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Ivermectin has now become a political issue for some Republicans. : Shots - Health News Hospitals and doctors are facing more demands for ivermectin as a Covid-19 treatment, despite no proof it works. In some Republican-dominated states, lawmakers and attorney generals are weighing in.
As constituents clamor for ivermectin, Republican politicians embrace their cause
November 4, 202111:02 AM ET
Blake Farmer
A box and container of ivermectin arranged in Jakarta, Indonesia, on Thursday, Sept. 2, 2021. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration warned Americans against taking ivermectin, an anti-parasitic drug, as treatment or prevention against Covid-19. Dimas Ardian/Bloomberg via Getty Images hide caption
Dimas Ardian/Bloomberg via Getty Images
A box and container of ivermectin arranged in Jakarta, Indonesia, on Thursday, Sept. 2, 2021. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration warned Americans against taking ivermectin, an anti-parasitic drug, as treatment or prevention against Covid-19.
When state senators in South Carolina held two hearings in September about COVID treatments, they got an earful on the benefits of ivermectin — which many of the lawmakers lauded along the way, sharing experiences of their own loved ones.
The demands for access to the drug were loud and insistent, despite the fact that federal regulators had just issued a strong warning against using the drug to treat COVID-19.
One member of the public, Pressley Stutts III, reminded the panel that his father, a prominent GOP leader in the state, had died from COVID just a month before. He believed ivermectin could have helped. But doctors at the hospital wouldn't even discuss it, he said.
This story was produced in partnership with Kaiser Health News.
"I went every bit as far as I could without getting myself thrown in jail trying to save my father's life," he told the panel, as lawmakers offered their condolences.
"What is going on here?" he asked, with the passion in his voice growing. "My dad's dead!"
The pleas to public officials have been building. And now they're beginning to act, largely to satisfy their conservative constituents.
Ivermectin is a generic drug that has been used for decades to treat river blindness, scabies and even head lice. Veterinarians also use it, in different formulations and dosages, to treat animals for parasites like worms.
After the pandemic began, scientists did launch some clinical trials to see if ivermectin could help as a treatment for COVID. Some of those are still ongoing. But most doctors won't currently prescribe it as a COVID treatment, citing the poor quality of the studies to date, and two notorious "preprint" studies that were later taken off the Internet because of inaccurate and flawed data.
On Aug. 26, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued a health alert reminding clinicians that ivermectin is not an FDA-approved treatment for COVID, noting the insufficient evidence of benefit, and pointing out that increased use of ivermectin had already led to accidental poisonings. Vaccination, the CDC reiterated, is still the best way to avoid serious illness and death from the coronavirus.
Trading ire and insults over ivermectin
But many Americans remain convinced that ivermectin could be beneficial, and some politicians appear to be listening to them, rather than the current scientific consensus.
"If we have medications out here that are working — or seem to be working — I think it's absolutely horrible that we're not trying them," said Republican state Sen. Tom Corbin as he questioned doctors who had also come to the statehouse to push back against the ivermectin frenzy.
How Ivermectin Became The New Focus Of The Anti-Vaccine Movement
The doctors challenged the implied insult that they weren't following best practices: "Any implication that any of us would do anything to withhold effective treatments from our patients is really insulting to our profession," said Dr. Annie Andrews, a professor at the Medical University of South Carolina who has been taking care of COVID patients throughout the pandemic.
But instead of listening to the medical consensus, politicians in states like South Carolina are taking their cues from doctors who disagree with that consensus. In their hearing, state senators patched in a call from Dr. Pierre Kory.
Last year, Kory started a nonprofit called the Front Line COVID-19 Critical Care Alliance, which promotes ivermectin. He says he's not making any money off of prescribing the drug, though the nonprofit does solicit donations and has not yet filed required financial documents with the IRS.
Kory acknowledges his medical opinions have landed him on "an island."
Dr. Kory first testified about ivermectin to a U.S. Senate committee last December. That video went viral. And even though it was taken down from YouTube, his Senate testimony prompted patients across the country to speak up and ask for ivermectin when they fell ill.
By late August, outpatient prescriptions had jumped 24-fold. Calls to poison control hotlines had tripled, mostly related to people taking ivermectin formulations meant for livestock.
Pro-ivermectin doctor says he's been pushed to the medical margins
Dr. Kory says he has effectively lost two jobs over his views on ivermectin. At his current hospital in Wisconsin, where he runs the ICU two weeks a month, managers called him to a meeting in September, where he was informed he could no longer prescribe ivermectin. He'd been giving it to "every patient with COVID," he says.
"After the pharma-geddon that was unleashed, yeah, they shut it down," he told the South Carolina lawmakers. "And I will tell you that many hospitals across the country had already shut it down months ago."
Framing the ivermectin fight as a battle against faceless federal agencies and big pharmaceutical corporations appealed to Americans who were already suspicious of the science behind the pandemic and the approved COVID vaccines.
Kory suggests success stories with COVID treatments in other parts of the world have been suppressed in an effort to promote the vaccine.
However, in an interview with NPR, Kory said he regrets the flashpoint he's helped ignite.
"I feel really bad for the patients, and I feel really bad for the doctors," he told NPR. "Both of them — both the patients and doctors — are trapped."
Patients are still demanding the treatment, but even doctors sympathetic to their wishes are being told by their health systems not to try it.
Ivermectin interventions become conservative rallying cry
Now conservatives in elected office are sensing political payoff if they step in to help patients access the drug. State legislatures, including those in Tennessee and Alaska are debating various ways to increase access to ivermectin — with proposals such as shielding doctors from repercussions for prescribing it, or forcing pharmacists to fill questionable prescriptions.
Doctors protested at the Tennessee state capitol on Oct. 27 while lawmakers held a special legislative session aimed at rolling back COVID-19 restrictions. One proposal seeks to protect the licenses of doctors who want to try experimental treatments. The legislative package passed both houses Oct. 30 and now awaits the governor's signature. Blaise Gainey/WPLN News hide caption
Blaise Gainey/WPLN News
Doctors protested at the Tennessee state capitol on Oct. 27 while lawmakers held a special legislative session aimed at rolling back COVID-19 restrictions. One proposal seeks to protect the licenses of doctors who want to try experimental treatments. The legislative package passed both houses Oct. 30 and now awaits the governor's signature.
The Montana State News Bureau reported that the state's Republican attorney general dispatched a state trooper to a hospital in Helena where a politically-connected patient was dying from COVID. Her family was asking for ivermectin.
In a statement, St. Peter's Hospital said that doctors and nurses were "harassed and threatened by three public officials."
"These officials have no medical training or experience, yet they were insisting our providers give treatments for COVID-19 that are not authorized, clinically approved, or within the guidelines established by the FDA and the CDC," the statement added.
On Oct. 14, the Republican attorney general in Nebraska addressed the controversy, issuing a nearly 50-page legal opinion which argues that doctors who consider the "off label" use of ivermectin and hydroxychloroquine for COVID are still acting within the parameters of their state medical license, as long as they obtain appropriate consent.
Some patients have filed lawsuits to obtain ivermectin, with mixed success. A patient in Illinois was denied. But other hospitals, including one in Ohio, have been forced to administer the drug against the objections of their physicians.
Even as they gain powerful political supporters, some ivermectin fans say they're now avoiding the health care system — because they've lost faith in it.
Lesa Berry of Richmond, Virginia, had a friend who died earlier this year of COVID. The doctors refused to use ivermectin, despite requests from Berry and the patient's daughter.
They know better now, she says.
"My first attempt would have been to keep her out of the hospital," Berry says. "Because right now when you go to the hospital, they only give you what's on the CDC protocol."
Now, Berry and her husband have purchased their own supply of ivermectin, which they keep at home.
This story is a partnership with NPR, Kaiser Health News and Nashville Public Radio.
Helena, Montana
fringe treatments


The Nemaha Central Middle School football team played against Sabetha on Thursday, September 20 and the middle school rivalry has begun. Sabetha won the coin toss and decided to kick off in the first half and with that, the game started. On the kickoff, NC ran it the ball back to about their 40-yard line but a penalty brought them back to about the 25. NC then couldn't get their offense going and went four and out. After a few first downs, Sabetha ran the ball in for a touchdown, but was unsuccessful on the two-point conversion making the score 0-6 early in the first quarter. Both teams then exchanged possession but couldn't capitalize their drive with a touchdown ending the first quarter in Sabetha's favor 0-6.
In the second quarter, NC got the ball back and was pushing down the field when they fumbled the ball. Unfortunately, the ball was recovered by Sabetha. NC and Sabetha were going back and forth with possessions until Sabetha had the ball and ran it up the middle. Suddenly, NC's Cooper Hajek stripped the ball staying on his feet to run the ball back about 60 yards for a touchdown. NC also came up short on their two-point conversion making the score 6-6 with about five minutes left to go in the first half. NC kicked off and Sabetha had a good run. The ball popped out and NC recovered the ball. NC marched down the field until they fumbled at the 5-yard line with the ball going out of bounds in the endzone making it a touchback. Sabetha then received the ball at the 20-yard line. They ran the ball to about the 50 yard line, but the clock ran out ending the first half with a 6-6 tie.
When NC kicked off in the second half, Sabetha took a hard hit and the ball came out. NC's Chase Korber jumped on it regaining possession for NC. NC then would go on to score on that drive with a five-yard run to the outside by Blake Stallbaumer. NC was successful on the two-point conversion. The Thunder team took the lead 14-6 early in the third quarter. Both teams couldn't generate anything after that until late in the fourth quarter when the clock was at fourteen seconds. Sabetha managed to get the ball in the end zone to make the score 12-14. All NC had to do was stop them on the two-point conversion, but Sabetha was able to convert for 2 more points making the score 14-14. NC got the ball back, tried to pass but was picked off, and the game was going into overtime.
Sabetha won the toss for overtime and decided to go on defense first putting NC on offense. On the first play, NC's Blake Stallbaumer had a ten yard run for a touchdown and NC tried a pass for the two-point conversion, but it was incomplete making it 20-14. Sabetha went to the offense and it was fourth down when they ran it in for a touchdown. Sabetha ran it up the middle and scored on the two-point conversion winning the game 20-22 in overtime.
"We lost in a tough game, but we just have to look forward to the next one," said Josh Gonzalez.


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Гавриил Адрианович Тихов () е руски астроном, астрофизик, професор, доктор по физика и математика, основател на науката астроботаника. Член-кореспондент е на Академията на науките на СССР, академик на Академията на науките на Казахската ССР, почетен член на Американското астрономическо общество, почетен член на Националната академия на науките на Беларус, почетен учен от Казахстанската ССР. Автор е на редица проекти на астрономически инструменти.

Младост
Гавриил Тихов е роден на 19 април/1 май 1875 г. в град Смолевичи, Минска губерния, в семейството на железопътен служител. Важна роля във възпитанието и образованието на момчето играе майка му Анна, която от петгодишна възраст започва да го учи първо на четене и писане, а по-късно и на други науки, а баща му го обучава по математика. Когато Гавриил трябва да се запише в гимназията, Тихови живеят на малката гара Зайцево, на железопътната линия Лозово-Севастопол. За приемните изпити на Гавриил и сестра му Маруся ги подготвя помощникът на баща му, пенсионираният офицер Ланге. В онова време, за прием в държавната гимназията е необходима много добра подготовка по редица предмети и не всички могат да влязат в нея, а само онези, които са добре подготвени.

Заради работата на бащата семейството често се мести от място на място. Момчето започва да учи в гимназията в Павлодар, но завършва средното си образование в Симферополската държавна мъжка гимназия. Още като ученик започва да преподава частни уроци. Докато се подготвя да влезе в гимназията, се запознава с Чернов, преподавател по физика в Института за благородни девици Смолни, който има астрономическа тръба. Монтирана е в двора на дачата му на стълб, вкопан в земята. През нея Гавриил за първи път вижда звездните купове в Млечния път, а Чернов му показва и някои двойни звезди. Оттогава започва голямата му любов към астрономията.

През 1893 г. Тихов е приет във Физико-математическия факултет на Московския университет. Той често посещава астрономическата кула над оптичния магазин "Швабе" на Кузнецкия мост. Там слуша обясненията на Константин Покровски, асистент в Обсерваторията на Московския университет, който по-късно става водещ учен в областта на кометната астрономия, член-кореспондент на Академията на науките на СССР и първият ректор на Пермския университет. През втората година на обучението Тихов започва да посещава университетската лаборатория, където професорът по астрономия Витолд Цераски кани своите студенти.

По време на ваканцията след първата си година на обучение, той организира собствена малка "обсерватория" в Смолевичи, където на покрива инсталира астрономическа тръба с 54-милиметров обектив. През следващото лято проявява интерес към ботаниката и чете някои книги по темата, включително "Животът на растенията" от Климент Тимирязев. През третата година интересът му вече се е спрял на астрофизиката и по-специално, на изучаването и изследването на двойните звезди. По същото време в едно италианско списание се появява първата публикация на Тихов, която е написана на френски език. Преводът на изследването му е направен от академик Аристарх Белополски от Пулковската обсерватория, с когото талантливият студент води активна кореспонденция.

Завършва университета през 1897 г. и заминава за Смоленск, за да подготви една ученичка за полагане на изпити за дипломиране в мъжка гимназия. Тогава жените не са приемани в руски висши учебни заведения, затова идеята е тя да влезе в един от швейцарските университети, за което ѝ е необходима диплома от руска мъжка гимназия. Това е Людмила Евграфовна Попова, за която през следващата година Гавриил Тихов се жени. По-късно, след като получава висше образование, Людмила, подобно на съпруга си, се увлича по наблюдателната астрономия и до края на живота си остава верен асистент на Тихов, помагайки му в неговите научни изследвания.

Франция
След сватбата младата двойка заминава за Париж, където Тихов е приет за студент в Сорбоната, а Людмила постъпва в медицинския факултет на Бернския университет. През годините на обучение Гавриил работи като стажант във филиала на Парижката обсерватория в Мьодон, под ръководството на Пиер Жул Сезар Жансен. Там академик Жансен му позволява да прави наблюдения с големия телескоп и след това му възлага задача да създаде спектрограф и да отиде с него до връх Монблан, за да снима слънчевия спектър. Тихов изкачва върха заедно със своя близък приятел и талантлив астроном Алексей Гански, с когото стигат метеорологичната обсерватория на 4359 м надморска височина. Там Гански се занимава с изследвания на Слънцето, а Гавриил прави в обсерваторията чудесни снимки на слънчевия спектър, линиите на телура и други, които принадлежат на атмосферния кислород и други газове в земната атмосфера. Така първите стъпки на Тихов в науката са своеобразно начало на използването на астрофизични методи в метеорологията.

На 15 ноември 1899 г. Тихов извършва полет с балон, заедно с членове на парижкия аероклуб – граф дьо ла Во, пилота дьо Сен Виктор и химика Леслио, с които наблюдава метеорния поток Леониди. Това е първото издигане на младия астроном в атмосферата с летателен апарат и той предопределя цял цикъл негови полети с изследователска цел.

Зрялост
След завръщането си в Москва Тихов получава магистърска степен, от 1902 г. преподава математика в Шеста московска гимназия, а от следващата година – във Висшия екатеринославски минен институт. Четири години по-късно, по съвет на академик Белополски, е приет на работа като допълнителен астроном в Пулковската обсерватория, където остава до 1941 г. Наблюдения му над планета Марс, по време на голямото противостоене през 1909 г., дават основата за създаване на новата наука астроботаника, която се смята за предшественик на екзобиологията.(3)

През 1912 г., при създаването на астрономическата секция на Руското общество на любителите на световните изследвания (РОЛМ), Тихов става неин председател. През 1917 г. е призован в армията и служи близо до Киев, в Централната аеронавигационна станция на Военното училище за пилоти-наблюдатели. През 1913 г., след защита на дисертация, е удостоен с магистърска степен по астрономия, а през 1934 г. става доктор по астрономия.

От 1919 до 1931 г. преподава астрофизика в Петербургския университет. По същото време организира, и до 1941 г. ръководи астрофизичната лаборатория в Природонаучния институт "Пьотър Лесгафт" в Ленинград. От 1927 г. е член-кореспондент на Академия на науките на СССР. През 1930 г. създава въздушна фотометрична лаборатория към ленинградския клон на Московския държавен университет по геодезия и картография.

През септември 1930 г. Тихов е арестуван във връзка с "Делото на Академията на науките", заведено срещу група учени от Академията на науките на СССР и краеведи. Това е политическо, углавно дело, изфабрикувано от Обединената държавна политическа администрация към Съвета на народните комисари на СССР (ОГПУ при СНК СССР). Поводът за недоволството на учените е одобрението на Устава на Академията на науките от 1927 г., който позволява да се лишават от академично звание учени, "водещи антисъветски дейности". Позволява също и външна намеса в избора на академици. По различни, измислени обвинения, са разстреляни 6 души, 82 са затворени в принудителни трудови лагери за период от 3 до 10 години и 27 са изпратени в отдалечени райони за период от 3 до 5 години. Част от учените, между които и Тихов, са оправдани и освободени след няколкомесечен престой в затвора.

През пролетта на 1941 г. се планира да се подготвят 28 експедиции до Казахстан, в една от които участва и Тихов. Целта е специалисти от различни академични институти и университети в СССР да наблюдават очакваното през септември пълно слънчево затъмнение. Великата отечествена война, започнала на 22 юни през същата година, променя плановете. Въпреки трудното военно положение, за околностите на Алма-Ата заминават 7 експедиции от Москва и Ленинград, макар и в значително намален състав. След приключването на работата става ясно, че членовете на експедициите няма къде да се върнат – Ленинград вече е стегнат в блокаден пръстен, а немските войски се намират на няколко десетки километра от Москва. Поради това много от тях остават евакуирани в Алм-Ата, а Тихов продължава да живее и работи в този град до края на живота си.

Казахстан
Част от евакуираните астрономи, заедно с Фесенков, Тихов и Каниш Сатпаев стават съоснователи на Академията на науките на Казахстан, Астрофизичния институт Фесенков и астрономическата обсерватория "Каменско плато". През 1943 г. Тихов е назначен за ръководител на астрономическия сектор към Президиума на Академията на науките на Казахстанската ССР. От 1946 г. е действителен член на Академия на науките на Казахстанската ССР, а през следващата година става ръководител на сектора по астроботаника в същата академия, създаден по негова инициатива. На 18 юли 1949 г. получава академичната титла професор. Освен това е и пълноправен член на казахстанския клон на Всесъюзното астрономическо и геодезическо дружество. През юли 1946 г. Тихов става почетен член на Американското астрономическо общество.

На 16 февруари 1947 г. е избран за депутат във Върховния съвет на Казахстанската ССР от Талгарския избирателен район, а на 18 февруари 1951 г. – от избирателния район на Алма-Ата.

Умира на 25.01.1960 г. в град Алма-Ата, столицата на Казахстан.

Научна дейност
Основните научни трудове на Гавриил Тихов са посветени на фотометрията и колориметрията на звездите и планетите, както и на атмосферната оптика.

Ученият решава да провери хипотезата, че светлината с различни цветове се движи в междузвездното пространство с различна скорост. За целта снима променливи звезди в съзвездията Голяма мечка и Персей чрез различни светлинни филтри, публикува две статии за дисперсията на светлината и за тях получава награда от Парижката академия на науките. Предлага два различни метода за откриване на дисперсията на светлината в междузвездна среда. През 1898 г. предлага подход, базиран на фазовата разлика на кривите на радиалната скорост на спектрално-двойните звезди, измерена по спектралните линии на поглъщане. Вторият, от 1908 г., се базира на разликите при фазите на кривите при светлината на променливите звезди, получени от наблюдения в различни части от спектъра. Открива забавянето на фазите при двойните звезди в късовълновата област на спектъра, независимо от френския астроном Нордман, който го забелязва при визуални наблюдения. Промяната в скоростта на светлината в определени области на спектъра все още се нарича в астрономията ефект на Тихов-Нордман.

Тихов е един от първите, които започват широко да прилагат светофилтрите при астрономически наблюдения. Изобретява оригинално устройство за измерване на синия цвят на небето. Това е цианометър със сапфирена леща, тъй като спектърът на този скъпоценен камък е възможно най-близък до цвета на небето в ясен ден. През 1909 г., използвайки 30-инчов рефракторен телескоп в Пулковската обсерватория, получава първите снимки на Марс и открива разлики в размера и яркостта на полярните му шапки в различни области на спектъра. Установява и съществуването на син цвят в атмосферата на тази планета. Извършва колориметрични изследвания на Сатурн (1909, 1911), Уран и Нептун (1922).

През 1914 г., при наблюдения на Луната, той за първи път установява, че при поглед от Космоса, Земята трябва да има синкав оттенък. През следващата година предлага нов метод за бързо приблизително определяне на цветовите характеристики на звездите, при който се използва леща със силна хроматична аберация. През 1937 и 1951 г. завършва и публикува каталози за цветовете на около 18 000 звезди.

Тихов подробно и задълбочено изучава оптичните свойства на земната атмосфера и през 1912 г. предлага конструкция на прибор за регистриране и възпроизвеждане на блещукащите звезди. По време на военната си служба се занимава с проблемите на въздушната фотография и проучва развитието на техниката на фотографския процес. В годините на Първата световна война търси методи за намаляване на влиянието на плътността на въздуха върху фотографските образи. През 1936 г. открива аномална дисперсия на светлината в атмосферата на Земята и разработва оригинално устройство за изследване на цвета на дневното небе.

Участва в 20 научни експедиции, включително 5 експедиции за наблюдение на пълни слънчеви затъмнения (1914, 1927, 1936, 1941, 1945). При наблюдението на затъмнението от 1936 г. той пръв отбелязва, че слънчевата корона се състои от две части – безструктурна "матова" корона, през която проникват потоци от "лъчиста" корона. Определя и температурата на короната.

Тихов е един от пионерите на теорията за гравитационните лещи. През 1937 г. (година по-късно от Айнщайн, но независимо от него) той получава формулата за коефициента на усилване на гравитационните лещи за светлинни източници с крайни ъглови размери.

Като преподавател Тихов обръща голямо внимание на обучението на студентите. Много от неговите ученици стават доктори и кандидати на науките, известни учени и ръководители на научни отдели.

Астроботаника
Астроботаниката се ражда едва в края на 1945 година, когато Тихов за първи път произнася термина на заседание на Президиума на казахстанския клон на Академията на науките на СССР и става създател на тази нова насока в астрофизиката. През 1946 г. в "Бюлетин на Академията на науките на Казахстан" той публикува статия, в която доказва възможността за растителен живот на Марс. Един от основните аргументи на противниците на хипотезата за живот на Марс е липсата в спектъра на планетата на лентата на поглъщане на хлорофила, който присъства в спектъра на земните зелени растения. Тихов твърди, че в мекия климат на ниските и умерените земни ширини е достатъчно растенията да абсорбират лъчи в относително тесни части на спектъра, но в суровия марсиански климат те трябва да поемат цялата дължина на вълната на слънчевия спектър. От това, абсорбционната лента на хлорофила значително се разширява и става невидима.

За растителния живот на Марс учените говорят още от средата на 19 век и при наблюденията и изследванията си Тихов търси такива признаци. За тази цел извършва многобройни експерименти за определяне на отражателната способност на земните растения, развиващи се при различни климатични условия, почви и наличието на други естествени образувания. Установява, че при много растения, живеещи в студени климатични условия, хлорофилната лента отсъства (бял смърч), или почти не се забелязва (бреза-джудже – Betula nana, въшливче) и изчезва, когато температурата спадне под нулата (тяншански смърч). Предполага съществуването на синя растителност на Марс и жълто-оранжеви растения на Венера.

През 1947 г. се създава сектор Астроботаника към Президиума на Академията на науките на Казахската ССР, чието ръководство е поверено на Гавриил Тихов. В статия, публикувана през ноември 1951 г. в списание "Наука и живот" той пише, че астроботаниката вече е напуснала рамката на изучаване само на растителността на други планети и се е превърнала в нова наука – астробиология. Научното общество в Москва се отнася хладно към новата наука и много учени, като професор О.В. Троицка и академик Фесенков отричат възможността за наличието на растителност на Марс.

През септември 1952 г. Президиумът на Академията на науките на Казахстанската ССР организира широка дискусия, за да се обсъди работата на сектора по астроботаника и изследванията върху извънземния живот. На него присъстват както привържениците на хипотезата за съществуването на живот на Марс, водени от Тихов, така и основните му опоненти Фесенков и Троицка.

Тихов умира на 25 януари 1960 г. и малко след това Астроботаническият сектор е разпуснат. Край на дебата за живота на червената планета слага космическият кораб Викинг 1, който през 1976 г. предава първите изображения от Марс.

Трудове
Гавриил Тихов е автор на над 230 научни работи, включително 6 книги и учебници. Някои от тях:

 1904 г. – Аналитична геометрия на равнината.
 1905 г. – Опит при изследване на дисперсията в междузвездното пространство при наблюдения на спектрално-двойни звезди в съзвездието Колар
 1907 г. – Изследване на пътя на Томаковския метеорит, наблюдаван на 4 – 7 януари 1905 г.
 1909 г. – За изследванията на селективното космическо поглъщане на светлината
 1912 г. – Определяне на цвета на звездите и приложението му за изследване на селективното космическо поглъщане на светлината и звездните температури
 1914 г. – Пепелявата светлина на Луната
 1916 г. – Ново изследване по въпроса за космическата дисперсия на светлината
 1917 г. – Подобряване на фотографското и визуално изследване на въздуха
 1922 г. – издава учебника "Астрофотометрия", който е първият наръчник за коефициента на усилване на гравитационните лещи на руски език. Написан е въз основа на лекциите, които изнася в Петербургския университет.
 1923 г. – Променливата звезда В.Д.+46
 1926 г. – Хоризонтална астрономическа рефракция според наблюденията на изгрева на Слънцето в Пулково през януари – април 1925 и 1926 година
 1945 г. – Структура на Слънчевата система
 1946 г. – Структура на Вселената
 1948 г. – Планетата Марс
 1948 г. – Последни изследвания по въпроса за растителността на планетата Марс
 1948 г. – Наблюдения на ясно небе със сапфирен цианометър в периода 1936 – 1944 г.
 1949 г. – Астроботаника
 1950 г. – Основи на визуалната и фотографска фотометрия
 1951 г. – Каталог на цветовете на звездите в избрани области №№ 44 – 91, получени по метода на продължителната спектрография
 1953 г. – Астробиология
 1954 – 1960 г. – в 5 тома са публикувани основните работи на Тихов.
 1959 г. – Има ли живот на други планети
 1959 г. – 60 години при телескопа

Награди

 1909 – награда на Френската академия на науките
 1909 – награда на Руското астрономическо общество
 1912 – медал от Френското астрономическо общество
 1945 – орден "Червено знаме на труда" за заслуги в областта на науката
 1946 – звание "Заслужил учен на Казахската ССР" за многогодишна и ползотворна дейност в различни области на астрономията
 1953 – орден Ленин
 медал "За доблестен труд във Великата отечествена война 1941 – 1945 г.
 Почетна грамота за заслуги от Президиум на Върховния съвет на Казахстанската ССР
 Втора награда от Руското астрономическо общество

Памет
 Един от кратерите на Луната носи името на Тихов.
 На негово име е кръстен и ударен кратер на Марс.
 Името му носи и астероида 2251, открит през 1977 г. от руския астроном Николай Черних.

Източници

Руски астрофизици

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Aims: In the framework of TRACE coronal observations, we compare the analysis and diagnostics of a loop after subtracting the background with two different and independent methods.
Methods:The dataset includes sequences of images in the 171 Å , 195 Å filter bands of TRACE. One background subtraction method consists in taking as background values those obtained from interpolation between concentric strips around the analyzed loop. The other method is a pixel-to-pixel subtraction of the final image when the loop had completely faded out, already used by Reale & Ciaravella 2006 .
Results: We compare the emission distributions along the loop obtained with the two methods and find that they are considerably different. We find differences as well in the related derive filter ratio and temperature profiles. In particular, the pixel-to-pixel subtraction leads to coherent diagnostics of a cooling loop. With the other subtraction the diagnostics are much less clear.
Conclusions: The background subtraction is a delicate issue in the analysis of a loop. The pixel-to-pixel subtraction appears to be more reliable, but its application is not always possible. Subtraction from interpolation between surrounding regions can produce higher systematic errors, because of intersecting structures and of the large amount of subtracted emission in TRACE observations.
Figure 1: Loop region as observed with TRACE (256×256pixels image) in the 171 Å filter at the labelled time (lower panel). The loop under analysis is pointed with an arrow. The loop region is located in the inset of the Yohkoh/SXT full disk image (upper panel). The grey scale is inverted and linear for the TRACE image (≤8 DN/s/pix) and inverted and logarithmic for the Yohkoh image (between 10 and 150 DN/s/pix).
An important issue in the data analysis of coronal loops observations is background subtraction. Recent results ( Del Zanna & Mason 2003 , Testa et al. 2002 , Schmelz et al. 2003 , Aschwanden & Nightingale 2005 , Reale & Ciaravella 2006 , Aschwanden et al. 2008 ) have established the importance of separating the actual loop plasma from the diffuse foreground and background emission, that results from unresolved coronal structures and instrumental effects. The need of background subtraction arises from the presence of many overlapping bright structures and of diffuse emission, nearby or along the line of sight, as well as from stray light ( DeForest et al. 2009 ). The accurate extraction of the emission along the loop is necessary to apply standard diagnostic methods (like filters ratio) to derive physical quantities, such as temperature, or even to apply more detailed loop models. Wherever the background is non-negligible compared with the loop intensity, it would seriously affect the extracted intensity along the loop. There is no standard and generally accepted method of background subtraction; the procedure is then "operator-sensitive" and so are in turn the results.
The issue is critical especially in the analysis of observations where the background is a significant fraction of the signal. This happens, for instance, in observation made with TRACE (e.g. Schmelz et al. 2003 , Aschwanden & Nightingale 2005 , Reale & Ciaravella 2006 ). Here we explore the dependence and sensitivity of the results on the background subtraction method, by comparing two methods applied to the same loop, observed with TRACE in more than one filter band. We take advantage of the unique opportunity to apply two different and independent methods of background subtraction on the same dataset. One of the methods ( Reale & Ciaravella 2006 - hereafter RC06) has an objective support from the facts that we use as background an image of the loop region when the loop is absent, and that background variations are estimated to be small throughout the observation.
In section 2 we describe the data analysis and background subtraction. Section 3 shows and compares the results with the two different background subtractions, including implications on temperature diagnostics with filter ratios. In section 4 we discuss the results.
The Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE) is a NASA Small Explorer (SMEX) mission to image the solar corona and transition region at high angular and temporal resolution, operating since 1998 (Handy et al. 1999) . We analyze a TRACE observation of May 13 1998, with a 3.5h time sequence of 1024×1024 pixels full resolution image in two of TRACE filters (171 Å , 195 Å). This is the same data set selected and analyzed by RC06. The same 512×512 pixels region of the whole field of view has been extracted for the analysis. From these data four images were selected, in each filter, at the following times: 06:36:57 UT, 06:59:35 UT, 07:39:26 UT, 08:29:34 UT for 171 Å filter, and 06:37:18 UT, 07:00:06 UT, 07:39:47 UT, 08:30:06 UT for 195 Å filter. The filters have different sensitivity to temperature of observed plasma. Observations taken at the same time with different filters provide information on the plasma temperature. In particular, the ratio of the emission in two different filter bands, compared with the ratio of the response functions of the filters, gives the temperature of the emitting plasma. Since the filter ratio may be altered by the diffuse emission, by the signals from other structures co-aligned along the line of sight and by the stray light, it is very important to estimate and remove such background emission. In TRACE observations the diffuse emission is typically very high and might represent most of the signal.
We analyze the same loop as in RC06. The loop is selected on the TRACE images (Fig.1), and appears as an entire loop in several 171 Å filter images (Fig.2). It is clearly visible as well in the 195 Å filter band (Fig.2). The loop is bright, i.e. observed with good count statistics and with a high contrast over the background. It was selected as far as possible free from other structures intersecting along the line of sight. The loop evolves in both filterbands. In the 171 Å band it is faint initially, then it brightens more reaching a peak of intensity around 07:30 UT and then it fades again, and disappears at the end of the sequence (∼ 10:00 UT, RC06). In the 195 Å band the loop is brightest initially and progressively fades out. This loop evolution is even more clear in Fig. 3, which shows images of the loop region normalized to the final image at 10 UT, where the loop is not longer visible. Here we revisit the data at the four selected times. The data were treated with the standard procedures for TRACE data processing contained in the Solar SoftWare (ssw) and the images were co-aligned with a standard cross-correlation technique.
Here we compare the method already adopted in RC06 with an alternative and indepedent approach, based on interpolation between emission values in a region close to (but outside) the loop, similar to those in Testa et al. 2002 , Aschwanden & Nightingale 2005 , Schmelz et al. 2003 and Aschwanden et al. 2008 . As a first step, we measure the emission of the loop. We define a strip enclosing the loop in both TRACE filter passband, down to the visible footpoints and even beyond them, and divide it into sectors, as shown in Fig.4. We have analyzed strips of different widths. A width of 10 pixels is a good compromise between too low statistics and overcoming too much the loop borders. With this choice we end up with 27 similar almost square sectors (RC06). Then, we mark two other strips, parallel and concentric to the one used to extract the loop emission, one outer and one inner of the imaginary circle which the loop is part of. We divide these two additional strips into sectors aligned to those of the central strip (Fig.4). These two other strips are used to extract the emission for background subtraction. We put them as close as possible to the loop of interest, avoiding other structures near, although distinct from, the analyzed loop. Both strips also have a width of 10 pixels, and are divided into 27 sectors, so to have a one-to-one correspondence of these sectors with the sectors patching the loop. In each of the 27 sectors of the two external strips we compute the mean emission value per pixel. To each sector of the central strip we assign as background the emission value linearly interpolated between the two corresponding sectors of the external strips (Fig.4).
Figure 3: Zooms of the loop region in Fig. 2 (frame in the top right image of Fig. 2). The images (top row: 171 Å ; bottom row: 195 Å ) are normalized to the final image of the sequence (at 10:00 UT) where the loop is no longer visible, to enhance the loop evolution. The grey scale is linear between 0.4 and 2.5 (1 means that the emission value is the same as that of the final image).
For the sake of completeness, as a further refinement we have considered also a least-squares quadratic interpolation. We have then considered two further concentric strips around the analyzed loop, one outer and the other inner. However, the additional outer strips are so far from the central loop, that they end up to include other bright structures which severely contaminate the procedure and locally alter the otherwise smooth emission distribution. Therefore, in our case the higher order interpolation does not lead to an improvement of the results. Anyhow, we point out that our basic linear interpolation is made between values averaged over a sector, and therefore is already and intrinsically more accurate than a linear interpolation made between values in single pixels.
We remind that the method of background subtraction of RC06 is based on the fact that the loop disappears at the end of the image sequence. The last image (around 10 UT) is then subtracted pixel-by-pixel from all other images, assuming that the structures surrounding and crossing the loop of interest along the line of sight do not change much during the observation sequence. As an estimate of the fluctuations of the background during the observation, RC06 measured an average pixel-by-pixel standard deviation of 13% both in the 171 Å and in the 195 Å filter band.
Figure 4: Background subtraction with interpolation method. Upper panel: the strips for the loop analysis (central) and for the background subtraction (outer and inner) are marked in the loop region (07:39:26.000 UT, 171 Å filter). Lower panel: Emission profile (thin solid line) measured on a cut across the loop (marked in the upper panel). We compute the average emission (thick horizontal lines) in the corresponding sectors intersected by the outer and inner strips (bounded by vertical dashed lines). The background value (central horizontal line) is computed by linear interpolation of the average emission values of the outer strips. This is then subtracted from the total emission measured in the central strip (upper solid line).
A more accurate subtraction would be obtained if the subtracted image resulted from the interpolation between an image before the loop switches on and one after the loop switches off. Unfortunately, this loop has a very long lifetime and in order to find images before the loop ignition we have to go back more than 25 ks earlier than the start time of our analysis. In our opinion, this time is too long to pretend that the environment did not change in the meantime and to have a reliable background, and we prefer to keep the final image as the only image for subtraction.
We also point out that the image to subtract was taken at 10:00 UT, significantly apart in time from the analyzed images taken between 06:30 and 08:30 UT. The perspective (i.e. viewing angle) of the observed loop was changing during that interval and this may impact the RC06 scheme which assumes that each line of sight intersects the same column of plasma throughout the entire sequence. However, we do not expect a significant effect since we estimate a change of the viewing angle of the order of 1−2∘ or less, as confirmed by a visual inspection of the images after subtraction.
These are not the only two methods of background subtraction. Schmelz et al. 2007 and Schmelz et al. 2003 used two other lower-order methods of background subtraction: (1) constant background subtraction; (2) pixel pair background subtraction. In the former method they subtract a constant value extracted from a single background pixel chosen above the loop apex; in the latter they selected a background pixel for each loop pixel.
Fig.5 and 6 show examples of the application of our interpolation method of background subtraction. The lines join the data points, obtained as mean values of the pixel emission in a sector. The error of each mean value is estimated as the standard deviation of the mean in that sector. The error has been conservatively rounded to 0.05. The lower panels of Fig.5 and 6 show the results of the subtraction of values interpolating between the dotted and the dashed curves, from the solid curve.
The loop emission is significantly lowered by the background subtraction, in some points even completely cancelled, due to the overlap with other bright structure close to, but disantangled from our loop. For a direct comparison of this and the RC06 background subtraction methods, we now plot the emission along the loop obtained with the two methods in the same figure. Fig.7 shows the results in the 171 Å filter and in the 195 Å filter. We can see that the emission is significantly different after the background subtraction with the two methods: the profiles mostly differ in the central part, which is predicted to be very faint at any time after background subtraction by interpolation method. On the contrary, with the latter method the footpoints are found to be mostly brighter than with the pixel-to-pixel subtraction, although we see some agreement at some times (e.g. right end at 06:36 UT and 07:00 UT in both filters). While the result regarding the footpoints may be debated, since the footpoint regions cannot be clearly resolved in the original data (Fig.2), there is no doubt that the bulk of the loop is clearly visible at many times (Fig.2 and Fig.3), and that. therefore, the emission cannot be so low, in contrast with interpolation method and in agreement with pixel-to-pixel method. Therefore, in the case where the two methods most differ, RC06's pixel-to-pixel method surely provides a more reliable result. There is some agreement between the profiles at the latest time.
Moreover, we notice in Fig.7 that, since the subtracted emission obtained with interpolation method is invariably very low except near the loop footpoints, it does not show a clear evolution. Instead RC06 obtain that the background-subtracted central section of the loop has an evolution in agreement with the evolution observed in the images (Fig.2 and Fig.3). Again, therefore the results obtained with the method of RC06 appear more reliable.
To further assess the differences between the background subtraction methods, we have explored the temperature diagnostics obtained with filter ratio. It is well-known that for an optically thin plasma, isothermal along the line of sight, the ratio of the emission detected in two different filters is a function of the temperature only (e.g. Rosner et al. 1978 ). From the ratio value measured in an image pixel we can then derive a temperature value in that pixel, and build therefore a proper thermal map. In the case of the narrow band 171 Å and 195 Å filters of TRACE, the relationship between temperature and filter ratio 195/171 is monotonic only in a certain temperature range, i.e. 0.7<T<1.8 MK (e.g. Aschwanden et al. 2000 ), which is also the range where the filters responses are the highest. So it is reasonable to assume that the detected plasma is all in that temperature range and this allows us to measure the temperature along the loop, after background subtraction. As an example, Fig.8 shows the filter ratio 195/171 and corresponding temperature along the loop at 07:40 UT computed after the background subtraction with the pixel-to-pixel method (also shown in RC06) and with the interpolation method. It is immediately apparent that the ratio profile obtained with the latter method is much more irregular, so that we cannot define an overall trend. The other method instead leads to a more regular profile, coherent with the clear visibility of the loop in the filter ratio map (RC06), in spite of the dip on the left leg due to another crossing bright structure. We find similar trends in the corresponding temperature profiles along the loop.
Figure 5: Emission along the loop in the 171 Å filter, at 06:59:35.000 UT (left column), and 07:39:26.000 UT (right column). Upper panels: emission along the loop strip (solid line), outer strip (dotted line), and inner strip (dashed line). Lower panels: emission after background subtraction with the interpolation method.
Figure 6: As Fig.5 for the 195 Å filter, at 07:00:06.000 UT (left column), and 07:39:47.000 UT (right column).
We have to point out that, although both profiles indicate an overall small temperature variation along the loop, the pixel-to-pixel background makes the difference in identifying vs not identifying a trend. The globally flat temperature profile is a typical result from TRACE data (e.g. Lenz et al. 1999 ) and has been explained partly with an instrumental bias ( Weber et al. 2005 ). However, RC06 pointed out that the filter ratio diagnostics can be anyhow meaningful and is sensitive enough to detect the loop progressive cooling. Fig. 9 shows the loop average filter ratio obtained after the two different background subtractions at four different times. From the evolution obtained with the interpolation method it is much less clear that the loop is cooling, confirming that the sensitivity of the temperature diagnostics is higher with the pixel-to-pixel background subtraction.
Figure 7: Emission along the loop at the labelled times in the 171 Å filter (left column) and in the 195 Å filter (right column). All panels show the emission along the loop, after background subtraction with two different methods: pixel-by-pixel method (RC06,dashed line), and interpolation method (solid line).
Figure 8: Filter ratio 195/171 (top) and corresponding temperature (bottom) along the loop at 07:40 UT computed after the different background subtractions, pixel-to-pixel (dashed) and interpolation (solid). The arrow is an upper limit among interpolation data.
Figure 9: Evolution of the loop average 195/171 filter ratio, sampled at the four times analyzed in this work and obtained after the different background subtractions, pixel-to-pixel (stars) and interpolation (triangles).
The background subtraction is important for the analysis of TRACE coronal loops: the background signal is very high and influenced by the presence of many bright structures near and perhaps entangled with the analyzed loop, along the line of sight. Recent results ( Del Zanna & Mason 2003 , Testa et al. 2002 , Schmelz et al. 2003 , Aschwanden & Nightingale 2005 , Reale & Ciaravella 2006 , Aschwanden et al. 2008 ) have established the importance of separating the actual loop plasma from the diffuse foreground and background emission that results from unresolved coronal structures and instrumental effects (stray light). Here we catch the unique opportunity to compare two different and independent methods of background subtraction: one that subtracts the interpolated emission of two off-loop strips; and the other that subtracts pixel-by-pixel the complete image after the disappearance of the loop (RC06). Extracting the background emission with two strips as near as possible to the loop of interest, we certainly consider and remove emission from structures that can intersect transversally the loop. This is true as long as the "contaminating" loops run across the target loop, while it is not the case if this happens at an oblique angle.
We have shown that not only do different methods lead to different emission profiles, but also the subsequent diagnostics is affected. With the pixel-by-pixel subtraction we are able to derive quite coherent filter ratio profiles along the loop and quite coherent temperature evolution: the loop is globally cooling as expected from the sequence of appearance/disappearance in the different TRACE filters. Such information is much less clear after using the other method of background subtraction.
The RC06 background subtraction looks therefore a more reliable method. It is in principle very accurate, if the loop of interest is the most variable structure in the field of observation; it is direct, at variance from the interpolation method; it is applied pixel-by-pixel, allowing us to derive "background-subtracted images" and therefore to have a visual feedback, and to analyze all loop pixels, instead of sampling them at selected positions. On the other hand, this method works well as long as the structures surrounding and crossing the loop of interest along the line of sight do not change much during the observation. In other words, the RC06 method cannot take time-variations of the background emission into account and we cannot exclude that crossing structures vary during the observation. We also remark that the pixel-by-pixel subtraction could be applied only because the loop disappears at the end of the image sequence. This condition can be matched only by evolving loops. For loops keeping steady during the entire observation, other methods must be used. The interpolation of out-loop emission has been often used ( Testa et al. 2002 , Aschwanden & Nightingale 2005 , Schmelz et al. 2003 , and Aschwanden et al. 2008 ), but according to our analysis, it may lead to severe systematic errors because it may be affected by other structures close but distinct from the loop under analysis.
Fig. 4 points to the difficulties encountered by the interpolation method since it shows that relatively close to the target loop there is another structure with similar intensity. Although the interpolation method should provide a good estimate of the background around the two loops, it is not able to take the overlap of the two loops into full and proper account. A scheme which fits the two loops separately together with a background estimated as above may represent a better solution.
Other methods of background subtraction are instead too "operator-sensitive", because they are based upon the meticulous selection of single background pixels, intentionally avoiding in this way structures that can cross the loop of interest and can alter significantly the loop emission.
In conclusion, this work confirms and qualifies how a reliable background subtraction is a delicate and difficult task for the analysis of coronal loops observed with TRACE. The problem can be of course greatly reduced in observations with different instruments where the amount of instrumental background emission is lower and where therefore the presence of systematic effects has less influence.
We thank the anonymous referee for constructive suggestions. We acknowledge support from Italian Ministero dell'Università e Ricerca and Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), contract I/023/09/0.


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Essential tremor (ET) is a brain condition that is thought to arise from abnormal electrical brain activity, leading to uncontrollable shaky movements (tremors) of the hands, limbs, head or voice. Learn more
What is ET?
Treatment for ET
At Sperling Neurosurgery Associates, we offer Neuravive MRgFUS – a breakthrough treatment for Essential Tremor. Learn more
Neuravive (MRgFUS): A Breakthrough Treatment
MRgFUS vs. Conventional Treatment
Sperling Neurosurgery Associates in Delray Beach, Florida is a technologically-advanced, patient-oriented practice dedicated to providing the most effective techniques in Essential Tremor treatment. Learn more
At Sperling Neurosurgery Associates, we strive to make every patient feel comfortable, educated, and in control. Here you'll find a variety of ways to make your visit easier and your personal journey smoother. Learn more
Articles, Downloads, and Links
Self-Esteem with Shaking Hands (and other ET Symptoms)
Focused Ultrasound
Diagnosing ET
Deep Brain Stimulation - DBS
Essential tremor (ET) is a neurological disorder that causes involuntary shaking most commonly of the hands, head and voice. Despite the millions of people who struggle with ET, there is rampant lack of knowledge about it. People without ET can be unwittingly cruel and even humiliating. And although childhood ET is relatively rare, for youngsters who have it the teasing and taunts begin during the early years when their self image is forming.
If a child's hands are affected by tremors, tasks like tying shoes, buttoning buttons, learning to write or color with crayons, and feeding oneself become daunting. A preteen carrying a jiggling tray in the school cafeteria exposes him or her to embarrassing assumptions and remarks. Even with much support at home, their identity becomes associated with being an outsider, a scapegoat, or a loser. Having survived the teen years, flash forward 10 years, and there is an opportunity cost when the appearance of being uncontrollably "nervous," "anxious," "insecure," etc. means finding oneself passed over for a new job or promotion due to the quaking of one or both hands.
Self esteem with tremors
So, how do ET patients acquire or maintain self esteem despite their tremors? One way is to learn from others who have risen to the task, many of them from childhood onward. The International Essential Tremor Foundation is a good starting point for accessing the experience of others. The Foundation often features personal stories that model gaining confidence. For example, an aspiring stand-up comedienne named Robin Hetro incorporated her ET into her stand-up material as a way to overcome years of vulnerability and humiliation. Of course, not everyone wants to be on stage, but her increasing commitment to tell the truth with a positive, humorous spin gained the respect (and laughs) of her audience. Her story, "The Healing Power of Comedy," is a paradigm for dent-proofing one's self worth.
The Foundation's brochure on coping tips for everyday living provides many concrete tips for daily life, but it also contains wisdom about the less tangible psychological aspects of living with hand tremors and other quivering body parts. Among their suggestions:
Maintain a positive, upbeat attitude and put a smile on your face. It will reduce tension and lighten your mood.
Talk to people about ET and explain what it is. Education raises awareness and fosters understanding.
Don't be afraid or embarrassed to ask for help. Tell others you have ET and ask them to help you reach for groceries on high store shelves, ask cashiers in cafeterias to help bring the tray to your table, or ask relatives or friends to cut meat or lettuce for you.
Take an active role in your local support group. Ask if you can assist the leader in any way. Sometimes when we help others, we end up helping ourselves.
Life is a journey, and each person must discover unique navigational skills. Christopher Columbus was denied funding for his voyage by three monarchies before Spain bankrolled him, and experts told him his calculations were wrong and his voyage would take much longer than he was equipped for (it turns out they were right, but he bumped into the Western Hemisphere rather than his goal of Asia). In any event, Columbus is quoted as saying, "By prevailing over all obstacles and distractions, one may unfailingly arrive at his {or her} chosen goal or destination."
Regardless of which parts of the body are affected by tremor, achieving one's dreams often requires embracing confidence and self esteem even when one is also tossed on the inner waves of self-doubt. Turn to others and embrace their positive example, and hopefully your life voyage will sail more smoothly.
Keep in mind that if hand tremors become unmanageable by conventional interventions, Sperling Neurosurgery Associates can evaluate whether MRI-guided Focused Ultrasound (MRgFUS) is an appropriate treatment consideration for you.
About Dr. Dan Sperling
Dan Sperling, MD, DABR, is a board certified radiologist who is globally recognized as a leader in multiparametric MRI for the detection and diagnosis of a range of disease conditions. As Medical Director of the Sperling Prostate Center, Sperling Medical Group and Sperling Neurosurgery Associates, he and his team are on the leading edge of significant change in medical practice. He is the co-author of the new patient book Redefining Prostate Cancer, and is a contributing author on over 25 published studies. For more information, contact the Sperling Neurosurgery Associates.
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At the April 27 regular board meeting of The Woodlands Township, Vice Chairman John McMullan read a formal proclamation declaring March 27, 2019 as John Cooper Dragons Day to honor Cooper's boys' swim team as the 2019 SPC Champions. Head of School Mike Maher, Head Swim Coach Sara Bany and swim team members were in attendance and had their photo taken with board members. Many thanks to the Township for recognizing our student-athletes and GO DRAGONS!


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Editorial (Issue 43)
Jay Willoughby
Category: Issue 43 (July - September 2003)
The desire to play God remains as strong as ever. We still see depictions of those who believe in their own divinity, although they might not use that exact word. We see ordinary people confer their adoration upon sports and political figures, movie and television stars, and successful people in general. These people are rewarded with honors, praise, applause, and other forms of approval that encourage them to strive for even more of our gratitude and devotion.
There have always been people who have sought, in their own way, to actually become God�s equal. Today, this usually does not take the crude form of actually being worshipped as deities, devising specific rituals, and promulgating new �doctrines� and �paths of salvation.� This desire has become far more subtle, for it sometimes assumes the form of trying to help people. In this issue, we mention two groups of people who are tempted by this path: scientists and self-help experts.
For many, science has made life far easier and more comfortable than it was for our grandparents. We are healthier, better fed, better educated, and now take for granted many things that our grandparents grew up without. But some scientists continue to dream of actually creating new life. All of us know about the debates raging over such issues as cloning animals and humans, genetic engineering of food and animals, choosing a baby�s sex, and so on.
But what many of us do not know about, unless we are familiar with science fiction books and movies, is the relatively new field of nanotechnology. This involves the development of microscopic robots that can be inserted into your body to heal it by repairing its diseased parts, or maybe even those that are simply aging in accord with nature, so that life will continue � perhaps indefinitely.
In the self-help field, many self-proclaimed experts repackage common sense and ideas from various Far Eastern non-monotheistic religious and philosophical systems and present them as �breakthroughs� that will enable you to realize your deepest desires. Underlying all of these, however, is the assumption that the individual is in control of his or her life. But is this really the case? Can we control every situation in our lives that has a role in our achievements?
We might be able to control some aspects, such as acquiring the necessary knowledge, skills, and contacts. But what about the other factors: the air and food necessary for life, the proper functioning of our brains and bodies, not to mention the continued beating of our hearts? Do we control these factors? The self-help �experts� never mention such facts, thereby encouraging us to take them for granted and deny any role in them to our Creator. And so we drift farther and farther away from our Creator and toward our own ego, thereby, perhaps unconsciously, joining the Pharaohs in their mistaken belief that they controlled everything.
For those of us who try to follow the path of Prophethood, as exemplified by Prophet Muhammad, such subtle attitudes must be recognized for what they are. While scientists and self-help �experts� have achieved remarkable things, we must not forget who made their achievements possible. Could it have been anyone other than God, Who gave them life, a brain with which to think, a desire to acquire knowledge and skills in order to benefit others, and everything else that enabled them to live long enough to be of service to others? We may appreciate their accomplishments, but our devotion and gratitude should be directed only to God, for without God they would not have accomplished anything.
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A Kiwi Love Affair
by Life West Rugby | Dec 13, 2014 | Blog
When you ask people around the world what they know about New Zealand, most people will say New Zealanders are known as 'kiwis' (a flightless bird that is their national symbol); it has breathtaking scenery (thanks to Lord of the Rings for showcasing this); way more sheep than humans (…. this this is a country that has lamb burgers on the menu) and home of the All Blacks, New Zealand's national rugby team.
To the uninitiated, the All Blacks are one of the best rugby teams in the world and have been so for over 30 years – winning the last Rugby World Cup in 2011. They have the best winning record of all international teams in all history. Rugby to New Zealanders is like baseball to those in America. It is an important part of the cultural heritage.
So how is the Land of the Kiwis connected to Life West Rugby?
Well, we are fortunate to have a New Zealand native and professional international coach who has taken on the role to oversee the Life West Rugby Program. Coach Adriaan Ferris is former professional player who has taken to coaching with great success and vigor. He has coached professionally in New Zealand and coached internationally with Tonga last year.
So why a New Zealand Coach for the Gladiators?
For one, Kiwis know rugby and with Coach Ferris at the helm, Life West has someone who really knows the game and has coached at the highest level of the sport. He knows what is required for the rugby program to reach unprecedented levels of success. Life West Rugby has one of the best and most well credentialed coaches in the United States.
We are going to interview him before the start of the season. What would you like to know from him? (email us your comments)


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Starring Gianna Jun, Allison Miller, Liam Cunningham, JJ Feild, Koyuki, Yasuaki Kurata, Larry Lamb
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If you've been around here for a long time, you might remember my review of the original Blood: The Last Vampire. It was a popular enough anime to generate two TV series and two more films so far. I came to this live-action version expecting a horrendous piece of crap, and while this is definitely the weakest entry in the franchise that I've seen so far, it's not nearly as bad as I feared. Just don't get your hopes too high.
The live-action film is a loose remake of the original anime. It takes the same setting and characters and replicates several of the more important scenes, but it also greatly expands upon the original, elaborating on existing characters and adding new ones to the mix. It also drops some of the technical details. It never once uses the term "chiropterans" to refer to the monsters, instead calling them "demons" or "bloodsuckers." The biggest change to the concept, though, is that it is now a revenge story. Saya is no longer just an aimless wanderer of the night. Now she's on a quest for vengeance against the demon that killed her father.
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Craig Fitzgerald is a former American football player and current coach. He is the current head strength and conditioning coach for the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL).

Playing career
Fitzgerald  was a walk on tight end for the Terrapins and was in the team for five seasons. He graduated in 1996 with a degree in Government and Politics History.

Coaching career

Early coaching career
After graduating Maryland, Fitzgerald was named the tight ends coach and special teams coordinator at Catholic University. It was at Catholic University where Craig first popularized the popular weight training saying "Get after it!", which was co-opted by Chris Cuomo amongst others, and other motivational sayings that are the hallmark of his career. After a season as a graduate assistant at Arizona State, Fitzgerald returned to his alma mater where he worked as the assistant director of strength and conditioning from 2000 to 2005. He then went to Harvard and worked as the director of strength and conditioning from 2005 to 2009. Between 2009 and 2011, Fitzgerald worked under Steve Spurrier at South Carolina as the director of strength and conditioning.

Penn State
In 2012 and 2013 Fitzgerald was the director of strength and conditioning at Penn State.

Houston Texans
Fitzgerald followed Bill O'Brien to the NFL and was the head strength and conditioning coach for the Houston Texans from 2014 to 2017.

Tennessee
Fitzgerald returned to college in 2018 joining Jeremy Pruitt's staff in Tennessee. He would only stay there until the end of the 2019 season.

New York Giants
In May of 2020, Fitzgerald was named the head strength and conditioning coach for the New York Giants.

References

South Carolina Gamecocks football coaches
Tennessee Volunteers football coaches
Harvard Crimson football coaches
Maryland Terrapins football coaches
Maryland Terrapins football players
American football tight ends
Players of American football from Philadelphia
Penn State Nittany Lions football coaches
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Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Coaches of American football from Pennsylvania


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JGP is a Singapore-based award-winning architectural practice established in 1985. The firm has offices in Shanghai, Beijing, Ho Chi Minh City, Kuala Lumpur and Yangon, providing comprehensive architectural consultancy and project management services.
JGP's built work includes a diverse mix of Asia-Pacific projects, ranging from residential and commercial, to infrastructural and industrial. In recent years, the firm has undertaken ambitious projects including masterplanning commissions and healthcare developments. Some of the firm's notable recent built projects include the award-winning Harbour Mall & Four Points by Sheraton (Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia), the Holiday Inn Express Singapore, and several masterplanning commissions in Zhuhai (Guangdong province, China). In 2014, JGP received the coveted SME One Asia Award, in recognition of outstanding business excellence, innovation, fair practices and growth in entrepreneurship.
JGP's philosophy is to provide design excellence for clients. To achieve this, the firm is committed to foster a collaborative environment underpinning every project. One that is built on teamwork, trust and credibility, mutual respect and understanding, and principles of work ethics and professionalism. JGP believes that the environment promotes a culture for pursuits in pushing design limits and integrating multifaceted insights.
In the face of today's challenges brought about by market volatility, social and geopolitical complexities, environmental concerns, and the ever-changing demands of society, JGP seeks to continuously evolve and find innovative ways to designing. Ultimately, the goal is to lead the way for bettering our built environment and the lives of the people.
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text:
The Tufts Daily
The independent student newspaper of Tufts University
Field hockey remains hot despite overtime loss to No. 1 Middlebury
Jake Freudberg October 12, 2018
It was an up-and-down week for No. 3 Tufts after it dropped an important matchup against No. 1 Middlebury in overtime before defeating out-of-conference Wellesley on Wednesday night. Overall, the Jumbos are now 9–1 on the season, with a 5–1 conference record that puts them in second place in the NESCAC. On Wednesday, Tufts scored eight goals for the second time this […]
Field hockey continues perfect streak against MIT, Kean
Ryan Eggers September 24, 2018
No. 3 Tufts picked up right where it left off last week to continue a promising 2018 campaign with a pair of 1–0 wins against MIT (6–3) and Kean University (4–6). While the box scores reveal tight games for the Jumbos, a stout defensive effort prevented either of their opponents from issuing much of a threat in the attacking third […]
Field hockey displays strong defense in shutout of Colby
Tufts began its season in earnest on Saturday, playing its first regular season match of the year in Waterville, Maine against Colby. The NESCAC rivals have played each other on opening day in each of the past three seasons, with the Jumbos coming out on top over the Mules every time. This year proved to be […]
Field hockey to kick off 2018 campaign against Colby
Ryan Eggers September 6, 2018
Tufts will begin its 2018 campaign in earnest when it heads to Waterville, Maine to take on conference foe Colby. This season's squad follows in the footsteps of a 2017 group that was full of talent but ultimately fell 2–1 to Bowdoin early in the NESCAC Tournament and failed to receive an at-large bid to the NCAA Tournament. Last year's senior class was a […]
Field hockey upset by Bowdoin, postseason status in jeopardy
Caleb Symons November 3, 2017
A week that began with much optimism ended in dismay for the Tufts field hockey team, which hosted Bowdoin twice in the span of four days due to a scheduling coincidence. On Oct. 25, the Jumbos closed out the regular season by clinching second place in the NESCAC standings with a 3–0 win over the […]
Gritty play pushes field hockey past Wellesley, Williams
Haley Rich October 24, 2017
After a tough 1–0 loss to Bates on Oct. 14, the No. 6 Tufts field hockey team bounced back with two promising wins over Wellesley and No. 7 Williams on Thursday and Saturday, respectively. Visiting Wellesley's home turf for the first time since a 1–0 loss two years ago, the team put together a dominant 4–0 victory. "Bates was […]
Field hockey trounces Gordon, falls to Bates
Caleb Symons October 17, 2017
The No. 5 Jumbos traveled to Lewiston, Maine on Saturday, where they lost 1–0 to a red-hot Bates Bobcats side that got an early goal and hung on down the stretch. Bates may be the most dangerous team in Div. III right now, having defeated No. 2 Babson, Tufts and No. 6 Amherst in a […]
Middlebury spoils field hockey Homecoming
On a picturesque Homecoming day in Medford, No. 3 Middlebury defeated No. 5 Tufts, 3–2, thanks to a pair of second-half goals. The result snapped the host's four-game winning streak, which included key wins over No. 6 Amherst and No. 11 Hamilton. On the flip side, the Panthers' victory avenged their two losses to the Jumbos […]
Field Hockey picks up two road wins during season's longest away stretch
Sejal Dua September 28, 2017
With tough matchups on its schedule, the No. 6 Tufts field hockey team persevered with strength and poise, gathering momentum as the season marches forward. On Tuesday, Tufts battled the Wesleyan Cardinals on foreign turf to remain undefeated in the NESCAC. When the two teams squared off last year, the Jumbos defeated the Cardinals 6–0. Paying little attention to […]
Field hockey sweeps pair of NESCAC opponents
Caleb Symons September 19, 2017
Following last week's emotional 2–3 overtime loss to No. 6 Babson, No. 1 Tufts faced two critical games against NESCAC opponents. The team responded with a vengeance, defeating Conn. College 5–0, and Trinity 3–1, on Saturday and Sunday respectively. "You learn a lot when you lose," sophomore goalie Samantha Ward said. "I think we did a good […]
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COPYRIGHT 2019 THE TUFTS DAILY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.


June | 2016 | Crappy Kitchen - Good Dinners!
Meat Chowder (serves 6) A Great Dinner Party Main Course!
I haven't posted a recipe in quite some time because frankly I either have made nothing that I haven't posted already or, on a day when I made something perfectly splendid, I had not bothered to take pictures!
However, this dinner that I whipped up last night (whipped not really the right word here as it was a slight bit persnickety to prepare) was blog worthy and I knew this ahead of time so was also camera, and pen and paper ready!
It was wholly inspired by a Jamie Oliver recipe for meat gumbo but as usual I changed things along the way to suit what I had on hand and because following a recipe to the letter is just not necessary. I think the one thing any chef will say about having to document a recipe is how they hate having to give exact ingredients and amounts and having to be super specific with instructions. Chefs don't cook like that in real life and nor should you. Spontaneity is usually where the magic happens! In other words, consider my recipe here as a mere guideline and let your own culinary juices flow.
This is a great dish to make if you are throwing a dinner party as it can be made ahead of time and is so easy to serve!
Chopped parsley for garnish if you have it!
1 – Prep Everything first!
2 – Season chicken with the salt, paprika and cayenne pepper flakes. Put large pan on high heat and add olive oil. Fry chicken in batches until golden brown. Remove to a plate or bowl.
3 – Sear the sausages. Remove to a plate or bowl.
3 – Add bacon and fry for about a minutes before adding the peppers and onions. cook for about 10 minutes on medium heat.
4 – Add the flour and lower heat slightly. Cook for about 15 minutes, stirring regularly.
5 – Add the sweet potatoes, garlic, thyme stalks and broth and turn heat to high. Add the meat. When it boils, lower heat and cover. Simmer for about 1 hour (until chicken is fork tender and falling off the bone). Stir occasionally while it simmers.
Take the meat off the bone and return to gumbo (if you don't want to do this, don't bother!). Let this sit for about 10 minutes before serving. Serve with rice and garnish with chopper parsley. This would also be good with a dollop of sour cream and a dash of hot sauce!


Using the Xero Integration – How can we help?
Once you have setup the integration between your Vend store and your Xero account, you'll need to make some changes to your daily processes.
An itemised sale - list of all products (exclusive of tax), total tax amount(s), total sale amount.
Any payments made against the sale.
Customer details - If this customer is not already in Xero, Vend will create a customer record in Xero.
The invoice number on the accounts receivable invoice in Xero will match the Vend receipt/invoice number for the On Account sale. If there is a duplicate receipt number already in Xero, an incremental -1 suffix will be added to the invoice number in Xero only. Remember, you cannot record payments in Xero on an un-approved invoice. As result of this, we recommend you configure your settings to send all invoices to Xero as approved.
Note: For more information on sending On Account sales to Xero, check out this article.
If you receive a bank deposit or any other online payment from a customer, you can allocate this payment against the accounts receivable invoice in Xero.
First, find the payment in your bank feed, and use the reconciliation feature to match it to the accounts receivable invoice for the 'On Account' sale. Sometimes you may receive a payment that applies to multiple invoices, for example, if the customer has multiple open 'On Account' sales in Vend and pays them all at once. In this case, you'll need to make sure you match the payment to all the relevant sales. For more information on how to do this in Xero, click here.
Next, you need to update the On Account sale(s) in Vend. Find each On Account sale in Vend then click the Check for Xero Payments button. This will update the sale in Vend with any new payments you have recorded in Xero.
It's important to update your Vend sales whenever payment is received in Xero. Otherwise, your store staff might accidentally record a payment against a sale in Vend that is already paid off in Xero. This is also important so that your outstanding customer balances are up to date in both Vend and Xero.
Important: You should not add any more products to an 'On Account' sale in Vend if the invoice has already been posted to Xero. Adding extra products in Vend does not update the accounts receivable invoice in Xero.
Your customers may wish to pay off their account balance while they are in store.
If your customer has a total outstanding balance across more than one 'On Account' sale, they can pay any amount towards their total balance owing. To pay off multiple 'On Account' sales against a single customer in a single transaction in Vend, click here.
First, find the 'On Account' sale in your 'Sales History' in Register, or by searching for the customer in Vend's customer homepage.
Next, open the sale by clicking the arrow icon. This will bring you to the current sale screen.
Finally, click 'Pay' and record the payment amount. If the customer is only making a partial payment, select 'On Account' again to put the remaining value of the sale back onto Account. Vend will automatically update Xero with the payment.
Sometimes, you may need to cancel an on account sale if, for example, your customer has returned the product or if the sale was made in error. The best way to do this is to put through a dummy payment on the account sale in Vend to close the sale. Then, create a new sale, add all the items from the original sale with negative quantities. Pay the customer out via refund - you'll only need to return any amounts they paid. The remaining amount will balance the 'dummy' payment you made.
You don't need to change anything in Xero (the dummy payment will close the invoice, and the refund amount, including in the day's register closure, will balance this).
Once your sale has been created in Xero, you'll need to reconcile the payments made to them with the deposits in your bank account. If the customer has paid you directly (e.g. credit card payment directly for invoice), you'll be able to locate the payment in your Xero bank feed and match it to the invoice.
However, for many customers, the payment will be included in a larger bank deposit, such as the end of day takings deposit. This means you'll need to match this payment to the invoice for the account sale, as well as any other applicable transactions (such as the daily register closure). Check out Xero's help article for guidance on this.
It is essential to close all the registers in your store every day. If you have staff, make sure you have a closing process for every register, in every outlet, each day. This should include counting the cash takings and removing them from the cash drawer, summing up your card/EFTPOS machine, if required, and closing the register(s) in Vend.
What information is sent to Xero when you close your register?
Products sold: Depending on the setting you chose, this will either be summed per product or per account code, or listed per sale. The amounts will exclude tax.
Loyalty liability incurred and expense added when loyalty earned.
Loyalty liability reduced when redeemed (along with sale of product recorded).
A note of the amount of payments taken for On Account sales that day, (the payments will be shown on the account sale invoice instead), if the day's takings included any On Account sales.
Layaway/Lay-by sales: These will be reported in parts, as they are paid off, as the Xero invoice for the register closure must have a $0.00 balance. Each time the customer makes a payment, the payment amount, along with a corresponding amount of the layaway products, will be recorded in that day's register closures. This means you might see some strange quantities in Xero for these items. It is important to remember that the register closure report in Vend will still show the full value of the sale.
Note: Register closures will not automatically be sent to Xero, if you have store staff set up as cashiers. You will need to log in and confirm that you are happy to send the register closure to Xero by clicking the red Xero logo next to the closure in the Register Closure history report.
Cost-of-goods-sold ("COGS"): If you have Vend's cost-of-goods-sold enabled the cost associated with the products sold will be added up and sent as part of the register closure. These will be posted to Xero as a COGS bill invoice and will also appear as a sum on your register closure sales invoice.
To learn more about this or about COGS in general, follow the link here.
Note: COGS calculated on open 'On Account' sales will also post to Xero at the time the sale is made, irrespective of whether payment has been taken.
What happens if I deposit my payments weekly (into my bank account) or for more than one register at once?
For many customers, the register closure payments will be included in a larger bank deposit, such as a weekly deposit or settlement from credit card processors. This means you'll need to match this payment to the invoice for all the applicable register closures. Check out Xero's help article for help with this.
Accounting for stock/inventory costs is important to help you understand whether your retail business is making money. Your accountant will need to understand how much your stock costs you, and how much your inventory is worth.
Important: It is essential that you use Vend's stock order feature when adding new product inventory. If you do not, your product costs will be incorrect.
When you're processing your stock orders through Vend, you'll need to send these to Xero to create an accounts payable invoice in Xero. Unlike the rest of the integration, this does not happen automatically.
1. Navigate to the Completed stock order page in Vend.
2. Once you've received your stock order, a Xero button will appear on the 'completed stock order' page. You can click the Xero button to create the invoice in Xero.
You can also filter the stock order page to show received orders, and click the red Xero button next to any unsent order to send it to Xero.
3. You can now click the blue Xero button, or click the View on Xero button on the stock order page to see this stock order in Xero.
When you pay your invoice, you can match the outgoing payment transaction in your bank feed to the accounts payable invoice in Xero.
Supply cost (exclusive of tax). Tax is applied by Xero according to your settings.
The due date is NOT sent to Xero, as this is the day you expect to RECEIVE the order, not the date payment is due.
Remember, if you want certain products to be recorded in different expense accounts, you can customise this on the product page.
Note: Shipping costs are not automatically included. You might like to create a 'Shipping costs' product with no tax, no price and no inventory tracking in Vend, and add it to the order when it is received to track stock costs for each order.
It's also really important to track adjustments to your stock levels, whether they are damaged/broken stock, wastage (like food at the end of the day), or shrinkage (stolen items). Sometimes, you'll know about the loss when it happens (damaged stock, wastage), and other times, you might not realise until you do an inventory count.
All of these different types of adjustments can be recorded in Vend using the Inventory Count feature. Check out this article to learn how to complete an adjustment or this on completing an inventory count.
Stock adjustments, including inventory counts, are not able to be directly sent to Xero. You'll need to complete a manual journal in Xero to account for these.