text:
20+ tips, including...
If you watch live TV you need a licence
Only watch catch-up? You DON'T have to pay
If you don't pay you could face a £1,000 fine
You can't stream BBC iPlayer abroad
Trick for students to watch live TV and use iPlayer without a licence
Are you eligible for a cheaper licence?
Your licence may also cover a mobile device
Student? You may be due a summer refund
Renters need a licence, lodgers don't
Watch Movies & TV Online
Free legal streaming
TV MoneySaving Tricks
How to save on Sky & more
Digital TV Deals
How to pick the right package
Money Tips Email
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20+ TV licence fee tips
Kelvin Goodson | Edited by Steve Nowottny
You used to need a TV licence merely for having a telly, but now you can get away without paying the £159 annual fee if you only watch certain channels on catch-up. If you watch BBC iPlayer, you'll need a licence, but you won't for other channels' catch-up services. Confused? Don't be – this guide will take you through whether you should be paying or not, regardless of which device you're watching on.
For all the latest deals, guides and loopholes, simply sign up today – it's spam free!
If you watch TV as it's being broadcast you need a TV licence – on any device
If you watch or record shows as they're being shown on telly in the UK ('live TV'), you need to be covered by a TV licence. You also need one if you use BBC iPlayer – for full info, see the point below on when you DON'T have to pay.
What many may not realise is that this is the case regardless of the device you're watching on. For example, watching live TV on a phone requires a licence (though if you already have a licence at your home address you won't need an additional one for a mobile device used outside the home).
The rule is... whether you're watching live TV on a television, computer, tablet, games console, smartphone or any other device, you'll need to be covered by a TV licence.
However, you do not need a TV licence if you only watch content after it's been shown on television – UNLESS it's on iPlayer. TV programmes downloaded or streamed after broadcast on other catch-up services are fine without one.
You can buy or renew your TV licence online on the TV Licensing website.
What counts as 'live TV'?
The TV Licensing website says you DO need a TV licence if:
You watch or record programmes as they're being shown on TV, on any channel. For example, when watching or recording an episode of You've Been Framed on your TV, on ITV.
You watch or stream programmes live on an online TV service, such as ITV Hub, Now TV or YouTube. For example, when watching an episode of You've Been Framed via ITV Hub the same time as it's broadcast on ITV.
You watch or download any programmes on BBC iPlayer. This applies to all channels (including, say, +1 channels) on any mainstream TV platform, including Freeview, Sky or Virgin.
It also applies to watching 'live TV' via internet-only services such as Amazon Prime Video and Now TV, but only if you watch content that's simultaneously being shown on a TV channel or is actually being broadcast live, eg, a Premier League football match.
But if you only use online services to watch content on demand, such as cat videos on YouTube or Lucifer on Netflix, you don't need a TV licence.
How many licences do I need?
Your TV licence covers your household, no matter how many TVs you have, but the rules differ for shared student accommodation.
Additionally, if you pay for a licence at home, it'll cover you on a mobile device outside of your home too (subject to certain conditions – see the below point on mobile devices).
If you move house it's possible to simply update your contact details or get a refund for a complete unused quarter – see How to get a refund.
Where does my money go?
The cash funds public broadcasting by the BBC, allowing it to run without the interruption of adverts. It makes up about 74% of the BBC's income.
The BBC contracts the collection and administration of the TV licence out to TV Licensing. According to the BBC, the money you pay is split as follows:
Television (49%)
Radio (17%)
BBC Online (10%)
BBC World Service (10%)
Other services and production costs (8%)
Licence fee collection and pension deficit cost (6%)
For a more detailed breakdown, see the BBC's Annual Report and Accounts 2020/2021 (p.46).
Only watch catch-up TV? You DON'T have to pay (unless you're watching BBC iPlayer)
If you never watch the BBC and only watch TV using other channels' catch-up services, it's possible to ditch the TV licence legally and save yourself £159 a year, no matter which device you're watching on. This is because:
You only need a TV licence if you watch or record TV as it's being broadcast or use iPlayer – if you only use other catch-up sites, you don't need one.
A rule that came into force in September 2016 means you need a licence to legally use BBC iPlayer, even if you're only watching catch-up TV. But that doesn't apply to other catch-up services, so ITV Hub, All 4 and My5 are legal to use without a licence as long as you're not using them to watch live TV on any device.
You can watch almost anything on these catch-up services: soaps, documentaries, dramas, cartoons, comedy, sport and films. And because services such as ITV Hub only take a few hours to update, you can watch the latest instalment of Coronation Street not long after it's been broadcast live on ITV.
How can I cancel my TV licence?
If you're sure you no longer need a licence, you can formally let TV Licensing know. Although there's no legal obligation to do this, it says doing so will prevent an increasing number of letters coming your way.
Cancel payment first. If you pay by direct debit you can cancel it by filling out TV Licensing's contact form. Tell it you no longer watch TV and confirm your current address. You'll also need to cancel your direct debit with your bank. If you pay with a TV Licensing payment card, you'll need to call 0300 555 0281 (Mon-Fri, 8.30am-6.30pm).
Then fill out the declaration. Anyone who no longer requires a TV licence – including those who pay in cash at certain shops or post offices, who don't need to do the above – can fill out a 'no licence needed' declaration form. After this, keep your confirmation email from TV Licensing as proof.
TV Licensing may visit. Once you've cancelled, you might find you get a visit from TV Licensing to check whether you actually do need a TV licence – it says these inspections find one in five households do. If you do need a licence, you'll need to pay the full licence fee, and you could risk prosecution plus a fine of up to £1,000 (up to £2,000 in Guernsey).
Remember, you don't need a licence as long as you are not watching live TV or using BBC iPlayer and are only watching on-demand or catch-up on other services. However, TV Licensing says fewer than 2% of people only watch catch-up TV and don't use BBC iPlayer – so don't cancel your licence unless you are sure you don't need it.
How is this enforced?
TV Licensing told us its enforcement methods are much the same as they've always been, such as sending letters to unlicensed addresses and visits from 'enquiry officers'.
Users of BBC iPlayer are shown a message asking them if they have a licence, and are given the option to confirm that they do, to find out more or to buy a licence on the TV Licensing website.
If you're caught watching iPlayer without a licence, the same penalties apply as if you were caught watching live television without one – potential prosecution and a fine of up to £1,000 (up to £2,000 in Guernsey).
If I have a smart TV and only watch catch-up, do I need a licence?
Yes if you're watching BBC iPlayer, but technically no if you only use other catch-up services. But proving it will be difficult, especially if your TV is connected to an aerial or satellite dish and is capable of receiving a signal, so it's possible you could find yourself in a tricky situation.
Do I have to let TV Licensing into my home?
Enquiry officers do not have any legal powers to come into your home unless they have a search warrant from a magistrate, or sheriff if you are in Scotland. They have an implied right under common law to come to your front door and let you know they are there.
You have the right to refuse entry, but TV Licensing may then use other methods such as a warrant from court, or detection equipment, which can find if there is TV-receiving equipment in your home.
Here's some inspiration for ditching the licence from the MSE forum:
I used the online form to cancel my licence (the refund arrived back in my bank promptly). I've never had a problem with harassment, just a quick letter when I purchased a new TV and another two years later which is what they say will happen.
- CW18
And from Twitter:
Thanks for the heads-up about the TV licence. Just cancelled and got £172 refund too!
- @SarcasticTubes
You need a licence to record live TV on any device
You'll still need a TV licence if you record 'live TV' content at the time of broadcast, using a digital recorder such as Sky+ or Tivo (or a good old-fashioned VHS recorder).
This is because you're recording it as it's being shown on a TV channel. It doesn't matter when you watch it, how it was recorded, or on which device – you still need a TV licence to do it.
You don't need a licence for watching on-demand content online (apart from on BBC iPlayer)
As well as catch-up TV (apart from BBC iPlayer), you can also watch programmes and films online on any device without needing a TV licence – as long as it's not something that's being broadcast live or appearing on a TV channel at the same time as you're watching.
For example, you don't need a licence for Netflix as all its content is on-demand, and you don't need a licence for Amazon Prime Video, unless you choose to watch live sports or pay extra for one of its live add-on Prime Video Channels.
For full info on the options available for watching online, see our Watch Movies & TV Online guide.
Watching 'live TV' without a licence is against the law. TV Licensing has enforcement officers that carry out checks. Fee dodgers can face prosecution plus a fine of up to £1,000 (up to £2,000 if you live in Guernsey) if they're found to be watching 'live TV' or BBC iPlayer without a licence.
You cannot be imprisoned for TV licence evasion in itself, although you can be imprisoned for non-payment of a fine imposed by the court.
To the annoyance of many holidaymakers, it's still against BBC iPlayer's terms of use to access its content from outside the UK – despite the fact that some thought the requirement for a TV licence to use it might change that.
You can download programmes while you're in the UK to watch abroad at a later date (as long as it's within 30 days of airing, though some content is available for less time, some for more), but you'll have to wait until you're back in the country to watch anything you haven't downloaded.
If you have a TV but don't watch it, you don't need a licence
Many wrongly believe you need to be covered by a TV licence if you have the ability to watch 'live' television, even if you don't watch it. You only need a licence if you actually watch live television, or use BBC iPlayer.
So, if you've got an aerial, a satellite dish, a television set or anything like that, but you don't actually watch live TV or use BBC iPlayer, you don't need a licence.
Colour costs £100+ more
The Government sets the price of the licence. Currently, a colour TV licence will set you back £159, but it costs £53.50/year, over £100 LESS, if you only watch telly in black and white – and according to TV Licensing figures, 6,500 UK households still do.
Trick for students to watch live telly and use BBC iPlayer without a licence
If you're a university student, depending on how you watch TV you won't need to get your own licence, even if you've moved into your own digs.
It's a bizarre rule, but the TV Licensing website says you'll be covered by your parents' licence if:
1. Your 'out-of-term address' (your parents' address) is covered by a TV Licence.
2. And you only use TV-receiving equipment that is powered solely by its own internal batteries.
3. AND you have not connected it to an aerial or plugged it into the mains.
This means students whose parents have a TV licence are fine to use BBC iPlayer and/or watch live television on a smartphone, tablet or laptop that's not charging at the time, without having to pay for their own licence (as long as your parents' address is your usual place of residence outside term time).
However, if you're watching live TV or using BBC iPlayer on a desktop computer, games console or television, you will need a licence. Whether you need to get one yourself will depend on your accommodation though:
Halls of residence. If you're in halls of residence you'll probably be covered for communal areas but not your own room. Check with your university.
Private accommodation. If you're living out of halls in a shared house and have signed a joint tenancy agreement, you'll need only one licence for the household. However, if you have separate agreements, you'll need one for your room.
Remember, if you're only watching catch-up outside of BBC iPlayer, you don't need a licence regardless of where you live.
If you do pay for a licence, as a student you can also get a refund for the summer.
Check if you're due a refund
It may be possible to get a refund on your TV licence, if one of the following applies:
If you're moving in with someone who already has a TV licence or moving somewhere where you won't watch 'live TV' or use BBC iPlayer.
If you're moving abroad.
If you're 75 years old or over and receiving pension credit (or living with someone who is).
If you're moving into a care home.
If the TV licence holder has died, a refund may be due to the estate.
If you have two licences for the same address.
If you have a licence, but will not watch or record programmes as they're being shown on TV or use BBC iPlayer before your licence expires.
If you've changed the type of licence to a cheaper one, such as a black-and-white licence, you may be due a partial refund.
You can apply online for a refund up to two years after the expiry date of your licence. You may have to print the refund form and supply evidence. There's full information on the TV Licensing website, with details on how to cancel and the online refund form.
Over 75 and paying for your TV licence? As of August 2020, you're only eligible for a free TV licence if you get pension credit. If you turned 75 before then you may be able to reclaim what you've paid since becoming 75 – see Over-75s' TV licence refunds for more info.
Some are eligible for a cheaper licence
Depending on your circumstances, it may be possible to get a discount on your licence.
Take a look at the info below to see if any of these apply to you. If they do, get in touch with TV Licensing to see if you're eligible for a refund.
Aged 75 or over? Is it free?
All over-75s used to get a free TV licence, but the rules changed in August 2020 and free licences are now only available to over-75s who receive the pension credit benefit – see the BBC to end free TV licences for over-75s MSE News story for full info.
If you're aged 75 or over, you should have received a letter from TV Licensing in August 2020 and possibly another in October or November 2020, whether you're still eligible for a free licence or now have to pay. For full help, see the TV Licensing website or call its over-75s information line free on 0800 232 1382.
The rules for over-75s living on the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands are slightly different:
Isle of Man: Until 31 Dec 2021, all over-75s can claim a free licence paid for by the Isle of Man Government. Over-75s who receive income support can claim a free licence paid for by the BBC. Full info on how to claim on the Isle of Man Government website.
Jersey: Over-75s can claim a free licence paid for by the BBC if they (or a partner) are on a low income. Full info on how to claim on the Government of Jersey website.
Guernsey and Alderney: Over-75s receiving income support can claim a free licence paid for by the BBC. If you're between pension age and 75 and receiving income support you may also be eligible for a free licence. To apply, contact States of Guernsey Social Security.
Sark: Over-75s receiving financial assistance from the Procureur of Sark can claim a free licence paid for by the BBC by contacting the Procureur.
Blind or severely sight-impaired? What's the cost?
If you or someone you live with is blind or severely sight-impaired, you'll get 50% off the cost of a TV licence. So it's £79.50 for a colour set or £26.75 for a black-and-white one.
You must provide TV Licensing with a photocopy of one of these documents to confirm you're certified as either blind or severely sight-impaired:
The certificate or document issued by or on behalf of your local authority.
The certificate from your ophthalmologist.
If you're only partially sighted or sight-impaired, you won't qualify for the concession. Details on how to apply for the discount are available on the TV Licensing website.
Live in a residential care home or sheltered accommodation? What's the cost?
If you live in a residential care home or sheltered accommodation and watch TV in your own room or flat, then you need a licence. You may be able to apply for an accommodation for residential Care (ARC) concessionary TV Licence though, if you qualify.
This costs £7.50 per room, flat or bungalow. Both you and your accommodation must qualify. Check the TV Licensing website to see if you are eligible, and speak to your care home manager to apply, as they are responsible for arranging this type of licence.
If your home doesn't qualify, you'll have to pay the full £159 licence fee (or £53.50 if you watch in black and white).
Got a question that we haven't answered? Tell us what you want to know – and what you know that we don't – in the TV licence forum discussion.
Save by paying the right way, eg, don't pay by quarterly direct debit
You can pay by credit card, debit card, bank transfer, online and through TV Licensing's own savings scheme. However, some payment methods charge more than others. Here are a few handy tips...
DON'T pay by quarterly direct debit. If you do, you'll pay a premium of £1.25 per quarter (£5/year) more than paying by monthly direct debit, using TV Licensing's savings scheme or paying in one lump sum.
Pay on a cashback credit card. You don't get charged extra for paying by credit card, so if you've got a cashback credit card, use it (providing you pay it off in full at the end of the month) to pay over the phone or online, and get a slice of your cash back.
Currently you can't pay for your licence with Amex, usually the top cashback card. For the best non-Amex alternatives, read the Credit Card Rewards guide.
Pay by cash payment scheme. You can make weekly, fortnightly or monthly cash payments at PayPoint outlets (usually found in newsagents and convenience stores). You can also pay over the phone.
The advantage of this is you don't have to pay in one lump sum or by direct debit. But you will end up paying for the first year's licence in six months. Once that's done though, meaning you're six months ahead, you will then have 12 months to pay for your next licence
New annual licences DON'T usually last a full year – so time it right
You'd think a new annual licence would last a year, yet for many they won't. That's because when you get a new licence it expires the following year at the end of the month prior to the one you purchased it in, NOT exactly a year after you bought it.
So if, say, you bought a licence on 6 October, it would run for the remainder of that month and for the following 11 months, until 30 September the following year.
The only way you can be sure to get the full 12 months is to buy at the start of the month, so make sure you do this (or as near as you can to then so you're not without a licence when you need one) to get the maximum value.
TV Licensing says setting end-of-month expiry dates keeps its costs down and means more can be invested in BBC programmes and services, though it seems a bit cheeky to us. Of course, if you're renewing, you'll be renewing at the start of the month anyway so it shouldn't be a problem then.
If you don't pay, TV Licensing can check
TV Licensing's database of around 31 million addresses is the main tool for catching evaders, and it claims to catch an average of over 1,000 people watching without a licence every day.
If TV Licensing believes you're watching 'live TV' or using BBC iPlayer without a licence, enquiry officers may pay you a visit. They can't enter your home without permission, but can apply for a search warrant to do so.
They may also use detection equipment such as vans and handheld detectors. However, TV Licensing won't go into exactly how its detection methods work. It says: "We would not want to reveal information useful to potential evaders".
Your licence covers you outside your home for a mobile device
Your licence doesn't just cover you watching TV at home, but also watching or recording shows as they're being broadcast on TV or using BBC iPlayer, on any of these devices:
Computers, including laptops and tablets
Digital boxes, including Freeview, Sky and Virgin
Blu-ray, DVD and VHS recorders
As long as the address where you live is licensed, you're also covered to watch TV outside your home using any device powered solely by its own internal batteries and not connected to an aerial or plugged into the mains. This includes your mobile phone, laptop and tablet.
This rule also applies to students living away from home – they're covered by their parents' licence as long as their parents' address is their usual place of residence outside term time (and their device isn't plugged into an aerial or the mains at the time of watching).
But if you have a second home, your licence registered at one property won't apply to the other – you'll need to pay for two licences. For more info, see the point below on separate licences for second homes.
Even if you pay Sky or Virgin, you still need to cough up
Sorry, but it's the law. Under the Communications Act 2003, and the Communications (Television Licensing) Regulations 2004, you need a TV licence, no matter how you receive the programmes.
So even if you're paying to receive TV via BT, Sky, TalkTalk or Virgin Media, you'll still need to cough up for a TV licence as well.
You need a licence for pay-per-view content too
If you're paying to watch a programme and are watching it at the same time as everyone else who's paying to watch it, you will need a licence – even if you don't watch any other live TV and regardless of the fact that you've already paid to watch it.
For example, if you pay to watch a boxing match on Sky Sports Box Office, you will need a licence to watch it as it will be broadcast live at a specific time.
Some students with a licence can get a refund for summer
If you're a student who bought your TV licence during the academic year, and you're going home over the summer or because you're finishing your studies, you may be eligible for a refund when you leave your uni digs, if you've already paid for the period you won't be there.
If you pay monthly, simply contact TV Licensing to let it know you no longer need the licence and ask it to stop your payments.
How much can you get back?
You can only claim for full calendar months while not living at your student accommodation. So say you went home on 15 June and your licence ran till 2 September, you could claim the cost back for the whole of July and August only. And if the licence is till 28 August, you could only claim for the whole of July.
You can claim up to 11 months back and have up to two years after your licence expires to make a claim.
You get back what you paid, which tends to be £13.25/month – depending on your payment method.
You can only get money back if moving to a property with a licence
The refund is only available if you're moving to a licensed address over the break, such as your parents' home. If you're moving straight to a new address that isn't licensed you won't be able to claim a refund (unless you're planning to no longer watch live TV or use BBC iPlayer). But you can take your existing TV licence with you by changing your address.
You need to complete the online refund form. You may need to provide supporting evidence, in which case you'll have to print out your request and send it off by post. See full details on how to get the refund, plus other info for students, on the TV Licensing website.
Can I get a retrospective refund? Yes, the good news is you can claim retrospectively for any complete months you no longer needed the licence provided less than two years have passed since it expired. So if, say, you moved out of your student digs in May 2021 and your licence expired in July 2021, you could still claim for June 2021 up to two years later.
How do I prove when I moved out? You'll need to show evidence of when you no longer need your licence from. This could be a tenancy agreement, council tax bill, final water bill or confirmation letter from your university showing your term dates. See the full list on the TV Licensing website (under 'What evidence will I need to provide?').
Using other BBC websites doesn't require a licence
You need a TV licence if you watch or record 'live' TV or use BBC iPlayer. If you don't do any of these, you don't need a licence.
So you don't need a licence to, say, read anything on the BBC News website, or watch clips on the BBC Sport app or website (though if it's a live stream, you will need one).
But if you watch content on the BBC iPlayer website or app, you will need a licence. Since 2016, this includes catch-up services on the site, as well as live TV.
If you rent a property – either a whole property or a room in a shared home – you must be covered by a valid TV licence to watch or record television as it's being shown on TV, or use BBC iPlayer.
Usually you'll have to organise this yourself (or between yourselves if in a shared house). Speak to the landlord first though, just in case they already have a licence for the property.
If you live in self-contained accommodation such as a separate flat or annex, then you need your own TV licence.
If you're a lodger and/or have a relationship with the homeowner (eg, family member, partner, nanny, au pair, housekeeper), you'll be covered by the homeowner's licence, provided you live in the same building and don't have your own cooking or washing facilities.
For more info if you're renting, see the guidance for tenants and lodgers on the TV Licensing website.
You may need a separate licence if you have a second home
If you have a second home, and while there you watch or record television programmes as they're being shown on TV, or use BBC iPlayer, you need a separate TV licence for that property.
The only exception is if your second home is a static caravan, but only if the TV there won't be used at the same time as those in your main home. In this case you won't need a second TV licence but you'll need to sign a declaration stating this.
If your second home is a touring caravan or vehicle, you won't need a separate licence. There's full info on the TV Licensing website.
Listening to the radio doesn't require a licence
If you had a radio but not a television, until 1971 you had to pay for a radio licence. These days, you don't need a licence to listen to the radio, including BBC stations. This applies however you listen, even if you listen on a television or via BBC iPlayer – provided you don't also use them to watch TV.
This is because while the Communications Act 2003 states that a "television receiver" must not be installed or used unless you have a licence, the Communications (Television Licensing) Regulations 2004 defines a television receiver as anything installed or used for receiving "any television programme service". Therefore, if you're only using your TV to listen to the radio, it isn't defined as a TV receiver.
Watching live foreign TV in the UK does require a licence
If you watch 'live TV' from a channel that isn't broadcast in the UK (including those picked up via satellite or online), you need to be covered by a valid TV licence.
This is regardless of the country of origin or the language of the broadcast.


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It would be awesome if this hop landed on a leap year! What's your favorite part of Feb/Mar?
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Website Traffic: One of the first things you need to do is find out how many visitors are making it to your website directly from your social media accounts, and how long they are spending there once they find it. It's worth investing some time and money in setting up a landing page just for one type of audience, such as your Facebook followers. All you need to do is alter your current home page a little so that it caters specifically for the kind of audience you are targeting with your social media. The percentage of visitors that come directly to this page rather than your general home page should give you some indication of how well your marketing efforts are working.
Metrics: Measuring your social media engagement is never going to be an exact science, but metrics can give you a broad picture of how well you are performing. Most social media platforms will provide you with some kind of basic metrics so it's worth paying attention to these. You could also consider investing in a bit of pay-per-click advertising on the top social media platforms: this will allow you to measure exactly how many people saw your post, how many clicked and how many visited your site and spent money as a result of this.
Market Research: Aside from the above, you shouldn't neglect some of the more 'old-school' methods. Why not try running surveys on your site now and then to see how many people found you as a result of social media, and what they thought of your Facebook and Twitter pages? If you run networking events or conferences you could also think about polling guests to these to see if they found you through social media or other means. Be creative about it – there are plenty of ways to get the information you want when you start brainstorming.
Hire Outside Help: Finally, if you really do find the whole area of social media marketing a bit of a minefield but you want to boost your online presence, why not try spending your marketing budget on hiring an expert who is familiar with the latest methodologies and knows how to get results? This doesn't have to be a full-time employee: you could hire somebody part-time or on a consultancy basis. Many companies have found that this really pays off, but just make sure you do your research and look for someone who comes highly recommended and has a proven track record.


Wooden monogram are perfect for decorating just about anywhere in your home. Use to decorate your bedroom, living room, bathroom or kitchen. If you have a porch to help protect it from the elements, the front door can even be decorated.
This style of wooden monogram is a unique blend of two different styles of initials we came up with. Not everyone likes the traditional script monogram we offer, so we came up with this style.
The sizing of this wooden monogram is based on the width. The height is proportionate to the width. We also don't guarantee that monograms ordered together will be the same height. This is due to the letters used (the I is much narrower than W).
We cut these wooden monograms in more thicknesses and sizes than just about anyone else! The smaller wood monogram cutouts in 1/8 inch thick are laser cut while the rest are cut on a CNC. The laser will leave a darkened edge. Baltic birch plywood is easy to finish compared to regular plywood. It is virtually void free and is very stable and durable.


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Langton Capital – 2020-11-02 – Lockdown 2.9, Deltic, Brighton Pier, holiday refunds etc.:
Lockdown 2.9, Deltic, Brighton Pier, holiday refunds etc.:
Hedgehog (or porcupine) graphs show the Good News, i.e. an upward line on a chart, always tracking to the right.
Common with start-ups, political projections and the like, they may also exist in weather forecasting because, a couple of days ago, the BBC (which I think is the Met Office) was promising a nine-day dry spell from and including tomorrow.
Meaning that, almost a miracle in the North of England, we may have been able to get the grass cut in November but, rather than spark up the mower and change its flat tyre, we decided to track the forecasts and, as rain is now expected tomorrow and on one other of the nine days in question, that's probably just as well.
Hence asking if something is really a) going to be 'better' or b) is just 'further away' is always sensible. Seems to apply to Track & Trace, promises re economic recovery, the sunlit uplands of Brexit etc. On to the news:
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LOCKDOWN 2.0: Something that the government said would never happen, is just about to happen. Planning is difficult when U-turns such as this are sprung on the sector. Here we consider some of the implications.
• The government has done what it said it would not do. See Premium Email
Lockdown 2.0:
• England is to follow the lead of Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales, France and Germany and the suggestion of the Parliamentary Labour Party and enter into a second lockdown from Thursday, despite PM Boris Johnson saying recently that to do so would be 'a disaster' and would bring misery to millions.
• SAGE recommended a fire-break as early as 21 September.
• Sophie Ridge on Sky played back a two week old interview with Michael Gove to the Cabinet minister in which he had completely ruled out the chance of a second lockdown (called, officially, enhanced measures or some such). Mr Gove said the measures imposed (tiers etc.) had not done the trick.
• But we are where we are. What does this mean?
The situation from Wednesday midnight:
• England will go back into lockdown with non-essential shops, pubs, restaurants & other hospitality units closing. Schools & universities will remain open. Workers will be asked to work from home if possible.
• The lockdown will commence on 5 November and be reviewed (and hopefully but not necessarily ended) on 2 December.
• The PM has been criticised by both libertarians, who would like to keep the economy fully opne and lockdown 'doves.' Deaths in the week that SAGE recommended a firebreak (21 Sept) averaged 30 a day. The week just past has averaged 8.7x as many at 260 per day.
• The Guardian says the 'extraordinary U-turn' followed a delay that will 'cost lives and livelihoods across the country.' The Independent says the lockdown is 'better late than never' but The Telegraph, on the other hand, says that 'the government is wrong to pub England into lockdown'.
• The public are to be ordered only to leave home for specific reasons, such as work, food shopping and essentials such as exercise, medical appointments or caring for the vulnerable.
• The furlough is back at 80% of wages. This will apply only for the 4wks of the lockdown.
November under the bus for the sake of Christmas:
• Having passed on SAGE's advice five weeks ago, why act now? The death projections are similar to previous projections. They are at the worse end of expectations though various press sources suggest that SAGE had been warning for weeks that this was the case. So, why the delay?
• PM Johnson says 'Christmas is going to be different this year, perhaps very different,' He adds 'but it's my sincere hope that by taking tough action now we can allow families across the country to be together.'
• Labour leader Sir Keir Starmer says 'I don't think Christmas will be normal and I think we need to level with the public on that.' Saving Christmas would be a notable positive, but trying to fine-tune the behaviour of a virus could be harder that it might appear in a brain-storming session.
Early-December also under the bus?
• Michael Gove yesterday told Sky's Sophie Ridge that the lockdown could be extended beyond 2 December if necessary.
• Gove says it would be "foolish" to predict what would happen with the pandemic over the next four weeks. But that's his and his boss's and their advisors' jobs and, to be fair to the latter, they have not been wrong re the second wave.
Trade & other reaction:
• The move will likely have wrong-footed a number of operators who had taken the government at its word. Share prices may slip. See premium email for comment on specific companies and specific financing structures. Some companies may need to consider equity raises.
• Helen Dickinson of the British Retail Consortium says retailers are facing a "nightmare before Christmas". It looks very likely that Amazon (and to a lesser extent the supermarkets, which can still sell non-essential products in England) will wipe the floor with them.
• The BRC maintains the lockdown 'will cause untold damage to the high street in the run-up to Christmas, cost countless jobs, and permanently set back the recovery of the wider economy, with only a minimal effect on the transmission of the virus.'
• UKH CEO Kate Nicholls says of Mr Gove's suggestion that the lockdown could be extended 'this is deeply unhelpful for businesses trying to plan to stay afloat and save jobs. Yesterday the PM said it would end on 2 Dec and then we revert to tiers – that would be difficult enough to survive but this type of statement makes it impossible.'
• UKH says 'leaders in the other devolved nations have been clear and confirmed to their citizens that lockdown has a finite end point and restrictions then lift. We need the same in England – the help on offer is simply inadequate for a longer uncertain future.'
• The Evening Standard says 'the sequel is always worse than the original.' It says the nation is 'exhausted'. It points out that 'in July he had promised never again to a lockdown.' We were also told that furlough would finish, no ifs or buts, in October. It says 'track and trace…is a shambles that has not ever gained world beating momentum' and adds 'without a high-performing test and trace operation, the virus will spread once more as soon as lockdown is lifted.'
• The British Beer & Pub Association says '28-day lockdown will result in thousands of pubs and many of the breweries that support them being lost, unless the Government urgently provides the sector the same, if not greater, levels of support than it did for the first lockdown.'
• BBPA CEO Emma McClarkin says 'this could be the final straw for thousands of pubs and brewers.' She calls for more financial support.
• SIBA says many of its members 'will not make it to the festive season without extension of hospitality industry support.' It says the extension of furlough is a relief but adds 'furlough funding cannot alone keep business who are struggling due to unfounded restrictions afloat. The evidence clearly shows that when pubs are told to close the impact on small breweries is devastating, with small brewery sales during the first lockdown down 82% on average across the UK. Small breweries still have rent, business rates, beer duty and VAT payments coming up – if they are unable to trade, then they cannot pay these.'
• SIBA CEO James Calder says 'if the Government wishes to shut the hospitality sector it needs to provide a full financial package for the entire supply chain covering wages, rent, business rate holidays, VAT, and the destruction of beer that now needs to be poured away, direct to the UK's independent breweries.'
• See Premium Email for more on the second lockdown.
Other Covid news:
• Sky quotes work undertaken by the University of Warwick that suggests EOTHO 'caused a "significant" rise in new coronavirus infections.' See Premium Email.
• The BBPA says 20,000 hospitality venues will 'miss out on lockdown grants, putting over 1 million jobs at risk unless Government takes advantage of State Aid reforms.' The BBPA says 'until recently, State Aid rules directed by the EU meant that businesses could only receive up to €800,000 (£720,000) of cash support from the Government, which many businesses had already reached.' Cash however, particularly during and after Covid, will be limited.
Footfall:
• Wireless Social reports that footfall across the UK as a whole on 24 October was down 3% on the previous Saturday and down 50% on February levels. Sunday footfall was up 2% week on week but still down 45% on the prior year.
• These numbers could see a bounce over the weekend just passed (on stocking up) but then register material falls hereafter.
• London footfall over both the Saturday and Sunday mentioned above was down 45% on last year.
• Manchester (just gone into Tier III) was down 66%.
Other news:
• KAM Media reports that, even post Covid, there is likely to be a growing demand from customers for the ability to pay at table. KAM and OrderPay say '41% of customers say that over the last 6 months it's become more important to them that venues offer this.'
Company news:
• Marston's announced on Friday 'the completion of the proposed arrangements with Carlsberg UK Holdings Limited' in order to set up the Carlsberg Marston's Brewing Company. The money will have changed hands, a great relief in the face of Lockdown 2.0 to both Marston's and its shareholders.
• The FT reports that Deltic Group 'is seeking a buyer as it fights to stave off bankruptcy after the seven-month closure of its venues during the pandemic drained the business of cash.' The Guardian points out that nightclubs are among the very few businesses unable to reopen at all since Covid-19 hit the UK. CEO Peter Marks said the government's failure to offer more support had "slowly choked us to death".
• Deltic has already cut 1,000 jobs but is still burning money. The company told the FT 'we have to look at every option going and part of that is to see what other capital is out there to get the business through this.'
• The Brighton Pier Group has reported full year numbers to end-June saying that 'the prolonged closures have resulted in impairments to goodwill, property, plant and equipment and right-of-use assets totalling £8.1m. Of this, £7.2m relates to the Bars division, much of which remains unable to trade.'
• The company reports full year revenue of £22.6m (vs £32.0m) and reports a loss before exceptional items of £10.2m (2019: profit £2.7m). CEO Anne Ackord says 'the COVID-19 pandemic has presented an unprecedented challenge to our business. The closures during Spring 2020 came during what would normally be a key trading period, spanning both the Easter break in April and two May Bank Holiday weekends.' She says 'the Group is well placed to resume normal trading at the earliest opportunity.'
• Brighton Pier says 'group trading for the period from 4 July to the end of September has been better than the Board expected. Like-for-like sales (excluding closed sites) for the Group as a whole were at 81% compared to the same 13 weeks last year. The pier has traded at 83%, the Golf division at 87% and the Bars at 65% compared to the same 13 weeks last year. This trading was ahead of the Group's expectations at the time of the reopening.'
• Chairman Luke Johnson says 'it is profoundly disappointing to me that the government continues with its failing strategy of lockdowns. The collateral damage from these restrictions and the fear being promoted by the authorities are having a catastrophic impact on our way of life. The loss of jobs, toll on mental health, harm to education, the national finances and treatment of other illnesses will cause vastly more hardship than the virus itself.'
• M&B brands Harvester & Toby are offering 50% off main meals this week until Wednesday.
• Shake Shack announced third quarter 2020 financial results on Friday saying that average weekly sales and same-shack sales were up sequentially. Its operating profit percentage had risen to 14.8% in Q3 vs 2.2% in Q2.
• Shake Shack nonetheless made a loss of some $6.1m in the quarter on sales down 17.3% to $130.4 million versus the same period last year. CEO Randy Garutti says 'our business during this most recent quarter showed steady recovery.' He says 'since our last update at the end of July, forward momentum has continued and we're encouraged to see significant improvement in both sales and profitability, with many Shacks returning to or exceeding last year's results.'
• Shake Shack says 'we believe we are uniquely positioned to exit this challenging period stronger, and with greater opportunity than when we entered, as we double down on multi-format expansion and accelerate our strategic digital investments. As of the end of fiscal October, we are back to a full development schedule, having opened 33 Shacks so far in this challenging year, including 15 domestic company-operated Shacks, and expect to complete the year with 18 to 20 total new company-operated Shacks. Our pipeline for 2021 is strong, and we expect to open between 35 and 40 new company-operated Shacks, many of which will incorporate our new Shack Track and Drive Thru designs.'
• Molson Coors reported Q3 sales down 3.1% but net income up in its Q3. The company says that sales in the US were down by 1% but down by 12.2% in Europe.
• The lack of certainty is negative. Adverts on TV as late as Saturday evening were calling on UK residents to take UK short breaks. See The Eye, see Malham Cove, the Cornish Coast etc. Problem now is you can't. There will be a period during which hoteliers and cottage owners have to sort out with would-be guests as to who takes the financial hit.
• This may not encourage re-bookings in a hurry.
• International travel, other than for business, is to be banned for at least a month from Thursday as a part of Lockdown 2.0. The travel ban was not specified in the initial statement but has been made clear in later documentation. The legislation will state that 'overnight stays and holidays away from primary residences will not be allowed – including holidays in the UK and abroad.' It says 'this includes staying in a second home, if you own one, or staying with anyone you do not live with or are in a support bubble with.'
• PPHE Hotel Group has updated on trading for the quarter to end-September (and for the 9mths to that date) saying that 'the year started well for the Group. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic most of the Group's properties were closed or partially closed between March and July.'
• PPHE says that, post reopening 'the second half of August and September saw reduced demand in some markets due to the introduction of travel restrictions in some regions. Since the period end, the trading environment continues to be equally volatile. Demand has reduced further due to the significant impact of the recent local lockdown restrictions in most territories.'
• PPHE says 'as a result of this prolonged uncertainty, the Group has continued to undertake restructuring measures, with certain properties remaining closed and others operating with limited services.'
• CEO Boris Ivesha says 'following the onset of COVID-19 and its unprecedented impact on the trading environment, including enforced lockdowns in some of our markets, we were pleased with the Group's improved performance throughout the summer months which was driven predominantly by domestic leisure travel and resulted in market outperformance.'
• Ivesha says 'looking ahead, we remain focused on positioning the business well for long-term growth, underpinned by our unique model, well-invested portfolio and strong customer proposition.'
• The World Travel & Tourism Council has said that up to 174 million travel and tourism jobs could be lost this year if global travel remains restricted.
• In addition to existing travel problems, Turkey and Greece have registered a powerful earthquake.
• Silversea says that cruises in the Caribbean could re-start by the end of this year
• British Airways owner IAG says demand for air travel may not fully recover before 2023.
• IATA says cost cutting will not be sufficient to stop airlines from going bust if they do not receive state aid.
• MGM Resorts says that it is hopeful for the return of demand as restrictions ease. All of its sites, at home in the US and abroad, are now open.
• The IEA says UK unemployment could rise to more than 3 million, or 10% of the workforce. However, it adds that 'a less pessimistic "bottom up" approach suggests it will be capped at about 2¼ million, or less than 7%. Either way, talk of "many millions" of job losses is still wide of the mark.'
• Official data has shown that Eurozone GDP rose by 12.7% quarter-on-quarter in Q3.
• The IMF has increased its estimate for the fall in GDP in the UK this year from 9.8% to 10.4%. The report blamed "second wave headwinds" for the adjustment.
• The IMF goes on to say that it will be "essential" that the government continue to support struggling businesses in the UK if the country's economy is to recover.
• The Nationwide Building Society reports that annual house price growth in the UK reached a five-year high in October of 5.8%. It says, however, that 'data suggests that the economic recovery has lost momentum in recent months with economic growth slowing sharply to 2.1% in August, down from 6.4% in July, despite a strong boost to the hospitality sector from the Eat Out to Help Out scheme, which has since expired.'
• The Nationwide also says 'labour market conditions also weakened with the unemployment rate rising to 4.5% in the three months to August – still low by historic standards, but up from an average of 3.8% in 2019.'
• Sterling mixed at $1.2896 and €1.1081. UK 10yr gilt yield up 4bps at 0.26%. World markets mostly lower last Friday & London set to open down by around 15pts.
• Saturday's Press and News (1): The front page headlines of the Saturday papers were focused on the infamous leak of the Government's "U-turn" on having another lockdown: the Guardian went with "Tough new lockdown rules due next week", whilst the Daily Mail highlighted "National lockdown next week", the Telegraph flagged that "PM set to announce national lockdown" and the Times ran with "National lockdown looms". The FT's spotlight, however, was on the shake-out in global stockmarkets last week: "Election and virus jitters hit stocks".
• Saturday's Press and News (2): In terms of Retailing stories, there was a surprising amount of focus on the news that Marks & Spencer will announce a first half loss on Wednesday next week: the Times even had two go's at the story, with a bizarre photo of "The penny bazaar heading for a historic £59m loss" at the top of its main Business page and then a follow-up article on how the pandemic has sent M&S into the red. The Daily Mail had a similar theme on M&S, in its "Popular Shares" column feature. The Times also noted that the new CEO of Sainsbury will announce more Argos store closures with the interims on Thursday.
• Saturday's Press and News (3): In other news, the FT went big on the news that Halloween sales in the US had collapsed ("Costume stores face a hellish Halloween as coronavirus spooks consumers") and the FT also had an article on the plans of UK retailers to convert surplus store space into offices and homes ("High Streets look beyond retail for survival"). The market report in the Times noted that Boohoo was upgraded on Friday by Credit Suisse and the Daily Mail flagged that the flower delivery firm Freddie's Flowers has raised nearly £4m in bonds from customers. Finally, the Times had a feature interview with Neil Clifford, the boss of the embattled shoe chain Kurt Geiger, headlined "The crisis that brought Barbour PPE, Dior hand sanitiser…and free shoes?".
• Sunday's Press and News (1): The headlines on the front pages of the Sunday papers were, inevitably, about the new COVID pandemic lockdown: the Observer flagged that "Johnson's U-turn puts country under tough new lockdown", whilst the Sunday Times ran with "Fears of "medical disaster" force PM into new lockdown", the Sunday Telegraph went with "Four-week lockdown "to save NHS" as millions face return to furlough" and the Mail on Sunday wailed "Lockdown sparks Tory civil war".
• Sunday's Press and News (2): In terms of Retail stories, the Government clearly wasn't thinking of the disruption to Christmas shopping from the 4-week lockdown "to save Christmas", but one of the main Business headlines in the Sunday Times was "Retailers brace for Christmas disaster". The main Retail news in the Sunday Times, however, was that #MadMike is furious about being locked out of the break-up of Debenhams, with Hilco said to be on the brink of liquidating the business, after both The Hut and JD Sports looked at putting in bids…The Sunday Times also flagged that the new boss of Sainsbury's is looking at selling the troubled Sainsbury's Bank and had a feature on "The two faces of Boohoo", noting that despite Boohoo's corporate governance problems, social influencers keep fuelling its sales. The Mail on Sunday highlighted that Sainsbury is expected to re-start dividend payments
when it reports interims on Thursday and also noted that the Ocado tie-up has delivered the goods for M&S, despite the slump in clothing sales, whilst the Observer contrasted the problems of M&S with the success of Primark, ahead of their results on Tuesday. The Observer also had a News feature on the more subdued tone to all the Christmas TV ads this year, which kick off with Argos. The Mail on Sunday flagged on its News pages that Laura Ashley is making a comeback, as a brand on the Next website. Talking of Next, the Questor investment column in the Sunday Telegraph contrasted the poor performance of BT with the stellar performance of Next, whilst the "Inside the City" column in the Sunday Times looked at Burberry and said the shares are an "Avoid".
• Sunday's Press and News (3): In terms of all the Economics and comment columns in the Sunday papers, we would, as usual, highlight the thoughtful column by the Sunday Times Economics correspondent David Smith ("Sunak's bridge to normality proves to be a rickety one"), in which he noted that if there has been a persistent error in the Chancellor's approach it is over-optimism. We would also flag the column by the veteran City commentator Jeremy Warner in the Sunday Telegraph ("Investors have little to fear from Biden…if Democrats win Senate"), which he ended by noting that the new UK lockdown is "a bitter pill to swallow after a summer of rising economic and pandemic optimism", as well as the column by the veteran Economics correspondent William Keegan in the Observer ("Support is waning for Johnson's plague-year Brexit").
• Today's News: With High Street retailers still reeling from the news that non-essential shops will have to close again on Thursday…Ocado has chosen today to announce that the Ocado Retail jv with M&S has been trading so well that full-year EBITDA for the group will be well ahead of expectations. Ocado has also announced the acquisition of a couple of West Coast tech firms in the US, to accelerate its move into robotic picking technology. Less happily, Primark has announced that as of Thursday, 57% of its selling space will be closed because of the COVID 19 lockdowns in the UK and Europe…But Howden has, oddly, brought forward its trading update from Thursday to announce that trading over the last 4 months has been strong, with LFL sales c10% up.
• News Flow This Week: The week ahead was always likely to be dominated by the US Election tomorrow, but, as we move on into November, there is plenty going on in the UK to distract us, not least the news that all non-essential shops will have to close again on Thursday for 4 weeks…Tomorrow brings the ABF/Primark finals. Wednesday then brings the M&S interims, whilst on Thursday we get the Sainsbury interims, the N Brown interims, the Superdry pre-close and The Works' pre-close (plus the latest MPC pronouncement).
TRADING STATEMENTS & EVENTS:
Upcoming results are set out below:
• By 31 Oct 20 DP Poland H1 numbers
• 3 Nov 20 DART Group AGM
• 4 Nov 20 Shepherd Neame FY numbers
• 6 Nov 20 Marriott Q3 numbers
• 10 Nov 20 Premier Foods H1 numbers
• 11 Nov 20 JD Wetherspoon Q1 update
• 12 Nov 20 Young & Co H1 numbers
• 17 Nov 20 Gear 4 Music H1 numbers
• 19 Nov 20 Dart Group H1 numbers
• 24 Nov 20 Compass Group FY numbers
• 26 Nov 20 Britvic FY numbers
• 2 Dec 20 Shepherd Neame AGM
• 2 Dec 20 Stock Spirits FY numbers
• 8 Dec 20 Vianet H1 numbers
• 10 Dec 20 Marston's FY results
• 17 Dec 20 Revolution FY numbers
• 22 Dec 20 Revolution AGM
WEEKEND TWEETS:
• Fact Government is 'furious' that it's latest lockdown U-turn was leaked, is leaked. Like using incompetence as a smokescreen to hide even more incompetence?
• Our Tweet from almost exactly 7mths ago: 'Destroy the economy or let 200k vulnerable people die? It's a dreadful, dreadful choice and well above our pay grade. But one thing we do know for sure. Don't, whatever you do, do both.' Should have added: '…or do it twice.'
• To prove a theory, you can remove a variable & retest, remove another variable & retest. With hospitality closed & schools & universities open, we can see what happens to the R rate. If it falls, the finger will point one way. If it doesn't, it points the other.
LANGTON CAPITAL: Made in Hull. Like all the best things. Langton Capital is a financial advisory company providing insightful views on the UK and global leisure industry and the wider consumer sector in general. Subscription to the daily email is free. Unsubscribing is painless. We provide daily off the shelf and bespoke research. We have helped with transactions, fund-raisings, disposals and other corporate issues. We have a good ear, we are impartial, independent and not half bad at what we do. If you think that we could help you or your business, drop us a line.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Wells is among the minority of riders using a carbon bar.
Wells' ultralight S-Works carbon crank is fitted with 39/46T SRAM chainrings.
A big 'white carbon' patch on the chainstay guards against chainsuck.
After a team switch from GT to Specialized, Todd Wells raced at December's US cyclo-cross national championships in Bend, Oregon on a new carbon bike instead of his usual custom aluminium machine.
In the end it wasn't his day – he was seeking his third stars-and-stripes 'cross jersey but ended up in fourth place – but it's unlikely his top-end S-Works Tricross was to blame.
The bike's highly sculpted form stands in stark contrast to Wells' previous mostly-round aluminium frame. The top tube is wide and extremely flat for easier shouldering but also bowed to lend some vertical flex to the front end, and the curvaceous seatstays closely mimic those of the company's road-going Roubaix model.
Up front, the matching carbon fork boasts an extra-wide stance and both the fork blades and seatstays are graced with gobs of mud clearance plus Specialized's unique Zertz elastomeric inserts to damp low-amplitude, high-frequency vibrations. Down below is Specialized's usual oversized integrated bottom bracket.
Wells' 58cm frame is bone stock but for a couple of subtle racer-only changes. In keeping with Specialized's versatile 'Freeroad' billing, consumer versions normally include water bottle mounts on both the seat tube and down tube plus fender mounts on the seatstays but both have been eliminated on his team-spec version.
Wells has had to make some adjustments for the non-custom geometry, though. He says he went with a 58cm rather than 60cm frame in order to get a lower bar height (the 60cm's head tube is 25mm longer) and indeed, there are just 10mm of spacers beneath his adjustable-angle stem, which is set to an aggressive -13 degrees.
The SRAM logo can be found on the shifter/brake levers and transmission, and TRP supply their popular EuroX Magnesium cantilevers but the Specialized moniker is again plastered on the ultralight S-Works carbon crankset, bar and stem, saddle and seatpost, and even the prototype tubular tires (Specialized currently only offers 'cross tyres in clincher varieties).
The prototype tubulars are handmade by renowned tyre makers FMB and feature an aggressive Specialized Captain tread hand-glued to a fat 34mm casing and further customised with shaved centre knobs that he tediously cut himself. According to Wells, the combination gives him the best of both worlds: a fast roll with good drive and braking traction but also copious amounts of cornering grip.
"I like the file treads but I like the old [Dugast] Pipistrello ones that have the side knobs," he said. "Some guys don't mind the squishy feeling when you run really low pressure and then it doesn't matter so much what tread pattern you have because it's always flat on the ground but they're squirming around.
The Specialized name is even found on the carbon-specific brake pads, custom made for the company by SwissStop. Wells says they offer better initial bite than other pads he's used, which better suits his size and weight, especially in wetter conditions. "Because I'm a pretty big guy, I feel like sometimes the carbon-specific pads don't give me the grab soon enough if it's cold out there or slippery with mud," he said.


Within the PE-PAL program there are many ways to achieve physical education certification. The path you take depends on where you are in your current studies.
This minor may be elected by students completing any teaching major, however, students must complete the minor at the level appropriate for their particular teaching major and have approval of a physical education adviser, i.e., secondary majors complete the secondary course requirements, and elementary majors complete the elementary course requirements.
Students not involved in a teacher certification program may elect a kinesiology minor only after consultation with a program adviser.
This program is designed to enable individuals with a Bachelor's degree in a non-teaching field to attain a Master's degree, while simultaneously acquiring Michigan teaching certification in physical education.
This program is designed to enable individuals who currently hold teacher certification in another subject area to obtain an additional endorsement in physical education. Please click here for more information.


text:
Frontpage Blog
1. Residency information:
- We know that there are still many rumours around that green residency certificates must be exchanged for the TIE by 31 December. Please be assured that this is not the case. While the Spanish Government has highlighted that there may be some advantages to having the TIE – it is more durable, contains biometric data and may speed up administrative processes and border crossing – they make it clear that the green certificate remains valid evidence of your residency status and rights under the Withdrawal Agreement, even after the end of the Transition Period. See their Q&A document for more detail.
- You may be aware that some UK Nationals have been issued with TIEs with incorrect wording. We continue to work with the Spanish authorities on this issue. The Spanish have emphasised that these cards remain valid documents, however, we appreciate the desire of UK nationals to obtain a card with the correct wording and are awaiting further information from the Spanish authorities on the process for doing this.
- We know that it is still difficult to get residency appointments in many areas. Please encourage anyone who is struggling to obtain an appointment to make sure they have all the documentation necessary for their application and to prove that they are legally living in Spain by the end of this year.
- We have published a series of videos on residency on our Brits in Spain Facebook channel: an FAQ video, a video specifically for first time applicants and a third on exchanging the green certificate for a TIE. In addition, we have updated our page on gov.uk on registering as a resident in Spain.
- If people are particularly struggling with the residency process as first-time applications, please do signpost them to the organisations that have received funding from the UK Nationals Support Fund to assist them. The level of support may vary depending on where in Spain you are, but their helplines are open to people from across the country. You can find their details here.
2. Driving licences
- As you know one of the key actions for UK Nationals living in Spain is to exchange their UK driving licence for a Spanish one. However, recently it has been extremely difficult to get an appointment. We have a key update from the DGT:
- The DGT is aware that UK and other licence holders are facing problems in obtaining an appointment. They will soon introduce a new process to streamline the current exchange process until the end of the year. UK licence holders will be asked to complete a form with the details the DGT needs in order to verify the driving licence with the UK authorities. This form must be submitted to the DGT by 25 December at the very latest. Once a person has presented their form, they will need to obtain an appointment with DGT to finalise the exchange process. However, as long as the form was submitted by the date above, and the licence verified by the DGT before the end of the year, the appointment to complete the process can be after 1 January 2021. We will share information on the new process as soon as we have it.
- So, whilst further details are needed about the system and when it will come into effect, this should be welcome news to people who may be struggling to get through the exchange process. In addition, the UK continues to negotiate the rules on the recognition and exchange of UK driving licences from 1 January 2021 onwards with member states, so do encourage people to sign up to email alerts on gov.uk/livinginspain, so that they are kept informed of the latest information.
3. UK bank accounts
- We are aware that some UK nationals who hold UK-based bank accounts, but are resident in the EU, have received letters from their UK bank, informing them that these accounts are to be closed.
- Most people living in Europe shouldn't see any change to their banking at the end of the transition period (31 December 2020). Whether UK banks can service EEA-based customers is a matter of local law and regulation. Also banks are set up differently and may have taken different actions to continue to serve their customers. Your bank or finance provider should contact you if they need to make any changes to your product or the way they provide it. If you have any concerns about whether you might be affected, contact your provider or seek independent financial advice.
- Meanwhile, please be assured that your UK state pension can be paid into your Spanish bank account. This link from gov.uk may be useful.
4. Passports
From 1 January, passport validity rules are changing for travel to European countries. You'll need to have at least 6 months left on an adult or child passport to travel to most countries in Europe (not including Ireland).If you renewed your passport early last time, any extra months added to the normal 10-year validity will not count towards meeting this requirement, so we encourage everyone to doublecheck their passport validity online now at: gov.uk/checkpassport


text:
Effect of Retrogression and Reaging Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Corrosion Properties of Al-7075
P.L. Srinivasamurthy1, B.N.Sarada2, Karthik.B.S3, Shamanth.S.Holla3
Associate professor, Dept. Of Mechanical Engg., MSRIT, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Assistant professor, Dept. Of Mechanical Engg.,, B.M.S.College of Engg, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Student, Dept. Of Mechanical Engg.,, YDIT, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Aluminum alloy 7075 has been widely used in aircraft structural application for many years. It is, however, prone to both stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and exfoliation (intergranular) corrosion. Over-aging has been used to resolve these problems. However, a strength penalty of around 10% is reported by researchers. Therefore, a process known as retrogression and reaging (RRA) treatment, which is capable of restoring peak strength while retaining resistance to SCC is suggested. The retrogression treatment produces rapid initial coarsening of the grain boundary particles and results in an increase in the volume per unit grain boundary area. This project is set up to study the influence of retrogression and reaging (RRA) heat treatment on the corrosion properties and of the aluminum alloy. The retrogression temperature is the main property controlling factor.
AL-7075 alloy, retrogression and reaging, salt spray corrosion test, microstructure.
Al-7075 is one of the most widely used alloys in the 7000 series. This standard structural alloy is one of the most versatile of heat treatable alloys, popular for medium to high strength requirements and has good toughness characteristics. Alloy 7075 has excellent corrosion resistance to atmospheric conditions and also to sea water. This alloy also offers good finishing characteristics and responds well to anodizing, wherever cosmetic appearance is critical. Alloy 7075 is easily welded and joined by various commercial methods, since7075 is a heat treatable alloy. 7000 series alloys such as 7075 are often used in transport applications, including marine, automotive and aviation, due to their high strength-to-density ratio. Their strength and light weight is also desirable in other fields. Rock climbing equipment, bicycle components, and hang glider airframes are commonly made from 7075 aluminum alloy. One interesting use for 7075 is in the manufacture of M16 rifles for the American military. It is also commonly used in shafts for lacrosse sticks, camping knife and fork sets. Desert Tactical Arms and French armament company PGM use it for their precision rifles. Due to its strength, high density, thermal properties and its ability to be highly polished, 7075 is widely used in mold tool manufacture.
Retrogression and Reaging Heat Treatment: This heat treatment is accomplished in three major stages: Solutionization and age hardening, Retrogression, Reaging.
Solutionization and aging is a type of heat treatment used in metallurgy to strengthen metal alloys. It is also called precipitation hardening, as it strengthens the metal by creating solid impurities or precipitates. Its name comes from the point in the hardening process in which the metal is aged, either by heating it for an extended period of time or keeping it stored at a lower temperature for an extended period of time before use so that the precipitates can be formed. Examples of precipitation hardening alloys include 2000 series, 6000 series, and 7000 series aluminum alloy.
Retrogression: Due to aging, a strength penalty of around 10% to 20% occurs. To compensate this, retrogression is done. Retrogression consists of two stages. Firstly, the partial dissolution of the hardening precipitates that result in a decrease in hardness/yield strength which is regained in subsequent reaging. Secondly, for long time retrogression, the coarsening of precipitates takes place which results in continuous decrease in hardness/strength.
Reaging: It is a process of repeated aging which significantly improves the strength of the alloy.
Corrosion: Corrosion is the chemical reaction of a metal, with its environment, which leads to the deterioration of the properties of metals, aluminum in this case. The types of corrosion taking place in Al-7075 are Intergranular corrosion, Exfoliation corrosion, and Stress corrosion cracking (SCC), etc. The corrosion test is carried out using the Salt spray corrosion test machine in this case.
II METHODOLOGY
Material selected: Aluminum 7075 alloy (Cu 1.49%, Mg 2.13%, Si .076%, Fe 0.22%, Mn 0.022, Cr 0.21%, Zn 5.18%, Ti .054%)
A. Heat treatment procedure:
Aluminum 7075 alloy castings produced by sand casting method are taken for the present study. They are heat treated (Plate2.1) by solutionization and aging. The specimens aresolutionized at 475˚C and aged at130˚C for different time intervals like 16hrs, 20hrs, 24hrs and water quenched. To improve SCC property, they are again retrograded and reaged as given below.
In retrogression treatment, the specimen which are peak aged are heated at three retrogression temperatures, i.e., 220, 260, 280˚C respectively, and maintained at this temperature for retrogression time intervals of 5 and 10 minutes. Later the specimens arereaged at 130˚C for 24 hours.
After heat treatment, micro structure and corrosion resistance are analyzed
B. Micro structural analysis
Metallographic specimens are prepared as per the ASTM E340 & ASTM E407 standards. A section perpendicular to the surface is chosen for interpretation of the material. This reveals all the information about phases that are present and their distribution, etc.
Abrasive papers of grit sizes 180, 400, 600, 1000 and polishing wheel are used to grind and polish the specimen respectively. After getting mirror finish, the specimen are etched with 90ml water, 4ml of HF, 4ml H2SO4 and 2g CrO3solution and observed under optical microscope (Plate2. 2) at 100 X and 200 X.
C. Corrosion Test:
The Experiment is carried out in the Salt spray chamber (Plate2.3). Rectangular specimens (fig2.1) are prepared as per the standards. Initial Weight of the specimen is noted and then tied to a hanging bar in the salt chamber.
The chamber is cleaned and filled with 5% NaCl solution until the level covers the heater coil in the chamber and is maintained at 35˚C.The lid of the chamber is closed and made sure it is air tight. The compressor is also switched on to help the uniform distribution of fumes. The specimens are removed after every 3 hours and are cleaned in 70% conc. Nitric acid. The final weights of the specimens are taken and the readings are tabulated. The test is continued for 30 hrs.
III RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Effect of age hardening on microstructure:
Discussion on results: The microstructure of as cast specimen (plate3.1) consists of α-Al + Eutectic phase (dark) in α - Al matrix (light) and the eutectic phase is present at the grain boundaries. The solutionized and peak age hardened microstructure (plate3.2) consists of fine precipitates homogeneously distributed second phase elements in the aluminum matrix. The distribution of Precipitates is uniform in age hardened condition. The precipitates are mainly non coherent η-phase.
B. Effect of Retrogression and Reaging on microstructure:
Discussion on results: From plate 3.3 and 3.4, it can be observed that Retrogation time increased the dissolution of non coherent η-phase and increased the precipitation of coherent η1-phase This could be the reason for increase in hardness of the material with RRA treatment than pre-aging treatment initially. But further increase in Retrogation time incresed grain coarsening and decreased hardness.
Effect of retrogression and reaging on weight loss due to corrosion
Discussion on resultsTheslope for as-cast specimen is greater when compared to the others, which implies that the weight lost by the as-cast specimen is more, showing the maximum corrosion rate than the RRA treated specimen.RRA treatment increased the corrosion resistance of the material. The decrease in corrosion loss is 78.01% for the 5 min retrogressed specimen and it is 77.31% for the 10 min retrogressed specimen. The reason could be size and amount of precipitates at the grain boundary and also within the grains. The fine precicitates due to RRA treatment would have decreased the decrease in weight loss due to corrosion and hence corrosion rate.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The microstructure of as cast specimen consists of α-Al +Eutectic phase (dark), in α -Al matrix (light) and the eutectic phase is present at the grain boundaries.
The solutionized and age hardened microstructure consists of precipitates homogeneously distributed second phase elements in the aluminum matrix.
Re-precipitation of the matrix takes place during Retrogression and reaging treatment, and this has coarsened the grain boundary precipitates. Retrogression treatment has dissolved the less stable precipitates, allowing it to grow as more stable grain boundary precipitates. Thus, reaging enhances the re-precipitation of η1-phase. This could be the reason for improvement in properties of T6 temper.
Similarly RRA treatment increasesthe corrosion resistance of the material.The decrease in weight loss due to corrosion is 78.01% for the 5 min retrogressed specimen and it is 77.31% for the 10 min retrogressed specimen when compared with as cast specimen. The reason could be the size and the amount of precipitates at the grain boundary and also within the grains . The fine precicitates due to RRA treatment would have decreased the corrosion rate.
The RRA treated specimen have shown excellent relative corrosion resistance than the as cast specimen.
ACKOWLEDGEMENT
We thank the management of MSRIT and Dr S.Y.Kulkarni, principal, MSRIT,Bangalore,India for motivating and providing Research facilities for carryingout this research.
[1]Lorimar, G.W., Proc. AIME Conf. Precipitation Process in Solids, TheMetallurgical Society of AIME, Warrendale, PA, p. 87, 1976.
[2] Webb, G.L., Murali, J. and Liley, J.D., Proc. Conf. on Env. Degradation of Eng. Mater.in aggressive Env.(M.R. Louthan, R.P. McNitt and R.D. Sisson eds.), VPI Press, Blacksburg, VA, pp. 191-192, 1981.
[3]Holt, R.T., Rosario, V. and Durham, K., RRA Treatment of 7075-T6 Material from a CC130 Hercules Sloping Longeron, LTR-ST- 2021, National Research Council of Canada, 1995.
[4]Wu, X.J., Modeling of Retrogression and Reaging of 7075 Aluminum alloy Part I: Microstructural Evolution, LTRST- 2246 IARNRC, December 1999.
[5] Wu, X.J., Raizenne, M. D. Brock, K., Xiong, Y., O'Flynn, J., Poon, C., FinalReport: Retrogression and Re-Aging of Al 7075-T6511 Stress Corrosion Susceptible Parts – Phase I., LTRSMPL-2000-0270 (limited distribution),IAR-NRC, October 2000.
[6] Raizenne, D., Wu, X.J., Whitehouse, M.and Poon, C.,"In-Situ RetrogressionAnd Re-Aging of a C-130 7075-T6511 Sloping Longeron."
[7] ASIP 2000Conference, San Antonio, TX, Dec. 5-8, 2000.
[8] Tankins, E.S., Agarwala, V.S., Neu, C.E. and Bethke, J.J., Report No. NADS-84096-60, US Naval Air Systems Command, 1984.
[9] Danh, N.C., Rajan, K. and Wallace, W., Metall. Trans., Vol. 14A, pp. 1843-1850, 1983.
[10] Rajan, K., Wallace, W. and Beddoes, J.C., J. of Mat. Sci. and Tech., Vol. 17, pp. 2817-824, 1982.
[11] Christodoulou, L. and Flower, H.M., Acta Met., Vol. 28, pp. 481-487, 1980.
[12] M.G.Fontana, Corrosion Engineering, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1986, p.172.


Dear Rosanna: Should i dump my cheap boyfriend?
Q I am dating Scrooge. I don't think there is a man on the planet as stingy as my boyfriend. He makes me buy my own cinema ticket, insists I buy every second round, divides taxi fares in half and looks in my wallet to make sure I have enough money before we go out, as he says he is tired of women sponging off him. He broke up with me before my birthday and got back with me afterwards and now I think he did this to save on having to buy me a present. Is there any hope for us as a couple, or should I just dump this cheap man?
A While I believe that equality within a relationship is essential and I can't help but look down on women who rely on a man for their every penny, I really appreciate when my boyfriend treats me. He will always offer to buy me drinks when we're out -- but I always ensure that I buy him a couple, too. If nothing else, it comes down to basic manners.
It saddens me to hear that your boyfriend doesn't ever treat you to a night out or a drink. While I understand his caution, as there are plenty of opportunistic women out there, I believe there needs to be a healthy balance for a relationship to succeed.
My advice is to air your concerns with him. Point out that, while you don't expect him to fork out for everything, it would be lovely if he acted like a gentleman.
Continuing the relationship like this will inevitably lead to its demise and you growing to resent him. If he refuses to spend any money on you, then I would consider taking a break until he realises that his behaviour is causing you unhappiness.
Q Everyone says my sister, who is 21, is managing very well as a single mum. But she relies heavily on me and my mum to mind her little girl when she goes to college and to work in the evenings. It means, at 17, I spend nights babysitting my niece when I could be having fun with friends or my boyfriend. I feel my sister has made a mistake, but I am the one making the sacrifices.
A I can only imagine how hard it must be for your sister to juggle her work, college and life as a single mother and she is extremely lucky to have the support of you and your mum to enable her to do so. I feel sympathy for you, though. You never signed up for such responsibility, yet you feel that you must chip in and help with babysitting.
I can see no other option than to come to a compromise with the other members of your family as soon as possible. Arrange a family meeting and explain to your mum and sister that, while you're happy to help out with the baby, it's taking up too much of your time and it's not fair that you're missing out on spending time with your friends and boyfriend.
Q My best friend from school told me she needed to help her mum over the weekend and couldn't meet me for coffee. Yet when I was walking through Dundrum Town Centre on Saturday I saw her hanging out with another girl from school. I was too upset to go over and say anything to her.
She often tells me she is not free and later tells me about the fun things she has done. Yet, when I'm not available, she gets really snotty with me. Should I find another best friend?
AThis must have been deeply upsetting for you and it hardly surprises me that you feel betrayed and angry. However, simply replacing your best friend would not deal with the problem and most probably create difficulties for you in future friendships.
I urge you to confront her. She must realise that her behaviour has upset you and, if she values your friendship, she has to show you more respect. Tell her that you feel undervalued and unappreciated as her friend and you know that she lied to you. Try not to be too accusatory and give her a chance to explain herself.
She must also understand that friendships are about compromise and she has no right to get annoyed at you when you're unavailable to spend time with her. I do recommend that you make a proper attempt to work it out between yourselves.
Q I have met a guy who I am really into and we have been on a few dates. The only thing is he always brings his best friend along. He has never asked me to bring a friend along. He acts like we're friends when his best mate is with us in the club and then like we're a couple when we are by ourselves. How can I get him to leave his friend at home?
AThis situation you describe does sound a little bizarre. It's almost as if he's too shy to spend time with you alone and feels that he needs his sidekick for support when you meet up in a club.
Does he give you his full attention when you're together or does he spend a lot of it talking to his mate? If you are interested in this guy, then I think it's time to get firm with him and insist that it's just the two of you the next time you meet up.
Explain clearly that, while you like his friend and are happy to get to know him too, it's important for you to get to know each other properly.
I feel the best approach is to simply be casual and polite, so as not to cause offense to somebody you don't yet know that well, but tell him that you'd really like to get to know him without the constant presence of his friend. If this relationship is worth pursuing, I hope he will respect your very reasonable request.


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But not all of the Munchkins were little people. It may be a footnote in Hollywood history, but let the news be spread that about 10 young girls of normal height, ranging from 7 to 9 years old, danced and sang alongside the little people 70 years ago on MGM's massive Soundstage 27.
Three of the former child actors cast as Munchkins recently reunited in Hollywood to reminisce about their little-known involvement in one of the most beloved movies of all time. Betty Ann Cain Bruno, 77, Priscilla Montgomery Clark, 79, and Ardith Dondanville Todd, 78, shared their memories of working together in their brightly colored, flower-adorned costumes and talked about how the "Oz" experience has affected their lives. One of their most recent memories wasn't so sweet.
Last year, the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce honored the entire diminutive citizenship of Munchkin Land with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame near Grauman's Chinese Theatre that simply reads: "The Munchkins." Nothing about "midgets only." Yet, the handful of former child Munchkins who had been invited to the event were denied introduction and participation in the unveiling because they were not "vertically challenged." Where is the Lollipop Guild and their sweet greeting when you need them?
Paparazzi's cameras popped, speakers spoke, the shiny star saw its first sunlight — and all while the onetime child Munchkins had to wait by the curb. No proclamation from the city of Los Angeles for them, only for the little people. "Oz" fans in attendance wondered why the late Johnny Grant, the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and event organizers neglected those who rehearsed, sang, danced (even attended school on the set) and appear on film along with the other Munchkins.
Four of the surviving child Munchkins decided to hold their own reunion and share the wonderful times, putting that Hollywood snub behind them (though Joan Kenmore, of Dana Point, was unable to attend).
Seven decades ago, the pretty little girls with angelic faces were plucked from the local Bud Murray dance studio to fill in the female Munchkin population because MGM's casting department lacked little women to portray the citizens of Munchkin Land. Both Todd and Clark and their mothers would drive the 20 miles together from Alhambra to Culver City each day ("before freeways," Todd recalls) for the six weeks it took to rehearse and film in November and December 1938.
"I can pick myself out in the movie right there on the yellow brick road, dancing the skip, and I recall it so vividly," says Clark, a former dancer and now a grandmother of four who lives in Corona del Mar. "The set was so huge. I was in awe. I felt like I was in the middle of a fairy tale . . .
In the final moments of the Munchkin Land scene, in which Glinda the good witch (played by Billie Burke) instructs Dorothy to follow the yellow brick road, it's easy to spot young Priscilla, near Burke, as the youngster briefly peers directly into the camera, "spiking the lens" as it is called.
Both Clark and Bruno recall the Munchkin wrap party held on the Haunted Forest set, with long tables lined up for people to eat box lunches, and where some of the Winged Monkeys rehearsed and were flown above on wires.
"I remember that very well," says Bruno, a former television news reporter in Oakland and mother of two who now lives in Sonoma. "In Munchkin Land, I was up in one of the huts, waving during the scene. I remember I'd run around and measure myself next to the midgets sort of surreptitiously, put my hand even to the top of their head, hoping they wouldn't notice.
The three former Munchkins said that at family gatherings through the decades, their children, and later grandchildren, watched the film and tried to pick them out.
Clark can still kick up her heels and do the Munchkin skip, the choreography they learned on the yellow brick road. Her grandkids have begged her to teach them the recognizable step.
In Todd's family, watching it was an annual event. "All growing up, I made my kids sit and watch it every year until they got to the point where the first of December came and they'd say, 'I guess we have to watch The Wizard of Oz again.' . . . My kids are more excited about it now than ever. My grandson is very proud of his grandma being a Munchkin.
This entry was posted on Tuesday, December 2nd, 2008 at 7:21 pm and is filed under Book/Film News, Filmmaking.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can skip to the end and leave a response. Pinging is currently not allowed.


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A: I solve the answer for this question that you must fill up all the contents in order to view the name of the sender

A: First fill up all the contents so that the form has data to parse for all fields. After that, you can use JQuery or third party plugins (parsley.js) for Data Validations for the required to be filled and formatted. By that way your form works perfectly.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Our Heart Chakra is the center of love, care, compassion, kindness and joy. Located at the center of our chest, it is linked to our thymus gland, heart, lungs, breasts, and arms. The heart chakra is associated with the air element and the color green.
When opened, this chakra allows love, respect, compassion, and forgiveness to flow freely through us. However, when blocked, it can manifest physically as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and emotionally as suppressed grief, anger, jealousy, and an inability to let go of past hurt.
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