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Green Energy Sector Stocks Slump
Washington Free Beacon Staff - February 27, 2012 1:21 PM
Shares in solar, wind, and geothermal energy were hot-ticket investments when the federal government began handing out lucrative loans to renewable energy companies in 2009. But the combination of a dragging economy and the failure of solar company Solyndra has led to a slump in the green energy sector.
The Wall Street Journal reports:
The growing promise of solar power, wind power and geothermal energy has excited investors in recent years but resulted in too much hype and overpriced shares, and a profound slump for the sector.
Investors in renewable energy companies have also suffered through the recession and the slow economic recoveries in the U.S. and Europe. Other troubles abound: The high-profile bankruptcy last September of U.S. solar panel maker Solyndra LLC, which had received more than $500 million in government loans, has jarred the sector, and more fallout may come from a complaint lodged with U.S. trade authorities that Chinese solar panel makers are dumping products in the market.
A prime example of the troubles faced by investors in renewable energy is the Guinness Atkinson Alternative Energy Fund GAAEX -0.60% , which has had average annualized losses of 21.6% over the last five years, according to Morningstar. The S&P 500 index had average returns of 0.8% over the same period. Over the past year, the fund tumbled 40%, while the S&P was up 5.4%.
This entry was posted in Issues and tagged Cronyism, Green Energy, Obama Economy, Solyndra, Stock Market. Bookmark the permalink.
Left-Wing Activist Sets Himself Up to Profit From His Own Climate Plan
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Dow Has Biggest Daily Jump Since 2009
House Dems Propose $5 Billion Tax Credit for 'Environmental Justice' Studies
Hickenlooper National Security Policy Avoids Energy Revolution
NY AG's Office Hiding Climate Activist's Emails Behind Whistleblower Defense


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Q: Are quadrics the cones of maximal symmetry? A paper by Ehlers, Pirani, and Schild axiomatizes the geometry of general relativity in what seems like a nice way. However, Jacobson criticizes one aspect of the system as not natural:

One deep question is why the causal cone is given by a quadric in the tangent
  space. After all, one can easily imagine a partial ordering relation that arises
  from an infinitesimal conical structure which is not a quadric. In the EPS paper,
  the quadratic nature of the light cone is derived from their axioms. This is not
  very satifying however, since one of the axioms [$\text{L}_1$] is not particularly physically
  natural.
Aside from any axioms, there is a special property of quadrics that might
  underlie the fact that the causal structure is given by one. Namely, quadrics
  have the largest possible symmetry group of any conical subset of the tangent
  space. This is the Lorentz group, together with the conformal rescalings, a
  group with 7 continuous parameters.
I should have a reference for this but I don't know of one. Perhaps Herman Weyl
  proved it. Perhaps it is not even true (see Problem 11).

Is this actually an open problem?
In general, is it possible to characterize "proper" Finsler metrics (those not arising from a bilinear form) as being Finsler metrics that lack symmetry? It's not even obvious to me how to formalize this question, since normally I would talk about the symmetry of a metric in terms of its Killing vectors, but I don't think that machinery applies to a proper Finsler metric. Therefore I'm not sure how to describe the relevant symmetry in a way that doesn't depend on the choice of a basis.
References
Jürgen Ehlers, Felix A. E. Pirani, Alfred Schild, "The geometry of free fall and light propagation," republished in General Relativity and Gravitation, 2012, Volume 44, 1587, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10714-012-1353-4
T. A. Jacobson, "A spacetime primer," http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~jacobson/spacetimeprimer.pdf

A: There is a whole theory of Lorentz-Finsler spaces, and their casuality has been considerably developed in recent years. This fact alone shows that it is not compelling to work with round light cones (i.e. cones that intersected by a hyperplane not passing through the origin of $T_xM$ give an ellipsoid. Notice that the notion of ellipsoid is affine, so the notion of round cone is well posed).  The indicatrix (velocity/observer space) $I_x\subset T_xM$, is the locus $\{y: 2L(x,y)=-1\}$, where $L(x,y)$ is the Finsler Lagrangian whose vertical Hessian has Lorentzian signature $(-, +, +, +)$. It can be shown to be asymptotic to the boundary of a sharp convex cone with non-empty interior (the light cone). The sharpness of the cone expresses the finiteness of the speed of light in every direction. The non-roundness the fact that the speed of light is not isotropic.
What distinsuishes general relativity is the fact that the indicatrix (and hence the cone) is sent into itself by a group of endomorphisms of $T_xM$ which has  maximal dimension. This is not the case in general. When this action is transitive the velocity space is said to be homogeneous. One can say that the relativity principle still holds true, in the sense that an observer cannot tell her position in $I_x$, i.e. her velocity (so velocity is only relative), by local measurements. However, the velocity space need not be isotropic (examples with affine sphere indicatrices can be constructed).
Suppose that any two spacetime points have isomorphic indicatrices, i.e. the velocity space does not change its geometry from point to point. The interesting fact is that the so called Berwald spaces, i.e.\ those Lorentz-Finsler spaces for which the connection does not depend on the velocity variable $y$, that are proper in your sense (i.e. the indicatrix has no symmetry) locally are necessarily translationally invariant (flat).

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The Cumulus, which first flew in 1951, incorporated a wing very similar to that of the pre-World War II Schneider Grunau Baby with a new fuselage design reminiscent of the pod and boom Bowlus Baby Albatross. It was designed by Gerharf Reinhard with homebuilders in mind. Early models used a skid for takeoff and landing, while later models incorporated a small main wheel. The glider is constructed with wood wings and steel tube fuselage; both fabric covered.
Empty Weight: 159 kg / 350 lb.


This look comes in romantic shades of cream, melted strawberry and sharp ice grey. Well, I am talking about the colors in this outfit. Mixing warm and cool tones always enhances a woman's complexion and not making ourselves look washed-out.
For one thing, we need new clothes. I was torn with bag vs. shoes when shopping at udobuy few weeks ago. And this Cut-out dress is to die for. As a result I have more clothes that I have occasion to wear, that's so sad. They will only sleep in my closet for a long time there. My first reaction after wearing this look? Gosh! I should have chosen the bag!!
Hey loves! I am so ecxited to share this sale alert from romwe! Happy labor day sale is coming! Have fun shopping!
P.S. AM HAVING AN INTERNATIONAL GIVEAWAY ON MY BLOG , JOIN IN Please !!!
Hahaha...post shopping regrets! I'm about to buy somethings online right now. I love nudes but I realize I love black, corals and blues in my pieces!
You look great! love the shades.
Gorgeous! I love the combination of all the muted colors!
Such a lovely outfit! You look amazing!
that dress is perfect, in love with it, now your blog is definitely one of my top 10, just followed.


The room and service was great. Newly renovated. The area did not have nice dining places. Very convenient to where I needed to go.
Stayed here one night for a concert, the rooms were recently renovated. Very clean and comfortable! We got to take our dog for a small fee which was great! Not the best area but not too bad, didn't have any issues. Close to downtown and would stay again!
The room was very nice! The room was remodeled, hot breakfast and right by the highway and close to shopping and restaurants. I would stay there again!
There were alcohol bottles in the parking lot and no WiFi in the rooms. Staff was kind and helpful, but they could not address the bottles or WiFi issues.


It's so true that all living things on earth are connected. The idea of not caring about something that you care so much about is really zen. I code the ability to see all the wonder and power that Spirit has to offer. It's not a how to get rich book as the title would make you believe. I learned the coding and decoding from Sandra Anne Taylor in her Quantum Coach training. Part of that power is one of the best-kept secrets of success; your connection with the presence and energy of Spirit! I am so grateful for what I have learned! We don't see the energy that connects us but it's here. I give it 4 stars and not 5 simply because, I will need more time to fully experience and practice the technique but so far, I feel hopeful.
She goes true her personal experience and explain how she went through a depression period and was able to heal herself thanks to this technique. To succeed you must be aware of when you are being negative. To succeed you must be aware of when you are being negative. Truth Triumph and Transformation — a book dedicated to examining all of the influences on attraction, clearing out the fears and misconceptions of the Universal Laws. And I want to have doubts; skepticism is essential in all learning processes. With the turn of a card, you can enter the Akashic World! You will also learn about the spontaneous guidance you can receive from the wisdom of the records. These fascinating, unbelievably quick and easy techniques will bring you a life of unparalleled joy and success.
This amazing simple technique is very empowering and the possibilities to change your life for the better seem endless. Sharon is a medium and psychic and will tape record your reading for you. But once you do, its hard not to get the message. In Secrets of Attraction youll discover what makes up your personal energy field how you broadcast it and why it has much more impact on your relationships than your looks intellect or financial status. Do the patterns of your life seem to have a momentum of their own? This is a life changing book! Because of that, I love books that don't have a lot of wasted filler. Author Biography The New York Times best-selling author, Sandra Anne Taylor, speaks internationally on the power of consciousness and personal energy.
Quantum Success: The Astounding Science of Wealth and Happiness.
Energy is the center of all life, and your energy is the center of all that you attract. That she so ably explains its purpose and shares it with others is our gift. In fact, the most common reactive pattern blocking this force is living in agitation. This is a new technique for me and I have been using the process for a few weeks now and have had great results. I really loved this book so much.
In this uniquely fascinating book, Sandra Anne Taylor reveals how the Universal Laws—and even quantum physics—actually direct the course of your relationship destiny. I must admit that I am somewhat of a self-help junkie. The way Susan wrote and described this new way of uplifting your spirit is very easy to follow and remember. Most of the time, it seemed like she just chose scientific terms at random merely to make the text sound more interesting and perhaps also scientifically based. I look forward to your next radio show. Your Quantum Breakthrough Code has helped me shift my energies and I feel more in balance, peaceful and joyous.
And that is…to know who you are, love yourself for who you are, and to believe that everyone can live a better life than what they lived yesterday. Do not be fooled by thinking the simplicity of the technique makes is ineffective. I rescripted that life to having a wagon catch the bullets and the next scene I was at home from the war, eating dinner with my family. All that I have gifted to have also enjoyed. I am profoundly grateful to the author for sharing her quantum breakthrough code, along with her compassion, wisdom and genuine love for human kind! Getting specific like this, as she has you do, is a big piece of the success I've felt. Your old, reactive patterns of unknown negative energy don't have to direct your destiny any longer.
It may be simple but it is powerful and profound. Let go of the lies. I think repetition is the key, and it can seriously be done in mere minutes. I code an easy ability to relax and receive. I read it, and I sense wonderful changes taking place already! It can also reveal ancient and new talents, unexpected victories, imminent rendezvous, unmet allies, and the steps to untold prosperity.
I learned quite a bit about myself while journaling. Sandra Anne Taylor has been a counselor in a private psychology practice, working with individuals and couples in the treatment of anxiety, depression, addiction, and relationship issues. The book is well-written and clear. This particular edition is in a Paperback format. She lectures all over the world on such subjects as reincarnation, spiritual mastery, intuitive development, professional mediumship, Eastern thought, and many other areas of interest. You project this energy ahead of you in time and space, magnetically determining whom you will meet, as well as what the dynamics of any particular relationship will be like.


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Wayne Hanson
If You Find Yourself Stuck in a Motel in a Thunderstorm
My wife and I recently had a free weekend and decided to drive to the coast. But as we traveled west, dark clouds rolled in and, by the time we found a motel room, lightning flashed, thunder boomed and the rain poured down. Since we hadn't booked in advance, our room was overpriced and gloomy, but we were stuck there for the evening—with a bottle of wine and some cashews. So we turned on the television and toggled through the stations.
We found hundreds of channels of online shopping, celebrity gossip, political wrangling, game shows, reality shows, and on and on, larded with ads for antidepressants, food, kitchen gadgets, attorneys, and so on. TV was as bleak as the weather outside. The wifi was a bit weak, but I was about ready to try Netflix on my iPad when my wife suggested we tune in to the Scientology Network on DIRECTV.
The Scientology Network's 4th season launched on Monday, October 21.
We tuned in just in time to watch "Children of the Light," a documentary about Archbishop Desmond Tutu and his and his nation's struggle with apartheid in South Africa. I was fascinated by the contrast of Tutu's insistence on nonviolence and P. W. Botha's insistence that races be separate—or else. Tutu brought pressure against the government with international divestment and economic sanctions, Botha threatened reprisals and cracked down. In the end, all the races of South Africa were given the vote, and apartheid was dumped.
It contained a message about mankind that meant something—that showed human beings at their finest.
Afterwards, Tutu was appointed as chairman of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, which championed amnesty for all those who committed atrocities during apartheid on the condition they confess what they had done. Botha refused to cooperate and was given a jail sentence, but others came forth to confess their crimes. The process helped foster a climate of forgiveness and reconciliation, bringing in a new era of democratic government under Nelson Mandela, who had been imprisoned for 27 years under apartheid.
Archbishop Desmond Tutu
Later, talking with my wife about this program, we compared all the satellite and cable channels, all the programs, all the advertisements, all that so-called "entertainment" flowing across the networks with the story of a man who changed history. Most programs were merely time-killers, placeholders, background noise while waiting out a storm. "Children of the Light," however, reflected not the ordinary, the mundane, but a being who inspired millions and reminded us of what we are capable. The comparison was no contest, that program on Scientology TV's Documentary Showcase won hands down. It contained a message about mankind that meant something—that showed human beings at their finest.
When the news sours the breakfast, curdles the coffee, pulls a bleak darkness over a formerly bright morning, my wife and I click the Scientology Network app on our Roku. It's not some Pollyanna version of life, it doesn't avoid the harsh realities—it deals with drug addiction, psychiatric barbarity, racism, illiteracy and human rights, even while it highlights the brighter side of things—but its focus is not on the futility, the hopelessness, the glass half empty, but on hope and solutions and answers. And in the end, it is that which reaches into us and stirs us to rise above the mundane, the dim motel rooms and flickering images. That is what inspires our better nature and urges us to reach for and create a brighter future. Life is made of life not death, and humanity is defined not by wars and catastrophes, but by the advance of ideas and understanding.
If one wants to mark the text of one's time here on Earth, who better to highlight than Tutu, Mandela, the Dalai Lama and others, who employ communication, persistence and intention to solve the plagues of mankind?
Long after that trip to the ocean—the motel room, the thunderstorm, the next day on the beach—has faded to memories and survives only in the form of a few photos on a cell phone, the lessons of how apartheid was resolved will stand as a lesson for tomorrow, a standard by which to measure and inspire oneself.
In the aggregate, those hundreds of streaming channels are chiefly "empty calories." And much of the negative, crass and violent content is only, in the words of Shakespeare, "a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing."
So if you find yourself stuck in a motel room in a thunderstorm, or under a cloud called "the morning news," check out Scientology.tv. A brighter future is being built by people wielding effective technologies and those who work alongside them, and you'll find many of them on our channel on DIRECTV.
morning news Desmond Tutu Scientology.TV
I'm a writer and Dianetics counselor who lives in Sacramento, Calif. I have a wonderful life, a creative career, a loving family, and I would not trade places with anyone. I do have a dog who poops on the rug. www.wayneedwardhanson.com

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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/content/igo/cw
Explanatory Documentation prepared for Commonwealth Jurisdictions
The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, Revised 1997
This series of 'accession kits' have been prepared by the Commonwealth Secretariat to assist governments in acceding to selected international conventions. The titles cover both private and public international law.
ISSN: 23101857 (online)
https://doi.org/10.14217/23101857
In 1981 the Commonwealth Secretariat published explanatory documentation on The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, prepared by Mr. J M Eekelaar. This appeared in the series of "Accession Kits" for international conventions prepared by the Commonwealth Secretariat, designed to keep Commonwealth Governments, who are not parties to the Conventions with which they deal, fully informed of relevant international developments and to facilitate accession by them should they wish. A number have chosen to do so.
In 1990, in the light of a significant number of countries which had become parties and of case law that had built up, a fully rewritten "accession kit" on this Convention prepared by Professor David McLean was published by the Secretariat.
Over the past seven years, further developments have taken place which justify the revision of the "kit". This edition has also been prepared for the Secretariat by Professor David McLean who has, for many years, acted as a consultant to the Secretariat on Mutual Legal Assistance matters and in particular on Hague Conventions in that field.
David McLean
BOOK NUMBER 23
9781848593176 (PDF)
https://doi.org/10.14217/9781848593176-en
The Commonwealth iLibrary is the online library of The Commonwealth Secretariat featuring its books and papers.
© 2020 The Commonwealth Secretariat. All Rights Reserved
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/publication/9781848593176-en


Commercial Kitchen for rent in West Sound near Poulsbo, Kingston, Bainbridge, WA. Commercial Kitchen for rent hourly and monthly rental of shared kitchen. Equipped with 2 commercial ranges, convection ovens, deck ovens, walk-in freezer, dry storage, walk-in refrigerator, 20 & 60 qt mixers, bowls, sheet pans, basic utensils, slicers, dough sheeter, scales and more. PLUS - You look out over an 18 acre organic farm's vegetables and flowers. Purchase from local growers or via commercial deliveries.


text:
Stand up for free expression and speak out against out-of-control CSEC spying
CJFE is a part of the Protect Our Privacy coalition, a group of organizations united in support of this statement:
"More than ever, Canadians need strong, genuinely transparent, and properly enforced safeguards to secure privacy rights. We call on Government to put in place effective legal measures to protect the privacy of every resident of Canada against intrusion by government entities."
Today the coalition is launching a new video, created by OpenMedia, showcasing just how CSEC could be monitoring you, your family, and countless other people across the country. It's time to call for an end to warrantless mass surveillance in Canada. "CSEC is flagrantly abusing the digital rights of Canadians, and doing so without any substantive oversight," says CJFE Executive Director Tom Henheffer. "With the fear of government surveillance eroding confidence in the ability to communicate privately, Canadians face a chill on free expression that threatens to shake the very foundations of our democracy. This situation must not stand." This is a crucial time to spread the word about CSEC spying. Decision-makers from across the political spectrum are speaking out and calling for action. Proposed new legislation was recently announced that would take great strides toward reining in CSEC. Now that Parliament is back in session, we need to make sure MPs hear from as many Canadians as possible. That's why it's so important we spread the word. Please share this video and help gain support across Canada: It's time to stand up against reckless surveillance, and the resulting chill on free expression in the country. Share this video: •	On Facebook •	On Twitter •	On Google+ Learn more about the campaign at OpenMedia.ca.
Free Expression: Canada Digital Issues Privacy type-blog_entry


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10 of the Best Things to Do in Portland
Tom, The Getaway
Whether you know Oregon from its Trail or Portlandia, you should also know that some of the best things to do in Portland are free. Portland is Oregon's biggest city. Conscious of its effect on the environment and its residents, it's one of the greenest cities in the world. So much so, Portlandians eat green - at their famous farmer's markets. In Portland, you're more likely to see people cycling than driving. Walking is also huge in Portland, and understandably so. There are so many beautiful forest walks and parks scattered around the city to visit.
01Walk Through Forest Park
Just outside of Portland, in the Tualatin Mountains, is Forest Park. Stretching for 8 miles, over 5,000 acres, Forest Park is one of the biggest urban forest reserves in the country. With more than 70 miles of trails for people of all ability levels to explore, the beauty of Oregon is rampant in this beautiful park. It truly gives you a feel of the state without having to wander too far from Portland. In part overlooking the Willamette River, the park's pure beauty will steal your heart. Bird watchers will also be in their element and should bring their binoculars. You never know what incredible species you'll see.
Morgan Somers / Getty Images
02Visit The Oregon Museum Of Science And Industry
The Oregon Museum of Science and Industry, also known as OSMI, is a world-renowned science center. Initially hosted in businessman Ralph Lloyd's dwelling, it boasted the first planetarium in the Northwest. It was such a popular attraction that when the house was set to be demolished, Oregon City Council stepped up. Leasing land in Washington Park, 400 volunteers helped to make the museum what it is today. OSMI offers a barrage of hands-on science exhibits for kids and adults alike as well as exciting temporary exhibits. Serving more than a million visitors per year, the museum is one of the most popular in the Northwest.
jose1983 / Getty Images
03Relax in Washington Park
Covering over 400 acres of land, Washington Park is home to most of Portland's best attractions. As well as the science museum, there's a children's museum, a zoo, and an arboretum. For those who don't want to spend time with lots of other people, there are plenty of other activities. With picnic areas, playgrounds, and a large plot of green land and forest, there's something for everyone in Washington Park. Hikers can indulge in more than 15 miles of trails where they can walk or jog, and some of the trails connect to landmarks like Pittock Mansion.
Ronoster / Getty Images
04Venture to the Gorgeous Pittock Mansion
The Pittock Mansion sits in the hills to the west of the city. Built in 1909, it was originally the home of Oregon pioneer Henry Pittock and his wife. With 46 rooms, the French Renaissance-style property sits within 46 acres of land. The city of Oregon now owns the mansion which became open to the public in the 60s. These days, around 80,000 people visit the home every year. If you think the building looks familiar, that might be because you've seen it before. Pittock Mansion was a star in several movies. TV aficionados might also recognize it as the finish line for the 13th season of The Amazing Race.
timnewman / Getty Images
05Hang Out in Portland's Living Room
The highlight of downtown Portland is Pioneer Courthouse Square. Known by locals as Portland's Living Room, this public square has tons of cool features. At approximately 40,000 square foot, there's a lot of room for attractions, and it certainly doesn't let anyone down. In the center of the square, there's an area that looks like an amphitheater, and performances do happen there. There's also a fountain, an outdoor chess table, and plenty of spots to hang out with friends at any time of day.
carterdayne / Getty Images
06Meet the Animals at Oregon Zoo
Ask anyone in Oregon what their favorite attraction is, and they'll probably say Oregon Zoo. The zoo was opened in 1888 after a private animal collector donated all of his animals to the City. There are now nearly 2000 animals to see at the zoo. 21 of the zoo's 232 species are on the endangered species list, and so the zoo has them on a breeding program. One notable success is the breeding of the African elephants who are the zoo's most popular residents.
Png-Studio / Getty Images
07Indulge Your Arty Side at The Portland Art Museum
One of Portland's slogans is, "Keep Portland Weird!" and its art museum reflects that in all its glory. The Portland Art Museum is the oldest art museum on the West Coast. To this day, its mission is to enrich the diversity of Portland's communities through art. Open six days a week, there's ample time to visit this expansive museum housing pieces by Van Gogh, Cézanne, and Renoir. Alongside these incredible works, the Portland Art Museum is also home to one of Monet's Water Lilies paintings.
Silvrshootr / Getty Images
08Spend the Night in a Historic Portland Landmark
A mere 6-minute walk from Portland's Living Room, The Benson Hotel is an upscale historic hotel. Originally called the New Oregon Hotel, The Benson is one of Portland's finest hotels and the 7th largest in the city. The Benson's most lavish suites offer city views of the highest caliber. Other rooms in the hotel have flat-screen TVs, coffee machines, and free WiFi throughout. With its elegant lobby, cigar bar, and live music, guests may never want to leave the hotel at all. If you're looking for a luxury stay in the heart of Portland, look no further than this beautiful building.
thyegn / Getty Images
09Walk with Nature in the Hoyt Arboretum
Nature lovers will never be lost for things to do in Portland. On a ridge in the west hills of the city, Hoyt Arboretum is just two miles west of downtown Portland. Hosting 6000 trees and shrubs of over 2000 species from all over the world, the Arboretum also has a gorgeous magnolia collection. The arboretum's extensive conifer collection includes a dawn redwood, which is one of the only conifers that lose their leaves in the winter. Although it was once thought to be extinct, the specimen was rediscovered in China during WWII. The arboretum even has a bamboo garden that features more than 30 species of the plant.
10Feel at Peace at the Portland Japanese Garden
Experience a day in a scenic traditional Japanese garden right in the hills of Portland. The Portland Japanese Garden is one of the most authentic Japanese gardens outside of Japan and a haven of tranquility. Featuring an authentic Japanese tea house, streams, and intimate walkways, you might think there's nothing else left to see. You'll also be wrong. Along with the beautiful maples, there's also a view of Mount Hood unlike any you'll see anywhere else.
tvphoto / Getty Images


Incorporated in 1994, CLS Holdings plc belongs to the Real Estate & Property industry and specialises in Commercial Property Investment. The company is located in London, United Kingdom and has an estimated revenue and employee in the range of $50 to $500 million and 51-200 respectively.
The purpose of this report is to provide vital facts about CLS Holdings plc and help in key decision making process, via market and competitive benchmarks and key metrics. The report will surely add value to your business development process, deal sourcing and should save countless hours of research and analytical work for the buyer.


A major in a foreign language/secondary education requires the successful completion of course work in the target language at the 200-level and above, including those courses specified as required for the major, which include 201, 210, 212, 321, 322, and four additional courses with two at the 300-level and two at the 400-level. In addition, twelve EDU courses are required.
Other assessment requirements include, but are not limited to, Basic Skills Tests, minimum of 2.75 cumulative GPA, minimum 2.0 average in Foreign Language Studies major courses, C or higher in all Education courses. Please see the Secondary Education section for additional information.


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Hoysala Empire
(Redirected from Hoysala dynasty)
The Hoysala Empire was a Kannadiga power originating from the Indian subcontinent that ruled most of what is now Karnataka between the 10th and the 14th centuries. The capital of the Hoysalas was initially located at Belur, but was later moved to Halebidu.
ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ
Hoysaḷa Sāmrājya
Hoysala kingdom, c. 1050 - c. 1355
(Subordinate to the Western Chalukya Empire until 1187)
Halebidu
Nripa Kama II
Vinayaditya
Ereyanga
Veera Ballala I
Vishnuvardhana
Narasimha I
Veera Ballala II
Vira Narasimha II
Vira Someshwara
Narasimha III
Veera Ballala III
Western Chalukya Empire
Vijayanagara Empire
The Hoysala rulers were originally from Malenadu, an elevated region in the Western Ghats. In the 12th century, taking advantage of the internecine warfare between the Western Chalukya Empire and Kalachuris of Kalyani, the Hoysalas annexed areas of present-day Karnataka and the fertile areas north of the Kaveri delta in present-day Tamil Nadu. By the 13th century, they governed most of Karnataka, entire northwestern parts of Tamil Nadu and parts of western Andhra Pradesh and Telangana in the Deccan Plateau.
The Hoysala era was an important period in the development of South Indian art, architecture, and religion. The empire is remembered today primarily for Hoysala architecture; 100 surviving temples are scattered across Karnataka.
Well-known temples which exhibit what the historian Sailendra Sen has called "an amazing display of sculptural exuberance" include the Chennakeshava Temple in Belur, the Hoysaleswara Temple in Halebidu, and the Chennakesava Temple in Somanathapura.[1] The Hoysala rulers also patronised the fine arts, encouraging literature to flourish in Kannada and Sanskrit.
1.1 Legendary beginnings
1.2 Establishment of the kingdom
1.3 Increased influence and later eclipse
4.2 Society
4.3 Literature
4.4 Architecture
4.5 Language
7.1 Web
Legendary beginningsEdit
Sala fighting a tiger, the emblem of the Hoysala Empire, at the Chennakeshava Temple, Belur
Kannada folklore tells a legend of a young man, Sala (also known as Poysala), who saved his Jain guru Sudatta by killing a tiger (sometimes described as a lion) that they encountered whilst in a forest, near the temple of the goddess Vasantika at Angadi, now called Sosevuru.[2][3] The word strike translates to "hoy" in Old Kannada, hence the name 'Hoy-sala'.[2] The legend purporting to show how Sala became the founder of the Hoysala dynasty is shown in the Belur inscription of the Hoysala king Vishnuvardhana, dated c. 1117,[4] but owing to several inconsistencies in the story it remains in the realm of folklore.[5] Vishnuvardhana achieved a victory over the Cholas at Talakadu in 1116,[6] and the legend may have arisen or gained popularity after this event, as the Hoysala emblem depicts Sala fighting a tiger, the tiger being the emblem of the Cholas.[7][note 1]
Establishment of the kingdomEdit
The Hoysalas originated from the Western Ghats, mountains north-west of Gangavadi in Mysore.[9] They emerged as borderland chiefs during the conflict between the Western Chalukya Empire and the Cholas, gaining power as they sided with the Chalukyas and were made provincial governors. After the authority of the Chalukyas declined, the Hoysalas managed to gain their independence. Under Vishnuvardhana, the Hoysalas achieved the status of a real kingdom.[10] He annexed Gangavadi and parts of Nolambavadi from the Cholas in 1116 and moved the capital from Belur to Dorasamudra (modern Halebidu),[9][11] After taking Talakadu and Kolar in 1116, Vishnuvardhana assumed the title Talakadugonda in memory of his victory.[12] Historians refer to the founders of the Hoysala dynasty as Maleparolganda ('Lord of the hills'), basing their evidence on inscriptions that describes them as being originally from Malenadu.[10]
The earliest record of a member of the Hoysala dynasty is dated 950 and names Arekalla as the chieftain. Arekalla was succeeded in turn by Maruga and Nripa Kama I (976), and Munda (1006–1026). The next king, Nripa Kama I, had the title Permanadi, showing that an early alliance with the Western Ganga dynasty existed at the time of his reign.[7]
Vishnuvardhana's ambition of creating an independent empire was fulfilled by his grandson Veera Ballala II, who freed the Hoysalas from domination by the Chalukya Empire during the first 20 years of his reign. He declared war against the Yadavas and defeated the Kadambas. He declared independence in 1193.[13] During the establishment of the Hoysala Empire, the Deccan Plateau saw a four-way struggle for hegemony between four dynasties: the Hoysalas, the Pandyans, the Kakatiyas, and the Seunas.[14] In 1217, Veera Ballala II defeated the aggressive Pandya after they invaded the Chola kingdom, and helped to restore the Chola king.[13]
Increased influence and later eclipseEdit
The Hoysalas extended their foothold in modern-day Tamil Nadu around 1225, making the city of Kannanur Kuppam near Srirangam a provincial capital and taking control over the southern Deccan region.[15] Vira Narasimha II's son Vira Someshwara earned the honorific "uncle" (Mamadi) from the Pandyas and Cholas.[16] From 1220 to 1245 the dynasty's hegemony increased southwards to cover both the Chola and Pandya kingdoms.[16] Toward the end of the 13th century, Veera Ballala III recaptured territory in the Tamil country which had been lost during a Pandya uprising, thus uniting the northern and southern portions of the kingdom.[17]
In the early part of the 14th century, major political changes took place in the Deccan region during a period when large areas of northern India were under Muslim rule. Alauddin Khalji, the Sultan of Delhi, was determined to control southern India. In 1311 he sent his commander Malik Kafur on an expedition to plunder Devagiri, the capital city of the Seuna kingdom[18] By 1318 the Seuna kingdom had been subjugated. The Hoysala capital Halebidu was besieged and sacked twice, in 1311 and 1327.[19] By 1336, the Sultan had conquered the Pandyas of Madurai, the Kakatiyas of Warangal and the tiny kingdom of Kampili. The Hoysalas were the only remaining Hindu empire who resisted the invading armies.[20] Veera Ballala III stationed himself at Tiruvannamalai and offered stiff resistance to invasions from the north and the Madurai Sultanate to the south.[21] Then, after nearly three decades of resistance, Veera Ballala III was killed at the battle of Madurai in 1343,[17] and the sovereign territories of the Hoysala empire were merged with the areas administered by Harihara I in the Tungabhadra River region.[22][23] This new Hindu kingdom resisted the northern invasions and would later prosper and come to be known as the Vijayanagara Empire.[24]
EconomyEdit
Main article: Economy of the Hoysala Empire
KARAKHANID
KHANATE
GHURID
KUMAON
CHAULUKYAS
CHAHAMANAS
GHAZNAVIDS
PARAMARAS
CHALUKYAS
KAKATIYAS
SHILA-
HARAS
CHOLAS
PANDYAS
KADAMBAS
HOYSALAS
GAHADAVALAS
GUHILAS
KACHCHAPA-
GHATAS
CHANDELAS
KALACHURIS
(TRIPURI)
(RATNAPURA)
CHEROS
KAMARUPAS
GANGAS
Lakhnauti
GUGE
MARYUL
LOHA-
SOOMRA
EMIRATE
MAKRAN
SULTANATE
Location of the Hoysala Empire and main contemporary South Asian polities in 1175, on the eve of the Ghurid Empire invasion of the subcontinent.[25][26]
The empire consisted of the valleys of three main rivers, the Krishna, the Tungabhadra, and the Kaveri, whose systems facilitated the growth of crops and generated an agricultural output that was immense.[27] The highlands (malnad regions) with its temperate climate was suitable for raising cattle and the planting of orchards and spices. Paddy and corn were staple crops in the tropical plains (Bailnad).[28] As agricultural land was scarce, forests, waste land and previously unfarmed land was reclaimed, and new settlements were established. Large areas of forest were cleared to bring lands under cultivation and build villages.[29] The Hoysala kings gave grants of land as rewards for service to the heads of families, who then became landlords (gavunda) to tenants who worked on the land and in the forests. The praja gavunda ("the gavunda of the people") had a lower status than the wealthier prabhu gavunda ("of the lord") [30]
The Hoysala administration supported itself through revenues from an agrarian economy.[28][29] Land was assessed as being wet land, dry land or garden land for the purposes of taxation, and judged according to the quality of the soil.[31] Taxes on commodities (gold, precious stones, perfumes, sandalwood, ropes, yarn, housing, hearths, shops, cattle pans, sugarcane presses) as well as produce (black pepper, betel leaves, ghee, paddy, spices, palm leaves, coconuts, sugar) are noted in village records.[32] The Hoysalas encouraged people to move to newly-built villages by means of land grants and tax concessions.[31]
Taxes, collected in the form of cash, from trade and commerce generated considerable wealth for the Hoysala state, and enabled it to buy armaments, elephants, horses and precious goods. The state and the merchant class became interdependent, with some more prosperous merchants being known as Rajasresthigal (royal merchants), officially recognised on account of their wealth. They were seen as puramulasthamba ('the pillars of the towns').[33] The increased prosperity and prestige of some merchants encouraged them to open markets and weekly fairs,[34] with some becoming Pattanaswami (town administrators), who had the authority to collect tolls on goods that entered the town. [35] Merchants engaged in minting activities, sometimes producing the coins and supplying them to the state.[35]
Tanks (large reservoirs) were created at the expense of the state.[28] The Hoysalas put resources into repairing breached tanks and broken sluices, easily damaged by heavy rainfall.[31] They collected taxes on irrigation systems, canals and wells, all of which were built and maintained at the expense of local villagers.[36] Repairs were undertaken by the landlords as well as their workers; such repairs were considered to be a duty and a pious act.[31]
Importing horses for use as general transportation and in army cavalries of Indian kingdoms was a flourishing business on the western seaboard.[37] Song dynasty records from China mention the presence of Indian merchants in ports of South China, indicating active trade with overseas kingdoms.[32] South India exported textiles, spices, medicinal plants, precious stones, pottery, salt made from salt pans, jewels, gold, ivory, rhino horn, ebony, aloe wood, perfumes, sandalwood, camphor and condiments to China, Dhofar, Aden, and Siraf (the entryport to Egypt, Arabia and Persia).[38]
AdministrationEdit
Main article: Hoysala administration
Garuda pillar hero stone (virgal) at Halebidu with old Kannada inscription of about 1220 CE.
In its administrative practices, the Hoysala Empire followed some of the well-established and proven methods of its predecessors covering administrative functions such as cabinet organisation and command, the structure of local governing bodies and the division of territory.[39] Several of their major feudatories were Gavundas of the peasant extraction.[40] Records show the names of many high-ranking positions reporting directly to the king. Senior ministers were called Pancha Pradhanas, ministers responsible for foreign affairs were designated Sandhivigrahi and the chief treasurer was Mahabhandari or Hiranyabhandari. Dandanayakas were in charge of armies and the chief justice of the Hoysala court was the Dharmadhikari.[39]
The kingdom was divided into provinces named Nadu, Vishaya, Kampana and Desha, listed in descending order of geographical size.[41] Each province had a local governing body consisting of a minister (Mahapradhana) and a treasurer (Bhandari) that reported to the ruler of that province (Dandanayaka). Under this local ruler were officials called Heggaddes and Gavundas who hired and supervised the local farmers and labourers recruited to till the land. Subordinate ruling clans such as Alupas continued to govern their respective territories while following the policies set by the empire.[42]
An elite and well-trained force of bodyguards known as Garudas protected the members of the royal family at all times. These servants moved closely yet inconspicuously by the side of their master, their loyalty being so complete that they committed suicide after his death.[43] Hero stones (virgal) erected in memory of these bodyguards are called Garuda pillars. The Garuda pillar at the Hoysaleswara temple in Halebidu was erected in honor of Kuvara Lakshma, a minister and bodyguard of King Veera Ballala II.[44][better source needed]
King Vishnuvardhana's coins had the legends "victor at Nolambavadi" (Nolambavadigonda), "victor at Talakad" (Talakadugonda), "chief of the Malepas" (Maleparolganda), "Brave of Malepa" (malapavira) in Hoysala style Kannada script.[45][46] Their gold coin was called Honnu or Gadyana and weighed 62 grains of gold. Pana or Hana was a tenth of the Honnu, Haga was a fourth of the Pana and Visa was fourth of Haga. There were other coins called Bele and Kani.[42]
ReligionEdit
See also: Ramanuja, Basava, and Madhvacharya
Chennakesava Temple, Somanathapura, built 1268 CE.
The defeat of the Jain Western Gangas by the Cholas in the early 11th century and the rising numbers of followers of Vaishnavism and Lingayatism in the 12th century was mirrored by a decreased interest in Jainism.[47] Two notable locations of Jain worship in the Hoysala territory were Shravanabelagola and Panchakuta Basadi, Kambadahalli. The decline of Buddhism in South India began in the eighth century with the spread of Adi Shankara's Advaita Vedanta.[48] The only places of Buddhist worship during the Hoysala time were at Dambal and Balligavi. Shantala Devi, queen of Vishnuvardhana, was a Jain but nevertheless commissioned the Hindu Kappe Chennigaraya temple in Belur, evidence that the royal family was tolerant of all religions.[citation needed]
During the rule of the Hoysalas, three important religious developments took place in present-day Karnataka inspired by three philosophers, Basava, Madhvacharya and Ramanuja.[citation needed]
While the origin of Lingayatism is debated, the movement grew through its association with Basava in the 12th century.[49] Madhvacharya was critical of the teachings of Adi Shankara and argued the world is real and not an illusion.[50] His Dvaita Vedanta gained popularity, enabling him to establish eight mathas in Udupi. Ramanuja, head of the Vaishnava monastery in Srirangam, preached the way of devotion (bhakti marga) and wrote Sribhashya, a critique on Adi Shankara's Advaita.[51]
The effect of these religious developments on culture, literature, poetry and architecture in South India was profound. Important works of literature and poetry based on the teachings of these philosophers were written during the coming centuries. The Saluva, Tuluva and Aravidu dynasties of the Vijayanagara Empire were followers of Vaishnavism and a Vaishnava temple with an image of Ramanuja exists in the Vitthalapura area of Vijayanagara.[52] Scholars in the later Kingdom of Mysore wrote Vaishnavite works upholding the teachings of Ramanuja.[49] King Vishnuvardhana built many temples after his conversion from Jainism to Vaishnavism.[53] The later saints of Madhvacharya's order, Jayatirtha, Vyasatirtha, Sripadaraja, Vadiraja Tirtha and devotees (dasa) such as Vijaya Dasa, Gopaladasa and others from the Karnataka region spread his teachings far and wide.[54] His teachings inspired later philosophers like Vallabha in Gujarat and Chaitanya Mahaprabhu in Bengal.[55] Another wave of devotion (bhakti) in the 17th and 18th centuries found inspiration in his teachings.[56]
SocietyEdit
Main article: Society of the Hoysala Empire
Standing Vishnu as Keshava, 1st quarter of the 12th century, Hoysala period, probably Belur, Karnataka, India
Hoysala society in many ways reflected the emerging religious, political and cultural developments of those times. During this period, the society became increasingly sophisticated. The status of women was varied. Some royal women were involved in administrative matters as shown in contemporary records describing Queen Umadevi's administration of Halebidu in the absence of Veera Ballala II during his long military campaigns in northern territories. She also fought and defeated some antagonistic feudal rebels.[57] Records describe the participation of women in the fine arts, such as Queen Shantala Devi's skill in dance and music, and the 12th-century vachana sahitya poet and Lingayati mystic Akka Mahadevi's devotion to the bhakti movement is well known.[58] Temple dancers (Devadasi) were common and some were well educated and accomplished in the arts. These qualifications gave them more freedom than other urban and rural women who were restricted to daily mundane tasks.[59] The practice of sati in a voluntary form was prevalent and prostitution was socially acceptable. As in most of India, a caste system was conspicuously present.[citation needed]
Trade on the west coast brought many foreigners to India including Arabs, Jews, Persians, Europeans, Chinese and people from the Malay Peninsula.[60] Migration of people within Southern India as a result of the expansion of the empire produced an influx of new cultures and skills.[61] In South India, towns were called Pattana or Pattanam and the marketplace, Nagara or Nagaram, the marketplace serving as the nuclei of a city. Some towns such as Shravanabelagola developed from a religious settlement in the 7th century to an important trading centre by the 12th century with the arrival of rich traders, while towns like Belur attained the atmosphere of a regal city when King Vishnuvardhana built the Chennakesava Temple there. Large temples supported by royal patronage served religious, social, and judiciary purposes, elevating the king to the level of "God on earth".[citation needed]
Temple building served a commercial as well as a religious function and was not limited to any particular sect of Hinduism. Shaiva merchants of Halebidu financed the construction of the Hoysaleswara temple to compete with the Chennakesava temple built at Belur, elevating Halebidu to an important city as well. Hoysala temples however were secular and encouraged pilgrims of all Hindu sects, the Kesava temple at Somanathapura being an exception with strictly Vaishnava sculptural depictions.[62] Temples built by rich landlords in rural areas fulfilled fiscal, political, cultural and religious needs of the agrarian communities. Irrespective of patronage, large temples served as establishments that provided employment to hundreds of people of various guilds and professions sustaining local communities as Hindu temples began to take on the shape of wealthy Buddhist monasteries.[63]
LiteratureEdit
Main article: Hoysala literature
Old Kannada inscription dated to 1182 of King Veera Ballala II at Akkana Basadi, Shravanabelagola.
Although Sanskrit literature remained popular during the Hoysala rule, royal patronage of local Kannada scholars increased.[28][64] In the 12th century some works were written in the Champu style,[65] but distinctive Kannada metres became more widely accepted. The Sangatya metre used in compositions,[66] Shatpadi (six line), tripadi (three line) metres in verses and ragale (lyrical poems) became fashionable. Jain works continued to extol the virtues of Tirthankaras (Jain saviour figures).[67]
The Hoysala court supported scholars such as Janna, Rudrabhatta, Harihara and his nephew Raghavanka, whose works are enduring masterpieces in Kannada. In 1209, the Jain scholar Janna wrote Yashodharacharite, the story of a king who intends to perform a ritual sacrifice of two young boys to a local deity, Mariamma. Taking pity on the boys, the king releases them and gives up the practice of human sacrifice.[68][69] In honour of this work, Janna received the title "Emperor among poets" (Kavichakravarthi) from King Veera Ballala II.[70]
Rudrabhatta, a Smarta Brahmin, was the earliest well-known Brahminical writer. HIs patron was Chandramouli, a minister of King Veera Ballala II.[71] Based on the earlier work Vishnu Purana, he wrote Jagannatha Vijaya in the Champu style relating the life of Krishna leading up to his fight with the demon Banasura.[citation needed]
Harihara, (also known as Harisvara) a Lingayati writer and the patron of King Narasimha I, wrote the Girijakalyana in the old Jain Champu style which describes the marriage of Shiva and Parvati in ten sections.[72][70] He was one of the earliest Virashaiva writers who was not part of the vachana literary tradition. He came from a family of accountants (Karanikas) from Halebidu and spent many years in Hampi writing more than one hundred ragales (poems in blank verse) in praise of Virupaksha (a form of Shiva).[73] Raghavanka was the first to introduce the Shatpadi metre into Kannada literature in his Harishchandra kavya which is considered a classic even though it occasionally violates strict rules of Kannada grammar.[70][73]
In Sanskrit, Madhvacharya wrote the Rigbhshya on the Brahma Sutras (a logical explanation of Hindu scriptures, the Vedas) as well as many polemical works rebutting the doctrines of other schools. He relied more on the Puranas than the Vedas for logical proof of his philosophy.[74] Another famous writing was Rudraprshnabhashya by Vidyatirtha.
ArchitectureEdit
Main article: Hoysala architecture
"Darpanasundari" (lady with a mirror), one of the many madanakai decorating the Chennakeshava Temple, Belur.
The modern interest in the Hoysalas is due to their patronage of art and architecture rather than their military conquests. The brisk temple building throughout the kingdom was accomplished despite constant threats from the Pandyas to the south and the Seunas Yadavas to the north. Their architectural style, an offshoot of the Western Chalukya style,[75][76] shows distinct Dravidian influences.[77] The Hoysala architecture style is described as Karnata Dravida as distinguished from the traditional Dravida,[78] and is considered an independent architectural tradition with many unique features.[79]
A feature of Hoysala temple architecture is its attention to exquisite detail and skilled craftsmanship.[80] The tower over the temple shrine (vimana) is delicately finished with intricate carvings, showing attention to the ornate and elaborately detailed rather than to a tower form and height.[81] The stellate design of the base of the shrine with its rhythmic projections and recesses is carried through the tower in an orderly succession of decorated tiers.[note 2][83] Hoysala temple sculpture replicates this emphasis on delicacy and craftsmanship in its focus on depicting feminine beauty, grace and physique.[84] The Hoysala artists achieved this with the use of Soapstone (Chloritic schist), a soft stone as basic building and sculptural material.[85][86]
The Chennakesava Temple at Belur (1117),[87][88] the Hoysaleswara Temple at Halebidu (1121),[89][90] the Chennakesava Temple at Somanathapura (1279),[91][92] the temples at Arasikere (1220),[93][94] Amruthapura (1196),[95][96] Belavadi (1200),[97][98] Nuggehalli (1246),[99][100] Hosaholalu (1250),[101][102] Aralaguppe (1250),[103] Korvangla (1173),[104][105] Haranhalli (1235),[6] Mosale[106] and Basaralu (1234)[107] are some of the notable examples of Hoysala art. While the temples at Belur and Halebidu are the best known because of the beauty of their sculptures, the Hoysala art finds more complete expression in the smaller and lesser known temples.[108] The outer walls of all these temples contain an intricate array of stone sculptures and horizontal friezes (decorative mouldings) that depict the Hindu epics. These depictions are generally clockwise in the traditional direction of circumambulation (pradakshina). The temple of Halebidu has been described as an outstanding example of Hindu architecture[109] and an important milestone in Indian architecture.[82] The temples of Belur and Halebidu are a proposed UNESCO world heritage sites.[110]
Akkana Basadi, Shravanabelagola
Vesara style Vimana of the Lakshmi Narasimha temple at Nuggehalli (1246 CE)
Stellate Vimana, at Ishvara Temple (Arasikere) built in 1220 CE
Jain temples, Halebidu
Twin temples (1200 CE) at Mosale, the Nageshvara (near) and Chennakeshava temple (far)
A sculpture of a dancer on pillar bracket, 1117 CE, (Shilabaalika or Madanika) in the Chennakeshava temple at Belur
Old Kannada inscription (1270 CE) of King Narasimha III at Keshava Temple, Somanathapura.
LanguageEdit
The support of the Hoysala rulers for the Kannada language was strong, and this is seen even in their epigraphs, often written in polished and poetic language, rather than prose, with illustrations of floral designs in the margins.[111] According to historian Sheldon Pollock, the Hoysala era saw the complete displacement of Sanskrit, with Kannada dominating as the courtly language.[112]
Temples served as local schools where learned Brahmins taught in Sanskrit, while Jain and Buddhist monasteries educated novice monks. Schools of higher learning were called Ghatikas. The local Kannada language was widely used in the rising number of devotional movements to express the ecstatic experience of closeness to the deity (vachanas and devaranama). Literary works were written in it on palm leaves which were tied together. While in past centuries Jain works had dominated Kannada literature, Shaiva and early Brahminical works became popular during the Hoysala reign.[113]
Writings in Sanskrit included poetry, grammar, lexicon, manuals, rhetoric, commentaries on older works, prose fiction and drama.[114] Inscriptions on stone (Shilashasana) and copper plates (Tamarashasana) were written mostly in Kannada but some were in Sanskrit or were bilingual. The sections of bilingual inscriptions stating the title, genealogy, origin myths of the king and benedictions were generally done in Sanskrit. Kannada was used to state terms of the grants, including information on the land, its boundaries, the participation of local authorities, rights and obligations of the grantee, taxes and dues, and witnesses. This ensured the content was clearly understood by the local people without ambiguity.[115][note 3]
^ Early inscriptions, dated 1078 and 1090, have implied that the Hoysalas were descendants of the Yadu by referring to the Yadava vamsa (or clan) as the "Hoysala vamsa". But there are no early records directly linking the Hoysalas to the Yadavas of North India.[8]
^ This is a Hoysala innovation.[82]
^ However by the 14th century, bilingual inscriptions lost favour and inscriptions were mostly in the local language.[115]
^ Sen 2013, pp. 58–60.
^ a b Menon 2013, p. 128.
^ Desai, Ritti & Gopal 1970, p. 250.
^ Van der Geer 2008, p. 357.
^ Chopra, Ravindran & Subrahmanian 2003, p. 150.
^ a b Foekema 1996, p. 67.
^ a b Kamath 2001, p. 123.
^ Kamath 2001, p. 122.
^ a b Keay 2000, p. 251.
^ a b Sen 1999, p. 498.
^ Sen 1999, pp. 498–499.
^ Sastri 1955, p. 192.
^ Keay 2000, p. 252.
^ a b Sastri 1955, p. 206.
^ Sastri 1955, pp. 206–208.
^ Kamath 2001, p. 130:"The greatest hero in the dark political atmosphere of the south.".
^ Kamath 2001, pp. 159–160: While many theories exist about the origin of Harihara I and his brothers, collectively known as the Sangama brothers, it is well accepted that they administered the northern territories of the Hoysala empire in the 1336–1343 time either as Hoysala commanders or with autonomous powers..
^ Kamath 2001, p. 161: A collaboration between the waning Hoysala kingdom and the emerging Hindu Vijayanagara empire is proven by inscriptions. The queen of Veera Ballala III, Krishnayitayi, made a grant to the Sringeri monastery on the same day as the founder of the Vijayanagara empire, Harihara I in 1346. The Sringeri monastic order was patronised by both Hoysala and Vijayanagara empires..
^ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 37, 147. ISBN 0226742210.
^ Eaton, Richard M. (25 July 2019). India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765. Penguin UK. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-14-196655-7.
^ Kumar 2006, p. 217.
^ a b c d Kamath 2001, p. 132.
^ a b Kumar 2006, p. 218.
^ Thapar 2002, pp. 378–379.
^ a b c d Kumar 2006, p. 219.
^ a b Thapar 2002, p. 382.
^ Nayaka 2003, p. 238.
^ a b Nayaka 2003, p. 242.
^ Kumar 2006, pp. 218–219.
^ Thapar 2002, p. 383:Marco Polo who claims to have travelled in India at this time wrote of a monopoly in horse trading by the Arabs and merchants of South India. Imported horses became an expensive commodity because horse breeding was never successful in India, perhaps due to the different climatic, soil and pastoral conditions..
^ Thapar 2002, p. 383.
^ a b Kamath 2001, pp. 130–131.
^ Seshan & Kumbhojkar 2018, pp. 45, 46.
^ Kamath 2001, pp. 130–131: It is not clear which among Vishaya and Nadu was bigger in area and that a Nadu was under the supervision of the commander (Dandanayaka).
^ Shadow like, they moved closely with the king, lived near him and disappeared upon the death of their master – S. Settar (12–25 April 2003). "Hoysala Heritage". Frontline. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
^ Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of Southern India, pp.388-389, Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar, Asian Educational Services, 1911, Madras, ISBN 81-206-1850-5
^ Kamath 2001, p. 12, 125: Many coins with Kannada legends have been discovered from the rule of the Hoysalas..
^ Govindaraya Prabhu, S (1 November 2001). "Indian coins-Dynasties of South-Hoysalas". Prabhu's Web Page on Indian Coinage. Archived from the original on 19 January 2007. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
^ Kamath 2001, pp. 112, 132.
^ Thapar 2002, pp. 349–350, 397: A 16th-century Buddhist work by Lama Taranatha speaks disparagingly of Shankaracharya as close parallels in some beliefs of Shankaracharya with Buddhist philosophy was not viewed favourably by Buddhist writers.
^ Kamath 2001, p. 151: He criticised Adi Shankara as a "Buddhist in disguise.".
^ Fritz & Michell 2001, pp. 35–36.
^ K.L. Kamath, 4 November 2006. "Hoysala Temples of Belur". 1996–2006 Kamat's Potpourri. Retrieved 1 December 2006.
^ Shiva Prakash 1997, pp. 192–200.
^ Thapar 2002, p. 392: This is in stark contrast to the literature of the time (like Vikramankadeva Charita of Bilhana) that portrayed women as retiring, overly romantic and unconcerned with affairs of the state.
^ Thapar 2002, p. 392: She was not only a pioneer in the era of women's emancipation but also an example of a transcendental world-view.
^ Sastri 1955, p. 287:Royal patronage of education, arts, architecture, religion and establishment of new forts and military outposts caused the large scale relocation of people.
^ Settar, S. (25 April 2003). "Hoysala Heritage". Frontline. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
^ Narasimhacharya 1988, p. 19.
^ Narasimhacharya 1988, p. 12: A composition which is written in a mixed prose-verse style is called Champu.
^ Sastri 1955, p. 359: A Sangatya composition is meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a musical instrument.
^ Rice 1982, pp. 43–44.
^ a b c Narasimhacharya 1988, p. 20.
^ a b Rice 1982, p. 60.
^ Hardy 1995, pp. 215, 243.
^ Hardy 1995, pp. 6–7.
^ Kamath 2001, p. 134: Hoysala style has negligible influences of the Indo-Aryan style and owing to its many independent features, it qualifies as an independent school of architecture.
^ Foekema 1996, pp. 27–28.
^ Kamath 2001, p 136: "Their sculptured figures, especially the bracket figures, have been objects of praise at the hands of art critics of the whole world. They include Sukhabhasini, Darpanadharini and other damsels in various dancing poses.".
^ Hardy 1995, p. 37.
^ Foekema 1996, p. 47.
^ Hardy 1995, p. 325.
^ Hardy 1995, pp. 330–333.
^ Foekema 1996, Preface, 47, 59.
^ "Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala – Tentative Lists". UNESCO. World Heritage Centre, Paris, France. July 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
^ Ayyar 1993, p. 600.
^ Pollock 2006, pp. 288–289.
^ Thapar 2002, p. 393: The Manasollasa of king Someshvara III is an early encyclopaedia in Sanskrit.
^ a b Thapar 2002, pp. 393–395.
Ayyar, P. V. Jagadisa (1993) [1920]. South Indian Shrines. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-0151-2. [better source needed]
Chopra, P.N.; Ravindran, T.K.; Subrahmanian, N. (2003). History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 1. New Delhi: Chand Publications. ISBN 978-81-219-0153-6.
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WebEdit
"Belur proposal for World Heritage Status". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 25 July 2004. Archived from the original on 22 October 2004. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hoysala Empire.
"Hoysala Dynasty, Jyothsna Kamat". © 1996–2006 Kamat's Potpourri. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
"Indian Inscriptions-South Indian Inscriptions, (vols 9, 15,17,18)". What Is India Publishers (P) Ltd, Saturday, 18 November 2006. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hoysala_Empire&oldid=1135737002"


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Home > Strategy > Review: Samurai Warriors 4 Empires (Sony PlayStation 4)
Review: Samurai Warriors 4 Empires (Sony PlayStation 4)
Review by Matt S.
On the one hand, you have Samurai Warriors 4, which, as we all know, is an action-heavy take on Japan's historic Sengoku period, a time in which many warlords clashed over ownership of Japan in some of the most famous battles of that country's history. On the other hand is Nobunaga's Ambition, which is a deeply strategic take on the same era. In Nobunaga's Ambition players carefully develop their territories and armies before setting out on wars of conquest in carefully paced battles.
Related reading: You can check out Matt's review of the Samurai Warriors 4 "base game" here.
And now there's Samurai Warriors 4 Empires, which tries to find the middle ground between the two franchises. The Empires sub-series has always been Koei Tecmo's most niche among its popular historical "simulations," but it's certainly a worthy franchise in its own right, and this latest edition is a good attempt at doing something a little different in the process.
At core the game remains a familiar blend between action and strategy that anyone who has played one of the previous Empires game will slip into comfortably. It's broken up into two parts – there's a turn-based layer where time is measured season to season, and players can select from a wide range of different actions, from developing the towns in the region (to provide more coin and food), to winning new generals to the side, training new troops, or improving relationships between the leaders so they fight more effectively on the battlefield.
Never take on Dee Dee on the battlefield :-P https://t.co/vhVxpo8IP2 pic.twitter.com/prabZlUq5t
— Digitally Downloaded (@DigitallyDownld) March 14, 2016
This is the part where Empires finds its greatest innovations this time around. Rather than present the players with a dry and generally unnecessarily complex menu system, as we have seen in some games from the series in the past, this time around Koei Tecmo has opted to represent the information through a rendering of the player's home castle. It looks a little like a doll's house or diorama, opened in the middle, so you can see each of the rooms within, and the people currently in the building. Each of the rooms represent a key administrative role, such as military or town development. Into those rooms players can appoint generals to they key administrative roles, where they will offer advice on the next best course of action.
Related reading: On Samurai Warriors and historical authenticity; yes, the games are more authentic than most people give them credit for.
You can ignore those suggestions if you'd like, of course, and forge your nation according to your own strategies, but the advice the administrators provide is typically sound, so for people that want to simply kick back and play, this system represents a far more accessible and streamlined way of moving through the strategic side of the game. You could call it "easy", until you realise that to succeed on the higher difficulty levels, you are going to need to carefully consider what strategic options you take on; even if you are relying on the administrator's advice, there are always more options for what you can do than you have capacity to do in any given month.
The other side to the coin is the combat. Where Nobunaga's Ambition gives you control of entire armies, in Samurai Warriors 4 Empires you're looking at vintage Warriors stuff; you'll be in command of a single character, and you'll be mowing through enemies hordes by the hundreds. The goal in each battle is to capture key points spread around the battlefield, on the way to target the enemy's stronghold. You could in theory beeline straight to the stronghold, but until you've captured the satellite command posts, enemies within the stronghold will be overwhelmingly powered up. You'll also need to frequently backtrack to grapple with enemy leaders that are targeting your captured territories in order to win them back.
There's a good flow to the battles in Samurai Warriors 4 Empires, with the frantic need to move around the battlefield enough to keep you active without being overwhelming in pulling you in too many different directions at once. The strategies you come up with in the nation building help by providing you with stronger allies and conditions to fight within. While there's a lot you're able to achieve yourself (and as with most Warriors games, ultimately victory in a battle does rest on your own sword, with allies generally unable to take down an enemy general by themselves), you still need to be careful about going all-in with too many invasions of opposition territory; spread your forces too thinly, and a neighbour will take the opportunity to invade your own territories and roll through the weakened forces.
Related reading: An interview with the producer of Samurai Warriors 4 Empires.
I really liked how scenarios are structured, too. Though there's no real narrative to speak of (and that's a pity because the Sengoku period has some wonderful stories to tell of individual heroism, and it is indeed one of the real pulls behind the main Samurai Warriors series), in each scenario you're tasked with a goal that the real-world warlord had. For example, Motochika Chōsokabe's goal is not to capture all of Japan, but rather take control of just Shikoku island – a region of four states. Other warlords have loftier ambitions, however in most cases it's possible to achieve the goal in just a couple of hours of play. At that point you can claim victory and the scenario ends, or you can play on to try and capture all of Japan. This is a great approach, as it means the more time limited of us can play a larger number of scenarios without having to commit to a single campaign that might take weeks, if not months, to complete.
The other key feature in this game is the ability to create your own generals and stick them in whatever role you might like in your nation. The character creation is as comprehensive as normal for Koei Tecmo, and it's possible to have the character (Dee Dee, in my case) form relationships with the other heroes and become a powerful general in their (her) own right. Because none of the characters have a particularly strong personality in this game, created characters fit in far better than in other Warriors games, and they help you to take real ownership over what's going on in the game in the process.
The Warriors games do look good on the PlayStation 4, and Samurai Warriors 4 Empires is no different, especially with the lovely Japanese architecture and nature that's on display. There's nothing quite like fighting under cherry blossom trees. However, having come off the wide open, epic battlefields of Arslan, it's a little dampening to find that most of the action in Samurai Warriors 4 Empires flows through corridors bordered by impassable terrain. It's not something you'll necessarily notice while playing, but away from the game the funnels built into the level design become something frustrating on reflection. Battlefields are at their most exciting when they take place across wide plains, and if there's one thing I'd like to see the next generation of both Dynasty and Samurai Warriors games address it's that the combat areas are becoming increasingly cramped.
Related reading: The Dynasty Warriors series also has an Empires sub-franchise. You can check out Matt's review of Dynasty Warriors 8 Empires here.
Ultimately the success of Samurai Warriors 4 Empires rests on how well it has been able to merge action and strategy together, and while I feel this veers strongly on the side of action, compared with even the Dynasty Warriors Empires series, there's still enough thinky stuff to do between battles to add nuance to the overall experience. For that, Samurai Warriors 4 Empires has become my preferred Samurai Warriors game, though I would strongly recommend people play one of the previous Samurai Warriors games to get a proper feel for the characters and setting before digging into the more abstract and cerebral experience on offer here.
As to the main question of whether this title manages to sit in the middle, between a Warriors title and Nobunaga's Ambition, I've got to say that it does. Purists will prefer the titles on either end of this particular spectrum, but I am sure there is an audience out there for a game that offers a balance of strategy and action and subtly weaves them together to reward people that take the time to master both.
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