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On 9 November 2016, a tram operated by Tramlink derailed and overturned on a sharp bend approaching a junction. Of a total 69 passengers, there were seven fatalities and 62 injured, 19 of whom sustained serious injuries. This was the first tram incident in the United Kingdom in which passengers died since 1959.

The service was running from New Addington to  via Croydon, and was on the approach to Sandilands tram stop soon after 06:00. The second interim report into the accident indicated that although the speed limit approaching the junction was , the tram had been travelling at approximately . Driver error was found to be the cause of the accident.

A Rail Accident Investigation Branch investigation found that the driver of the tram had had a microsleep before the crash. An inquest returned verdicts of accidental death on all seven victims. In March 2022, the Office of Rail and Road announced that it was to prosecute the driver of the tram, Tram Operations Limited and Transport for London over the accident.

Accident
The accident took place in the dark and during heavy rain at 06:07, on a sharp left curve approaching the points where the route from New Addington (on which the tram was operating) converges with the line from Beckenham Junction and Elmers End. The curve is located in a cutting, which comes almost immediately after the line emerges from a series of three tunnels on a  straight section of track after leaving Lloyd Park tram stop. It has been described as a "sharp bend", and has a  speed restriction.

The tram entered the curve at a speed of approximately  and derailed, overturning on its right side and coming to a stand  beyond the point of derailment, damaging the side of the tram and ejecting several passengers through broken windows. The tram involved was No. 2551, a Bombardier CR4000 constructed in 1998 by Bombardier Transportation, a two-section articulated unit with a maximum design speed of .

The emergency services confirmed that 51 people were injured, and initially stated that five had died. The death toll later rose to seven. The victims, six men and a woman, were between 19 and 63 years old. Sixteen of the survivors were described as having serious or life-threatening injuries. The final casualty figures were seven dead and 62 injured, 19 seriously. One person was uninjured.

It was the deadliest tram accident in the United Kingdom since an accident at Dover in 1917 killed eleven and injured 60, and the first in the United Kingdom in which passengers died since three people died in an accident in Glasgow in 1959. It is also the deadliest accident on any rail network in the UK since the 2001 Great Heck rail crash.

Aftermath
The injured were taken to St George's Hospital in Tooting, and to Croydon University Hospital. As well as the 51 people taken to hospital, seven more made their own way to hospital for treatment. Twenty-two ambulances, eight fire engines, and over 70 firefighters from the London Fire Brigade were sent to the scene. Assistance was given by Croydon Council, the Red Cross, Salvation Army and railway chaplains.

FirstGroup, which operates the tram service on behalf of Transport for London (TfL), said it was "shocked and saddened by what happened." An extra minute was added to the two-minute Armistice Day silence at Croydon Cenotaph. TfL later made an offer to cover the funeral expenses of the victims.

During the night of 10–11 November, the tram was righted in preparation for removal from the accident site, and it was removed on the morning of 12 November. The tram had suffered serious damage to its right side, onto which it had overturned.

After the accident, no services operated on the line between East Croydon and Addington Village, Harrington Road or . Partial tram services ran between East Croydon and , between  and Addington Village, and between  and Harrington Road. Full services were reinstated on 18 November.

It was found that the speed restriction sign for the bend at Sandilands was not visible to drivers until the tram had travelled  past the point where braking would need to have been initiated to reach the required speed at the sign — drivers "were expected to know this from their knowledge of the route". At Sandilands, an additional speed restriction was imposed before the curve, and chevron signs were installed to give better warning of the curve. Chevron signs were also installed at three other locations on the Croydon Tramlink system. Following recommendations made in the first interim report into the accident, tram systems in the United Kingdom introduced stepped speed reductions where there was a required reduction in speed of  or more. This affected systems in Blackpool, Edinburgh, the West Midlands and Nottingham.

In March 2017, it was reported that Tramtrack Croydon and TfL had admitted liability for the accident. Victims and survivors would not have to sue for compensation for losses caused by the accident. In August 2017 TfL confirmed they would be altering Tramlink timetables to take account of reduced speed limits.

In November 2017, two days of strikes by tram drivers were announced following the installation of fatigue monitoring devices. The devices shine an infrared light into the driver's face and are capable of generating an alert and vibrating the driver's chair if eye movements indicate a lack of attention. Some drivers have raised concerns about health and safety issues, and have described the device as a "spy in the cab".

On 22 January 2018, the Office of Rail and Road (ORR) organised a safety summit in Manchester to discuss the findings of the Rail Accident Investigation Branch (RAIB) report on the investigation into the accident. In January 2019, it was announced that all trams on the system were to be fitted with a system which would automatically apply the brakes if the tram exceeded the speed limit. As of July 2019, tram 2551 was still in the custody of the RAIB in Farnborough and had not returned to service.

The decision that no prosecutions were to take place meant that an inquest could be held. A pre-inquest review was held at Croydon Town Hall on 25 September 2019. The driver of the tram did not attend, saying he was unwell. His decision was criticised by the barrister representing five of the victims. The full inquest was due to begin on 19 October 2020, but was delayed until 17 May 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The inquest was held at the Fairfield Halls, Croydon. A jury was sworn in on 17 May, and on 22 July returned a verdict of accidental death. Relatives of the victims of the accident announced that they intend to call on Attorney General Michael Ellis to apply to the High Court for a fresh inquest. The mother of one of the victims called for a public enquiry in to the accident.

Investigations

British Transport Police
The 42-year-old tram driver was arrested by the British Transport Police on suspicion of manslaughter. After questioning, he was released on bail until May 2017. According to Metro, one aspect of the police investigation was whether or not the tram driver fell asleep; and The Guardian reported that some passengers said the driver had blacked out at the controls. In November 2017, it was reported that a file was being prepared for the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS), who would decide whether or not a trial would take place.  it was reported that the CPS were still awaiting the file from the British Transport Police, who were still gathering evidence. On 31 October 2019, British Transport Police and the CPS announced that neither the driver, operating company or TfL would face prosecution. The CPS stated that while there was evidence of negligence by the driver, it did not count as "gross" and so "manslaughter by gross negligence" could not apply. Prosecutors also stated that because the section of tramway where the crash happened was neither legally a railway nor a public place then various other potential offences would not apply.

A former driver suggested to The Times that a blackout was a possibility, due to the erratic shift patterns that the drivers had to adhere to. He also said that the vending machine at the tram depot was stocked only with energy drinks, and that "Nobody is ever fully awake; I was always in a bit of a daze and that is because the way the shifts work doesn't allow the drivers to get a regular sleep pattern." Following this, multiple sources reported on a video apparently showing a different driver struggling to stay awake at the controls. The driver concerned was suspended pending an investigation into the matter.

Victoria Derbyshire programme
In April 2017, the BBC Two programme Victoria Derbyshire reported that its own investigation into drivers falling asleep at the controls of trams on the Tramlink network revealed four such cases. Six drivers claimed that the dead-man's vigilance device fitted to the trams was not fit for purpose. Tramlink stated that the devices were "fully functional".

Office of Rail and Road
The ORR opened its own investigation into the accident, concentrating on whether or not safety rules were followed. They confirmed that British trams are not fitted with an overspeed protection system. The ORR was expected to make an announcement about its investigation early in 2018. On the third anniversary of the accident, the ORR tweeted that its investigation was ongoing.

Rail Accident Investigation Branch
The RAIB also investigated the accident, with data from the tram's on-board event recorder being analysed. The RAIB stated that initial indications suggested that the tram was travelling at a significantly higher speed than permitted. Rail magazine reported that the tram's electro-magnetic track brakes had not been activated. Following the accident, The Guardian reported that on 31 October passengers had made allegations on Facebook of a tram travelling round the curve at excessive speed. The Evening Standard reported an earlier passenger complaint describing the tram as "tipping" on the curve. The driver of the tram involved in the incident of 31 October was not the one involved in the accident on 9 November.

The interim report was released a week later on 16 November 2016. At the time of the accident, it was dark and it was raining heavily. There was no evidence of any track defects, or obstructions on the track, that could have contributed to the derailment. Initial investigation did not indicate any malfunction of the tram's braking system. Initial findings were that the tram was travelling at approximately  at the time of the accident—far exceeding the speed restriction. The RAIB interim report noted that "a tram approaching the Sandilands Junction area from Lloyd Park at  would need to brake at its full service rate of 1.3m/s² for approximately 180metres ( for ) before the speed restriction board in order to be travelling at  when the board was reached." The On Tram Data Recorder (OTDR) indicated that some braking had occurred within this distance but only sufficient to reduce the tram's speed from .

A recommendation was made that a further speed limit should be introduced prior to the one for the curve at Sandilands Junction before the line reopened to traffic. The recommendation was accepted and three further speed restrictions were put in place before the line reopened. The report also found that a number of passengers with fatal or serious injuries had been ejected from the tram through broken bodyside and door windows. In November 2016, Rail magazine called for the RAIB to complete its investigation and release the final report "much more rapidly than has become the norm".

A second interim report was released on 20 February 2017. In April 2017, it was reported that there had been three cases of speeding on the section of line which included the accident site in the period November 2016 – April 2017. In one case, a tram was reported to be travelling at  in a  zone. Within the second interim report the RAIB noted that drivers of trams approaching the curve could be expected to sight the curve and the speed restriction sign from  with full beam headlights and  with dipped beam headlights. Although the report states that the tram's braking system was not capable of slowing the tram sufficiently between the point where the speed restriction sign became visible and the point at which the speed restriction is enforced, it also says, "There was no sign to indicate to drivers where they should begin to apply the brake for the Sandilands curve; they were expected to know this from their knowledge of the route."

In the light of the first interim report the ORR requested that all operators of light rail tramway systems apply a system of stepped speed restrictions where reductions in speed greater than  are required by changes in the characteristics of the track.

The final report was published on 7 December 2017. Driver error was found to be the cause of the accident, with the most likely scenario being that the driver had a microsleep episode approaching the bend. Fifteen recommendations were made. Key findings of the RAIB investigation were that the tram's windows, which were made of toughened glass, were not strong enough to contain passengers inside the tram. All the fatalities had been ejected through the right side windows. Laminated glass would not have broken, improving the survivability of the accident.  Regulations applying to trams were similar to those applying to buses. If railway regulations had applied, laminated glass would have been fitted. The tram's operators had not considered it possible for a tramcar to overturn. There had been insufficient reporting of previous incidents by drivers, who feared that they would be disciplined rather than such reports being seen as an opportunity to learn a safety lesson (a "blame culture" rather than a just culture). The system for dealing with complaints from passengers was not fit for purpose. The investigation also found that trams were not as safe as the ORR previously thought, having a higher accident rate than other rail transport and also buses and coaches.

An update to the final report was issued on 24 October 2018. The update included the addition of a Transport for London (TfL) audit of Tram Operations Limited's fatigue risk management system, a copy of a letter sent to all UK tram operators and some minor technical corrections. In response to Recommendation 1 of the final report, the Light Rail Safety and Standards Board (LRSSB) was established. The ORR has observer status on the LRSSB.

Transport for London
TfL opened an investigation into the accident. It was expected to publish its report in early 2018. TfL stated that all recommendations from the RAIB final report would be implemented.

New safety measures
During 2019 an automatic system to apply the tram brakes if the speed limit is exceeded at "high risk locations" on the Tramlink network was installed. On tramcars, the thickness of the window safety film  was increased from 100 μm to 175 μm, to prevent passengers being ejected during an accident, and emergency lighting, independent of the tram battery, was installed. In April 2019 the RAIB reported that the addition of the thicker film to Tramlink trams had been implemented. Tests had shown that containment provided by the film had been improved.

Prosecution
On 24 March 2022, the ORR announced that it was to prosecute the driver of the tram, Tram Operations Limited (TOL) and Transport for London (TfL) over the accident. The driver is charged with "failure to take reasonable care of passengers". The companies are both charged with "failure to ensure the health and safety of passengers on the Croydon Tramlink network, so far as reasonably practicable".

The trial started on 10 June at Croydon Magistrates Court. TOL and TfL pleaded guilty to offences under Section 3(1) of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974. The tram driver pleaded not guilty to a charge under section 7(a) of that act. The case was sent to the Crown Court for a pre-trial hearing and case management.

Memorials
There are two memorials to the crash – one by the site of the crash itself on Sandilands road, and another in New Addington.

See also
List of tram accidents
List of rail accidents (2010–2019)
List of rail accidents in the United Kingdom
Transport in the United Kingdom#Trams and light rail

References

External links

 Final report of the Rail Accident Investigation Branch

Tramlink
2016 disasters in the United Kingdom
2016 in London
2016 tram derailment
November 2016 events in the United Kingdom
Railway accidents in 2016
Railway accidents and incidents in London
Tram accidents

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MM - January 30th
Two of my books from last week were borrowed from my best friend - FINALLY got to read The Help and Hunger Games. She got them for Christmas from her husband, what a sweet guy! Read both of them within a week and loved each of them, neither overhyped to my delighted surprise. Bought for myself from the store, The Remains of the Dead, a mystery that's the first in a series and caught my eye when I was doing some grocery shopping for the week.
Sadie Novak's got the kind of job that kills cocktail chatter dead: she owns Scene-2-Clean a crime scene cleanup company. And if wiping up after murders weren't spooky enough, she can also see and talk to the ghosts of the victims...
When grieving relatives hire Sadie and her employee, ex-cop Zack Bowman, to clean up after the murder-suicide of Trudy and Grant Toth, Sadie figures she's bound to meet at least one chatty ghost. But Kent, the man Sadie first encounters at the scene, is very much alive--so much so, that Sadie soon finds herself agreeing to a date with him.
Then a real ghost shows up--the oddly silent spirit of Trudy, who seems determined to prove that her husband's innocence, and inspires Sadie to track down the real killer. But as she scours the crime scene, Sadie quickly realizes she's in way over her head, that Kent has a strange connection to the dead couple, and that someone wants her to give up the ghost...for good.
In the ruins of a place once known as North America lies the nation of Panem, a shining Capitol surrounded by twelve outlying districts. The Capitol is harsh and cruel and keeps the districts in line by forcing them all to send one boy and one girl between the ages of twelve and eighteen to participate in the annual Hunger Games, a fight to the death on live TV.
Sixteen-year-old Katniss Everdeen, who lives alone with her mother and younger sister, regards it as a death sentence when she steps forward to take her sister's place in the Games. But Katniss has been close to dead before—and survival, for her, is second nature. Without really meaning to, she becomes a contender. But if she is to win, she will have to start making choices that will weigh survival against humanity and life against love.
Three ordinary women are about to take one extraordinary step.
Twenty-two-year-old Skeeter has just returned home after graduating from Ole Miss. She may have a degree, but it is 1962, Mississippi, and her mother will not be happy till Skeeter has a ring on her finger. Skeeter would normally find solace with her beloved maid Constantine, the woman who raised her, but Constantine has disappeared and no one will tell Skeeter where she has gone.
Aibileen is a black maid, a wise, regal woman raising her seventeenth white child. Something has shifted inside her after the loss of her own son, who died while his bosses looked the other way. She is devoted to the little girl she looks after, though she knows both their hearts may be broken.
Minny, Aibileen's best friend, is short, fat, and perhaps the sassiest woman in Mississippi. She can cook like nobody's business, but she can't mind her tongue, so she's lost yet another job. Minny finally finds a position working for someone too new to town to know her reputation. But her new boss has secrets of her own.
Seemingly as different from one another as can be, these women will nonetheless come together for a clandestine project that will put them all at risk. And why? Because they are suffocating within the lines that define their town and their times. And sometimes lines are made to be crossed.
In pitch-perfect voices, Kathryn Stockett creates three extraordinary women whose determination to start a movement of their own forever changes a town, and the way women - mothers, daughters, caregivers, friends - view one another. A deeply moving novel filled with poignancy, humor, and hope, The Help is a timeless and universal story about the lines we abide by, and the ones we don't.
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The Tapestry of Three From the Mind of Ismael AbduSalaam
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[Video] Mental Fortitude: Tony Thompson Survives Knockdown, KO's Price Again
By Ismael AbduSalaam July 6, 2013 July 7, 2013
1 Comment on [Video] Mental Fortitude: Tony Thompson Survives Knockdown, KO's Price Again
LIVERPOOL, ENGLAND -- David Price lasted longer, but ultimately couldn't outgun Tony Thompson in an inside firefight, suffering his second knockout loss to the veteran American contender in the last four months. This fight was supposed to be Price's redemption, the one where his dispelled the bad chin tag and showed that his brief training with Lennox Lewis would develop skills that would lead him to the top of the heavyweight division. What fans got was more questions, chief among them being whether Price has the mental strength to regain the confidence that Thompson has clearly taken from him...
LIVERPOOL, ENGLAND — David Price lasted longer, but ultimately couldn't outgun Tony Thompson in an inside firefight, suffering his second knockout loss to the veteran American contender in the last four months. This fight was supposed to be Price's redemption, the one where his dispelled the bad chin tag and showed that his brief training with Lennox Lewis would develop skills that would lead him to the top of the heavyweight division. What fans got was more questions, chief among them being whether Price has the mental strength to regain the confidence that Thompson has clearly taken from him.
A SOMBER EVENING IN LIVERPOOL: Following what seemed to be endless intros (including a horrid saxophone rendition of "Born in the USA" that had Apollo Creed spinning in his grave), the first round was a cautious one with Price reluctant to commit to any shots beyond a pawing jab. Thompson wasn't active himself, but his body movement didn't have the stiffness or jerky clumsiness of Price's, indicating that the American vet was much more comfortable with the tense atmosphere.
Price got going in the second by landing well with 1-2 combos. He hurt Thompson with a straight right and forced Thompson into a few wild exchanges. With Price being the bigger puncher, Thompson summarily got the worst of it and was sprawled out on the ropes courtesy of a counter right hook. Thompson rose very slowly at eight and seemed one shot from having another seat. But with just 10 seconds remaining, he was able to survive the stanza.
Price's confidence appeared through the roof early in the third when he stunned Thompson into the ropes with another right hand. However, Price got very impatient and continued throwing power shots, many of them telegraphed and without the jab setting them up. Thompson remained cool, and by the round's midway point you could see Price's movements becoming lethargic.
When Price tried to rest inside, Thompson made him pay with sneaky uppercuts and southpaw right hooks. Price's decision to cover up inside rather than clinch was costly — Thompson was smart with his punches and made sure his power shots were in position to land around and through Price's guard.
Th fourth round was no better as Thompson took complete control behind his inside work. Price was a spent bullet, and in the fifth Thompson had him bleeding from the nose behind the constant barrage of in-close hooks and uppercuts. Price stumbled back into the ropes with Thompson right there abusing him with right hands. The ref did Price a hometown favor by stopping the assault for an eight-count. Those few seconds didn't help and showed Price in dire straits lulling backwards on the ropes, giving the referee no choice but to call off the bout.
THOMPSON'S WISE WORDS: Tony Thompson admitted what we all know — most fighters are scared to death before entering the ring. In Price, he saw a fighter that "scared the hell out of him" — a huge, athletic, young heavyweight with big power. But unlike most fighters, Thompson is where he's at because he knows how to channel and control that fear. In Price, he sees a guy who hasn't mastered that essential tool yet.
Price was in great condition but his mind wasn't.
It was quite obvious from Price's body language that he was dealing with a lot of nervous energy. Not being relaxed is the quickest way to tire yourself out — your muscles stay tensed and you're not breathing properly to get your body the oxygen it needs.
Much was also made about Thompson working with Lennox Lewis. But as Thompson pointed out, there's only so much he was going to pick up in just a few months.
TONY THE HIP-SNAPPER: Speaking of Thompson, he gave the funniest post-fight interview I've seen in some time. He boasted that he was going to "break his wife's hip" in the bedroom after going all camp with no sex ("Oh, there will be pain…"). Such a romantic, that Thompson is. I guess Price learned the hard way you don't stand between a horny man and his woman.
CAN PRICE REBOUND?: If I were a betting man, I'd say no. Sure, Wladimir Klitschko came back from three KO defeats, but none of them were back to back like this, let alone the losses coming from the same man. To have this happen twice and in front of your hometown fans, it will always be in the back of his mind anytime he gets buzzed by a punch or is in there with an opponent who can take his shots.
TYSON FURY LOVES IT: Tyson Fury has bene clowning on Price since the first KO and he was at it again right after this one.
@LennoxLewis I told Lennox that price would not make it but nice try mayb team Fury will let u carry the bucket! Lol
— Tyson Fury (@Tyson_Fury) July 6, 2013
He won't be laughing after facing David Haye — I have the Hayemaker knocking him out in devastating fashion. Should that happen, don't be surprised if Price and Fury face off in crossroads fights next year.
Tags: Boxing David Price heavyweight highlights knockout Lennox Lewis Liverpool rematch results Sex Tony Thompson UK
Published by Ismael AbduSalaam
Ismael AbduSalaam is an Atlanta-based writer specializing in music, sports and film journalism. He is the creator of the sports and entertainment site BeatsBoxingMayhem.com. He can be reached at @Ismael_BBM_NYK.View all posts by Ismael AbduSalaam
waterurseeds says:
TBH Im lost for words, you could see the mental issues Price had for this fight, he could sleep after the first one, he may of been questioning himself, and now he will be even more so…
I think Lennox Lewis was part of the problem in this fight, Price was split between two trainers, you could see how unsure he was in the ring, he just didnt know what to do, it was so strange, looking into the Lennox in the crowd when he should be looking straight forward and listening to Franny, Lewis isnt a trainer hes been out of boxing for years, if he had any real skills as a trainer, then he would of taken up the role years ago… I feel he wanted a project with Price, We will probably never see him as a trainer again now…
I was so surprised to see Price gas out from the body shots, he nearly folded in the 3rd of 4th, which was strange as hes normally a good athlete, he should of stuck to the first fight game plan, only thing he needed to change was keep his hands up and loosen up, all the schitt Lennox and Franny worked on in Canada or the States and he still didnt keep his hands up, particularly the left, where he kept trying to measure his punches…
I see think he can come back, but he needs to beat these demons, I genuinely think if hes got what it takes, but the mental issues might be too big, he needs to seek a sports phycologist or something, because until he gets over this, he cant move on…
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Girl Scouts is the first and largest girl-led organization in the world, and for over a century has been preparing girls in grades K–12 for every day leadership by providing rich experiences for them to explore new interests, face challenges, form new friendships, and make lasting community contributions.
Now in our second century, as we continue the Girl Scout mission, it is important that we keep pace with an ever-changing world. To ensure we have the resources to support our mission, Girl Scouts of the USA's National Board has decided to increase the annual membership fee to $25, starting on October 1, 2017, for both girl and adult members.
Every dollar of membership dues is sent to Girl Scouts of the USA to cover the cost of fundamental services supporting the Girl Scout Movement. This includes, but is not limited to, accident insurance for members participating in approved Girl Scout activities, program development, research, resources, training, technology, services to councils, and protection of the Girl Scout brand. Membership dues also help fund the implementation of new technologies to improve the Girl Scout experience for girls, volunteers, and parents.
Why are dues increasing? What is this money being used for?
As a youth-serving organization, Girl Scouts must constantly examine how it is meeting the needs of its customers. With the extra funding received from additional membership dues, we will be able to sustain and develop exceptional leadership programs, implement digital innovations and technology to enhance the girl and volunteer experience nationwide, maintain services for our 2.6 million members (1.8 million girls and 800,000 adults), and engage our 59 million alumnae around the world. It will also enable Girl Scouts of the USA to continue to deliver best-in-class services and support for our Movement's 112 councils and to provide thousands of volunteers with the relevant resources, tools, and training they need to best serve today's girls.
Girl Scouts of the USA has taken many measures to reduce operational expenses, and is collaborating with councils to focus on developing new revenue streams to support our Movement. The increase in membership dues, along with other efforts to secure external funding, will help Girl Scouts of the USA make important investments in our programming and technology and maintain a strong financial position in order to grow our Movement and continue to deliver on our mission for future generations.
Does the increase to membership dues apply to girls and adults?
Yes. The annual membership dues will increase from $15 to $25 for both girl and adult members.
When will the increase take effect?
How will this increase help girls?
The additional funding received through membership dues will support our vision to serve as many girls who want to be Girl Scouts as possible—regardless of their means, neighborhood, or family backgrounds. This increase reflects the value of the unique and meaningful 21st century Girl Scout experience we have envisioned delivering to all girls.
Through our enhanced program experiences in STEM, entrepreneurship, outdoor, and life skills, girls are empowered with the skills and entrepreneurial know-how to lead and succeed in the industries of tomorrow. At the same time, they also help improve their communities, develop their own advocacy and service projects, and tackle local and global issues such as poverty, illiteracy, and pollution.
It will also enable us to develop and implement digital innovations and technology—like our Digital Cookie Program—to enhance the girl experience and provide a safe digital space for girls to share, explore, connect, and learn.
How will this increase help volunteers?
Our volunteers are the lifeblood of Girl Scouts and are critical to the success of our mission in reaching girls and changing lives. The additional funding received through membership dues will help us ensure that volunteers receive the support and resources they need to deliver a high quality Girl Scout experience and will assist us in bringing Girl Scouting to even more girls.
We are making significant investments to advance the resources, training, and technology needed to deliver an exceptional girl and volunteer experience. Volunteers are now able to complete the recruitment process in a matter of days instead of weeks or months and the number of girls on waiting lists has been significantly reduced. Our digital Volunteer Toolkit makes forming and maintaining a troop easier than ever before, which means more time spent with girls and less time on administrative tasks. Volunteers can plan a whole year of impactful activities to ensure their girls receive the best Girl Scout experience possible.
Nearly half our members are already experiencing the benefits of a more advanced online system, and with the additional funding from membership dues, we hope to equip the majority of our membership with these digital resources by 2017.
Is Girl Scouting still a good value?
As the first and largest girl-led organization in the world, a Girl Scout membership is one of the most valuable investments anyone can make in a girl's life. This dues increase brings the cost of joining Girl Scouts into line with the value of its programming and the unique leadership opportunities for girls not available through any other organization.
Set ambitious goals and think about the future.
Be more financially literate and negotiate for themselves.
Advocate for herself and others.
Self-identify as leaders and take on leadership roles.
Practice empathy and emotional intelligence.
Care about (and take action against) social injustices.
Be more solution oriented and less likely to be a bystander.
Embrace new experiences and overcome failure.
Girl Scouts can earn badges, join a troop, hike, camp, and participate in the entrepreneurial skill-building cookie program, as well as explore careers in science and technology, travel the world, and take on projects that transform their community. From a young age, girls not only learn to take the lead in their everyday lives, but also to build a strong female network that will help them create their own career paths.
The annual membership fee for Boy Scouts of America is $24.
The joining fee for teens ages 12–18 at the YMCA in Edwardsville, Illinois, is $40, plus a $30 monthly fee. At the Park Slope, New York YMCA, the joining fee for youth up to 11 is $32, plus a $165 annual fee.
Membership for the orchestral performance groups at Douglas County Youth Orchestra in Castle Rock, Colorado, is $150 for each season, fall and spring.
Boys & Girls Club annual membership in Austin, Texas, is $30.
Weekly 30-minute Music Fun Time classes at the Omaha School of Music & Dance in Nebraska, which help children under age seven develop a lifelong love for music, and also help children develop language, social, emotional, and physical skills, cost $89 a month.
An after-school coding program for kids in grades two through five costs $190 for ten one-hour weekly classes at Washington Elementary in Tacoma, Washington.
On average, nationwide, dance classes cost anywhere from $40 to $160 per month. Some studios also charge a registration fee.
According to the International New York Times, the cost of youth sports is up to 10.5 percent of a family's gross income, meaning that a family with an income of $50,000 a year could be spending $5,500.
Will the membership dues change each year?
The annual membership dues are determined by Girl Scouts of the USA's National Board of Directors. The last increase occurred in Fiscal Year 2014. Girl Scouts of the USA has not yet made a determination for future years.
We believe that Girl Scouting should be accessible to all girls and, therefore, financial assistance will continue to be available to qualifying families. Financial assistance is determined independently by local Girl Scout councils.
Will the increase affect the membership dues for lifetime members?
Lifetime membership dues are currently $400 and a special lifetime membership, at the current reduced cost of $200, is offered to girls who are registered Girl Scouts at the time of their high school graduation. In accordance with Girl Scouts of the USA's Blue Book of Basic Documents, lifetime members pay 25 times the annual membership dues at the time they become lifetime members and girls who are registered Girl Scouts at the time of their high school graduation pay 13 times the annual dues, provided they apply for lifetime membership before their current annual membership expires.
Do I have to be a member to participate in Girl Scouts?


text:
Het Triniteitslyceum was een rooms-katholiek lyceum, gesticht door paters Augustijnen en gevestigd aan de Zijlweg in Haarlem.  Het werd officieel geopend op 12 april 1923 maar was al gestart in 1922 en was toen nog gelegen in Overveen, gemeente Bloemendaal, tot de grenswijziging van 1 mei 1927. De school fuseerde in 1988 met het Dom-Helder-Camara-College en de Hoofddorpse Porta Vitae MAVO tot de Katholieke Scholengemeenschap Hoofddorp. Het schoolgebouw aan de Zijlweg werd in maart 1998 gesloopt, om plaats te maken voor het Nova College.

Paters Augustijnen

Het Triniteitslyceum stond lange tijd onder leiding van paters Augustijnen, die hun scholen niet alleen als onderwijsinstellingen 'sec' opvatten, maar ook als pastoraal werkterrein. Door religieuzen geleide scholen, vonden ze, zouden meer aandacht kunnen geven aan de individuele leerling en de gezinnen waar ze uit kwamen, ook in pastorale zin. Pater dr. Modestus van Straaten o.e.s.a., rector van 1945-1960, sprak tijdens het veertigjarig jubileum van de school over de religieuzen die "disponibel zijn voor allen". Verder zouden religieuzen intensiever zorg kunnen dragen voor een bloeiend schoolleven.
De Augustijnen kijken op hun website als volgt terug op hun onderwijsgeschiedenis: "De eeuw die pas achter ons ligt, laat zien hoe de Nederlandse provincie van de Augustijnen onmiddellijk na haar oprichting de uitdaging van het, toen nog achtergebleven, katholiek middelbaar onderwijs is aangegaan. Begonnen in Eindhoven met het Gymnasium Augustinianum, behartigden in 1965 een belangrijk aantal Nederlandse Augustijnen het management van zes middelbare scholen: in Eindhoven, het Thomascollege in Venlo, twee in Haarlem (waar vanuit het Triniteitslyceum in de jaren 1950 ook het Mendelcollege ontstond). In Amsterdam-Noord werd het Waterlantcollege gesticht en in Schiedam het Liduinalyceum.  Kenmerkend, ook op de scholen, was de openheid naar niet-augustijnen, in dit geval de docenten. Op het Augustinianum bestond al vanaf het begin van de eeuw - een tijd waarin religieuzen nog een streng gesloten kring vormden - ruim 70% van het onderwijzend personeel uit niet-ordeleden."

Schoolleven
Het Triniteitslyceum kende inderdaad een bloeiend schoolleven. Centraal stond jarenlang een schoolvereniging die de naam Apostolaatsgemeenschap (AG) droeg en die verantwoordelijk was voor kerst- en paasvieringen, een jaarlijkse nachtelijke pelgrimage te voet en op de fiets naar de bedevaartsplaats Onze Lieve Vrouwe ter Nood in Heiloo, fancy-fairs voor goede doelen, bouwkampen in Frankrijk, maar ook voor dansavonden en community-singings. Er was een jaarlijkse toneeluitvoering en de school had een eigen voetbalvereniging onder de naam SV Alliance '22 en een hockeyvereniging onder de naam MHC Alliance. In de jaren zestig vond er jaarlijks een interscolaire sportontmoeting tussen de zes Augustijner middelbare scholen plaats. In de tweede helft van de jaren zestig, was in de kapel van het klooster de Jongerenkerk Haarlem gevestigd, een initiatief van pater Simon van Beurden o.e.s.a., die in die periode zaterdagavond honderden jongeren uit heel Haarlem trok.

Bekende leraren
De eerste rector in Haarlem was pater Vlaar o.e.s.a., die model heeft gestaan voor "rector Boddens" in Pieter Bas. De bekende oud-leerling Godfried Bomans schreef dit boek in zijn schooljaren samen met medeleerling en illustrator Harry Prenen. Bomans schreef ook in zijn verhalenbundel Beminde gelovigen over Vlaar, die preekte tijdens de jaarlijkse, nachtelijke bedevaart van de school naar Heiloo.

Tijdens de oorlogsjaren werd de school door de Duitsers als kazerne gebruikt. De latere conrector pater L. Rijkers, een historicus, redde na de bevrijding de Duitse archieven tot en met hele uniformen, waarmee hij aanschouwelijk onderwijs gaf. Een 'foute' leraar, de dichter Gerard Wijdeveld, die sympathie koesterde voor de Duitsers, kon na de oorlog niet meer aan de school terugkeren.

Bekende oud-leraren van de school waren de neerlandicus Kees Fens, de filosoof Bernard Delfgaauw en de televisiespreker ('dagsluiter') pater Leopold Verhagen o.e.s.a.

Toen de school in 1962 40 jaar bestond werd na 40.000 lesuren een groots afscheid gevierd van misschien wel de meest legendarische en geliefde leraar (van het eerste uur) Nicolaas Cornelis (Kiek) Andriessen, broer van de musici Willem Andriessen en Hendrik Andriessen en de beeldhouwer Mari Andriessen.

Begin jaren zestig gaf de filosoof Bernard Delfgaauw enige jaren facultatief Hebreeuws.
De oud-onderwijsminister van Suriname Lucien Rens (1955-1956) gaf in de jaren zestig Engels.

In de jaren 60 werd de classica Ria Beckers-de Bruijn de eerste vrouwelijke docente. Ze zou later naam maken als fractieleidster van de PPR en GroenLinks. In 1966 werden voor het eerst meisjes tot de school toegelaten.

Het enige wat nog aan de oude schoolgebouwen herinnert, zijn het kloostergebouw en de voormalige schoolkapel naast de school en de houten kantine.

Bij gelegenheid van een reünie in 2004 werd er een historische en nostalgische site aan de school gewijd.

Bekende oud-leerlingen

 Hans Asselbergs (1953-2007), musicus;
 Gied ten Berge (1948), socioloog en theoloog, publicist en vredesactivist;
 Godfried Bomans (1913-1971), schrijver;
 Bruno Braakhuis (1961), GroenLinkspoliticus, Tweede Kamerlid;
 Theo Brinkel (1958), CDA-politicus;
 Henk de Graaff (1947), jurist;
 Brigitte Kaandorp (1962), cabaretière;
 Peter van Koppen (1953), rechtspsycholoog;
 Willem Levelt (1938), psycholinguïst;
 Rick van der Linden (1946-2006), componist en toetsenist (Ekseption);
 Manouk van der Meulen (1961), actrice;
 Geerten Meijsing (1950), schrijver en vertaler;
 Harry Prenen (1915-1992), dichter, illustrator, journalist;
 Mino Raiola (1967), voetbalmakelaar;
 Charles van Rooy (1912-1996), KVP-politicus, minister van sociale zaken en commissaris van de Koningin in Limburg;
 Roger Schouwenaar (1959), voetballer;
 Kees Snel (1951-2010), schrijver en vertaler.

Externe links
Triniteitslyceum.nl

Nederlandse Augustijnen

Augustijnen
Katholieke school in Nederland
School in Haarlem
Voormalige school in Nederland
School in het voortgezet onderwijs in Nederland


text:
Q: igraph & POSIXct I have the following data
library(data.table); library(igraph)
t <- data.table(a=seq(ISOdate(2019,1,1), ISOdate(2019,7,1), "months"),
                b=seq(ISOdate(2019,1,2), ISOdate(2019,7,2), "months"))
g <- graph_from_edgelist(as.matrix(t[,c("a","b")]))

and would like to apply subcomponent(g,ISOdate(2019,1,1),"out") but obtain the error that
 At structural_properties.c:1249 : subcomponent failed, Invalid vertex id

Is anyone aware of a solution to this problem?
Additional complication
The problem is complicated when I have an additional variable
start <- seq(ISOdate(2019,1,1), ISOdate(2019,7,1), "months")[c(1,3,5,7)]

that contains different starting vertices. Again, subcomponent(g,start,"out") gives the error above. Is there a workaround, similar to Ben's suggestion in the comments for the case above?

A: Generally you could use the match function or the %in% operator. However, the subcomponent-function only allows for single queries.  In order for this to work, I needed to adapt your start vector, because the timezone was added there but not in the original graph:
start <- gsub(" GMT", "", start)

So to answer your question (building on my comment from above): You could use the adjacent_vertices function, which queries multiple vertices at once.
adjacent_vertices(g, V(g)$name %in% start, mode = "out")

The drawback here is, that only the target vertices are being reported and not the start vertices. I am unaware of an existing function that corrects this. So in order to get both start and target vertices, you could write your own function:
lapply(1:length(start), function(x) subcomponent(g, V(g)$name == start[x], "out"))

I hope this helps.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Main Menu New
SkyWheel Tickets
Midway Token Deal
Fun Pass FAQ's
Prices for Attractions
Ripley's Tickets
Fallsview Waterpark
See The Falls
Kelsey's Niagara
ATTRACTION PACKAGES
Clifton Hill Fun Pass
Midway Token Offer
Boston Pizza Discount
Family Hotel Package
GROUP EVENTS & PARTIES
Adult Party Packages
Group Tour Events
Greg Frewin Wild Magic
Niagara Festival of Lights
Crystal by Cirque Du Soleil
Kelsey's Patio Entertainment
LCBO Niagara Falls
Clifton Hills Hotels
Lundy's Lane Hotels
Go Train Schedule
Niagara Falls Geology
Niagara Falls is the highlight of the Great Lakes system and is the most intense waterfall in North America.
Each minute that passes, 17 million litres of water stream over the edge, gnawing endlessly at the delicate earth shale at the base of the Falls, leaving the hard top layer – unsupported. It's persistent breakdown brings about the withdraw of the Falls. The length of the Niagara Gorge demonstrates that this erosion has been steady for a great many years. This was a key discovery for Victorian researchers which led to insights of "deep time"; and that the Earth if far more ancient than observed beforehand.
Until the mid-20th century, the Falls rapidly moved, inching back towards the USA at a rate of 1.2m a year. That changed in the 50's when new hydroelectric systems started siphoning off water in the 50's. The rate of disintegration is presently 1/3 meter for every year and dropping.
Starting over 12.5 thousand years prior, Niagara Falls has moved back more than 11 kilometers.
People can easily find a prime lookout to observe the strata of layered rock shale derived from tropical ocean silt over 400 million years old.
Researchers believe the Falls will be gone between 15000-50000 years into the future; At this point the Falls will vanish into a quick running stream and progression of rapids.
The Horseshoe Falls are 53 meters high. Water flows over the peak at a speed of around 32 km/h
Niagara Falls pulls in more than 12 million tourists a year
The Niagara River is 58 km (36 mi.) long and is the prime outlet from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario
The height difference between the two great lakes is around 99 meters (326 ft.), half of which is at the Falls
The Niagara River drains around 684K square kilometers (264K sq. mi.)
The grade difference from Lake Erie to the start of the upper Niagara Rapids is just 2.7 meters (9 ft.)
Underneath the Chippawa-Grass Island Pool control structure, the waterway drops 15 meters (50 ft.) to the edge of the Falls
The deepest portion of the Niagara River is underneath the Falls. It is so deep it matches the height of the Falls over, 52 meters (170 ft.)
The Upper Niagara River grows 35 kilometers (22 mi.) from Lake Erie to the Cascade Rapids, which start 1 kilometer (0.6 mi.) upstream from the Canadian Horseshoe Falls
At Grand Island, the Niagara River splits into the west channel, known as the Canadian or Chippawa Channel, and the east channel, known as the American or Tonawanda Channel
The Chippawa Channel is around 17.7 kilometers (11 mi.) long and fluctuates from 610 to 1220 meters (2,000 to 4,000 ft.) in width. Water speed ranges from 0.6 to 0.9 meters for each second (2 to 3 ft. every second). This channel transports roughly 60% of the total water flow
The Tonawanda channel is 24 kilometers (15 mi.) long and shifts from 460 to 610 meters (1,500 to 2,000 ft.) in width above Tonawanda Island. Downstream, the channel changes from 460 to 1220 meters (1,500 to 4,000 ft.) in width. Speed ranges from 0.6 to 0.9 meters for every second (2 to 3 feet for each second)
The Niagara Gorge extends out from the Falls for 11 kilometers (7 mi.) downstream to the foot of Queenston Heights


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On Christmas Eve in 1818, two men with a small guitar entered a church in Oberndorf, Austria, and prepared to sing a new Christmas carol.
Times had been bad in Oberndorf, where many people worked on the water, manning the salt barges that plied the Salzach River. The upheaval in central Europe caused by the Napoleonic Wars had just ended.
And only two years before, the dreadfully dark summer of 1816 — later blamed on ash from a volcanic eruption in Indonesia — had caused famine and deprivation.
But in that fall of 1816, a young Catholic priest, Joseph Mohr, had written a six-verse Christmas poem that began "Stille Nacht, Heilige Nacht" — Silent Night, Holy Night — about the Nativity of a curly haired Jesus.
Gruber's composition is thought to have taken about a day.
Now, as the two men put the words to music that Thursday 200 years ago in Oberndorf's St. Nicholas Church, they voiced for the first time what is probably history's most enduring and beloved Christmas carol.
"It's such a part of the general soundscape of Christmas," said Sarah Eyerly, assistant professor of musicology and director of the early music program at Florida State University's College of Music.
Since 1818, Silent Night has been translated from German into hundreds of languages. There are about a dozen different translations just in English, with an 1850s version the most widely accepted, Eyerly said.
The carol has spawned TV shows, a cartoon, a documentary. On the Western Front in 1914, during World War I, it was sung during the spontaneous "Christmas Truce" between allied and German soldiers who had been slaughtering each other hours before.
It's been performed by rap musicians, Bing Crosby and the Mormon Tabernacle Choir.
There are gospel and heavy metal versions.
Yet it is the intimacy of the words, the scene and the music for the small parlor guitar that has soothed listeners for two centuries.
The two men probably sang it as a duet, with Mohr playing, a la Simon and Garfunkel, who did a haunting version in 1966, called "7 O'Clock News/Silent Night." In that version, the carol is sung to the piano over the background of a grim 1960s newscast.
Why Mohr didn't just write the melody himself is a mystery.
"He was a really gifted violinist and guitarist," Eyerly said.
The carol spread quickly across Europe. It was brought to the United States, where, some accounts say, it was first performed on Christmas Day, 1839, in the churchyard of New York's Trinity Church, Wall Street, by a troupe of traveling Austrians, the Ranier Singers.
The carol was translated into English in the 1850s by an Episcopal priest at Trinity, John Freeman Young. He published it in a book of Christmas carols in 1859. He translated the first, third and sixth verses, and did a fairly good job, given the literal German of the song, Eyerly said.
Everything is asleep. Only the faithful holy couple are awake, alone.
Lovely boy with curly hair.
Along with the carol, Mohr's elegant six-string guitar has also endured for two centuries, according to the Silent Night Association.
For a time, it hung in a tavern and later, during World War II, was sheltered in a salt mine to protect it.
It was brought to the United States, along with an early manuscript of the carol, in the 1960s and came back for a cross-country tour during the Bicentennial in 1976.
It's now reportedly on display in the Silent Night Museum, in Hallein, Austria, on the Salzach river about 20 miles south of Oberndorf.
Mr. T dressed as Santa. Nancy Reagan sat on his lap. It was the most shocking first lady photo ever.
Poland once sent the United States a birthday card. With 5 million signatures.


text:
Chinese national accused of taking GRE for other people
A 25-year-old Chinese citizen is facing federal charges in Massachusetts after officials say she took the GRE graduate school entry exam for other people.
Federal prosecutors say Yinyan Wang was arrested in Pennsylvania in Monday on visa and passport fraud charges.
The U.S. attorney's office for Massachusetts says Wang will be brought to Boston later this week.
Prosecutors say she took the exam for another Chinese citizen Oct. 20 in Boston with false identification documents.
Authorities say Wang took the GRE or the Test of English as a Foreign Language Exam, called the TOEFL, five other times between July and August.
Prosecutors say each charge carries a minimum 10-year prison sentence.
It's unclear if Wang has hired an attorney.


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Alphons Léopold Boilly (* 3. Mai 1801 in Paris; † 8. Dezember 1867 in Paris- Petit-Montrouge) war ein französischer Kupferstecher und Lithograph.

Alphons Boilly war ein Sohn des Künstlers Louis-Léopold Boilly (1761–1845). Er war ein Schüler von Alexandre Tardieu und François Forster.

Seine Brüder Edouard Boilly (1799–1854) und Julien Léopold Boilly (1796–1874) waren ebenfalls als Künstler tätig.

Literatur
 Émile Bellier de la Chavignerie, Louis Auvray: Dictionnaire général des artistes de l'école française depuis l'origine des arts du dessin jusqu'à nos jours. Bd. 1, Renouard, Paris 1882, S. 109 (Digitalisat).
 Henri Beraldi: Les Graveurs du XIXe siècle. Bd. 2, Conquet, Paris 1885, S. 148 (Digitalisat).

Kupferstecher (Frankreich)
Lithograf (Frankreich)
Grafiker (Paris)
Franzose
Geboren 1801
Gestorben 1867
Mann


New Moon in Sagittarius December 11 2015, 5:29 am EST.
There is one thing I find very hopeful about the new moon time every month. Every month I see many people across the astrologically inclined internet using the time of the new moon to set intentions for the upcoming month.
Nevermind that many times the description of the symbolic meanings of the sign in which the new moon takes place is often somewhere out in left field.
The point is that every month, many people take pause to go within, to reflect on the past 28 days of the moon cycle, to reflect on the upcoming 28 days, and to reset and re-align themselves, to set visions, hopes, and intentions for the month, to check in with themselves and to create a new guideline that they can touch again throughout the month, to ensure they are on track for fulfilling their dreams.
Even if there is often confusion about the actual symbolic meaning of the sign, or little to no consideration of the aspects involved, the intention matters a great deal. And what is happening qualitatively matters on a deeper level since the meaning of the symbol will likely make its way through to some level of intention.
As I am writing this the Moon is traveling through the first decan of Capricorn. This is an opportunity to find substance for the inspirations of the recent new moon, as well as the deeper and longer term astrology of the Saturn square Neptune aspect.
The new moon in Sagittarius itself was a reset prompt in the personal Sagittarius house, which is the area of structural reform for the Saturn square Neptune theme of the next year.
It was also a broader energetic reset for the collective. The message was to go within and find that space of fiery inspiration of Sagittarius: the view from the top of the mountain, the hope that comes with undying belief in the goodness and beneficence of life, the belief that there is a guiding power out there that is constantly course-correcting us so that we can do better to ourselves and to each other.
There is a down to earth quality with this new moon as Jupiter in Virgo is not only the dispositor of both lights, the sun and moon, but also aspecting the lights. This is about the belief that every day's labor is a step on the journey to a higher vision. The Virgo-Sagittarius square is also a caution against using logic to create a truth that is not really there, and to confidently proselytize that to others. On the other hand, this square can produce a consistent refinement that allows walking the talk of one's beliefs.
As Saturn transits Sagittarius in square aspect to Neptune in Pisces for the next 8-9 months, through September 2016, we are all charged with acknowledging the handiwork of a force that is more whole and complete than the limited human faculties, and with holding a higher vision of what is possible for ourselves and for the world, and having the faith to act on it even when it is challenging, and to improve ourselves and our situation by taking responsibility for the philosophies we entertain by living what we preach.
Other aspects present at the new moon include a Venus-Neptune trine from Scorpio to Pisces, and Mars separating from the Uranus-Pluto square. This brings in an element of higher love and healing that is enacted in response to a collective concern, or in order to advance the possibilities of the collective, in the name of justice and what is fair, and what is true.
If you have a ritual of setting intentions for the new moon, the moon is still dark, though growing in light. For as long as the moon appears as a sliver of a crescent in the night sky, there is still time to capitalize on the sowing period of the new cycle. You might like to devote a quiet half hour to imagining a bigger and better way of living for yourself, for others in your community, and for the world. You can keep the intention quite specific if you like, focusing on only one experience, feeling, or quality of living that you wish to bring in to your life this new moon cycle. Allow yourself to step into the full technicolor experience of that in your imagination. As with any ritual focused on achieving a transformation, pouring energy into it by remembering it not just at the time of the new moon, but constantly, revisiting it daily, and moving it toward it in deed daily, magnifies your intention and maneuvers the pulleys and levers of the universe to conspire with you to funnel to you your deep wish.
Planning to re-set your life in 2016? Click below to see how knowing your astrological transits in advance can help you plan your year.
Tags: neptune in pisces, sagittarius, Sagittarius Pisces square, Saturn in Sagittarius, Virgo Pisces axis, virgo-sagittarius square. Bookmark the permalink.


Abstract: Ultrasonic cavitation treatment of melt significantly improves the downstream properties and quality of conventional and advanced metallic materials. However, the transfer of this technology has been hindered by difficulties in treating large volumes of liquid metal. To improve the understanding of cavitation processing efficiency, the Full Cavitation Model, which is derived from a reduced form of the Rayleigh-Plesset equation, is modified and applied to the two-phase problem of bubble propagation in liquid melt. Numerical simulations of the sound propagation are performed in the microsecond time scale to predict the maximum and minimum acoustic pressure amplitude fields in the domain. This field is applied to the source term of the bubble transport equation to predict the generation and destruction of cavitation bubbles in a time scale relevant to the fluid flow. The use of baffles to limit flow speed in a launder conduit is studied numerically, to determine the optimum configuration that maximizes the residence time of the liquid in high cavitation activity regions. With this configuration, it is then possible to convert the batch processing of liquid metal into a continuous process. The numerical simulations will be validated against water and aluminium alloy experiments, carried out at Brunel University.
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