With all the comforts of home, many individuals opt to hit the open road via a motorhome or recreational vehicle. However, while convenient, motorhomes are not without associated risks. At Home Loan Insurance, we understand the exposures facing those who operate a RV, and are dedicated to keeping them protected with tailored insurance coverage. We routinely insure those with motorhomes in Grand Junction, Montrose, Deltaand the surrounding areas.
At Home Loan Insurance, we enjoy building lasting relationships with our clients and insuring them for every stage of their journey. Once coverage is in place, we review the policy annually and communicate any recommendations. We are always looking for ways to keep costs competitive, and we encourage clients to let us know of any changes that could affect their coverage.


text:
Authorities say escaped inmates who stole transport van may be armed
WEBVTT -- WERE ABLETO GET OUT.RUSSELL JONES, KOCO NEWS.MARKIE: WE ARE JUST GETTING THISIN.MORE BREAKING NEWS RIGHT NOW.LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES ACROSSTHE STATE ARE ON THE LOOKOUT FORTWO ESCAPED INMATES.THEY GOT OUT OF THE FACILITY INFAIRVIEW ABOUT 3:30 THISMORNING.THE MAJOR COUNTY SHERIFF'SOFFICE SAYS THE TWO INMATESOVERTOOK TWO TRANSPORT OFFICERSAND STOLE A VAI WILL TELL YOU THIS GOING TO BEPRETTY EASY TO SPOT.THE VAN IS DESCRIBED AS A WHI15 PASSENGER VAN AT THIS THINGIS LARGE WITH A TENNESSEEPLATES.15 PASSENG VAN WITH ATENNESSEE PLATES.
Authorities are searching for two escaped inmates who drove away in an inmate transport van early Tuesday morning in Major County.According to the Major County Sheriff's Office, deputies responded at about 3:25 a.m. to a location where a vehicle driven by the Inmate Services Corporation had been stolen. Deputies learned that two inmates, Andrew Jason Foy and Darren Walp, had overtaken two transport officers and taken the transport van in an unknown direction.The van is described as a white 2017 Ford 15 passenger van with Tennessee plates, 38366H2. Andrew Foy is a white male, blue eyes, approximately 6 feet tall, 210 lbs., with a medium build. He has a tattoo arm band on his upper right arm and his final destination was supposed to be Laramie County Sheriff's Department in Wyoming.Darren Walp is described as a 37-year-old white male from Liberal Kansas, with a medium build. His final destination was supposed to be Seward County Sheriff's Department in Kansas.Deputies said they later found the van in Ringwood, and inside the van, they found a police belt with an empty holster. They said the inmates may be armed.Another vehicle, a 2006 maroon Dodge Ram with Oklahoma license plate DEL244, was also reported stolen from an oilfield company in the area. Anyone with information is asked to call the Major County Sheriff's Office at 580-227-4471.
MAJOR COUNTY, Okla. —
Authorities are searching for two escaped inmates who drove away in an inmate transport van early Tuesday morning in Major County.
According to the Major County Sheriff's Office, deputies responded at about 3:25 a.m. to a location where a vehicle driven by the Inmate Services Corporation had been stolen. Deputies learned that two inmates, Andrew Jason Foy and Darren Walp, had overtaken two transport officers and taken the transport van in an unknown direction.
From left: Andrew Jason Foy and Darren Walp
The van is described as a white 2017 Ford 15 passenger van with Tennessee plates, 38366H2.
Andrew Foy is a white male, blue eyes, approximately 6 feet tall, 210 lbs., with a medium build. He has a tattoo arm band on his upper right arm and his final destination was supposed to be Laramie County Sheriff's Department in Wyoming.
Darren Walp is described as a 37-year-old white male from Liberal Kansas, with a medium build. His final destination was supposed to be Seward County Sheriff's Department in Kansas.
Deputies said they later found the van in Ringwood, and inside the van, they found a police belt with an empty holster. They said the inmates may be armed.
Another vehicle, a 2006 maroon Dodge Ram with Oklahoma license plate DEL244, was also reported stolen from an oilfield company in the area.
Photo of the stolen truck.
Anyone with information is asked to call the Major County Sheriff's Office at 580-227-4471.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


James Hansen, formerly with NASA and one of the first public officials to warn about climate change, isn't too concerned that Trump might scrap the Clean Power Plan. He's been pushing a different solution: fee and dividend. We would basically assign to fossil fuels the total cost to society (building up over time) and then return that money to citizens. Imagine what a barrel of oil would cost if the portion of the US Military charged with protecting oil-rich countries and sea lanes was assigned to it. What are the health costs associated with burning coal? Interestingly some members of the GOP have proposed a similar approach.
Money talks so if you get the "externalities" embedded in the price of the product, it will change people's behavior. Years ago Sweden shifted most homeowners to biofuel for heating in one weekend by assigning a tax that made fossil fuels more expensive. That approach wouldn't be popular with the GOP but it shows the power of pricing. Shouldn't a product have to cover the costs it pushes onto society?


text:
Q: How are "Closures" such a powerful abstraction that object systems and fundamental control structures are implemented using it? Here is a quote from programming scala chapter 1:

Closures are such a powerful abstraction that object systems and fundamental control structures are often implemented using them

Apparently the statement is not specifically about Scala but Closures in general but I can not
make much sense from it. Perhaps it is some pearl of wisdom only meant for those mighty compiler writers!
So who uses Closures to implement fundamental control structures and why?
Edit: I remember reading something about custom control structures in groovy "using the closure as the last parameter of method call" syntax and making the structure available to your code using meta-classes or use keyword with Categories. Could it be something related?
Edit: I found the following reference of the groovy custom control structures syntax here (slide 38):

Custom control structures
Thanks to closures

*

*When closures are last, they can be    put "out" of the parentheses
surrounding parameters

*unless(account.balance > 100.euros, {    account.debit 100.euros })

*unless(account.balance > 100.euros) {    account.debit 100.euros }

*Signature def unless(boolean b,    Closure c)

Apparently what groovy is offering is a syntactic sugar for making the Closure based custom control structures appear like first-class control structures offered by the language itself.

A: I commented on the case of control structures. Let me comment on closures as objects. Consider what happens when you call a method on an object; it has access not only to the argument list, but also the fields of the object. That is, the method/function closes over the fields. This isn't that different from a "bare" function (i.e., not an object method) that closes over variables in scope. However, the object syntax provides a nice abstraction and modularity mechanism.
For example, I could write
case class Welcome(message: String) {
  def greet(name: String) = println(message + ", " + name)
}
val w = Welcome("Hello")
w.greet("Dean")

vs.
val message = "Hello"
val greet = (name: String) => println(message + ", " + name)
greet("Dean")

Actually, in this example, I could remove the "case" keyword from Welcome, so that message doesn't become a field, but the value is still in scope:
class Welcome2(message: String) {    // removed "case"
  def greet(name: String) = println(message + ", " + name)
}
val w = new Welcome2("Hello")        // added "new"
w.greet("Dean")

It still works! Now greet closes over the value of the input parameter, not a field.
var welcome = "Hello"
val w2 = new Welcome2(welcome)
w2.greet("Dean")     // => "Hello, Dean"
welcome = "Guten tag"
w2.greet("Dean")     // => "Hello, Dean"  (even though "welcome" changed)

But if the class refers to a variable in the outer scope directly,
class Welcome3 {                  // removed "message"
  def greet(name: String) = println(welcome + ", " + name) // reference "welcome"
}
val w3 = new Welcome3
w3.greet("Dean")                  // => "Guten tag, Dean"
welcome = "Buon giorno"
w3.greet("Dean")                  // => "Buon giorno, Dean"

Make sense?

A: There are three fundamental control structures:
Sequence
a = 1
b = 2
c = a + b

Conditions
if (a != b) {
  c = a + b
} else {
  c = a - b
}

Iterations/loops
for (a <- array) {
  println(a)
}

So, I guess they mean that internally many languages use closures for control structures (you can look the last two structures).
As an example:
if (a < b) {
  for (i = a; a < b; a++) {
    println(i)
    c = i * i
  }
} else {
  c = a - b
}

So for is a closure inside the if closure, and else is a closure too. That's how I understand it. They create a closure for the first if if the condition is true, create the closure inside the braces, call it. Then create a closure for the for loop and call it while the condition is true.
And I guess there is no list of languages which use closures internally.
Update:
Just as an example, this is how you can implement your own for loop in Scala (o is cyrillic, so it will compile):
def fоr(start: Unit, condition: => Boolean, increment: => Unit)(body: => Unit): Unit = {
  if (condition) {
    body
    increment
    fоr(0, condition, increment)(body)
  }
}

var i = 0

fоr (i = 0, i < 1000, i += 1) {
  print(i + " ")
}

So actually this is how it can be implemented in other languages on the inner level.

A: I would say that "closures are such a powerful abstraction..." because unlike standard methods, you have a reference to the calling object, regardless of the scope in which the closure has been called.
In Groovy, for example, you can add a new method, "capitalize" to String type:
String.metaClass.capitalize = {
    delegate[0].upper() + delegate[1..-1].lower()
}
"hello".capitalize() // "Hello"

Or, you can do something more complex, like create a domain specific language (DSL) using closures.
class ClosureProps {

       Map props = [:]
       ClosureProps(Closure c) {
           c.delegate = this // pass closure scope to "this"
           c.each{"$it"()} // iterate through closure, triggering missingMethod()
       }
       def methodMissing(String name, args) {
           props[name] = args.collect{it} // collect extracted closure properties
       }
       def propertyMissing(String name) {
           name
       }
}

Example
class Team {

        // the closure
        static schema = {
            table team
            id teamID
            roster column:playerID, cascade:[update,delete]
        }
}
def c = new ClosureProps(Team.schema)
println c.props.id // prints "teamID"

A: a) Please try at least googling topics before asking questions.
b) Once you have done that, please ask specific questions.
c) Lexical closures are functions that have access to a lexical environment not available where they are invoked. As such, their parameters can be used to select messages, and pass parameters with those messages. For general control structures, they are not sufficient, unless they can affect the call stack, in the manner of continuations.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "libmemcached/memcached.h"

int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{
	memcached_st *memc;
	memcached_return_t rc;
	memcached_server_st *server;
	time_t expiration = 30;
	uint32_t flags = 0;

	/* create a memcached_st structure and add a server to the end of memcached_server_st array */
	memc = memcached_create(NULL);
	if (!memc){
		printf("fail to create memcached_st\n");
		return -1;
	}
	server = memcached_server_list_append(NULL, "localhost", 11211, &rc);
	if (!server){
		printf("fail to add a server to memcached_server_st array\n");
		memcached_free(memc);
		return -2;
	}

	/* pushes an array of memcached_server_st into the memcached_st structure */
	rc = memcached_server_push(memc, server);
	if (rc != MEMCACHED_SUCCESS){
		printf("fail to pushes an array of memcached_server_st into the memcached_st structure\n");
		memcached_server_list_free(server);
		memcached_free(memc);
		return -3;
	}

	/* deallocates all memory associated with the array of memcached_server_st */
	memcached_server_list_free(server);

	char *key = "foo";
	char *value = "FOO";
	size_t key_length = strlen(key);
	size_t value_length = strlen(value);

	/* save key */
	rc = memcached_set(memc, key, key_length, value, value_length, expiration, flags);
	if (rc == MEMCACHED_SUCCESS)
		printf("save %s's value %s %s\n", key, value, memcached_strerror(memc, rc));
	else
		printf("%s to set key %s\n", memcached_strerror(memc, rc), key);

	/* get key's value */
	size_t len;
	char *res = memcached_get(memc, key, key_length, &len, &flags, &rc);
	if (rc == MEMCACHED_SUCCESS)
		printf("get %s's value %s %s, length %d\n", key, res, memcached_strerror(memc, rc), len);
	else
		printf("%s to get %s\n", memcached_strerror(memc, rc), key);

	/* delete key */
	rc = memcached_delete(memc, key, key_length, 0);
	if (rc == MEMCACHED_SUCCESS) {
		printf("delete %s %s\n", key, memcached_strerror(memc, rc));
	} else if (rc == MEMCACHED_NOTFOUND){
		printf("%s the key %s\n", memcached_strerror(memc, rc), key);
	} else if (rc == MEMCACHED_FAILURE)	{
		printf("%s to get the key %s\n", memcached_strerror(memc, rc), key);
	}

	/* get key again */
	res = memcached_get(memc, key, key_length, &len, &flags, &rc);
	if (rc == MEMCACHED_SUCCESS) {
		printf("get %s %s\n", key, memcached_strerror(memc, rc));
	} else if (rc == MEMCACHED_NOTFOUND){
		printf("%s the key %s\n", memcached_strerror(memc, rc), key);
	} else if (rc == MEMCACHED_FAILURE)	{
		printf("%s to get the key %s\n", memcached_strerror(memc, rc), key);
	}

	/* deallocate all the memory */
	memcached_free(memc);
	return 0;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


We're a forward-thinking, strategic design studio combining creativity with justifiable outcomes.
Our aim is to empower brands to undertake a meaningful journey towards improving lives, communities & our health.
to make a better, fairer and healthier world.
Find out how you can donate too.


text:
package view;

import java.awt.Color;
import java.awt.Graphics;

import javax.swing.BorderFactory;
import javax.swing.JPanel;

import navigation.Grid;
import navigation.Robot;

public class GridViewPanel extends JPanel {

	/**
	 *
	 */
	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
	private Grid grid;
	private boolean simpleDebugModeActive = false;
	private boolean debugModeActive = false;
	private boolean thingActive = false;
	private boolean coloursActive = false;

	public GridViewPanel(Grid grid) {
		this.grid = grid;
		setBorder(BorderFactory.createLineBorder(Color.black));
	}

	@Override
	public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
		super.paintComponents(g);
		for (int i = 0; i <= grid.getxGridSize(); i++) {
			if (i%2==1){
				g.setColor(new Color(192,192,192,255));
				g.fillRect(0 + i * grid.getGridResolution() + 1 + 1*2, 0,
						   grid.getGridResolution() - 1 - 2*2, grid.getyGridSize() * grid.getGridResolution());
			}
		}
		for (int i = 0; i <= grid.getyGridSize(); i++) {
			if (i%2==1){
				g.setColor(new Color(192,192,192,255));
				g.fillRect(0, 0 + i * grid.getGridResolution() + 1 + 1*2,
						   grid.getxGridSize() * grid.getGridResolution(),  grid.getGridResolution() - 1 - 2*2);
			}
		}
		for (int i = 0; i <= grid.getxGridSize(); i++) {
			g.setColor(new Color(0,0,0,255));

			g.drawLine(0 + i * grid.getGridResolution(), 0, 0 + i * grid.getGridResolution(),
					grid.getyGridSize() * grid.getGridResolution());
		}
		for (int i = 0; i <= grid.getyGridSize(); i++) {
			g.setColor(new Color(0,0,0,255));
			g.drawLine(0, 0 + i * grid.getGridResolution(), grid.getxGridSize() * grid.getGridResolution(),
					0 + i * grid.getGridResolution());
		}

		boolean first = true;
		for (Robot o : grid.getGrid()) {

			if (o.blocked)
				g.setColor(Color.red);
			else if (o.goal)
				g.setColor(Color.cyan);
			else if (coloursActive)
				g.setColor(o.color);
			else
				g.setColor(Color.blue);

			if (debugModeActive || (simpleDebugModeActive&&first)) {
				if (o.debugColour != null)
					g.setColor(o.debugColour);
			}

			g.fillRect(o.currentLocation.x * grid.getGridResolution() + 1,
					o.currentLocation.y * grid.getGridResolution() + 1, grid.getGridResolution() - 1,
					grid.getGridResolution() - 1);

			if ((debugModeActive || (simpleDebugModeActive&&first) ) && thingActive) {
				g.setColor(Color.MAGENTA);
				g.drawLine(o.currentLocation.x * grid.getGridResolution(),o.currentLocation.y * grid.getGridResolution(),o.destination.x * grid.getGridResolution(),o.destination.y * grid.getGridResolution());
				g.fillRect(o.destination.x * grid.getGridResolution() + 1, o.destination.y * grid.getGridResolution() + 1, grid.getGridResolution() - 1, grid.getGridResolution() - 1);
			}

			first = false;
		}

	}

	public boolean isDebugModeActive() {
		return debugModeActive;
	}

	public void setDebugModeActive(boolean debugModeActive) {
		this.debugModeActive = debugModeActive;
	}

	public boolean isSimpleDebugModeActive() {
		return simpleDebugModeActive;
	}

	public void setSimpleDebugModeActive(boolean simpleDebugModeActive) {
		this.simpleDebugModeActive = simpleDebugModeActive;
	}

	public boolean isColoursActive() {
		return coloursActive;
	}

	public void setColoursActive(boolean coloursActive) {
		this.coloursActive = coloursActive;
	}

	public boolean isThingActive() {
		return thingActive;
	}

	public void setThingActive(boolean thingActive) {
		this.thingActive = thingActive;
	}

}


Last Friday, Talk of the Nation Science Friday's Ira Flatow spoke at some length with Don Norman, the user friendly half of the Nielsen-Norman group. I've been tremendously influenced by Don over the years. My copy of Don's Psychology of Everyday Things is hopelessly dog-eared, and I've very much enjoyed The Invisible Computer, and Things That Make Us Smart. All good reading… and Ira, as always, leads a lively discussion.


text:
Mindshare Media News
« Subaru Wins Top Automotive Webby Award For 'Mediocrity' Campaign | Main | Renault connect offline approval to online Facebook "liking" »
Audi India wins series of global accolades for the A8 L 3D campaign
Audi, the German luxury car manufacturer was recently awarded with the 'Certificate of Merit' for the 3D campaign of its flagship, the Audi A8 L by One Show Interactive, the world's foremost non-profit organization devoted to elevating creative work in the industry.
This recognition for the innovative and path breaking concept comes close on the heels of three consecutive wins, gold in the automotive category, silver in the online advertising and another silver for the best integrated campaign received at the recently concluded Campaign India Digital Media Awards 2011.
"As the fastest growing luxury car brand in India, Audi has achieved a strong brand recall among consumers across the country. This progressive and award-winning 3D campaign is in line with the flagship's capabilities to set new standards by demonstrating its class-defining characteristics. A reflection of our philosophy of Vorsprung durch Technik, the Audi A8L 3D experience reflects both the progressiveness of our brand and our continuous endeavour to adopt pioneering ideas to achieve greater excellence in luxury auto," said Michael Perschke, Head, Audi India.
The Audi A8 L 3D campaign truly reflects the luxury carmaker's core brand values of progressive technology and sophistication, has been appreciated the world over. Acknowledging the cutting edge vision behind the 3D campaign creation, the Audi 3D website earlier was also awarded the 'Site of the Day' certificate by Favorite Website Awards (FWA).
A perfect blend of aesthetics and technology, the Audi A8 L was presented to the audience with a truly amazing concept. 'The Audi A8L 3D Experience campaign' is one of the first ever integrated 3D advertising campaigns in the world. The campaign included the 3D preview of the car and a 3D website with the intent of extending the communication beyond a dialogue and making it an experience for people by allowing them to explore the car and interact with its intrinsic details. A custom made 3D car brochure and the 3D anaglyphic glasses added to the true work of art. The campaign helped Audi to position the A8 L as a symbol of opulence in the automotive sector. The Audi A8 L has already received tremendous response and is presently being offered with the 4.2 FSI and 3.0 TDI engine. The Audi A8 W12 is expected in September 2011.
Audi India recorded an impressive 105 percent growth from Jan – April 2011 with a sale of 1986 cars (967 cars: Jan – April 2010). In April 2011, the company sold 375 cars – a growth of 98 percent over the same period last year (189 cars: April 2010).
http://www.wheelsunplugged.com/ViewNews.aspx?newsid=9999
We welcome your views! Please feel free to comment below.
Posted at 04:35 PM in Press News | Permalink
So cute! I already like you on FB and also get your posts on Google Reader. :)
Posted by: Moncler Jacket norway | 21 December 2011 at 10:08 PM
This is the Aston Martin AM-RB 001, Red Bull's shot at making the world's fastest production car
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text:
Ulnar neuropathy and ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms in relation to biomechanical exposures assessed by a job exposure matrix: a triple case–referent study
Susanne Wulff Svendsen1,
Birger Johnsen2,
Anders Fuglsang-Frederiksen2,
Poul Frost3
1Danish Ramazzini Centre, Department of Occupational Medicine, Herning Hospital, Herning, Denmark
2Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
3Danish Ramazzini Centre, Department of Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus
Correspondence to Dr Susanne Wulff Svendsen, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Department of Occupational Medicine, Herning Regional Hospital, Gl. Landevej 61, Herning DK-7400, Denmark; susasven{at}rm.dk
Objectives We aimed to evaluate relations between occupational biomechanical exposures and (1) ulnar neuropathy confirmed by electroneurography (ENG) and (2) ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms with normal ENG.
Methods In this triple case–referent study, we identified all patients aged 18–65 years, examined with ENG at a neurophysiological department on suspicion of ulnar neuropathy, 2001–2007. We mailed a questionnaire to 546 patients with ulnar neuropathy, 633 patients with ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms and two separate groups of community referents, matched on sex, age and primary care centre (risk set sampling). The two patient groups were also compared to each other directly. We constructed a Job Exposure Matrix to provide estimates of exposure to non-neutral postures, repetitive movements, hand–arm vibrations and forceful work. Conditional and unconditional logistic regressions were used.
Results The proportion who responded was 59%. Ulnar neuropathy was related to forceful work with an exposure–response pattern reaching an OR of 3.85 (95% CI 2.04 to 7.24); non-neutral postures strengthened effects of forceful work. No relation was observed with repetitive movements. Ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms were related to repetitive movements with an OR of 1.89 (95% CI 1.01 to 3.52) in the highest-exposure category (≥2.5 h/day); forceful work was unrelated to the outcome.
Conclusions Ulnar neuropathy and ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms differed with respect to associations with occupational biomechanical exposures. Findings suggested specific effects of forceful work on the ulnar nerve. Thus, results corroborated the importance of an electrophysiological diagnosis when evaluating risk factors for ulnar neuropathy. Preventive effects may be achieved by reducing biomechanical exposures at work.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2011-100499
After carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), ulnar neuropathy at the elbow is the most common form of nerve entrapment.1 The disorder may be diagnosed based on symptoms and signs,2 ,3 and the clinical diagnosis may be confirmed by electroneurography (ENG).3 For clinically diagnosed ulnar neuropathy at the elbow, a prevalence of 0.6–0.8% was found in a French working population.4 Incidence rates of 20–25 per 100 000 person-years were reported for general population samples in Italy5 and the UK6 using a case definition requiring ENG or surgical evidence of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow5 or diagnoses registered in primary care.6
Risk factors include trauma, systemic disorders (eg, diabetes, hypothyroidism and renal disease)7–9 and potentially alcohol consumption, smoking and high or low body mass index (BMI).9–12 A male preponderance has been reported.5 ,6 ,10 Substantial evidence exists that CTS is related to occupational biomechanical exposures,13 while epidemiological studies are rare regarding occupational risk factors for ulnar neuropathy. In cross-sectional or longitudinal studies of selected occupational groups, clinical case criteria for ulnar neuropathy have been applied, but because of small study sizes, too few cases have been observed to explore relations to occupational risk factors.14–19 A three-year follow-up study used clinical case criteria and identified 15 new cases in a cohort (n=598) with repetitive work.20 Owing to limited exposure contrast, effects of repetitive movements could not be evaluated, but self-reported holding a tool in position was identified as a risk factor.20 Two case–referent studies comprised a total of 10021 or 10111 persons referred for ENG on suspicion of ulnar neuropathy, who were divided into case and referent groups based on ENG findings. These studies found no associations between ulnar neuropathy and self-reported routine flexion of the elbow,11 ,21 gripping of objects11 ,21 and elbow pressure.21 Both studies probably underestimated any effects because all participants had symptoms that could be work-related. A third case–referent study compared patients (n=96) who had surgery at the elbow for ulnar neuropathy confirmed by ENG with patients (n=142) who had surgery for cervical or lumbar herniated disc.22 Exposure assessment was based on a ranking of nine job groups with respect to the physical exposure level. Ulnar neuropathy was associated with average physical exposure level for the entire working life and with recent heavy manual labour. Associations with occupational risk factors have also been described in case reports, including the report that initiated the present study.23
Potential pathogenetic mechanisms have been described that link biomechanical exposures with ulnar nerve pathology, that is, direct compression,24 increased tension due to stretching,25 pressure due to forceful contraction of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle especially when the elbow is flexed,26 friction during repetitive excursions27 and exposure to vibration.28 Conceivably, a different set of risk factors and/or other mechanisms may explain ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms with normal ENG, for example, tingling and numbness may be related to tender points in the infraspinatus and other muscles.29
Our overall hypothesis was that ulnar neuropathy confirmed by ENG is a distinct disorder (nerve damage) that differs from ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms with normal ENG (no nerve damage) with respect to profiles of risk factors and pathogenetic mechanisms. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the following hypotheses:
Ulnar neuropathy confirmed by ENG is associated with occupational biomechanical exposures (forceful work, non-neutral postures, repetitive movements and hand–arm vibrations (HAVs)), and the relations conform to exposure–response patterns.
The profile of exposure–response patterns for ulnar neuropathy confirmed by ENG differs from that observed for ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms with normal ENG; that is, occupational biomechanical exposures have specific effects on the ulnar nerve.
Results on individual risk factors will be reported in a separate paper.
Design and study population
We chose a triple case–referent design. To select cases, we obtained data from the Danish National Patient Register30 on all contacts to the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Aarhus University Hospital, 1 March 2001–30 June 2007, with a referral diagnosis of mononeuropathy of upper limb (ICD-10 group G56) and a discharge diagnosis of ulnar neuropathy (ICD-10 code G56.2) or no neuropathy (ICD-10 codes Z) (>1 discharge diagnosis was possible). Data were delivered on 21 August 2007. We extracted patients who were ≥18–<65-years-old at the date of their first contact, the index date. We then identified patients who were examined by ENG across the elbow. According to the examination strategy of the department, this was performed only in patients who were clinically suspected of ulnar neuropathy by one of the two (in part of the period three) supervising consultants, based on referral information, history and/or signs. Further selection was based on neurophysiological data. Patients with abnormal ENG of the ulnar nerve were classified as cases of ulnar neuropathy, and patients with normal ENG of the ulnar nerve were classified as cases of ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms (see below). We excluded patients with a traumatic lesion or ulnar neuropathy as part of a polyneuropathy. Owing to registration errors, a number of patients with a Z-diagnosis actually had CTS. We left patients who (also) had CTS in both case groups, except in subanalyses.
To provide referents, we used the Danish National Health Service Register to identify all persons who had the same primary healthcare provider as the cases at the index date. After exclusion because of death, emigration and name and/or address protection, three referents per case were drawn from these base populations, individually matched on sex, age (±2.5 years) and primary healthcare provider at the index date. Cases were eligible as referents up to the index date (risk-set sampling). The study population was updated in the Danish Civil Registration System 28 November 2007, with exclusion because of death, emigration, address in Greenland, name and/or address protection and protection against enquiries in connection with scientific studies. The triple case–referent study was composed as follows:
Study 1: Cases with ulnar neuropathy confirmed by ENG versus their matched referents.
Study 2: Cases with ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms with normal ENG versus their matched referents.
Study 3: Cases with ulnar neuropathy confirmed by ENG versus cases with ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms with normal ENG used as referents.
The hypothesis of specific effects of occupational biomechanical exposures on the ulnar nerve would be corroborated if study 1 yielded larger effect measures than study 2 and/or different patterns of associations across exposures. The hypothesis would be further supported by positive findings in study 3 that benefited from ENG examination of both cases and referents. In study 3, the statistical power would be limited by the unmatched design and effects would be underestimated to the extent that the two conditions shared biomechanical risk factors, but significant associations would be difficult to explain by chance or bias.
The study was authorised by the Danish Data Protection Agency. The Danish administrative regions approved the use of data from the Danish National Health Service Register, and the Danish National Board of Health permitted the use of neurophysiological data. In Denmark, register-based and questionnaire-based studies do not require approval by committees on biomedical research, nor informed consent.
Neurophysiological examinations and determination of case status
ENG with needle or surface electrodes was performed by physicians or technicians, respectively. Needle electrodes were preferred, but depending on available staff resources surface electrodes were also used. The needle electrode technique included placement of three needle electrodes near the ulnar nerve at the wrist, 5 cm distal to the medial epicondyle, and 5 cm proximal to the medial epicondyle.31 Placement of the needles was accepted when a compound motor action potential of the abductor digiti minimi muscle could be recorded with a stimulation intensity of <1 mA. With the needles in place, digit five was stimulated with ring electrodes, and averaged sensory responses were recorded at the wrist, below the medial epicondyle and above the medial epicondyle. Motor nerve conduction was recorded with surface electrodes from the abductor digiti minimi and the adductor pollicis muscles by supramaximal stimulation with the needles. The surface electrode technique comprised antidromic sensory nerve conduction studies with stimulation at the wrist and recording from ring electrodes on digit five, and motor nerve conduction studies with bar electrode stimulation at the wrist, 3 cm distal to the medial epicondyle and 7 cm proximal to the medial epicondyle with recordings from the abductor digiti minimi muscle and often also from the first dorsal interosseus muscle. With both techniques, skin temperature was kept above 34°.
Reference values of the department were used. Distal latencies, motor and sensory amplitudes and conduction velocities were expressed in Z-scores, that is, SD from normal mean values. The Z-score for distal latency was considered abnormal if it was above 2, and Z-scores for motor and sensory amplitude as well as conduction velocity were considered abnormal if they were below −2.32 If at least one Z-score was abnormal or there was a partial motor conduction block,33 the patient was classified as having ulnar neuropathy, otherwise as having ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms. The cut-off values were in accordance with the department's clinical practice.
To evaluate consequences of altering the cut-off values and to examine the existence of exposure–effect relations between occupational exposures and graded neuropathological severity, we expressed the electrophysiological severity of ulnar nerve affection in two indices, assumed to reflect different neuropathological aspects. We collapsed the two case groups for this purpose. The first index 'localised demyelination' was calculated as a combination of the amplitude ratio of the compound muscle action potentials from the abductor digiti minimi muscle obtained by stimulation at the wrist and above the medial epicondyle and the motor nerve conduction velocity to the abductor digiti minimi muscle measured around the medial epicondyle. The second index 'axonal degeneration' was calculated as a combination of the amplitude of the compound muscle action potential from the abductor digiti minimi muscle recorded after stimulation at the wrist and the amplitude of the distal sensory response.
We categorised nerve affections as localised to the wrist, probably localised to the elbow, definitely localised to the elbow or impossible to localise using criteria based on (1) distal latencies, (2) absolute, (3) relative motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities in the forearm and around the elbow and (4) the presence of motor nerve conduction block.32 The criteria for localisation to the elbow and for demyelination partly overlapped, which is why we chose the term localised demyelination. For patients with bilateral ulnar neuropathy, severity indices for the left side were used (results did not change when right-sided data were applied).
Assessment of occupational biomechanical exposures
We constructed a Job Exposure Matrix (JEM) based on experts' ratings. Exposure estimates for each participant were obtained by combining self-reported job histories with quantitative job exposures from the JEM. Questionnaire data were collected from 7 January–30 April 2008. We asked for the main job title in the year before the index year and up to five preceding job titles. Each job title was recoded into 1 of 2227 occupational titles in the Danish version of the International Standard Classification of Occupations (D-ISCO 88). A total of 806 occupational titles occurred. We divided these occupational titles into 169 groups of jobs that were expected to have similar exposure profiles with respect to computer use and the exposures mentioned below. We then selected 15 job groups that covered a wide range of exposures. Five experienced occupational health physicians consensus rated these 15 job groups so that they could serve as benchmarks during the remaining rating process. In this way, the experts could calibrate their estimates to a common scale.34 For each of the remaining 154 job groups, the experts independently rated.
Forceful work in terms of the mean force exerted with the hand and arm across a full working day relative to the maximal strength of a 'standard person' (a healthy 35-year-old man), using a five-point scale (0=light, 1=somewhat hard, 2=hard, 3=very hard and 4=near maximal).35
The experts also rated the mean number of hours per day (in half-hour intervals) with
repetitive movements of elbow or wrist (≥4 movements per minute),36 excluding computer use,
non-neutral postures of elbow (flexion >100°, or ≥near maximal pronation/supination) or wrist (>5° radial deviation, >10° ulnar deviation or >15° palmar/dorsal flexion)36 ,37 and
exposure to HAVs with accelerations ≥3 m/s2.
The benchmarks and the mean values of the experts' ratings were included in the JEM.
Each participant received (1) estimates of recent exposures, that is, daily exposures in the year before the index year (force-score, repetition-time, non-neutral-posture-time and HAV-time) and (2) estimates of cumulative exposures for a 5-year period prior to the index year. Initial analyses showed that recent and cumulative exposures were highly correlated (correlation coefficients 0.93–0.95), so we only used recent exposures in the analyses.
Other potential risk factors
Questionnaire information was collected on height, weight, handedness, smoking, alcohol consumption, co-morbidity (diabetes, thyroid or renal disorders), fractures of the upper extremities at or below elbow level (ever: no/yes) and hand–arm intensive sports >1 h/week in the year before the index year (no, moderately intensive, highly intensive—classified by the researchers). For a period of 5 years up to the index year, questionnaire information was collected on full anaesthesia (no/yes), use of crutches (no/yes) and loss of >10 kg of weight within half a year (no/yes). Only fractures on the ENG-side of the cases were included in the analyses (same side for matched referents). BMI was calculated as weight (kg)/height (m)2. Pack-years of smoking were calculated as 'number of years with regular smoking'בnumber of cigarette packs per day ((ie, number of cigarettes+grams of pipe tobacco+4×number of cigars)/20 cigarettes per pack)'.
As an indicator for socioeconomic status, we used education level as judged from unemployment insurance fund membership in the year before the index year according to the Danish National Register on Public Transfer Payments. This information was categorised into higher-level or medium-level education, vocational education and training, low education level and cash benefit and missing.38
According to power calculations for matched case–referent studies,39 we could show an OR of 1.5 with a probability of 80% (β=0.20) and a significance level of 0.05 (α=0.05) if we included 300 cases and three referents per case, assuming that 50% of the population was exposed. Assuming that 25% of the population was exposed, we would need 341 cases for the same power.
Proportions were compared by Pearson χ2 test. In studies 1 and 2, we applied conditional logistic regression to analyse the risk of each outcome in relation to categorised occupational exposures, yielding ORs for each exposure category. These analyses were supplemented by tests for trend using exposure category as a continuous variable. Patients with bilateral ulnar neuropathy counted as one case. A priori, we decided not to include education level in the main analyses to avoid overadjustment due to correlations with occupational biomechanical exposures. Risk was analysed for one occupational exposure at a time: (1) unadjusted except for the matching factors, (2) partly adjusted, that is, adjusted for other potential risk factors except for education level (see the subheading 'other potential risk factors' above) and (3) in full models with mutual adjustment for all occupational exposures and all other potential risk factors that we assessed, except for education level. We constructed variables that combined the exposures two-by-two as well as corresponding interaction terms. Likelihood-ratio test was used to demonstrate interactions. To explore whether forceful work was related to electrophysiological severity, we applied interaction terms between force-score (0, >0) and four levels—mainly based on quartiles—of severity of localised demyelination and axonal degeneration, respectively. In these analyses, matched controls followed their index case to one of the four levels of severity. Therefore, the OR for the interaction term between force and severity represents the effect of force within each level of severity, which corresponds to analyses stratified by severity. Demonstration of a stronger effect of force in more severe cases would support the existence of an exposure–effect relation. In study 3, logistic regression was used.
If no job title was reported for the year before the index year, but at least one previous job title was listed, the exposure estimates were set at zero. If no job titles were reported at all, the person was excluded from the analyses. Persons with missing information on other potential risk factors were allocated to the reference levels, except that persons with missing information on BMI received the mean of non-missing values for the entire study population. For studies 1 and 2, we repeated the analyses excluding participants with missing values. Analyses were carried out using STATA V.11.2.
The proportion who returned the questionnaire was 59% (n=2513). Respondents were on average 2–3 years older than non-respondents and a little more likely to be females, table 1. Among respondents, persons with low education level and persons on cash benefit were underrepresented—this was true both for cases and for referents (table 1). A male preponderance was observed in the group with ulnar neuropathy and the opposite in the group with ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms.
Collection of questionnaire data for studies 1 and 2 and characterisation of non-respondent and respondent cases and referents with respect to age, sex and education level
The ratio between dominant-sided and non-dominant-sided cases was 1:1.5 for ulnar neuropathy and 1:0.8 for ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms. Ulnar neuropathy occurred more frequently on the left than on the right side, both among left-handed (27/38; 71%) and among right-handed (172/265; 65%) participants. Bilateral cases (n=10) and patients who were ambidextrous (n=9) or had missing information on handedness (n=2) were left out of these analyses. ENG with needle electrodes was performed in 80.6% of cases with ulnar neuropathy (82% of men and 78% of women) and in 50% of cases with ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms (44% of men and 53% of women); the proportions (80.6% and 50%) differed significantly (χ2=72, p=0.00). The affection of the ulnar nerve was definitely localised to the elbow in 35.5%, probably localised to the elbow in 21%, localised to the wrist in 1.2% and impossible to localise in 42.3%. Among patients with ulnar neuropathy, 5.3% were diagnosed with CTS and 29.3% were examined for this disorder. These percentages were 8.3% and 62.9% for patients with ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms. Supplementary table S2 shows characteristics of the participants. Correlation coefficients were 0.54 between force-score and non-neutral-posture-time, 0.75 between force-score and repetition-time and 0.69 between non-neutral-posture-time and repetition-time. Among participants with higher-level or medium-level education, 16.7% received a force-score ≥1; this percentage was 36.0% for vocational education and training and 63.7% for low education level.
Table 2 presents the main results. Study 1 showed clear exposure–response relations between force-score and ulnar neuropathy. This remained the case when the full model was expanded with education level (results not shown). In unadjusted and/or partly adjusted models, associations were found between ulnar neuropathy and the highest exposure categories of repetition-time, non-neutral-posture-time and HAV-time, but these associations disappeared in the full model. Fully adjusted analyses of the variable that combined forceful work and non-neutral postures pointed to a potential interaction (results not shown); a full model analysis with inclusion of the corresponding interaction term supported this by an OR of 3.16 (95% CI 1.10 to 9.05, p=0.03) suggesting a synergistic effect of non-neutral postures and forceful work. Findings indicated no other interactions (results not shown). Study 2 showed that ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms were associated with repetition-time ≥2.5 h/day and also with non-neutral-posture-time, but without an exposure–response pattern; no association was observed with force-score in the full model. Results for repetition-time remained statistically significant when the full model was expanded with education level (results not shown). We repeated the fully adjusted analyses (1) after restriction to match groups where cases were examined with needle electrodes, (2) after restriction to cases without CTS and (3) after restriction to participants without missing covariates. Results were similar to those presented in table 2 (results not shown).
Risk of ulnar neuropathy, study 1, and ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms, study 2, in relation to occupational biomechanical exposures
Table 3 presents results of study 3 that compared cases from study 1 with cases from study 2 used as referents. The association between force-score and ulnar neuropathy retained its significance. This was also the case after entry of education level (results not shown). Patients with ulnar neuropathy and ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms did not differ with respect to other occupational exposures (results not shown).
Risk of ulnar neuropathy confirmed by electroneurography (ENG) in relation to forceful work, according to analyses using patients with ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms with normal ENG as referents, study 3
As shown in table 4, results suggested an exposure–effect relation between force-score and the severity index of localised demyelination, although the findings did not reach statistical significance. For this index, it is seen that the OR increased steeply between severity grades 1 and 2; it is also seen that the majority of cases with ulnar neuropathy had a severity grade ≥2 while the majority of cases with ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms had a severity grade ≤1. Results did not suggest an exposure–effect relation between forceful work and the severity index of axonal degeneration.
Graded severity of localised demyelination and axonal degeneration as judged by electroneurography (ENG) of the ulnar nerve (four grades, 0–3) in relation to forceful work (force-score, dichotomised)
This study compared patients with ulnar neuropathy confirmed by ENG and patients with ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms with normal ENG to two separate referent groups and to each other directly. For ulnar neuropathy, we found an exposure–response relationship with forceful work, and forceful work and non-neutral postures interacted; we observed no relation with repetitive movements. For ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms, we found associations with repetitive movements and non-neutral postures, not forceful work. The relationship between forceful work and ulnar neuropathy remained when we compared the two patient groups directly. Forceful work was related to a severity index of localised demyelination in an exposure–effect manner.
So far, this is the largest epidemiological study focussing on the work-relatedness of ulnar neuropathy. The study benefited from a triple case–referent design that enabled us to refine our interpretation of results when compared with a single case–referent design. Hence, we were able to judge whether observed associations reflected specific effects of occupational biomechanical exposures on the ulnar nerve.
We took care to ensure that the matched referents represented the distribution of occupational biomechanical exposures in the base populations. Non-participation could have caused inflation bias if exposed cases were more likely to respond than exposed referents. The proportion who responded did not differ between case and referent groups, but participation was related to education level that correlated with the studied exposures. Reassuringly, low education level was equally underrepresented among cases and referents.
The main weakness of the study was that we were unable to explore if clinical differences distinguished between the two case groups. The proportion that was examined by surface electrodes was relatively high in the group with ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms, which may reflect a tendency for use of surface electrodes in less obvious cases of ulnar neuropathy. ENG signs of CTS were found in some patients in both case groups. However, all patients were clinically suspected of ulnar neuropathy by the supervising consultant according to the examination strategy of the neurophysiological department.
We chose not to exclude patients with CTS because this could cause underestimation of associations to the extent that CTS and ulnar neuropathy or ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms shared risk factors. On the contrary, if the conditions under study and CTS tended to coexist, the results might reflect well-known associations between occupational exposures and CTS. However, results did not change after exclusion of patients with CTS. In study 3, we compared two groups of patients, who were referred on suspicion of mononeuropathy of the upper limb, and thereby minimised the possibility of referral bias.
Case–referent studies are subject to recall bias if they rely on retrospective exposure assessment based on self-report. We used an expert-based JEM to obtain exposure estimates independently of the symptom status of the participants. Since the exposure estimates were not validated by, for example, technical measurements, it may be questioned if the job groups were ranked correctly and if they were equally homogenous with respect to all exposures assessed. If exposure variation within job groups was larger relative to between job groups for some exposure variables (eg, repetition-time) than for others (eg, force-score), the JEM-based approach would be more sensitive to effects of the last-mentioned type of variables. This could have caused the force-score to seem more important than repetition-time. Correlations between the occupational exposure variables could also make it difficult to disentangle their effects. However, we do not see how these potential errors might explain the fact that we found different profiles of associations in studies 1 and 2.
The relationship between ulnar neuropathy (predominantly localised to the elbow) and forceful work—especially when combined with nonneutral postures—agreed with the potential pathogenetic mechanism that involves pressure on the nerve due to forceful contraction of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle in combination with flexion of elbow.23 ,26
In accordance with previous findings, we observed a male preponderance among patients with ulnar neuropathy,5 ,6 ,10 and left-sided cases prevailed irrespective of handedness.21 The last-mentioned finding may have to do with work practices where the non-dominant hand is more often used to exert force, for example, in order to hold objects in position while working on them with the dominant hand. Another possibility is compression of the nerve while resting the left elbow against the table during computer work.9 We asked participants if they were inclined to rest their elbows against the table, and intend to return to this issue.
Our ENG criteria for ulnar neuropathy identified a group of patients with a specific occupational risk profile. We distinguished between normal and abnormal ENG-findings applying the cut point used in clinical practice, which seemed reasonable also judged from the relation between forceful work and graded severity of localised demyelination, where the steepest increase in OR occurred between severity grades 1 and 2—this cut point discriminated quite well between the original case groups. Moreover, the indication of an exposure–effect relationship suggested that our findings would be robust to slight alterations of the definition of abnormal.
On the basis of the considerations above and the fact that our main findings were internally consistent and statistically significant, we think that the differences observed between the occupational risk profiles for ulnar neuropathy and ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms could not be explained by selection bias, information bias or chance. We do not think that important potential confounders were left out. This leaves a specific causal effect of exertion of force on the ulnar nerve as the most likely explanation of our findings.40 A causal interpretation was supported by the biological link suggested by the indication of an exposure–effect relation between forceful work and severity of localised demyelination. Thus, the results corroborated our hypothesis that ulnar neuropathy confirmed by ENG is a distinct neural disorder that is clearly demarcated from ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms with respect to the profile of risk factors and pathogenetic mechanisms.
In conclusion, ulnar neuropathy confirmed by ENG and ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms with normal ENG differed with respect to associations with occupational biomechanical exposures. Ulnar neuropathy was related to forceful work in an exposure–response manner, whereas ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms were associated with repetitive movements. Thus, the results corroborated the importance of an electrophysiological diagnosis when evaluating risk factors for ulnar neuropathy. For both conditions, the results suggested that preventive effects may be achieved by reducing occupational biomechanical exposures. The results also have implications for workers' compensations.
What this study adds
Studies of occupational risk factors for ulnar neuropathy are rare, and the diagnostic weight of electroneurography (ENG) has been a matter of discussion.
Ulnar neuropathy confirmed by ENG and ulnar neuropathy-like symptoms with normal ENG differed with respect to associations with occupational biomechanical exposures.
In aetiological research based on clinical case criteria for ulnar neuropathy without confirmation by ENG, specific relations to risk factors may be overlooked.
Findings suggested specific effects of forceful work on the ulnar nerve, which has implications for prevention and workers' compensations.
We would like to express our gratitude to Johan Hviid Andersen, Jens Peder Lind Haahr and Lone Donbæk Jensen who provided expert ratings for the Job Exposure Matrix. We also wish to thank data manager Michael Victor Christensen for his preparation of data from the Danish National Register on Public Transfer Payments for analysis.
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Contributors SWS and PF conceptualised and designed the study and analysed the data. All authors contributed to data collection and interpretation of data. SWS drafted the article and all coauthors revised it critically for important intellectual content. All authors have approved the version submitted for publication.
Funding The project was funded by the Danish Working Environment Research Fund (grant no. 13-2007-03/20070014773).
Ethics approval The Danish Data Protection Agency, the five Danish administrative regions and the Danish National Board of Health.


This project was a remodel of an existing laundry/mudroom, turning it into a mudroom with a high-end look and feel. Features in this mudroom include: a docking area for electronic devices, space for wet boot/helmets, drawers for gloves/hats, plenty of hanging space for a growing family, a bench for shoe/boot removal w/storage underneath a lift up lid.
This project also involved moving the washer and dryer to a different location and eliminating the associated plumbing, and moving some electrical outlets. The cabinets included some wall panel wainscoting which also served to disguise an existing soffit. Adjustable shelving was added inside the existing coat closet for more storage.


text:
Hernandez single in 9th lifts Dodgers over Blue Jays 3-2
by: JOE REEDY, Associated Press
Posted: Aug 23, 2019 / 05:23 AM GMT-0500 / Updated: Aug 23, 2019 / 10:55 AM GMT-0500
Los Angeles Dodgers second baseman Enrique Hernandez throws out Toronto Blue Jays' Derek Fisher at first during the second inning of a baseball game Thursday, Aug. 22, 2019, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Mark J. Terrill)
LOS ANGELES (AP) — Kiké Hernandez came up with a big hit on his bobblehead night.
The Dodgers second baseman capped a three-run ninth inning by blooping a single to score Corey Seager with the winning run and Los Angeles beat the Toronto Blue Jays 3-2 Thursday night after being one-hit through eight innings.
Shut down by rookie Jacob Waguespack, the Dodgers rallied with three straight hits against Derek Law (0-2) for their 12th walk-off victory of the season.
"Not how we scripted it, but it's fitting that Kiké walks it off on his bobblehead night," Dodgers manager Dave Roberts said.
Max Muncy led off the ninth with a walk and advanced to third when Cody Bellinger lined a one-out double to the right-field corner. Seager tied it with a double to right, and Hernandez provided the walk-off knock to complete a sweep of the Blue Jays.
"I was trying to stay short, trying to not really do too much," Hernandez said. "In that situation, the pressure is on him. Just gave up a two-run lead and the winning run is at second base and still has to get two outs. I got it off the end a little bit, but got through it enough to where it got over the infield's head."
Casey Sadler (3-0) got the win with a scoreless inning as the Dodgers got the series sweep.
It was the first run that Law had allowed in 16 innings and 14 appearances, which was the second longest active scoreless streak by the majors. The last time he allowed a run was July 18 at Boston.
Law was in the closer's role because Ken Giles was placed on the paternity list before the game.
The Dodgers have a five-game home winning streak going into this weekend's big series against the New York Yankees. The three-game set could serve as a World Series preview as both are vying for best record in the majors. Los Angeles has a two-game lead on New York after the Yankees were swept in their three-game series at Oakland.
Waguespack allowed only one hit and struck out five over seven innings, and Vladimir Guerrero Jr. had three hits, including a home run , for Toronto, which has dropped five straight and its last two on the final at-bat.
The only baserunners the 25-year old right-hander allowed were in the third when Dodgers starter Kenta Maeda lined a one-out single to left and A.J. Pollock walked. Waguespack got out of the jam by striking out Muncy and Justin Turner lining out to center on the 10th pitch of his at-bat.
"We didn't take a whole lot of good swings tonight really, so you got to give credit to their guy," Roberts said. "Without Kenta, they would have been talking about a potential no-hitter so that was good thing."
Waguespack said he hung a curveball to Maeda but overall was pleased with his outing.
"I was just trying to get ahead of those guys, mix and keep them off balance," Waguespack said. "I tried to stick to the script and attack."
Guerrero drove Maeda's curveball over the wall in center on the first pitch of his at-bat in the sixth inning for his 15th homer of the year to extend Toronto's lead to two.
Randal Grichuk and Billy McKinney led off the inning with singles and advanced to second and third on Danny Jansen's ground out to Maeda. Grichuck scored on Derek Fisher's grounder to Hernandez at second.
"I'm not going to lie, this one hurts just because we are playing the best team in baseball," Blue Jays manager Charlie Montoya said. "Waguespack pitched outstanding. He is commanding all of his pitches. That was a big test and he got an A-plus."
Maeda surrendered singles to three of the first six Blue Jays' hitters he faced before retiring 11 straight. The right-hander went six innings and allowed two runs on four hits with a walk and nine strikeouts.
"Kenta really showed well tonight and it was good to see. Quality start," Roberts said.
WEB GEMS
Dodgers left fielder Joc Pederson made a pair of defensive plays to rob Toronto of hits. He made a nice running grab near the wall on Bo Bichette's line drive in the third and then a diving catch on a bloop fly by Jansen in the seventh. … Guerrero made a diving catch on Russell Martin's liner at third base in the eighth.
DON'T DREAM IT'S OVER
Muncy's bid for a club record sixth straight game with a home run ended as he went 0 for 3. Muncy also had a nine-game hitting streak snapped where he went deep six times and drove in 12 runs.
Dodgers: INF David Freese (left hamstring strain) did some running before the game and is on target to return Sept. 1. … LHP Rich Hill (flexor tendon strain) will throw a bullpen session Saturday with a full mix of pitches.
Blue Jays: Open three-game series at Seattle on Friday. RHP Trent Thornton (4-8, 5.30) went six innings and allowed three earned runs against the Mariners on Aug. 17.
Dodgers: LHP Hyun-Jin Ryu (12-3) leads the majors with a 1.64 ERA as he takes the hill for the series opener against the Yankees Friday.


Dr. Zachary Casey is an Assistant Professor of Educational Studies. His research interests include multicultural education, critical whiteness studies, teacher education, and critical pedagogy. Dr. Casey is particularly interested in the ways racial identity and systemic racism intersect in classrooms, schools, and in the lives of teachers and students. His work focuses on building critical racial literacy and antiracist pedagogies with practicing and future teachers, as well as the social, cultural, and philosophical contexts of education. His first book, A Pedagogy of Anticapitalist Antiracism was awarded the 2018 Outstanding Book Award from the Society of Professors of Education.
McManimon, S. K., Casey, Z. A., & Berchini, C. (Eds.) (in press). Whiteness at the table: Antiracism, racism, and identity in education. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books (Rowman & Littlefield).
Casey, Z. A. (2016). A pedagogy of anticapitalist antiracism: Whiteness, neoliberalism, and resistance in education. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Casey, Z. A. & McCanless, M. J.* (2018). Looking backward to go forward: Toward a Kliebardian approach to curriculum theory. Berkeley Review of Education, 8 (1), 23-38.
Casey, Z. A. (2017). Being and becoming: Teacher education, praxis, and/in the liberal arts. Professing Education, 16 (1), 25-35.
Cue, E. N. & Casey, Z. A. (2017). "I didn't know anything about it": Critical pedagogy, cultural literacy, and (missed?) opportunities for praxis. i.e.: inquiry in education, 9(2), Article 3.
Casey, Z. A. (2016). The Gettysburg Address in English class: An 'exemplar' of Common Core's attack on diverse learners. Journal of Curriculum Theorizing, 31(1), 58-71.
Hossler, P. & Casey, Z. A. (2016). Scaffolding Lefebvre's "cry" and "demand": Educational spaces, praxis, and the right to the city. The SoJo Journal, 1(2), 1-19.
Casey, Z. A. (2015). Strict fathers, competing culture(s), and racialized poverty: White South African teachers' conceptions of themselves as racialized actors. Race Ethnicity and Education.
Casey, Z. A. (2013). Toward an anti-capitalist teacher education. Journal Of Educational Thought, 46(2), 123-143.
Lozenski, B. D., Casey, Z. A., & McManimon, S. K., (2013). Contested reality: The role of youth participatory action research in the struggle to produce knowledge. Works & Days, 31(1), 99-117.– also featured in Cultural Logic: Marxist Theory and Practice (2013, pp. 80-95).
Lensmire, T. J., McManimon, S. K., Dockter-Tierney, J., Lee-Nichols, M. E., Casey, Z. A., Lensmire, A., Davis, B. M. (2013). McIntosh as synecdoche: How teacher education's focus on white privilege undermines antiracism. Harvard Educational Review, 83(3), 410-431.
Casey, Z. A., Lozenski, B. D., & McManimon, S. K. (2013). From neoliberal policy to neoliberal pedagogy: Racializing and historicizing classroom management. Journal of Pedagogy, 4(1), 36-58.
McManimon, S. K., Lozenski, B. D., & Casey, Z. A. (2013). Perpetual war(s), impossible peace: Neoliberal narratives in action in the Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps. Peace Studies Journal, 6(1), 62-78.
Casey, Z. A. (2011). Toward a reconceptualization of needs in classrooms: Baudrillard, critical pedagogy, and schooling in the United States. The Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, 9(2), 77-90.
Casey, Z. A. (2011). The fight in my classroom: A story of intersectionality in practitioner research. i.e.: inquiry in education: 2(1), Article 3.
Casey, Z. A. (2010). Remembering to be radical in teacher education: Defanged multicultural education. The Journal of Multiculturalism in Education, 6(1), 1-19.


On his Riflemans' Journal blog, German Salazar wrote an excellent article about cartridge Case-Head Separation. We strongly recommend that you read this article. German examines the causes of this serious problem and he explains the ways you can inspect your brass to minimize the risk of a case-head separation. As cases get fired multiple times and then resized during reloading, the cases can stretch. Typically, there is a point in the lower section of the case where the case-walls thin out. This is your "danger zone" and you need to watch for tell-tale signs of weakening.
The photo below shows a case sectioned so that you can see where the case wall becomes thinner near the web. German scribed a little arrow into the soot inside the case pointing to the thinned area. This case hadn't split yet, but it most likely would do so after one or two more firings.
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Rep. Brat added, "Alternative and kinder medical testing methods exist that do not require hurting and killing puppies. My family had a Doberman and he was part of our family. I cannot imagine conducting these types of tests on man's best friend."


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