony. The brand ambassador Rob Allanson picked one winner by random draw – shining Maria Geppa, who got the main prize – trip to Scotland.
More than 50 guests, including cooking expert Sergey Kalinin, TV showman Vyacheslav Solomko, food bloggers and restaurateurs, tested the flavour of the new drink.
The main prize – trip to Scotland will demonstrate to the winner the country of noble landscapes, spirit of freedom and eminent whisky products of William Grant & Sons. From now on, eights that catch the eye, same as Grant's 8 whisky, can be considered as a real good luck charm.
Journalist, biker, photographer, cyclist and musician, Rob Allanson is a man of many achievements, but it's his passion for whisky and his editorship of Whisky Magazine, for which he is best known. He joined Grant's after the eight-year tenure as editor, where he also made his name in competition judging panels and whisky master classes the world over. Rob will take Grant's on tour, using his expertise and enthusiasm to ignite passion for the award-winning Scotch with whisky fans around the world.
is a new product of the oldest distillery in Scotland William Grant&Sons. Blended 8-year-old whisky deserves higher attention – owing to the prolonged by 5 years maturing the drink is saturated with a special, soft flavour. Grant's 8 is enriched with a scent of green apple, spicy vanilla and fine smoke notes. Warm malty finish delivers a taste of sweet and spicy wooden notes.


text:
Q: Invalidate caches vs rebuild project Since I already learned that Rebuild project in Android studio also does the cleaning project, now i want to know does "invalidate caches/restart" also does rebuilding project?
I use this command relatively often since android studio sometimes creates its own problem so i want to optimize using of this commands

A: Invalidate caches

Android Studio makes a lot of files as caches and does not delete
  them. This can cause trouble when there is a need to make new files,
  so clearing caches will clear the old cache and make Android Studio
  faster.

Rebuild project

Rebuild Project. All the source files in the project are recompiled.
  This may be necessary when the class path entries have changed, for
  example, SDKs or libraries being used added, removed or altered.

And when we do Invalidate caches its first clear cache of all open projects and scanning and indexing is done then build Gradle .

So Yes when we Invalidate cache  its build project too.

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text:
Borysthenes deflexus är en insektsart som beskrevs av Ronald Gordon Fennah 1956. Borysthenes deflexus ingår i släktet Borysthenes och familjen kilstritar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Kilstritar
deflexus

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G.O.A.T: Who is top BC Central basketball player ever?
Highlighted by some of the best players ever to play in the state, playing on some of the best teams ever to suit up in this area, Battle Creek Central has more than 10 basketball players that probably belong on an all-time list.
But who is the G.O.A.T – The Greatest Of All Time in Battle Creek Central boys basketball history?
Voting for the Battle Creek Central G.O.A.T. — greatest boys basketball player of all time at the school, starts on www.battlecreekenquirer.com on Friday.
Jones cemented his place as one of the best to ever play at Battle Creek Central by playing for four years and becoming a team captain at the University of Michigan. A shorter Bearcat career than most, coming in as a transfer to BCC, Jones still is among the all-time leaders in career scoring at the school with 608 points over just a season and a half. The 6-foot-4 guard helped BCC to back-to-back 19-1 regular campaigns, the record for most wins in a season, as well as being a part of a school-record 21 straight wins. Jones averaged 18.3 points per game as a senior and was All-City, league MVP and voted to the Detroit News Dream Team. Jones also played in Wendy's Classic All-Star Game with former Michigan and Indiana prep greats Shane Battier and Luke Recker. Jones was an immediate part-time starter as a freshman at U-M, averaged nine points a game as a sophomore and team captain as senior for the Wolverines.
VanSyckle was the centerpiece of the Bearcats during an era when Battle Creek Central was considered one of the top teams in the country, let alone the state. Behind the 6-foot-8 VanSyckle, BCC was ranked No. 9 nationally in the USA Today high school rankings during his senior year as the Bearcats were also ranked No. 1 in the state much of that season. VanSyckle finished fourth in the Mr. Basketball voting as he is No. 3 all-time on the BCC career scoring list with 1,320 points. VanSyckle was the top rebounder ever at the school at the time of his graduation with 639 and has one of the top scoring nights ever, getting 45 in a game against Kalamazoo Central. VanSyckle averaged 22.3 points per game as senior and 8.8 rebounds as he helped BCC to a state semifinal game as a junior. VanSyckle, who was a Battle Creek Enquirer Athlete of the Year, went onto play at Hutchinson Community College before going to a Division II school in West Virginia.


text:
Anti-Gay, Pro-Christian Benham Brothers Compare Themselves to Soldiers on D-Day (Video)
Christian twin brothers David and Jason Benham lost an HGTV reality series about their real estate business earlier this year when many of their anti-gay statements surfaced.
Since then, the Benham brothers have given numerous interviews about how they have been silenced and denied religious freedom.
According to RightWingWatch.org, the Benham brothers spoke at the Faith and Freedom Coalition's Road to Majority conference last week where they compared themselves to U.S troops dying during D-Day and the 1995 film "Braveheart," which was about Scottish men who died in the First War of Scottish Independence against King Edward I of England (audio below).
"We just remember June the 6th, 1944. We know what happened at D-Day," stated one of the Benham brothers. "We know what happened on Omaha and Utah beach. There's something about those men that our dad taught us when we were kids. And he said: 'Boys, don't you ever run from bullets. You run toward the bullets.'"
"There are cultural bullets flying all over today, especially religious liberty. And what's happening right now is many spiritual leaders, elected leaders, they are running from bullets. But there's a remnant of people that are ready to stand and say: 'I'm not running from these bullets any more. I'm gonna take this beach.'"
One of the brothers then invoked Mel Gibson's film "Braveheart."
"Just like in the movie Braveheart, when all the Scottish Army was standing there, and they all had their gear on, and they were lined up and they were unified, and they were ready to fight, but not a single one of them wanted to fight," added one of the Benham brothers. "And then as William Wallace and a few men rode in on horses with blue face paint on, they were ready to pick a fight. And what I see before me right now are a bunch of people with some blue face paint on, so let's go get it!"
Before they spoke at the Faith and Freedom Conference, the Benham brothers expounded further on their courage with The Christian Post (video below).
"Freedom isn't the ability to do get what you want; it's the willingness to let go of what you have," said Jason. "When you are willing to release that back to God, what God has so graciously given to you, and you give it back to Him, then you have been set free, and on the foundation of freedom, you can be as bold as a lion."
David added: "We have to be willing to let go of what we have, whether it's a job, an elected position, a big 'ole church, whatever it may be. We have to be willing to let it go, and when that happens, then absolutely we're back on the right track in America."
Sources: RightWingWatch.org and The Christian Post
anti-gayReligionPro-Christian Benham Brothers Compare Themselves to Soldiers on D-Day
Officer Body-Slams High School Girl (Video)
Arby's Sign Letters Allegedly 'Rearranged' Into 'Extremely Offensive' Message
Little Girl Throws Gift In Trash, Mother Uses Plastic Bag To Teach Her A Lesson About Gratitude
Boy Calls Parents During Burglary While Home Alone, Dad Who's An Off-Duty Cop Arrives And Fatally Shoots Burglar
Gunfight Between 79-Year-Old Army Vet And Gun Shop Burglars Ends With 1 Person Dead
Man Finds $5 American Flag At Flea Market, Sees Writing On Stripes And Goes On A Mission
Walmart Employee Who Refused Service To Officer Fired
Woman Laughs In Court During Sentencing, Judge Quickly Wipes The Grin Off Her Face
4 Men Attack Pizza Delivery Guy, Fail To Recognize Him Until It's Too Late


text:
Is Cryptocurrency the Future of Money?
By Dipanwita ChatterjeePublished on 9 March 2022 9:51 AM GMT
This article 'Is Cryptocurrency the Future of Money?' discusses whether or not cryptocurrency is the future of money and Bitcoins are expected to one day be utilized as currency or not. Is Cryptocurrency the Future of Money? It's been 13 years since the invention of cryptocurrency, a digital bartering system based on an encrypted peer-to-peer network. The earliest… Read More »
This article 'Is Cryptocurrency the Future of Money?' discusses whether or not cryptocurrency is the future of money and Bitcoins are expected to one day be utilized as currency or not.
It's been 13 years since the invention of cryptocurrency, a digital bartering system based on an encrypted peer-to-peer network. The earliest and most widely used cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, is threatening the status quo of traditional financial payment methods. Conventional fiat money may be replaced, but the Internet-connected global markets will no longer be restricted by constraints on traditional national currencies and exchange rates because of the advent of cryptographic currencies.
The success of new technology is nearly dependent on the market it aims to serve since technology changes at an accelerating speed. By offering a fee-free trading mechanism, cryptocurrencies have the potential to revolutionize digital markets. There has been a spike in interest in innovative methods to efficiently conduct economic transactions while preserving high levels of transparency and accountability after the financial crisis of 2007–08.
Cryptocurrency has garnered a lot of interest as a potential tool for radically reshaping financial landscapes for the benefit of mankind. It is the purpose of this article to explain in detail how crypto-currencies might be used in order to achieve this aim. There are several factors to consider, including how cryptocurrencies are currently being used and understood by the general population. A few of the most important outcomes are as follows: The phrases "money" and "payment systems," or the means by which transactions are processed and settled, are occasionally used interchangeably in modern debates and controversies about cryptocurrencies.
Cryptocurrencies have the potential to significantly improve payment systems if designed and implemented correctly. Only a small percentage of the world's population is familiar with, uses, or is aware of cryptocurrency. People throughout the world believe that central banks should keep issuing money. There is a constant flux in the concept of money. Bitcoin and other virtual currencies are expected to one day be utilized as currency. You'll be able to pay for coffee and a taxi ride using cryptos.
The word "Crypto" refers to the various encryption algorithms and cryptographic techniques that safeguard these entries, such as elliptical curve encryption, public-private key pairs, and hashing functions. It acts as a source of investment as well as a medium of exchange subject to the laws prevailing in respective countries.
Hence, a cryptocurrency is a marketable digital asset or digital form of money, based on blockchain technology that is exclusively available online for the public at large. Cryptocurrencies, as the name implies, uses encryption to authenticate and protect transactions due to which it has little to no room for loopholes in terms of the genuineness of the exchanges. There are over a thousand distinct cryptocurrencies in use today, and proponents see them as the way to a more equitable future economy[1].
Satoshi Nakamoto invented the cryptocurrency in the year 2008. The currency began to be used in 2009 when its implementation was released as open-source software, thereby giving it a sense of application in the trading business.
Cryptocurrencies can either be mined by the miners which involve heavy processing tasks or bought on cryptocurrency exchanges by their potential investors. It is crucial to note that Cryptocurrency purchases are not permitted on all e-commerce sites. As a matter of fact, even famous cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are rarely purchased for retail purposes
Bitcoin is a decentralized digital currency that may be sent from user to user on the peer-to-peer bitcoin network without the use of intermediaries. It has no control of authority, thereby having an absence of a central bank or single administrator. In order to verify the transactions made in terms of cryptocurrency for public distribution, network nodes are used to ensure the reliability and authenticity of the transaction involved.
Bitcoins are created by miners who undergo a process by which it comes to existence. They can be traded with other valuable items in the market, thus making them a medium of exchange.
The concept is made out of the terms "bit" and "coin." There is no standard for capitalization of bitcoin; some sites use bitcoin, capitalized, to refer to the technology and network, while others use bitcoin, lowercase, to refer to the unit of account.
How Did It Get So Famous?
Bitcoin was originally money with a philosophy: instead of a central bank, it had code and Nakamoto's whitepaper, both of which implied cynicism toward traditional financial institutions.
Bitcoin is infamous for the rise of illegal black markets on the internet. It allows the public to trade illegal drugs while being anonymous which can have an adverse impact on the law and order followed by various nations.
Bitcoin revealed to the entire world that, it can be used in two terms. The first one is an investment by the virtue of which investors buy with the view of earning some interest as a result thereof. The second one is a mode of payment of exchange of various commodities in the market. However, there are no legal obligations upon the traders to accept such a mode of payment unless the rule of land specifies so.
Why Is It So Controversial?
Bitcoin has been emerged as a controversial topic around the globe due to its colossal scope of involvement in criminal activities with the sense of anonymity. It hinders the law and order of several nations and puts the rule of the land in immense danger. It has little to no legal recognition which puts a big question mark on its nature and loopholes found as a result thereof.
Can Crypto Replace Money In The Coming Future?
Rise of cryptocurrency trading
Crypto is gaining traction not only in the transaction and payments arenas but also in the trading realm. The majority of investors have cryptocurrencies in their portfolios.
They aid in risk diversification and complete risk minimization. In 2017, there were approximately 35 million authenticated crypto accounts, according to Chappuis Halder. Since then, the number has more than doubled. In 2018, 17 million people were added to this total.
This shows that more traders are getting involved in crypto trading, and the numbers are increasing. Online brokers and financial service providers play a big role in this.
Many top-rated brokers, such as ET Finance, offer customized and adaptable cryptocurrency trading options. These financial service companies generate trading in a variety of cryptos for a modest fee.
As a result of these services, crypto has become more popular in the trade industry.
Concerns that Could Arise If Cryptocurrencies Replace Cash
Obviously, there are various critical impediments and issues related to this situation. Customary monetary standards will lose esteem without change on the off chance that digital currencies dwarf cash as far as utilization. Should digital forms of money totally dominate, a new framework would be needed to permit the world to adjust. The shift would unavoidably be troublesome, as money may immediately become incongruent, leaving certain individuals with lost resources. Set up financial organizations would in all likelihood need to hustle to adjust.
The key is coexistence!
Will cryptocurrencies ever be able to take the place of cash? Yes, without a doubt! Surprisingly, many people around the world, including Deutsche Bank, one of the world's largest financial services corporations, agree with this prediction. According to this firm, Bitcoin may soon replace fiat money due to the instability of the current system.
Coexistence, on the other hand, is becoming more practical, which is why norms are becoming more important. Cryptocurrencies are currently vulnerable to tweets or comments from major investors, performers, stakeholders, spectators, and even government actions. All of these concerns will be mitigated by a regulatory framework.
Digital money, without a doubt, is the technology of the future. Traditional wallets may become obsolete by the end of this decade, and you'll be storing money on your phone, but it won't be fully crypto. Some countries, such as India, are working to create their own virtual money. There have also been rumors that the reserve bank may develop a digital currency in the coming years that will outlast cryptocurrencies.
Crypto Regulations In India
India has adopted a progressive approach while dealing with the matter of cryptocurrencies. It has changed its stance from an outright ban in 2016 to propose the passing of a bill to regulate digital currency. In 2019, 'Banning of Cryptocurrency and Regulation of Official Digital Currency Bill' was passed with the intention of immediate suspension on possession, mining, buying, selling, holding, and trading of any such cryptocurrency.
Much recently in 2021, 'Cryptocurrency and Regulation of Official Digital Currency Bill' were passed with the intention of regulating and will be making the distinction of when it comes to the often-used categorization as a currency. [2]This bill will also introduce a sovereign digital currency whilst banning all other private cryptocurrencies.
The Reserve Bank of India's order banning banks from advocating crypto transactions was reversed by the honorable Supreme Court in March 2020. But still, there is no rules and regulation to monitor the usage, trade, etc. of cryptocurrencies in the country.
The new set of rules will most likely categorize cryptocurrencies as public (public backed) or private and most probably ban the private cryptocurrencies as they are decentralized. This will not be fruitful for business and talent as they would be appealed with the prospect of going to countries like Switzerland, Singapore, the USA, etc. where there is no blanket ban on cryptocurrencies/ blockchain technology and scope of growth of the digital economy.
Due to this, India needs to be very careful in making the policies governing cryptocurrencies and make sure that decentralized currencies are not private. Also, transparency and a clear set of rules governing these currencies need to be formed. These rules should define these in more specific terms as a blanket ban can promote parallel economy, encouraging illegitimate use and hence defeating the purpose.
For inspiration, India should look at the model of countries like El Salvador, Cuba, and Iran.
Crypto Regulations Around The World
China has banned all virtual currency trading and speculation. It has termed all 'cryptocurrency' based business activities as "illegal financial activities" and are strictly prohibited. It decided to boil down on the advertising and registration of cryptocurrencies and tighten regulation on their access.
Earlier, cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin were not banned and their mining, trading was allowed with the condition that the profit from these contributes to the real economy. But much recently, China has started a violent crackdown on the cryptocurrency world. The government and central banks have become increasingly fearful of cryptocurrencies destabilizing their financial systems and other negative consequences, [3]
Bitcoin had once initiated illicit transactions on the dark web and also provides for ransomware attacks. As its value is unstable and it's worth highly intrinsic, bitcoin has an upper cap on the total number of coins that can be issued, unlike the currencies from government/ central banks, which can be printed at will.
The environmental altercations that come from mining has also been a reason which prompted ten government agencies in China to impose this ban. Carbon neutrality combined with investor protection and financial stability has been three major factors for the new regulations.
The ban on mining and trading of cryptocurrencies, much specifically Bitcoin is bound to affect its sales as 70% of the world's Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are mined and traded here.
Unites States of America
Although much more liberal as compared to the other superpowers, the United States of America still lacks a clear set of regulations and a proper framework to monitor these currencies. The country is home to a large number of blockchain firms and cryptocurrency investors and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) views these as securities and their exchange falls under the purview (regulatory scope) of the Bank Secrecy Act and should necessarily register with Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. In the United States of America, regulators have expressed the need for a greater regulatory hand, pleading that this be provided only by Congress and the president may enact new laws for this technology.
Although many states like Colorado, Ohio, Oklahoma, New York, and many others have formed frameworks authorizing the use of cryptocurrencies- to be sold, offered, exchanged, and accepted as an instrument of monetary value within its government agencies. [4]
Still, the investors and crypto experts demand a new, central law/ framework formulate new rules and regulations which govern cryptocurrencies in the country.
Unites Kingdom
Although it lacks specific legislation on cryptocurrencies and the sector is currently governed by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) which grants licenses for crypto exchanges and related businesses. [5]The FCA applies a cautious stance when dealing with cryptocurrencies as the market is very capricious and asks the investors to proceed with caution, regularly issuing warnings. The UK government also collects taxes on businesses and operations conducted by the virtue of cryptocurrencies.
Cryptocurrencies are legal across European Union with varying cryptocurrency taxation. The European Union has established a robust framework for crypto, The European Commission's Regulation of Markets in Crypto-assets, also known as MiCA. [6] This legislation will provide a building block for the 27 countries as it identifies different crypto utilities (assets, tokens, e-money, etc.)
Many other countries like El Salvador have been pioneering in their approach as it became the first South American country to officially declare Bitcoin as a legal tender. Although the approach has been condemned by natives and organizations like World Bank, IMF; the president expects to save a huge amount on remittances sent home from abroad.
Analysis of these Regulations
Currently, there is no legislation in India that regulates cryptocurrencies, therefore trading and holding cryptocurrencies are not unlawful. Although cryptocurrency is not legal cash in India, cryptocurrency exchanges are permitted to function. The Indian government, on the other hand, is eager to control cryptocurrencies by prohibiting their usage.
The Indian Parliament is considering a draught bill titled "Banning of cryptocurrency and regulation of official Digital Currency Bill, 2019," which would outlaw the mining, owning, selling, trading, issue, or usage of cryptocurrencies in India. The Indian government is eager to promote blockchain technology, as well as its use and implementation. It is, however, opposed to the usage of virtual currency. Crypto transactions are encrypted and only the persons involved may see them.
People can avoid paying taxes by turning their money into cryptocurrencies and then transacting in other currencies. In India, the lack of regulation of cryptocurrencies has resulted in a slew of frauds and crimes. According to reports, crypto transactions are being utilized for terror funding and hawala transactions. In recent years, there have been a number of bitcoin frauds. Various Indian investors have lost more than $500 million (estimated) as a result of these frauds. Pluto Exchange, a Delhi-based crypto trading company, defrauded more than $2,72,000 from 43 investors in September 2020 and relocated its operations from India to Dubai.
Recently, the Enforcement Director detained and probed a cryptocurrency dealer located in Gujarat in connection with an online betting racket involving Chinese operators, which disclosed a cryptocurrency trading scheme involving almost INR 1000 crore across numerous exchanges.
The Indian government appears to overlook some beneficial elements of cryptocurrencies. Despite the slowing economy, bitcoin assets provide high rates of return, attracting many Indian investors. The crypto industry in India has the potential to grow massively if it is properly controlled by law. India is home to a huge number of cryptocurrency traders. In this age of technological innovation, banning cryptocurrencies is not a viable strategy for competitive economies.
There was an expectation that legislation on digital currencies would be introduced to Parliament during the monsoon session, but no such thing happened. A report suggests that the law recommends that all private cryptocurrencies be banned in India, except for state-issued virtual currencies. Crypto specialists, on the other hand, are hoping for the best. According to the Secretary of State for Economic Affairs, an inter-ministerial task force on virtual currencies was formed to investigate concerns surrounding virtual currencies and offer specific solutions.
It was recommended by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to all organizations regulated by it that they refrain from using digital currencies in April 2018. Banks and financial institutions are now allowed to provide cryptocurrency-related services, following the Supreme Court's ruling in 2020. Banks were granted permission to accept cryptos by the RBI in May 2021. Shaktikanta Das, Governor of the RBI, stated earlier that there are no disputes between the finance ministry and the central bank.
Among other things, they are considered by the Reserve Bank of India to be a serious threat to the country's macroeconomic and financial stability. As in India, the rupee is only partially convertible, which allows regulators to regulate and monitor who enters the country's markets. The very nature of cryptocurrencies is that they are anonymous and free to exchange, which makes it impossible for authorities to monitor or tax transactions. Among the issues discussed are money laundering and terrorism funding. During the Modi administration, high-value banknotes were abruptly withdrawn from circulation as a means of fighting corruption and counterfeiting and pushing the country toward digitalization. This benefited Paytm, the country's leading online payments company.
McKinsey's research indicates that cash is gaining popularity again, with 89 percent of payments in the fiat currency in 2020 compared to 100% in 2010. Yet digital retail payments have increased fivefold in the last two years because of the epidemic, making it one of the world's most attractive locations for venture capital investment. In this respect, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman stated, "We want to make sure there is a window available for all types of experimentation that will have to take place in the crypto sector." "It's not as if we're going to turn inward and say, We're not having any of this. A very precise location will be taken."
Dipanwita Chatterjee, the author of the article 'Is Cryptocurrency the Future of Money?' is from KIIT School of Law. This article describes how cryptocurrencies have revolutionised digital markets and can improve payment systems if designed and implemented correctly.
[1] Nerdwallet, 28 Jan 2022
[2] Mehab Qureshi, "From ban to regulation, A look at the regulatory journey of cryptocurrencies", INDIAN EXPRESS (Jan. 27, 2022, 9:50 p.m.), Available Here
[3]Alan John, Samuel Shen, Tom Wilson, "China's top regulators ban crypto trading and mining, sending bitcoin tumbling", Reuters (last accessed 27 Jan. 2022, 8:58 a.m.), Available Here
[4] Joe Dewey (Holland & Knight LLP), "Blockchain & Cryptocurrency Laws and Regulations", GLOBAL LEGAL INSIGHTS, (last accessed 29 Jan. 2022), Available Here
[5] Jocelyn Fernandes, Cryptocurrency Regulation: Here's what countries around the world have done, MONEY CONTROL (30 Jan. 2022, 12:31 p.m.), Available Here
[6] Nota Bene, "Crypto Travel Rule in European UnionbyEuropean Banking Authority (EBA)", Available here
Dipanwita Chatterjee


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1. What are the program dates ?
2. Can I find an internship or volunteer in Meknes ?
For internships & volunteering, please click here.
3. Do I need to apply for a visa ?
4. What is the nearest airport to Meknes ?
The nearest airport to Meknes is Fes Sais Airport which is 1 hour away from Meknes. However, you must check whether your flight is accessible to Fes Sais airport.
Rabat-Salé International Airport is 2 hours away from Meknes.
Casablanca International Airport is 3 hours away from Meknes.
Marrakesh International Airport is 5 hours and a half away from Meknes.
5. How do I get from the airport to Meknes ?
If you choose to land on Fes-Sais airport, it's better to take a Grand Taxi from the airport to Meknes.
If you choose to land on Rabat-Salé International Airport, it's better to take a Grand Taxi or Petit Taxi from the airport to the train station and then get a train ticket to Meknes Amir.
If you choose to land on Casablanca International Airport, you may take the train right from the airport to Casablanca Voyageurs and then you will have to change the train to go to Meknes Amir.
If you choose to land on Marrakesh International Airport, it's better to take a Grand Taxi or Petit Taxi from the airport to the train station and then get a train ticket to Meknes Amir.
Or, you can give the Taxi driver this address: AAIN Arabic Institute / English Highway 24, Rue Sebou, Meknes, Morocco.
6. What if I arrive late or early to Morocco ?
Late arrivals are not allowed. Students must attend the orientation sessions. AAIN is not responsible of repeating the orientation for late comers. Also, students are responsible of their own airport pick-up.
Early arrivals are allowed. However, students are responsible of their own accommodation and airport pick-up.
7. Will AAIN pick me up at the airport ?
Airport transfer is included for all students arriving on the specified arrival date and timeframe. Any late or early arrivals, students are responsible of their own accommodation / airport pick-up. AAIN may arrange an airport pick-up for an extra fee.
8. When should I leave AAIN ?
Students are expected to leave AAIN and their host families' accommodation at the end of the program, that is on the specified date of the end of the program.
If students decide to stay longer, their accommodation and airport transfer are their own responsibilities.
9. Will I be taken to the airport for my departure from Morocco to the US ?
Airport transfer is included for all students departing on the specified departure date and timeframe. Any late or early departures, students are responsible of their own accommodation / airport transfer. AAIN may arrange an airport transfer for an extra fee.
10. What is the weather like in Meknes, Morocco ?
The temperatures of Meknes shift from very cold during winter to very hot during the months of June – September.
Make sure to bring warm clothes during winter. Most buildings and houses are made of concrete and stone which transfers the outside temperature to the inside space.
11. What should I pack ?
If you take any specific medication, it's better to bring spare ones with you. Even if medication is available in Morocco, there may be some specific US medication that isn't available.
You can buy all types of clothes in Meknes. However, if you feel warmer wearing a windproof / rainproof jacket during winter, it will be better to pack it. Also, try to pack comfortable and conservative clothing. Comfortable shoes are also recommended.
You may pack your own favorite toiletries. Otherwise, you can buy these once you arrive to Meknes.
Your study materials: notebook, flashcards, computer.
Your ATM card. Make sure you inform your bank of the needed procedures to use your card in Morocco.
You may wish to bring a small gift for your host family but it is not obligatory.
12. What is healthcare like in Meknes ?
Morocco has public and private hospitals and practitioners.
AAIN has a partnership with private practitioners that can be trusted.
A typical doctor's visit costs 200 DH.
AAIN Arabic Institute's staff offers medical assistance to students in need.
Bring any medicine that are prescribed by your doctor in the U.S.
Check your health insurance procedures in case you need it.
13. Are there sports facilities near AAIN ?
There are some gyms for both men and women nearby AAIN which require a monthly membership.
Swimming pools are also available and would charge a daily fee.
There are also some public parks where you could do your daily jogging.
14. Is there a kitchen or food service offered at school ?
The cafeteria of AAIN Arabic Institute provides snacks, coffee / tea, and quick sandwiches.
There is no kitchen available for students' use.
15. What kind of accommodation do you offer ?
Homestays : AAIN carefully chooses the host families based on many criteria. Students will have the opportunity to immerse in the Moroccan culture by directly living with a Moroccan family. Meals are provided depending on the student's / program's preferences. Students may be provided with either 2 meals a day (breakfast and dinner) or 3 meals a day (breakfast, lunch and dinner). The homestays are maximum 30 minutes walk to AAIN Arabic Institute. For more information on homestays, please check our Homestay Manual.
AAIN apartments : The apartments are fully furnished and located in the city center which is nearby AAIN and all city life. Meals are provided depending on the student's / program's preferences. Students may be provided with either 2 meals a day (breakfast and dinner) or 3 meals a day (breakfast, lunch and dinner). Students will be provided with a housekeeper for cleaning / laundry.
16. What are Moroccan families like ?
Moroccan families are very welcoming and generous. You will feel quickly at home. They also like discussing many subjects especially with foreigners. They like talking about their culture and debating issues such as politics, religion, and social concerns.
17. What kind of transportation can I take ?
In Meknes, you may take Petit Taxi for small distances and Grand Taxi for long distances.
If you wish to travel to another city, the safest transportation is the train. Meknes has two train stations; the nearest one to AAIN is Meknes Amir.


text:
Bermuda Triangle es el octavo álbum de estudio de Buckethead, y es más o menos una colaboración electrónica con Extrakd, quien también produjo y mezcló el álbum.

Canciones
 Flight 19 – 1:48
 Mausoleum Door – 3:29
 Sea of Expanding Shapes – 4:24
 The Triangle Part 1: Extrakd – 1:16
 Bionic Fog – 2:01
 Forbidden Zone – 2:15
 Telegraph Land Of The Crispies – 1:53
 Pullin The Heavy – 2:55
 Phantom Lights – 2:38
 Jabbar On Alcatrazz Avenue – 3:18
 Beestro Fowler – 3:01
 Splintered Triplet – 2:36
 Whatevas – 2:15
 Sucked Under – 4:22
 Isle of Dead – 3:14
 The Triangle Part II – 3:19
 911 – 3:18

Véase también

 Página de Buckethead(Wikipedia)
 Página de Buckethead (página oficial)

Álbumes de Buckethead
Álbumes de 2002


Getting a driver's license is a big step towards adulthood. However, you must understand the importance of being a responsible driver. It can go wrong in a hurry.
If you crashed into a car and did not stop, then you can get a reckless driving Fairfax County charge. Read on to find out how a reckless driving charge can affect the future of a minor.
A reckless driving charge is a serious offense in states like Virginia. It is a misdemeanor that can be penalized by jail time, pay fines; lose merit points on driver's license and suspension of driver's license. It depends on the circumstances of your charge. A teenage who is under 18 can be tried as an adult and face the previous consequences.
If a juvenile is found guilty of the charge, then probation is one of the penalties. Probation means you have to follow the rules to keep from violating. It is important to know what you can and cannot do while on probation. If you do not understand the conditions of your probation, then you can end up serving jail time.
If a driver is under 18 and convicted of any demerit point violation, then the driver has to take a driver improvement clinic. The DMV requires these individuals to attend the clinic to learn safer driving habits. You have a certain timeframe to complete the clinic. If you do not finish the clinic by the deadline, then the DMV will suspend your license. However, you will have to pay a fee to have the course reinstated.
Parents must make sure their teens are ready to handle the responsibility of driving. It is best for teen driver to not have other teens in the vehicle. Some teens tend to speed when riding with a group of minors. Peer pressure can also lead to a teenager drinking and getting behind the wheel.
It just take one bad decision for the police to pull over a teenage driver. A bad decision can make it hard to get in college.