Orofacial pain is one of the most frequent and debilitating pain conditions involving trigeminal system (face, head, temporomandibular joint, masticatory musculature, and associated structures). These pain conditions are known to significantly affect patient's overall quality of life. The treatment of orofacial pain involves specific pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions.
In this systematic review, evaluation of a health technology assessment was done to figure out pharmacological treatment efficacy among patients with orofacial pain. An electronic search was done to select original research articles. The databases for literature search involved Embase, PubMed and Cochrane Library and articles published from 1 March 2017 were combined with 1,556 hand-search items. Randomized controlled trials which had a record of patients ≥18 years with chronic (≥3 months) orofacial pain pharmacological treatment were included in the review. After abstracts screening,182 articles were analyzed in full text.
Out of these 182, only 57 studies met with the inclusion criteria, of which only 41 articles remained for further evaluation after the risk of bias estimation. The whole study divided into three groups: TMD-joint (Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) related to temporomandibular joint pain); Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) and TMD-muscle [TMD related with myalgia]. Of all 41 articles, 17 articles comprised 868 patients with BMS, 15 involved 790 patients with TMD-joint, and 9 involved 375 patients with TMD-muscle. From these studies, five on BMS and eight on TMD-muscle were engaged in separate network meta-analysis. Further, the primary outcome of the investigation was pain intensity that was reduced after the pharmacological treatment.
During the evaluation, a narrative synthesis approach was made which suggested that corticosteroids, NSAIDs, as well as hyaluronate injections, exhibited an excellent effect for TMD-joint pain. Further, the network meta-analysis demonstrated that capsaicin and clonazepam can also reduce the pain among patients with BMS and cyclobenzaprine, a muscle relaxant decreased pain among patients with TMD-joint pain.
Therefore, from the whole analysis based on limited data and evidence provided with network meta-analysis, it can be concluded that clonazepam and capsaicin on BMS and cyclobenzaprine on TMD-muscle pain, have a great pain reducing effect.


brown ones a light yellow, so that in outang is a hideous creature.
hue which gives the Monkey its name.
long sharp teeth, and massive jaws, ferocious manner.
of the island of Sumatra, and is covered is less brutal than some of the tribe.
as cleverly as some of the other apes. charge of a powerful chief.
and vey to is a cross between a monkey and a cat.
blance to human kind that it is corn- ful grace.
of trees. They are very courageous, the ground. Its hind legs are weak.
much larger than themselves, looks exceedingly fierce.
least mark of an arrow, or the ruffling even the members of its own family.
mal is exceedingly cautious and not are alike fierce and blood-thirsty.
easily captured. As the Sable burrows When caught, they are most cowardly.
keen scent, and seldom misses its prey.
When angry it gives fierce growls. the mercy of the flies.
A LOT OF WILD CATS.
and long bushy tail. When caught prey even on its own species.
always a great demand, off its assailant.
and erects the hair on its back, it is Natural History are quick to observe.
a native of the Island of Java, and is a with its claws.
The tiger likes the long grass of the mal, he unfortunately missed his aim.
shuns a conflict with man, the Leopard down a steep bank.
THE WILD CAT NEAR HOME.
THE WILD CAT NEAR HOME. such an inoffensive animal.
mon in California, and have made such blow that cat out of the tree, anyway;"
Early one Sunday morning the fam- growling.
determined to make himself heard, and the death-blow to the bold intruder.
delight-and, looking up, saw what she tame one.
could not repress an occasional growl took it to the county court-house.
It has a long pointed tongue, which it it when attacked.
itself when attacked. When taken by of wood to last them through the winter.
its quills it manages to crawl through Beavers, and prepared to fire on them.
in Africa, Southern Europe, and India. not have the heart to shoot them.
to tip-top and strips entirely of their is very valuable.
with odd-shaped ears. -It clings to until able to take care of themselves.
young in a pouch like the kangaroo. its fore feet ridiculously short.
a native of Surinam. It has no pouch, her the flying doe."
structed animal. It has a pouch in like all creatures whose deeds are evil.
t6ota. EURBIWIP 3: '"I`: "
itself along in the slow and awkward with a hop, skip, and a jump.
,fly, but is supported in the air by the ularly fond of a Capybara dinner.
* bough. something between a bark and a grunt.


text:
Home Central Africa Burundi Construction work on road linking Kenya and Burundi complete
Construction work on road linking Kenya and Burundi complete
Dorcas Kangereha
Construction work on the 1,545 km road linking the port of Mombasa and Burundi dubbed the Mombasa-Bujumbura highway is now complete and is set to increase trade between the two countries.
Transport Cabinet Secretary James Macharia, confirmed the reports and said the road which is part of the Trans-African Highway, links the port through Holili, Singida-Kobero border and finally to Bujumbura, slashing the distance between Mombasa and Bujumbura through the Northern Corridor by 358 km. The Trans-African Highway, comprises a network of transcontinental road projects across Africa.
Also read: Tanzania's proposed Bagamoyo-Mombasa highway set for construction
Ease traffic flow
The Mombasa-Bujumbura highway project kicked off in 2014, with Kenya building the section between Voi and Taveta border and Tanzania and Burundi working on their segments.
"(The new road) will enhance Mombasa port's accessibility in the region.To ease traffic flow between the port of Mombasa and the hinterland, construction of a dual carriage way between Mombasa and Mariakani is ongoing and will be completed in 2020. The government plans to extend the dualing of the highway to Malaba via Nairobi," said Transport Secretary James Macharia.
Trans-African Highway
The purpose of Trans-African Highway roads, which measure a combined 56,686 km, is to promote cross-border trade and alleviate poverty in the continent. The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), the African Development Bank (AfDB), and the African Union are funding the highways in conjunction with regional international communities.
Launched in 1971 by UNECA, the Trans-African Highway is a network of nine highways comprising some of the most ambitious road projects in Africa. These include a highway that stretches 8,000 km between Dakar and Cairo, and another 8,000 km road between Cape Town and Cairo. Others include a 6,000 km thoroughfare between Mombasa and Lagos, and the 4,700 km Trans-Sahelian Highway between Lagos and Dakar which is already operational.
James Macharia
Mombasa-Bujumbura highway
Trans-Sahelian Highway
simon korir Oct 4, 2018 at 11:10 am
This is a noble idea,connecting the East African region through road,let the economies of the region prosper
Look at the region as one single family

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Eagles traded up in the fourth round to select San Diego State running back Donnel Pumphrey with the No. 132 overall pick in the NFL draft on Saturday.
Pumphrey is the leading rusher in division I-A history with 6,405 rushing yards over four years. He led the country with 2,133 rushing yards last season on 343 carries, earning second-team all-American honors. He also reached the end zone 17 times. He scored 62 rushing touchdowns in his career and averaged 6 yards per carry. He also had 99 career catches for 1,039 yards and five touchdowns.
Click here for more coverage of the 2017 NFL draft in Philadelphia. Our live blog has updates for rounds four through seven.
The knock on Pumphrey is his size. He's 5-foot-8 and 176 pounds, and he could become Darren Sproles' eventual replacement with the Eagles. Pumphrey ran the 40-yard dash in 4.48 seconds. Despite his size, though, he's proven he can carry a heavy load. He was durable, leading the nation in carries and not missing any games.
Pumphrey joins a backfield with Sproles and Wendell Smallwood. Ryan Mathews also remains on the roster, although there's uncertainty surrounding his future while he recovers from a neck injury.


To love and be loved is the most persistent and urgent of all desires. We all know, intuitively, without anybody ever telling us, that we are made for faithful, trustworthy relationships. Our hearts are fueled by hungry yearnings for connection, interpersonal engagement, and a sense of belonging. According to the Bible, there is a simple and profound reason for this. Compare Genesis 1:27 and I John 4:16 to discover why.
"So God created man in His own image; in the image of god He created him; male and female He created them" Genesis 1:27.
"Yet if anyone suffers as a Christian, let him not be ashamed, but let him glorify God in this matter" I John 4:16.
As creatures of the divine "image," we are engineered for giving and receiving "____________." That's what and who we are as human beings.
It logically follows that a God of self-giving love, who would create others in His image, would be a communicator by nature since communication is intrinsic to the healthy operations of love. We would expect that God of love would naturally want to be known by those He has made. And this is precisely what we find to be the case. Jesus Christ, who claimed to be God in the flesh, got to the heart of this matter.
"No longer do I call you servants, for a servant does not ___________ what his master is doing; but I have called you ___________, for all things that I heard from My Father I have ____________ ____________ to you" John 15:15.
Here we encounter the most incredible thing imaginable: the most powerful Person in the universe – none other than God – doesn't want to dominate us by His power, but rather He desires to befriend us by means of communication – by making Himself known to us. And this explains why God has given us a book composed of words.
The Bible – here called "Scripture" – makes the bold claim that it is God's communication device. But remember what Jesus said: friendship is the goal of His communication to us. The Bible is not intended to exert coercive authority over our national process and demand blind compliance. The bible claims, rather, to be the medium through which God discloses His love and opens the way for us to know Him, Regarding human worth Jesus said, "Out of the abundance of the heart his mouth speaks" (Luke 6:45). Likewise if the bible is God's word, then we can expect to find in it an unfolding of God's heart. But how can we be confident that the Bible is what it claims to be?
There once lived a king who was completely self-absorbed. Intoxicated with his power, all he could think about was how great he was. One day God tapped him on the shoulder by giving him a prophetic dream that revealed -get this – more than 2,500 years of world history in advance. In the process the proud king was humbled and transformed. The story is recorded for us in Daniel chapters 2 – 4 and I invite you to read them before we continue.
In his dream, the king saw a metal – man image with a head of gold, chest and arms of silver, belly and thighs of brass, legs of iron, feet of iron and clay, and a stone that struck the image at the feet, ground it to powder and became a great mountain. The prophet Daniel, a captive in Babylon, interpreted the dream for the Babylonian king.
Read the interpretation of the dream in Daniel 2:36-45.
Written some 600 years before the time of Christ, the prophecy received by King Nebuchadnezzar foretold the rise and fall of four successive empires and the formation of modern Europe, providing convincing proof that the Bible is of supernatural origin – that it is, in fact, inspired by God. It is a matter of historical fact that exactly what the dream foretold came to pass: Babylon was succeeded by Media Persia, which was succeeded by Greece, which was succeeded by Rome, which divided into the ten main kingdoms of Western Europe. The accurate fulfillment of the first give parts of the vision gives us the assurance that the final prediction will come to pass as well; "the God of heaven will set up a kingdom which has never be destroyed" (Daniel 2:44).
" ____________ I, Nebuchadnezzar, _______________ and _________________ and _______________ the King of heaven, all of whose works are ______________, and His ways ____________. And those who walk in pride He is able to put down" (Daniel 4:37).
"Now I have told you ____________ it comes to pass, that, when it is come to pass, ye might ______________" (John 14:29).
The whole point of Bible prophecy is to give us a solid foundation for faith in God. Through it He whispers to us, You can believe in Me! But not only does God know each of us, He also wants us to know Him. Addressing God the Father, Jesus said, "This is eternal life, that they may know you" (John 17:3). In the Greek the word "Know" is ginosko, and refers to the intimate kind of knowing we experience in a relationship, not merely to factual knowledge. Later in this prayer Jesus enlarged the idea by asking the Father for something truly amazing: "that the love with which You loved Me may be in them, and I in them" (John 17:26). Eternal life – or salvation – is not merely and endless duration of life, but also a specific quality of life that is defined by knowing God as an intimate friend. God wants to be known and can be known. He has provided for us to know Him through the truths disclosed in Scripture.
As we study Scripture we need a direction, an orientation on the biblical landscape. In this series of truth Link study guides we will discover over and over again that "God is love" (I John 4:16). God's love is the one truth that defines every other truth. Truth is not merely a list of factual topics, but rather a composite whole that paints a picture of who God is in character. Since the core reality of God's character is love, it follows that all truth is, simply and profoundly, an unfolding of God's love. We can expect, then, that every true doctrine reveals some dimension of God's love, and we can be equally certain that any teaching that contradicts God's love is, by definition, false. This will be our working criterion in the (truth) Link study guides. With the "God-is-love" premise before us, we have the base equation for working out al truth. Our compass is now set to true north. We know where we're looking for as we make our journey through Scripture.
Truth is not merely a list of abstract ideas or a collection of factual data. Rather, truth is an embodied reality, the sum total of which is to be found in the revelation of God in the person of Jesus Christ.
Each morning you wake up and pursue life. Sure, you go after things like education and career, material comforts and adventurous experiences. But deep down you know you were made for something more – something incredible and amazing and extraordinary. That something more is connected with your Maker. Get to know Him is the most meaningful thing you can pursue and doing so makes everything else fall into place.
God is fundamentally relational being. As such, He has things to say in order to communicate His thoughts and feelings to us. King David expressed well what we can expect as we explore the truths of Scripture: "I rejoice at Your word as one who finds great treasure" I (Psalm 119:162). God's word is of extreme value. The kind of treasure we discover the personal reality of His beautiful love.


North Carolina is said to be the most livable state in the US. And we definitively could see why. You instantly feel comfortable in the big cities there. Raleigh (the capital of North Carolina), Durham (the university city) and in the next blog Charlotte (the financial city).
Raleigh is the second largest city in North Carolina, after Charlotte, and is known as city of oaks, for its many oak trees which line the streets in the heart of the city. It is one of the fastest growing cities in the US.
Durham is the 4th-most populous city in North Carolina and is home of the famous Duke University. And it's a city we very quickly felt in love with. The area around the Duke University feels like an ancient town in England. The university itself a play between old and modern, fantastic. Within the city we especially loved the American Tobacco district with its industrial buildings modernized and newly utilized as restaurants etc. Really cool. Moreover we were there exactly in the right time, stunning foliage at a lot of trees in the city in all colors from yellow, orange to dark red.
Excellent pizza at "Pizzeria Toro" in downtown Durham.
And after all the cities, it's always good to go back to the state park, this time Falls Lake State Recreational Area, where our RV waits for us.
See Three on the Road in Charlotte, NC.
We've never been to either N. nor S. Carolina–beautiful Fall pics and the sun plays at a beautiful angle during this time of the year. Bravo !.


A new version of a small utility has been released that can help users keep control of different remote connections on your personal computer. Having launched the program, everyone can quite clearly and quickly add, edit and delete, systematize, and if you want to quickly find a remote connection, I advise you to download from our project, unless of course you have this need.
note that the presented program is excellent compatible with Microsoft Remote Desktop and some other applications. It is extremely easy to use, so almost any user can easily deal with all functions.The developers are proud of the fact that the patch takes up little space on the hard disk, installs quickly and works smartly, without installing anything extra into the system, you should not worry about it. When creating your configuration, you can add the name, image and a small description you are interested in. crack after launch, can be located in the system tray, from there you can access all the functions you need. The program can work with a rather rare remote desktop.
RDP extension, when searching you can use various kinds of filters for accuracy, in the settings you can set the parameter responsible for loading the program when starting the system.Especially there is nothing to write about , the program is easy to use, it will help you quickly work with your remote connections, the interface is quite nice, you will not find Russian support, of course this can be called a minus, but I think it will be difficult to figure it out.Remote Desktop Manager Enterprise When you start, you will be asked to enter the serial number, where I think you shouldn't explain it, don't forget just to indicate that you don't have a trial serial number, then you can work with the Remote Desktop Manager without restrictions, and if you have questions about use, don't forget in comments.


text:
/// <reference path="fourslash.ts"/>

////[|import a from 'a/aaaaaaa/aaaaaaa/aaaaaa/aaaaaaa';
/////**/import b from 'b';
////import c from 'c';|]
////
////[|/** @internal */|]
////export class LanguageIdentifier[| { }|]

// Force a syntax tree ot be created.
verify.outliningSpansInCurrentFile(test.ranges());
goTo.marker("");
edit.backspace(test.marker("").position);
verify.outliningSpansInCurrentFile(test.ranges());

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Armineh Moghadasi is represented by Sullivan Moore illustration agency.
Armineh Moghadasi is an illustrator and designer from Iran. She holds a B.A. in Graphic Design from the Art University of Tehran, and a M.A. in Illustration from the Savannah College of Art and Design.
Her work is inspired by nature, world cultures and tribal designs. These influences are fused with her own innate artistic expression to create a unique style. Through the creation of patterns and decorative designs, Arnmineh's art can be translated to prints for everyday objects.


text:
Эволюционная дистанция — величина, характеризующая генетические различия между двумя организмами. Находится путём сравнения нуклеотидных последовательностей гомологичных генов. Мерой генетических различий считается процент несовпадений нуклеотидов в соответствующих позициях гена.

Методы определения

Попарная дистанция
Простейшей величиной, характеризующей эволюционную дистанцию является доля несовпадающих нуклеотидов при попарном сравнении соответствующих позиций в гене. Эта величина называется «попарной дистанцией» (обычно обозначается символом p).

Например, при сравнении следующих двух участков гена

 CAGACAGTCA
 CACACTGCCA

на 10 нуклеотидов приходится три несовпадающих, p = 0,3.

Попарная дистанция недостаточно адекватно описывает эволюционные различия между организмами:
 Так как для двух абсолютно произвольных последовательностей нуклеотидов вероятность их случайного совпадения в соответствующих позициях равна 25 %, то попарное расстояние между двумя совершенно чужеродными участками ДНК в среднем равно p = 0,75, тогда как по смыслу должно быть p = 1.
 Попарное расстояние не учитывает разную вероятность различных замен нуклеотидов.
 Попарное расстояние не учитывает возможность многократных мутаций в одной позиции.

Недостатки попарной дистанции устраняются использованием более сложных формул определения дистанции:
 Метод Джукса-Кантора
 Метод Тадзимы-Неи
 Метод Кимуры
 Метод Тамуры
 Метод Тамуры-Неи
и другие методы.

Метод Джукса-Кантора
Метод Джукса-Кантора () представляет собой простейшую попытку исключить из рассмотрения случайные совпадения нуклеотидов, вероятность которых составляет 25 %. Это однопараметрический метод, который в качестве параметра использует долю несовпадающих нуклеотидов (то есть попарную дистанцию p). Дистанция рассчитывается по следующей формуле

Метод предполагает, что все четыре нуклеотида (А, Ц, Т, Г) присутствуют в ДНК в одинаковых пропорциях, а вероятность замены одного нуклеотида на другой одинакова для любой пары нуклеотидов.

Как видно из формулы при p > 0,75 выражение не имеет смысла (отрицательное выражение под знаком логарифма). Это является недостатком метода, так как ситуации с p > 0,75 (более 75 % различающихся нуклеотидов) принципиально не исключены.

Формула была предложена в 1965 году, на заре исследований в области молекулярной биологии преподавателем химического факультета Калифорнийского университета  и студентом того же факультета . В середине 1960-х годов биохимические технологии достигли того уровня, когда стала возможной расшифровка отдельных фрагментов ДНК и аминокислотных последовательностей белков. Это позволило путём сравнения нуклеотидных последовательностей проследить эволюционную близость различных организмов и пути эволюции отдельных видов. Джукс и Кантор входили в число пионеров в деле формализации этого метода, а Кантор стал автором одной из первых компьютерных программ для анализа нуклеотидных последовательностей.

В качестве примера применения формулы можно привести фрагменты генов, кодирующих α- и β-гемоглобин человека. Считается, что около 400 млн лет назад оба гена произошли от одного предкового гена.

 ACCAACGTCAAGGCCGCCTGGGGTAAGGTT (α-гемоглобин)
 TCTGCCGTTACTGCCCTGTGGGGGAAGGTG (β-гемоглобин)

Сравнение фрагмента обнаруживает 12 различий на 30 нуклеотидов (p = 0,4). Однако простой подсчёт расхождений не учитывает вероятность того, что в некоторых позициях произошли многократные мутации, в том числе приведшие к восстановлению исходного нуклеотида. Формула Джукса-Кантора даёт дистанцию

Таким образом, из формулы следует, что с учётом кратных замен в рассматриваемом фрагменте ДНК произошло 0,572·30=17 мутаций.

Метод Кимуры
Мотоо Кимура предложил метод вычисления дистанции, который получил название «двухпараметрическая дистанция Кимуры» (). Модель Кимуры предполагает, что различные варианты замены нуклеотидов неравновероятны и рассматривает два типа замен:
 Транзиция — замена нуклеотида без смены его типа, например, замена пуринового основания на пуриновое (А ↔ Г) или пиримидинового на пиримидиновое (Ц ↔ Т).
 Трансверсия — смена типа основания с пуринового на пиримидиновый или наоборот (А или Г ↔ Ц или Т).

Дистанция в модели Кимуры определяется по формуле

где P — доля транзиций, Q — доля трансверсий.

Рассматривая в качестве примера эволюционную дистанцию между фрагментами генов α- и β-гемоглобина, получим:

 ACCAACGTCAAGGCCGCCTGGGGTAAGGTT (α-гемоглобин)
 TCTGCCGTTACTGCCCTGTGGGGGAAGGTG (β-гемоглобин)
 Q PPQ   P QQ   QPQ     Q     Q

Метод Тадзимы — Нея
В модели Тадзимы — Нея дистанция определяется следующими соотношениями:

где

 xij — относительные частоты пар нуклеотидов;
 gi — относительные частоты нуклеотидов.

В качестве примера вычислим дистанцию между фрагментами генов, кодирующих α- и β-гемоглобин человека.

 ACCAACGTCAAGGCCGCCTGGGGTAAGGTT (α-гемоглобин)
 TCTGCCGTTACTGCCCTGTGGGGGAAGGTG (β-гемоглобин)

В некоторых источниках дистанцией Тадзимы-Нея называется расчёт по более простой формуле

где

Для случая, когда все нуклеотиды встречаются с одинаковой частотой (gi = 0,25), эта формула совпадает с формулой Джукса-Кантора (b = 0,75).

Расчёты по этим формулам дают для того же примера

Примечания

См. также
 Substitution model
 Models of DNA evolution
 Нейтральная теория молекулярной эволюции
 :en:The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution
 :en:Nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution
 :en:Molecular evolution
 :en:History of molecular evolution
 Дрейф генов

Ссылки
 Сайт СНК кафедры общей химии БГМУ.
 Distance. Phylogenetics: just methods. By Mark E. Siddall.
 Manske C. L., Chapman D. J. (1987) Nonuniformity of nucleotide substitution rates in molecular evolution: computer simulation and analysis of 5S ribosomal RNA sequences. J. Mol. Evol. 26(3):226-251. PubMed.
 Aarta H. J. M., den Dunnen J. T., Leunissen J., Lubsen N. H., Schoenmakers J. G. G. (1988) The γ-crystallin gene families: sequence and evolutionary patterns. J. Mol. Evol. 27:163-172. PubMed.
 Tateno Y., Tajima F. (1986) Statistical properties of molecular tree consruction methods under the neutral mutation model. J. Mol. Evol. 23:354-361. PubMed.
 Aliabadian M., Kaboli M., Nijman V., Vences M. (2009) Molecular Identification of Birds: Performance of Distance-Based DNA Barcoding in Three Genes to Delimit Parapatric Species. PLoS ONE 4(1): e4119. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004119.
 Thomas H. Jukes (March 2000) The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution. Genetics 154: 955—958.

  Current Contents.

 Provine W.B. Rise of the null selection hypothesis. In Cain A.J. and Provine W.B. 1991. Genes and ecology in history. In Berry R.J. et al. (eds) Genes in ecology: the 33rd Symposium of the British Ecological Society. Blackwell, Oxford, p15-23.

  HTML.

 The Neutral Theory. By Dr. Walter Salzburger.

 Sudhir Kumar, Koichiro Tamura, and Masatoshi Nei. 1993. MEGA: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis, version 1.01. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.

Генетика
Эволюция

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Kyle Willett is a postdoctoral research associate working with Prof. Lucy Fortson's group. He is the Lead Data Scientist for the Galaxy Zoo project, in which classifications of images by members of the public enable the science performed by professional astronomers. He is particularly interested in the relationship between small-scale disk-structure to broader galaxy properties. He is also the lead on data reduction for Radio Galaxy Zoo, working with Prof. Larry Rudnick.
Dr. Willett's other research has included work on extragalactic masers, blazars, compact symmetric objects, and the variation of fundamental constants. He has used telescopes such as the EVLA in New Mexico, the Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia, the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico, and the Spitzer Space Telescope.


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Tag: revolution
Rock Music, Censorship, and Zimbabwe's War of Independence
Lawrence J. McQuillan | Friday July 1, 2016 at 1:26 PM PDT
Independence Day in the United States is a good time to reflect on independence movements elsewhere. Before there was Zimbabwe, there was Rhodesia, where a white minority government oppressed blacks and "colored" (mixed race) people using force and apartheid-style policies. In the 1970's, the last decade of the country's War of Independence, rock music...
Bob Marley Censorship Entrepreneurship Ian Smith Independence Day Jimi Hendrix Prince Charles revolution Rhodesia Robert Mugabe rock music Special Branch Thomas Mapfumo War of Independence Wells Fargo Zimbabwe
How Lord Acton Trumps George Orwell in The Hunger Games
Samuel R. Staley | Sunday November 22, 2015 at 5:58 PM PST
Katniss Everdeen makes a choice in a pivotal scene in Mockingjay, the third book in The Hunger Games trilogy by Suzanne Collins, that had the potential to elevate her into the pantheon of pro-freedom heroines in contemporary fiction. Unfortunately, neither the book nor the movies leveraged this act to let Everdeen step onto that...
anti-war Freedom hunger games Katniss Everdeen Liberty Lord John Acton Peace personal freedom revolution self-government totalitarianism tyranny
A Splendid Essay on the Two Great Classes in Contemporary America
Robert Higgs | Friday July 23, 2010 at 4:23 PM PDT
Angelo M. Codevilla, professor emeritus of international relations at Boston University, has written an extraordinary essay for the July/August issue of The American Spectator. It's called "America's Ruling Class – And the Perils of Revolution," but it deals much more extensively with the anatomy and functioning of the class system in the United States...
Angelo M. Codevilla Civil Society classical liberalism country class Culture Family Fascism Government subsidies Law Libertarianism Liberty Personal Liberty Politics Power Regulation Religion revolution ruling class statism Taxation The State Welfare
Avatar and Just War Theory
Anthony Gregory | Monday February 15, 2010 at 11:56 AM PST
James Cameron's blockbuster Avatar is a thrill to see, and various commentators have judged the film for whatever ideological message they have found in it, but what struck me most is that the Na'vi people, in defending their land on Pandora from the imperialist exploitation by the humans, are engaging in one of the...
C. S. Lewis Chronicles of Narnia Defense Entertainment Environment Imperialism Independence Day James Cameron Jedi Liberty Military Morality Na'vi Natural Law Pandora Property Rights Religion revolution Star Wars Technology The Lion The State the Witch and the Wardrobe Video War


UPDATE (12:38 p.m. ET): MLB released a statement confirming Pete Rose will not be reinstated.
Original story: Pete Rose won't be coming back to baseball.
Major League Baseball commissioner Rob Manfred reportedly will not reinstate the former Cincinnati Reds first baseman, The New York Times' Michael S. Schmidt reported Monday, citing three sources with knowledge of the decision. Manfred reportedly planned to tell Rose his decision Thursday, but he called him Monday after the Times' inquiry.
Rose has been banned from baseball since 1986, when it was discovered he bet on baseball as a manager for the Reds.
This is the third time Rose has applied for reinstatement, having done so in 1992 under then-commissioner Fay Vincent and in 1997 under Bud Selig. Rose met with Manfred in September to discuss his possible reinstatement, but the Times' sources said the commissioner wasn't convinced Rose was telling the truth about the extent of his gambling.
ESPN's "Outside the Lines" released documents in June showing Rose bet on baseball as a player, too. For years Rose claimed he never bet on the game and never bet on the Reds, but he admitted as much in a 2004 autobiography.
Rose is a three-time World Series champion, 17-time All-Star and the all-time hits leader with 4,256. However, this decision means Rose will never have a shot at being a Hall of Famer.
Thumbnail photo via Pete Rose is honored prior to the 2015 MLB All Star Game at Great American Ball Park.


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PAST: Tapestries from the era of Charles V
Fri 22-05-2015 - Sun 30-08-2015
During the summer of 2015, the Cinquantenaire Museum is organising a small but exceptional exhibition of Brussels tapestries around one of the best known works held in its collection. This tapestry represents a scene that is associated with the legend of the statue of Notre-Dame du Sablon, a legend which is at the origin of the Brussels Ommegang (religious procession). The work shows several members of the archducal family that ruled the Lowlands at the start of the 16th century, surrounded by a sumptuous courtly household. At the centre, we see a young Charles of Habsburg. He and his brother Ferdinand are solemnly advancing as part of a procession, carrying the miracle statue of Our Lady Mary. In 1530, Charles was to be crowned Holy Roman Emperor and would go on to become known under the name of Charles Quint.
The tapestry was woven in Brussels around 1516-1518, after a draft made by painter Bernard van Orley. It was part of a "chambre" of four tapestries, each representing a different scene of the legend. Sadly, the four sections got separated in the mists of time. The exhibition, which is organised on the occasion of the "Carolus V Festival 2015", will see all four sections re-assembled. As such, one of the pieces will be on loan from the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg and another section from the King's House in Brussels. The fourth tapestry, which is actually the first going by the chronological order of the story that is illustrated by this ensemble, was ripped to shreds long ago, with only a few fragments remaining. The most important of the sections, which is the central piece of the tapestry, also belongs to the collections of the Cinquantenaire Museum and has never been put on exhibit until now. This has become possible further to its restoration which was handled by the Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage, with the financial support from the René and Karin Jonckheere Foundation, managed by the King Baudouin Foundation.
On the occasion of this exhibition, the Cinquantenaire Museum will be presenting two other tapestries into the bargain, dating from the first half of the 16th century. These two works are most remarkable by dint of their uncommon dimensions. The first belongs to KBC Bank and hails from a set of paintings dedicated to the life of Paul the Apostle. It was woven setting out from a card drawing by Pieter Coecke van Aelst. The second represents the Last Judgment, probably made based on a draft by Colijn de Coter. This tapestry was restored by the Royal Manufacture of Tapestries De Wit, also courtesy of the René and Karin Jonckheere Foundation. It will be shown on exhibit temporarily at the Cinquantenaire Museum, pending its return to the Worcester Art Museum in the United States.


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Three journalists detained by police for investigating suspicious death of 11-year-old
Turkish police detained three Turkish journalists, Canan Coşkun, Kazım Kızıl and Tuba Demir for investigating the suspicious death of a 11-year-old girl, Rabia Naz Vatan, the Turkish media reported.
Rabia Naz was found injured in front of her apartment in Giresun province in April 2018 and died immediately after she was taken to a hospital. Her father, Şaban Vatan claimed that his daughter was hit and fatally injured by a car and that the accident was covered up by local politicians and Deputy Justice and Development Party (AKP) Chairman Nurettin Canikli, who responded by filing a lawsuit for slander.
It was reported by several websites that there were no blood stains around the front door of the house despite the fact that she had deep cuts, especially on one leg. Eyewitnesses claimed she looked as though she had been carried there by someone.
In addition, on the same day the police in the town were notified about a girl being hit by a black vehicle.
Although the preliminary autopsy report did not rule out the possibility that she was hit by a car, the doctor told her father she must have fallen from a higher elevation or committed suicide.
Metin Cihan, a freelance journalist who first exposed the details countering the official narrative in the death of Rabia Naz, had to leave the country in September due to an investigation launched into him.


Facebook was in talks with top hospitals and other medical groups as recently as last month about a proposal to share data about the social networks of their most vulnerable patients.
The idea was to build profiles of people that included their medical conditions, information that health systems have, as well as social and economic factors gleaned from Facebook.
Facebook said the project is on hiatus so it can focus on "other important work, including doing a better job of protecting people's data."


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RWE and Engie are considering an alliance which would see RWE swap a stake in its renewables and grids spin-off Innogy for a minority interest in Engie, Reuters has reported. The utilities have discussed possible deals with advisors and bankers although there are no active talks between senior executives, according to four unnamed banking sources quoted by the news agency. The sources said a marriage between the European energy giants would not take place before the German elections in September. However, one went on to say that because no plants would be closed as part of a deal, it could otherwise proceed very swiftly.
Utility Week 22nd May 2017 read more »
Companies | News | News 2017 | News May 2017


Fire & Rain Soul Spas® are uplifting bereavement breaks we've put together carefully and with much thought, to offer widows and widowers (dislike those words but use them for clarity) a safe space to just be and enjoy as much as they can. Just as everybody is different, every grief journey is different too. So what works for one person may not work for another. But there are certain things that rarely fail at having a feelgood effect.
We've created the kinds of experiences we would enjoy and find helpful ourselves – the main navigation tool being good quality of life. The greatest healer, relaxer, inspirer and therapist is nature herself, which is why we've chosen locations of great natural beauty. The programme integrates powerful mindfulness techniques through fun, creative and relaxing activities. Imagine some very special, high quality accommodation, delicious food and drink, inspiring reads and chats, candles and woodfire, beach and mountain walks, a little creative touch…to get an idea what our soul spa packages offer.
It's up to you to decide how you spend your days. We will have some yummy things planned where you can join in whenever you feel like it – a hike, island tours, guided mindfulness meditation, joint yoga practice or something arty.
Some general questions you may have are answered here.


That thing we are witnessing from so far away in light-years once happened here roughly 4.5 billion years ago. As the Milky Way condensed into a circulating system and ionized gases condensed into stars and planets started their lazy ellipsoids around those brand-new gravity centers staggering out towards the edge of each tiny solar system, the system settled down into something wild but that followed more deliberate rules than it had initially. Among the planets formed was our little blue world, although it was once more amorphous than it is today and it wasn't blue until much later in its evolution. It was brutally hot and as it coalesced, solidified chunks of various sizes plummeted into it at accelerated speeds. There are plenty of these solidified chunks out there crashing into our atmosphere even now; NASA estimates that 100 tons (200,000 pounds) of meteoroids hit our atmosphere each day and burn up. Cornell University astronomer Dr. Lynn Carter estimates that 84,000 meteors with a mass of at least 10 grams (about 2 level teaspoons of table sugar) hit the earth each year. While our galaxy was forming, these processes were far more common. With our telescopes—earth-bound, satellite-based, and outward-bound—we see this happening all the time, although paradoxically long ago.
The wonderful and talented folks at khanacademy.org have a series focused on these processes. Here's the first in a series of five video units.
Inevitably, there are varying hypotheses and timelines associated with exactly how our galaxy, solar system, star (the Sun), and planet came into existence. Is there variation among the hypotheses? Sure. That's part of the scientific method. Will we ever be able to go back in time over 4.5 billion years and watch the process happening for the next 4.5 billion years? Highly unlikely (in fact, absurd, but it would be the only way to know with certainty; can you imagine being part of a (1) backwards time travel expedition that (2) was stationed somewhere in our portion of the Milky Way to watch, over billions of years, how the process actually progressed?). What we are left with is an enormous data set collected by telescopes that cover every portion of the electromagnetic spectrum scanning the inner, middle, and outer fringes of all the space that surrounds us, trying to watch how it all works. The following is an animated model of how a starburst galaxy forms based on data collected relatively recently by the Hubble Space Telescope's Advanced Camera for Surveys. This particular galaxy is "only" 300 million light-years from the Hubble.
To close, Hubble has gathered so many images of the universe and of galaxies surrounding our own that its earthly handlers at NASA were able to put together a composite video of our nearest galactic neighbor—Andromeda. It is "only" 2.5 million light-years away—spittin' distance—just over yonder, etc. Watch this astonishing video composite; it is available in resolutions up to 4K HD, so set your YouTube gear to the highest resolution your video card and monitor can handle and prepare to lose your mind! Each point of light is AT LEAST one star; we cannot be absolutely sure as the point resolution this far from (this close to) Andromeda cannot provide certainty.
Every day, we can view this celestial wonder and try to comprehend its complexity. For me, it is preferable to know that humankind is unlikely to ever understand even a small fraction of this profundity than it is to dismiss it as something comprehended and explained away by oral traditions conceived well over 5,000 years ago and eventually written down and codified as the single explanation to life, the universe, and everything.
With apologies to actual astronomers everywhere.
We are all (I assume) very comfortable with the tangible, observable facts that surround us. I am sitting in a chair at a desk in front of a computer I assembled a couple of Augusts ago from parts recommended on the www. My desk is cluttered with papers, CDs (some music, some software), a few groupings of office supplies, and some random stuff that I haven't gathered the courage to toss yet.
We are all (I assume) very comfortable with the tangible, observable facts that surround us. I am sitting in a chair at a desk in front of a computer I assembled a couple of Augusts ago from parts recommended on the www. My desk is cluttered with papers, CDs (some music, some software), a few groupings of office supplies, and some random stuff that I haven't gathered the courage to toss yet. Oh, and a work glove – I really have no idea what it's doing here. Beyond the desk, there are a few tables, one for a scanner, one for a printer, one for a reading light next to my recliner (I should call this the Sleepinator™, or perhaps the Napinator™, as I only nap (or "have a kip," thus the British trademark for the Kipinator™ is born) in it). My cat (her name is Emma) is sleeping on the window seat (a little earlier, she was sleeping in my left armpit as I read in the Napinator™).
A brief paws for a picture of my kitty (it's a little blurry, but captures her majestic qualities quite well I think; as she spends a lot of time sleeping, this is an "action" shot).
The floor has a nondescript light brown carpet but is covered by a Persian rug. Various electronics lie about with a nice efflorescence of cabling (I prefer LAN lines to WiFi), and too many books in boxes (although tidy boxes, I might add). Beyond the walls and windows, all objects as well, lies the planet at large, with a scattering of trees interspersed liberally with asphalt and concrete, grass and weeds, shrubs and (less obviously) the invisible beds of fungi waiting to fruit a body and exhale a cloud of spores so that more invisible beds of fungi will grow (and let's not forget their friends, the adventitious bacteria, etc.). There are squirrels and a variety of birds with wonderful voices, a few neighborhood cats and when accompanied by their obedient masters a variety of dogs, usually of the small and yappy kind (see majestic cat above). An unnecessary miscellany of automobiles, some small and energy-efficient (relatively speaking), some comically large, supported on wheels that would do a gargantuan earth mover proud, move around out there, rushing on errands that may or may not be as important as indicated by their speed. And then there is lots of earth and rocks and sky and, eventually, ocean and, down further, mantle and magma and other molten earth essentials, simmering away at 3,000 to 3,500°C (5,432°F to 6,332°F for non-scientists and Americans) and at a pressure of 1,250,000 (1.25 million) times the pressure up here in my writing room.
Above our sky lie other stars, other planets and moons and asteroids and comets and meteors with all of the associated atmospheric heterogeneity imaginable (methane or sulfuric acid or nitrogen or hydrogen sulfide of frozen water or… well, just about anything) and maybe other life forms, other squirrels and cats and dogs and grass and weeds and shrubs and trees and intelligent bipeds (I mean, whom among us really knows at this point in our young, relatively unevolved lives; there are, apparently, in excess of 100,000,000,000 (100 billion) galaxies known to date (with the limits of our present instrumentation) and each of those galaxies is estimated to have 100,000,000,000 (100 billion) stars, each with who knows how many planets and moons and asteroid belts and all the rest). There is a ton (by which I mean way more than a ton) of "stuff" around us, very near and extremely far away and we have some idea of what constitutes it all – molecules (small and large), elements, atoms, electrons, protons, neutrons, subatomic particles, weak and strong attractive forces, electromagnetic particles and waves (energy), gravity, all the subatomic particles you can blast out of nuclear hiding places in the various kinds of accelerators we have designed and built.
But all of it, if gathered into a giant ball in giant and ethereal hands like a ball of dirt, composes about 4% of the substance of the known universe. The rest of the universe is composed of "stuff" called dark matter (26% of the universe) and dark energy (70% of the universe). As what I have just said may be new to your way of thinking (and/or you may have just stopped reading as I may be entirely nuts), this is an excellent time and place to watch the following video by Dr. Patricia Burchat of Stanford University.
"Dark" matter isn't dark in color – it's not black (a color that appears to our eyes and minds when an object has absorbed ALL wavelengths of light in the visible spectrum, which is in turn a very tiny sliver of the overall electromagnetic spectrum), it is not dark in a spiritual or theological sense, it is not dark in the way that Scandinavian "black" metal is dark (that compels me to reach for the "stop" button).
Dark matter is only apparent because of its influence in the fabric of the universe, its effect on gravitational forces that, by way of Einstein (and Riemann) permeate that blackness up in the sky at night and hold the shiny bits (including our apparently sky-blue bit) in place. The observation of dark matter is seen in the behavior of galaxies; stars at the edge of galaxies, if only under the influence of gravity, should move more slowly than stars closer to the center. They don't; the speed of stars rotating around the center of a galaxy move at the same constant rate as the stars towards the middle of the galaxy, so there must be matter that is interacting throughout the galaxy that forces the exterior stars to move at that rate. An oversimplified analogy might be that we do not see air, but we see the effects of wind (but air and winds are composed of atoms of gasses and have mass and energy that we understand very well, so this is a poor, earthbound analogy indeed). The effect of dark matter is seen not only in the circulation of outer stars (and their planets, etc.) around the center of the galaxy but in how galaxies cluster together and how the light from individual galaxies smears due to gravitational lensing. This unseeable matter has enormous effects in our universe, but we are still struggling to find a method of "seeing" (this is a poor word to use here) it. For some stunning computer simulations of how the universe might have evolved in the presence of dark matter and dark energy, watch the "full-size" version of the film at this website (bottom of page).
Now, if all 96% of the remaining "stuff" in the universe was dark matter, solar systems and galaxies and clusters of galaxies would tend to cluster and the universe would not seem to be expanding outwards. Instead, we (well, astrophysicists and their ilk) observe a universe that is expanding. Space itself is spreading apart. The hypothesis is that this occurs due to dark energy, the predominant "ingredient" in the universe, one so powerful (in spite of its unseeable nature) that galaxy clusters and the universe that contains them in a web of gravitational force are expanding away from each other, the opposite of what we would expect to see from the more neighborly, clustery behavior of galaxies and their contents.
This is weird suprahuman stuff, stuff beyond touch and beyond our usual intuition, unless one bathes the brain in a nutrient-rich broth of advanced mathematics, physics, chemistry, astronomy, and similar elixirs. The concepts of dark matter and dark energy are elusive to those of us who crawl the earth looking for groceries and the next mortgage payment, but I am extremely (EXTREMELY!) pleased that some of us are paying attention to how this whole amazing thing fits together.
To close, while I was writing this thing I thought about a great Brian Eno song called "Help Me Somebody" from his amazing collaboration with David Byrne "My Life in the Bush of Ghosts." The song centers on samples of Reverend Paul Morton letting his congregation know what time it is but is fattened up by funk of the most satisfying kind, delivered by Eno, Byrne, John Cooksey (drums) and Steve Scales (congas, other percussion); I dare anyone to stay still while listening to this track.
I obviously dilute Reverend Morton's intent here, but the song and lyric popped into my mind and seemed to be telling me that this is the nature of the universe – so high, so low, so wide. That's the 96%. We live in the 4%.
As in all of these weighty posts, I encourage whatever readers I have to explore the additional materials. Some of them might make your brains hurt or itch or explode or collapse in on themselves. All of those are good! Do more of the things that make these things happen! There is great happiness available to those that feed their minds!
Every year, just like you, I have a "birth day," which is a misnomer as I am not born on that day every year, although I was once. When people ask me why I don't like to acknowledge my birthday I tell them that time is a continuum. It breezes from one tiny fraction of a second to the next without counting where (when?) it has been or where (when?) it is going. There are no fractions of seconds, of course. We made seconds up and then when those were too large, we fractionated them into as many decimal bits as we needed.
Every year, just like you, I have a "birth day," a misnomer as I am not born on that day every year, although I was once. When people ask me why I don't like to acknowledge my birthday I tell them that time is a continuum. It breezes from one tiny fraction of a second to the next without counting where (when?) it has been or where (when?) it is going. There are no fractions of seconds, of course. We made seconds up and when those were too large, we fractionated them into as many decimal bits as we needed. We made minutes up at some point, perhaps when hours seemed too long or work seemed too slow. We made hours up when the days passed like sap in the wintertime. Days, weeks, months and years were strongly suggested by planetary, lunar and solar phenomena. To our credit, we noticed these patterns and live our lives waiting for them to begin – or end – a hard day, a boring hour-long meeting, a cold winter, a hot-and-muggy summer, the wet season, the dry season, etc. For a nice review, have a look at this.
Typically, though, we don't think of times much shorter than 0.17 seconds. That is approximately the time it takes to count each of the six beats (or in poetry, "feet") in "one-Mississippi," etc. The "one" gets sort of two beats and the "Mississippi" goes in four. If we are keyed into a speed sport, we may split things down to the tenth of a second – I'm not sure I can do this, but I'm relatively certain that people who judge these kinds of events may have a refined sense of one-tenth of a second. Then it's down to the hundredths of a second and, although all sorts of stopwatches and "photo finish" timers work in that realm, I can't imagine that the human mind can honestly do much more than watch as the hundredths accumulate into tenths.
To say that differently, but not necessarily more helpfully, there are about 2×10+43 of these Planck times in one second (simply the inverse of 5.39116×10−44 seconds), which is obviously a huge number (2 followed by 43 zeros). The links for Planck time and length will allow you to explore this matter more thoroughly, but both use the speed of light (c=3.00×108 m/s), the gravitational constant (G=6.674×10−11 N⋅m2/kg2) and Planck's constant (actually, the reduced Planck's constant, which divides Planck's constant by 2π), which is 1.054571800(13)×10−34 J⋅s. All this to say something quite simple – Planck time (and length) is derived in a fairly straightforward way using some well-established physical constants, although with some very careful consideration by Dr. Planck. His considerations have held up well; Planck's constant is part of any useful high school chemistry or physics curriculum.
The real takeaway here is that time and action are inextricably linked. For a Planck time to elapse, a Planck length must be traversed by a photon in a vacuum. A photon must start somewhere and, on its way to somewhere else, it must etch a Planck length in space. This linkage is pretty neat, however resolutely transfixed and "motionless" the avid reader may be in their chair. How can I say that? Are we ever still? No.
If the energy of an atom and the energy of a photon, moving at whatever speed after going through whatever medium, are compatible, the photon is absorbed by the atom with an electron quantum leaping proportionately. This process takes about 1 femtosecond or 1x10−15 seconds (or 0.000000000000001 seconds). There is some infinitesimal distance involved in these transitions, but the distances, if they are meaningful at all, are on the order of Planck lengths and do not add meaningfully to the time it takes a photon to be absorbed.
After that absorption occurs, a new cascade of intra-atomic events occur, each with an associated time, each a tiny bit longer, slower, more human-paced, than the absorption event. I would enumerate them, but instead, I'll just use a picture, a table and a video for your edification.
Transition Time Scale Radiative Process?
These represent the different modes of vibration along covalent bonds. In addition to this motion, there are the rotations of each atom at the ends of each bond – and these modes of rotation get complicated really quickly, with spin orientations and precessing (this is what a top does when it spins – the wobble is precession) around axes. It's all really a maddening, continuous mechanism of complexity. Even if all these molecules inside us were cooled to absolute zero, the motion would continue, although slowed. And all of them are like tiny clocks running at tiny fractions of a second – at an astonishing rate of speed, at roughly 10,000,000,000,000 to 100,000,000,000,000 times per second.
But I am writing about time, not intra-atomic events, and we could all easily be lost inside an atom for the rest of time if caution is abandoned. It is part of the definition of being a chemist – getting lost in the atoms (or at least the molecules). And with phosphorescence events taking a tenth of a second (1×10-1 seconds (or 0.1 s)), we're at the interval for phosphorescence and can almost comprehend this.
Human lives are measured in seconds as well. Nine months of gestation is 23,328,000 seconds (give or take); ask any mother and she will be able to vouch for the satisfaction and endlessness of each second. We go to first grade at 6 years or 189,216,000 seconds and graduate high school after 567,648,000 seconds. Lives get into a murky middle bit after this and people hit benchmarks at various times, but it all comes down to life expectancy in the end. The people in Monaco, one of the richest in the world, have an average life expectancy of 89.52 years, which is 2,823,102,720 seconds – almost 3 billion seconds, people, while the people of Chad, bordered by Nigeria, Niger, Libya, Sudan, the Central African Republic and Cameroon, have a life expectancy of 49.81 years – 1,570,808,160 seconds – very close to being half the average life expectancy of people in the Principality of Monaco, bordered on three sides by France and on the fourth by the Mediterranean, home of casinos, yachts and the Grand Prix. In the United States, average life expectancy is 79.68 years or 2,512,788,480 seconds, 311 million seconds less than the average citizen of Monaco; when stated that way, it seems like a huge difference, doesn't it?
But we're not done measuring out human life. In the U.S., we count forward from 0 (zero) B.C. and are currently in the year 2016 as I write this. Two thousand and sixteen years is composed of 63,576,576,000 seconds, only about 22.5 Monaco lifespans ago, but 40.5 Chad lifetimes ago (sort of crazy when you consider it that way). But B.C. (or B.C.E., the term used by anthropologists and anyone studying world history instead of Western European and Middle Eastern history) is just a convenient temporal interrupt in a much longer series of events.
Our species crept into the genome around 200,000 years ago – a time that dwarfs the 2,016 years B.C.E. by two orders of magnitude or roughly 100-fold (100 x). Two hundred thousand years is a whole bunch of seconds – 6,307,200,000,000 seconds, or six trillion three hundred seven billion, two hundred million seconds (the time seems more awesome when typed out as words). But we're not done yet. Anthropologists have found lots of bones of our ancestors, our nearest relatives to the great apes appearing between 6 and 7 million years ago, 30 to 35-fold more time than for the slow evolution of Homo sapiens, or between 189.2 trillion and 220.8 trillion seconds ago (keep in mind that the 0.2 and 0.8 in those number represent 200 billion and 800 billion seconds).
But let's keep going. The Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) extinction occurred around 65 million years ago; current theories favor a huge meteor striking the earth in the northern Yucatan peninsula; 2,049,840,000,000,000 seconds ago (2 quadrillion seconds). But the earth is believed to have coalesced from hot gases and particles of stardust into something like its current orbit around the sun around 4.5 billion years ago; various models move the digit after the "5" around (is it 4.49 or 4.54?), but there is general scientific consensus around the 4.5 billion figure. 4.5 billion years equals 141,912,000,000,000,000 seconds quadrillion seconds ago, and it was not a livable planet at the time.
The universe, on the other hand, is yet another order of magnitude older. There are at least five models for its age, but the weighted mean of these models puts the age at 12.94 billion years, thus giving the earth about 8 billion years to coalesce into the nasty, raging bit of heat that cooled to what we know and love now. If you do the dimensional analysis here (as I have done so often above), you get a universe that has been in existence creating stars and galaxies and solar systems and planets and moons and asteroids – and that continues to do all of those activities VERY actively right up until today – you get a universe of 408,075,840,000,000,000 seconds (408.1 quadrillion seconds). The universe has been in existence, plus or minus 2.3 billion years or so (see the link above) for 162,399,598.4 average American lifespans (one hundred sixty-two million three hundred ninety-nine thousand five hundred ninety-eight point four lifetimes).
While I have divided up time into fractions of seconds at one end of the scale (the Planck time) and quadrillions of seconds at the other end of time, time is not a series of discrete events; it is continuous and seamless. If one divides a Planck time by another Planck time, the fraction of a second gets shorter – it is about 1×10-89 seconds. One can keep doing this – infinite divisibility – and never reach the continuous nature of time; it will always result in smaller and smaller fractions of time with seamless continuity of the asymptote.
This is heady stuff and nearly impossible to understand, except through metaphor and analogy, without the help of advanced mathematics and profound amounts of deep thought (I am a mere chemist and find that I am boggled by these concepts, but I will not deny their allure (p.s. a mere chemist is different from the mythological mer-chemist)).
I will not get into how long this, our, universe is likely to exist. It is an imponderable but is being pondered. Let's leave the future to those who speculate on those matters (cosmologists and physicists).To conclude, time is a dimension that is infinitely brief (or continuous) and infinitely long (or continuous). Dividing it into human events is convenient, but none of us should pretend that we understand it except by comparing it with events in our own lives. This is not always true; anthropologists, paleontologists, cosmologists, physicists, geologists live on a timeline that, by nature of their study, makes more sense to them and is relatively unlimited by average lifespans and birthdays. We should be humble when we consider the enormity of what has been observed and consider the enormity of what has been observed and consider carefully what is known while allowing that we are not done observing and trying to learn and probably will never finish unless we cease to exist altogether.


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Gordon Bass
Consulting Creative Director
Gordon has 20 years of editorial experience, including a decade of custom-content leadership. He has developed and managed content programs for clients ranging from Fortune 500 companies to not-for-profit organizations, including Chase, Caesars Entertainment, Ford Motor Company, Merrill Lynch and NYSE. His work has received numerous awards, including a Gold Award at the Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival. Gordon is former editorial director of Time Inc. Content Solutions, and has written, edited and consulted for brands including Inc., Men's Journal, Reader's Digest and Wired. A licensed pilot, Gordon has a broad range of expertise ranging from travel to automotive, financial and technology. His book about Australian adventurer Ben Carlin and the nature of obsessive ambition will by published by Random House in 2017.
Uncover the secret to sustainable, evergreen content, through lessons from reality TV.
Gordon Bass Short Stories


Using the right keywords are important, but don't let this drive your content. It's important to remember what your first goal should be and not your second. Your first goal is write and provide useful content to people who do find your content. Your second goal is for search engines to rank it well.
So, how can this be done? Start by thinking about what your keywords are for your content. Once you have your keywords decided, create a title for your content and integrate your keywords into them. Make sure your title is intuitive, keyword rich, and catches people's eye. This can be done through good keywords, a secret, and/or a descriptive title describing exactly what the user wants.
Now that we have our title, we need to write our content. My normal process is usually just like my goals: write the content for your intended audience first. This is much easier than trying to properly integrate your SEO keywords right away. Once you've finished your full article, give it a once over. During this stage you want to focus on spelling and grammar mistakes or even filling in areas that need more descriptive information.
At this point your content should be completed and ready to go. But before we rush into things, let's review again to ensure we are going to maximize our potential. Start by reviewing what your keywords are. Re-read your content again and check to see if you are using your keywords actively and efficiently.
What is my definition of actively using your keywords? It's quite simple, when you are describing or explaining something, are you using your highest potential SEO keywords or are you using a different term because it flowed better when you were writing. If it's the former, excellent work; if it's the latter, in those spots you should re-write the sentence slightly to incorporate your keywords.
It's important to not strictly focus on just one or two keywords. Ideally you should be focusing on around ten (10) keywords. Interchanging between them to ensure you will rank well with all of the different keyword variations.
What does this description tell us? It tells me that I should use my keywords with minimal effort and to not overuse my keywords. Overusing keywords can be just as bad, if not worse then under using your keywords. Overuse of keywords by some search engines can be considered spam.
How do you not overuse? There are no strict guidelines to this. My general rule of thumb is don't repeat your keywords more than 20% of the amount of words in your content. Also, this is why we should try to focus on a variety of keywords, it makes it much easier to incorporate our keywords into our content with minimal effort and it won't make it look like we are spamming.


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Registry of Deeds website gets hacked
An unwanted visitor left his mark yesterday for a short time on Barnstable County's welcome page for the Registry of Deeds.
A self-professed hacker apparently uploaded a video of a shifty eyeball surrounded by a black background on the web page maintained by the county. A short soundtrack of a female singing accompanied the video.
The hacker, who calls himself "MR xXx ThE Algerien BoY" apparently only struck the county's welcome page for the Registry.
The Registry's records, which are maintained on a separate system, were not affected, Register of Deeds John Meade said yesterday.
He said the online records are maintained on an AS/400 IBM system, which the giant computer company claims has never been hacked.
"The thing we focus on is obviously the records security," he said. "Nothing has even come close to denting that."
The problem came to Meade's attention at about 4 p.m. yesterday and he expected it would be addressed quickly, he said. The problem was corrected by about 5 p.m.
"It's sort of like putting a mustache on somebody on the paintings in town hall," he said.


Google's showdown with the Chinese government over censorship could allow it to emerge with its head held high and change the playing field in China for American competitors.
It once hoped to change China with its search engine, but Google may wind up effecting more change by closing it down.
Perhaps the most repeated, misunderstood, and beloved three words to ever be associated with Google are these: "don't be evil." Those words, highlighted in the company's initial public offering in 2004, underscored how differently Google wants to be thought of compared with the average corporation.
On Tuesday, it put that philosophy into decisive action, with a bold statement that it would cease censoring search results in China--and an even bolder declaration that unless Beijing allows it to offer an uncensored search engine inside China, it will shut down its operations in the country.
Google's gambit came after the Web giant discovered that it and other U.S. companies had been the victims of sophisticated, targeted online attacks and surveillance that sought information about human rights activists.
This has always been a company with a moral pulse, one that in its early days attracted a certain sort of idealistic engineer who truly believed the world could be made a better place by a responsible corporation that efficiently spread information and technology around the world.
Yet Google is also one of America's largest and richest public companies, and obsessed with growing even larger. Operating on a global scale can require even the nicest businesses and companies to rub shoulders with governments that don't share the values of Silicon Valley.
The collision of those two forces led Google into what the company founders may eventually come to consider as its worst decision: to self-censor search results in China for almost four years in hopes of improving overall access to information. Tuesday's move thus marks a dramatic about-face.
Should Microsoft and Yahoo follow suit?
Yes, it's a matter of human rights.
No, this might be their one shot to gain share against Google.
Google originally justified its decision to censor results in 2006 as a way of helping the Chinese people. Simply offering Google.com from outside of China made the search engine subject to The Great Firewall of China and hurt performance but didn't require Google to police itself. Opening an office inside of China would require it to follow local laws regarding the dissemination of information on the Internet, but Google believed it could improve access to information in China just by being present with a fast and comprehensive search engine.
There was also a financial incentive, of course. China has the most Internet users in the world, with stunning growth over the past decade and much more in store, given that only 25 percent of the country is currently using the Internet.
But Google never seemed to be fully comfortable with its decision. Co-founder Sergey Brin told The Guardian in 2007 that Google's actions resulted in a "net negative," an engineer's way of saying that Google had lost more than it had gained in pursuing business opportunities in China.
Google lost the respect of many U.S. and European citizens, who were amazed at the way the company was able to justify compromising its lofty principles in the name of profit. It lost a little of its idealism in deciding that it had to work with a government that many consider one of the largest offenders of human rights on the planet in order to grow its business. And it lost the battle: Google had just 14.1 percent of the search market in China during November 2009, compared with Baidu's 62.2 percent, according to ComScore.
Saddled with a struggling business and a queasy stomach, Google now hopes to regain the moral high ground. It's extremely unlikely that the Chinese government will permit an uncensored search engine in China, especially after being so publicly implicated as the force behind the attacks on the accounts of Gmail users whose main offense was speaking out against that government (Google refused to point its finger directly at the Chinese government, but security researchers have linked the most recent attacks with previous attacks on U.S. companies believed to come from agents of that government).
And after playing defense throughout 2009 against governments and citizens concerned about its growing power, Google has now created a situation where privacy advocates and human-rights activists are applauding the company for taking a principled stand against the Chinese government.
Back in November, CNET asked Google CEO Eric Schmidt about the "don't be evil" credo and how it applied to Google now that the company has grown into such a large business. He said that "don't be evil" allows Google employees to stand up and play The Evil Card without repercussions, forcing a discussion about whether Google is choosing the right course of action during tricky decisions.
Without prompting, Schmidt brought up Google's decision to enter China as an example of how that process works. "Certainly, the China decision, which was very controversial at the time, but I think ultimately, the right one for us, is another example of a tortured internal discussion, which ultimately came to roughly, the right outcome," he said.
The discovery of cyberattacks originating from China against Google seems to have finally tipped that debate for Google. It's now clear that Google believes it erred in making the decision to get in bed with the Chinese government back in 2006, regardless of whether that revelation comes from business reasons or moral reasons.
Google has now put American Internet information companies doing business in China in a very difficult position: stay and appear to their home crowd to be agents of the Chinese government after Google's strong rebuke, or leave and miss out on the land grab that is the Chinese Internet market. And the end result of all this could be that the Chinese government emerges with even stronger control over the Internet if domestic firms with fewer reservations about censorship or surveillance take their place.
Google could have changed the way Internet companies work in China Tuesday. It once hoped for something much more.


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Q: Storing user credentials to 3rd-party service in the session - is it secure? I'm developing a custom CMS that is based on a 3rd party software's API (cPanel).  I don't need to store usernames+passwords in the DB, but I do need to store username and password while the user is logged in.
I decided to store passwords in the user's session session.
I can't use MD5, SHA, hash, etc. because the passwords are going to 3rd party software.
I can't store them in the DB, because I can't use MD5, SHA, etc.
Is it secure to store a user's password in the session? Do you know a secure way?

A: The third party should supply some kind of session identifier (hash), and you shouldn't have access to the user's username and password, and at all costs, not even have the opportunity to save them in any way...
The password shouldn't be saved, or can you give us one good reason why you need to save the password?
EDIT: This should be the solution: http://docs.cpanel.net/twiki/bin/view/SoftwareDevelopmentKit/ApiAuthentication#Sample%20PHP%20script and http://docs.cpanel.net/twiki/bin/view/AllDocumentation/WHMDocs/RemoteAccess

A: If you cant use any encryption, don't save password in sessions as if anyone got your session key, he can very easily get your password. Saving it in database will be more secured and appropriate.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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In order to Enter this Giveaway, Visit The Game Awards 2017 Ultimate Giveaway Page and Fill up the Form with suitable Details. Also, Share the Giveaway with your Friends and for every successful Referral gets 2 extra entries. More Entries = Higher Chance to win 1 out of 7 Tech Prizes.
A Random Draw will be conducted to choose 7 winners of this Giveaway on or about 11th January 2018.


Learn [Flash Heal] from Seer Ravenfeather. Practice using Flash Heal 5 times on Wounded Braves in Camp Narache.
I want to teach you a versatile and quick healing technique, <name>. This heal is one you will find yourself using often.
There is no lack of braves injured in our battles against the Bristlebacks, so you'll have a chance to put your new knowledge to use right away. Practice your new healing technique on the wounded braves around Camp Narache.
Thank you for your help in seeing to the wounded braves. I'm sure that you will often find your healing skills in demand. Return to me when you need further instruction.


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Q: How to: Embed external HTML files in your HTML with Node.js I created a basic Node.js webserver with this code:
'use strict';

var express = require('express');
var app = express();

var server = app.listen(1337, '127.0.0.1', function () {

  //app.use(express.static(__dirname + '/public'));
  app.use(express.static(__dirname + '/'));

  var host = server.address().address;
  var port = server.address().port;

  console.log('Example app listening at http://%s:%s', host, port);

});

I have a basic HTML5 Boilerplate. What I want in the future is to have a separated HTML file for navigation, which will only contain this:

menu item

menu item

menu item

And this HTML file, for example 'nav.html" will embedded in the right place of my document. I done this in the past with PHP's require_once (if I remember well). I want to separate my site's header, content, footer, navigation in different document's, because if I changing the menu (adding, deleting pages), I don't need to re-edit every single page. So I want something similar to do a static site with Node.js. I'm installed Express and Handlebars.
Is it possible somehow?
I hate Jade, that's why I don't want to use it. I just don't like when I don't see my final code in the editor.


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Shooters Hill Golf Club
Located in Greenwich, London, Shooters Hill Golf Club is a challenging course, with its origins in the 1930s. Visitors are often surprised to find such a picturesque course only eight miles from London Bridge!
Golf has been played at the site since 1903, when it was opened as a three-hole course, although it was 1907 before a full 18-hole course was constructed by Willie Park. Shooters Hill was so named because hundreds of years before golf was played there, archers practiced on the site.
In the 1930s, the original course was remodelled by Messrs Harris and Colt. It now remains an attractive parkland course, with panoramic views across the Kent countryside. It is known for its challenging holes, including its signature hole, the 161-yard 10th – one of three par 3s in a section of the course known as "Amen Corner", which is known for being particularly demanding.
The 11th hole is a difficult uphill par three, with bunkers awaiting anyone who hits the ball too short.
Crown Sports Lockers was commissioned to complete a refurbishment of the locker room at Shooters Hill, comprising traditional style golf lockers, with oak-framed doors and carpet-topped seating in front.


As mentioned earlier, all these poverty essays need to be written with that extra dose of sensitivity. It is important to choose professional assistance offered by one of the time-checked online writing services.
The teacher will not complete the assignment. The next step is to communicate with the assigned writer directly to achieve first course results.
As the social scientist Tarmo Strenze says in the introduction to his meta-analysis of longitudinal studies on the topic, summing up decades of research: In contrast, the second group of countries, which we call non-welfare states, has welfare-effort indices that range from 37 to Place your thoughts and ideas in conclusion of your paper on poverty.
He sleeps in his underground den, his tail draped over his nose. Hints to detect the pretender from the 1st sight Explain the meaning of the words: If differences in mental abilities are inherited, and if success requires those abilities, and if earnings and prestige depend on success, then social standing will be based to some extent on inherited differences among people: As Rawls points out, no one deserves their natural abilities—and, for that reason, the closer the link between IQ and socio-economic status, the less defensible inequality becomes.
Tino Sanandaji, a research fellow at the Research Institute of Industrial Economics, has drilled down into a dataset tracking a representative sample of the US population and discovered that those with IQs above typically earn twice as much as those with average IQs.
Additionally, poor children are much more likely to suffer from hunger, fatigue, irritability, headaches, ear infections, flu, and colds. The first group, which for convenience we may call welfare states, includes Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, and Brazil.
Chabris, a professor of psychology at Union College, estimates that a random person with above-average intelligence has a two-thirds chance of earning an above-average income, while a random person of below average intelligence has only a one third chance.
The literal English equivalent "social state" did not catch on in Anglophone countries. They lobbied hard for exclusion. This idea has received theoretical support from scholars and extensive testimony from people experiencing poverty across the globe Walker .
Others were founded on state provision.
Has the meritocratic elite become a hereditary elite?Poverty Essay What is the poverty? Some people consider themselves to be poor not being able to buy a bigger house or a fashionable car, and some people cannot even afford to buy a bottle of milk for their children.
Poverty is a problem in this country, and many countries around the world, but the faces of poverty might not always be whom we thought Poverty can be classified into two basic conceptual approaches; absolute and relative poverty.
This page has links to newer argument and opinion essays on this site. Some essays are listed in more than one topic. The essays are meant to be examples of what an IELTS candidate could do in just 40 minutes.
They are not aimed at being Band 8 or 9. Instead they use vocabulary and phrases that. "The Poverty of Theory" is a collection of essays by E.P. Thompson, the famous British socialist historian.
It contains four essays, of which the first one, for. This essay delves deeply into the origins of the Vietnam War, critiques U.S. justifications for intervention, examines the brutal conduct of the war, and discusses the.
Poverty Essay Example & Outline. Are you in High School, College, Poverty Essay. Introduction. The youth has no employment opportunities amid of having good papers.
Another result of the poverty level on American youth was an increased number of suicides. Most of the youth find it difficult to cope with hard economic life.


text:
Giffin, His Excellency, Gordon
Some of the speaker's memories of living here. The relationship between Canada and the United States, virtually unique in the sphere of relations between sovereign nations--how that is so, and reasons for it. Some insight into the current state of our bilateral relationship. How we can enhance this already great dynamic. The economic relationship. The Free Trade Agreement and NAFTA and the relationship they have produced. Some trade figures. The firm commitment to bilateral trade and trade liberalisation in key regions and sectors around the world, from both countries. Some continuing areas of disagreement and irresolution on the economic front. Efforts at resolution. U.S. policy towards Cuba and how some Canadians feel about that. Defence co-operation between Canada and the United States, with illustration. Facing new threats today to human security in the form of international crime that transcends our borders. Energy trade and its expected growth. The complex issue of U.S.-Canadian cultural concerns. Policy makers taking a hint from the casual interaction of real people. Our border as described by Winston Churchill. Entering a new era of our relationship in order to respond to the realities of our rapidly changing world. A summary review of our commercial, diplomatic, defence, environmental and energy relationships


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Q: Understanding how bootmem works I have been studying OS concepts and decided to look in how these stuff are actually implemented in Linux. But I am having problem understanding some thing in relation with memory management during boot process before page_allocator is turned on, more precisely how bootmem works. I do not need the exact workings of it, but just an understanding how some things are/can be solved.
So obviously, bootmem cannot use dynamic memory, meaning that size he has must be known before runtime, so appropriate steps can be taken, i.e. the maximum size of his bitmap must be known in advance. From what I understand, this is most likely solved by simply mapping enough memory during kernel initialization, if architecture changes, simply change the size of the mapped memory. Obviously, there is probably a lot more going on, but I guess I got the general idea? However, what really makes no sense to me is NUMA architecture. Everywhere I read, it says that pg_data_t is created for each memory node. This pg_data is put into a list(how can it know the size of the list? Or is the size fixed for specific arch?) and for each node, bitmap is allocated. So, basically, it sounds like it can create undefined number of these pg_data, each of which has their memory bitmap of arbitrary size. How? What am I missing?
EDIT: Sorry for not including reference. Here is bootmem code, it can also be found in mm/bootmem.c: http://lxr.free-electrons.com/source/mm/bootmem.c

A: It is architecture-dependent. On the x86 architecture, early on in the boot process the kernel does issue one BIOS call - the 0xe820 function of the trap at Interrupt Vector 0x15. This returns a memory map that the kernel can use to build it's memory tables, including holes for non-memory (PCI or ISA) devices, etc. Bootloaders (before the kernel) will do the same.
See: Detecting Memory

A: After looking into this more, I think it works this way: basically, all the necessary things are statically allocated, i.e. by using preprocessor DEFINES it is ensured certain sections of bootmem (as well as other parts of the kernel) code either exist or do not exist in the compiled code for specific architecture (even though the code itself is architecture-independent). These DEFINES are specified in architecture-dependent sources codes found under arch/ (e.g. arch/i386, arch/arm/, etc.). For NUMA architectures there is a define called MAX_NUMNODES, ensuring that list of structs (more specifically, list of pg_data_t structures) representing nodes is allocated as a static array (which is then treated as a list). The bitmaps representing memory map are obviously relatively small, since each page is represented as only one bit, taking up KBs, or maybe MBs. Whatever the case, architecture dependent head.S sets-up all the necessary structures needed for system functioning (like page-tables) and ensure enough physical memory is mapped to virtual so these bitmaps can fit in it without causing page-fault (in case of x86 arch, initial 8MB of RAM is mapped, which is more then enough for both kernel and additional structures, like bitmaps).


Mayfield is a stunning combination of color-shifting Ultra Chrome Flakies. Mayfield features a gorgeous array of colors including purple, pink, green, gold, orange and turquoise!
Use Mayfield as a topper over your favorite nail polish or brush on a few layers for full coverage.
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This polish is so pretty topped over berry shades, and just as stunning on it's own.


Do people think that this is sufficient? Should we add more, and if so, what?
Personally I think that we should have a limited number of sub-forums as many times conversations start out on one topic and morph into a completely different conversation. If we pigeon-hole things too much, people might miss posts that they're interested in because they're looking in the wrong place. There's also the issue of having people place things in the "wrong" category and having too much moderator intervention to keep things correctly categorized. The search facility should allow anyone to find what they're looking for (yes, I know that cuts both ways.) And finally, general forum guidelines state that you should minimize the number of forums as people don't want to have to search through a bunch of forums if they're looking for new/interesting posts.
Right now I think we are pushing the limits as it is. The reasons you state are valid. Maybe we should run along like we have it for a month or two and see how usage drives things?
One additional thing we might do is to have a user group accessible to forum moderators only where board issues can be discussed? John caught a mistake I made accidentally and had to pm me about it.
As an example, here's a dive club I belong to. Everything is in 5 headings.
Just one man's $0.02: Keep it simple. Perhaps a "reference material" area should be meticulously categorized but the "general discussion" area left intentionally wild and free-form.


US-brokered talks between Israel and the Palestinian Authority begin today in Washington. Both sides agreed to sit down last month after the US successfully pressured Palestinian leaders to drop their precondition of an Israeli settlement freeze. On the eve of the summit, Palestinian militants killed four Israeli settlers in the occupied West Bank. We speak with Ali Abunimah, co-founder of The Electronic Intifada.
Alexander Zaitchik on "Common Nonsense: Glenn Beck and the Triumph of Ignorance"
Alexander Zaitchik on "Common Nonsense: Glenn Beck and the Triumph of Ignorance": "Glenn Beck organized a much-publicized 'Restoring Honor' rally on Saturday in front of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, DC. Beck's fans reportedly number in the millions, and Saturday's rally drew nearly 100,000 supporters. We speak with Alexander Zaitchik, author of Common Nonsense: Glenn Beck and the Triumph of Ignorance.


The number of goats kept for their milk rose by 23 percent between 1 April 2001 and 1 April 2002, to nearly 143 thousand. Cattle numbers fell by 5 percent to just over 3.8 million and the pig stock shrank by 11 percent to 11.6 million in the same period.
The number of cattle has fallen again. This has become a familiar trend ever since the introduction of milk quotas in 1983. On 1 April 2002 there were 3.8 million head of cattle in the Netherlands, down from just over 5.4 million at the time the quotas were introduced.
The number of dairy cows has also decreased substantially, by more than 60 thousand to just under 1.5 million. This means that there are now just as many dairy cows in the Netherlands as in 1949.
The pig stock, too, was also down considerably. In 1997 there were just as many pigs as people in the Netherlands, i.e. 15.2 million. On 1 April 2002 there were only 11.6 million pigs, nearly a quarter fewer. The pig stock diminished by 11 percent in the previous twelve months.
The numbers of cattle and pigs fell in nearly all provinces. Only in the province of Groningen did the number of pigs increase between 1 April 2001 and 1 April 2002. In the provinces Gelderland and North Brabant the pig stock was reduced by nearly 12 percent, more than the national average.
Another noticeable exception was the increase of cattle in Flevoland. In all the other provinces cattle numbers fell, in South Holland by most: 7.3 percent.
In contrast to the decrease in cattle and pig stocks, the number of milk goats has increased sharply, a trend that has been observed since 1984. Since 1995 some 10 to 20 thousand milk goats have been added to the stock yearly; in 2002 their numbers reached 143 thousand.
This makes milk goats the main source of income for an increasing number of farmers. While there were 137 goat farms in 1995, this had risen to more than 250 by 2001. Goat farming is one of the few areas in farming that is still expanding. Pig farming is declining fastest.


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Q: SQL - date column automatically changing each time I update table I have a date column in my table. When I perform an update query on the rows, each time the date gets refreshed to the current date. I have set date's default value to CURRENT_TIMESTAMP but why is this happening each time?
UPDATE
My create query:
CREATE TABLE  `ACCOUNTS` (
  `id` bigint(7) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `name` varchar(30) DEFAULT NULL,
  `date` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
  `status` varchar(1) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM AUTO_INCREMENT=1234567 DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1

A: It's probably something to do with date being a keyword. try changing it to some_date. Was CURRENT_TIMESTAMP intentional?

A: When you set the default value to CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, sql will insert the current time stamp at the time of creating new record only and will never update it unless you update it yourself. Refreshing will not update the timestamp

A: In case you use a MariaDB, this documentation page https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/timestamp/ may have some surprising information for you:

"The timestamp field is generally used to define at which moment in time a row was added or updated and by default will automatically be assigned the current datetime when a record is inserted or updated. The automatic properties only apply to the first TIMESTAMP in the record; subsequent TIMESTAMP columns will not be changed."

Hope this bit helps the next developer who runs into this fantastic feature...


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