text:
More info on Mildred Davis
Mildred Davis: Quiz
Jena Malone quiz
Reefer Madness quiz
1900 quiz
Categories: 1901 births > 1969 deaths > Actors from Pennsylvania > American film actors > American silent film actors > Deaths from myocardial infarction > Disease-related deaths in California > People from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
What role did Mildred Davis play in the telemovie High and Dizzy?
Dorothy Errol
What role did Mildred Davis play in the movie Condemned?
Yolly
Madame Vidal
Question 3: After their marriage Lloyd announced that Davis would not appear in any more ________.
Filmmaking Independent film Movie theater Film
Question 4: Davis died from a coronary following a series of strokes in ________ in 1969.
Santa Monica, California Los Angeles Long Beach, California Los Angeles County, California
Question 5: In later life she suffered with bouts of alcoholism and depression, but found comfort in her strong friendships with actresses Marion Davies and ________.
Colleen Moore Mary Pickford Louise Brooks Charlie Chaplin
Question 6: Davis was born in ________ and educated at the "Friends School" there.
Philadelphia Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Allentown, Pennsylvania Pittsburgh
Question 7: Mildred Davis at the ________
CDNOW Amazon.com Box Office Mojo Internet Movie Database
Question 8: After appearing in several small roles, she caught the attention of ________, who pointed her out to comedian Harold Lloyd.
Will Rogers Hal Roach Our Gang Laurel and Hardy
Question 9: Lloyd was looking for a leading lady to replace ________, and cast Davis in his comedy short From Hand to Mouth in 1919.
Roscoe Arbuckle Gloria Swanson Alla Nazimova Bebe Daniels
Question 10: Her brother was actor Jack Davis of ________, and later a prominent Beverly Hills physician.
Our Gang Our Gang personnel Teacher's Pet (1930 film) Our Gang filmography


text:
package reopp.common.benchmarks

import reopp.common.guardedcommands.dataconnectors.GCMerger
import reopp.common.guardedcommands.Formula
import reopp.common._
import reopp.common.{Predicate, Solution, Utils}
import Utils._
import reopp.common.guardedcommands.dataconnectors.ConstraintGen._
import guardedcommands.Neg
import guardedcommands.Pred
import reopp.common.guardedcommands.Var

/**
 * Created with IntelliJ IDEA.
 * User: jose
 * Date: 01/08/12
 * Time: 15:27
 * To change this template use File | Settings | File Templates.
 */

class DetApproval

object DetApproval extends App {

//  Warmup.go

  val n = if (!args.isEmpty) Integer.parseInt(args(0))
  else               1
  val quicksat = if (args.size > 1) args(1) startsWith "q"
  else               false
  val lazyy = if (args.size > 1) args(1) startsWith "l"
  else               false

  def genMergers(height:Int): Formula= {
//    val size = pow(2,height)
    var srcs = List("x")
    var res = Formula()
    for (level <- 1 to height) {
      var newsrcs = List[String]()
      for (x <- srcs) {
        res = res ++ new GCMerger(x+1,x+2,x).getConstraints
        newsrcs :::= List(x+1,x+2)
      }
      srcs = newsrcs
    }
    var i = 0
    for (src <- srcs) {
      res ++= writer(src,List((i,(i*3 % 16)+5,(i*4 % 16)+5,(i*5 % 16)+5)))
      i += 1
    }

    res
  }

  val approve = new Predicate {
    def check(x: Any) = x match {
      case v: (Int,Int,Int,Int) => (v._2*2 + v._3*3 + v._4*5) >= 140
      case _ =>throw new RuntimeException("checking an unknown type")
    }
    override def toString = "Approve"
  }

  val deny = new Predicate() {
    def check(x: Any) = x match {
      case v: (Int,Int,Int,Int) => (v._2*2 + v._3*3 + v._4*5) <= 90
      case _ => throw new RuntimeException("checking an unknown type")
    }
    override def toString = "Deny"
  }

//  val confirm = new UnFunction() {
//    def calculate(x: Any) = x match {
//      case v: (Int,Int,Int,Int) =>
//        println("Output writer "+v._1+" with grades "+v._2+"/"+v._3+"/"+v._4)
//        v
//    }
//    override def toString = "Confirm"
//  }

  val problem = genMergers(n) ++
    filter("x","app-ok",approve) ++
    filter("x","den-ok",deny) ++
    genfilter("x","neither-ok", (v:Var) => Neg(Pred(v,approve)) and
      Neg(Pred(v,deny))) //++
//    transf("x","y",confirm) ++ filter("y","z",approve)

  //    flow("x") ++
  //    flow("app-ok")
  //    writer("x",List(19))

  if (quicksat) {
    val time = System.currentTimeMillis()
    val res = problem.quickDataSolveSAT4J
    val spent = System.currentTimeMillis() - time
    print(spent)
  }
  else if (lazyy) {
    val time = System.currentTimeMillis()
    val res = problem.solveChocoPredAbstVarOrdered
    val spent = System.currentTimeMillis() - time
    print(spent)
  }
  /// EXPERIMENTS:
  else {

    //// QUICK-SAT ////
    var time = System.currentTimeMillis()
    var res: OptionSol[Solution[_]] = problem.quickDataSolveSAT4J
    var spent = System.currentTimeMillis() - time
    if (res.isDefined) println("quick-sat - solved in "+spent+" ms:\n"+res.get)
    else println("quick-sat - no solution (in "+spent+" ms)")
//    println("quick-sat - "+spent)

    //// LAZY-SAT ////
    time = System.currentTimeMillis()
    res = problem.solveChocoPredAbstVarOrdered
    spent = System.currentTimeMillis() - time
    if (res.isDefined) println("lazy-sat - solved in "+spent+" ms:\n"+res.get)
    else println("lazy-sat - no solution (in "+spent+" ms)")
//    println("lazy-sat  - "+spent)
  }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


"Hello" is a song performed by French electronic music DJ and producer Martin Solveig, taken from his fifth studio album Smash (2011). It features vocals from Martina Sorbara of Canadian electropop act Dragonette. The song was released as the album's second single on September 6, 2010 by Mercury Records. It was also featured in Trident's commercial for its new 'Vitality' line of gum. The song was also covered by German rock and roll cover band The Baseballs on their 2011 album Strings 'n' Stripes.
You're alright but I'm here darling, to enjoy the party.
Don't get too excited 'cause that's all you get from me, hey.
I just came to say hello! Hey! Hey!


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Stanford University scientists have created the thinnest, most efficient absorber of visible light on record. The nanosize structure, thousands of times thinner than an ordinary sheet of paper, could lower the cost and improve the efficiency of solar cells, according to the scientists.
Their results are published in the current online edition of the journal Nano Letters.
"Achieving complete absorption of visible light with a minimal amount of material is highly desirable for many applications, including solar energy conversion to fuel and electricity," said Stacey Bent, a professor of chemical engineering at Stanford and a member of the research team.
Bent continued, "Our results show that it is possible for an extremely thin layer of material to absorb almost 100 percent of incident light of a specific wavelength."
Thinner solar cells require less material and therefore cost less. The challenge for researchers is to reduce the thickness of the cell without compromising its ability to absorb and convert sunlight into clean energy.
For the study, the Stanford team created thin wafers dotted with trillions of round particles of gold. Each gold nanodot was about 14 nanometers tall and 17 nanometers wide.
An ideal solar cell would be able to absorb the entire visible light spectrum, from violet light waves 400 nanometers long to red waves 700 nanometers in length, as well as invisible ultraviolet and infrared light.
In the experiment, postdoctoral scholar Carl Hagglund and his colleagues were able to tune the gold nanodots to absorb one light from one spot on the spectrum: reddish-orange light waves about 600 nanometers long.
"Much like a guitar string, which has a resonance frequency that changes when you tune it, metal particles have a resonance frequency that can be fine-tuned to absorb a particular wavelength of light," said Hagglund, lead author of the study. "We tuned the optical properties of our system to maximize the light absorption."
The gold nanodot-filled wafers were fabricated at a nearby Hitachi facility using a technique called block-copolymer lithography.
Each wafer contained about 520 billion nanodots per square inch. Under the microscope, the hexagonal array of particles was reminiscent of a honeycomb.
Hagglund's team added a thin-film coating on top of the wafers using a process called atomic layer deposition. "It's a very attractive technique, because you can coat the particles uniformly and control the thickness of the film down to the atomic level, " he said.
Hagglund continued, "That allowed us to tune the system simply by changing the thickness of the coating around the dots. People have built arrays like this, but they haven't tuned them to the optimal conditions for light absorption. That's one novel aspect of our work."
The results were record-setting. "The coated wafers absorbed 99 percent of the reddish-orange light," Hagglund said. "We also achieved 93 percent absorption in the gold nanodots themselves. The volume of each dot is equivalent to a layer of gold just 1.6 nanometers thick, making it the thinnest absorber of visible light on record - about 1,000 times thinner than commercially available thin film solar cell absorbers."
The previous record-holder required an absorber layer three times thicker to reach total light absorption, he added. "So we've substantially pushed the limits of what can be achieved for light harvesting by optimizing these ultrathin, nano-engineered systems," Hagglund said.
The next step for the Stanford team is to demonstrate that the technology can be used in actual solar cells.
"We are now looking at building structures using ultrathin semiconductor materials that can absorb sunlight," said Bent, co-director of the Stanford Center on Nanostructuring for Efficient Energy Conversion (CNEEC). "These prototypes will then be tested to see how efficiently we can achieve solar energy conversion."
In the experiment, the researchers applied three types of coatings - tin sulfide, zinc oxide and aluminum oxide - on different nanodot arrays. "None of these coatings are light-absorbing," Hagglund said.
"But it has been shown theoretically that if you apply a semiconductor coating, you can shift the absorption from the metal particles to the semiconductor materials. That would create more long-lived energetic charge carriers that could be channeled into some useful process, like making an electrical current or synthesizing fuel."
The ultimate goal, Bent added, is to develop improved solar cells and solar fuel devices by confining the absorption of sunlight to the smallest amount of material possible. "This provides a benefit in minimizing the material necessary to build the device, of course," she said.
"But the expectation is that it will also allow for higher efficiencies, because by design, the charge carriers will be produced very close to where they are desired - that is, near where they will be collected to produce an electrical current or to drive a chemical reaction."
The scientists are also considering nanodot arrays made of less expensive metals. "We chose gold because it was more chemically stable for our experiment," Hagglund said. "Although the cost of the gold was virtually negligible, silver is cheaper and better from an optical point of view if you want to make a good solar cell. Our device represents an orders-of-magnitude reduction in thickness. This suggests that we can eventually reduce the thickness of solar cells quite a lot."


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text:
Home > Forums > General Forums > General Discussion > just to give a tribute: Dr Farooq Khan
safimera
CANADA Topic initiated on Wednesday, October 13, 2010 - 6:13 AM
just to give a tribute: Dr Farooq Khan
Although this article by Mr Shezad Saleem already published in main page of Al-mawrid.
I just copied it here again, to give a tribute to this great man.
It was very sad day for me when I got this news.
The issue is again the same:
until or unless we would not make the environment of "TOLERANCE AND FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION" like western countries (although they are not perfect in it but atleast far better than muslim countries),
we could not get the real islam here.
LET ME SAY IN ISLAMIC VERSION:
until or unless we would not make the FIRST PRIORITY to teach this golden rule of islam "tolerance and freedom of speech (with moral boundries)" ,
we never get complete and real islam here.
May GOd give this man( Dr Farooq) the best place in jannah...Ameen
[b]The Warrior who became a Martyr: Written on the Martyrdom of Dr Muhammad Farooq Khan
He lived like an undaunted warrior and died the death of a martyr. For the past few years, he gallantly stared death in its eyes as he continued to vehemently condemn terrorism and militancy. His armory was nothing but arguments drawn from the sources of Islam. Death threats could not swerve him from his stance and he would seldom pay heed to voices beckoning him to exercise care and caution. And then, the inevitable happened. He was shot at when he was busy seeing his patients at his clinic in Mardan on October the 2nd and could not survive the bullet wounds. His face still wore that typical beam – his vintage hallmark well known to all those who knew him – when he lay enshrouded before his burial.
Dr Muhammad Farooq Khan had a multi-faceted personality and had immense reserves of energy. Truly, a man larger than life, he stood like a rock for all what he believed. He was an Islamic scholar, intellectual and a political activist; he hosted many TV programs and also made several appearances as a guest speaker on private and public TV channels; he was a fiery speaker and also authored almost a dozen books on the Islamic thought; but above all he was a humane and a humble person: he personally provided for many destitute families and took active part in welfare work; as a psychiatrist, he served the medical profession with exemplary zeal and dedication.
Born in 1954 in a village of the Khaybar Pakhtoonkhwa province, Dr Farooq graduated from Khyber Medical College in 1979. He did a diploma in Psychiatry in 1984 from the University of Vienna. He remained an active member of the Jamā'at Islamī. In 1991, he came under the tutelage of Javed Ahmad Ghāmidī, and ever since then remained a strong proponent of the latter's views. He also remained for several years a member of the Board of Governors of Al-Mawrid, a foundation for Islamic research and education. He was currently the Vice Chancellor of the Islamic University in Swat. Some of his important books include: "Translation and Commentary of the Holy Qur'ān" (Urdu), "What is Islam?" (Urdu), "Pakistan and the 21st Century" (Urdu), "Islam and Some Important Contemporary Issues" (Urdu and English), "Islam and Woman" (Urdu and English), "Muslim Ummah: Way to Success", "Jihād and Qitāl: Some Important Issues" (Urdu), "Kashmir Issue: Perspective, Current Situation and its Solution" (Urdu). His website www.drfarooqkhan.com sheds light on his life and works.
Dr Farooq was a firm believer in open dialogue and debate with all those who held contesting opinions. Unfortunately, his adversaries resorted to foul instead of fair play. When they could not counter his solid criticism on terrorism and suicide-bombings, they unleashed a barrage of death-threats on him and when they could not silence him with these threats, they silenced him with their guns – a tragic yet enviable end to this warrior who is now a martyr. fare thee well!
Edited by: safimera on Wednesday, October 13, 2010 6:18 AM

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Ohio School District Taps Digital Content for Personalized Learning
By Sri Ravipati
Brunswick City Schools in Ohio has entered a seven-year partnership with Discovery Education, in an effort to improve student engagement and to incorporate digital content into classrooms.
Through the partnership, all K–12 Brunswick City educators will integrate the Science Techbook and have access to the Discovery Education Streaming Plus service that supplements instruction across all curricular areas. Additionally, middle school educators will integrate the Social Studies Techbook. The "techbooks" are "digital textbooks that are aligned to rigorous standards, support a comprehensive curriculum, and are updated regularly at no cost," according to Discovery Education. They can be used in one-to-one or group environments.
The district can also utilize advice from the Discovery Education Community as it implements the digital content in schools.
"Brunswick City Schools' digital transition is dedicated to more deeply engaging our students in learning and providing them the opportunities to develop the skills they need to be successful in the Information Age," said Michael Mayell, district superintendent, in a prepared statement.
To learn more about the digital content, visit the Discovery Education site.
Sri Ravipati is Web producer for THE Journal and Campus Technology. She can be reached at [email protected].
Case Study: Weber School District
Weber School District in Ogden, Utah was looking for a proactive solution for monitoring school-issued Gmail and Google Drive accounts for signs of cyberbullying, suicidal ideation, sexual predators, school shootings, and more. Find out why Bark for Schools was the perfect fit. Read more...


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Colin Kaepernick's Disgraceful 2016 Season Might Be His Last in the NFL
Colin Kaepernick has been surrounded by controversy this entire season. It all began with Kaepernick's decision to kneel during the national anthem, which stirred up strong emotions on both sides of the issue. His idea of a "social protest" soon became one of the biggest hot-button issues of 2016. Some felt that the San Francisco 49ers quarterback was disrespecting the flag and the country's principles by kneeling in protest during the national anthem. Others thought that Kaepernick was merely exercising his right to protest, a bedrock on which the United States was founded.
In addition to taking a knee during the national anthem, Kaepernick also announced that he has never registered to vote, and would not be voting in the November 8th presidential election because he did not support either candidate. More recently he was seen wearing a shirt showing photos of former Cuban leader, Fidel Castro, in a meeting with the late civil rights activist Malcolm X. ESPN radio and TV host Dan Le Batard, who is Cuban-American, tweeted: "You can agree with Kaepernick's stance/reason AND think he's a dope for wearing a Fidel Castro T-shirt."
Although some have defended Kaepernick's refusal to stand for the National Anthem, it's hard to continue defending someone who has proven themselves unworthy of the unique voice and spotlight they were given. Forfeiting his freedom to participate in our country's democracy and then idolizing a leader who spent his entire career taking away such freedoms has exposed Colin Kaepernick as misguided, ignorant and confused.
As you'd expect, NFL fans have not given Kaepernick a warm reception at any of the 49ers away games this year. He has been constantly booed all season long, and many fans have been seen burning his jersey in response to his Un-American comments. However, it wasn't just the opposing team's fans that expressed their displeasure with Kaepernick. During the 49ers season opener against the Los Angeles Rams, the crowd at Levi's Stadium booed Colin Kaepernick and chanted "USA! USA!".
After Kaepernick earned the starting spot over Blaine Gabbart, he had the opportunity to redeem himself in the eyes of the San Francisco 49ers fans. All he had to do was keep his mouth shut, and focus on winning games for his team. Unfortunately, after nine games as a starter, Kaepernick managed to register just 1 win against the equally unimpressive LA Rams in their final game of the season. His 54.8 completion percentage ranks among the lowest of starting quarterbacks this year. He struggled with accuracy, pocket awareness and getting the ball deep to his receivers in Chip Kelly's offense.
Now that the season is finally over for the 49ers, their #1 priority is figuring out the Colin Kaepernick conundrum. The front office is clearly tired of Kaepernick and wanted him gone even before the 2016 season started. However, Colin's stock has dropped extremely low after a season full of off-field controversy combined with the lowest overall ranking of any starting QB. Ideally, the 49ers would like to trade Kaepernick, but it's unlikely that there's any team willing to pay his scheduled $11.9 million salary. If the 49ers get lucky, Kaepernick will take advantage of his player option and opt-out of his 2017 contract, at which point he'll become an unrestricted free agent.
If Kaepernick decides to become an unrestricted free agent next year, he may have some trouble finding a team willing to sign him. Owners and coaches throughout the NFL have made it very clear how much they dislike Colin Kaepernick and the distractions that follow him. Even without the off-field controversy surrounding Kaepernick, his play over the last couple seasons hasn't inspired much confidence that he can win games in the NFL. We believe the odds are highly stacked against Colin Kaepernick playing in the NFL next season.
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Saint Ignatius College Geelong
What distinguishes a Jesuit education?
Jesuit Partnership
Saint Ignatius of Loyola
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Jesuit Educational Philosophy
The Ignatian Teaching Model
College Vision & Mission
College Canteen
Child Safety Committment
Care, Safety and Welfare
Employment at Saint Ignatius College
Current Employment: Teachers
Current Employment: Education Support Officers
College House Cross Country Carnival 2021
ANZAC Day 2021 Ceremony
College House Athletics Carnival 2021 Part 1
College House Swimming Carnival 2021 Part 1
Leadership and Academic Assembly 2021 Part 1
Year 7 Welcome Mass 2021
First Day of the College Year 2021
Year 9 Learning Centre
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New Loyola Centre (2021)
Year 7 Orientation
Enrolment Timeline
Visit our College
Contact Registrar
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The Examen
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Student Recognition: Loyola Awards
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College Production 2021: 'Wicked'
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Adrian Montagnese
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To support our curriculum Saint Ignatius College has developed a number of additional programs that provide our students with opportunities and benefits that assist in their growth as 'life long learners'.
Saint Ignatius College has a substantial and well supported Careers Development Program available to all students from Year 9 onwards which aims to give guidance to students on their chosen pathways at the College.
Year 9 Career Development Activities
Through class room discussion in Personal Learning, students are made more aware of the opportunities during school and after their secondary schooling is completed. This discussion takes place with Careers Co-ordinator.
Year 10 Career Development Activities
A complete career program is developed for this year level in Term 2 through the Humanities classes:
All students undertake the Career Voyage – career testing program
Students complete a Career Investigation Assignment on three potential careers of interest.
All students complete the Safe@work modules.
Half day Careers Expo involves a key-note speaker speaking about opportunities and motivation. Guest speakers from Industry (i.e. Group Training Company) to speak to students regarding job applications, letter writing and job interview tips. Also, representatives from TAFE's and universities meet with students.
Past students speak to students regarding their experiences post secondary.
Compulsory 1-week Work Experience Program (last week of Term 2).
Advice regarding subject selections (including VCAL and VET programs) for the upcoming year is provided.
Encourage students to go to other Careers EXPO and Open Days.
Information evenings on VCE, VCAL, VET and SGA programs
Careers Forum involving information sessions regarding TAFE and University programs are delivered by representatives of these organisations
Individual meetings with the Careers Coordinator can be booked during lunch-time or recess to discuss options before and after year 12 studies.- Encourage students to attend Open Days at Universities and TAFE Colleges
Subject selections for year 12 studies.
Ongoing individual discussions take place with all year 12 students and the Careers Co-ordinator regarding students' options for the immediate future. Parents are encouraged to be part of these discussions.
Encourage all students to attend Open Days at either/or Universities or TAFE.
Attend the TIS event at Deakin University.
VTAC applications process for University and TAFE programs are discussed, assistance with applications is available.
Counselling for students is available for students once results are known and during Change of Preference week.
Saint Ignatius College has implemented digital technology as part of formal Year 7 and 8 learning programs in line with Victorian Curriculum requirements introduced at the commencement of 2017.
Technology programs now incorporate elements of both design and digital technologies as part of the mandated programs offered within the Technology Learning Area and the College has addressed both areas of focus at each year level.
It is important to note that this development places our College in line with all government and Catholic schools that are required to both implement and report on the revised Digital Technologies curriculum.
Digital Technologies, to be known at this College as DigiTech, refers to a specific curriculum that focuses on students' thought processes used to unravel problems and then design and generate related digital solutions.
Students learn how computers work and how to create digital solutions for real-world problems and challenges with computational thinking that uses systematic solutions to solve problems. Part of this process involves developing a working knowledge of coding.
DigiTech is included in our Year 7 and Year 8 Technology Program for 2 periods per week for one semester at each year level.
We will use Elevate Education's "EduSTEM" online resource as the basis for the Year 7 and 8 DigiTech content and the laptop will be an essential tool used to access this online content and develop critical and creative thinking skills.
This curriculum area should not be confused with integrating the use of ICT across all learning areas. ICT across the curriculum refers to students developing the confidence to employ a range of digital tools and software options to enhance learning. It also involves developing safe and responsible practices related to the usage of various digital learning tools including laptops, digital cameras, iPads and other digital devices.
The Laptop Program
Preparing students for as yet to be created jobs in the 21st century will necessitate consistent focus on the development of very important skills related to problem solving and computational thinking. Creativity, innovation, collaborative teamwork, coding and programming as well as self-directed learning in conjunction with systematic problem analysis will form the keystone of digital learning studies at the College.
Individual laptops currently act as the foundation learning tool for each of our students to develop these skills from Year 7 through to Year 12 and given that understanding, the College will continue to provide learning pathways beyond Years 7 and 8 to enable growth in these skills as part of formal studies offered at subsequent year levels.
The College has chosen to use the Apple platform throughout the College. Students in Year 7 and Year 10 are expected to purchase a MacBook Air from the College.
Full Details can read in the Digital Technology Booklet attached:
Digital Technology Booklet 2021
Information Learning Centre
The Information Learning Centre (ILC) is a busy and versatile space for students to learn, to study, to read and to relax. It is a safe and protected environment aimed at supporting students before and after school, during recess and lunchtime, and in their classroom learning.
It is a key part of setting students on the path to life-long learning as well as information and research literacy vital to knowledge in a connected world.
The ILC provides a focal point for access to information, with resources to borrow, books to read, and a selection of games. The ILC plays an important role in facilitating collaboration with all teaching staff, and with students, supporting teaching and learning across the curriculum
While print resources still form an important part of what the ILC offer, it is also instrumental in providing online learning resources available to support student and staff research. The ILC offers access to a range of quality research databases through its own website. ILC staff enthusiastically demonstrate the importance of using quality research skills and critically assessing the information students access.
Students can access an extensive fiction collection designed to develop a strong reading culture in the ILC. For those who wish to, there is also a non-fiction collection to expand student knowledge horizons. The ILC aims to promote a sense of belonging through a supportive environment.
ILC Hours
8am - 4.30pm – Monday to Friday
Recognising Student Contributions, Achievement and Excellence at Saint Ignatius
Saint Ignatius College has many talented and hard working students. We believe that such students should be acknowledged and their achievements celebrated in a public way. Over time this celebration of students striving for the Magis improves the general attitude of students to do their best at all times.
Student Affirmations.
Affirmations acknowledge and celebrate the positive contribution and success that a student makes to the College and wider community. There are five areas for which a student can receive an Affirmation.
Academic success.
Contribution to sport.
Community service.
Contribution to the arts.
Commitment to Faith.
Students who have made a positive contribution or have been successful in any one of these areas can be awarded an Affirmation by their teacher.
Loyola Outstanding Student Achievement Awards
The Loyola Outstanding Achievement Awards acknowledge and reward outstanding achievement in four areas
Academic endeavour - outstanding effort in learning
Academic excellence - outstanding performance in studies undertaken.
Excellence in sport - outstanding contribution to the team and sportsmanship.
Community service - outstanding generosity and compassion to those in need.
Cultural endeavour - outstanding contribution to performance in art, music, drama or dance.
For each category there are clear criteria that need to be met by a student to be nominated. Teachers can nominate students in any of these categories, with nominations approved by the relevant Year Level Head of School.
To be nominated for a Loyola Outstanding Student Achievement Award, a student must meet one of the following criteria.
Academic Endeavour
Has consistently shown outstanding personal excellence in their approach to learning
Displays a consistent effort in going beyond the norm or what is expected in terms of learning
Has consistently shown academic excellence in a particular area of study
Displays consistent and positive participation in class
Has consistently done their best in lessons while setting high standards of behavior
Excellence in Sport
Has achieved outstanding performance, at College swimming, athletics or cross county
Has shown outstanding skill and leadership while representing the College in sport
Has shown unselfishness and consideration by helping others in the College, parish or local community
In an exemplary fashion, has participated in a program or activity that benefits the College
Has represented Saint Ignatius College with pride
Has displayed citizenship, consideration for others and improvements to College/parish life
Cultural endeavour
Has displayed significant involvement at a high standard in cultural presentations and performance
Showed exemplary skill and commitment while representing the College in performances
Has achieved quality participation or work in one of the following areas: Music, Art, Visual Arts, Drama,
Dance, Debating, Public Speaking.
The Loyola Outstanding Student Achievement Award Certificate is presented to the student at a Year Level assembly.
College Colours
College colours are awarded to students in special recognition of their outstanding achievement over a sustained period of time. There are four levels of College Colours that a student can be awarded – Bronze, Silver, Gold or Platinum.
Bronze - Five Loyola Awards in any category.
Silver - Seven Loyola Awards covering at least three categories.
Gold - Ten Loyola Awards covering at least three categories with two or more awards in each of the three categories.
Platinum - once a student has received two Gold College Colour badges if they qualify for a third (Gold) College Colour they will receive a Platinum College Colour badge.
The College Colours are represented by a lapel badge that is presented by the College Principal at a whole school assembly and the badge is worn on the College blazer.
Students on behaviour reports may receive Affirmations or Loyola awards, but cannot receive College Colours. The Principal retains the discretion to refuse any recommended nomination for awards.
Saint Ignatius College Geelong is committed to the safety and wellbeing of all students at the College.
On 26 November 2015, the Victorian Parliament passed the Child Wellbeing and Safety Amendment (Child Safe Standards) Bill 2015 to introduce child safe standards into law. The standards will commence from 1 January 2016 for most organisations working with children, with the aim of promoting cultural change in the way organisations manage the risk of child abuse and neglect.
The child safe standards are part of the Victorian Government's response to the Betrayal of Trust Inquiry into the Handling of Child Abuse by Religious and other Non-Government Organisations. The Betrayal of Trust Report found that while the majority of children are safe in organisations and in the community, more work could be done to strengthen existing approaches to child safety.
The child safe standards aim to drive cultural change in organisations that provide services for children so that protecting children from abuse is embedded in everyday thinking and practice.
Saint Ignatius College Geelong will implement the Child Safe Standards to ensure the safety and wellbeing of all students at the College and promote an organisational culture that manages the risk of child abuse and neglect.
Student well-being issues are paramount throughout the College and are complimentary to the Religious Education program.
Students, staff and parents or guardians are provided with opportunities to experience a sense of belonging to a faith-filled Christian community and to commit themselves to being of service to others. The pastoral program provides every student in the College with a carer who has a special concern for the student as an individual and encourages personal growth; primarily the Homeroom Teacher. The College also offers a Student Wellbeing service for any student who wishes to avail themselves of this facility.
Pastoral Care policy for schools from the Catholic Education Office, Melbourne.
Student behaviour education and pastoral care – a whole-of-school responsibility.
A Catholic school's provision of positive behaviour education and behaviour management skilling of students ought be pastorally driven, comprehensive, and whole-of-school in nature.
An appropriate model is the Health Promoting Schools framework. The focus and intended outcome is personal resilience, the mode is prevention and primary intervention, and the application is to the school community as a whole, and to each member of the school community individually.
It is within such a positive and broad framework that a school's student behaviour management processes for individual cases ought be formulated.
Pastoral care for the whole school community.
Because student wrongful behaviour can have an adverse effect on the wellbeing of students, staff members and others, the proper exercise of pastoral care requires the principal to ensure a just and reasonable balancing of the rights, needs, obligations and wellbeing of all concerned.
In addition, the principal will sometimes need to authorise action beyond the school's formal student behaviour management procedures, based on knowledge of the particular issues and local realities, and guided by principles that include justice, respect, compassion, personal and communal safety, health, and duty of care.
Student connectedness and engagement. An essential element of human wellbeing is the experience of belonging, of being connected to others in a community, being accepted and valued, and being positively involved and engaged within a community.
For the wellbeing of students, their school must provide them with such an experience. It follows that, when a school is addressing student behaviour that is judged inappropriate or wrongful, behaviour management processes which ensure that the student remains engaged and connected with school activities and the school community are to be preferred to those that disengage the student. It is recommended that processes that disengage not be applied unless other options are clearly not appropriate. Disengagement and disconnection are potentially harmful of student wellbeing.
Restorative practices. The philosophy of Restorative Practices informs a positive and formative approach to student behaviour management, and is recommended for Catholic schools. A commitment to Restorative Practices has as its aim the promotion of resilience in the one harmed and the one causing harm. Restorative measures help students learn from their mistakes, grow in self discipline, take responsibility for their actions, recognise the impact of their actions on others, and reconcile and resolve conflict with others. Further information may be obtained from the diocesan Catholic Education Office.
http://www.ceomelb.catholic.edu.au/publications-policies/contentPubPolicies.aspx?id=4602
The College canteen menu uses the 'traffic light system' to inform students, staff and parents of the College the healthier choice's available at the College canteen (See 'Healthy Food @ School Guidelines' in our 'College Policies and Procedures' section for full details).
Our current 'Canteen Price List' can be viewed and download here.
Canteen Duty for Parents
Canteen duty provides a much appreciated service to the school. It gives you the opportunity to meet and talk with other parents and also enables you to see your child's school in action.
Five helpers are needed each day. Helpers will need to be at the canteen by 9:00am and will generally be finished by 1:30pm. If you can only be there part of the day, your help is greatly appreciated.
If you are able to assist, please contact Sandra Woodall at the College on 5251 1136.
Also in this Edition
27 Peninsula Drive Drysdale VIC 3222
Saint Ignatius College Geelong is committed to the safety, wellbeing and inclusion of all children and young people.
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The Black Sculpin is restricted to the upper Clinch and Holston river systems where it can be relatively common. They reside in cool spring runs, creeks, and streams with moderately high gradients. This species is a smaller sculpin, reaching just over three inches in length.


text:
Philippe Sands is professor of law at UCL and a barrister at Matrix Chambers. East West Street: On the Origins of Genocide and Crimes against Humanity was reviewed in the LRB by Isabel Hull.
Reasons to Comply
Trouble at the FCO
Two Soldiers
John Lanchester
Falling out with New Labour
David Runciman
Blair's Masochism
David Ramsbotham
Unfair to the Army
Ross McKibbin
Why Vote Labour?
John Barnie
Blair's Style
Politics and economics, Political systems, 2000-present, 2003-2004, Europe, Western Europe, UK, Middle East, Iraq, Tony Blair
pages 9-11 | 3843 words
A Grand and Disastrous Deceit
The Report of the Iraq Inquiry by John Chilcot
HMSO, 12 vols, 6275 pp, £767.00, ISBN 1 4741 3331 2
The Iraq Inquiry, chaired by Sir John Chilcot and composed of five privy councillors, finally published its report on the morning of 6 July, seven years and 21 days after it was established by Gordon Brown with a remit to 'look at the run-up to the conflict, the conflict itself and the reconstruction, so that we can learn lessons'.[*] It offers a long and painful account of an episode that may come to be seen as marking the moment when the UK fell off its global perch, trust in government collapsed and the country turned inward and began to disintegrate.
When the report was published I was outside the Queen Elizabeth II Centre in the shadow of Westminster Abbey, with family members of British soldiers killed or injured during the conflict. During the day the atmosphere swung between anxiety and expectation, celebration and anger. Chilcot's statement given that morning at a press conference inside the centre was an elegant and effective distillation of the contents of the report's 12 volumes: 2.6 million words reduced to three thousand, spoken with significant pauses and emphases and the occasional knowing look. By the time he had finished his 25-minute speech, the mood in and around the centre had changed: contrary to most expectations, the inquiry had delivered a report of devastating clarity. Chilcot's answer to the first question the inquiry had been asked set the scene: 'The UK chose to join the invasion of Iraq before the peaceful options for disarmament had been exhausted. Military action at that time was not a last resort.' The emphasis he put on 'before' and 'not' were an indication of what was to come. He continued:
The judgments about the severity of the threat posed by Iraq's weapons of mass destruction – WMD – were presented with a certainty that was not justified.
Despite explicit warnings, the consequences of the invasion were underestimated. The planning and preparations for Iraq after Saddam Hussein were wholly inadequate.
The government failed to achieve its stated objectives.
'Not justified', 'inadequate', 'failure'. Chilcot then turned to the timeline, the attacks of 11 September 2001 and the move by the US and the UK to a policy of regime change. In April 2002, at a meeting at George W. Bush's ranch in Texas, Tony Blair 'sought a partnership' with Bush and argued for 'an ultimatum calling on Iraq to permit the return of weapon inspectors or face the consequences'. In July Blair told the president: 'I will be with you, whatever.' In September he and the foreign secretary, Jack Straw, persuaded Bush to 'take the issue of Iraq back to the UN', and in November the Security Council adopted Resolution 1441, which gave Iraq a final opportunity to disarm or face 'serious consequences': further breaches would be reported to the Security Council 'for assessment'. In December Bush concluded that since UN weapons inspections 'would not achieve the desired result', the US would 'take military action in early 2003'. In January 2003 Blair concluded that war was likely, and 'accepted the US timetable for military action by mid-March'. Bush agreed to seek a further Security Council resolution that would explicitly authorise war. By 12 March it was clear that there would be no second resolution: most Security Council members were not convinced that all peaceful options had been exhausted. The bombing began a week later, on 20 March.
Blair's government struggled to deliver on the prime minister's promised support. The inquiry found a litany of failings. On Iraq's WMD capabilities, judgments were made 'with a certainty that was not justified'. The intelligence did not establish 'beyond doubt' that Iraq was producing chemical or biological weapons. Iraq did not have the capacity to develop a nuclear weapon, and had not deployed long-range missiles. UK policy was based on 'flawed intelligence and assessments' which 'should have been' challenged but weren't. Military planning was settled too late and preparation was inadequate, with 'equipment shortfalls' and risks 'neither properly identified nor fully exposed to ministers'. Remarkably, the cabinet never discussed the military options or their implications. Contrary to Blair's claim, post-invasion difficulties could have been anticipated, and the risk of internal strife, Iranian involvement and al-Qaida activity 'were each explicitly identified before the invasion'. Although aware of the inadequacy of US planning, ministers couldn't influence it. There was no 'clear ministerial oversight of UK planning and preparation', and no proper plan for postwar administration, security and reconstruction. Whitehall departments failed, ministers failed; there was no 'collective ministerial discussion'. Delays in equipment supplies by the Ministry of Defence were intolerable. The army, lacking sufficient resources, cut a deal with a militia group which had been actively targeting its forces: a 'humiliating' position. The war ended 'a very long way from success', Chilcot concludes. The intervention 'went badly wrong', with consequences that are continuing still. It was not 'calculated, debated and challenged with the utmost rigour', and decisions taken were not 'implemented fully'.
Chilcot didn't mention a single positive outcome. When he finished speaking at the Queen Elizabeth Centre, the audience was stunned. Judging by his appearance when he gave a press conference a few hours later, so too was Blair. Chilcot portrayed the Iraq War as a total failure of government. Two hundred British troops had been killed and many more were injured; 150,000 Iraqis had been killed 'and probably many more – most of them civilians'; and more than a million people had been displaced. Lives were ruined; Islamic State has emerged in the aftermath, and Britain has been diminished.
The report spreads the responsibility far and wide, covering politicians, civil servants, the military and lawyers. Yet, devastating as it is, the report does pull some punches. There is no allegation, explicitly at least, of lying, deceit or manipulation, even if the facts as presented make possible the inference.
The report's treatment of the legality of the war – though it's worth remembering that a lawful war is not necessarily right – and the steps that were taken in an attempt to find a legal justification, offers an opportunity to explore the inquiry's self-restraint.In his introductory words Chilcot explains that the inquiry 'has not expressed a view on whether military action was legal'. With no lawyer among its members, and no legal counsel to assist it, the inquiry chose to sidestep this delicate matter, claiming it was best 'resolved by a properly constituted and internationally recognised court' (a parallel inquiry in the Netherlands, the Davids Commission, which reported in January 2010, concluded that the war had no basis in international law). Even so, Chilcot devotes much of his opening statement to matters of legality. Distinguishing between substance and process, the inquiry concludes that 'the circumstances in which it was decided that there was a legal basis for UK military action were far from satisfactory.' 'Far from satisfactory' is a career-ending phrase in mandarin-speak, a large boot put in with considerable force. As late as January 2003, Lord Goldsmith, the attorney general, told Blair that lawful war required a further Security Council resolution, before later changing his mind – his written advice of 7 March found a second resolution 'preferable' (rather than indispensable) – and then changing it again, offering a final view on 17 March: since Iraq was in 'material breach' of the existing Security Council resolutions, 'the authority to use force under Resolution 678 was, "as a result", revived.' Taking the documents of 7 and 17 March together, Chilcot notes that, on the legal view finally adopted, war would be lawful only if there was evidence that Iraq had committed 'further material breaches as specified in Resolution 1441'.
He homes in on a key question: on what basis did Blair take the decision that Iraq was in further material breach? 'Not clear', Chilcot answers, somewhat generously, since the evidence before the inquiry showed that Blair consulted no one but himself – not the UN weapons inspectors, not the Joint Intelligence Committee, not anyone. Playing God and weapons inspector, Blair simply made up his mind that Iraq was in material breach. 'Given the gravity of the decision,' Chilcot adds, 'Lord Goldsmith should have been asked to provide written advice explaining how, in the absence of a majority in the Security Council, Mr Blair could take that decision.' Actually, Goldsmith should have told Blair that this was not a decision he could take himself, not without expert advice. The question of material breach 'should have been considered by a cabinet committee', Chilcot says, 'and then discussed by cabinet itself'. It was not.
The report goes further in its criticism of the processes followed in obtaining a legal sign-off. Senior ministers were not consulted. 'Normal practice' was cast aside: it was 'unusual' for the attorney general rather than a minister to offer an explanation in Parliament. Ministers, senior officials and the cabinet weren't provided with the written advice of 7 March; the cabinet wasn't told how Blair had reached his views on material breach. The cabinet 'should have been made aware of the uncertainties', but was not. Goldsmith should have provided full written advice explaining the legal basis for action and setting out all the risks of legal challenge.
These are forceful criticisms. They are given added heft by the inquiry's failure to be persuaded by Blair and Straw's claim that France was to blame 'for the "impasse" in the UN', and by its blunt rejection of the idea that the UK had upheld the authority of the Security Council. Rather, 'in the absence of a majority in support of military action, we consider that the UK was, in fact, undermining the Security Council's authority.'
In fact the inquiry had plenty of material available to it which would have allowed it to express a view on the war's legality. In June 2010 it sought submissions on the merits of the UK argument. It received 37 responses (quite why it took six years for them to see the light of day is unclear), reflecting the views of 57 expert individuals and six organisations. Just one of them supported the claim that the war was lawful, on the 'revival' theory – the idea that Resolution 678 could be revived and used to justify military action.
These respondents weren't the 'usual suspects', naysayers and whingers who like to put the UK down or have an animus towards the prime minister or the attorney general. They included Franklin Berman QC, a former FCO legal adviser ('nothing less than an overwhelmingly clear legal case will do,' he said, and this was not such a case); Ralph Zacklin, a former head of legal affairs at the UN (the Iraq war was 'an illegal act' which 'damaged the UK's standing' and 'undermined' the UN Charter and the credibility of the Security Council); and Nigel Rodley, the UK member of the UN Human Rights Committee ('the conclusion … is inescapable: an unlawful use of force on such a scale amounts to the crime of aggression'). The inquiry says it used these submissions 'to inform its consideration of legal issues'.
In addition, the inquiry hearings produced new accounts and documents that shed light on the legal process, detailing Goldsmith's various changes of direction. The story is now familiar: from 30 July 2002, two days after Blair told Bush that he was with him 'whatever', until the end of February 2003 he consistently advised that before embarking on military action there was a need for explicit Security Council authorisation. In October Goldsmith told Straw that a draft of what would become Security Council Resolution 1441 did not offer the necessary explicit authorisation. Immediately after its adoption Goldsmith told 10 Downing Street that 'he was not at all optimistic' that it provided 'a sound legal basis' for war. In mid-January 2003 he confirmed that Resolution 1441 did not authorise war. Two weeks later, on 30 January, when Blair was on his way to Washington to meet Bush, Goldsmith wrote to him that 'the correct legal interpretation of Resolution 1441 is that it does not authorise the use of military force without a further determination by the Security Council.' Blair simply ignored the unwanted advice.
'We had trouble with your attorney,' a senior Bush lawyer reportedly told a British official. 'We got him there eventually.' By 7 March Goldsmith had changed tack, but not far enough. The report details the efforts made to persuade him to harden his advice on 13 and 14 March. They were successful and Goldsmith changed his mind again: no new Security Council resolution was needed provided there was 'strong evidence' that Iraq had failed to comply with Resolution 1441, a matter on which the views of the UN weapons inspectors would be significant. Two days later, on 15 March, Blair confirmed it was his 'unequivocal view' that Iraq was in 'material breach of its obligations'. On 17 March Goldsmith told Parliament that the use of military force was unambiguously lawful without a further Security Council resolution. Nine months after the 'I'm with you, whatever' moment, Blair had the legal chit he wanted, although it was never put in formal, written legal advice.
Section 5 of the report lays bare, in excruciating detail, how these changes occurred. There's nothing really new, since the material emerged when the hearings took place, but these 169 pages of tightly woven narrative and assessment nonetheless offer a unique insight into the place of legal advice within government: how law is made to fit around policy, rather than the other way round. You can tot up the lies and deceits, the duplicities and the fudges, the techniques used to deliver the support that Blair offered, 'whatever'.
In November 2002 Straw told the cabinet that no further resolution beyond 1441 was needed, suppressing the contrary opinion of Goldsmith and of the FCO legal adviser Michael Wood. A month later Straw stopped Goldsmith giving advice (Lord Turnbull, the cabinet secretary, told the inquiry that 'it would have been better' if Goldsmith's advice had been obtained earlier). Further meetings took place, without records being kept. In January Blair told Parliament that the UK could override an 'unreasonable' Security Council veto, knowingly contradicting Goldsmith's clear advice. Later that month Blair failed to tell cabinet about Goldsmith's serious concerns about the legality of a war, and decided not to ask the attorney general to speak in cabinet. Two weeks later, on 31 January, Blair met Bush and offered a commitment that contradicted the legal advice given to him by Goldsmith the previous day. Straw told Michael Wood that he did not accept that a further Security Council resolution was required. On 5 March Blair again ignored Goldsmith's advice and told Bush that a Security Council resolution vetoed by one of the permanent members would still be 'legally … acceptable' if it received the nine votes necessary for a resolution to be adopted. Ministers 'whose responsibilities were directly engaged' – including the chancellor, Gordon Brown, and Clare Short, the minister for international development – 'did not see' Goldsmith's written advice of 7 March. They weren't told that a legal team was put together on 13 March 'to help Lord Goldsmith to explain in public the legal basis "as strongly and unambiguously as possible",' or that the attorney general had retained Christopher Greenwood, a professor of international law at the LSE, 'for the purpose of assisting in the development of legal arguments in support of the view that there was a sound legal basis for the use of force without a second resolution'. Finally, when Goldsmith's 337-word parliamentary answer was put before cabinet on 17 March, they were not aware that it set out 'the legal basis for the use of force, not his advice'.
I try to imagine what it would have been like to attend cabinet on the afternoon of 17 March. The attendees have before them a sheet of paper giving the simple legal basis for war. They know nothing of what has come before, of Goldsmith's numerous changes of direction, or that they are proceeding on the false basis that the document before them constitutes his legal advice ('it seemed to me the attorney general's advice was quite unequivocal,' Gordon Brown told the inquiry, in error). They don't know that the document before them omits all the uncertainties and Goldsmith's belief that the proposed legal basis for war is unlikely to persuade a court. Of these matters they know nothing and, judging by the report, they do not wish to know. They prefer to avert their gaze, reminding the reader of the sketch in Spitting Image when Margaret Thatcher dines with members of her cabinet:
Waitress: 'Would you like to order, Sir?'
Thatcher: 'Yes, I will have a steak.'
Waitress: 'How'd you like it?'
Thatcher: 'Raw please.'
Waitress: 'And what about the vegetables?'
Thatcher: 'Oh, they'll have the same as me.'
Despite the vast gap between the situation as it was and as it was perceived to be by the cabinet, the inquiry concludes that the 'cabinet was not misled.' This implausible finding suggests a deliberate restraint on the part of the inquiry, but on the facts of the disastrous decision to go to war its report will surely be the final word. Its authoritative and independent account makes it clear that the decision was not wise or correct or justifiable. This is not a matter of hindsight, since the inquiry finds that the necessary information was available to the decision-makers if they had wanted to see it: on Iraq's WMD capability, on the consequences of the war, on the strife and mayhem that would follow.
Yet the inquiry has chosen to hold back on what caused the multitude of errors: was it negligence, or recklessness, or something else? In so doing it has created a space for Blair and the others who stood with him to protest that they acted in good faith, without deceit or lies. To get a sense of how this space was created requires a very thorough reading of the report. But two techniques can be identified immediately.
First, the inquiry has engaged in salami-slicing, assessing cause and motive in individual moments without stepping back and examining the whole. The whole makes clear that the decision to remove Saddam Hussein and wage war in Iraq was taken early, and that intelligence and law were then fixed to facilitate the desired outcome. On legal matters, Blair manipulated the process, forcing the attorney general to give legal advice at the last possible moment, with troops already massed and a coalition ready to roll. He would have known that Goldsmith was less likely at that stage to have said that war would be illegal. The pressure must have been intense. Since it would make it harder to obtain the support of cabinet and Parliament, and the public, his formal advice – the 7 March document permeated with an understanding of the uncertainty and risk involved in going to war – was deliberately withheld from cabinet. The redacted and recast document of 17 March, the written answer that went to Parliament, cabinet and the people, was an instrument of persuasion that aimed to create the impression that Goldsmith had advised that the war was unequivocally lawful. The document did mislead. It was the product of calculated manipulation enabled by silences and lies, a grand and disastrous deceit.
Second, on the basis of material I have seen but isn't in the public domain, I believe the inquiry may have been excessively generous in its characterisation of evidence. I offer one example, in relation to the events of 31 January 2003, when Blair met Bush at the White House. According to the Chilcot Report, David Manning, the British ambassador in Washington, noted that the two men agreed that 'the military campaign could begin "around 10 March".' As I wrote in my book Lawless World: Making and Breaking Global Rules (2006), the note actually states that 10 March has been pencilled in, and records Bush as stating that this 'was when the bombing would begin'. The note also records that Blair 'was solidly with the president and ready to do whatever it took to disarm Saddam', and indicates that he thought a second resolution was desirable (but by implication not necessary). In other words, as early as January Blair had committed himself to supporting a March invasion whether or not there was a further resolution. Blair was indeed with Bush, 'whatever' Bush wanted. The Chilcot Report has the two men agreeing that the campaign 'could' begin in March, not that it 'would' begin then. This tiny change – one letter, quotation marks removed – causes me to wonder whether any other changes of emphasis may have been made in respect of documents we are not allowed to see.
All this may be seen as pedantic. Perhaps the inquiry could have reported more quickly, by publishing its conclusions in phases (first the run-up, then the conflict, then the reconstruction). Perhaps a differently constituted committee would have spoken explicitly of illegality. But such concerns fade when I recall the afternoon of 6 July. 'We are vindicated,' the grandfather of one of the British servicemen killed in Iraq told me, 'and it was worth the wait.'
Later that afternoon a defiant Tony Blair took to the airwaves. Chilcot had spoken for 25 minutes; Blair spoke for nearly two hours. Not for him the apology of his deputy, John Prescott, who wrote in the Sunday Mirror that, in view of the report, he now believed the war was 'catastrophic' and 'illegal'. Blair instead defended himself, saying he'd take 'the same decision' again. This unhappy intervention will not do him any favours. It makes it more likely he will be pursued, perhaps for contempt of Parliament, or by civil claims, or claims of misfeasance in public office. He might even face worse, a possibility raised in the resignation letter tendered in 2003 by the Foreign Office legal adviser Elizabeth Wilmshurst, whose position has been vindicated by the inquiry:
I regret that I cannot agree that it is lawful to use force without a second Security Council resolution … I cannot in conscience go along with advice within the Office or to the public or Parliament – which asserts the legitimacy of military action without such a resolution, particularly since an unlawful use of force on such a scale amounts to the crime of aggression; nor can I agree with such action in circumstances which are so detrimental to the international order and the rule of law.
[*] The members of the inquiry were John Chilcot, Lawrence Freedman, Martin Gilbert, Roderic Lyne and Usha Prashar. The committee was assisted by Rosalyn Higgins (international law) and Roger Wheeler (military matters).
Vol. 38 No. 15 · 28 July 2016 » Philippe Sands » A Grand and Disastrous Deceit


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Home » Fish » General Fish » Pet Fish
General Fish
•by Randi Jones
•335 Views
Fish is a creature from the Paraphyletic group. These creatures lack digits and limbs, and possess gills through which they breathe. Pet Fish is generally those fishes that are bred at home as a part of a fish-keeping hobby. Some fish-keeping is done for the consumption of fish, whereas some are nurtured exclusively for ornamental purpose. The fish at home is raised in an aquarium or in a garden pond. Since ancient times, fish was raised in pools and ponds for trading and for food purpose. There is also a section under agriculture known as 'piscatorial fish keeping industry'. Like any other pets, these fishes also require some important things like peculiar tank, food, water conditions, etc. They also need care and attention to survive in a totally different habitat that their natural ones.
The history of the fish goes long back to the Cambrian period. But in those periods, they were the chordates having soft bodies. The first jaw fish appeared in the Silurian period. Keeping fish as a pet has been common since geological times, and most of them were consumed later as a source of food. Sumerians of those times used the wild caught fish for meals, and before preparing, these fishes were placed in the ponds. In Asia, many types of freshwater fish were stocked in the rice paddies for eating. Some species like goldfish and carp have been common in China and Japan since 2000 years back. The Chinese people started to raise the goldfish species in a large vessel made of ceramic in the times of the Song Dynasty. In the medieval period, European regions were common with Carp fish pools, especially in the monasteries and estates, mainly grown for food purpose. Marine fishes were costly in those days. The wealthiest people, especially the Romans preferred keeping marine fishes like Lampreys in the exclusive salt water pools.
The term "Fish" refers to the aquatic creatures that include lampreys, Hagfish, Bony Fish, Cartilaginous Fish and Lobe-Finned Fishes. Almost all the species of fish breathe through gills by taking water through the mouth and expelling it through their gills. The capillary filled gill filaments absorb the oxygen present in the water, and releases carbon dioxide with the expelled water. The muscles present in both sides of their backbone are used for the movement activity. The contraction of the muscles takes place sequentially for its movement through the S-shaped water waves. Some species of fish have an organ called as swim bladder that helps to move through the water easily.
Jawless Fish Armored Fish Cartilaginous Fish Ray-Finned Fish Lobe-Finned Fishes
Jawless Fish
Reconstructions of various species of the jawless fish genus. Illustration:: Stanton F. Fink
The super class of the Jawless fish is the Agnatha that consist of both extinct and living species. The Agnatha fossils discovered belong to the Cambrian period, and only two types are still living, namely, the Hagfish and Large Lampreys which consist of around 120 species.
Armored Fish
An ancient and a modern armored fish. Illustration: Lucas, Frederic A.
The class of the Armored fish known as Placodermi got extinct by the Devonian Era. These fish were the first type that evolved with jaws.
Three carboniferous cartilaginous fish. Illustration: Stanton F. Fink
This type is also known as Chondrichthyes, which possesses paired fins, jaws, a heart with chambers, skeleton formed of cartilage and scales. This class is sub-divided into two sub-classes, namely, Elasmobranchii and Holocephali.
Ray-finned Fish
A picture of Prochilodus lineatus, a South American ray-finned fish. Photo: Sara Beatriz Sverlij
This type belongs to the Actinopterygii class of fish. They are basically bony structured. This fish possesses a fin made of skin that looks like a web along with horny spines.
Lobe-finned Fish
Eusthenopteron foordi, a lobe-finned fish from the Late Devonian of Canada
The Lobe-finned fish belongs to the Sarcopterygii class. It includes the bony fish with paired and fleshy fins. The living species of this fish type are Lungfish, Coelacanths and The Tetrapods.
Pet fishes can also be classified into three main groups, namely, freshwater fish, marine fish and brackish fish.
The fish found in the fresh waters like rivers, lakes and other water bodies that consist salinity of less than 0.05% is called Freshwater Fish. These fish may be either tropical or Coldwater species. Almost 42% of the fish commonly found are fresh water fish. There are many fish types found in the fresh water, some of the most common types.
Bichirs and Reedfish
Barred Bichir (Polypterus delhezi). Photo: Steven G. Johnson
It belongs to the family of Polypteridae. These fish grow up to 97cm in length. The body consists of 4 pairs of gill arches. These fish are very popular in the pet shops by the name Dragon Bichir. The different types of Bichirs and Reedfish require a pH level ranging from 6 to 8. The temperature for the Bichirs ranges from 25 to 29 degree C, whereas for the Reedfish is between 22 and 28 degree C. Some of the types of Bichirs are-:
Gray Bichir
Ornate Bichir
Senegal Bichir
Retropinnis Bichir
This fish is named after the cat due to its barbells that resembles the whiskers of a cat. This diverse group consists of ray-finned fish. It belongs to the order Siluriformes. The size and appearance are very diverse in each species of catfish. The pH level ranges 5 to 8. They are generally bottom feeders in nature. Some of the types of catfish are-:
Loach Catfish
Emerald Catfish
Britski's Catfish
Adolfo's Catfish
Hognose Brochis
Banded Corydoras
This group of fish belongs to the Cichlidae family, which is diverse and large. It consists of about 1650 species, and is known to be one of the largest families in the vertebrate group. They are very popular, and are preferred as a pet in home freshwater aquariums. It is found in wide varieties in South America and Africa. The body size ranges from 2.5 cm to the largest being 1 m in length. Some of the commonly known Cichlid species are:
Sunshine Peacock Cichlid
Eureka, red Peacock
Rusty Cichlid
Electric Yellow Cichlid
Cobalt Blue Cichlid
Lemon Cichlid
Odessa Barb
Tiger Barb Fish. Photo: Ranjith Siji
It is the largest family in the fish world and also of the vertebrate creatures. It includes true minnows and carps, and hence it is also known as Carp family or Minnow family. This family consists of more than 220 genera and 2400 species. One of the genus called as Barb is the most commonly found freshwater fish. These types of fish have toothless jaw and are basically stomach less. They are easy to breed fish in the tank or aquarium. Some of the commonly seen species are-:
Bigspot Barb
Melon Barb
Golden Barb
Panda Barb
Greenstripe Barb
Clown Barb
Round Goby Fish
This type of fish belongs to the family of Gobiidae. It is also one of the largest fish group, which consists of more than 200 genera and 2000 species. Most of these fish grow only up to 10 cm, and the big species attain a body length of about 30 cm. This fish possesses a fused pelvic fins that form a sucker in a disc shape. This type of fish is found in the temperate and tropical environments. The common types of Gobies are-:
Peacock Goby
Striped sleeper Goby
Marbled sleeper
Black Toraja Goby
Dragon Goby,
Violet Goby
Killfish
Steel Blue Killifish
The Killifish name refers to the various egg laying fish from the families like Aplocheilidae, Rivulidae, Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae and many more. Altogether there are more than 1270 types of species in the Killifish group. Most of the species are about 2 inches in length and very rare species are found with a body length of 6 inches. Some of the Killifish are-:
American Flagfish
Blue Lyretail
Clown Killifish
Red-seam Killifish
Labyrinth Fish
Giant Gourami. Photo: Adrian Pingstone
This fish is also termed as Anabantoids. It belongs to the suborder Anabantoidei. They inhabit the freshwaters of Africa and Asia. These fish possess a labyrinth similar to the human lungs that allows breathing of air in this species. Some species of the Labyrinth are-:
Chocolate Gourami
Giant Gourami
Dwarf Gourami
Moonlight Gourami
Live Bearers
A female "Balloon Molly" (a hybrid of Poecilia latipinna). Photo: Gourami Watcher
These types of fish are the ones who carry their young ones in their body and reproduce a live small swimming fry. They are very easy to breed; hence the fish hobbyists are very fond of these fish. Some of the types of the Live Bearers are-:
Black Molly
Dalmatian Molly
Sailfin Molly
Loach and Related Cypriniformes
The Loaches or the Cobitidae belongs to the Old World Fresh Water Fish family. They are endemic to Riverine Ecosystem, Morocco and throughout Eurasia. They are mostly worm shaped, thin and long. Cypriniformes order consists of ray-finned fish like Loaches, Minnows, Carps and others. Some of the types of Loaches and Cypriniformes are-:
Loach
Yoyo Loach
Bengal Loach
Clown Loach
Blue Botia
Chinese high fin banded shark. Photo: OpenCage
Chinese Hill Stream Loach
Chinese High Fin Banded Shark
Neotropical Fish
Electric Eel. Photo: OpenCage
This fish belongs to the Gymnotiformes order and are also referred as South American Knife fish. They possess lengthy body and extended anal fins. These fish have the capability to produce an electric field helpful for navigation. Some of the species are-:
Black Ghost Knife fish
Brown Ghost Knife fish
Glass Knife fish
Puffer Fish
A Puffer Fish,Arothron hispidus. Photo: Brocken Inaglory
This fish belongs to the family of Tetraodontidae. They are considered to be the world's second most vertebrates that are so highly poisonous. They typically grow into small or medium size. Some of the types are given below-:
Amazon Puffer
Figure 8 Pufferfish
Dwarf Pufferfish
Green Spotted Puffer
These fish are the members of Melanotaeniidae, endemic to eastern and northern Australia, Raja Ampat Islands and New Guinea. They basically grow only up to 12 cm. Some of the types are-:
Salmon-Red Rainbow fish
Lake Wanam Rainbow fish
Duboulayi's Rainbow fish
Neon Rainbow fish
Spiny Eels
Fire Eel. Photo: Llandor
These fish belong to the family Mastacembelidae, and are native to the Southeast Asia and Africa. These fish possess an eel like body, and have a maximum length of 1m. Some of the types are as under-:
Fire Eel
Tire Track Eel
Spot finned Spiny Eel
Blackbanded Sunfish. Photo: Tino Strauss
Quite a few Ray-Finned Fish belong to the Sunfish family that consist about 37 species of fishes. These species have a distinct body with three anal spines. Some small species grow up to 8cm whereas; some bigger species attain a 1m length. Some of the types are as under-:
Redbreast Sunfish
Orange spotted Sunfish
Black banded Sunfish
Red ear Sunfish
Longnose Gar Fish. Photo: Steggy Lu
These fish are the members of order Lepisosteiformes and family Lepisosteidae. They possess elongated bodies consisting of ganoid scales. Till now the recorded length specimen has a body length of 3 m. Some of the species are-:
Florida Gar
Long nose Gar
Cuban Gar
Alligator Gar
Saltwater Fish/ Marine Fish
The Saltwater or Marine fish are the ones who spend their whole or some of their lives in the habitat having salt water like seas, oceans and salt lakes. These habitats have a salinity of 0.05% and more. The list of marine fish is:
Angelfish (dwarf)
Angelfish (large)
Bass and groupers
Basslets and assessors
Boxfish and blowfish
Cardinal fish
Dart fish
Fox face
Hawkish
Jaw fish
Squirrelfish
Tilefish
The most common Saltwater Fish are-:
These hardy fish belong to Pomacanthidae family. They have compressed body structures covered in bright colors. They are inhabitants of Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Most of the species normally attain a body length of 20 to 30 cm.
Types are-:
Bellus Angelfish
Koran Angelfish
These groups of fishes are the tropical marine water fishes that belong to the family Chaetodontidae. They look similar to the angelfish but are smaller than the latter. They attain a length between 12 to 22 cm. Types are-:
Long nose Butterfly fish
Redback Butterfly fish
Teardrop Butterfly fish
Sickle Butterfly fish
Clown Fish
These Clownfish, also known as Anemone fish are a great aquarium species. They belong to the family Amphiprioninae. They are found in different colors depending on the species. The smallest attain a size of 10 cm, whereas the largest grow up to 18cm. Types are-:
Maroon Clownfish
Tomato Clownfish
Clarkii Anemone Fish
Cinnamon Anemone Fish
Damsel Fish
Neon Damselfish. Photo: Nick Hobgood
The fish present in this group are the members of Pomacanthidae family. They are brightly colored beautiful fish that grow up to 14 inches. They are endemic to tropical coral reefs. Types are-:
Azure Damsel
Blue Velvet Damsel
Blue fin Damsel
Domino Damsel
Goat Fish
Two Whitesaddle goatfish searching food. Photo: Vincent C. Chen
These perciform fish belong to the Mullidae family. They are the inhabitants of reefs present in the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. They are more popular as a food source. The largest species attain around 55 cm in size, whereas the remaining species attain only half of it. They have elongated bodies with tail fins in a forked structure and widely split dorsal fins. Types are-:
Bicolor Goatfish
Manybar Goatfish
Gold saddle Goatfish
Brackish Water Fish
The Fishes that can survive well in brackish or semi-salt water is termed as Brackish Water Fish. Some of the types found in Brackish water are common in fresh water and sea water as well.
Four-eyed fish. Photo: James St. John
Four-eyed Fish
Colombian Shark Catfish
Berney's Shark Catfish
Australian Shark Catfish
Common Toadfish. Photo: Sylke Rohrlach
Common Toadfish
Bumblebee Goby. Photo: Dirk Godlinski / CC-BY-SA-3.0
Bumblebee Goby
Knight Goby
Blackchin Tilapia
Green Chromide
Orange Chromide
African Moony. Photo: Trisha Shears
Siamese Tiger Fish
African Moony
Celebes Rainbow Fish
How to Set-Up an Aquarium at Home
Keeping fish is as much an adventure as well as a stress busting hobby. Anyone can spend long hours viewing the attractive fish in the tanks without experiencing any boredom. It has grown popular and now, you can find aquariums in many places, especially placed for ornamental purposes. You can find aquariums in restaurants, offices, doctor's clinic reception areas and much more.
Pet Fish keeping can be classified into 3 groups, tropical freshwater fish aquarium, cold water fish aquarium and marine water aquarium. Out of this, the aquarium set up of the first two is quite similar, the only thing is, that the tropical fish aquarium requires a heater to maintain the temperature. The marine fish keeping is very different and it should not be preferred by the beginners.
Materials Required for Aquarium Setup
The first and the most important thing is to decide the exact place for your fish tank. Never choose a place near a window, where it will be affected by direct sunlight. The sunlight causes the growth of trouble causing algae. After this step, you can go for a shopping of various things like-:
Substrate like gravel, rocks, pebbles
Hardy live or plastic plants
Light and timer
Now You Can Start Setting up the Aquarium at Home
First, place your fish tank in the decided location.
Wash the tank with water and do not use any soap or detergents on the tank or any tank equipments, as it may be toxic for the fish.
Now wash the substrate material. If it is the gravel, then stir it in the water and wash away the impurities in it.
Now you can fit the heaters and filters, but do not turn them power on.
The tank can be filled with de-chlorinated and treated water with the accessories available for water treatment. Fill the water till the appropriate level, take care not to spill the water.
Then you can spread the substrate at the bottom of the tank. Fill the gravel from the back portion towards the front, so that the dirt or impurities if any will rest in the front portion, which will be easy to remove.
Now you can switch on the heater and filter. Also set the timer for the aquarium light.
Check whether all the installed equipments are working according to the requirements. Continue this for at least a week. Then you can consider introducing your first fish into the aquarium.
Before placing the fish in the water, you can add some plants into the aquarium. Plants are a good hiding place for the shy fishes. You can also place some rocks, pebbles or new accessories like a castle. Some people also stick colored paper comprising the design of plants behind the fish tank. It gives a natural habitat look to the aquarium After bringing home from the pet shop, these fish should be immediately placed into their new aquarium. Float the bag consisting of fish in the tank water until the temperature of both the tank and bag water are same.
Avoid using lights during the introduction of the fish into the new tank.
Some Amazing Facts About Fish
Fish have been on the earth for the last 450 million years, and is believed to have existed before the dinosaurs evolved.
There are already more than 25,000 species in the Fish family, and still more than 15,000 unidentified species are estimated to be present in the water bodies on the earth.
Only 0.01% of the water on the earth is fresh water and over 40% of the available fish inhabits in the freshwater bodies.
A unique fish species known as Spotted Climbing Perch have the ability to breathe oxygen from outside the water and crawl on land with their pectoral fins.
Some species of fish create a sound by grating their teeth, whereas some can create from their air packed swim bladder.
Other than swimming, some species are also capable of flying (gliding), climbing rocks and skipping on the surface.
These creatures possess a unique sense organ that helps them to navigate even in murky or dark water. This lateral line organ can be said to be working similar to radar.
The largest fish species in the world are the great whale that attains a body length of above 50 feet, and the smallest fish species recorded is the Philippine Goby that grows only up to 0.85 cm when mature.
Fish have almost all senses like sight, taste, touch, hearing and smell.
Similar to birds and mammals, fish also experience stress and pain.
Some Fish have bones made up of cartilage.
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text:
Gianni Baget Bozzo (* 8. März 1925 in Savona, Ligurien; † 8. Mai 2009 in Genua) war ein italienischer Geistlicher, Theologe, Politiker und Publizist.

Gianni Baget Bozzo war Widerstandskämpfer im Zweiten Weltkrieg, später Priester in der römisch-katholischen Kirche.

Von 1984 bis 1994 war er Abgeordneter der Sozialistischen Partei Italiens (Partito Socialista Italiano) im Europäischen Parlament. Während dieser Zeit wurde er wegen seiner politischen und publizistischen Tätigkeiten vom Priesteramt suspendiert.

Er war maßgeblicher Wahlkampfstratege der Forza Italia, der Partei von Silvio Berlusconi. Er war als Publizist engagiert und lehrte Theologie an den Universitäten Mailands und Genuas.

Weblinks
 "Don Baget Bozzo gestorben"

 Nachrufartikel in La Repubblica (italienisch, mit Bild)
 Werke von Gianni Baget Bozzo im Katalog der Italienischen Nationalbibliothek

Einzelnachweise

Hochschullehrer (Universität Genua)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Mailand)
Publizist
Mitglied des Europäischen Parlaments für Italien
Mitglied des Partito Socialista Italiano
Forza-Italia-Mitglied
Römisch-katholischer Theologe (20. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Theologe (21. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (20. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (21. Jahrhundert)
Politiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Italiener
Geboren 1925
Gestorben 2009
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Posted on Wednesday 22nd of July 2020 01:58:03 AM
oceanside singles
This article is about oceanside singles. If you ever wanted to find out more about dating pals from the military, this is for you. Read more of oceanside singles:
1. Dancers at a Beach Party
In the days before Facebook, surfing websites like the BeachBuddy app were an integral part of how you found single girls who were "open to a few drinks." Today, though, there's an abundance of dating sites that provide more of a hookup option, like Tinder or OkCupid, but in an app-first fashion. There's nothing wrong with that, but the BeachBuddy app provides a bit more of a reason to hit up some of your local beach clubs and dance clubs for sex.
The BeachBuddy app offers a simple method of finding the right girl at a party or social gathering. You click on a name in the top right of the app, scroll down a list, select a location, and tap. You get the option to swipe left and right to pick from a list of available singles at that location, or to add yourself as single chat online a friend by tapping "add friend." You can send a text message or email the person you find at the dance club to ask for a second date or see if the girl is available at another bar, too. The app was developed by a company called The Island Playground in Santa Monica, California.
2. Singles at a Bar
If you have a girlfriend who just wants to hang out at a bar with her friend, but you're just not in a place for sex, The Island Playground created the Singles app to help you find new dates. The app works a little differently than Singles at a Club, though. While it's the same concept, the singles app is designed to be an easier way to find women who are looking for a night out with friends than to meet the hot new guy at your next dance club.
The Island Playground says its app, which works on both iOS and Android, is available on over 5,000 bars and clubs worldwide.
The app is one of a number of Tinder-like apps designed to help you find dates from the military, police, or other service members. For example, the Air Force Tinder is an app that lets you search for military singles in your region, or the Navy Tinder, which matches military and civilian singles in your area.
3. Dating at a Bar
In a new trend, bars and clubs are launching apps to help find your match on your next date. The service is called My Bar, and it is currently available in six cities in Europe.
If you have never tried My Bar before, don't worry! It's simple. Just go on the app, then swipe through the bar's profile to find out who's on their radar. If you're a member of the military, your chatroom irani profile can also be accessed through military social media sites, including LinkedIn, Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest.
In order to find an Army-Navy match, I went to the bar I was going to. In Europe, the service is only available in the cities of Frankfurt, Milan, and Prague. As you may have guessed, the bar had a high turnover rate — the bartender told me, "The bar itself is not a bar — it is a bar that can be accessed through the app." So, if your service is in the military, the app can be accessed by the bar — but only if you live on the same continent.
A man with an Army tattoo and a Marine Corps patch (Photo: Nick Shumaker) I ordered a drink and headed over. I noticed that the bartender was working the bar, and was checking the bar app for other customers. This is how I met Nick. The app, called "Meet Me at The Bar" — was not a popular service that I had come to expect. I thought it was a nice app that could save you from waiting in line to get a drink, because there was no queue. A man with a Marine Corps tattoo and a Navy patch was in line, and he had a Navy-issued drink in hand. "Hey, you looking to meet up? We could grab a drink sometime," he said. He offered a glass of water to a middle-aged woman at the bar, who I'd met earlier. The woman said she would love to. I said I would too. I said I was a man of many flavors, and she thought I had a "Maverick" tattoo. I don't recall which one. She said she'd love to hang out, and that she would go out with me. I gave her my number, so that she could get a date from me. She called me when she was ready to meet up. She left her number, and I said, "OK, you got your date." This is a pretty good way thailand cupid dating to introduce yourself. I was on my way to work, and her phone rang. It was my wife, who had been checking in with me for the last hour. "Hi, you know that woman from work who was asking for a date?" I said. "Yeah, she's not a very attractive person." I said. "She's not very good looking. She'll probably be boring, or she'll be kind of funny, or she'll be just a nice person but she'll be a tattooed guys boring person. But at least she's not a fucking loser. Maybe you could having a boyfriend in the army give her a ring." Her first response: "OK, you're right." She's got a ring. What she was really asking prison pen pals georgia for was a date with a friend of hers who was also a navy guy and an avid surfer. He'd had no interest in her until this one night when we got to talking about the ocean and how the ocean had always american single girls made him feel good about himself. He'd been wearing this ring in his pocket for hours and he hadn't touched it, but he knew he could use it for something.


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