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Heterodox economics is any economic thought or theory that contrasts with orthodox schools of economic thought, or that may be beyond neoclassical economics.[1][2] These include institutional, evolutionary, feminist,[3] social, post-Keynesian (not to be confused with New Keynesian),[2] ecological, Georgist, Austrian, Marxian, socialist and anarchist economics, among others.[4]
Heterodox economics family tree.
Economics may be called orthodox or conventional economics by its critics.[5] Alternatively, mainstream economics deals with the "rationality–individualism–equilibrium nexus" and heterodox economics is more "radical" in dealing with the "institutions–history–social structure nexus".[6] Many economists dismiss heterodox economics as "fringe" and "irrelevant",[7] with little or no influence on the vast majority of academic mainstream economists in the English-speaking world.
A recent review documented several prominent groups of heterodox economists since at least the 1990s as working together with a resulting increase in coherence across different constituents.[2] Along these lines, the International Confederation of Associations for Pluralism in Economics (ICAPE) does not define "heterodox economics" and has avoided defining its scope. ICAPE defines its mission as "promoting pluralism in economics."
In defining a common ground in the "critical commentary," one writer described fellow heterodox economists as trying to do three things: (1) identify shared ideas that generate a pattern of heterodox critique across topics and chapters of introductory macro texts; (2) give special attention to ideas that link methodological differences to policy differences; and (3) characterize the common ground in ways that permit distinct paradigms to develop common differences with textbook economics in different ways.[8]
One study suggests four key factors as important to the study of economics by self-identified heterodox economists: history, natural systems, uncertainty, and power.[9]
2 Rejection of neoclassical economics
2.1 Criticism of the neoclassical model of individual behavior
2.2 Criticism of the neoclassical model of market equilibrium
3 Most recent developments
4 Fields of heterodox economic thought
4.1 Notable heterodox economists
7.3 Articles, conferences, papers
A number of heterodox schools of economic thought challenged the dominance of neoclassical economics after the neoclassical revolution of the 1870s. In addition to socialist critics of capitalism, heterodox schools in this period included advocates of various forms of mercantilism, such as the American School dissenters from neoclassical methodology such as the historical school, and advocates of unorthodox monetary theories such as Social credit. Other heterodox schools active before and during the Great Depression included Technocracy and Georgism.
Physical scientists and biologists were the first individuals to use energy flows to explain social and economic development. Joseph Henry, an American physicist and first secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, remarked that the "fundamental principle of political economy is that the physical labor of man can only be ameliorated by… the transformation of matter from a crude state to a artificial condition...by expending what is called power or energy."[10][11]
The rise, and absorption into the mainstream of Keynesian economics, which appeared to provide a more coherent policy response to unemployment than unorthodox monetary or trade policies contributed to the decline of interest in these schools.
After 1945, the neoclassical synthesis of Keynesian and neoclassical economics resulted in a clearly defined mainstream position based on a division of the field into microeconomics (generally neoclassical but with a newly developed theory of market failure) and macroeconomics (divided between Keynesian and monetarist views on such issues as the role of monetary policy). Austrians and post-Keynesians who dissented from this synthesis emerged as clearly defined heterodox schools. In addition, the Marxist and institutionalist schools remained active but with limited acceptance or credibility.[12]
Up to 1980 the most notable themes of heterodox economics in its various forms included:
rejection of the atomistic individual conception in favor of a socially embedded individual conception;
emphasis on time as an irreversible historical process;
reasoning in terms of mutual influences between individuals and social structures.
From approximately 1980 mainstream economics has been significantly influenced by a number of new research programs, including behavioral economics, complexity economics, evolutionary economics, experimental economics, and neuroeconomics. As a consequence, some heterodox economists, such as John B. Davis, proposed that the definition of heterodox economics has to be adapted to this new, more complex reality:[13]
...heterodox economics post-1980 is a complex structure, being composed out of two broadly different kinds of heterodox work, each internally differentiated with a number of research programs having different historical origins and orientations: the traditional left heterodoxy familiar to most and the 'new heterodoxy' resulting from other science imports.[13]
Rejection of neoclassical economicsEdit
See: Mainstream economics #Criticisms.
There is no single "heterodox economic theory"; there are many different "heterodox theories" in existence. What they all share, however, is a rejection of the neoclassical orthodoxy as representing the appropriate tool for understanding the workings of economic and social life.[14] The reasons for this rejection may vary. Some of the elements commonly found in heterodox critiques are listed below.
Criticism of the neoclassical model of individual behaviorEdit
One of the most broadly accepted principles of neoclassical economics is the assumption of the "rationality of economic agents". Indeed, for a number of economists, the notion of rational maximizing behavior is taken to be synonymous with economic behavior (Becker 1976, Hirshleifer 1984). When some economists' studies do not embrace the rationality assumption, they are seen as placing the analyses outside the boundaries of the Neoclassical economics discipline (Landsberg 1989, 596). Neoclassical economics begins with the a priori assumptions that agents are rational and that they seek to maximize their individual utility (or profits) subject to environmental constraints. These assumptions provide the backbone for rational choice theory.
Many heterodox schools are critical of the homo economicus model of human behavior used in standard neoclassical model. A typical version of the critique is that of Satya Gabriel:[15]
Neoclassical economic theory is grounded in a particular conception of human psychology, agency or decision-making. It is assumed that all human beings make economic decisions so as to maximize pleasure or utility. Some heterodox theories reject this basic assumption of neoclassical theory, arguing for alternative understandings of how economic decisions are made and/or how human psychology works. It is possible to accept the notion that humans are pleasure seeking machines, yet reject the idea that economic decisions are governed by such pleasure seeking. Human beings may, for example, be unable to make choices consistent with pleasure maximization due to social constraints and/or coercion. Humans may also be unable to correctly assess the choice points that are most likely to lead to maximum pleasure, even if they are unconstrained (except in budgetary terms) in making such choices. And it is also possible that the notion of pleasure seeking is itself a meaningless assumption because it is either impossible to test or too general to refute. Economic theories that reject the basic assumption of economic decisions as the outcome of pleasure maximization are heterodox.
Shiozawa emphasizes that economic agents act in a complex world and therefore impossible for them to attain maximal utility point. They instead behave as if there are a repertories of many ready made rules, one of which they chose according to relevant situation.[16]
Criticism of the neoclassical model of market equilibriumEdit
In microeconomic theory, cost-minimization by consumers and by firms implies the existence of supply and demand correspondences for which market clearing equilibrium prices exist, if there are large numbers of consumers and producers. Under convexity assumptions or under some marginal-cost pricing rules, each equilibrium will be Pareto efficient: In large economies, non-convexity also leads to quasi-equilibria that are nearly efficient.
However, the concept of market equilibrium has been criticized by Austrians, post-Keynesians and others, who object to applications of microeconomic theory to real-world markets, when such markets are not usefully approximated by microeconomic models. Heterodox economists assert that micro-economic models rarely capture reality.
Mainstream microeconomics may be defined in terms of optimization and equilibrium, following the approaches of Paul Samuelson and Hal Varian. On the other hand, heterodox economics may be labeled as falling into the nexus of institutions, history, and social structure.[4][17]
Most recent developmentsEdit
Over the past two decades, the intellectual agendas of heterodox economists have taken a decidedly pluralist turn. Leading heterodox thinkers have moved beyond the established paradigms of Austrian, Feminist, Institutional-Evolutionary, Marxian, Post Keynesian, Radical, Social, and Sraffian economics—opening up new lines of analysis, criticism, and dialogue among dissenting schools of thought. This cross-fertilization of ideas is creating a new generation of scholarship in which novel combinations of heterodox ideas are being brought to bear on important contemporary and historical problems, such as socially grounded reconstructions of the individual in economic theory; the goals and tools of economic measurement and professional ethics; the complexities of policymaking in today's global political economy; and innovative connections among formerly separate theoretical traditions (Marxian, Austrian, feminist, ecological, Sraffian, institutionalist, and post-Keynesian) (for a review of post-Keynesian economics, see Lavoie (1992); Rochon (1999)).
David Colander, an advocate of complexity economics, argues that the ideas of heterodox economists are now being discussed in the mainstream without mention of the heterodox economists, because the tools to analyze institutions, uncertainty, and other factors have now been developed by the mainstream. He suggests that heterodox economists should embrace rigorous mathematics and attempt to work from within the mainstream, rather than treating it as an enemy.[18]
Some schools of heterodox economic thought have also taken a transdisciplinary approach. Thermoeconomics is based on the claim that human economic processes are governed by the second law of thermodynamics. The posited relationship between economic theory, energy and entropy, has been extended further by systems scientists to explain the role of energy in biological evolution in terms of such economic criteria as productivity, efficiency, and especially the costs and benefits of the various mechanisms for capturing and utilizing available energy to build biomass and do work.[19][20]
Various student movements have emerged in response to the exclusion of heterodox economics in the curricula of most economics degrees. The International Student Initiative for Pluralist Economics was set up as an umbrella network for various smaller university groups such as Rethinking Economics to promote pluralism in economics, including more heterodox approaches.
Fields of heterodox economic thoughtEdit
American Institutionalist School
Austrian economics #[21]
Distributivism
Ecological economics §
Evolutionary economics # § (partly within mainstream economics)
Feminist economics # §
Gift-based economics
Humanistic economics
Institutional economics # §
Marxian economics #
Post-Keynesian economics § including Modern Monetary Theory and Circuitism
Post scarcity
Pluralism in economics
Resource-based economics – not to be confused with a resource-based economy
Real-world economics
Sharing economics
Socialist economics #
Social economics (partially heterodox usage)
Sraffian economics #
Technocracy (Energy Accounting)
Thermoeconomics
Mouvement Anti-Utilitariste dans les Sciences Sociales
# Listed in Journal of Economic Literature codes scrolled to at JEL: B5 – Current Heterodox Approaches.
§ Listed in The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics[22]
Some schools in the social sciences aim to promote certain perspectives: classical and modern political economy; economic sociology and anthropology; gender and racial issues in economics; and so on.
Notable heterodox economistsEdit
Jack Amariglio
Rania Antonopoulos
Daniel Azpiazu
Vania Bambirra
Oscar Brawn
Herman Daly
Theotonio Dos Santos
Alfred Eichner
Duncan Foley
Mason Gaffney
Robin Hahnel
Mushtaq Khan
John Komlos
Heinz Kurz
Frederic S. Lee
Ruy Mauro Marini
Edward Nell
Michael Perelman
Carlota Perez
Louis-Phillipe Rochon
Stephen Resnick
Joan Robinson
Neri Salvadori
Juan Santarcángelo
Anwar Shaikh
Piero Sraffa
Frank Stilwell
Maria C. Tavares
Lance Taylor
Nicolaus Tideman
Simon Zadek
Association for Evolutionary Economics
EAEPE
Kinetic exchange models of markets
Post-autistic economics
^ Fred E. Foldvary, ed., 1996. Beyond Neoclassical Economics: Heterodox Approaches to Economic Theory, Edward Elgar. Description and contents B&N.com links.
^ a b c Frederic S. Lee, 2008. "heterodox economics," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition, v. 4, pp. 2–65. Abstract.
^ In the order listed at JEL classification codes § B. History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches, JEL: B5 – Current Heterodox Approaches.
^ a b Lawson, T. (2005). "The nature of heterodox economics" (PDF). Cambridge Journal of Economics. 30 (4): 483–505. doi:10.1093/cje/bei093.
^ C. Barry, 1998. Political-economy: A comparative approach. Westport, CT: Praeger.[page needed]
^ John B. Davis (2006). "Heterodox Economics, the Fragmentation of the Mainstream, and Embedded Individual Analysis", in Future Directions in Heterodox Economics, p. 57. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
^ Among these economists, Robert M. Solow names Austrian, Post-Keynesian, Marxist, and neo-Ricardian schools as on "dissenting fringes of academic economics". Solow continued that "In economics, nevertheless, there is usually a definite consensus—there is one now." Further:
Marx was an important and influential thinker, and Marxism has been a doctrine with intellectual and practical influence. The fact is, however, that most serious English-speaking economists regard Marxist economics as an irrelevant dead end.
(Solow 1988) George Stigler similarly noted the professional marginality of the "neo-Ricardian" economists (who follow Piero Sraffa):
"economists working in the Marxian-Sraffian tradition represent a small minority of modern economists, and ... their writings have virtually no impact upon the professional work of most economists in major English-language universities."(Stigler 1988, p. 1733)
^ Cohn, Steve (2003). "Common Ground Critiques of Neoclassical Principles Texts". Post-Autistic Economics Review (18, article 3).
^ Mearman, Andrew (2011). "Who Do Heterodox Economists Think They Are?" American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 70(2): 480–510.
^ Cutler J. Cleveland, "Biophysical economics", Encyclopedia of Earth, Last updated: September 14, 2006.
^ Eric Zencey, 2009. "Mr. Soddy's Ecological Economy",] The New York Times, April 12, p. WK 9.
^ In 1962, Paul Samuelson (who would later win the Nobel Prize in economics) wrote: "From the viewpoint of pure economic theory, Karl Marx can be regarded as a minor post-Ricardian." Paul Samuelson (1962). "Economists and History of Ideas," The American Economic Review, March 1962
^ a b Davis, John B. (2006). "The Nature of Heterodox Economics" (PDF). Post-Autistic Economics Review (40): 23–30.
^ Lee, Frederic (September 16, 2011). A History of Heterodox Economics: Challenging Mainstream Views in the 21st Century (Reprint ed.). Routledge. pp. 7–9. ISBN 978-0415681971.
^ Satya J. Gabriel 2003. "Introduction to Heterodox Economic Theory." (blog), June 4, [1] Satya J. Gabriel is a Professor of Economics at Mount Holyoke College[self-published source?]
^ Shiozawa, Y. 2004 Evolutinary Economics in the 21st Century: A Manifest, Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review, 1(1): 5–47.
^ Dow, S. C. (2000). "Prospects for the Progress in Heterodox Economics" (PDF). Journal of the History of Economic Thought. 22 (2): 157–70. doi:10.1080/10427710050025367. hdl:1893/24906.
^ David Colander, 2007. Pluralism and Heterodox Economics: Suggestions for an "Inside the Mainstream" Heterodoxy
^ Corning, Peter A.; Kline, Stephen J. (1998). "Thermodynamics, information and life revisited, Part II: 'Thermoeconomics' and 'Control information'". Systems Research and Behavioral Science. 15 (6): 453–82. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1743(199811/12)15:6<453::AID-SRES201>3.0.CO;2-U.
^ Peter A. Corning. 2002. "Thermoeconomics – Beyond the Second Law Archived 2008-09-22 at the Wayback Machine" – source: www.complexsystems.org
^ 2003. A Companion to the History of Economic Thought. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22573-0 p. 452
^ 2nd Edition, v. 8, Appendix IV, p. 856, searchable by clicking (the JEL classification codes JEL:) radio button B5, B52, or B59, then the Search button (or Update Search Results button) at http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?edition=all&field=content&q=&topicid=B5.
ArticlesEdit
Bauer, Leonhard and Matis, Herbert 1988. "From moral to political economy: The Genesis of social sciences" History of European Ideas, 9(2): 125–43.
Dequech, David 2007. "Neoclassical, mainstream, orthodox, and heterodox economics," Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 30(2): 279–302.
Flaherty, Diane, 1987. "radical political economy," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v, 4. pp. 36–39.
_____, 2008. "radical economics," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition.Abstract.
Lee, Frederic. S. 2008. "heterodox economics", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.
Jo, Tae-Hee, Chester, Lynne, and D'Ippoliti. eds. 2017. The Routledge Handbook of Heterodox Economics. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1138899940.
Gerber, Julien-Francois and Steppacher, Rolf, ed., 2012. Towards an Integrated Paradigm in Heterodox Economics: Alternative Approaches to the Current Eco-Social Crises. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0230303584
Lee, Frederic S. 2009. A History of Heterodox Economics Challenging the Mainstream in the Twentieth Century. London and New York: Routledge. 2009 ISBN 978-0415777148
Harvey, John T. and Garnett, Jr., Robert F., ed., 2007. Future Directions for Heterodox Economics, Series Advances in Heterodox Economics, The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0472032471
What Every Economics Student Needs to Know.. Routledge 2014. ISBN 9780765639233
McDermott, John, 2003. Economics in Real Time: A Theoretical Reconstruction, Series Advances in Heterodox Economics, The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0472113576
Rochon, Louis-Philippe and Rossi, Sergio, editors, 2003. Modern Theories of Money: The Nature and Role of Money in Capitalist Economies. Edward Elgar Publishing.[permanent dead link] ISBN 1840647892
Solow, Robert M. (20 March 1988). "The Wide, Wide World Of Wealth (The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics'. Edited by John Eatwell, Murray Milgate and Peter Newman. Four volumes. 4,103 pp. New York: Stockton Press.)". New York Times.
Stigler, George J. (December 1988). "Palgrave's Dictionary of Economics". Journal of Economic Literature. 26 (4): 1729–36. JSTOR 2726859.
Stilwell, Frank., 2011. Political Economy: The Contest of Economic Ideas. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195514582
Articles, conferences, papersEdit
Lavoie, Marc, 2006. Do Heterodox Theories Have Anything in Common? A Post-Keynesian Point of View.
Lawson, Tony, 2006. "The Nature of Heterodox Economics," Cambridge Journal of Economics, 30(4), pp. 483–505. Pre-publication copy.
JournalsEdit
Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review (Freely downloadable)
Journal of Institutional Economics
Cambridge Journal of Economics
International Journal of Pluralism and Economics Education
Review of Radical Political Economy
Association for Heterodox Economics
Heterodox Economics Newsletter
Heterodox Economics Directory (Graduate and Undergraduate Programs, Journals, Publishers and Book Series, Associations, Blogs, and Institutions and Other Web Sites)
Association for Evolutionary Economics (AFEE)
International Confederation of Associations for Pluralism in Economics (ICAPE)
Union for Radical Political Economics (URPE)
Association for Social Economics (ASE)
Post-Keynesian Economics Study Group (PKSG)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heterodox_economics&oldid=995614961"


Get your Jordan SIM card with excellent calling rates and high speed 4G data plans for travel. You pay no roaming charges with the Jordan SIM Card.
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In Pagan religions, we often say – especially, perhaps, when we speak to outsiders – that we revere nature or hold it sacred. We contrast this with other religions.
The problem is that, of course, we are not outside nature, and not outside that which we revere. I believe that I am part of nature, part of the cycles of nature, and the things which make me into me, and the things which make me human, do not cut me off from that. Similarly, some people postulate a divide between Creator and Creation, but I don't believe that they can be separated in that clear way.
I have heard Pagans object to the keeping of ancient skeletons in museums or science labs, because they were buried in earth and should be 'part of the landscape'. I think that this position is flawed, and that the flaw lies in the assumption that museums and labs are not part of nature and the cycles of life. They may prevent decay, but so does a peat bog. They may put bones on display, but so do many megalithic monuments. They may move bodies from their original resting place, but so do rivers, rodents, and tectonic plates.
This is not an argument that modern human developments are universally positive – but nor is nature; deadly nightshade, volcanoes, the hunting of prey. Nor is it an argument against seeking experiences of non-human nature. It is merely a reminder that humans are also part of nature.


DURHAM, N.C. - Thousands of North Carolina children have their first day of school this week, and while the emphasis is on academics, more educators also are looking at innovative ways to encourage a healthy learning environment.
The group Peaceful Schools NC works with schools to create a positive climate to enhance kids' ability to learn. Three schools in Durham have implemented the program so far, and the group's chair, Christel Butchart, said they've seen positive results.
"It's really putting primacy on the importance of positive relationships," she said, "and saying that the relationships that you have in school, with each other and with your teachers, is central to how the kids are going to be able to thrive and succeed in school."
Butchart said her group teaches schools how to resolve conflicts, promote inclusion and accountability among students, and increase diversity awareness. In late October, Peaceful Schools NC will host a conference at Duke University for educators and administrators to learn how to create more positive relationships with students.
Butchart, a teacher at Carolina Friends School in Durham, said she finds it isn't that schools don't want more peaceful classrooms - but teachers aren't always given the tools to help create that environment.
"No one every really argues that it's a terrible idea to teach peace education; we just don't really make space for it in traditional school settings," she said. "We're not really training pre-service teachers in how to create thriving classroom communities; it's something that's expected."
Butchart said the Peaceful Schools approach focuses on teaching students about empathy, empowerment, respect, confidence, stress reduction and calming strategies.
More information is online at peacefulschoolsnc.org.


Abstract: The recent burst in the number of radii measurements of very low-mass stars from eclipsing binaries and interferometry of single stars has opened more questions about what can be causing the discrepancy between the observed radii and the ones predicted by the models. The two main explanations being proposed are a correlation between the radius of the stars and their activity levels or their metallicities. This paper presents a study of such correlations using all the data published to date. The study also investigates correlations between the radii deviation from the models and the masses of the stars. There is no clear correlation between activity level and radii for the single stars in the sample. Those single stars are slow rotators with typical velocities v_rot sini < 3.0 km s^-1. A clear correlation however exists in the case of the faster rotating members of binaries. This result is based on the of X-ray emission levels of the stars. There also appears to be an increase in the deviation of the radii of single stars from the models as a function of metallicity, as previously indicated by Berger et al. (2006). The stars in binaries do not seem to follow the same trend. Finally, the Baraffe et al. (1998) models reproduce well the radius observations below 0.30-0.35Msun, where the stars become fully convective, although this result is preliminary since almost all the sample stars in that mass range are slow rotators and metallicities have not been measured for most of them. The results in this paper indicate that stellar activity and metallicity play an important role on the determination of the radius of very low-mass stars, at least above 0.35Msun.


Yesterday, Thursday, August 24, 2017, Commissioner Evans and several members of the Command Staff gathered at the Operations Division to honor Barbara Borden as she prepared for a well-earned retirement. Ms. Borden began her career on January 21, 1987 in the Operations Division and is retiring after 30 years of dedicated service to the Boston Police Department. Congratulations, Barbara! We hope you put as much effort into enjoying your retirement as you did working all these years with us here in the department.


NOTE: Effective January 16, 2016, ILD will no longer be offered. Advancing Educational Leadership (AEL) will replace Instructional Leadership Development (ILD).
ILD participants who completed their ILD training PRIOR to January 1, 2008, will need to contact the Education Service Center (ESC) in the region in which they took the training to get a copy of their certificate.


By Susan G. Higgins, Professor of Sociology and Missions, Milligan College, Tenn.
In this paper, which focuses on what I will call here "the current women's issue," I shall attempt to 1) outline the background currents within the Christian Churches and Churches of Christ since the middle of the 19th century pertaining to women's ministries, 2) sketch the current situation in the congregations of the Christian Churches and Churches of Christ, while addressing specifically one or two points, and 3) offer a few observations from my own context.
Few contemporary members of the 4C's congregations are aware of those early patterns. When the "women's issue" is discussed in our assemblies today, the conversations include little knowledge of the practices of the past 150 years.
Two years before Babcock's death, another Illinois woman, Sarah Catherine McCoy Crank, was ordained in Marceline, Illinois; she, also, had a significant ministry and by the time of her death in 1948 had "… organized or reorganized 50 Christian churches, led in the building of 18 houses of worship, baptized approximately 7,000 persons, and conducted 1,000 funerals . . ." *6 We will return to Sarah Catherine McCoy Crank toward the end of this paper.
The lives of these two women overlapped the years in which the women's ordination issue was prominently debated in the Christian Standard. Lantzer's thesis examines the Restoration Movement's 1892-1893 discussion surrounding women's ordination and ministry. To review briefly, in February of 1892, John B. Briney called for an "investigation of the Scriptures as to their teaching as regards the occupancy of the pulpit by women." *7 His own position was grounded in the I Corinthians 14:34-35 passage (which our speaker noted is still of concern among our Churches of Christ sisters and brothers), and his conclusion was ". . . that women must not preach, and that those who did or even encouraged the practice were opposing God. *8 Over the next several months, more than thirty different people, both women and men wrote at least sixty articles dealing specifically" with Briney's conclusions and with the women's ordination issue as a whole. *9 Many of those writers endorsed women's ministries, citing scripture passages with which we are all familiar; it is ironic that the president of the Illinois Christian Woman's Board of Mission asked why women are condemned for preaching while they are commended as missionaries *10 , a question that can still fairly be raised more than a generation later.
Clara Babcock was one of the women who entered the debate; she defended her ministry by claiming that God's Word must be understood in its totality-it must "harmonize", and none of its teachings can be separated from the whole. That the Galatians 3:28 passage figured prominently in her own position is clear." *11 While we are probably not surprised that Babcock wrote in defense of her ordination and her responsibilities, it is also important to state clearly that during the months of this controversy, there were several men who supported the ordination of women and whose arguments were balanced, thoughtful, cogent, and respectful toward those who disagreed.
The debate continued into 1893; Morgan Hayden focused on whether or not women could be pastors (elders) or evangelists, and concluded that they could not, since woman was "physically inferior to man, intellectually his equal, socially his superior, morally more susceptible, and religiously more devotional" *12 —a statement which captures all the 19th century's male-fabricated romantic picture of the female, whose "proper sphere was domestic and social," and whose work "must be consistent with her subordination to man." *13 In Hayden's view, it was obvious that no woman could take on "the work of evangelists and elders because women must not exercise authority-a role required when organizing and managing churches." *14 And here in Hayden's remarks, of course, we have the issue of authority tied to the women's ordination issue-something our speaker has previously noted figures in the discussions among the Churches of Christ.
So where are we now in the 4C's congregations? We are, I think, not all that different in our congregational beliefs and practices from those of our Churches of Christ counterparts. We, too, cite the Scriptures incessantly when we talk about "the women's issue"; we, too, agonize about what is the relationship between authority and mutual submission when we consider congregational order; we, too, are delighted for our women to serve as Sunday School teachers in both children's and adult classrooms, as ministers of education, ministers of music, even youth ministers in some cases; we find women heading many congregational committees, some of them truly significant ones like personnel. We should also note that even as some women have moved into these positions of service, that shift has not been accompanied by a parallel movement of men into the children's Sunday School classes, into the church kitchens where the communion service is prepared, into the host of volunteer activities (like folding the church bulletins or decorating the sanctuary or preparing food for the church suppers, wedding receptions, families of the bereaved or myriad other activities) which routinely characterize a healthy congregation.
Another generalization about our current situation is that the role of women in our congregations over the course of the 20th century has typically reflected the changes and adjustments which occurred in the culture at large. Just as the early 20th century's suffragists gleaned much of their momentum from the Abolitionist movement of the previous century, the late 19th century women-like Babcock and Crank — whose years of ministry spilled over into the early years of the 20th century — drew their sources of courage not only from the Scripture and the needs of their immediate contexts, but also from the winds of cultural change which blew across the continent in the aftermath of the Civil War and the Reconstruction period. American historians have observed that after U.S. women won the right to vote in 1920, there was a decided lull in the enthusiasm to push for women's full participation in all walks of life; some historians tie that lull to the horrors of World War I and the escapism of the 1920s. Whether they are correct or not, we cannot determine here. We can, however, note that in the years which preceded the Depression, Restoration Movement women of the 4C's churches did not pursue ordination but rather turned their considerable organizational attention and skills to the missionary societies, which were the richer for their labors until the struggles over control of finances and leadership (there's the authority issue again!) erupted in the early decades of the 20th century.
The brochure's mention of juvenile issues highlights for us another aspect of the cultural complexity of our topic; that is, women's ministries have always been welcomed in our congregations when they focus on education, children, the homeless, the needy, the outcast, and other more traditional "women's" realms of interest and influence; it's only when women begin to express an interest in and actually move toward the more public areas of higher visibility and higher social status that the controversies erupt. I find it fascinating that at the end of the 20th century we still struggle with the "women's issue" along the same lines that we did a century ago.
Here now are two examples from the past nine months. 1) This past spring (2000) the North American Christian Convention announced sponsorship of recognition for "Outstanding Young Ministers" at the annual July gathering, and congregations were invited to submit the names of their nominees for the recognition. Therefore, of course, when the list of recognition recipients was published, not one name (to the best of my knowledge) was that of a woman *l8 — have we no outstanding young women ministers in our midst? Apparently there are none whose names we are willing to publicize. 2) In February, the Christian Standard published the program list of speakers for the North American *19. One of Emmanuel School of Religion's professors, Robert F. Hull, Jr., wrote the editor a letter, subsequently published *20, in which Hull raised the question about the lack of women speakers on the program. After his letter to the editor appeared in print, Hull received comments from three women, all of whom were grateful for his statements; he also received a small number of letters from men whose comments were fairly evenly divided on the matter. *21 The evidence may indicate that there is even less interest now in debating this issue than there was a century ago.
1. The congregations of the 4C's fellowship represent every position on "the women's issue," though only a distinct minority ordain women. Some congregations have added women deacons in recent years; fewer have elders who are women. *23 Nevertheless, like the women among the Churches of Christ, the women of the 4C's fellowship have moved into responsible careers in the society at large.
2. Especially because we have female representatives from the Disciples of Christ and the 4C's congregations here, I deeply regret the absence of Churches of Christ women from these discussions, particularly for this topic. Furthermore, no one woman from among any of the Churches of Christ or Disciples congregations can fully explore in a brief presentation the experiences surrounding "the women's issue" in her respective tradition any more than I can claim to have covered all the territory for the women among the 4C's congregations. The lives of Christian women are as varied and multifaceted as are the lives of Christian men; I can only hope to have sketched a fair, even if incomplete, overview.
3. It is terribly important to remember that we are never really talking about the "women's" issue. That is, women and men exist together in the culture and. society, and thus, of course, the church. To talk about women is always to talk simultaneously about men, whether we are aware of it or not. This entire controversy is a good example of that very fact. To talk about women's roles and functions in the household of God and in the world without also talking about men's roles and functions as well is to sabotage our discussion before it even begins. In all too many cases, our response is feeble and ineffectual because we have attempted to respond to an agenda set by those whose loyalties lie outside the Kingdom. Instead, we should study Scripture, pray, fast, and then follow God's Spirit as that Spirit empowers us for service. If we disagree vehemently, we have not studied, prayed, or fasted enough together. If we disagree mildly and charitably, we do not compromise our witness to the Crucified One.
4. I note with interest that although scholars of the U.S. religious scene like Robert Wuthnow and Nancy Ammerman have documented well for us the networking capabilities of women in U.S. Protestant congregations and in the society as a whole. Most of our fellowships put a high value on face-to-face interaction and the development of interpersonal networks for ministry. (My home congregation, for example, now has "ministry teams" instead of "committees".) We neither formally acknowledge nor endorse women's networking gifts as flowing from the Spirit.
5. I strongly suspect that the reason some women are often adamantly opposed to women elders, ordained women, and other visible roles of leadership for women is that the high view of women which those roles entail is personally threatening for some. After having spent a lifetime, or having spent half a lifetime, or even after having been reared to adolescence among a people who assure one of one's secondary status, it can be quite frightening to hear the suggestion that one is fully accountable to God and that one's life, mind, opinions, perspectives and insights matter. For many women it's far easier to incorporate secondary status into one's self-identity and defer any decision-making to males. We do not have time here to explore the ranges of denial, guilt, anger, depression, grief, betrayal, and disillusionment which many women experience. Having said that, I should not leave the impression that every woman is deeply troubled. Most of us work through the challenges over a lifetime; nearly all of us wrestle at some point, however.
6. For the most part, when we do talk about the "women's issue" now we do so with a prior concern for two factors: authority and leadership. Given the questions about authority and leadership, among others, which arise in post-modernism, the questions about the "women's issue" and the relationship(s) of the "women's issue" to authority and leadership will persist and probably intensify among people who remain committed to the Lord of the Scriptures. . Too often, when we discuss authority and leadership, we unconsciously (and sometimes consciously) adopt a top-down, authoritarian mindset. We should perhaps ask ourselves if there are other models by which we might approach the "women's issue" —models which are rooted in mutual submission, self-emptying, and the fruits of the Spirit.
7. Among most 4C's fellowships, the controversies over music have supplanted those over women and leadership, which may be one reason Bob Hull's recent letter to the Christian Standard's editor elicited minimal response; by contrast, the last three or four years have seen numerous articles and letters to the editor about church music and musical styles in worship.
8. I said earlier that we would return to Sarah Catherine McCoy Crank in due course. It's time now to mention that it was James Rawser Crank, an evangelist who initially recommended her for Sunday School Evangelist and whom she later married, who fully endorsed her ministry, and who worked alongside her in mutual ministry until his death in 1940. *24 From this example and many comparable ones, we can learn that authentic males support for women's ministries is imperative if women's ministries are to flourish. In the Kingdom, the "women's issue" really involves the interaction of men and women in mutual submission to one another in order to bear faithful witness to the glory of God as revealed in Jesus Christ. Such Spirit-cultivated and Spirit-nurtured interaction produces significant, profound, long-lasting change which will rear the next generation of faithful disciples and which will, perhaps, surprise us as the Spirit of God carries us more deeply into the well of life.
9. In Nashville last June, we all signed the Confession of Sin and the Affirmation of Faith which we produced during our working sessions. I found myself returning to both, but especially to the Affirmation of Faith, as I mulled over what to say in this paper. Let me conclude with the last three paragraphs of that Affirmation: "Within the Body of Christ we receive the gifts of ministry and accept the authoritative witness of scripture" — there, precisely, is the tension inherent in this topic.
*2 John Franklin Bumett, Early Women of the Christian Church: Heroines AM ([Dayton: Christian Publishing Association, 19213), p. 18-19.
*3 Mary Ellen Lantzer, [unpublished thesis] An Fxamination of the 1892-93 Christian Standard Controversy Concerning Women's Preaching (Johnson City, TN: Emmanuel School of Religion), pp. B17.
*4 Quoted in Lantzer, p. 19.
*6 Quoted in Lantzer, p. 26.
*7 Quoted in Lantzer, p. 30.
*12 Quoted in Lantzer, p. 56.
*15 Lantzer, p. 7 1.
*16 She was Dorothy Keister Walker after her marriage to Dean Walker in 1962.
*17 Personal copy of Keister brochure.
*18 Christian Standard, Vol. CXXXV, No. 28, July 9,2000, pp. 14-17.
*19 Volume CXXXV, No. 7, February 13, 2000; several articles in this issue were devoted to publicizing the summer, 2000, North American Christian Convention.
*20 Volume CXXXV, No. 17, April 23, 2000, p. 13.
*21 Specifics in this sentence were elicited in recent personal conversation with Hull.
*22 Names of the young women in this paragraph have been changed in order to ensure confidentiality.
*23 I know of only three congregations who presently have women elders; two are in upper East Tennessee. The third congregation is in California.


Lead down the aisle by the most darling mini me flower girls, Tessa radiated elegance in a divine pearl embellished gown, uniting with her dapper groom at Port Phillip Estate, where in a sparkly moment of pure romance, this beautiful couple shared a much anticipated first kiss as husband and wife against a backdrop of delicate pink blush and gold.
Stolen kisses amongst the lush vines were followed by laugh-out-loud speeches, dancing by candlelight and a glittering exit.
© 2019 Moon & Back.


Fashion mogul Tommy Hilfiger asks $28M for beachfront mansion in S. Fla.
What will Trump's presidency mean for Miami's real estate?
Coldwell Banker's The Jills® Sell 4539 Pinetree Drive in Miami Beach for $9.2 Million.
What's next for Versace's mansion?


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Home > Uncategorized > Fall Sports Book Reviews
Fall Sports Book Reviews
by Russ_Cohen - October 1, 2017 October 1, 2017 0
The seasons keep changing and the sports books keep coming. They are focused on all kinds of subjects, approaches, dealing with different sports. Herewith, for your reading, exciting tomes dealing with baseball, football, tennis.
Hank Greenberg in 1938 by Ron Kaplan (Sports Publishing, $24.95, 235 pages) is an important book for its subject, its time and its place. We are there with the powerfully built slugger of the Detroit Tigers as he plays baseball in the shadow of a world at war, a time Jews like him were being rounded up in Europe as the Holocaust began in all its horror.
Author Kaplan, an award winning journalist and blogger, goes into great detail showing how Greenberg deals with prejudice on the baseball field and stays focused to break Babe Ruth's season home run record.
"I came to feel that if I, as a Jew, hit a home run, I was hitting one against Hitler," Greenberg said. Hank Greenberg in 1938 is a home run of a book. HIGHLY RECOMMENDED
Champions Way by Mike McIntire (Norton, $26.95, 256 pages) is as its sub-title proclaims about football, Florida and the lost soul of college sports. This book is as timely and relevant as today's headlines as it cites chapter and verse behind the gore and scandal of institutionalized over-reach, fraud in the academy. The Rick Pitino bombshell that has just hit is the tip of the iceberg of all things wrong in collegiate athletics. McIntire nails it all! MUST READ
Unstoppable by Martina Sharapova (Sarah Crichton Books, FSG, $28.00, 292 pages) will have much appeal for fans of tennis as the 30-year-oldgreat star reveals "my life so far."
We are there with her as she travels as a six-year-old with her father to the United States dreaming of big things in the world of tennis. A coming-of-age and very personal narrative arc, is what makes the book a special read. Honest, insightful, dealing with tennis matches, personal ups and downs, what drives her, the book like its subject is a winner. BELONGS ON YOUR BOOKSHELF
BIG LEAGUE DREAM by Roy Berger (Mountain Arbor Press, $16.95, 262 pages, paper) is a collection of stories from former big league baseball players. Those who have a role in the book include Bucky Dent, Chris Chambliss, Mudcat Grant, Ron Swoboda, Gary Bell, Maury Wills. There are lots of insights into their lives as they look back at what they accomplished.
About Harvey Frommer: One of the most prolific and respected sports journalists and oral historians in the United States, author of the autobiographies of legends Nolan Ryan, Tony Dorsett, and Red Holzman, Dr. Harvey Frommer is an expert on the New York Yankees and has arguably written more books, articles and reviews on the New York Yankees than anyone. In 2010, he was selected by the City of New York as an historical consultant for the re-imagined old Yankee Stadium site, Heritage Field.
A professor for more than two decades in the MALS program at Dartmouth College, Frommer was dubbed "Dartmouth's Mr. Baseball" by their alumni magazine.
His ULTIMATE YANKEE BOOK debuts this fall. PRE ORDER from AMAZON: http://www.frommerbooks.com/ultimate-yankees.html.
"As a lifelong Yankees fan, I was devouring every last delicious new detail about my beloved Bronx Bombers in this fabulous new book." —Ed Henry, , author of 42 Faith: The Rest of the Jackie Robinson Story
Article is Copyright © 2017 by Harvey Frommer. All rights reserved worldwide
Tagged Big League Dream Champions Way Hank Greenberg Sports Books Unstoppable
Three Players to Watch Part Two From The USHL Fall Classic
The Shot Heard 'Round the World

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Никола́й Алма́зов:
 Алмазов, Николай Георгиевич (1891—1937) — советский партийный и государственный деятель.
 Алмазов, Николай Иванович (род. 1927) — заслуженный строитель РСФСР, лауреат Государственной премии России.

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The Endowment Campaign presentation package housed a suite of materials, including a custom letterhead, Case Statement brochure and a "Ways to Give" brochure. A branded note card was provided for personal correspondence. The Case Statement brochure was developed as a way for Board and development team members to present "Why an Endowment Campaign" and "Why United Way" in one-on-one presentations. A potted plant with messaging attached was used as a special gift at a donors reception and symbolized growth and prosperity.


I've been writing about teen noir and film noir. Easy to write about. Harder to say.
So how do you pronounce noir?
The talking dictionary at dictionarist.com says neu-whah (ch). Hear it here.
The famously undependable Yahoo Answers has at least a half dozen different suggestions: nwah, nwar, nu-whar, new-wahr, no-war, nu-whah (ch).
The very nice Pronunciation Book YouTube series covers this for Pinot Noir, and the second word comes out: new-whar.
And finally, howjsay.com says new-ahhhh and neu-awwch.
I like the Pronunciation book version. It sounds less snooty. That's all for today.
Now this is casual furniture.
What I'm reading right now.
Wayzgoose? What the @#$% is a wayzgoose?


As you age, you may be thinking about decreasing your term life insurance policy amount. If you are thinking about doing this, you may be wondering what, if any, benefits there are. At Express Financial & Insurance Services, we want to educate our clients on the importance of increasing life insurance when needed and decreasing life insurance as needed. Here are a few benefits of decreasing your term life insurance policy.
One of the biggest benefits to decreasing your term life insurance policy is the lowered cost. As a general rule of thumb, the lower your policy amount, the lower your premium payments will be. If you are looking to decrease the cost of your life insurance policy, or no longer need to carry as much insurance as you have in the past, lowering the policy limits on your life insurance policy may be a great way to go about doing so.
Most people need less life insurance as they age. Their children may leave the nest and their home may be paid off. When you have children and/or when you have a home that is not paid off, you should be carrying enough life insurance to pay down your debt and support your family. But when these things are no longer in play, you can decrease your policy amount and only carry what you need. This helps to ensure that you are not over insuring yourself.
If you are in the market for a new life insurance policy, or are looking to increase or decrease your policy amount, contact Express Financial & Insurance Services. We can help you determine how much life insurance you should have based on your current life expectancy and financial situation.
Once a couple decides to divorce, there are substantial decisions to be made about asset and debt distribution. One example of an asset is life insurance, a policy that is often used by spouses to protect the other in the event of one's untimely death and the financial loss it would incur. Costs that need to be met might include paying the rent or mortgage, food expenses, and raising any children. This matter of adjusting life insurance is often overlooked, as the couple is preoccupied with more pressing matters such as custody of any children and adjusting to single life, possibly in a new home, as well.
Divorcing spouses are recommended to keep their life insurance policies active to protect the financial interests of both ex-spouses, as well as any dependent children. However, most couples without children will remove their ex-spouse from the life insurance policy as they don't want the other to profit in the event of their death.
Beneficiaries can be changed, however. It's easy to change your beneficiary by calling your life insurance agent and making sure your policy is revocable so the beneficiary can be re-designated.
If you are in the midst of a divorce in Santa Monica, California, contact Express Financial & Insurance Services to learn more about how the asset of life insurance can be fairly changed for you and your ex-spouse, whether or not you have children.
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message-of-the-day telling users to clean up their files.
Martin was probably ripping them off.  That's some family, isn't it?
-- Charles Willeford, "Miami Blues"
Marvelous!  The super-user's going to boot me!
What a finely tuned response to the situation!


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Use the search application to find a school in Rhode Island, the school will contact you to answer your questions.


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Jet Engine Multi-Axis Excitationadmin2018-10-12T14:31:21-04:00
Input forces or reaction forces in complex machinery may have independent dynamic components in many different directions. For example, an automobile suspension experiences independent horizontal and vertical forces under normal operating conditions. Also, in rotating machinery, such as turbines, oscillations caused by unbalance may induce multi-axis forces in shrouds and casings. To simulate these forces for dynamic analysis, it is necessary to provide an excitation system capable of inputting and controlling vibration in two axes. A typical application using an Xcite 1100 Exciter System will give an insight into this problem.
A number of turbine bucket failures within a jet engine operating under normal conditions had prompted an investigation of vibration induced interference between the turbine buckets and the surrounding shroud Figure 1. Under normal conditions, a small amount of interference between the rotating blades and the shroud is evident. If however, the shroud was caused to vibrate by external or induced forces, excessive interference and ultimate turbine bucket failure would occur.
Test Configuration
It was determined that the shroud vibration was in an orbital mode about the axis of the turbine and it would be necessary to simulate this condition to study the problem. The simulation was accomplished by using two Model 1106 exciter heads under displacement control, exciting through the turbine center to 90° at each other Figure 2. The orbital pattern was obtained by setting the output phase relationship between the two heads at 90°.
Test Design Considerations
MechanicalSince the heads were working at 90° to one another, the possibility for applying high side loads to the heads was evident. The heads themselves will withstand up to 250 lbs. side load. However, to assure long service life, it is desirable to keep side loads to a minimum. For this reason, the heads were mounted on spring structure, allowing lateral deflection and minimizing applied side load.
Servo-ControlIn order to maintain an orbital patter, it was necessary to maintain the output phase shift between the two heads at 90°. Closed loop phase control is possible over a swept frequency range, but this test involved only discrete frequencies so an open loop phase control proved adequate. The phase at a single frequency was set by shifting the phase of the inputs to the two Xcite Master Controllers until the desired output phase relation (90°) was reached.
Both static and dynamic displacement control were used in this test. Standard LVDT Displacement Kits were used for control of static displacement, along with a 1104-MOD4 Controller, while an accelerometer signal integrated twice through a Real Time Integrator provided the high frequency dynamic displacement signal. The static displacement control was used to maintain a zero-preload condition on the shroud. Physically, this was accomplished by location the head approximately 1/2 the total stroke length from the part and setting the static set-point dial to maintain this position. In this way, tensile and compressive dynamic forces could be applied about the position of zero-preload.
The peak amplitude of the displacement required for this testing was .020 inches at a frequency of 90 Hz., within the capability of a standard 1100 Exciter System.
Multi-axis testing with standard Xcite Systems is easily accomplished. It is possible to maintain both amplitude and phase relationships between exciter heads over the entire operating range of the systems. A few points must be considered in this testing:
In setting up a multi-axis test system, serious consideration should be given to avoid high (>250 lb.) side loads on the heads. The use of displacement control is the best way to assure minimum affect of side loads, although force control can be used if special precautions are taken to eliminate side loads.
Phase adjustment and control between any two heads can be accomplished by shifting the reference signal to the Xcite Master Controllers until the desired output phase relationship is achieved. This may be done open-loop at any discrete off-resonant frequency, or closed-loop, across a range frequencies-not to include a resonant frequency.
Closed loop phase control does present problems when sweeping across a resonant frequency. Structural interaction between two excitation points can cause control stability problems. When moving into a resonant condition, the structure wants to assume a certain mode shape, with certain phase relationships between points on the structure. If the exciters are set at a phase relation different from that of the natural mode, the exciter control system can go unstable. Also, data taken under such conditions will not be valid.


From time to time I may post short articles (either mine, or external links) related to things I tweet about.
GW 170817 - my perspective.
The detection of Gravitational Waves.
Some X-ray images from Swift..
What is a Dwarf Nova?.


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Hank Williams III: Ghosts And Cattle Calls
By Meredith Ochs
Published September 19, 2011 at 4:50 PM EDT
Tara Israel
From country and klezmer to doom rock and metal, Hank 3's latest output is plenty diverse.
Hank Williams III, also known as Hank 3, is the son of Hank Williams Jr., as well as the grandson of Hank Williams, considered to be one of the greatest country music performers of all time. Hank 3 got his start in music playing punk and metal, then went on to form bands with members of Pantera and The Jesus Lizard. Hank 3 made country albums, too, but had little use for mainstream Nashville's restrictive culture.
He's always cast off the expectations connected with his iconic bloodline, challenging the music industry, the press and even his fans. In concert, Williams will often go from a set of straight-up country to "hell-billy" to punk rock and metal, with only the most broad-minded audience members sticking it out for the whole show. And he's just released three albums — spread out over four CDs — on which he pushes boundaries farther than he ever has before.
"Trooper's Holler," from Ghost to a Ghost, is a perfect example of Williams' originality, as his dog Trooper's vocals are featured here. Ghost to a Ghost is, for the most part, unambiguously country, with some requisite dirty words and a small shot of klezmer. The second CD, Gutter Town, plays more like the soundtrack to a horror film: a demented Cajun campfire on the outskirts of a creepy, deserted village.
Hank 3 has used ambient sounds and bleeps and blips on recordings in the past. But it's the third CD, Cattle Callin', on which he truly innovates. In his never-ending, genre-bending quest, Williams creates what he calls "cattle-core," setting the rapid-fire calls of cattle auctioneers to super-speed-metal double kick drum, guitar shreddery and diabolical vocal squall.
As if that isn't enough, there's a fourth disc, titled Hank 3's Attention Deficit Domination. This is Williams' foray into doom rock. It's a bottom-heavy slow dirge that shows off what got Williams into music in the first place: his considerable bass and drum playing.
With his instrumental skill, his vocal ability and his pedigree, Hank 3 could have easily coasted into a mainstream country-music career, but no. Legend has it that Minnie Pearl, who was close to the Williams family, told Hank 3, "Lord, honey, you're a ghost," because he so closely resembles his grandfather. But as much as country music runs through Hank 3's veins, so does rebellion. Remember that his grandpa was thrown out of the Grand Ole Opry. Most of the music on Williams' four CDs bears little resemblance to Hank Sr., but his reckless spirit is in there.
Meredith Ochs
The latest news and how to stay informed.


Just look at all these "Whistles and Bells" heavy loaded with power options. The cosmetics are near perfection. Appears to be a recent body off Restoration!!! Perfect for the customer who is looking to jump into the corvette ownership in a BIG WAY. Talk about curb appeal. This car has it going on.


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USWNT looks to fine-tune play in next World Cup match against Chile
Chile is unlikely to pose much of a challenge to the United States. The South American country is making its World Cup debut and is ranked 39th in the world.
Alicia DelGallo, Pro Soccer USA
United States' scorer Samantha Mewis, center and her teammates celebrate their side's 4rth goal during the Women's World Cup Group F soccer match between United States and Thailand at the Stade Auguste-Delaune in Reims, France, Tuesday, June 11, 2019. (AP Photo/Alessandra Tarantino)
PARIS — People are still talking about the United States' 13-0 blowout of Thailand earlier this week, but coach Jill Ellis said the team has moved on.
The focus is now on Chile. The second U.S. match of the 2019 Women's World Cup will kick off at noon ET at Parc des Princes, a nearly 48,000-capacity stadium that is expected to be sold out. Fox will broadcast the game.
"The beauty of this tournament is the game you just played is irrelevant," Ellis said during a news conference Saturday in Paris. "It's the game in front of you that's always — ya know, you can do a lot of breakdown on games you played, but the takeaway from game you played has to be on games in front of you.
"So in terms of our focus, it's getting better at what we do, it's the fine details [and], again, having the players in a good place."
Chile is unlikely to pose much of a challenge to the U.S. The South American country is making its World Cup debut and is ranked 39th in the world. Thailand was ranked 34th.
Chile lost to Sweden 2-0 in its first World Cup match.
"We've had a match that was very difficult for us already, now we have this very high-level commitment with the best, until this point, the best national team in the world," Chile coach José Letelier said through a translator. "This is a match that's going to be quite difficult for us. … Knowing the magnitude and the actual standard of the rival we face tomorrow, we're going to try our very best to manage that situation."
Chile isn't naive to the mountainous challenge it faces Sunday. The two sides faced each other during back-to-back friendlies last August. Chile lost to the U.S. 3-0 and 4-0 in those games and knows to expect a fast-paced and physical match.
"We learned a lot from that experience. We learned that basically two seconds of not concentrating on what you do can produce a counterattack and a goal," Chile player Yanara Aedo said of playing the U.S. last year. "So we have to just minimize those advantages that they have and just not abandon our own gameplan."
When asked whether the U.S. lineup will change at all from the 13-0 Thailand victory, Ellis said, "Well, you'll know when the lineup comes out."
She then went on to describe the increased depth of the roster compared to the 2015 World Cup, when injuries limited the amount of rotation she could use from match to match. For example, in 2015 Alex Morgan did not debut until the knockout stage due to a knee injury.
"We want to make this a long tournament, and to do that we certainly know it's going to take a lot of physical effort and output from every single one of those players," Ellis said.
And those players will not hold back, despite criticism for what some deemed excessive scoring and celebrating during the Thailand match.
"I struggle to tell my team not to tackle in training the day before," Ellis said, acknowledging it would be wise to avoid the risk of injury with lighter workouts ahead of World Cup matches. "At this point, it's making sure your focus is on yourself and your performance and you put yourself in the best position to advance in this tournament. For us, it's making sure that we play as well as we possibly can and win the game."
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Canada out-duels New Zealand to book spot in round of 16


It is not a requirement to have studied Sociology at GCSE but if you have, a Grade C or above is required. It is also an entry requirement that students have obtained a Grade C or above in GCSE English and in a relevant Humanities or Social Science GCSE (e.g. History, RE or Geography).
Unit Two: Education with Research Methods (60% of AS, 30% of A Level) 2 hour paper.
Unit Three: Mass Media (40% of A2, 20% of A Level) 1 hour 30 minutes paper Unit Four: Crime & Deviance with Theory & Methods (60% of A2, 30% of A-Level) 2 hour paper.
A Level Sociology is assessed 100% by exam.


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Ida Jane Anderson, New York's First Registered Nurse
By Joanne Brokaw
This past week was National Nursing Week . To mark the occasion, we thought it only fitting to take a look at one of Rochester's many (many) contributions to the role of nursing: the Registered Nurse…
On September 19, 1889, the Rochester Homeopathic Hospital (later Genesee Hospital) opened in a three-story brick structure at 233 Monroe Avenue. On December 1, 1889, the Homeopathic Hospital Training School for Nurses admitted its first students. The first graduating class consisted of three nurses.
At the time, New York State had as many as 15,000 untrained nurses and about 2,500 formally trained nurses. Training could range anywhere from three months to three years, and there was no consistency in the quality or content of that education.
In October of 1902, the New York State Nurses Association met in Rochester, NY, with the goal of discussing a bill, known as the Nurse Practice Act (or the Armstrong Act, after New York Senator William Armstrong, who had guaranteed to sponsor the bill). The bill would establish uniform regulation and credentialing for the practice of nursing.
Over a hundred trained nurses from across the state attended the meeting, which featured keynote speaker Susan B. Anthony. At that meeting, it was proposed by Sophia Palmer, Superintendent of Rochester City Hospital, that these nurses who met the state requirements should bear the title of Registered Nurse, in order to recognize their years of uniform training, preparation and examinations, and to differentiate them from nurses with little or no training.
In 1903, the bill was passed, and in 1904, the first nurse in New York State was awarded the title of Registered Nurse under the new standardized guidelines. Her name was Ida Jane Anderson.
Ida Jane Anderson had left her native Canada in 1887 to come to New York, where she settled in Rochester and became a dressmaker. In June 1899, at the age of 30, she enrolled in the Rochester Homeopathic Hospital Nurses' Training School. After her graduation, she spent the rest of her life in service to others. She nursed victims of the 1902 Smallpox Epidemic at Hope Hospital (also known as "the Pest House" because it was used to quarantine victims of infectious disease) and was the first graduate nurse to serve as night supervisor at the Rochester Homeopathic Hospital. She later became that hospital's second social worker. In the 1940s, she worked at Strong Memorial Hospital.
Ida Jane never married, but stepped into the role of mother for her niece, whose own mother had died in 1903. She remained active in the alumni association, and when she died in 1958, donated her uniforms, hospital pins and other memorabilia to the alumni archives. Ida Jane Anderson is buried at Mt. Hope Cemetery.
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Tags: Armstrong Act, Genesee Hospital, Homeopathic Hospital Training School for Nurses, Ida Jane Anderson, Joanne Brokaw, Mount Hope Cemetery, New York State Nurses Association, Nurse Practice Act, nurses, Pest House, Registered Nurse, Rochester, Rochester Homeopathic Hospital, Rochester NY, Senator William Armstrong, smallpox, Strong Memorial Hospital, Susan B. Anthony
This entry was posted on Wednesday, December 16th, 2015 at 9:46 pm and is filed under Uncategorized. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.
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After the Erie Canal was rerouted south of downtown Rochester, the Rochester Industrial & Rapid Transit Railway (the "subway") was built in its place as a link between the five different railroads and interurban trolley lines that served the Rochester area. As the industrial landscape of Rochester changed, and highways replaced the railroads, the Rochester subway gradually became a relic of a bygone era. In 1956 the subway was abandoned and much of its route was converted into Interstate 490 — built to connect Rochester with the New York State Thruway (I-90).
Read more about the history of the Rochester Subway.
RochesterSubway.com exists to help spark public dialogue around how we can better connect the neighborhoods of Rochester NY, surrounding communities, and their cultural offerings. Rochester's future is written in her past. Let's rediscover it.


My name is Jena Griswold, and I'm the Democratic Nominee for Colorado Secretary of State. I grew up in rural Colorado, in Estes Park. Growing up, my mom worked two jobs, but we would still sometimes go to food banks. I started working the summer after 7th grade, and saw that a lot of Colorado families struggled. That inspired me to be the first person in my family to go to a four-year college and then law school, because I wanted to help even the playing field for Coloradans. Growing up working-class, I know first- hand how important it is for every Coloradan's voice to be heard and every vote to count.
I started my legal career practicing international anti-corruption law, and then began working on our elections as a voter protection attorney for President Obama. I also served as the Director of the Governors' DC Office, where I fought for Colorado's interests. One of the things I'm most proud of is helping bring back hundreds of millions of dollars of relief when the 2013 flood hit northern Colorado. I was honored to serve the state. Then I transitioned back to Colorado, and opened my own small business--a legal practice--in Louisville.
I am running because I believe there's important work that needs to be done. I believe that every eligible Coloradan should have their voice heard. That's why I plan to expand automatic voter registration. I plan to stop secret political spending in Colorado elections and to make the Secretary of State's office into a business resource center for first-time business owners and entrepreneurs.


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Is That All There Is to GPS?
Looking over the initial budget of the Trump administration, we can safely say that the president and his timorous collaborators on Capitol Hill have a maximalist concept of providing for "the common defense" and a minimalist one for promoting "the general welfare," two of the six missions enshrined in the preamble of the U.S. Constitution.
At first glance, that might suggest that the prospects for GPS are better than ever. After all, as operator of the Global Positioning System, the Air Force appears likely to benefit from the president's proposed addition of $52 billion in defense spending for fiscal year 2018.
Certainly that budgetary largesse must be able to accommodate the relatively modest increments needed to accelerate the fielding of M-code–capable GPS receivers and get the next-generation satellite and control segment programs back on track.
One of the few widely praised appointments that Trump has made was naming Jim Mattis to head the DoD. The result of a timely recommendation by former Defense Secretary Robert Gates, the appointment assured a self-possessed, battle-tested, and disciplined leader for the department.
Confirming the nomination of Boeing executive Patrick Shanahan to serve as Mattis's deputy would add another leader familiar with the industry culture and departmental mission of the nation's defense community. Among the DoD deputy secretary's responsibilities is co-chairing the National Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Executive Committee (PNT ExCom), the high-level interagency group that oversees GPS policy management.
Nonetheless, the president's proposed financial enhancement of an agency already consuming about half of the federal government's discretionary spending seems not merely excessive but counterproductive, given the offsetting reductions proposed for civil agencies.
With defense spending now more than $600 billion, recent expressions of concern over U.S. military readiness may stem more from management failings and misallocation of resources than inadequate budgetary support.
Yes, it's an increasingly hard-power world, but successfully addressing global problems necessarily requires soft as well as hard tools. Echoing Peggy Lee, we might ask of defense spending, "is that all there is" to ensuring national security?
We have yet to learn where, for example, the White House's proposed 29 percent cut in the State Department's budget might fall.
Let us hope that it spares the Office of Space and Advanced Technology. That small entity leads interagency coordination on civil space-related international agreements with other nations' space agencies. And it plays a key role in the implementation of the U.S. National Space Policy focused on dual-use space applications including GNSS.
The space and advanced technology office provides the staff and expertise for U.S. participation in the UN-affiliated International Committee on GNSS (ICG). Over the 12 years of its existence, the ICG has gathered up all the national players involved with GNSS in a cooperative venture. Its ongoing efforts not only help prevent adverse effects of one GNSS on another, but have also encouraged interoperability among these systems, collaborative projects, and common efforts to head off external threats to GNSS in general.
Meanwhile, the GNSS community should remain vigilant against the possibility that a proposed 13 percent reduction in the Department of Transportation (DoT) will reach the Office of Positioning, Navigation and Timing & Spectrum Management. Through such activities as the Adjacent Band Compatibility Assessment, this DoT group has helped defend GPS against domestic threats such as those posed by the LightSquared initiative to use nearby RF spectrum for high-powered wireless wideband service.
The current administration's posture in the world often seems not so much an "America first" policy as an "America only" vision. And while the collateral damage from liberal economic globalization over the last four decades certainly demands review of our industrial, tax, and trade policies, it does not mean that the United States can ignore the fact that our nation is embedded in an international matrix inescapably held together by technology, transportation, demographic shifts, and cultures as well as commerce.
Military PNT — The Way Ahead
BOC or MBOC? Questions and Answers
GNSS Watch Dog: A GPS Anomalous Event Monitor
Consumer Mass Market Accelerometers for GNSS Anti-Spoofing


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Russians often bought goods in the foreign Internet-stores a value from 10 to 50 euros and from 200 to 500 Euro are only 5%, the report said the research holding «ROMIR».
In the survey of the holding took part in 4 thousand people aged 18 to 60 years, residents of cities with population over 500 thousand. The sample thus representerait adult economically active urban population of Russia.
According to the survey, more than half of these economically active residents of large cities — 57% — were committed last year purchases in foreign online stores. Among them, the largest number (30%) ordered goods from abroad three or four times. Another 27% for the year made seven or more orders.
This is the most active category for online shoppers were people aged 25-34 years. Of them goods from abroad during the year received 66%. In second place was the group of respondents 35 to 44 years – 63%, according to the results of the study.
«Survey participants were also asked to indicate the order amount in euros (regardless of the currency in which they were paid). It turned out that most often ordered goods in the amount of from 10 to 50 euros. This was stated by 39% of respondents. Small purchases amounting up to EUR 10 took 19% of the respondents. Orders for the sum from 50 to 100 euros made by 16% of buyers, from 100 to 200 in only 9%. Only 5% of buyers made a purchase from 200 to 500 euros, — told in «Romira». Ordering more than 1 thousand euros among the respondents have made only 1%.
The most expensive purchase, according to the study, committing the Russians to 25 years. Men spend on online shopping more than women. Most often, Russian users bought abroad clothes (51%), accessories (36%), home appliances and electronics (34%). Less often abroad for the last year, bought furniture, cigarettes and tobacco, just 3% of respondents.
Now citizens can get to Russia without payment of a fee of the parcel for the sum to 1 thousand euros per month and a total weight up to 31 kg. If the cost or weight of such packages is higher, you will have to pay 30% export duty. Russia's partners in the Eurasian economic Union (EAEC) have agreed to gradually reduce the maximum tax-free amount: the Customs code of the EAEU from 2019 to 500 euros, and in 2020 — up to 200 Euro.
The Finance Ministry proposed to reduce the duty-free threshold to € 500 since July of this year, the government idea is not approved. In June, the newspaper «Kommersant» wrote that the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of communications discussing a new version of the phased reduction of duty-free threshold, which suggests reducing this threshold to 500 euros per month from 1 January 2019 and 1 July 2019 — up to 100 euros for each parcel.


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Ґміна Конюшкі — сільська гміна в Рогатинському повіті Станіславського воєводства Другої Речі Посполитої та у Крайсгауптманшафті Бережани Дистрикту Галичина Третього Райху. Адміністративним центром гміни було село Конюшкі.

Об'єднану сільську ґміну Конюшкі (рівнозначну волості) було утворено 1 серпня 1934 р. у межах адміністративної реформи в ІІ Речі Посполитій із суміжних тогочасних сільських ґмін (самоврядних громад): Бабухув (Бабухів) (за винятком частини, віднесеної до ґміни Кнігиніче), Конюшкі, Куніче (Куничі), Лучиньце (Лучинці), Насташчин, Обельніца, Чагрув (Чагрів) (частина), Юнашкув (Юнашків), Явче (частина).

Площа ґміни — 99 км². Кількість житлових будинків — 1827. Кількість мешканців — 10130 осіб.

Національний склад населення ґміни Рогатин на 1 січня 1939 року:

17 січня 1940 р. ґміна була ліквідована, а територія увійшла до новоствореного Бурштинського району.

Гміна (волость) була відновлена на час німецької окупації з липня 1941 до липня 1944 року.

На 1 березня 1943 року населення ґміни становило 8082 особи.

Примітки

Конюшкі


This study demonstrated that a 1-mL intranasal LAIV vaccination of neonatal pigs ≥ 3 days of age in the face of maternal antibodies reduced both the number and duration of animals shedding when challenged by a heterologous H3N2 or H1N2, as measured by clinical signs and nasal virus isolation.
† Determined by positive results from ELISA (IDEXX AI MultiS‑Screen Ab Test, IDEXX; Westbrook, ME USA) and HI (> 1:10; H1N1  HI and H3N2 C1/3 HI, Iowa State University‑Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory).
A study was performed to determine the spread (throughout airway mucosa) and shed (to sentinel pigs) of Ingelvac Provenza® when administered intranasally to newborn pigs.
Briefly, 8 litters of 6 piglets were born to IAV-seronegative sows. Half of each litter was randomly assigned to vaccinated or sentinel groups. Pigs in the vaccinated group were administered 1 mL of Ingelvac Provenza® intranasally, whereas the other half of each litter remained untreated as a contact sentinel group.
The attenuation of the vaccine viruses when administered intranasally to newborn pigs was demonstrated by very minor lesions observed at the D14 necropsy, and no pigs shedding virus in nasal secretions past D7. By D14 necropsy, the highest lung lesion in a vaccinated pig was 0.8%, which further illustrates the attenuation of the vaccine viruses. The vaccine demonstrated dissemination to lung and tonsillar tissues as evidenced by detection of the virus in those tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and upper respiratory lavage fluid (URLF) in 7 and 8 pigs at 3 days post vaccination.
* All samples were evaluated using virus isolation and then confirmed as IAV by PCR.
† One sample was insufficient for testing.
Twenty of 24 pigs had at least 1 positive nasal swab sample. Within 3 days post vaccination, 17/24 vaccinated pigs had shed the virus in nasal swabs at least once. The longest duration of shedding was 7 days, noted in a single pig, and 5 of 16 pigs shed the virus for 6 days.
No sentinel pigs exhibited nasal/ocular discharge, nor sneezing, depression, lethargy, or recumbency, and all maintained rectal temperatures between 38.4˚C and 40.5˚C.
Exposure to the virus via shedding from vaccinated pigs did not result in positive nasal swabs in sentinel pigs or dams at any time (day 0 to day 14) during the study. In addition, no sentinel pigs had lung lesions, and no sentinel pigs at 14 days post challenge had any positive samples at necropsy. For the dams necropsied on day 14, all nasal swabs and tissues tested were negative with the exception of the BALF and URLF of 1 dam.


It has been an inflated modicum of time since I last tip-typed a post. In other words, I took a pause.
Rest assured that I have been thinking of each of you, hoping for growing joy in the world, praying for those in duress and reflecting on the tune of my heart. It chirps, it bellows, it sings and it sighs. The heart is symbolically represented in so many visual and lyrical ways, yet we rarely pause to think of each ba-beat as a testament to living or to our hopes. Humbly, I would surmise that we also get busy and forget, innocently, to truly listen to our hearts.
Ok, right now, what is your heart saying? It's ok to cry, to belly laugh, to curl up or to dance.
In an uncommon instance, I popped on the local radio station while driving. Strumming over the airwaves came this wonderful song by Phillip Phillips, called "Gone Gone Gone." The percussion, the caesuras, the breathy delivery . . . all what an upbeat love song should be. I wept.
Defenses aside, excuses locked down . . . let's be vulnerable together and admit that at least once in your life, a song made you cry—likely related to a profound emotion entwined with love. We all hope to feel love, to be loved and to hold on to love. If you want to disagree with me, go ahead. I will battle with angel armies to champion hope and safeguard love. Few emotions have the impact that love has—unsettling butterflies, seemingly irrational emotion, giddy bliss, intense desire, selfless protectiveness, and a need to extinguish the air between you and your partner with heat.
I have felt ugly, unworthy, drained and haven't always loved myself. Likely, you can relate to one or more of those sentiments, past or present. Imagine me peering through this computer (or mobile) screen and hugging you with a refusal to let go. I love you. You desire and must fight to always honor, celebrate and love thyself. This is a sincere and lasting hope that I pray for you.
The arguments, the rouses, the tricks and the distractions will seep into your mind. Shut them down! You are beautiful. You do deserve it. You are a precious gift. You are lovable and must start by loving yourself—freckles, lines, curves, smile, laugh, everything. God crafted you with His hand and cherishes you in every way. Now I'm weeping again (in the middle of Barnes and Noble, mind you) at the thought of such unconditional love.
Teary eyed and unashamed, I tell you that my deepest hope for myself is to have a partner who sees the amazing things I see, adores the quirks and verbose tangents, revels in the sight of me and loves me with an unswayable vigor that would impress the titans of mythology. I am worth it and I hope you feel that way about yourself.
I know the stabbing ache of loss, I understand the pang of walking away from a relationship that doesn't fulfill you, I stand strong after recognizing abuse, and I have bent beneath the suffocating weight of unrequited love. I continue to love every soul I have said those three little words to (and some I never told). I am blessed to call most my friends to this day. I even lingered on the words and floated on the looks of love—drank deeply of the small sips and sporadic texts—until I woke alone to realize that my heart was not nurtured the way I knew it should be.
Without a wedded partner, I have been passed up as a godmother, denied event invitations and told I would never have kids . . . and still, I love myself. Still, I believe fearlessly in the possibility (nay, the assurance) that love will meet me on my journey. I like to say that it's just waiting for the perfect time to unveil it's playful scheme, and for me to put the feisty aside and surrender happily to being met by another soul.
Bemoan none, hold bitterness at bay, resist the deceptive comfort of settling and let the arrows of the past fall to the ground. Love, love, love thyself. Keep hoping, keep praying, keep putting yourself out there with wild abandon. Heal the wounds with God's love, open yourself to the love flowing all around you, and please, let your love beam to the world with a hopeful smile and a giving heart.
This entry was posted in Home and tagged hope, love.