text:
This article is about the astronomical phenomenon. For other uses, see Transit of Venus (disambiguation).
171 ångströms (17.1 nm)
Continuous visible spectrum
False-color ultraviolet and visible spectrum images of the 2012 transit of Venus, as taken from NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory
Image of the 2012 transit taken by NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory spacecraft
A transit of Venus across the Sun takes place when the planet Venus passes directly between the Sun and a superior planet, becoming visible against (and hence obscuring a small portion of) the solar disk. During a transit, Venus can be seen from Earth as a small black dot moving across the face of the Sun. The duration of such transits is usually several hours (the transit of 2012 lasted 6 hours and 40 minutes). A transit is similar to a solar eclipse by the Moon. While the diameter of Venus is more than three times that of the Moon, Venus appears smaller, and travels more slowly across the face of the Sun, because it is much farther away from Earth.
Transits of Venus are among the rarest of predictable astronomical phenomena.[1] They occur in a pattern that generally repeats every 243 years, with pairs of transits eight years apart separated by long gaps of 121.5 years and 105.5 years. The periodicity is a reflection of the fact that the orbital periods of Earth and Venus are close to 8:13 and 243:395 commensurabilities.[2][3]
The last transit of Venus was on 5 and 6 June 2012, and was the last Venus transit of the 21st century; the prior transit took place on 8 June 2004. The previous pair of transits were in December 1874 and December 1882. The next transits of Venus will take place on 10–11 December 2117, and 8 December 2125.[4][5][6]
Venus transits are historically of great scientific importance as they were used to gain the first realistic estimates of the size of the Solar System. Observations of the 1639 transit, combined with the principle of parallax, provided an estimate of the distance between the Sun and the Earth that was more accurate than any other up to that time. The 2012 transit provided scientists with a number of other research opportunities, particularly in the refinement of techniques to be used in the search for exoplanets.
1 Conjunctions
2 History of observation
2.1 Ancient and medieval history
2.2 1639 – first scientific observation
2.3 1761 and 1769
3 Past and future transits
4 Grazing and simultaneous transits
Conjunctions[edit]
Diagram of transits of Venus and the angle between the orbital planes of Venus and Earth
Venus, with an orbit inclined by 3.4° relative to the Earth's, usually appears to pass under (or over) the Sun at inferior conjunction.[7] A transit occurs when Venus reaches conjunction with the Sun at or near one of its nodes—the longitude where Venus passes through the Earth's orbital plane (the ecliptic)—and appears to pass directly across the Sun. Although the inclination between these two orbital planes is only 3.4°, Venus can be as far as 9.6° from the Sun when viewed from the Earth at inferior conjunction.[8] Since the angular diameter of the Sun is about half a degree, Venus may appear to pass above or below the Sun by more than 18 solar diameters during an ordinary conjunction.[7]
Sequences of transits usually repeat every 243 years. After this period of time Venus and Earth have returned to very nearly the same point in their respective orbits. During the Earth's 243 sidereal orbital periods, which total 88,757.3 days, Venus completes 395 sidereal orbital periods of 224.701 days each, equal to 88,756.9 Earth days. This period of time corresponds to 152 synodic periods of Venus.[9]
The pattern of 105.5, 8, 121.5 and 8 years is not the only pattern that is possible within the 243-year cycle, because of the slight mismatch between the times when the Earth and Venus arrive at the point of conjunction. Prior to 1518, the pattern of transits was 8, 113.5 and 121.5 years, and the eight inter-transit gaps before the AD 546 transit were 121.5 years apart. The current pattern will continue until 2846, when it will be replaced by a pattern of 105.5, 129.5 and 8 years. Thus, the 243-year cycle is relatively stable, but the number of transits and their timing within the cycle will vary over time.[9][10] Since the 243:395 Earth:Venus commensurability is only approximate, there are different sequences of transits occurring 243 years apart, each extending for several thousand years, which are eventually replaced by other sequences. For instance, there is a series which ended in 541 BC, and the series which includes 2117 only started in AD 1631.[9]
History of observation[edit]
"Venus Tablet of Ammisaduqa", a cuneiform clay tablet of astrological forecasts from the Neo-Assyrian period
Ancient and medieval history[edit]
Ancient Indian, Greek, Egyptian, Babylonian and Chinese observers knew of Venus and recorded the planet's motions. The early Greek astronomers called Venus by two names—Hesperus the evening star and Phosphorus the morning star.[11] Pythagoras is credited with realizing they were the same planet. There is no evidence that any of these cultures knew of the transits. Venus was important to ancient American civilizations, in particular for the Maya, who called it Noh Ek, "the Great Star" or Xux Ek, "the Wasp Star";[12] they embodied Venus in the form of the god Kukulkán (also known as or related to Gukumatz and Quetzalcoatl in other parts of Mexico). In the Dresden Codex, the Maya charted Venus's full cycle, but despite their precise knowledge of its course, there is no mention of a transit.[13] However, it has been proposed that frescoes found at Mayapan may contain a pictorial representation of the 12th or 13th century transits.[14]
The Persian polymath Avicenna claimed to have observed Venus as a spot on the Sun. This is possible, as there was a transit on May 24, 1032, but Avicenna did not give the date of his observation, and modern scholars have questioned whether he could have observed the transit from his location at that time; he may have mistaken a sunspot for Venus. He used his transit observation to help establish that Venus was, at least sometimes, below the Sun in Ptolemaic cosmology,[15] i.e. the sphere of Venus comes before the sphere of the Sun when moving out from the Earth in the prevailing geocentric model.[16][17]
1639 – first scientific observation[edit]
Jeremiah Horrocks makes the first observation of the transit of Venus in 1639, as imagined by the artist W. R. Lavender in 1903
Main article: Transit of Venus, 1639
In 1627, Johannes Kepler became the first person to predict a transit of Venus, by predicting the 1631 event. His methods were not sufficiently accurate to predict that the transit would not be visible in most of Europe, and as a consequence, nobody was able to use his prediction to observe the phenomenon.[18]
The first recorded observation of a transit of Venus was made by Jeremiah Horrocks from his home at Carr House in Much Hoole, near Preston in England, on 4 December 1639 (24 November under the Julian calendar then in use in England). His friend, William Crabtree, also observed this transit from Broughton, near Manchester.[19] Kepler had predicted transits in 1631 and 1761 and a near miss in 1639. Horrocks corrected Kepler's calculation for the orbit of Venus, realized that transits of Venus would occur in pairs 8 years apart, and so predicted the transit of 1639.[20] Although he was uncertain of the exact time, he calculated that the transit was to begin at approximately 15:00. Horrocks focused the image of the Sun through a simple telescope onto a piece of paper, where the image could be safely observed. After observing for most of the day, he was lucky to see the transit as clouds obscuring the Sun cleared at about 15:15, just half an hour before sunset. Horrocks's observations allowed him to make a well-informed guess as to the size of Venus, as well as to make an estimate of the mean distance between the Earth and the Sun – the astronomical unit (AU). He estimated that distance to be 59.4 million mi (95.6 million km; 0.639 AU) – about two thirds of the actual distance of 93 million mi (150 million km), but a more accurate figure than any suggested up to that time. The observations were not published until 1661, well after Horrocks's death.[20]
1761 and 1769[edit]
Diagram from Edmund Halley's 1716 paper to the Royal Society showing how the Venus transit could be used to calculate the distance between the Earth and the Sun
Measuring Venus transit times to determine solar parallax
Account of George III's observations of the 1769 transit.
Further information: 1769 Transit of Venus observed from Tahiti
In 1663 Scottish mathematician James Gregory had suggested in his Optica Promota that observations of a transit of the planet Mercury, at widely spaced points on the surface of the Earth, could be used to calculate the solar parallax and hence the astronomical unit using triangulation. Aware of this, a young Edmond Halley made observations of such a transit on 28 October O.S. 1677 from Saint Helena but was disappointed to find that only Richard Towneley in Burnley, Lancashire had made another accurate observation of the event whilst Gallet, at Avignon, simply recorded that it had occurred. Halley was not satisfied that the resulting calculation of the solar parallax at 45" was accurate.
In a paper published in 1691, and a more refined one in 1716, he proposed that more accurate calculations could be made using measurements of a transit of Venus, although the next such event was not due until 1761.[21][22] Halley died in 1742, but in 1761 numerous expeditions were made to various parts of the world so that precise observations of the transit could be made in order to make the calculations as described by Halley—an early example of international scientific collaboration.[23] This collaboration was, however, underpinned by competition, the British, for example, being spurred to action only after they heard of French plans from Joseph-Nicolas Delisle. In an attempt to observe the first transit of the pair, astronomers from Britain, Austria and France traveled to destinations around the world, including Siberia, Newfoundland and Madagascar.[24] Most managed to observe at least part of the transit, but successful observations were made in particular by Jeremiah Dixon and Charles Mason at the Cape of Good Hope.[25] Less successful, at Saint Helena, were Nevil Maskelyne and Robert Waddington, although they put the voyage to good use by trialling the lunar-distance method of finding longitude.[26]
Diagrams from Mikhail Lomonosov's "The Appearance of Venus on the Sun, Observed at the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences On 26 May 1761"
Diagram from David Rittenhouse's observations of the 1769 transit of Venus
The existence of an atmosphere on Venus was concluded by Mikhail Lomonosov on the basis of his observation of the transit of Venus of 1761 from the Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg.[27] He used a two-lens achromat refractor and a weak solar filter (smoked glass) and reported seeing a bump or bulge of light ("Lomonosov's arc") off the solar disc as Venus began to exit the Sun. Lomonosov attributed that effect to refraction of solar rays through an atmosphere; he also reported the appearance of a sliver around the part of Venus that had just entered the Sun's disk during the initial phase of transit.[28] In 2012, Pasachoff and Sheehan[29] reported, based on knowing what Venus's atmosphere would look like because of Pasachoff and Schneider's observations of the 2004 transit of Venus, that what Lomonosov reported was not Venus's atmosphere. To make a decisive test, a group of researchers carried out experimental reconstruction of Lomonosov's discovery of Venusian atmosphere with antique refractors during the transit of Venus on 5–6 June 2012.[30] They observed the "Lomonosov's arc" and other aureole effects due to Venus's atmosphere and concluded that Lomonosov's telescope was fully adequate to the task of detecting the arc of light around Venus off the Sun's disc during ingress or egress if proper experimental techniques as described by Lomonosov in his 1761 paper are employed.[31][32]
For the 1769 transit, scientists traveled to Tahiti,[33] Norway, and locations in North America including Canada, New England, and San José del Cabo (Baja California, then under Spanish control). The Czech astronomer Christian Mayer was invited by Catherine the Great to observe the transit in Saint Petersburg with Anders Johan Lexell, while other members of the Russian Academy of Sciences went to eight other locations in the Russian Empire, under the general coordination of Stepan Rumovsky.[34] George III of the United Kingdom had the King's Observatory built near his summer residence at Richmond Lodge for him and his royal astronomer Stephen Demainbray to observe the transit.[35][36] The Hungarian astronomer Maximilian Hell and his assistant János Sajnovics traveled to Vardø, Norway, delegated by Christian VII of Denmark. William Wales and Joseph Dymond made their observation in Hudson Bay, Canada, for the Royal Society. Observations were made by a number of groups in the British colonies in America. In Philadelphia, the American Philosophical Society erected three temporary observatories and appointed a committee, of which David Rittenhouse was the head. Observations were made by a group led by Dr. Benjamin West in Providence, Rhode Island,[37] and published in 1769.[38] The results of the various observations in the American colonies were printed in the first volume of the American Philosophical Society's Transactions, published in 1771.[39] Comparing the North American observations, William Smith published in 1771 a best value of the solar parallax of 8.48 to 8.49 arc-seconds,[40] which corresponds to an Earth-Sun distance of 24,000 times the Earth's radius, about 3% different from the correct value.
Observations were also made from Tahiti by James Cook and Charles Green at a location still known as "Point Venus".[41] This occurred on the first voyage of James Cook,[42] after which Cook explored New Zealand and Australia. This was one of five expeditions organised by the Royal Society and the Astronomer Royal Nevil Maskelyne.
Jean-Baptiste Chappe d'Auteroche went to San José del Cabo in what was then New Spain to observe the transit with two Spanish astronomers (Vicente de Doz and Salvador de Medina). For his trouble he died in an epidemic of yellow fever there shortly after completing his observations.[43] Only 9 of 28 in the entire party returned home alive.[44]
The "black drop effect" as recorded during the 1769 transit
The 1882 transit of Venus
The unfortunate Guillaume Le Gentil spent eight years travelling in an attempt to observe either of the transits. His unsuccessful journey led to him losing his wife and possessions and being declared dead (his efforts became the basis of the play Transit of Venus by Maureen Hunter).[24] Under the influence of the Royal Society Ruđer Bošković travelled to Istanbul, but arrived too late.[45]
Unfortunately, it was impossible to time the exact moment of the start and end of the transit because of the phenomenon known as the "black drop effect". This effect was long thought to be due to Venus's thick atmosphere, and initially it was held to be the first real evidence that Venus had an atmosphere. However, recent studies demonstrate that it is an optical effect caused by the smearing of the image of Venus by turbulence in the Earth's atmosphere or imperfections in the viewing apparatus.[46][47]
In 1771, using the combined 1761 and 1769 transit data, the French astronomer Jérôme Lalande calculated the astronomical unit to have a value of 153 million kilometers (±1 million km). The precision was less than had been hoped for because of the black drop effect, but still a considerable improvement on Horrocks's calculations.[24]
Maximilian Hell published the results of his expedition in 1770, in Copenhagen.[48] Based on the results of his own expedition, and of Wales and Cook, in 1772 he presented another calculation of the astronomical unit: 151.7 million kilometers.[49][50] Lalande queried the accuracy and authenticity of the Hell expedition, but later he retreated in an article of Journal des sçavans, in 1778.
Further information: Transit of Venus, 1874 and Transit of Venus, 1882
Transit observations in 1874 and 1882 allowed this value to be refined further. Three expeditions—from Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States—were sent to the Kerguelen Archipelago for the 1874 observations.[51] The American astronomer Simon Newcomb combined the data from the last four transits, and he arrived at a value of about 149.59 million kilometers (±0.31 million kilometers). Modern techniques, such as the use of radio telemetry from space probes, and of radar measurements of the distances to planets and asteroids in the Solar System, have allowed a reasonably accurate value for the astronomical unit (AU) to be calculated to a precision of about ±30 meters. As a result, the need for parallax calculations has been superseded.[24][47]
Transit of Venus from Degania A, Israel, 2004
Solar Dynamics Observatory Ultra-high Definition View of the 2012 Transit of Venus
This visualization shows the orbital paths of Venus and Earth that led to this rare alignment on 5–6 June 2012
A number of scientific organizations headed by the European Southern Observatory (ESO) organized a network of amateur astronomers and students to measure Earth's distance from the Sun during the transit.[52] The participants' observations allowed a calculation of the astronomical unit (AU) of 149,608,708 km ± 11,835 km which had only a 0.007% difference to the accepted value.[53]
There was a good deal of interest in the 2004 transit as scientists attempted to measure the pattern of light dimming as Venus blocked out some of the Sun's light, in order to refine techniques that they hope to use in searching for extrasolar planets.[47][54] Current methods of looking for planets orbiting other stars only work for a few cases: planets that are very large (Jupiter-like, not Earth-like), whose gravity is strong enough to wobble the star sufficiently for us to detect changes in proper motion or Doppler shift changes in radial velocity; Jupiter or Neptune sized planets very close to their parent star whose transit causes changes in the luminosity of the star; or planets which pass in front of background stars with the planet-parent star separation comparable to the Einstein ring and cause gravitational microlensing.[55] Measuring light intensity during the course of a transit, as the planet blocks out some of the light, is potentially much more sensitive, and might be used to find smaller planets.[47] However, extremely precise measurement is needed: for example, the transit of Venus causes the amount of light received from the Sun to drop by a fraction of 0.001 (that is, to 99.9% of its nominal value), and the dimming produced by small extrasolar planets will be similarly tiny.[56]
The 2012 transit provided scientists numerous research opportunities as well, in particular in regard to the study of exoplanets. Research of the 2012 Venus transit includes:[57][58][59]
Measuring dips in a star's brightness caused by a known planet transiting the Sun will help astronomers find exoplanets. Unlike the 2004 Venus transit, the 2012 transit occurred during an active phase of the 11-year activity cycle of the Sun, and it is likely to give astronomers practice in picking up a planet's signal around a "spotty" variable star.
Measurements made of the apparent diameter of Venus during the transit, and comparison with its known diameter, will give scientists an idea of how to estimate exoplanet sizes.
Observation made of the atmosphere of Venus simultaneously from Earth-based telescopes and from the Venus Express gives scientists a better opportunity to understand the intermediate level of Venus's atmosphere than is possible from either viewpoint alone. This will provide new information about the climate of the planet.
Spectrographic data taken of the well-known atmosphere of Venus will be compared to studies of exoplanets whose atmospheres are thus far unknown.
The Hubble Space Telescope, which cannot be pointed directly at the Sun, used the Moon as a mirror to study the light that had passed through the atmosphere of Venus in order to determine its composition. This will help to show whether a similar technique could be used to study exoplanets.
Past and future transits[edit]
NASA maintains a catalog of Venus transits covering the period 2000 BCE to 4000 CE.[60] Currently, transits occur only in June or December (see table) and the occurrence of these events slowly drifts, becoming later in the year by about two days every 243-year cycle.[61] Transits usually occur in pairs, on nearly the same date eight years apart. This is because the length of eight Earth years is almost the same as 13 years on Venus, so every eight years the planets are in roughly the same relative positions. This approximate conjunction usually results in a pair of transits, but it is not precise enough to produce a triplet, since Venus arrives 22 hours earlier each time. The last transit not to be part of a pair was in 1396. The next will be in 3089; in 2854 (the second of the 2846/2854 pair), although Venus will just miss the Sun as seen from the Earth's equator, a partial transit will be visible from some parts of the southern hemisphere.[62]
Thus after 243 years the transits of Venus return. The 1874 transit is a member of the 243-year cycle #1. The 1882 transit is a member of #2. The 2004 transit is a member of #3 and the 2012 transit is a member of #4. The 2117 transit is a member of #1 and so on. However, the ascending node (December transits) of the orbit of Venus moves backwards after each 243 years so the transit of 2854 is the last member of series #3 instead of series #1. The descending node (June transits) moves forwards, so the transit of 3705 is the last member of #2. From −125,000 till +125,000 there are only about ten 243-year series at both nodes regarding all the transits of Venus in this very long time-span, because both nodes of the orbit of Venus move back and forward in time as seen from the Earth.
Past transits of Venus
Date(s) of
Transit path
(HM Nautical
Almanac Office)
23 November 1396 15:45 19:27 23:09 Last transit not part of a pair [1]
25–26 May 1518 22:46
26 May [2]
23 May 1526 16:12 19:35 21:48 Last transit before invention of telescope [3]
7 December 1631 03:51 05:19 06:47 Predicted by Kepler [4]
4 December 1639 14:57 18:25 21:54 First transit observed by Horrocks and Crabtree [5]
6 June 1761 02:02 05:19 08:37 Lomonosov, Chappe d'Auteroche and others observe from Russia; Mason and Dixon observe from the Cape of Good Hope. John Winthrop observes from St. John's, Newfoundland[63] [6]
3 June 22:25
4 June Cook sent to Tahiti to observe the transit, Chappe to San José del Cabo, Baja California and Maximilian Hell to Vardø, Norway. [7]
9 December 1874 01:49 04:07 06:26 Pietro Tacchini leads expedition to Muddapur, India. A French expedition goes to New Zealand's Campbell Island and a British expedition travels to Hawaii. [8]
6 December 1882 13:57 17:06 20:15 John Philip Sousa composes a march, the "Transit of Venus", in honor of the transit. [9]
8 June 2004 05:13 08:20 11:26 Various media networks globally broadcast live video of the Venus transit. [10]
6 June Visible in its entirety from the Pacific and Eastern Asia, with the beginning of the transit visible from North America and the end visible from Europe. First transit while a spacecraft orbits Venus.
Future transits of Venus
10–11 December 2117 23:58
11 December Visible in entirety in eastern China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Australia. Partly visible on extreme U.S. West Coast, and in India, most of Africa, and the Middle East. [12]
8 December 2125 13:15 16:01 18:48 Visible in entirety in South America and the eastern U.S. Partly visible in Western U.S., Europe, and Africa. [13]
11 June 2247 08:42 11:33 14:25 Visible in entirety in Africa, Europe, and the Middle East. Partly visible in East Asia and Indonesia, and in North and South America. [14]
9 June 2255 1:08 4:38 08:08 Visible in entirety in Russia, India, China, and western Australia. Partly visible in Africa, Europe, and the western U.S. [15]
12 December 1:44
13 December Visible in entirety in Australia and most of Indonesia. Partly visible in Asia, Africa, and the western half of the Americas. [16]
10 December 2368 12:29 14:45 17:01 Visible in entirety in South America, western Africa, and the U.S. East Coast. Partly visible in Europe, the western U.S., and the Middle East. [17]
12 June 2490 11:39 14:17 16:55 Visible in entirety through most of the Americas, western Africa, and Europe. Partly visible in eastern Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. [18]
10 June 2498 03:48 07:25 11:02 Visible in entirety through most of Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and eastern Africa. Partly visible in eastern Americas, Indonesia, and Australia. [19]
Over longer periods of time, new series of transits will start and old series will end. Unlike the saros series for lunar eclipses, it is possible for a transit series to restart after a hiatus. The transit series also vary much more in length than the saros series.
Grazing and simultaneous transits[edit]
Sometimes Venus only grazes the Sun during a transit. In this case it is possible that in some areas of the Earth a full transit can be seen while in other regions there is only a partial transit (no second or third contact). The last transit of this type was on 6 December 1631, and the next such transit will occur on 13 December 2611.[9] It is also possible that a transit of Venus can be seen in some parts of the world as a partial transit, while in others Venus misses the Sun. Such a transit last occurred on 19 November 541 BC, and the next transit of this type will occur on 14 December 2854.[9] These effects occur due to parallax, since the size of the Earth affords different points of view with slightly different lines of sight to Venus and the Sun. It can be demonstrated by closing an eye and holding a finger in front of a smaller more distant object; when you open the other eye and close the first, the finger will no longer be in front of the object.
The simultaneous occurrence of a transit of Mercury and a transit of Venus does occur, but extremely infrequently. Such an event last occurred on 22 September 373,173 BC and will next occur on 26 July 69,163, and again on 29 March 224,508.[64][65] The simultaneous occurrence of a solar eclipse and a transit of Venus is currently possible, but very rare. The next solar eclipse occurring during a transit of Venus will be on 5 April 15,232.[64] The last time a solar eclipse occurred during a transit of Venus was on 1 November 15,607 BC.[66] The day after the Venerean transit of 3 June 1769 there was a total solar eclipse,[67] which was visible in Northern America, Europe and Northern Asia.
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Transit of Mercury
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^ McLaughlin, Stewart (1992). "The Early History of Kew Observatory". Richmond History: Journal of the Richmond Local History Society. 13: 48–49. ISSN 0263-0958.
^ Mayes, Julian (2004). "The History of Kew Observatory". Richmond History: Journal of the Richmond Local History Society. 25: 44–57. ISSN 0263-0958.
^ Catherine B. Hurst, Choosing Providence, March 23, 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
^ West, Benjamin, Account of the Observation of Venus Upon the Sun, The Third Day of June, 1769, at Providence, in New-England, With some Account of the Use of Those Observations, John Carter, 1769 (retrieved 20 April 2016); with extended abstract published in Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Volume 1, pp. 97–105
^ American Philosophical Society, Transactions (Old Series, vol. 1, 1769–71): see Google Books link (retrieved 20 April 2016).
^ W. Smith, "The Sun's Parallax deduced from a comparison of the Norriton and some other American Observations of the Transit of Venus 1769, with the Greenwich and other European Observations of the Same," Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol 1 (1871), p. 54–72. Solar parallax is defined as "the angle which the Earth's semi-diameter [i.e., radius] subtends at the sun".
^ See, for example, Stanley, David (2004). Moon Handbooks South Pacific (8th ed.). Avalon Travel Publishing. p. 175. ISBN 978-1-56691-411-6.
^ Rhys, Ernest, ed. (1999). The Voyages of Captain Cook. Wordsworth Editions Ltd. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-1-84022-100-8.
^ In Memoriam Archived 5 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine French_Academy_of_Sciences
^ Anderson, Mark (2012). The Day the World Discovered the Sun: An Extraordinary Story of Scientific Adventure and the Race to Track the Transit of Venus. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-82038-0.
^ Ruđer Bošković, Giornale di un viaggio da Constantinopoli in Polonia, 1762
^ "Explanation of the Black-Drop Effect at Transits of Mercury and the Forthcoming Transit of Venus". AAS. 4 January 2004. Archived from the original on 10 July 2006. Retrieved 21 September 2006.
^ a b c d "Transits of Venus – Kiss of the goddess". The Economist. 27 May 2004. Retrieved 25 September 2006.
^ R. P. Maximiliani Hell e S. J. – Observatio transitus Veneris ante discum Solis die 3. junii anno 1769. Wardoëhusii, auspiciis potentissimi ac clementissimi regis Daniae et Norvegiae, Christiani septimi, facta et societati reg. scientiarum Hafniensi die 24. Novembris 1769. Praelecta. Hafniae, typ. Orphanotrophii regii, excudit Gerhard Wiese Salicath, 82 p.
^ Ephemerides astronomicae, anni 1773. Adjecta Collectione omnium observationum transitus Veneris ante discum Solis diei 3. Junii 1769. per orbem universum factorum, atque Appendice de parallaxi Solis ex observationibus tarnsitus Veneris anni 1769. Vindobonae, 1773, typ. Trattner, 311, 121 p.
^ De parallaxi Solis ex observationibus transitus Veneris anni 1769. Vindobonae, 1772, typ. J. Trattner, 116 p.
^ "1874 transit". Royal Society. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
^ European Southern Observatory. "The Venus Transit 2004". Retrieved 6 June 2012.
^ European Southern Observatory. "Summing Up the Unique Venus Transit 2004 (VT-2004) Programme". Retrieved 6 June 2012.
^ McKee, Maggie (6 June 2004). "Extrasolar planet hunters eye Venus transit". New Scientist. Retrieved 27 September 2006.
^ Gould, A.; et al. (10 June 2006). "Microlens OGLE-2005-BLG-169 Implies That Cool Neptune-like Planets Are Common". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 644 (1): L37–L40. arXiv:astro-ph/0603276. Bibcode:2006ApJ...644L..37G. doi:10.1086/505421.
^ Espenak, Fred (18 June 2002). "2004 and 2012 Transits of Venus". NASA. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
^ Wall, Michael (16 May 2012). "Venus Transit On June 5 May Bring New Alien Planet Discoveries". space.com. TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
^ "Counting down to the Transit of Venus – our nearest exoplanet test-lab", phys.org, 5 March 2012
^ "The Venus Twilight Experiment: Refraction and scattering phenomena during the transit of Venus on June 5–6, 2012", venustex.oca.eu.
^ "NASA - Catalog of Transits of Venus". NASA. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
^ Although transits occurred in May and November before 1631, this apparent jump in dates was due to the changeover from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar on 15 October 1582
^ Bell, Steve (2004). "Transits of Venus 1000 AD – 2700 AD". HM Nautical Almanac Office. Archived from the original on 7 September 2006. Retrieved 25 September 2006.
^ Winthrop, John (1764). "Observation of the Transit of Venus, June 6, 1761, at St. John's, Newfoundland". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 54: 279–283. doi:10.1098/rstl.1764.0048.
^ a b "Hobby Q&A", Sky&Telescope, August 2004, p. 138
^ Espenak, Fred (21 April 2005). "Transits of Mercury, Seven Century Catalog: 1601 CE to 2300 CE". NASA. Archived from the original on 28 September 2006. Retrieved 27 September 2006.
^ Jeliazkov, Jeliazko. "Simultaneous occurrence of solar eclipse and a transit". transit.savage-garden.org. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2009.
^ de La Lande, Jérôme; Messier, Charles (1769). "Observations of the Transit of Venus on 3 June 1769, and the Eclipse of the Sun on the Following Day, Made at Paris, and Other Places. Extracted from Letters Addressed from M. De la Lande, of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris, and F. R. S. to the Astronomer Royal; And from a Letter Addressed from M. Messier to Mr. Magalhaens". Philosophical Transactions. 59: 374–377. Bibcode:1769RSPT...59..374D. doi:10.1098/rstl.1769.0050.
Hufbauer, Karl (1991). Exploring the Sun, Solar Science Since Galileo. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-0-8018-4098-2.
Anderson, Mark (2012). The Day the World Discovered the Sun: An Extraordinary Story of Scientific Adventure and the Race to Track the Transit of Venus. Boston: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-82038-0.
Chauvin, Michael (2004). Hokuloa: The British 1874 Transit of Venus Expedition to Hawaii. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. ISBN 978-1-58178-023-9.
Lomb, Nick (2011). Transit of Venus: 1631 to the Present. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-74223-269-0. OCLC 717231977.
Maor, Eli (2000). Venus in Transit. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11589-4.
Maunder, Michael; Moore, Patrick (2000). Transit: When Planets Cross the Sun. London: Springer-Verlaf. ISBN 978-1-85233-621-9.
Sellers, David (2001). The Transit of Venus: The Quest to Find the True Distance of the Sun. Leeds, UK: Magavelda Press. ISBN 978-0-9541013-0-5.
Sheehan, William; Westfall, John (2004). The Transits of Venus. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-59102-175-9.
Simaan, Arkan (May 2004). "The transit of Venus across the Sun" (PDF). Physics Education. 39 (3): 247–251. Bibcode:2004PhyEd..39..247S. doi:10.1088/0031-9120/39/3/001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2007.
Woodruff, John (2012). Transiting the Sun: Venus and the Key to the Size of the Cosmos. Oxford: Huxley Scientific Press. ISBN 978-0-9522671-6-4.
Wulf, Andrea (2012). Chasing Venus: The Race to Measure the Heavens. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-70017-9.
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Venus Transits: Measuring the Solar System
Historical observations of the transit of Venus
Edmond Halley's 1716 paper describing how transits could be used to measure the Sun's distance, translated from Latin.
Chasing Venus: Observing the Transits of Venus, 1631–2004 (Smithsonian Libraries)
Merrifield, Michael. "Venus Transit". Sixty Symbols. Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham.
June 2012 transit
2012 Transit of Venus – International Astronomical Union
National Solar Observatory – Transit of Venus 5–6 June 2012
2012 Transit of Venus Live Webcast and chatroom with SEMS at UND live From Alaska
Outline of Venus
Arachnoid
Dune fields
Mapping of Venus
Alpha Regio
Asteria Regio
Beta Regio
Ovda Regio
Aphrodite Terra
Lada Terra
Abeona Mons
Akna Montes
Anala Mons
Artemis Corona
Ba'het Corona
Boala Corona
Ciuacoatl Mons
Fand Mons
Fotla Corona
Gula Mons
Heng-O Corona
Iaso Tholus
Irnini Mons
Jaszai Patera
Maat Mons
Maxwell Montes
Nightingale Corona
Onatah Corona
Ozza Mons
Quetzalpetlatl Corona
Pancake dome
Renpet Mons
Sacajawea Patera
Sachs Patera
Sapas Mons
Santa Corona
Scalloped margin dome
Siddons Patera
Sif Mons
Skadi Mons
Theia Mons
Ushas Mons
Zisa Corona
List of coronae on Venus
Plains and
Guinevere Planitia
Lakshmi Planum
Sedna Planitia
Canyons and
Aikhulu Chasma
Artemis Chasma
Baltis Vallis
Dali Chasma
Devana Chasma
Diana Chasma
Ganis Chasma
Craters
Adivar
Cunitz
Danilova
De Lalande
Goeppert-Mayer
Golubkina
Grimke
Guilbert
Maria Celeste
Meitner
Merit Ptah
Nanichi
Yablochkina
Venus snow
Venusquake
Neith (hypothetical moon)
Venus-crosser asteroid
2002 VE68
Sputnik programme
Sputnik 7
Venera program
Venera 1
Kosmos 21
Venera 1964A
Kosmos 167
Venera 10
Mariner program
Mariner 10
Zond program
Pioneer Venus
Pioneer Venus Orbiter / Pioneer 12
Pioneer Venus Multiprobe / Pioneer 13
Vega program
Cassini–Huygens
Shin'en
Venus Express
Venera-D
European Venus Explorer
Shukrayaan-1
crewed
Inspiration Mars (flyby)
Geological mapping of Venus
Artificial objects on Venus
Venusians
Retrieved from "https:/w/index.php?title=Transit_of_Venus&oldid=906063003"
Astronomical transits
Stellar occultation
Related to Transit of Venus
Astronomical unit
The astronomical unit is a unit of length, roughly the distance from Earth to the Sun. However, that distance varies as Earth orbits the Sun, from a maximum (aphelion) to a minimum (perihelion) and back again once a year. Originally conceived as the average of Earth's aphelion and perihelion, since 2012 it has been defined as exactly 149597870700 metres, or about 150 million kilometres. The astronomical unit is used primarily for measuring distances within the Solar System or around other stars. It is also a fundamental component in the definition of another unit of astronomical length, the parsec.
A planet is an astronomical body orbiting a star or stellar remnant that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity, is not massive enough to cause thermonuclear fusion, and has cleared its neighbouring region of planetesimals.
Venus is the second planet from the Sun, orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days. It has the longest rotation period of any planet in the Solar System and rotates in the opposite direction to most other planets. It does not have any natural satellites. It is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty. It is the second-brightest natural object in the night sky after the Moon, reaching an apparent magnitude of −4.6 – bright enough to cast shadows at night and, rarely, visible to the naked eye in broad daylight. Orbiting within Earth's orbit, Venus is an inferior planet and never appears to venture far from the Sun; its maximum angular distance from the Sun (elongation) is 47.8°.
Timeline of Solar System astronomy
Solar mass
The solar mass (M☉) is a standard unit of mass in astronomy, equal to approximately 2×1030 kg. It is used to indicate the masses of other stars, as well as clusters, nebulae, and galaxies. It is equal to the mass of the Sun (denoted by the solar symbol ⊙). This equates to about two nonillion (two quintillion in the long scale) kilograms:
M☉ = (1.98847±0.00007)×1030 kg
A transit of Mercury across the Sun takes place when the planet Mercury passes directly (transits) between the Sun and a superior planet, becoming visible against the solar disk. During a transit, Mercury appears as a tiny black dot moving across the disk of the Sun.
2012 transit of Venus
The 2012 transit of Venus, when the planet Venus appeared as a small, dark spot passing across the face of the Sun, began at 22:09 UTC on 5 June 2012, and finished at 04:49 UTC on 6 June. Depending on the position of the observer, the exact times varied by up to ±7 minutes. Transits of Venus are among the rarest of predictable celestial phenomena and occur in pairs. Consecutive transits per pair are spaced 8 years apart, and consecutive pairs occur more than a century apart: The previous transit of Venus took place on 8 June 2004 ; the next pair of transits will occur on 10–11 December 2117 and in December 2125.
William Crabtree
William Crabtree (1610–1644) was an astronomer, mathematician, and merchant from Broughton, then in the Hundred of Salford, Lancashire, England. He was one of only two people to observe and record the first predicted transit of Venus in 1639.
Observations and explorations of Venus
Observations of the planet Venus include those in antiquity, telescopic observations, and from visiting spacecraft. Spacecraft have performed various flybys, orbits, and landings on Venus, including balloon probes that floated in the atmosphere of Venus. Study of the planet is aided by its relatively close proximity to the Earth, compared to other planets, but the surface of Venus is obscured by an atmosphere opaque to visible light.
Neith is a hypothetical natural satellite of Venus reportedly sighted by Giovanni Cassini in 1672 and by several other astronomers in following years. The first supposed sighting of this moon was in 1650. It was 'observed' up to 30 times by astronomers until 1770, when there were no new sightings and it was not found during the transit of Venus in 1761 and 1769.
Atmosphere of Venus
The atmosphere of Venus is the layer of gases surrounding Venus. It is composed primarily of carbon dioxide and is much denser and hotter than that of Earth. The temperature at the surface is 740 K, and the pressure is 93 bar (9.3 MPa), roughly the pressure found 900 m (3,000 ft) underwater on Earth. The Venusian atmosphere supports opaque clouds made of sulfuric acid, making optical Earth-based and orbital observation of the surface impossible. Information about the topography has been obtained exclusively by radar imaging. Aside from carbon dioxide, the other main component is nitrogen. Other chemical compounds are present only in trace amounts.
Jeremiah Horrocks
Jeremiah Horrocks, sometimes given as Jeremiah Horrox, was an English astronomer. He was the first person to demonstrate that the Moon moved around the Earth in an elliptical orbit; and he was the only person to predict the transit of Venus of 1639, an event which he and his friend William Crabtree were the only two people to observe and record.
Jean-Baptiste Chappe d'Auteroche
Jean-Baptiste Chappe d'Auteroche was a French astronomer, best known for his observations of the transits of Venus in 1761 and 1769.
History of Mars observation
The recorded history of observation of the planet Mars dates back to the era of the ancient Egyptian astronomers in the 2nd millennium BCE. Chinese records about the motions of Mars appeared before the founding of the Zhou Dynasty. Detailed observations of the position of Mars were made by Babylonian astronomers who developed arithmetic techniques to predict the future position of the planet. The ancient Greek philosophers and Hellenistic astronomers developed a geocentric model to explain the planet's motions. Measurements of Mars' angular diameter can be found in ancient Greek and Indian texts. In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model for the Solar System in which the planets follow circular orbits about the Sun. This was revised by Johannes Kepler, yielding an elliptic orbit for Mars that more accurately fitted the observational data.
1769 transit of Venus observed from Tahiti
On June 3, 1769, British navigator Captain James Cook, British naturalist Joseph Banks, British astronomer Charles Green and Swedish naturalist Daniel Solander recorded the transit of Venus on the island of Tahiti during Cook's first voyage around the world. During a transit, Venus appears as a small black disc travelling across the Sun. This unusual astronomical phenomenon takes place in a pattern that repeats itself every 243 years. It includes two transits that are eight years apart, separated by breaks of 121.5 and 105.5 years. These men, along with a crew of scientists, were commissioned by the Royal Society of London for the primary purpose of viewing the transit of Venus. Not only would their findings help expand scientific knowledge, it would help with navigation by accurately calculating the observer's longitude. At this time, longitude was difficult to determine and not always precise. A "secret" mission that followed the transit included the exploration of the South Pacific to find the legendary Terra Australis Incognita or "unknown land of the South."
The first known observations and recording of a transit of Venus were made in 1639 by the English astronomers Jeremiah Horrocks and his friend and correspondent William Crabtree. The pair made their observations independently on 4 December that year ; Horrocks from Carr House, then in the village of Much Hoole, Lancashire, and Crabtree from his home in Broughton, near Manchester.
The 1874 transit of Venus, which took place on 9 December 1874, was the first of the pair of transits of Venus that took place in the 19th century, with the second transit occurring eight years later in 1882. The previous pair of transits had taken place in 1761 and 1769, and the next pair would not take place until 2004 and 2012. As with previous transits, the 1874 transit would provide an opportunity for improved measurements and observations. Numerous expeditions were planned and sent out to observe the transit from locations around the globe, with several countries setting up official committees to organise the planning.


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Frost/Nixon's 'EPIC' Moxie
by MoxieTalk with Kirt Jacobs | Aug 1, 2018 | Blog | 0 comments
It's a moment that's almost unimaginable now, and I'm sure it was surreal when it happened.
A television interviewer leans into his subject, a disgraced former president of the United States of America. He softly, earnestly implores the president to accept responsibility for his wrongdoing.
I'd like to hear you say that you made mistakes and perhaps even committed a crime, the interviewer implores. I'd like to hear you say you abused your power as president. I'd like to hear you say you put the American people through two years of needless agony and you are sorry for that.
"And I know how difficult it is for anyone, and most of all you," he acknowledges, "but I think that people need to hear it and I think unless you say it you are going to be haunted by it for the rest of your life."
The president sighs, and his face softens a bit. Then the man who was once the most powerful in the world seems to spill out his soul.
"I let down my friends, I let down the country, I let down our system of government and the dreams of all those young people that ought to get into government but will think it is all too corrupt and the rest. Most of all I let down an opportunity I would have had for two and a half more years to proceed on great projects and programs for building a lasting peace," he says haltingly. "Yep, I let the American people down. And I have to carry that burden with me for the rest of my life."
The president was, of course, Richard M. Nixon, and the interviewer was David Frost, a British entertainer who made a career out of roles as a satirist, game show host and interviewer of some of the world's most powerful and compelling people.
The apology he elicited from Nixon was long awaited and came in the midst of a grueling 29 hours of interviews. It takes moxie to challenge an unrepentant sinner, especially if said sinner is a former president and the confession is going to be recorded and broadcast. It takes moxie to make that happen, and David Frost had moxie. Here's how:
Moxie doesn't always stay in its own lane.
David Frost wasn't a news anchor or a television journalist. His career was rooted in entertainment. He started out his career on This Was the Week that Was, a news satire show that is now considered the granddaddy of The Daily Show and The Colbert Report.
Much as Jon Stewart and Stephen Colbert straddle the line between entertainer and political commentator today, Frost slid smoothly from television satirist to serious interviewer. He landed the biggest interviews of the day, becoming the only person to interview all six British prime ministers who served between 1964 and 2007, and seven U.S. presidents in office between 1969 and 2008. He also interviewed other notable figures like Louisville's own Muhammad Ali and Orson Welles and Clint Eastwood.
Perhaps his background as an entertainer disarmed his guests, because he seemed to have a knack for getting their guard down and getting them to admit what they'd likely never admit otherwise. He famously led British Prime Minister Tony Blair to say the Iraq War was a disaster.
It's tempting to write Frost off as a lightweight, but he clearly was not. There's significant temptation to squash the opinions of athletes, actors, singers and other performers when they express political opinions. We'd do well to remember Frost, and his sharp thinking and disarming charm.
Moxie makes a way.
When Frost set out to interview Nixon, it was going to come at a cost. Nixon exited the presidency deeply in debt, and one way to get him to talk about it was to pay him.
Frost paid Nixon $600,000 and a cut of the profits to tell his story. Paying an interview subject ran afoul of the ethical standards of all the major network news operations, so no networks in the U.S. agreed to run the interviews. Instead, Frost had to syndicate directly with stations in markets across the U.S. and around the globe.
Frost sold his own shares in London Weekend Television to finance the project. Why was he willing to risk so much for this interview?
"He was the most interesting person to interview in the world," Frost later told an interviewer for the Guardian. "I suppose one hoped the interviews would make history in some way, as a document on the Nixon presidency. So that was the ambition, obviously. Also one hoped they were bloody good television."
Bloody good, indeed.
Moxie perseveres.
Just when his career on British television seemed to be winding down, a young upstart network came calling. Al Jazeera television, based in Qatar, was viewed with deep suspicion by much of the West, which was still grappling with Middle Eastern-based terrorism.
Frost took the risk, and was part of the network's early rapid growth and credibility. He appreciated the chance to stay relevant, and pursue the conversations with people he found the most interesting and noteworthy.
Frost remained active up until the moment of his death aboard the Queen Elizabeth ocean liner. He'd been scheduled to give a speech when he was stricken with a heart attack. He was 74 when he died.
Frost is without doubt an inspiration to me as an interviewer and host.
How about you? If you had a chance to turn the tables an interview Frost, what would you ask?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Voiceover Talent
Diego Klattenhoff
Diego Klattenhoff (born 1979) is best known for his role as Mike Faber in the TV series Homeland (2011). He plays the role of a Marine captain whose best friend returns to the US after disappearing in Iraq seven years earlier. Klattenhoff was born in Nova Scotia, Canada. As a kid, he always wanted to be a professional baseball player. But he chose to pursue an acting career after moving to Toronto at the age of 19. He started attending theater workshops for a number of years while working as a bartender. In his early career he studied with some of Canada's most respected acting coaches, including David Rotenberg, Bruce Clayton and Rae Ellen Bodie. He appeared in TV shows like Smallville (2001) and Stargate SG-1 (1997).
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Q: Android Facebook SDK - AppInviteDialog not using App Login I recently updated my Android App to Facebook SDK 4.0.1.
As shown in the official Facebook documentation I am utilizing the new AppInviteDialog to integrate App Invitations, which is working fine most of the time.
The problem arises when the user is logged in via the Facebook App and is not logged in in his browser. In this case the AppInviteDialog shows the Facebook Login screen.
Is there any way to open up the Invite Friend Dialog in the Facebook App, or a way to transfer the login in the App to the Browser.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


In case you want to get any legal document translated eg. marriage certificate etc, there is this shop in Abpara market called Sunny. They have over 15 years experience of translation and they have clientele in almost every embassy.
Try them out sometime and you will know the damage "no/minimal competetion" does to quality of service.
View here the exemplery efficiency of our city's administration, indicating a road end in F-11 only after a car went straight down the incline resulting in the deaths of the passengers.
Come come rain on us!
Clouds covered the skies of Islamabad … Pretty Nice picture too!
Posted in Random | Comments Off on Come come rain on us!
Islamabad presents a stunning view from Pir Sohawa on the Margalla Hills after the monsoon rains.
A bulldozer removes boulders after a landslide on road leading to Pir Sohawa resort …!
And this post marks the 4th century of Islamabad's Metroblog Posts.
While other animals in the Zoo suffer the current hot weather, the elephant has the luxury of cooling itself in the pool … Thanks god after Tonights rains … The weather's pretty Good … Islamabad Looks Fresh and Clean!
Has anybody else noticed how ill maintained and seriously deteriorated the city's water and sanitation system is? It is something that comes to for every time the rains come. Islamabad has the slight advantage over most cities in that it is a planned one which means that most if it does not face the conventional problems of water standing and stagnating on roadways. However, move away from the older sectors in to ones located to the edge of the city, including F-11, I-8, I-10 etc and you will find pools burgeoning every few kilometers.
Besides that, lots of basements and relatively low lying houses, and those located in natural depressions complain often of floods of waste and muck. Lots of people end up calling for CDA pumps to clean out the areas that for days reek of stench and sewerage.
It is a well known truth that all the waste from Islamabad's sectors, including industrial waste culminates in the various "nullahs" flowing between and under the streets before culminating in the Nullah Leh. These health hazards are becoming more acute with each passing day as in addition to the underground waste, these nullahs are also a dumping ground for a lot of the city's garbage. In spite of dumpsters in every other street, it is very convenient simply to toss bags and bins from car windows into the murky depths of these rivers of filth.
As these nullahs flow deeper through Islamabad and Rawalpindi into relatively closer knit and lower level communities, areas and townships, what is not very conceivable for us is that these nullahs become the source of water for some areas as well. I really don't know about the drinking part, but old-style "dhobi-ghaats" and using this water to wash dishes and clothes personally is quite common.
What is seriously worrying is that nobody really knows the state of the pipes and tubes and things under the city that make up its sewerage system. Decay and a poor checks and maintenance methods mean that water contamination is a very real problem. Similarly drains bubbling up due to blockages in streets and out on roads are also very common.
An ineffective and poorly retained drainage system is a health risk, giving birth to possible ailments relating to skin and breathing at the simplest and if not contained and corrected, could bloom into serious ailments especially if the lines carrying waste merge with water lines. It has happened before and needs to be addressed by the Capital Development Authority at the earliest!
Our Prime Minister chaired a meeting today in the city, approving a marketing strategy to promote Pakistan's potential as a tourist destination by highlighting its unique charms.
Islamabad – this is your captain speaking[Not to sound pharaonic].
Everyone – give Sacramento a brand new, shining and warm welcome on metblogs.
RAWALPINDI, July 15: Unruly scenes were witnessed at the Islamabad airport's VIP Rawal Lounge on Friday night when a parliamentarian belonging to the ruling coalition insisted on carrying a firearm aboard and hurled threats at the Airport Security Force (ASF) official on duty.
Sources said Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) MNA Abid Ali Umang along with his colleague MNA Mohammad Pervez Qureshi arrived at the Rawal Lounge to take a PIA flight (PK-319) to Karachi.
The two legislators were allowed to enter the lounge without a security check after they identified themselves as MNAs. However, when the ASF official on duty inquired about the contents of a bag carried by Mr Umang, the latter replied: "There is a pistol in the bag." The ASI told the lawmaker that carrying firearms was strictly prohibited, therefore, he could not proceed.
This infuriated the MNA and he entered into a fiery dialogue with the ASF official. Later, the 'protesting' MNA was also joined by his colleague.
As tension mounted, the ASF chief security officer rushed to the scene at around 10:30pm and settled the issue through talks.
The security chief also tender an apology to the minister and transferred the ASF official to some other section of the airport.
The sources also quoted the MNA as saying that he would move a privilege motion in the National Assembly if the ASI concerned was not dismissed from service.
Meanwhile, the MNAs never made it aboard the Karachi-bound flight as they were not holding confirmed tickets.
Thank you Erum for suggesting the story.


« Upgrading your Ecommerce platform? We've got your shipping covered.
This post is really about the lessons we learned (and are still learning) as a company about the art of nailing migration from one software product to another. As many of you know we made the big decision a few years back to move to the ShipperHQ platform for our paid offering, away from the highly successful WebShopApps brand. This tells our story in the hope that it helps some of you, including merchants, agencies, platforms and technology parters.
It's often easier to stay with what you know, the formula that works. I read some years ago an article about this which said you have a couple of choices in software, you can 'make hay whilst the sun shines' or you can re-invent yourself, and to that you have to be prepared to throw away what you have today. For us at WebShopApps I can honestly say our company was something that evolved, we learned from our customers, we produced new extensions, more extensions, more complexity. And it became clear that we needed something bigger, our dreams and aspirations for the product could not be fulfilled by continually going down the pure extension route. We also saw lots of problems with the Magento marketplace, rampant copying, and it was very hard to forecast and grow revenue, we couldn't give our customers the service they demanded in many cases as we found it hard to differentiate their needs on this 'buy first, get support later' model.
For us we also saw that our reliance on Magento was a danger, we needed to go cross-platform, it was necessary for our survival. We wanted to be able to follow our customers wherever they went.
This has been very hard. Its knowing where customers are going, not just where we are going. Are they moving to Magento 2, to Shopify, BigCommerce? Then what features do they use, how is it configured. Shipping rating is not always easy to setup and its all in their database, we have to define processes for making this migration easy. Its taken us some time to get this right, I think we are still learning, there are always improvements, and sometimes unfortunately we have to say no to edge cases, you have to consider the whole because ultimately keeping the company going for the masses is what you need to do. Customisations can be the death of a technology company, so as much as we have complexity we have learned the art of just easing back on accepting these.
So incredibly important. You can see with Magento that when people are looking at Magento 2 they are also evaluating other software. Your software needs to do something that improves things for the merchant. If its not then well you are in trouble. With ShipperHQ we have our whole interface in one place, we have advanced the technology so its way ahead of what WebShopApps ever did, and we offer a comprehensive support service with staff in the US ready to answer queries. You have to get this right, the support is needed of our agency partners (direct through slack in many cases), the merchants, and we need good communications with our logistics providers (i.e. having a direct line for UPS/FedEx/DHL queries helps). Its also about being that centralised expert, the knowledge that is so necessary for this society today, people want accurate answers fast, they don't want to be having to spend hours working things out themselves, especially around shipping rating which can really make or break a business.
A tough one, we have been careful around our marketing to ensure we have had our processes right before we go sell. We still are trying to manage this, we know that if 30K+ customers come in at once this is a problem for us to be able to provide support. Whats important here is to test and be ready, don't pull that trigger too soon else you may get a kick back. The way we tackled this was probably around the wrong way to most, we initially dealt with the very hard Magento 1 enterprise customers that couldnt use WebShopApps, then we made sure the platform was ready for mass usage by focusing our efforts on other platform integrations with Shopify/BigCommerce. Luckily with the delayed move to Magento 2 we have had some breathing space and the last 6 months we have been managing the switch over of customers here, I expect it to ramp much more in the new year.
So How does a Customer Cope?
So what if you are a merchant and you are looking at migrating to new software? Well evaluate carefully and I would suggest you look not just at the product but also the company underneath. Do you trust them, whats their support like, do you need someone that can get on the phone, etc. If you arent sure make a checklist and have a chat to each company. This is your business, these decisions affect you. In terms of costings you have to really be aware of the quality side, its not always the cheapest that works out best in the long run, be very careful of cheap extensions that then have hourly based support attached as you can end up spending a fortune either with your own developers or with them and still not have a solution that works. Taking advantage of free trials helps mitigate this.
Well not now just before Black Friday :). Plan well, find a time when you have time, or get the company to work out a plan with you. At ShipperHQ we are very conscious of the lack of time many merchants have and are able to assist with a full migration if necessary, we throw in upto 4 hours migration for free on WebShopApps customers, in many cases thats enough to get the job done.
In conclusion migration is definitely disruptive but it can be made much easier by the software providers of today. Its necessary, we all have to move forwards, you just have to think about the best way to do it and ensure you make it as painless as possible!
This entry was posted on Wednesday, November 15th, 2017 at 4:44 pm	and is filed under Commerce News. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can skip to the end and leave a response. Pinging is currently not allowed.


GALVA — Brian K. "Butch" Carlson, 58, of Galva, passed away on Friday May 25, 2018 in Lincoln, Nebraska, while returning home from a family vacation in Colorado.
Butch was born May 16, 1960 in Geneseo. Son of Richard Carlson and Sharon Simpkins.
Butch finally married Christina Garms on May 1st, 2016 after a 36 year courtship.
Butch is survived by his wife, a daughter, Tiffany (Justin) Dunn of Galva; A son, Richard (Kyla) Carlson of Galva; A son at heart, Craig M Garms of Moline; Two granddaughters, Analiece and Hailee Dunn, both of Galva; His parents, Richard Carlson and girlfriend (Kat Hilton) and Sharon (Lyle) Mulder of Panama, NE; A brother Doug (Sue) Carlson of Galva and a sister, Angie Shambaugh Carlson of Lincoln, NE. Numerous Nieces and nephews.
Butch retired from Pines Great Dane of Kewanee as a welder after 39 years in 2017.
Butch fought hard during his lung cancer battle. We had him with us as longer than expected and will miss him dearly. He loved his family very much. Butch enjoyed hunting, cooking out, shooting his guns, spending time with family and friends and his dogs.
Cremation will be in Lincoln, NE and his family will bring him home. A celebration of life will be planned in the future.


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Home New Openings
Editor Picks, Food & Drink, New Openings 21 October 2022
Green Room Opens a Winter Garden
It's been a great 2022 for Green Room – and the latest good news is that they have today opened their Winter Graden alongside an expanded menu, all to encourage the festive mood. It's an inspired way to fill the gap left by Leeds German Market, with a roof terrace now a cosy winter space […] Leeds Living …
Editor Picks, Food & Drink, New Openings
Salvatore's Bar & Street Kitchen
Featured 18 January 2023
Editor Picks, Festivals, Out of Town, People & Places, Upcoming Festivals 16 January 2023
Charity & Fundraising, Editor Picks, Health & Fitness, Sport 31 December 2022
Leeds News 22 December 2022
Charity & Fundraising, People & Places 18 December 2022


I carried a 75litre backpack with the following items.
Rain Gear: I took my Musto foul weather gear and was totally dry.
Next time I would take fresh ingredients for the 1st nights meal as the walk into the first hut is only an 1.5 hour stroll.
If you don't have a rain cover which I didn't make sure everything is doublebagged in black plastic bags in fact even with a rain cover this is a good idea.
On Sunday I drove Annabelle to Hamilton after the night at Waitomo as the bus trip to Raglan would have taken all day. Then back to Waitomo to pick up Lisa and on to Tongariro National Park where we were going skiing. It was the last weekend the slopes were meant to be open however, a quick look at the morning ski report showed rain not snow so we took our time getting there stopping at Rapid Canoe Hire a family run business just off HW 4 near Taumarunui. We rented a two person canoe for the afternoon and went over 5 or so rapids down the Whanganui River. The owners of the canoe hire drove our car down river meeting us at a road bridge – we took the car and headed south to Tongariro and they took the canoe and headed to their next meeting point further down river with the people who had spent all day on the river.
The canoeing was fun and reminded me of my school trip on the Ardeche River in France. Lisa was in the front and I steered sometimes more successfully then others through the rapids. It was sometime a challenge as it was quite windy so when it came to lining the canoe up to go down a rapid you had to take the nose off the wind at the right time requiring watching the gusts etc. At one rapid I could tell we were possibly going to lose it so I did a three point turn purposely grounding the front of the canoe in a gravel island then ending up going backwards and turning to exit going forwards! Another time we ended up doing a similar maneuver however, this time not on purpose – a little rusty on the canoeingJ. There were large amounts of pumice stone floating down the river so we collected pieces of the rock to put in people's Christmas stockings!
We hoped to do the Tangariro crossing the next day (Monday – a bank holiday in NZ) but the fog was dense and it was raining and blowing hard in the morning so we got in the car and drove till we found good weather at Lake Taupo. A short stop at Huka Falls where the water has carved a cleft in the rock and the water is beautifully clear and turquoise. Stopped along the road at the Bee Hive a store where you can taste different honeys just like wine tasting. Next time I come to Taupo I am going to bring my fly fishing rod and have a go at catching the world famous trout. Next stop was Orakei Korako 'the place of the adorning' one of the finest thermal areas of NZ it is relatively remote and therefore not packed with people. To get over to the thermal valley you take a ferry across Lake Ohakuri. There is a walking track taking you around large, colorful silica terraces, geysers and a magnificent nature cave with a pool of jade green water.
Onto Rotorua a very touristy town built in the crater of a volcanoe and the area of the most energetic thermal activity in the country. We had a picnic lunch next to Lake Rotorua and visited Ohinemutu 'the place of the young woman who was killed' a lakeside Maori village. There is a small historic church – St Faiths' Anglican with beautifully decorated interior of Maori carvings, stain glass windows and painted scrollwork. Also a large meeting house built in 1887 which was unfortunately closed up however; we peeked through a hole in one of the windows.
The Bath House is a Tudor style building built in 1908 and it is set amongst very English style croquet lawns and rose gardens in the Government Gardens. We spent as long as possible in the museum there was a particularly interesting exhibit about the Maori Battalion that participated in WWII. We joined in on part of a guided tour led by a lady whose great grandfather was a mediator between the Maoris' and Europeans casting a more personal light on some of the exhibits which were actually given to the museum by her family. More time was needed here but we had a long drive back to Auckland for work the next morning.
I have had a few exciting trips around the North Island with my friend Ashley.
After the trek, we are going to travel back to Queenstown and drive to Christchurch. Along the way we will visit Milford Sound, the glaciers, Mount Cook and Geraldine (a small Canterbury village).  i can't wait to hit the South Island as everyone says that it is really beautiful and is the real NZ.


Henri Fayol (1841-1925, founder of French management and administration) formulated the following five management fields: Planning, Organization, Staffing, Direction and Controlling.
Controlling represents the reflection of the aforementioned topics.
Controlling today involves simplifying management's support in business planning and control so that the goals set are achieved - operationally (typically 3 to 5 years), as well as in the strategic time frame (up to 10 years).
In many companies Controlling subsumes not only planning (growth, earnings, profit and cash flow) but also reporting for the identification of deviations and, if necessary, initiation of countermeasures, strategy implementation, risk and opportunity management, utilization planning, the creation of business cases (profitability calculations), the derivation of simulations etc.
Dr. Kohler will be available for your business as an analyst, management consultant / trainer or objective Business sparring partner.
Managerpsychologie und Finance Controlling: Zwei Seiten einer Medaille?!


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A new spider species is named after the "Man in Black", Johnny Cash
Keep Prince William Beautiful > GNN Network > Theatrical Thursday > A new spider species is named after the "Man in Black", Johnny Cash
Animal Camouflage: Creatures Adapting to their Environment
Lessons from The Lorax
Posted on June 30, 2016 in GNN Network, Theatrical Thursday
A newly discovered tarantula was found near the Folsom State prison in Folsom, California; Johnny Cash made a song called "Folsom Prison Blues" and coincidentally, the song was recorded in Folsom, California as well. The male Aphonoplema johnnycashi is generally black which is similar to Cash's tendency to dress in black. Females are more of a dark brown color and are much larger than the males.
In all good fun, there is a logical reason as to why these new species are named after famous celebrities. For example, in 2012 a new wasp was discovered and the molecular data of the species happened to spell the acronym G-A-G-A. This led to the species to be named Aleiodes gaga, after pop-star and actress, Lady Gaga. This drew the attention of many news outlets and it was cited at least 30,000 times within the 24 hours of the announcement being made. Every year, at least 20,000 species are lost at an unprecedented rate; giving the species names that are similar to a celebrity's allows for the work of the environmental experts to not go unnoticed, but it also spreads awareness about the biodiversity crisis.
Drake, Samantha. "Hello, I'm Johnny Cash the tarantula: Why new species are named after celebrities". Quartz. 23 June 2016. Web. 30 June 2016. <http://qz.com/711769/hello-im-johnny-cash-the-tarantula-on-the-origin-of-celebrity-named-species/>
About Taylor Thornton
The Importance of Lighting
The Art of Wood Grain
Red, White, Blue, and GREEN
How to Make a Lip Balm Locket


Read two chapters: On the Use That the Americans Make of Association in Civil Life and Why the Americans Show Themselves So Restive in the Midst of Their Well-Being.
When it was published in 2000, Harvey Mansfield and Delba Winthrop's new translation of Democracy in America—only the third since the original two-volume work was published in 1835 and 1840—was lauded in all quarters as the finest and most definitive edition of Tocqueville's classic thus far. Mansfield and Winthrop have restored the nuances of Tocqueville's language, with the expressed goal "to convey Tocqueville's thought as he held it rather than to restate it in comparable terms of today." The result is a translation with minimal interpretation, but with impeccable annotations of unfamiliar references and a masterful introduction placing the work and its author in the broader contexts of political philosophy and statesmanship.
"The editors have written more than a mere introduction; they have written in fact a small book, a remarkably comprehensive and yet succinct study of Tocqueville's political thought. . . . Mansfield and Winthrop have made a remarkably comprehensive and tightly argued case for Tocqueville as the greatest political theorist of democracy, a theorist who is just as relevant today as he was in the nineteenth century."
"It would be difficult to think of a greater service to the study of Tocqueville than the one performed by Mansfield and Winthrop in their impeccable new edition and translation of Democracy in America. . . . The publisher is justified in claiming that this version will henceforth be seen as the 'authoritative' edition in English."
"The Mansfield-Winthrop work will henceforth be the preferred English version of Democracy in America not only because of the superior translation and critical apparatus, but also because of its long and masterly introductory essay, itself an important contribution to the literature on Tocqueville."
"If Tocqueville is an indispensable guide to understanding the American experience, Harvey C. Mansfield and Delba Winthrop are indispensable guides to Tocqueville himself. In the introduction to their fresh and limpid translation of Democracy in America—what will surely be the definitive translation for some time to come—they offer a helpful summary of Tocqueville's philosophical and political thought."
"Democracy in America will continue to be read with profit as long as the United States survives as a republic and, indeed, as long as democracy endures. It deserves faithful translators, careful expositors and insightful commentators. In Mansfield and Winthrop it has found them."
"[A] major new translation. . . . Tocqueville's insights confirm his brilliance and remind us that many features of national character are virtually indestructible."
"This will be the English translation of Tocqueville for a long time, and it has the additional bonus that the introduction is as succinct an introduction to Tocqueville, or at least to the conservative view of him and his achievement, as one can find."


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Home General Wireless charging turmoil as Samsung invests in PowerbyProxi
Wireless charging turmoil as Samsung invests in PowerbyProxi
Orson Nash
You may have heard of the disparaging term, designed by committee, meaning that the design process was full of compromise as it pandered to the different interest groups. That could be what is happening in the world of wireless charging. There are currently three rival groups trying to create the definitive wireless charging standard, Samsung and Qualcomm both belong to two of them (which are of course incompatible with each other). Now Samsung has boosted its interest in the Wireless Power Consortium (WPC) and the Qi standard by investing $4 million in a company called PowerbyProxi.
The money is actually coming from the Samsung Ventures Investment Corporation (SVIC), the global investment arm of the Samsung Group. The support seems to be a move by Samsung to buy an interest in the next extensions to the Qi standard. Tony Francesca, a VP at PowerbyProxi, has been appointed chairman of a WPC task force that is designing a wireless power resonant extension to the Qi specification.
The other two groups working on wireless charging are the Alliance for Wireless Power, or A4WP and the Power Matters Alliance, or PMA. And this is where it gets confusing. Samsung is a founding member of A4WP along with Qualcomm and Powermat Technologies. But Powermat Technologies is also a founding member of the PMA. Other members of the PMA include Toshiba, Pantech and ZTE. Qualcomm wasn't a member of the WPC but last week it also joined that group and is now supporting for the Qi standard. Confused, I don't blame you!
Other than the blatant attempt to control the chairman of the WPC task force, it seems that Samsung and Qualcomm have effectively abandoned the A4WP group and are trying to take over the WPC. Qualcomm has told the EE Times that it plans to work from the inside to merge the two standards (WPC and A4WP) even though they aren't compatible.
Back in the real world – away from the committee rooms, the only wireless charging technology that has made it into any actual phones is the WPC's Qi standard. Different phones from Nokia, Google, Blackberry and LG offer support for wireless charging via Qi.
What consumers want is a definitive standard that will allow wireless charging to become a norm in a variety of public places from coffee shops to airport lounges. What do you think, are the rival committees hindering the development of a global wireless charging standard?
Original article by Gary Sims
PowerbyProxi
qi wireless charging
Previous articleNeed wireless charging in a spare power pack? Mugen adds Qi to its portable battery.
Next articleToshiba bakes TransferJet file transfer and wireless charging into touchscreen kiosk, charges phones and credit cards
http://www.qiwireless.com


Our PwC assurance business is leading in the marketplace, constantly developing new and innovative ways of working to evolve our working practices, making them more efficient and innovative with a focus on the client experience. We invest heavily in our clients, people and technology.
The London Region Assurance (LRA) team are looking for exceptional qualified senior associates to join our team. We are a fast growing business unit in assurance with a focus on mid tier businesses, helping them to solve important problems. We operate across a wide variety of markets including listed, PE backed, entrepreneurial private businesses and inbound global audits.
We cover a wide variety of clients of differing sizes and complexity and have teams focusing on business services, retail and hospitality, construction and real estate, technology, media and communications as well as energy, mining, utilities and industrial products. As part of the assurance team you'll work mainly on audit engagements, however, there are increasing opportunities to get involved with other assurance projects such as internal audit, commercial risk and performance assurance to give you a greater breadth of experience.
You'll have strong technical knowledge and demonstrated leadership and effective team working skills. You'll be able to operate with diverse teams and be able to work in and adapt to changing environments and circumstances. You should be ACA qualified (or equivalent), have experience of leading assurance engagements from start to finish, and be used to working to tight deadlines and handling pressure.


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Friedrich (Fritz) Seizaburo Nohara (; * 9. Juni 1905 in Yokohama; † im Mai 1967 in der Schweiz) war ein Schweizer Arzt und Publizist deutsch-japanischer Herkunft.

Leben
Nohara wurde geboren als Sohn der Rheinländerin Katharina Eick und des Chemikers Komakichi Nohara, der einem Samurai-Geschlecht angehörte. Nachdem die Familie nach Europa übergesiedelt war, besuchte Nohara bis 1914 das Gymnasium Leopoldinum in Detmold. Während des Ersten Weltkriegs besuchte er das Gymnasium in Basel. Ab 1921 besuchte er das Städtische Realgymnasium zu Bonn, wo er 1923 die Reifeprüfung bestand. Ab 1924 war Nohara vier jahre lang in der Pharmazeutischen Abteilung der Chemischen Fabrik vormals Sandoz kaufmännisch tätig, um sein Medizinstudium zu finanzieren. 1928 begann er, Medizin zu studieren. Nach 2 Semestern an der Universität Basel wechselte er an die Universität Bonn. Dort bestand er das medizinische Staatsexamen, wo er 1933 am Pharmakologischen Institut in Medizin unter Betreuung von Wilhelm Blume (Referent) und Hermann Fühner (Korreferent) mit Vergleichenden Untersuchungen über den Resorptionsverlauf der Salicylsäure nach peroraler und rektaler Applikation promovierte. Alsdann wandte er sich der Dermatologie zu. Mit dem Ausbruch des Zweiten Weltkrieges kehrte Nohara nach Basel zurück, wo er als Assistent an der Dermatologischen Klinik arbeitete. Später leitete er die pharmazeutischen Abteilung der Chemischen Fabrik Schweizerhalle.

1953 erschien erstmals Noharas deutsche Übersetzung von Paul Takashi Nagais Die Glocken von Nagasaki.

In seinen letzten Lebensjahren schrieb Nohara Artikel im Bereich Medizin für die Basler Nachrichten.

Nohara wohnte zeitweise in Oberwil BL, war verheiratet und hatte ein oder mehrere Kinder.

Schriften (Auswahl)

Fachartikel
Als Mediziner veröffentlichte er zahlreiche Artikel in Fachzeitschriften, darunter:

 Descubrimiento del agente causal de la cuarta enfermedad venérea. dermosiphiliographischen Tagung in Granada, 1938
 Ein unbekanntes Paracelsus-Bildnis. In: Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, Band 65, Nr. 15 (1939/40), S. 616–617. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1120464
 Die Frage nach der Herkunft der Syphilis: Zur 450. Wiederkehr von Columbus' Landg auf der Watling-Insel (Guanahani) am 12. Okt. 1492. In: Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift, Jahrgang 72, 1942, Nr. 44, S. 1230.
 sowie u. a. in den Zeitschriften Ars medici und Praxis.

Weitere seiner Artikel sind u. a. auf den Webseiten der Verlage S. Karger und Springer Science+Business Media online verfügbar.

Übersetzung aus dem Japanischen
Er übersetzte Paul Takashi Nagais Die Glocken von Nagasaki; seine Übersetzung erschien zwischen 1953 und 1964 in mehreren Auflagen (1953 in der Schweizer Volks-Buchgemeinde Luzern, 1955 in der Buchgemeinschaft Welt und Heimat Wien, ab 1955 in mehreren Auflagen im Rex-Verlag München und ab 1957 gekürzt in mehreren Auflagen im St. Benno-Verlag Leipzig).

Literatur
 Rudolf Suter: Zum Tode von Dr. Friedrich S. Nohara. In: Basler Nachrichten, Nr. 203, 18. Mai 1967, S. 7.

Weblinks

 Auszüge von Noharas Übersetzung Paul Takashi Nagais Die Glocken von Nagasaki

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Publizist
Wissenschaftsjournalist
Mediziner (20. Jahrhundert)
Übersetzer aus dem Japanischen
Übersetzer ins Deutsche
Schweizer
Geboren 1905
Gestorben 1967
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A two-centre residential workshop, in association with Nature's Images, led by Chris Gomersall and Ellie Rothnie. Staying on Skomer Island in Pembrokeshire, and visiting an island gannetry in south-east Ireland.
Amongst the greatest wildlife spectacles to be found around the coastlines of Britain and Ireland are our breeding seabird colonies, and combining two island locations just 40 miles or so apart but accessible from Ireland and Wales respectively, this trip looks to cover as many species and settings as possible. Our Irish island hosts a fantastic gannet colony, along with multiple auk species, kittiwakes and choughs – all very accessible and with specially arranged early morning and late evening crossings scheduled we will be able to work in the very best light. Back in Wales, we will be staying on one of the UK's premier islands for puffins, again allowing us the opportunity to photograph in the optimum lighting conditions – evening lighting here is amongst the best for photographing these enigmatic birds anywhere in the UK. We'll also have the opportunity to experience the night time visit of the elusive manx shearwater.
Cost per person: £1295. Includes full board accommodation on Skomer in twin-bedded hostel, B&B in Ireland, ferry fare to Ireland, boat fares, entry fees, tuition.


When you choose to live aboard a houseboat, the waters that surround you naturally call out for exploration. For us at Yathra by Jetwing, the Bentara River is one that is familiar, and serves as a wonderful adventure for you to experience the inland waters in a province otherwise known for its beaches. Crocodiles, monitor lizards and exotic species of birds grace the mangrove-laden ecosystem of this long southern waterway habited by traditional fishing communities. In addition, a voyage along the Bentara River is incomplete without a visit to the Pahurukanda Temple – a mountainous islet with a replica of the Lord Buddha's footprint similar to the one found at the summit of Adam's Peak.
At Yathra by Jetwing, the waters of the Bentara River are our home. Depending on weather conditions, the expedition through the quieter tributaries of this inland waterway lasts for a few hours, and is best experienced either early morning or towards the sunset – when our surrounding environment is alive in all its glory.


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Home » News » City celebrates Environment Day
City celebrates Environment Day
Mysore/Mysuru: The District Administration and Forest Department had jointly organised a programme to mark World Environment Day celebrations at Sringeri Jagadguru Bharathi Theertha Swamiji Park in J.P. Nagar here this morning.
District Minister S.T. Somashekar planted saplings and distributed saplings on the occasion. Mysuru Royal Family member Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar, MLA S.A. Ramdas, District Co-operative Union President H.V. Rajeev, City BJP President T.S. Srivatsa, Deputy Commissioner (DC) Abhiram G. Sankar, City Police Commissioner Dr. Chandragupta, DCF Dr. K.C. Prashanth Kumar, DCF-Wildlife Alexander and others were present.
Yaduveer, who spoke after the launch, said "Mysuru is a region of biodiversity. It has to be conserved. Everyone should have environment awareness. Those visiting Chamundi Hill should not carry plastic items of any form. Even if they carry, they should make sure that they get it back without throwing it there. This habit should be cultivated among all. Earlier, our elders did not have plastics. They used cloth bags and bamboo baskets. The same has to be followed by us now. Face mask and social distancing too has to be maintained during this Corona time."
'As unlocking has begun, it is more of public responsibility'
DC Abhiram G. Sankar, who himself is a nature-lover and an avid birder, said: "Forest resource does not mean only plants and trees. Animals, birds and insects are also part of forest resources which have to be conserved forever. Our earlier generations have safeguarded environment with care, we should also conserve it and give it to our next generations."
READ ALSO World Environment Day-2018: Forest Department launches 'Vanothsava'
Stating that relaxation of lockdown has begun and restrictions are being removed in a phased manner, the DC said that hotels, resorts, safari, temples and religious places will be opening for public and added "Mask and social distancing has to be maintained and it is now more of public responsibility to safeguard kids, senior citizens and pregnant women. Your health is your responsibility."
District Co-operative Union President H.V. Rajeev, who is also the President of Hasiru Mysuru, said "All the saplings we plant, we have to grow it with responsibility; only then natural calamity can be handled. Hasiru Mysuru every year distributes 15,000 plants to public for free. Those who take saplings must also take care of it. We will follow up with that. Through this initiative, we will make people to think of environment. Only then, in future we can make Mysuru more greener and public should join hands in this initiative."
District Minister Somashekar said: "Those who take saplings and plant them should also nurture them. I will take random count of it, verify and count them."
Regarding Chamundi Hill encroachment, he said, "Revenue Department will clear the encroachment. Water facility will be provided atop Chamundi Hill and will see to it that the saplings planted will be taken care of. We have plans of planting one lakh saplings in Mysuru. I will invite two Ministers and two officials to Mysuru to work on all these."
"Forest Department is working on planting 27 lakh saplings in three years which has got a go today. Along with that, additional three lakh saplings will be planted. ZP CEO should see that planting of saplings take place in every village. At city level, MCC should keep a track of this. MUDA and Police Department should also work in this regard in their limits. Not only planting but also taking care of the saplings was of utmost importance," he reiterated.
READ ALSO People's Park Library inaugurated
MLA S.A. Ramdas said that from July 1, two saplings will be distributed to 80,000 houses coming under KR Constituency and added that those who take saplings, must update about its growth the next year.
Karnataka Forest Department S.T. Somashekar Saplings World Environment Day
Penumbral Lunar Eclipse on June 5, 6
Non-functioning streetlight


Happy February Friends! Even though this tends to be a cold depressing month here in Maryland I kind of like it because it's my birthday month! Miller is also very excited for Valentine's day this year so it's making me excited for the little Hallmark holiday too.
Since it's a small holiday I don't really go overboard on decorations or presents for kids but I do think it's fun to have a few books around celebrating the month of love. I've rounded up some of my favorite Valentine's Day and/or love books for little kids. We have quite a few of these and my boys love them.
Since Miller is obsessed with dinosaurs right now we'll be getting How do Dinosaurs say I love you? and I love you Snuggleasaurus! For Matthew I will be getting Peek a Boo I love you and Where is Baby's Valentine because he loves pop up books so much. We already have the Llama Llama one, Happy Valentine's Day Curious George and Hugs and Kisses and my boys love them.
Have you bought Valentine's Day books for your kids? Are there any I'm missing?
We have and love so many of those! Pick up "Elmo Loves You" - it doesn't mention V-Day, but it looks super Valentine-y from the outside, is written in adorable rhyme, and is one of our February faves!!
I love these! Cam loves Elmo, so I may have to get him that one for Vday.
I always try to get Sadie a cute book for the major holidays - for Valentine's Day this year I got her The Day it Rained Hearts. I can't wait to read it to her!
Love the idea of just doing books for Valentine's day! Thanks for the suggestions!
Great roundup! I have somehow never bought my kid Valentine's books! I have to pick a few of these up stat!
I swear if I buy one more book for P I will be in trouble! I cannot help but buy them all the time! I got her a Frozen one with sounds. Not necessarily Valentine's related but I know she will love it!