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Reading: Large-Scale Comparison of Authorship, Citations, and Tweets of Web of Science Authors
Large-Scale Comparison of Authorship, Citations, and Tweets of Web of Science Authors
Márcia R. Ferreira ,
Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Vienna; Faculty of Informatics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, AT
Philippe Mongeon,
School of Information Management, Faculty of Management, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia; Centre interuniversitaire de recherche sur la science et la technologie (CIRST), Montreal, Quebec, CA
Centre for Science and Technology Studies (CWTS), Leiden University, Leiden, NL; DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Scientometrics and Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, ZA
Social media platforms are increasingly part of the academic workflow. However, there is a lack of research that examines these activities, particularly at the author level. This paper explores the activity of researchers in the Twittersphere by analyzing a large database of Web of Science authors systematically identified on Twitter using data from Altmetric.com. Using this information, this paper explores and compares patterns of tweeted and self-tweeted publications with other academic activities, such as citations, self-citations, and authorship at the author level. This paper also compares the thematic orientation among these different activities by analyzing the similarity of the research topics of the publications tweeted, cited, and authored. The results show that the productivity and impact of researchers, as defined by conventional bibliometric indicators, are not correlated to their popularity on the Twitter platform and that scholars generally tend to tweet about topics closely related to the publications they author and cite. These findings suggest that social media metrics capture a broader aspect of the academic workflow that is most likely related to science communication, dissemination, and engagement with wider audiences and that differs from conventional forms of impact as captured by citations. Areas for further exploration are also proposed.1
Keywords: Twitter, social media studies of science, altmetrics, science communication
How to Cite: Ferreira, M.R., Mongeon, P. and Costas, R., 2021. Large-Scale Comparison of Authorship, Citations, and Tweets of Web of Science Authors. Journal of Altmetrics, 4(1), p.1. DOI: http://doi.org/10.29024/joa.38
Published on 22 Jan 2021
Accepted on 28 Dec 2020 Submitted on 28 Dec 2020
Social media platforms provide opportunities to study science communication and the dissemination of research online (e.g., Priem, Taraborelli, Groth & Neylon 2010; Haustein, Peters, Sugimoto, Thelwall & Larivière 2014). The field of altmetrics has focused on capturing mentions of research outputs on social media and their relationship with conventional scientometrics such as citations (Sugimoto et al. 2017; Wouters, Zahedi & Costas 2018). Still lacking is a thorough understanding of the different functions that these platforms can serve in the research process and of the factors that are related to their use by academic actors. Altmetrics have been shown to capture neither the scientific impact (Haustein, Costas & Larivière 2015) nor the societal impact (Eysenbach 2011) of scientific publications. A more reasonable assumption is that altmetrics reflect processes related to science communication, social engagement, and networking (Wouters & Costas 2012). While aspects of scientific capital in the form of authorship, citations, and acknowledgments remain the main currencies of science, the contemporary communication practices of academics and the rise of alternative metrics are increasingly challenging the status quo of conventional bibliometrics (Desrochers et al. 2018).
Social media tools are increasingly part of the research workflow and provide new dissemination and communication possibilities to researchers. Previous work that examined the use of Twitter by scholars focused on specific scientific communities and disciplines (e.g., Holmberg & Thelwall 2014), highlighted the exchange of scientific information in conferences (Letierce et al. 2010; Weller et al. 2011) and the fast dissemination of scholarly news and updates (Gruzd 2012). Other studies focused on the possibility of using tweets as an early proxy for citations (Schnitzler et al. 2016; Priem et al. 2012; Shuai et al. 2012; Weller et al. 2011; Eysenbach 2011). Follow-up studies compared the amount of online attention to articles (i.e., mentions, shares, tweets, and retweets) with citations, showing low levels of correlation (Haustein et al. 2015). We are now turning our attention to how scholars use Twitter to share or engage with scholarly work and how these uses relate to their scientific output and impact.
This paper examines three types of interactions between researchers and publications—authorship, citations, and tweets—using size-dependent and size-independent indicators. To compare these different types of activities, we calculate the cosine similarity between the papers authored, cited, and tweeted at the researcher level. We discuss how such comparisons can provide insights into the academic and social media activities of researchers. Next, we look at the tendency of researchers to self-cite (Costas et al. 2010; Aksnes 2003) and self-tweet. This work takes advantage of a large set of disambiguated authors (Caron & van Eck 2014)—available in the Centre for Science and Technology Studies (CWTS) in-house version of the Web of Science (WoS) database—paired with their Twitter accounts (for details, see Costas et al. 2020). This approach helps to bridge the gap left by earlier research that examined the presence of academics on Twitter (e.g., Ke et al. 2017) but did not compare the Twitter activities of researchers with their bibliometric activities. Some of our results are also discussed in the context of the symbolic capital theory (Bourdieu 2001), in particular that the use of social media can be related to novel forms of symbolic capital (Desrochers et al. 2015), which differs from other types of scientific capital, such as authorship, citations, or acknowledgments (Cronin & Weaver 1995; Desrochers et al. 2015).
2 Data and Methods
2.1 Database and data collection
We used a dataset of disambiguated authors in the WoS database paired with their Twitter accounts using the rule-based scoring algorithm of Costas et al. (2020). We limited the initial set of data to researchers who had at least one publication (article or review) published, cited, and tweeted, with a DOI in the period of 2012–2017. This resulted in a final set of 124,569 (out of 225,9842) researchers. For the reduced dataset, we collected all the different papers that those researchers authored (n = 910,731), cited (n = 2,076,512), and tweeted (n = 932,334) over the same period, resulting in a total of 2,832,335 distinct publications.
2.2 Indicators and variables
2.2.1 Publication-level indicators
For each publication, we computed several publication-level and individual-level indicators. Field-normalized indicators are based on the WoS Journal Subject Categories (JSCs), which are calculated from the entire WoS database, and exclude self-citations (Waltman et al. 2011). We computed publication-level bibliometric indicators using the entire WoS database over 2012–2018. This gives us a more global picture of the citation impact of these publications. Similarly, the publication-level altmetric indicators are also based on Altmetric.com data for the 2012–2017 (until October) period.
2.2.2 Individual-level indicators
Table 1 shows a summary of the indicators calculated for each researcher in our dataset. The indicators consist of size-dependent indicators that capture the overall production in terms of publications, citations, and tweets and size-independent indicators such as the mean normalized citation score (MNCS), the share of self-mentioned publications, and the mean number of tweets per publication. With this information, we constructed for each researcher a bibliometric and Twitter profile that consists of publishing, citing, and tweeting information.
Individual-level indicators calculated for scholars identified on Twitter.
yfp Year of first publication of the researcher (see Nane, Costas & Lariviere [2017] for a discussion of this indicator).
tweets_to_papers Tweets sent to papers by the Twitter account of the researcher.
followers Number of followers of the researcher on Twitter.
p_authored Number of publications authored by the researcher. This indicator may also be referred to as 'p'.
tcs_authored Total citation score of the authored publications. This indicator may also be referred to as 'tcs'.
mncs_authored Mean normalized citation score (MNCS) of the authored publications.
tws_authored Total number of tweets received by authored publications. This indicator may also be referred to as 'tws'.
mtws_authored Mean number of tweets received by authored publications. This indicator may also be referred to as 'mtws'.
p_cited Number of distinct publications cited by the researcher.
mncs_cited MNCS of publications cited.
mtws_cited Mean number of tweets received by cited publications.
2.2.3 Self-mention indicators
We also examined author self-mentions (Costas et al. 2010) using the self-citations and self-tweets of researchers, calculating also the MNCS values of the publications that are self-cited and self-tweeted. More specifically, the number of publications that are self-cited (p_self-cited) or self-tweeted (p_self_tweeted) at least once were also calculated, together with the associated proportions with respect to the total authored publications (pp_authored_self_cited and pp_authored_self_tweeted). Moreover, the proportion of all publications cited and publications tweeted that are self-mentioned (pp_cited_self_cited and pp_tweeted_self_tweeted) were also obtained. The indicators are listed in Table 2, below.
Self-mention indicators for scholars identified on Twitter.
p_self_cited Number of distinct publications self-cited (i.e., publications authored that have been self-cited at least once) by the researcher (not by her co-authors).
mncs_self_cited MNCS of publications self-cited by the researcher.
mtws_self_cited Mean number of tweets received by self-cited publications.
p_tweeted Number of distinct publications tweeted by the researcher.
mncs_tweeted MNCS of publications tweeted by the researcher.
mtws_tweeted Mean number of tweets received by publications tweeted by the researcher.
p_self_tweeted Number of distinct publications self-tweeted (i.e., publications authored that have been self-tweeted at least once) by the researcher (not by her co-authors).
mncs_self_tweeted MNCS of publications self-tweeted by the researcher.
mtws_self_tweeted Mean number of tweets received by self-tweeted publications.
pp_authored_self_cited Proportion of publications authored that are self-cited. ([p_self_cited]/[p_authored])
pp_authored_self_tweeted Proportion of publications authored that are self-tweeted. ([p_self_tweeted]/[p_authored])
pp_cited_self_cited Proportion of publications cited that are self-cited. ([p_self_cited]/[p_cited])
pp_tweeted_self_tweeted Proportion of publications tweeted that are self-tweeted. ([p_self_tweeted]/[p_tweeted])
2.2.4 Topic-level similarity indicators
Unlike Mongeon (2018) and Mongeon et al. (2018), who measured the distance between a researcher's work and her tweets using the cosine similarity calculated from word and references vectors, we use WoS JSCs to calculate the similarity between the publications that a researcher authored, tweeted, and cited. The cosine similarity will be 1 for a researcher who published all her papers in a single JSC and only tweeted publications from that same JSC. By contrast, the cosine similarity will be 0 if the researcher only tweeted publications from a JSC in which she had never published. The cosine similarity measure is defined as follows:
similarity(A,B)=A⋅B‖A‖×‖B‖=∑i=1nAi×Bi∑i=1nAi2×∑i=1nBi2
M1 \documentclass[10pt]{article} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage[substack]{amsmath} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage[mathscr]{eucal} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pmc} \usepackage[Euler]{upgreek} \pagestyle{empty} \oddsidemargin -1.0in \begin{document} \[ similarity(A,B) = \frac{{A \cdot B}}{{\left\| A \right\| \times \left\| B \right\|}} = \frac{{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {{A_i} \times {B_i}} }}{{\sqrt {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {A_i^2} \times } \sqrt {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {B_i^2}}}}\] \end{document}
We used the same procedure to compute the three measures of similarity listed in Table 3, below.
Cognitive similarity indicators.
au_cit_cos Cosine similarity between papers authored and papers cited by a researcher.
au_tw_cos Cosine similarity between papers authored and papers tweeted by a researcher.
tw_cit_cos Cosine similarity between papers tweeted and papers cited by a researcher.
According to Table 4, our sample captures a young population of researchers: approximately 50% of researchers published their first WoS-indexed publication in 2010 or later. On average, researchers in the sample produced 10 publications (SD = 10.43), made 53 tweets to scientific publications (SD = 250.70), and saw their own publications being tweeted approximately 131 times (SD = 478.04). The average MNCS of the publications by researchers in the sample is high, at 1.83, indicating that our sample has a selection bias toward 'high performers'.
Descriptive statistics of scientometric and Twitter indicators.
st.dev.
yfp 124,569 2007.97 8.04 1913 2017 2004 2010 2014
tweets_to_papers 124,569 52.65 250.7 1 33,504 3 9 34
followers 124,569 799.05 14658.96 0 3, 192,872 48 151 429
p 124,569 10.43 22.75 1 924 2 4 11
tcs 124,569 231.22 939.4 0 44,413 9 40 154
mcs 124,569 16.22 48.8 0 3960.5 4 8.5 16.5
mncs 124,569 1.83 4.09 0 326.9 0.62 1.15 1.98
tws 124,569 130.69 478.04 0 26,540 5 21 82
mtws 124,569 14.46 68.19 0 13,270 1.44 4.4 12
Figure 1 shows the correlations between bibliometric indicators and Twitter indicators. A first observation is the expected inverse correlation between the year of first publication (yfp) and the total numbers of publications (p), citations (tcs), and tweets (tws). The correlation between the production (p) and citations (tcs) of researchers is moderately high, which is in line with previous findings (Costas, van Leeuwen & Bordons 2010). A new observation is that this also seems to be the case for the total number of tweets received (tws). The size-independent citation indicators (mcs and mncs) are also inversely correlated with the year of first publication, but to a much lesser extent than the size-dependent indicators (p, tcs, tws). The low weak correlation between the year of first publication and the number of followers suggests that getting followers on Twitter can be achieved quickly by newcomers since the accumulation of followers is not strongly related to the academic experience of researchers. Moreover, the moderate correlation between the number of tweets to papers and the number of followers shows that tweeting scholarly publications may be an effective way to get more followers and become visible on Twitter. A large number of Twitter followers does not appear to translate into an increased citation impact (tcs) or a higher average number of tweets received (mtws).
Spearman correlations of the main scientometric and Twitter indicators.
3.1 Impact of publications authored, cited, and tweeted
In this section, we discuss the characteristics of the publications authored, cited, and tweeted. Table 5 shows that, on average, researchers tweeted 26 (SD = 125.65) publications, authored 10 (SD = 22.75) publications, and cited approximately 69 (SD = 131.14) distinct publications, although these distributions are fairly skewed. Compared with the average number of cited publications, the low number of tweeted publications suggests that researchers do not tweet publications at random, even if tweeting is a relatively effortless activity.
Descriptive statistics of publications authored, tweeted, and cited.
Authored
p_authored 124,569 10.43 22.75 1 924 2 4 11
mncs_authored 124,569 1.83 4.09 0 326.9 0.62 1.15 1.98
mtws_authored 124,569 14.46 68.19 0 13,270 1.44 4.4 12
p_tweeted 124,569 26.3 125.65 1 16,004 1 4 15
mncs_tweeted 124,569 5.5 13.19 0 1,220.4 1.45 3.17 5.94
mtws_tweeted 124,569 236.06 1311.07 1 38,273 16.69 69 180
p_cited 124,569 68.97 131.14 1 3347 8 26 75
mncs_cited 124,569 6.51 9.49 0 540.9 2.46 4.18 7.29
mtws_cited 124,569 16.32 47.04 0 7686.5 2.20 7.13 17.93
Self-cited
p_self_cited 124,569 4.21 12.84 0 663 0 1 4
mncs_self_cited 124,569 1.56 5.1 0 327.74 0 0.60 1.74
mtws_self_cited 124,569 8.1 58.74 0 15306 0 0.5 4.48
Self-tweeted
p_self_tweeted 124,569 1.56 3.3 0 168 0 1 2
mncs_self_tweeted 124,569 1.47 6.37 0 526.98 0 0.37 1.53
mtws_self_tweeted 124,569 18.15 101.77 0 15561 0 3 13
The overall high MNCS of tweeted publications (mncs_tweeted = 5.5, SD = 13.19) indicates that researchers prefer to tweet highly cited publications. Similarly, researchers tend to tweet publications that are generally highly tweeted on average (mtws_tweeted = 236.06, SD = 1311.07). Although researchers tend to tweet publications that are both highly cited and highly tweeted on average, they tend to cite highly cited but not necessarily highly tweeted publications. Further, researchers tend to self-cite four and self-tweet two of their own publications. The MNCS of self-tweeted publications (mncs = 1.47, SD = 6.37) and self-cited publications (mncs = 1.56, SD = 5.1) is lower than the MNCS of authored publications (mncs = 1.83, SD = 4.09), which means that scholars do not necessarily self-tweet or self-cite their most highly cited publication.
Table 6 shows the descriptive statistics of the proportions of self-mentioned publications that were authored, cited, and tweeted. We can observe that, on average, approximately 25% of authored publications were self-cited (pp_authored_self_cited), and 27% of authored publications were self-tweeted (pp_authored_self_tweeted). This suggests that although researchers do not systematically self-mention all their publications, on average, their tweeting activity is slightly more geared toward self-promotion than their publishing activity.
Main descriptive statistics of the proportions of publications self-mentioned.
pp_authored_self_cited 124,569 0.25 0.24 0 1 0 0.25 0.46
pp_authored_self_tweeted 124,569 0.27 0.35 0 1 0 0.11 0.50
pp_cited_self_cited 124,569 0.06 0.11 0 1 0 0.03 0.08
pp_tweeted_self_tweeted 124,569 0.25 0.35 0 1 0 0.06 0.36
When we look at the overall set of publications cited by each individual researcher (i.e., the focus is on the set of publications cited at least once by the researchers), we can observe that, on average, approximately 6% of these cited publications are their own publications (pp_cited_self_cited), so they mostly cite publications by other scholars. It is also important to note that we do not differentiate between publications that are explicitly cited by each author of a collaborative paper, and therefore, it is difficult to distinguish the (self-)citing behavior of an individual researcher from that of their co-authors.
The proportion of self-tweeted publications as a fraction of the total number of publications a researcher has tweeted (pp_tweeted_self_tweeted) is also reported in Table 6. On average, 25% of the tweeted publications of an individual researcher are her own publications. This further confirms that when researchers choose which publications to tweet, they tend to tweet a considerable amount of their own publications, showing that self-promotion is an important component of the tweeting activities of researchers.
Figure 2 shows the mean proportions of authored-self-tweeted publications, authored-self-cited publications, and tweeted-self-tweeted publications as a function of the number of publications authored. Self-promotion on Twitter (m_pp_tweeted_self_tweeted) is stable, in the 20–25% range. As authors progress in their careers and produce more papers, they will on average tweet fewer of their own publications (m_pp_authored_self_tweeted) but will self-cite a greater proportion of their own publications (m_pp_authored_self_cited). This points to a fundamental difference between self-tweeting and self-citing: the more a researcher publishes, the more she naturally builds on her own research (the increasing blue line of self-citations), while the pattern is the opposite for self-tweeted publications (the decreasing red line), suggesting that authors with fewer publications will more likely self-tweet them but that those with larger outputs do not tend to self-tweet them massively. In addition, Figure 2 shows that researchers with a single publication can self-tweet but cannot self-cite (at least until they publish a second paper), which explains why the blue line starts at 0%.
Relationship between the proportion of self-mentions and the number of authored publications.
Figure 3 shows the same indicators as shown in Figure 2, but this time controlling for the number of tweeted publications (p_tweeted). The graph shows that the more publications researchers tweet, the less frequently these publications will be self-tweeted (green line), while a greater proportion of their publications will be self-tweeted at least once (red line). Furthermore, the share of authored publications that are self-cited does not appear to be strongly related to the number of publications tweeted (blue line).
Relationship between the proportion of self-mentions and the number of tweeted publications.
Finally, Figure 4 shows the shares of authored-self-tweeted publications, authored-self-cited publications, and tweeted-self-tweeted publications as a function of the number of publications cited. As expected, the more publications researchers cite, the higher the share of their own publications they will self-cite at least once (blue line). The proportion of publications tweeted that are self-tweeted (green line) and the proportion of authored publications that are tweeted are not strongly associated with the number of publications cited.
Relationship between the proportion of self-mentions and the number of cited publications.
3.2 Similarity of publications authored, cited, and tweeted
In this part, we analyze the WoS JSCs of the publications that researchers authored, cited, and tweeted. Figure 5 shows that researchers tend to author, cite, and tweet papers in similar fields, as demonstrated by the high cosine similarity scores in the three graphs. Publications tweeted are more similar to the set of publications authored (red line – top-left graph) than to the set of cited publications (green line – top-right graph), which may be partly due to the substantial share of publications self-tweeted, as previously discussed. Moreover, the higher the number of publications cited (top-right graph) or the number of publications tweeted (bottom graph), the lower the similarity with other sets of publications. This shows that the more researchers cite or tweet, the more different topics they can explore both in their citations and on Twitter. The ability to explore different research topics can also be related to the academic age of a researcher, which can be approximated based on the number of papers a researcher has authored and cited (top graphs).
Average distributions of cosine comparisons by authored, cited, and tweeted publications.
4 Discussion and Conclusions
In this paper, we explored the relationship between the academic and tweeting activities of individual researchers. Overall, we find no clear relationship between tweeting and academic activities, such as number of papers authored and citations, or field-normalized indicators such as the mean citation impact score. This lack of relationship is consistent with the results obtained by Martín-Martín et al. (2018) in their study of 240 bibliometricians on Twitter, who also did not find a strong correlation between scholarly metrics and the numbers of tweets and followers of researchers. These results also confirm earlier findings that Twitter uptake is higher among younger academics and that Twitter indicators are empirically different from scientometric indicators (Wouters et al. 2018) and are not correlated with production and citation impact (Haustein et al. 2014). Our interpretation is that Twitter-media-based indicators may capture activities related to (self-)promotion, science communication, popularization, engagement, or networking, which conventional bibliometrics are unable to measure.
In addition, we find that there is an overall similarity of the topics chosen for each of these activities, suggesting that researchers tend to cite, tweet, and author publications in the same field. Our results also show that the popularity of researchers on Twitter as measured by the number of followers is not related to scholarly activities. For example, highly cited researchers or more productive researchers are not necessarily the most followed or tweeted ones. Instead, being active in tweeting publications is associated with a higher number of followers, which is consistent with the observations of Díaz-Faes et al. (2019).
These findings can be framed around the discussions of the different forms of symbolic capital that can be acquired by researchers on social media (Desrochers et al. 2018). Specifically, the number of followers of a researcher on Twitter may signal a novel form of symbolic capital such as reputation and may be a non-trivial way of creating more influence and visibility. According to Côte and Darling (2018), researchers with more than 1,000 followers are more likely to reach wider audiences (e.g., the public and news outlets) than those with fewer followers. Furthermore, the acquisition of symbolic capital on Twitter does not appear to be strongly related to the scientific capital of researchers as measured by publications and citations, but rather to Twitter activities (Díaz-Faes et al. 2019). The study of the mechanisms by which researchers create (or not) symbolic capital on social media is therefore a promising future research line.
The results of this paper also point to key differences between citing and tweeting scientific publications. First, the act of selecting publications to be cited in an article is often of a collaborative nature, particularly in those articles with more than one author, in which many authors can provide cited publications. However, the act of tweeting publications is of an individual nature (at least in the context of this paper), and the set of tweeted publications of an individual researcher is mostly her own choice.
Second, citing and tweeting are not governed by the same norms (Haustein, Bowman & Costas 2016). While citing is an established and normative activity in scientific communication in which journal editors and reviewers can influence, enforce, and censor the use of citations (e.g., by adding or removing citations), the act of tweeting is essentially a norm-free activity subjected to the decision of the individual researchers and the social dynamics of Twitter (e.g., researchers may tweet publications while motivated by reasons such as [self-]promotion, sharing, debating, exchanging, and recommending).
Third, the act of (self-)citing depends on the number of publications that a researcher has produced, while (self-)tweeting publications do not have this constraint; for example, a researcher with only one publication cannot self-cite it but can self-tweet it. These differences support the conclusion that directly comparing (self-)tweeting and (self-)citing at the individual-researcher level is complex since they capture fundamentally different acts. Future research needs to explore these fundamental differences in depth in order to provide advanced frameworks to better understand the citing and tweeting activities of researchers.
We also acknowledge several limitations and further lines of improvement. First, the data sources (WoS and Altmetric) are limited by publication coverage (Mongeon & Paul-Hus 2016), language coverage (Vera-Baceta et al. 2019), the dependence on publication identifiers (Gorraiz et al. 2016), and issues related to the identification of Twitter activities by Altmetric.com (for details, see Zahedi & Costas 2018). Therefore, considering larger bibliometric data sources (e.g., Dimensions.ai, Microsoft Academic Graph) and considering other types of outputs (e.g., letters, books, editorial material) should be an important element in future research. Second, it is important to note that in this paper, we took a publications-based approach, defining the profiles of activities of researchers based on sets of publications. However, researchers may have different interactions and frequencies of interactions with different publications. For example, they might cite or tweet some publications very often, while, with some publications, they might interact very rarely or not at all (the same can be said about self-mentions). This is particularly relevant on Twitter since those interactions can be even further characterized as, for example, retweets, quoted tweets, and replies. Adopting an event-based approach would be also a relevant future research avenue.
In addition, the author-name disambiguation algorithm (Caron & van Eck 2014) used to create the initial list of researchers and the author-Twitter matching approach (Costas et al. 2020) may not always properly identify all outputs indexed in the WoS database or identify researchers' Twitter accounts. For example, researchers with very different names in their Twitter profiles or handles are typically not matched to their disambiguated author names. Improvements in these algorithms may therefore contribute to the use of more accurate data in future studies.
Despite these limitations, this study provides initial evidence on the activities of researchers on Twitter, which is a major step for further research on the interactions of researchers on social media, in which aspects such as socio-demographics (e.g., gender, discipline, and age) or the development of advanced network approaches in the analysis of the social media activities of researchers can be considered in the future.
1This article is a shortened and revised version of the results of an extended report published by Rodrigo Costas and Márcia R. Ferreira. (2020). A comparison of the citing, publishing, and tweeting activity of scholars on web of science. In C. Daraio & W. Glänzel (Eds.), Evaluative Inforetrics—The Art of Metrics-Based Research Assessment. Festschrift in Honour of Henk F. Moed. Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
2This is the number of researchers with a matching score equal to or higher than 5 and excluding ties (cf. Costas et al. 2020).
The authors thank Altmetric.com for sharing their database for research purposes.
MRF was supported by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency FFG under grant #857136. RC was partially funded by the South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Scientometrics and Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy (SciSTIP).
The authors have no competing interests to declare.
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Eysenbach, G. (2011). Can tweets predict citations? Metrics of social impact based on Twitter and correlation with traditional metrics of scientific impact. Journal of medical Internet research, 13(4), e123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2012
Gorraiz, J., Melero-Fuentes, D., Gumpenberger, C., & Valderrama-Zurián, J. C. (2016). Availability of digital object identifiers (DOIs) in Web of Science and Scopus. Journal of Informetrics, 10, 98–109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2015.11.008
Gruzd, A. (2012). Non-academic and academic social networking sites for online scholarly communities. Social Media for Academics: A Practical Guide, pp. 21–37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-84334-681-4.50002-5
Haustein, S., Bowman, T. D., & Costas, R. (2016). Interpreting "altmetrics": Viewing acts on social media through the lens of citation and social theories. In C. R. Sugimoto (Ed.), Theories of informetrics and scholarly communication: A festschrift in honor of Blaise Cronin (pp. 372–405). Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110308464-022
Haustein, S., Bowman, T. D., Holmberg, K., Peters, I., & Lairivière, V. (2014). Astrophysicists on Twitter. Aslib Journal of Information Management, 66(3), 279–296. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/AJIM-09-2013-0081
Haustein, S., Costas, R., & Larivière, V. (2015). Characterizing social media metrics of scholarly papers: The effect of document properties and collaboration patterns. PloS one, 10(3), e0120495. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120495
Haustein, S., Peters, I., Sugimoto, C. R., Thelwall, M., & Larivière, V. (2014). Tweeting biomedicine: An analysis of tweets and citations in the biomedical literature. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 65(4), 656–669. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23101
Holmberg, K., & Thelwall, M. (2014). Disciplinary differences in Twitter scholarly communication. Scientometrics, 101(2), 1027–1042. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-014-1229-3
Ke, Q., Ahn, Y. Y., & Sugimoto, C. R. (2017). A systematic identification and analysis of scientists on Twitter. PloS One, 12(4), e0175368. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175368
Letierce, J., Passant, A., Breslin, J., & Decker, S. (2010). Using twitter during an academic conference: The# iswc2009 use-case. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (Vol. 4, No. 1).
Martín-Martín, A., Orduna-Malea, E., & Delgado López-Cózar, E. (2018). Author-level metrics in the new academic profile platforms: The online behaviour of the Bibliometrics community. Journal of Informetrics, 12, 494–509. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2018.04.001
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Mongeon, P., Xu, S., Bowman, T. D., & Costas, R. (2018, September). Tweeting library and information science: A socio-topical distance analysis. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Science and Technology Indicators, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Priem, J., Groth, P., & Taraborelli, D. (2012). The altmetrics collection. PloS one, 7(11), e48753. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048753
Priem, J., Taraborelli, D., Groth, P., & Neylon, C. (2010). Altmetrics: A manifesto.
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Shuai, X., Pepe, A., & Bollen, J. (2012). How the scientific community reacts to newly submitted preprints: Article downloads, twitter mentions, and citations. PloS one, 7(11), e47523. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047523
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Waltman, L., van Eck, N. J., van Leeuwen, T., Visser, M., & van Raan, A. F. J. (2011). Towards a new crown indicator: Some theoretical considerations. Journal of Informetrics, 5(1), 37–47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2010.08.001
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Wouters, P., & Costas, R. (2012). Users, narcissism and control-tracking the impact of scholarly publications in the 21st century. Utrecht: SURFfoundation. Retrieved from http://research-acumen.eu/wp-content/uploads/Users-narcissism-and-control.pdf
Wouters, P., Zahedi, Z., & Costas, R. (2018). Social media metrics for new research evaluation. In W. Glänzel, H. F. Moed, U. Schmoch & M. Thelwall (Eds.), Handbook of quantitative science and technology research. Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02511-3_26
Zahedi, Z., & Costas, R. (2018). General discussion of data quality challenges in social media metrics: Extensive comparison of four major altmetric data aggregators. PloS ONE, 13(5), e0197326. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197326
Ferreira, M.R., Mongeon, P. and Costas, R., 2021. Large-Scale Comparison of Authorship, Citations, and Tweets of Web of Science Authors. Journal of Altmetrics, 4(1), p.1. DOI: http://doi.org/10.29024/joa.38
Ferreira MR, Mongeon P, Costas R. Large-Scale Comparison of Authorship, Citations, and Tweets of Web of Science Authors. Journal of Altmetrics. 2021;4(1):1. DOI: http://doi.org/10.29024/joa.38
Ferreira, M. R., Mongeon, P., & Costas, R. (2021). Large-Scale Comparison of Authorship, Citations, and Tweets of Web of Science Authors. Journal of Altmetrics, 4(1), 1. DOI: http://doi.org/10.29024/joa.38
1. Ferreira MR, Mongeon P, Costas R. Large-Scale Comparison of Authorship, Citations, and Tweets of Web of Science Authors. Journal of Altmetrics. 2021;4(1):1. DOI: http://doi.org/10.29024/joa.38
Ferreira MR, Mongeon P and Costas R, 'Large-scale Comparison of Authorship, Citations, and Tweets of Web of Science Authors' (2021) 4 Journal of Altmetrics 1 DOI: http://doi.org/10.29024/joa.38
Ferreira, Márcia R., Philippe Mongeon, and Rodrigo Costas. 2021. "Large-scale Comparison of Authorship, Citations, and Tweets of Web of Science Authors". Journal of Altmetrics 4 (1): 1. DOI: http://doi.org/10.29024/joa.38
Ferreira, Márcia R., Philippe Mongeon, and Rodrigo Costas. "Large-scale Comparison of Authorship, Citations, and Tweets of Web of Science Authors". Journal of Altmetrics 4, no. 1 (2021): 1. DOI: http://doi.org/10.29024/joa.38
Ferreira, M R, et al.. "Large-Scale Comparison of Authorship, Citations, and Tweets of Web of Science Authors". Journal of Altmetrics, vol. 4, no. 1, 2021, p. 1. DOI: http://doi.org/10.29024/joa.38
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
An edition of: WaterAtlas.org Presented By: Orange County, USF Water Institute
Discover Atlas Features
Explore the state of water quality in Orange County.
This tool allows you to view current water quality conditions for lakes and rivers utilizing new dashboard technology that features dynamic maps, filters and gauges
Water Quality Trends
View an analysis of water quality trends over a ten-year period, showing areas of improvement and decline
Learn about the anatomy of a spring as well as the factors that affect water quality and how you can help to protect it.
Take a virtual tour of the Wekiva River Protection Area to discover how managed conservation areas are safeguarding water quality.
Browse Maps and Data Applications
This interactive map brings all water resource-related information together in one place
Use this interactive map to find data from continuously-reporting monitoring stations
Use this tool to graph water resource data and to download data for your own analysis
View the geographic distribution and variability of rainfall amounts, access statistical rainfall summaries, or download rainfall data
Find a particular water resource on any of the Water Atlas websites using this tool
Water-Related News Calendar of Events Photo Gallery Video Gallery
Browse Learn Applications
Learn about this system of 13 interconnected lakes and how it is being managed for water quality and recreation
Educators can use these inquiry-based lesson plans to teach about watersheds, climate change, and resource conservation
Take a virtual tour of interesting places within Orange County's watersheds
Search our library of water-related documents, maps, websites, videos and organizations
FLIP Invasive Plant Guide
Use this mobile-friendly guide to identify exotic invasive plants and find out how to eradicate them
Find information to help homeowners, businesses, and contractors reduce stormwater pollution
Training information and an online test for the use of Orange County, its employees, and co-permittees
Be informed about important water-related news from around Orange County and elsewhere
Use this calendar to find opportunities for recreation, volunteering, and citizen participation
Watch these videos to learn how to protect and enjoy Orange County's waterways
See recent and historic photos of area waterways, submitted by Water Atlas sponsors, partners and users
Browse Participate Applications
Find out how you can participate in improving Orange County's waterways and watersheds
See a water quality problem happening? Report it here.
Contribute Historical Information
Do you have old photos or documents, or an interesting water-related story to tell? Let us know.
Lake and Stream Management
Learn how your lakefront community can set up a special taxing district to provide funds for essential lake services such as invasive plant management
The 28 lakes in the Butler Chain and Windermere Water Navigation Control District are known for their excellent water quality, good fishing, and recreational activities
We welcome user submissions of documents, organizations, videos, etc.
Learn More: Watershed
What does this mean? How are the data collected? (Methods) Calculations Caveats Additional Information
Learn More - View a list of all learn more documents
Glossary - View our curated list of water-related words
A watershed is an area that collects, stores and transports all forms of precipitation, depositing it into a particular water body. In addition to land, a watershed may include streams, lakes, reservoirs, aquifers, estuaries, and wetlands. The term is not restricted to surface water runoff and may include interactions with subsurface water. Watersheds vary from the largest river basins to just acres or less in size. A watershed's boundaries typically are formed by a geographic barrier or divide, such as areas of higher elevation. The term watershed is thought to derive from the German wasserscheide (wasser meaning water, and scheide meaning boundary). The terms catchments and drainage basins are also used, sometimes interchangeably, with watersheds. A "closed watershed" is one whose flow generally remains within the boundaries of a watershed during typical hydrologic conditions, while "open watershed" refers to a watershed whose flow exits through an outlet of the watershed (for example, a river draining into an ocean).
Watershed ecology is the study of the structural and functional interrelationships among living organisms and the physical environment within a watershed. As water flows over the ground and along stream it can pick up nutrients, sediment, and pollutants. Like the water, these constituents are transported towards the outlet of the basin, and can affect the ecological processes within the flow path, as well as in the receiving water source. For example, the use of fertilizers, especially those containing high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus, may detrimentally affect the ecology of receiving water bodies.
Watershed management is the active planning for and working toward an environmentally and economically healthy and ecologically sustainable watershed. "Watershed management plans" address issues pertaining to these matters, identifying projects, recommending actions, prioritizing projects, and estimating costs.
How are the data collected? (Methods)
Caveats and Limitations
Better Assessment Science Integrating Point & Nonpoint Sources (BASINS)
Center for Watershed Protection
Florida Land Steward Program
Friends of the Wekiva River
Handbook for Developing Watershed Plans to Restore and Protect Our Waters
How's My Waterway?
State of Florida Annual Report Nonpoint Source Management Program Jan.1-Dec. 31, 2010
Water and Smart Growth: The Impacts of Sprawl on Aquatic Ecosystems
Watersheds - Functions & Management
Watersheds - SWFWMD
What is a Watershed? (And Why You Should Care)
Copyright © 2001 - 2022 USF Water Institute, School of Geosciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida


A rare and exciting opportunity to purchase this substantial and attractive detached family home positioned in one of the towns most favoured locations, a short walk from the historic market town of Alton and the picturesque village of Chawton.
This Spacious four bedroom detached home is a magnificent opportunity for anyone favouring a more traditional build with generous rooms sizes and gardens. Full of character, the country style kitchen/dining room is fully fitted with an island and offers an adjoining utility room and WC. The ground floor also offers two further reception rooms, the sitting room with an open fireplace, porch/boot room. The three of the four bedrooms are on the first floor with the family bathroom. On the second floor is the master bedroom with en-suite shower room.
The large frontage to the property offers side access to the substantial rear garden and is approached via a gravel driveway allowing off road parking for a large number of cars. This is very rare for a property in Alton.
This property offer the best of both worlds. The feeling of being in the country, yet within very easy reach of road links and the mainline railway station being within 1.5 miles (London Waterloo in just over the hour).
For further information please contact the team at Homes Alton, open seven days a week to accommodate.


I. "It is good for me that I have been afflicted; THAT Imight learn thy statutes" (Psalm 9:7).
Why am I afflicted? THAT I might learn thy statutes. There may be things we need to learn by our experience. Instead of asking WHY?, let's ask, "What would You have me to learn?"
II. "Blessed by God, even the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of mercies, and the God of all comfort; Who comforteth us in all our tribulation, THAT we may be able to comfort them which are in any trouble, by the comfort wherewith we ourselves are comforted of God" (II Corinthians :3,4).
circumstances. Let's ask, "Who would you have me to help?"
III. "For we would not, brethren, have you ignorant of our trouble which came to us in Asia, that we were pressed out of measure, above strength, insomuch that we despaired even of life: But we had the sentence of death in ourselves, THAT we shoulld not trust in ourselves, but in God which raised the dead: Who delivered us from so great a death, and doth deliver: in whom we trust that he will yet deliver us; " (II Corinthians 1:8-10).
What am I going to do? Realize and learn to trust in God more, realizing He can take care of all our needs.
"Ye are the light of the world" (Matthew 5:4). "Let your light so shine before men, that they may see your good works, and glorify your Father which is in heaven" (Matthew 5:6).
Consistency - Your testimony should be the same, day after day, in a changing world.
The Christian is often identified by the good he/she does. "A good man out of the good treasure of his heart bringeth forth that which is good;" (Luke 6:45).
You bear fruit to show the results of your Christian activity.
You do good help others and to give glory to God.
One can do something, many more can do much more.
United in church capacity, one person offers strength, resources, talents, etc. Working together much can be accomplished for the Lord.
We join hands with our friends in this church, reach out to other churches, and reach into the state, nation, and world.
Love one another, strengthen one another, and rejoice together when battles are won.
"One of the two who heard John speak, and followed him, was Andrew, Simon Peter's brother. He first findeth his own brother, Simon, and saith unto him, We have found the Messiah, which is, being interpreted, the Christ. And he brought him to Jesus . . ." (John 1: 40-42).
It is said that most people attend church because someone was friendly with them and invited them. Let's try this and see if it really works.
Enlistment plans are made to "enlist" or get others to come into our midst, to help with the Lord's work, and to enjoy fellowship. Hopefully those who are "enlisted" will get the most benefit.
Each active member may choose a lady (prayerfully) to invite to WMA. You may choose a church member or an acquaintance who is not in church. There have been occasions when a lady became interested in the work the ladies were doing and became a Christian and began working for the Lord because of her involvement.
Now you do not just invite - but follow up - by becoming a friend and investing time, effort, and love into the relationship. There should be a time set aside, perhaps a month, to get to know and develop a personal relationship with the lady you have chosen.
Talk with the lady at every opportunity, sharing information about your church and opportunities for service.
If she is not a believer, share Christ with her.
Now the stage is set for a friendly relationship that should touch every area of your lives. If your "new friend" does not respond immediately, continue to pursue the relationship. If there is a need you can fill, do it cheerfully and generously. If there is a reason not to pursue, use wisdom. Do not "push" but gently lead.
Getting personal is what Christ did during His "personal" ministry, and He is our example to be loving, encouraging, and helpful.


text:
Wołoszyn – szczyt w Tatrach
osoby
 Augustyn Wołoszyn (1874-1945) – ksiądz greckokatolicki, polityczny działacz w międzywojennej Czechosłowacji i Rusi Zakarpackiej
 Bronisław Wołoszyn (ur. 1937) – polski przyrodnik, zajmujący się głównie ssakami
 Leonid Wołoszyn (ur. 1964) – rosyjski szachista, reprezentujący Czechy
 Leonid Wołoszyn (ur. 1966) – rosyjski lekkoatleta, trójskoczek
 Maksimilian Wołoszyn (1878-1932) – rosyjski poeta, symbolista, a także krytyk literatury i sztuki
 Małgorzata Wołoszyn (ur. 1974) - polska historyczka, zajmująca się historią Przeworska
 Mychajło Wołoszyn (1878-1943) – ukraiński działacz polityczny i społeczny, adwokat
 Stefan Wołoszyn (1911-2004) – historyk nauk pedagogicznych
 Władysław Wołoszyn (ur. 1929) – jezuita, wieloletni duszpasterz akademicki w Toruniu
 Tadeusz Wołoszyn (1931-2018) – jezuita, profesor Papieskiego Wydziału Teologicznego w Warszawie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Batman The Ride is a roller coaster in Movietown at Six Flags Great Adventure. While it's not the best, it is also recommended. The minimum height to ride is 54 inches.
An inverted coaster that offers two vertical loops, two corkscrews and a zero G roll. Some think of it as the mini Medusa.


- Erin blames Sonya for not being able to see her kid.
- Mark invites Erin to stay in his spare room.
- Naomi finds Sheila after she's had a heart attack.
- Naomi tells Kyle that Gary wasn't just a witness to that robbery in Frankston, he was driving the getaway car.
- Ezra threatens to take Paul and Terese to court, but is soon found unconscious and beaten.
- Gary tells Kyle and Naomi that Paul Robinson paid him to give Ezra a scare.
- Kyle calls the police on Gary.
Outside Sheila's ward, Naomi is stunned that Kyle called the police. Kyle couldn't let Brad go to jail for what Gary did. Kyle asks Naomi if she would prefer to cover for Gary again, and let him run out on his family like before. Naomi apologises for that, but to call the police is a mistake, and asks how Sheila will feel when she wakes up to learn Kyle put her son in prison. Karl comes by to check on Sheila and asks where Gary is. Naomi says he left earlier, and tells Kyle he probably isn't coming back.
Erin searches around the kitchen, before taking out a box of cereal. She spills some on the counter as she takes a handful and goes down to the sofa to play a game of solitaire. Mark comes through and sighs heavily when he sees the mess. He asks if Erin is hungry, and offers to call Sonya. She says only if he feels he has to. Mark takes out his phone.
Sheila has received flowers and a card from Paul. Naomi bins the card and says Paul's the reason that she's in here. If he hadn't paid Gary then they wouldn't have fought and be in hospital. Kyle says they can't blame Paul for Gary's stupid choices. Gary arrives and asks how Sheila is. Kyle tells Gary he called the police, and expects Gary will run off. Naomi offers to help Gary lay low for a bit, but Gary isn't going anywhere, he wants to wait here until Sheila wakes up.
Sonya arrives, having left Nell at Karl and Susan's. Mark leaves Sonya with Erin, who's still playing solitaire. She says it takes her mind off things, but Sonya offers to talk about it. Erin says she was trying to go to sleep but her brain won't shut up, she used to be able to drown it out but now there's nothing there to stop it. She doesn't know how to get rid of it except with solitaire. Sonya asks about a two- person version of solitaire, double solitaire, and offers to play it with Erin.
Gary tells Kyle he understands why he called the cops and he shouldn't feel bad, but Kyle doesn't. Matt arrives and asks Gary to come down to the station to answer some questions. Gary asks Naomi and Kyle to stay with Sheila when she wakes up, as he leaves with Matt.
Matt asks Gary if he needs a lawyer, but he refuses as he just wants it over and done with. Gary admits that he was paid to 'rough up' Ezra Hanley, by Paul Robinson. Gary has phone records that Paul called him a couple of times. Matt leaves the room and calls for a representative of public prosecutions to attend an interview as there have been serious allegations made against the mayor of Erinsborough.
It's the next morning, and Erin and Sonya are still on the couch, reminiscing about high school and their boring Geography teacher. Erin says she'd give anything to have her daughter back in her life. Sonya offers to speak to Toadie as he's had a lot of experience with custody cases. Erin has tried it before, she gets custody for a bit then something goes wrong and Cat ends up in the foster care system again. Sonya says she's not doing this alone, she has her and Toadie. Erin asks if Toadie will help her. Sonya says Toadie understands this is about her getting her daughter back and that's the most important thing.
Sonya thanks Karl for looking after Nell. She asks Karl about a dependency program at the hospital for Erin. Sonya says she's been trying to get treatment by herself by going cold turkey, and she's desperate to get custody of her daughter so she needs a home, a job and to go on that program. Karl offers to go around and speak to Erin later, as he goes back to playing with Nell, drawing around Nell's hand.
As Sheila wakes up, Karl tells her what happened. Sheila tells Naomi and Kyle she feels terrible. Karl says they'll need to do an angiogram later to see how effective the medication has been, and in the meantime she's to get rest and no stress. Sheila asks where Gary is, assuming from Kyle and Naomi's reactions that he's shot through again, but they tell her that he was here earlier and will be back soon. They tell her to rest, and promise her that they'll wake her when he gets back.
Sonya begs Mark to let Erin stay, but he refuses. He doesn't trust Erin and he can't live with someone he doesn't trust. Sonya says she wants to turn her life around but she needs their help. Sonya needs to know that Erin's safe, that she's safe from temptation. Sonya says she'll have to ask Toadie if Erin can stay with them, but Mark doesn't think she and Nell should be left alone with Erin. Mark says he'll think about it.
Matt and a silent woman conduct an interview with Paul and his lawyer, Tim Collins. Tim says the idea that Paul paid Gary to rough up Ezra is ridiculous. Matt says Paul's old cell mate, Ian Thompson or Tommo, is a friend of Gary's too. When Gary needed some cash he turned to Tommo, who put Gary on to Paul. Tim asks if Matt is taking the word of two dodgy thugs over Councillor Robinson, the mayor and respected businessman. Matt says Paul did it because of Terese, he wanted to make Ezra pay for what he did to her and for trying to sue him. Matt says Paul has form for hiring thugs to do his dirty work, like Marty Kranic. Paul says that if Gary claims that he gave him a couple of extra grand then he is lying. Matt asks why Paul knew it was 'a couple of extra grand' as he never said how much it was. Paul puts it down to coincidence but Matt doesn't believe him. Matt puts Paul under arrest for intent to cause serious injury.
Mark is hitting a punch bag at the top of his driveway when Naomi approaches. He asks after Sheila, and is pleased that she's awake. Naomi tells him about Gary and is pleased he is facing up to what he did instead of doing a runner. Mark says in his experience people don't really change.
NAOMI: Look at me. I am not the crazy desperado that I was when I first met you.
Mark tells Naomi that Sonya's asked him to give someone a go, who hasn't had the best track record. She knows he's talking about Erin, explaining she has invested interest in finding out who wrote those letters. Mark says Sonya is adamant that Erin is changing for the better. Naomi says a lot of people make mistakes for different reasons and maybe she just needs another chance.
As they walk towards the car park, Tim asks why Paul didn't stay quiet. He says Paul's off his game and he's lucky bail was granted. Tim doesn't understand why Paul hired Gary in the first place, he was handling the Ezra case and would have gotten him to drop the suit. Paul wonders how that would have helped Terese. Tim says in his efforts to help Terese he has landed himself in a whole world of trouble. Apart from being suspended as mayor, Paul won't be able to avoid jail time. Tim advises that Paul makes the problem go away.
Erin thanks Mark for letting him stay, and tells him she'll start looking for somewhere permanent to live. She's also set up the channels on Mark's TV as a leaving present. He thanks her. Sonya is about to invite Erin to stay, before Mark interrupts and offers for Erin to stay with him as long as she needs. It's on condition that she pays rent so she'll need to find a job. Sonya says this is a chance to get her daughter back. Erin agrees and thanks Mark. As Erin takes her stuff through to her room, Sonya thanks Mark. Mark says the first time that Erin steps out of line, she's out.
Karl tells Erin and Sonya that usually the medical support team is allocated randomly but he's had a word so that they make sure she gets him. Sonya has agreed to be Erin's main support person. Erin says she's never been on a program before but Sonya assures her it's going to work, at least it did for her. Sonya realises that it's naptime for Nell. Karl asks to have a quick word with Sonya alone. Erin offers to put Nell down for Sonya and takes her inside. Karl says Erin's lucky to have her by her side, but she has to make sure that Erin does the hard work. She'll also be reliving what she went through, and asks if she's prepared for the physical and emotional toll that may take. Karl makes Sonya promise she'll tell him if she can't handle it.
Matt calls Terese and tells her that the charges against Brad have been dropped. After hanging up he sees Gary sign out. Gary tells Matt that he's been bailed out by a mate. Gary leaves, while Matt looks agitated.
Paul pours Gary a whisky, and asks if he was followed. Gary asks why Paul bailed him out. Paul says that Gary doesn't want to be locked up, and Paul has an issue that needs to be sorted out. He makes Gary an offer which will sort out both their issues, and one which he won't be able to resist.


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This is the spirit of the strip boiled down to three panels; the Doctor annoys the living hell out of himself. I'd love to claim credit for this one, but it was all Mike. I would say more just now, but I'm still struggling slightly with my ribs.


10 Reasons why your startup business needs a Website?
It is clearly understood that every startup should have a professionally designed website if you want to make your business successful. It is your customer and client who help you in growing the business in the right way and for them a website with eye-catching design and correct information is essential. Your website along with a light application is the two tools that update your clients about your business. It is not possible that they visit your place anytime but they visit your website/application again & again to check and understand that the company is quite running smoothly.
It is quite possible, as a startup you lack clients or customers but still you have to win their belief on the account of your service and information they want. It is a fact that the public is not aware of your existence.
Let the public know about your business in detail and provide them a source of contact with you.
Through a web page the stunning and educated people will come to know about your recognition, what you do and where do you exist?
A website is a place where you can write about your past, present and future. This is the platform where you can define your vision and mission in detail. You can turn your startup in a brand through your described information (future planning) on the website.
Maintaining a website regularly indicates your seriousness on your business and the public like it.
It is not an easy task to maintain a notebook and writing new ideas in it, so a website is one of the best platforms where you can maintain and share new ideas. Having; ideas on a website help pulling your ideas into actions.
How many products or services you can sell in the market if you are going to do it physically? A stunning website helps you introducing, advertising, and selling 1000s of products in the market from a chair.
Helps in improving the brand visibility and awareness about your service or product with proof and certificate you can mention in the website which is not possible to describe one by one in the market.
A website helps you in displaying the number of customers you are gaining through service and popularity of your business.
It makes easy to reach the customer using social media platforms and feedback of the existing customers.
A website keeps your business place always open in front of your customer to buy, sell, or giving the feedback about the service.
These are some basic but essential points of view that motivate a startup to have their own website and work around the world. A website is not a website only, it is your one of the best and cheapest friends that works 24*7 and helps in fulfilling your dream through generating new leads every day.


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Is racism an environmental threat?
Book Discussion | 8 Jun 2018 | RCMC
Please join us for a book conversation on Ghassan Hage's most recent title, Is racism an environmental threat? Professor Hage and Dr. Frederic Keck will discuss the book and the intersections of their various ideas and interests.
Ghassan Hage
Ghassan Hage is a RCMC Distinguished Fellow for May and June 2018. He is the University of Melbourne's Future Generation Professor of Anthropology and Social Theory and a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities. He is best known for his work on the enduring presence of race in our contemporary world. Hage's earlier work centers on the experience of nationalism, racism and multiculturalism among White Australians. In White Nation: Fantasies of White Supremacy in a Multicultural Society (1998) he explores the desire for a white nation lurking in even the most cherished liberal Western ideals. He has also written on the political dimensions of critical anthropology. Professor Hage's most recent publication, Is Racism an Environmental Threat?, is concerned with the intersection between racism and the ecological crisis. He is currently finishing an ethnographic book on the transnational culture of the Lebanese diaspora.
Frédéric Keck is the Director of the Department of Research and Education at Musée du Quai Branly, Paris. He studied anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley and completed a PhD at Université Lille III in 2003 on "the problem of primitive mentality in the work of Lucien Lévy-Bruhl". He joined the CNRS in 2005, where he conducted ethnographic research on health crises caused by animal diseases, firstly at the Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (2005-2007) then at the Hong Kong Pasteur Research Centre (2007-2009). This research led to the publication of several articles, journal editions and collective books, including a book in the form of a traveler's tale (Un Monde Grippé, Flammarion, 2010). As a member of the Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Sociale based at the Collège de France, he headed the team on "Human/Animal Relations: Contemporary Issues" (with Claude Ferret) and the project "Social Representations of Pathogens on the Boundaries of Species", which received support from the Axa Research Fund (2013-2016). He has taught history of philosophy and social anthropology at Université Lille III, at the École Normale Supérieure on Rue d'Ulm, at the Paris Institute of Political Science, at the Centro Franco Argentino at the Universidad de Buenos Aires, at the Meiji University in Tokyo and at the Ritsumeikan University in Kyoto. He is a laureate of the Fondation Fyssen in 2007-2008, he also received the CNRS Bronze Medal in 2011.
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Tropenmuseum is a museum about people, located in one of the most beautiful original museum buildings in the Netherlands.
Afrika Museum is a museum about people, located in the wooded area of Berg en Dal.
Museum Volkenkunde is a museum about people, located in a monumental building on the Singel.
Wereldmuseum in Rotterdam is a museum about cultures in the present and the past.
Copyright © 2020 Research Center for Material Culture


Mosaic from Thebes. 4th century AD.
Two meters further and to the left of the mosaic, the excavators hit the destruction layer of the Mycenaean palace. "Now we are at the heart of the palace and we have a sample of a very good wall-painting composition depicting a deer-hunt, indicating that we are in a elaborately decorated formal ceremonial space. So, since we already have the first trenches ready, we assume that next year's excavations will be fruitful even from the beginning", stated dr Aravantinos.
Excavations are taking place in collaboration with the 9th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, and under the auspices of the Archaeological Society in Athens.


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Spoken language/Related Articles
< Spoken language
A list of Citizendium articles, and planned articles, about Spoken language.
See also changes related to Spoken language, or pages that link to Spoken language or to this page or whose text contains "Spoken language".
1 Parent topics
2 Subtopics
3 Other related topics
4 Bot-suggested topics
Parent topics
Bot-suggested topics
Auto-populated based on Special:WhatLinksHere/Spoken language. Needs checking by a human.
Africa [r]: Continent stretching over the equator, hosting deserts, tropical jungles and savannah as well as over fifty nations; population about 900,000,000. [e]
Alphabet [r]: Writing system in which symbols - single or multiple letters, such as <a> or <ch> - represent phonemes (significant 'sounds') of a language. [e]
Anthropology [r]: The holistic study of humankind; from the Greek words anthropos ("human") and logia ("study"). [e]
Back-chaining [r]: Pronunciation-teaching technique for polysyllabic words, in which syllables are learned in reverse order. [e]
Code-switching [r]: Linguistics term denoting the concurrent use of more than one language, or language variety, in conversation. [e]
Computer networking application protocols [r]: Add brief definition or description
Consonant [r]: Unit of language, defined in phonetics as a speech sound that involves full or partial 'closure' of the mouth, and in phonology as a segment that cannot occupy the nucleus or 'peak' of a syllable. [e]
Grammar (linguistics) [r]: The structural rules that govern the composition of sentences, phrases, and words in any language; alternatively, the system of language itself, i.e. the principles common to all languages. [e]
Language (general) [r]: A type of communication system, commonly used in linguistics, computer science and other fields to refer to different systems, including 'natural language' in humans, programming languages run on computers, and so on. A wider definition of language - what counts as a language and what doesn't - is a difficult philosophical topic, deserving an article in its own right. [e]
Linguistics [r]: The scientific study of language. [e]
Meaning [r]: Referent that is conveyed or signified, that is intended in a specified manner. [e]
Natural language [r]: A communication system based on sequences of acoustic, visual or tactile symbols that serve as units of meaning. [e]
Orthography [r]: Art or study of correct spelling and grammar according to established usage. [e]
Penguins in popular culture [r]: Add brief definition or description
Phonology [r]: In linguistics, the study of the system used to represent language, including sounds in spoken language and hand movements in sign language. [e]
Reading [r]: Please do not use this term in your topic list, because there is no single article for it. Please substitute a more precise term. See Reading (disambiguation) for a list of available, more precise, topics. Please add a new usage if needed.
Russian language [r]: Widely-used member of the Slavic languages, written in the Cyrillic alphabet and spoken across Eurasia. [e]
Sign language [r]: A system of language in which expressions are conveyed using body movements rather than the human voice. [e]
Speech (disambiguation) [r]: Add brief definition or description
Speech Recognition [r]: The ability to recognize and understand human speech, especially when done by computers. [e]
Telephone [r]: Telecommunications device that transmits and receives sound, most commonly the human voice, by converting the sound waves to pulses of electrical current, and then retranslating the current back to sound. [e]
Verb [r]: A word in the structure of written and spoken languages that generally defines action. [e]
Voice (communications) [r]: In communications technology, the range of frequencies carried by a telephone or radio intended to be adequate for clearly understandable spoken language, but not necessarily voice (music) [e]
Voice (disambiguation) [r]: Add brief definition or description
Voice over Internet Protocol [r]: Add brief definition or description
Vowel [r]: Add brief definition or description
Writing system [r]: Add brief definition or description
Written language [r]: Add brief definition or description
Yankee [r]: Add brief definition or description
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MITRE and Airways officials signing MoU. Credit: Airways.
Airways New Zealand and the MITRE Corporation have signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) for improving safety, capacity and efficiency in the aviation sector across the Asia Pacific region.
Under the MoU, both partners will collaborate in aviation research and development, and address aviation challenges in the region.
Partnering with the aviation community, the US-based not-for-profit research and development organisation MITRE seeks to advance the safety, security, and efficiency of aviation in the US and across the globe.
MITRE has been supporting the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for over 55 years. It is a federally funded research and development center (FFRDC) of the FAA.
Airways International CEO Sharon Cooke said that the collaboration will allow Airways and MITRE to pool their expertise to support comprehensive aviation initiatives across the Asia Pacific.
Discussions between MITRE and Airways are currently under progress regarding two potential airspace projects. The partners will get the advantage from their complementary capabilities and experiences in maximising runway capacity, and advanced airspace and procedure design.
Airways information management and navigation subsidiary Aeropath has previously supported MITRE in carrying out projects at Changi Airport in Singapore.
Airways also teamed up with MITRE for a period of ten years for deploying a new air traffic management system to Taiwan Civil Aeronautics Administration.


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Q: My screen freezes when I'm multitasking and videos loop My screen gets frozen when I'm doing multiple tasks. No keyboard key works and I have to do a manual shutdown of the laptop when this happens. So far it's been four times in three days.
Also if I play a song on Spotify it works as a loop between 2s in a song.
I am a new user of Ubuntu. My system has 8GB ram and a swap partition of 16GB I used.
Any suggestions?

A: Your 16GB swap partition is large enough that it rules out insufficient swap space as a possible cause of freezing and audio looping.
Your computer's glitchy performance is characteristic of video RAM artifacts. If the RAM in your graphics processor is failing, sometimes just a small fraction of the RAM goes bad while the rest of the RAM continues to work properly. This results in the part of the operating system or program that was being stored in that RAM malfunctioning. Sometimes as a result of this the screen also freezes or a section of audio plays repeatedly in a loop. Rebooting the computer also clears whatever was stored in the RAM, and the laptop's performance goes back to normal.
If the situation becomes intolerable you may have to disable the discrete graphics on your computer and use only the integrated graphics.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Thank you for your interest in Department of Labor and Workforce Development, Division of Employment and Training Services grant programs!
The division works with business and industry to build a trained and prepared workforce, supporting Alaska hire and promoting economic development through sustainable, leveraged investments in job creation, job training, and career awareness and preparedness.
EGrAMS is the division's Electronic Grants Administration and Management System. It is password protected and only authorized users can access the system. If you are new to EGrAMS, you are encouraged to view the EGrAMS tutorial.
Please include your full name and complete telephone number (with area code) when you contact the Help Desk.
The Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development and the Division of Employment and Training Services are equal opportunity employers/programs. Auxiliary aids and services are available upon request to individuals with disabilities.
Copyright © 2001-2011 HTC Global Services, Inc.


Any Airport Car Rental Rockhampton Airport comes courtesy of companies such as Enterprise, Auto Europe, Avis, Alamo rent a car, Budget, Dollar rent a car, Thrifty, Holiday Autos, Hertz and Sixt. We search for their best deals so that you don't have to. Our range of top quality vehicles includes Multi purpose,Diesel,Petrol,Luxury and Intermediate. Some of these are GM Grand Prix,Toyota Is 350,Mercedes Benz E55 Amg (Wagon),Mercedes Benz E350 and the Toyota Yaris. So, wherever you want to go in Australia pick up your car from any airport including Rockhampton Airport. We also allow you to choose various different vehicle drop off points at no extra charge.
Our daily rates of 15 Euros mean you will be hard pressed to find cheaper anywhere else.
We believe that convenience is king, and that's why it is possible to collect your vehicle from one location and drop it off in another. Car Rental Rockhampton Airport comes with the Collision Damage waiver. There is even a special new insurance option which prevents any excess charges being levied if you are unfortunate enough to have an accident.


This mighty woman of God helped me understand why I should embrace my trials. She helped me see that I shouldn't be ashamed or embarrassed. She has made such an impact in my life and I don't think she knows to the extent that she impacted me. I will support you in whatever you do because I know you work for the Almighty! Thank you.
I love Pastor Christina — with Cruz-Mendez Chris.


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Q: Xamarin forms: Image Cache Hi I am trying to build an app using xamarin forms PCL. I am implementing image gallery in which I have used a default image. All the images are on blob. I want to download image and cache that Image in device and as soon as download is complete I need to replace my default image with it.
And on loading app next time download image only if it is not present in cache.
I dont get any plugin for image caching and loading image from cache.
I have seen a plugin named FFPLUGIN but it didnt work.
Any idea how I can implement this? IMAGE CACHING

A: You could use the built in ImageCaching in Xamarin Forms shown here:
https://developer.xamarin.com/guides/xamarin-forms/working-with/images/#Downloaded_Image_Caching

Downloaded Image Caching
UriImageSource also supports caching of
  downloaded images, configured through the following properties:
CachingEnabled - Whether caching is enabled ( true by default).
CacheValidity - A TimeSpan that defines how long the image will be
  stored locally. Caching is enabled by default and will store the image
  locally for 24 hours. To disable caching for a particular image,
  instantiate the image source like this:
Image.Source = new UriImageSource {CachingEnabled = false,
Uri="http://server.com/image"}; To set a specific cache period (for
example, 5 days) instantiate the image source like this:

webImage.Source = new UriImageSource {
Uri = new Uri("https://xamarin.com/content/images/pages/forms/example-app.png"),
CachingEnabled = true,
CacheValidity = new TimeSpan(5,0,0,0) };

Built-in caching makes it very easy to support scenarios like scrolling lists of images, where
  you can set (or bind) an image in each cell and let the built-in cache
  take care of re-loading the image when the cell is scrolled back into
  view.


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With a new decade arriving, DC president Jenette Kahn ordered a revamp in Wonder Woman's appearance. Artist Milton Glaser, who also designed the "bullet" logo adopted by DC in 1977, created a stylized "WW" emblem that evoked and replaced the eagle in her bodice and debuted in 1982.[39] The emblem in turn was incorporated by studio letterer Todd Klein onto the monthly title's logo, which lasted for a year and a half before being replaced by a version from Glaser's studio.[40] With sales of the title continuing to decline in 1985 (despite an unpublished revamp that was solicited), the series was canceled and ended in issue #329 (February 1986) written by Gerry Conway, depicting Steve Trevor's marriage to Wonder Woman.
After preventing a terrorist attack at a refugee camp in Greece, Wonder Woman returned to a government facility in the United States and was examined by a sickly doctor, Dr. Shannon Crawford. That evening, Diana attended the wedding of Etta Candy's brother, where she discovered a bomb seconds away from detonation hidden underneath one of the tables.[84] She was able to contain the blast, but Etta was injured by a piece of shrapnel. She returned Etta to Dr. Crawford who removed the shrapnel, before touching Wonder Woman with an Amazon-strength sedative she had developed, leaving Diana too weak to fight back. Dr. Crawford told Diana that she had a rare genetic illness, and that she intended to use Diana's Amazon blood to develop a cure, saving her life as well as providing life-saving treatment for others afflicted with the same disease. Diana awoke to discover Crawford had developed Amazonian strength as a result of the blood transfusion. She was able to bind Dr. Crawford in the Lasso of Truth, which rejected the lie and restored Crawford to her previous state. Having lost hope for a cure, Crawford injected herself with the sedative, killing her. Wonder Woman was too late to stop her, but she understood Crawford's decision to end her pain and held her as she died.[85]
Cheetah sought revenge upon Veronica Cale for abandoning her, and attempted to murder her, but was stopped by Wonder Woman.[83] Cale refused to transform Cheetah back to her human form, and Cheetah herself decided that she no longer desired to be human. Having left her Lasso of Truth binding Phobos and Deimos, Diana was given it back by the Olympian Gods and reunited with Steve.[1]
Wonder Woman actress Gal Gadot reacted positively to Diana's rebooted orientation, and agreed her sexuality was impacted by growing up in the women-only Themyscira. Gadot stated that Wonder Woman feels she need not be "labelled sexually", and is "just herself". "She's a woman who loves people for who they are. She can be bisexual. She loves people for their hearts."[251][252] Coming from a society that was only populated by women, "'lesbian' in [the world's] eyes may have been 'straight' for them."[253] "Her culture is completely free from the shackles of heteronormativity in the first place so she wouldn't even have any 'concept' of gender roles in sex."[254]
When a Godwave spilled forth from the creation of the Fourth World, the Earth was seeded with great power. It first manifested in the form of old gods, then of metahumans. Some of the oldest of these gods were hidden from the universe until the time of ancient Greece by the sorceress, Hecate. Hecate reasoned that the Olympian Gods (as they would eventually be called) were greatly weakened after usurping power from their father Cronus and the Titans of Myth. She feared that other powerful gods in the universe (notably Darkseid of Apokolips) would seize Earth for himself. Because of Hecate's enchantment, Darkseid wrongly believed that he and the other New Gods pre-dated the Olympians.[1][2]
GenresuperheroCharactersWonder Woman [Diana of Themyscira]; Steve Trevor; Charlie (of the Oddfellows); unidentified military officers; Jason; The Dark Gods [King Best; Mob God; Savage Fire; The God with No Name; Karnell]; unnamed Hong Kong residents; Mera; Green Lantern [Simon Baz]; Hawkman [Carter Hall]; Vixen [Mari McCabe]; Black Canary [Dinah Lance]; Batwing [Lucas Fox]; Blue Beetle [Jaime Reyes]; unnamed rioters; Justice League [The Flash [Barry Allen]; Aquaman [Arthur Curry]; Batman [Bruce Wayne]; Cyborg [Victor Stone]; Hawkgirl [Kendra Saunders]; Martian Manhunter [J'onn J'onzz]]; Supergirl [Kara Zor-El]; Hippolyta; Philippus; unidentified AmazonSynopsisWonder Woman battles the Dark Gods and Jason, who is under their control. Once freed from their control, Jason has a plan to stop the Dark Gods that involves a sacrifice.Reprints
Since her attack on Veronica Cale, Cheetah had been captured by Cale and held in the basement of Empire Industries, where she was being experimented on by Doctor Poison. Cheetah suddenly dropped into a coma, before waking and massacring Empire Industries' staff, while screaming about the return of the so-called 'Dark Gods'. She attempted to kill Cale once again, but was restrained due to the timely intervention of Wonder Woman. Steve Trevor informed Diana that all over the world, people had begun acting strangely and warning of the Dark Gods. As she flew through the skies of Washington, she was suddenly attacked by a deranged Supergirl.[100] After a lengthy battle, Wonder Woman was able to defeat Kara and restrained her in the Lasso of Truth, which knocked her unconscious. Jason returned after learning from the Fates that the armor that had been gifted to him by the gods was originally created for Diana, but had been mistakenly given to Jason after Zeus' death. It also allowed Jason to channel the power of any member of the Greek Pantheon, though he could only use one god's powers at a time. Jason began to explain his discoveries to Diana, but they were interrupted by a group of giant monoliths appearing in the sky, which began to activate. As soon as the siblings began to investigate, Wonder Woman was taken by a pair of Star Sapphires who needed her assistance due to an emergency on Zamaron. As Diana was forcefully teleported, Jason was left alone before the activating monoliths.[101]
I thought George's one "mistake" in rebooting Wonder Woman was making her only 25 years old when she left Paradise Island. I preferred the idea of a Diana who was thousands of years old (as, if I recall correctly, she was in the TV series). From that angle, I would have liked to have seen Diana having been Wonder Woman in WW2, and be returning to our world in the reboot. Not having that option, I took the next best course, and had Hippolyta fill that role.[81]
Wonder Woman grossed $412.6 million in the United States and Canada and $409.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $821.8 million, against an estimated production budget of $120–150 million.[5] Estimates for the number the film needed to surpass internationally in order to cover its production and promotional costs and break even ranged from $300 million[174] to $460 million.[175] Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $252.9 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues, making it the 6th most profitable release of 2017.[176]
Supporting	Amazons • Antiope • Artemis • Belyllioth • Cassandra Sandsmark • Department of Metahuman Affairs • Donna Troy • Ed Indelicato • Etta Candy • Ferdinand • Fury • General Blankenship • Helena Sandsmark • Hellenders • Hercules • Hippolyta • Holliday Girls • I-Ching • Julia Kapatelis • Jumpa • Lauren Haley • Lyta Milton • Mala • Micah Rains • Mike Schorr • Natasha Teranova • Nemesis • Nubia • Olympian • Orana • Phil Darnell • Philippus • Rama Chandra • Sarge Steel • Sofia Constantinas • Steve Trevor • Titans of Myth • Trevor Barnes • Vanessa Kapatelis • Warkiller • Wonder Girl • Wonder Man
For millennia, the goddess Athena waited patiently for the chance to prove herself worthy of the crown of Olympus. As Earth society developed, the goddess of knowledge grew in power and cunning, and ultimately challenged her father Zeus for the throne. To win this challenge, Athena sent for her champion, Wonder Woman, to face that of Zeus — Briareos of the Hecatoncheires. Though she was still blind, Diana was aided by the winged Pegasus but seemingly fell to Briareos. Unknown to Zeus, this was a trick played by Athena and Diana to prove to the latter that Zeus had no compassion and was not a worthy ruler. Athena agreed to forfeit if Zeus would spare Diana's life, but he denied her, proving his unworthiness. This prompted the other goddesses to deliver the head of Medusa unto Diana, which she used to turn Briareos to stone. Athena took the throne at last, but Zeus immediately began plotting a coup with his brothers in Tartarus.[30]
The Invisible Plane was a creation of Diana's during her younger years on Paradise Island. She created it to be an improvement on her mother's planes which would be shot down in Man's World. The result of her innovation was an invisible plane that could fly at terrific speeds silently and not be detected by hostile forces. Initially, it was portrayed as being transparent.[citation needed]
^ Greenberger p. 175: "Journalist and feminist Gloria Steinem...was tapped in 1970 to write the introduction to Wonder Woman, a hardcover collection of older stories. Steinem later went on to edit Ms. Magazine, with the first issue published in 1972, featuring the Amazon Princess on its cover. In both publications, the heroine's powerless condition during the 1970s was pilloried. A feminist backlash began to grow, demanding that Wonder Woman regain the powers and costume that put her on a par with the Man of Steel."


WHAT: North Carolina Outward Bound School (NCOBS) is hosting a half century bike ride and new 12 Mile Fun Ride in honor of Collier Lilly. The ride offers a beautiful Blue Ridge Mountain route, the 50 mile half century with 3,600 feet of climbing, that will start and end at the NEW Wedge Brewing Company location in Asheville. In keeping with Outward Bound's bedrock principles of "challenge and discovery," the Collier Lilly Ride for NCOBS will take riders over challenging mountain passes and allow them to discover scenic roads for the first time. This exciting event is being held on Memorial Day Weekend.
New in 2019, North Carolina Outward Bound School (NCOBS) is hosting a brand new twelve mile fun ride. The NCOBS Collier Lilly 12 Mile Ride, begins at the Wedge at Foundation, and flows primarily along the French Broad River. The route follows Amboy Road to Carrier Park and Hominy Park on various paved roads and greenways and off-road packed dirt greenways and side-roads. This route is for the casual cyclist that enjoys riding bikes for the joyful experience and is comfortable riding on paved and off-road dirt packed surfaces.
REGISTER: Registration is now open! Sign up HERE!