text:
The Cuban Oil Boom and the Discovery of Jatibonico Oil Field
October 2016 John D. Silvernail
Following the end of the Second World War, there was a great hope that the same oil prospectivity found in Venezuela might also exist in Cuba. Established international companies acquired concessions from the government as quickly as possible and new local companies were being formed every day to compete with them. The government limited the number and size of concessions a company could have, so at least one firm was formed as an umbrella, or an amalgam, of companies and investors, each with one concession. Some of these were public with stock on the market, some were private. Some U.S. drilling contractors also acquired contracts and shipped rigs to the island to get in on the new oil boom.
As I recall, a Cuban who lived in the town of Jatibonico named Echeverria (I can't recall his first name) had noticed oil stains in the limy soil at the surface of a small hill in a sugarcane field east of the town and obtained a concession from the government. He blocked out the concession in rectangular tracts and made a deal with a group of Cuban businessmen (Grupo Jarueca) who owned a small oil refinery in Cabaiguan, Rafinería Cabaiguán (affiliated with Esso). Tracts within the concession were allocated to Grupo Jarueca in a near-checkerboard pattern – or, at least, the best checkerboard pattern one could hope to allocate with rectangular tracts.
Jatibonico is approximately in the center of Cuba (see figure 1). The town is on the extreme western edge of Camagüey province (now Sancti Spiritus province). The principal industry is, or was, the Central Jatibonico sugar refinery.
After the end of the war, the Cuban government bought a National 75 drilling rig to stimulate exploration. Grupo wanted to use the rig but the government required them to get an experienced contractor to run it: enter Kerr-McGee. Formed in the 1930s (which was relatively recent to the period under discussion) by U.S. Sen. Robert Kerr of Oklahoma and Dean McGee, former chief geologist for Phillips Petroleum, Kerr-McGee Oil Industries had mainly been a drilling contractor, making money drilling wells for others and sometimes earning a portion of the operating position as part of its fee. The company was also in the exploration business with geological offices in Oklahoma City, New Orleans, Amarillo and Midland. Kerr-McGee was the operator and drilling contractor on the first producing well in the Gulf of Mexico out of the sight of land in Ship Shoal Block 32 in 1947. The well was drilled from a platform with a converted LST for the tender, and that established its name and bona fides to the outside world.
To satisfy the government, Grupo made a deal with Kerr-McGee to use the National 75 to drill the first well in what would soon become Jatibonico Field. Well No. 1 was drilled on the hill to a depth below 7,000 feet. Buster Golding was the tool pusher and, I suspect, the drillers and a few other rig hands on the initial well were also Kerr-McGee employees. Kerr-McGee was strictly the drilling contractor on the first well; however, some geologists who worked for a major oil company in Havana sat the well for Grupo.
The stratigraphic section for the initial well consisted of an upper pale green marly shale and then, at about 1,100 feet, a green and black series of volcanic rocks or tuffs of Cretaceous age (figure 2). The geologists told their company the well was a dry hole. When it reached total depth, casing was run and the well was tested in a number of zones in the volcanics chosen by a consultant for Grupo. Those zones were non-productive, so Buster was directed to perforate a zone at about 1,100 feet at the top of the volcanics where there had been a good show of oil on the pits when the well was being drilled.
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As they say, "the rest is history."
After the well had been tested (and this is my recollection of what I was told by Buster), the manager of the company that had provided the geologists brought his entire staff of geologists to the rig. He asked Buster to open the well to flow to the pits. He then said (according to Buster), "Gentlemen, that is oil – spelled O-I-L. Get to know what it looks like. That is what you are looking for."
I omit the name of the company deliberately.
Arrival in Cuba
Kerr-McGee took over operations for the subsequent wells, although the official name on the wells was still Grupo Jarueca. Wells No. 2 and 3 were also drilled before I became involved; Kerr-McGee sent a geologist from Midland, Texas, to sit them. Both were sited short distances from Well No. 1., which turned out to be the structurally highest well on the top of the volcanics in the field (figure 2). I was sent to Cuba at the beginning of Well 4, and I think I was selected because I was young, single, knew well-site work and had roughnecking experience.
So, off I went in the fall of 1954, speaking no Spanish and never having been out of the country. Buster was my guide in getting to Jatibonico for the first time.
Buster and I, along with the production people sent to handle problems, lived in a house on the eastern edge of Jatibonico. The house was constructed of wood, had a high ceiling – 15 or more feet high – and was divided into rooms by walls approximately eight feet tall; there was sight-privacy but not sound-privacy. The building included a kitchen and eating area, a bathroom and a few small bedrooms. There was electricity, a telephone and running water – in other words, all the comforts of home. The porch was wide enough for me to park a war-surplus Jeep owned by Rafineria Cabaiguán under cover so it didn't block the road. We employed a local woman who cooked and kept the place clean. One day she was furious with me because she wanted a mop bucket and I didn't understand the word "cubo." I finally caught on and bought her one. Additionally, I was elected to buy the meat because I was the only one who wasn't bothered by the open-air meat market.
Kerr-McGee, or perhaps Grupo, eventually obtained a work-over rig designed to pull and lay down single joints of tubing. Buster had fitted it out with a monkey board so the drill pipe could be racked vertically. The rig probably had been used for Wells 2 and 3 but was definitely used for No. 4 and subsequent wells. When I arrived, the National 75 was still stacked at the location of Well No. 1. The rig hands were all Cuban and they taught me the Spanish I needed to know at the wellsite. Our main contact with Grupo for the operations was a man named Bill King who operated Rafineria Cabaiguán. Bill had been in the U.S. Army Air Forces during the war; I believe he had been smart enough to marry the daughter of the local governor. He complained to me that before we showed up he was getting rusty in English but after dealing with us his Spanish was going bad.
A company named Cuban-Canadian Oil (CC) made a deal for other tracts on the concession some time after the discovery well had been completed. I think it was in early 1955 when CC brought in a rig and crews from Pennsylvania. The equipment was shipped on rail cars delivered to Jatibonico on the main railroad down the center of the island (figure 1). At that time there was a rail-ferry service between the United States and Cuba. Once in town, the cars were moved to a track used by the Central Jatibonico sugar refinery that ran out through the cane fields. The refinery's locomotive was an old 10-wheeler type built about 1910; it didn't have much pulling power so the wheels would slip before the load would start to move. The equipment was unloaded near CC's first drilling site and I watched some of the unloading.
Cuban-Canadian's people were not good about letting us know what they were doing, and one especially egregious example was when CC staked and started drilling a well on Grupo's main producing block. There was a real stink about that when Kerr-McGee formally notified CC that it was drilling on our tract; one result, I was later told, was that Cuban President Fulgencio Batista said the problem must be settled immediately or all of Kerr-McGee's people would be thrown out of the country in 24 hours. The dispute was quickly settled with CC getting a small portion of our block around its well.
We used the surveyor from the sugar refinery to stake the wells. I would give him the location in feet from a nearby well and he then converted the distances to meters (he taught me the magic number of .3048) and hacked a path through the cane to the location. He also provided the ground-level elevations of the drill sites. We measured the well depths in feet; the production was found at depths between approximately 1,100 and 1,400 feet. The oil was heavy, about 12 degrees API gravity and the produced water was fresh. There wasn't much difference in specific gravity between the two so we had difficulty separating them during production. Eventually we constructed a tank battery and a heater-treater close to the location of Well 1. The heater-treater was used to separate the oil and water and, after some experimenting by a Kerr-McGee employee from Oklahoma with production experience, an additive was found that would cause the oil and water to separate when run through the heater-treater. The oil was sold to Esso and trucked to Havana where Esso sold it as road sealant, as there was not enough volume to warrant refining.
We used Halliburton for logging and completions. The logging truck was based in Sancti Spiritus, a nearby town west of Jatibonico situated in Las Villas province. I think Halliburton sent it to Cuba with the expectation that, if the equipment were available, the company would get the business. The electric log was the only log available, and I don't remember if there was the equivalent of a micro-log. Perforations were made using short, sharp steel bullets shot out of barrels screwed into a long tool that looked like a sidewall core device. Both the logging engineer and the cementer were Americans and lived in Sancti Spiritus, but the logging truck operator was a Cuban named Nick Lopez. I understand that after Castro took over, Nick became an engineer for Halliburton and, I believe, was based in Argentina.
I was in Cuba for several wells between November 1954 and May 1955 when the drilling was stopped for the rainy season. On the way back I flew into New Orleans and in the terminal the cacophony of people speaking English bewildered me as I had become so accustomed to hearing Spanish. During that summer, I was the spare geologist and was loaned to the Amarillo office to sit wells in the Oklahoma panhandle. After that assignment I asked what the company planned next for me and was told, "New Orleans." My answer was, "At least they have decent coffee." My fate was sealed, partially because I had learned to really enjoy the dark-roast, almost syrupy Cuban coffee.
In early September 1955, I transferred to Kerr-McGee's office in New Orleans and, in addition to my normal duties in South Louisiana, handled the Cuban wells during the drilling season of 1955 to 1956, commuting for each well. I would leave New Orleans when a well spudded, fly to Havana, then to Santa Clara and then take the bus to Jatibonico. I reversed the route to get back to New Orleans. On at least one occasion, I took a load of pump parts down with me as personal baggage and got through customs with no problem by simply telling the customs man what they were. There was no duty for drilling equipment going into Cuba because the government was encouraging exploration. After I arrived in either Cuba or New Orleans it usually took about a week or so for the food at either end to start tasting good. Fortunately, I had learned enough Spanish to be able to spell my name over the telephone when I made an airline reservation to the States and have it spelled correctly on my ticket.
Cuban-Canadian drilled one well some distance west of the field, though I don't remember exactly where in relation to the town of Jatibonico. The test penetrated a sand above the volcanics that were encountered, but much deeper than in the field, and it was the first real sand penetrated near the field. Cuban-Canadian was going to test the sand through casing so I sat around at the well site that night while the zone was being perforated and tested with a consulting geologist I had never met before. He had bought a pineapple, and pared it, so we ate it while we visited. I enjoyed listening to stories about his early experiences running a core-drill rig in California. His name was Cam Sproule (namesake of the AAPG J.C. "Cam" Sproule Memorial Award) and I didn't know who he was at the time (so much for being young and green).
Unfortunately, the zone tested salt water.
Kerr-McGee had to stop drilling in the field at the end of May 1956 because there were money problems with Grupo. I returned to the States, bringing in as personal baggage a cardboard box full of little paper envelopes containing all the dried cuttings, my sample logs and electric logs from the wells in addition to my luggage. Getting the box of cuttings through the customs agents in New Orleans was an interesting experience, to say the least.
Unfortunately for me and for Kerr-McGee, the revolution started the following year. Foreign and private businesses were taken over by the new government and that was the end of Kerr-McGee's connection with Jatibonico Field, as well as my own.
In the end, the field was discovered by pure luck based on some traces of oil at the surface, and the quick thinking of an enterprising individual who got the concession and persuaded others to drill a test well. As far as I know there was no seismic, or even gravity data used prior to the drilling of Echeverria 1. That initial well tested a zone that had flowed oil during drilling and that is how the field was discovered.
The significance of the Jatibonico discovery was that it was the first new field to be found since the Second World War, and its discovery reignited oil exploration in Cuba. Majors to small private start-up companies snapped up acreage and drilled wells at a rapid pace until 1959, when the revolution was ultimately successful and all the concessions were nationalized.
The Echevarria
Hello, Actually, the name of the Echevarria that is mentioned in this article was my Grandfather Evelio. He and his entire family left after the revolution and settled in the U.S. his youngest son was my Father Jaime Evelio Echevarria. The family involvement in Oil was to me and my siblings, legend. It is wonderful to read about it here and understand more about how it came to be. Interesting to note was the mention of my Uncle, Evelio's oldest son Homer in the Warren Commission report on the assasination of Kennedy. My uncle says that the informant mentioned in the report totally mis-characterized the conversation. Apparently, the FBI agreed. All of this was unknown to me until more of the report was declassified. Again, thanks for sharing this story. It fills in a little of our family history. Joseph T Echevarria
Joseph Echevarria
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Federal Telecommunications Institute (IFT) of Mexico ruled that the Televisa group has a dominant position in the pay television market, since it can set prices and Restricting supply, affecting competition.
Mexico, March 2 (EFE) .- The Federal Telecommunications Institute (IFT) of Mexico ruled that the Televisa group has a dominant position in the pay television market, as it can To set prices and restrict supply, affecting competition.
In a newsletter, the IFT explained today that during the period examined - from January 2009 to August 2014 - "there were efforts Competitors to gain market share, but Grupo Televisa had the ability to counter those efforts without losing holdings. "
It also identified the existence of Significant barriers to the entry of competitors due, inter alia, to "the investment requirements in infrastructure, access to audiovisual content and advertising".
Being Qualified as an agent with "substantial power" is considered to be only damaging if that power is abused to displace other companies from the market.
After the full IFT Its decision on Monday by a majority of votes, the institution will initiate a procedure to determine the obligations it imposes on Televisa, according to the regulation.
The resolution Can lead to impose a series of measures to the largest group of Spanish-language media to promote competition, such as limiting content exclusively, forcing it to share Infrastructures or sell some assets.
In March 2015, the investigating authority of the IFT ruled, in a preliminary ruling, that Televisa dominated the Cable in 2,124 Mexican municipalities, but the full body determined in September of that same year that it lacked "substantial power" by five votes to two.
For the review the analysis period was modified, so the IFT only took into account data from January 2009 to August 2014.
The Televisa group Which controls about 60% of the pay television market, considered the new resolution "unconstitutional" and does not comply with "the guidelines of the collegiate court."
Announced in a statement that it will "promote the means of defense within its reach" and defend its position "vigorously."
The group recorded a net profit of 5,333.4 million in 2016 (267 million dollars), down 56.7% on the previous year.
Televisa operates four television channels in Mexico and distributes 25 pay-TV brands For distribution around the world and exports its programs to the USA.
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HSC Speedrunner IV is a fast ferry owned and operated by Aegean Speed Lines. She is used on a service between Pireaus, Serifos, Sifnos and Milos. She was built in 1999 at Fincantieri, Riva Trigoso, Italy, for Sea Containers Ltd, but entered service only in 2000 for Sea Container's subsidiary Silja Line. In 2006 she was transferred to another Sea Containers subsidiary, SuperSeaCat. In 2009 she began service with her current owners.
SuperSeaCat Four was the fourth and last mono-hulled fast ferry to be built for Sea Containers. Originally it was planned that she would be set in traffic between Brindisi, Italy and Çeşme, Turkey. The plan was abandoned however, and after delivery in May 1999 SuperSeaCat Four was laid up in La Spezia, Italy.
In 1999 Sea Containers acquired the majority of shares in classic Finnish shipping company Silja Line. Silja were at the time operating traditional ferries on the highly lucrative route between Helsinki and Tallinn, the capitals of Finland and Estonia respectively, but had no fast ferries operating on the route. Sea Containers decided to set their extra SuperSeaCat on that route, and from 17 April 2000 onwards SuperSeaCat Four sailed on the route under Silja Line SuperSeaCat brand. Due to the Baltic Sea freezing during winter, the service could not be operated between January and April each year. The ship spent those months laid up. In 2003 Sea Containers added a second SuperSeaCat to the route, HSC SuperSeaCat Three. For the summer season of 2005 a third ship, HSC SuperSeaCat One was added to the service.
In late 2005 Sea Containers decided to sell all of their ferry operations, including the profitable Silja Line. Silja Line was sold to the Estonian ferry operator Tallink, who already operated several fast and conventional ferries between Helsinki and Tallinn. Taking over the SuperSeaCats would have given them a dominant market position on the route. Because of this the SuperSeaCats were branched off from Silja to form a separate company, SuperSeaCat.


The Colourpop Ultra Matte Lip Instigator is now available in Philippines. The cheapest Colourpop Ultra Matte Lip Instigator price in Philippines is ₱ 995.00 from Lazada. You can also choose between different Colourpop Ultra Matte Lip Instigator variants with Tulle starting from ₱ 199.00 and LAX at ₱ 299.00. Colourpop Ultra Matte Lip Instigator price details are updated April 2019.


Lifeline given to US banks | City A.M.
A KEY US lawmaker said yesterday there is no need to force banks out of the lucrative over-the-counter derivatives business.
Barney Frank, the Democratic congressman who will chair the House-Senate panel that will craft the final bill, said he disagreed with language in the Senate's bill that could force banks to spin off their derivatives trading desks.
If the senator gets his way it would represent a major victory for banks, which are desperate to maintain the lucrative revenue stream.
New rules for the $615 trillion (£429 trillion) over-the-counter derivatives business are one of the most contentious parts of the broad regulation bill. One veteran banking analyst has said the legislation, including new derivatives rules, could lower the banking industry's earning capacity by about 25 per cent.
The Senate bill aims to curb banks' risky activities by forcing them to choose between their derivatives business and access to the Federal Reserve's emergency funds and other federal protections.
Those provisions were proposed by Senator Blanche Lincoln, who said it would ensure that banks get back to the business of banking.
OTC derivatives are currently traded in private, mostly among a handful of Wall Street firms, including Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan Chase, Bank of America, Morgan Stanley and Wells Fargo.
Lincoln, a Democrat who is fighting a tough reelection campaign in Arkansas, has stuck by her tough-on-Wall-Street proposal despite opposition from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp and the US Federal Reserve.


I am an artist and an educator. My artwork and projects put an emphasis on individual empowerment and strategies for the future. My multidisciplinary practice–which includes drawings, architectural case studies, and public art projects— merges art, architecture, ecology, and anthropology. I have been learning from and working with local communities in Soweto, South Africa; Bogota, Colombia; and the state of Acre in Brazil, among others. Can 21st-century cities learn from the forest communities of Acre? I think so.
Apart from exhibiting my art work and being busy with public art projects, I was from 2011 to 2018 engaged in a class of social practice Design for the Living World at the HFBK University of Fine Arts in Hamburg. The class worked on long-term projects in local communities across the world, aiming to create schoolrooms for testing methods of self-organizing and solidarity.
While at Headlands, I will work on series of drawings—on drawing narratives and diagrammatic drawings, a practice I have developed to bridge art, architecture, and social practice. Engagement with the world we live in is a continuous passion in my practice. During my time at Headlands, I will draw stories about the places I have visited as part of my research and on-site projects over the past few years. Such projects gave me an opportunity to learn from the communities who live there. They, in fact, are the real subject of my drawings, which tell of their strengths, their hopes, and their strategies for living.


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Winterbourne Bassett is a small village and civil parish in Wiltshire, England, about  southwest of Swindon and  northwest of Marlborough.

The village lies just west of the A4361 road between Swindon and Devizes, about  north of Avebury. The minor road through the village continues west to Clyffe Pypard.

History
The remains of a Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age stone circle lie largely hidden on a low ridge, about  northwest of the village. The ancient trackway known as The Ridgeway crosses the east of the parish.

In 1086, Domesday Book recorded 37 households at Wintreburne, and land held by Amesbury Abbey. The name Winterbourne refers to seasonal streams in the area, which meet to form the upper waters of the River Kennet. The Bassett suffix is from lords of the manor in the 12th and 13th centuries, and distinguishes the parish and village from Winterbourne Monkton, close by to the south.

Winterbourne manor was granted in 1194 to Alan Basset (d.1232/3), whose name appears in Magna Carta as an advisor to the king. The manor was inherited in turn by his sons Gilbert (d.1241), Fulk (later bishop of London, d.1259) and Philip (Justiciar of England, d.1271). Philip's daughter Aline married Hugh le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer (d.1265) and thus the manor was inherited by her son Hugh Despenser the Elder (advisor to Edward I, executed 1326). The manor reverted to the Crown; the Wiltshire Victoria County History traces its later ownership. The present manor house, just north of the church, was built in brick in the late 18th century.

There were further settlements at Rabson (southeast of Winterbourne Bassett) and Richardson (southwest). Rabson probably dwindled to a single farmstead by the 16th century; the house known as Rabson Manor, 400m south of the church and now surrounded by farm buildings, dates from the early 17th century.

Richardson (Ricardestone in 1242) was further south. The site of the deserted village – a scheduled monument – survives as building platforms, enclosures and tracks, one leading to a ford across the river. A country house here was demolished in the 19th century.

Local government
Winterbourne Bassett and the larger adjacent parish of Broad Hinton elect a joint parish council called Broad Hinton and Winterbourne Bassett. It falls within the area of the Wiltshire Council unitary authority, which is responsible for all significant local government functions.

Parish church

There was a church by 1121, linked to Lewes Priory. Fulk Basset was rector from c.1214 to c.1239. The church was dedicated to St Catherine in the 16th century but was known as St Peter's in 1848; since 1904 the dedication has been to St Katherine and St Peter. The present parish church is a rebuilding from the 14th century; its only earlier features are the font – 12th century or early 13th – and a limestone grave slab of the late 13th century.

The nave and chancel are in random sarsen while the 15th-century four-stage west tower is in limestone ashlar. Many of the furnishings, including the oak pulpit and reader's desk, are 17th-century. Renovation in 1857-8 saw replacement of the roofs, but the rest of the structure and most of the windows were retained; the northwest window of the chancel has fragments of 14th or 15th-century glass. There are three bells, one cast in 1583 and the others in the 19th century. The church was designated as Grade I listed in 1958.

Pevsner writes that the church has "excellent Decorated work". He notes that the Despensers were lords of the manor at the time, and that the north transept with its "unusually dainty detail" may have been their chapel.

The benefice was united with Berwick Bassett in 1929, although the parishes remained separate; the incumbent was to live at the Winterbourne Bassett parsonage. The union was dissolved in 1951 and the benefice was held in plurality with Broad Hinton. In 1975 a team ministry was created for the area, and today the parish is part of the Upper Kennet Benefice, alongside seven others around Avebury.

Amenities
There was a small school in the village from 1875 to 1966; primary school children now go to Broad Hinton. A Methodist chapel was built in 1904 and sold in 1960.

The village has a public house and restaurant called The Winterbourne, owned by a community benefit society.

References

Sources

External links

Villages in Wiltshire
Civil parishes in Wiltshire

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This lowbed is a ROGERS 35-ton "Gentle Riser" featuring a full-width (8'-6"W) platform on top of the "No Foot"® detachable gooseneck.
The full-width gooseneck allows space for crates and other items to be carried on top.
The cream finish color was a custom specification.
The 16° riser section provides easy access to the rear frame deck.
The customer specified aluminum wheels that save weight and "dress up" the trailer.
The deck is 2" air-dried oak with an optional steel-covered toolbox.
The hydraulic controls are located on the outer edge of the gooseneck platform for easier operation.
The 24" rear extension is the extra space on the rear deck.
Customer specified LED light package.
The rear impact guard is welded tot he rear channel below the extension.
The square opening on top of the rear deck is for access to the mechanical height control of the air ride suspension.


Good morning, here's the technology news you need to know today.
1. Twitter's "jinxed" product role has claimed yet another head. Jeff Seibert, who was appointed head of consumer product in September 2015, has just been replaced.
2. Yahoo is selling its search technology and a bunch of other patents that could be worth $1 billion (£687 million.) The company plans to sell roughly 3,000 patents.
3. Uber is already trying to poach food delivery cyclists in London. It's ordering food to its office and then trying to get the delivery riders to join UberEATS.
4. Lending Club's ousted CEO is plotting an audacious comeback bid. Renaud Laplanche has been speaking to private equity firms and banks about financing a potential buyout.
5. Amazon plans to invest an additional $3 billion (£2 billion) in India. It announced a $2 billion (£1.3 billion) investment in the country in 2014.
6. Snapchat launched a massive redesign to get people to read more stories. There's no longer any difference between publishers and live stories.
7. Accel Partners has poached a Facebook exec to invest in Israeli startups. Nir Blumberger is joining the VC firm.
8. The founder of Secret raised $1 million (£687,000) so he can sell a bot-powered blog site to businesses. David Byttow was previously the CEO of Secret, which became a haven for online abuse.
9. The US government says there's "merit" in an ex-employee's charges against WeWork. A former employee alleges that she was fired after flagging potential labour violations and refusing to sign an arbitration agreement.
10. Uber is now offering guaranteed arrival times for its carpooling service — and it will give you money back if they're late. Riders get $2 (£1.38) if they're delayed.


text:
A series of rounds in the Lebanese presidential election were held from 23 April 2014 until 31 October 2016. No candidate reached a two-thirds majority vote in the first round, and subsequent rounds failed to gain a quorum. Finally, in the forty-sixth round held on 31 October 2016, Michel Aoun, a Member of Parliament and formerly a disputed Prime Minister and Acting President in a rival government near the end of the Lebanese Civil War, was elected with 83 votes in Parliament. He took office the same day as the 13th President of Lebanon since independence in 1943.

Background

Prior to the formation of the Salam government, the main consideration was carrying out the presidential election, which

would precede the parliamentary election and a new electoral law. This follows an impasse between the March 14 Alliance and the March 8 Alliance. The Future Movement's former prime minister and parliamentary leader Fouad Siniora had started the process of discussion for the election prior to the government's formation. In regards to the political instability, Speaker Nabih Berri said: "In order to assure [March 14 groups] that our intentions are good, we do not mind holding the presidential election from now. Subsequently, there will no problem over the formation of a [new] government".

In accordance with the consociational power sharing agreement, the Taif Accord, the president of the country must be from the Maronite community, currently independent Michel Suleiman; while the prime minister is Sunni, currently independent Tammam Salam, and the parliamentary speaker is Shia, currently 8 March and Amal movement's Nabih Berri. In addition, the deputy speaker of parliament and the deputy prime minister in Lebanon must be Greek Orthodox.

Candidates
Possible candidates included Michel Aoun, Suleiman Frangieh, Jr., Samir Geagea, Jean Obeid, Riad Salameh, Jean Kahwaji, Boutros Harb, Robert Ghanem, Henri Helou, and Ziad Baroud. Maronite Patriarch Beshara Rai could be influential in the decision. Nadine Moussa was also said to be a possible candidate, making her the first woman for the role. Jumblatt also called for the return of Saad Hariri, who was in self-imposed exile, in order to "head an all-embracing cabinet to avert further tension and crises." Geagea added that he would remain in the race "until the end." He also noted that it was in the interests of the country to have a strong state and strong leader.

Process
A parliamentary committee formed by Berri was due to give him their results of their discussions. This includes points such as the intention of MPs from both 8 and 14 March to attend the parliamentary session to elect a new president and that there was no desire from any party for a constitutional amendment but that an election should be held on time. It also highlighted Rai's role in hailing Berri's efforts to make a conducive atmosphere for the election.

Results
On 25 May 2014, Suleiman's term ended without a successor, leading to a political vacuum. In the interim, Prime Minister Tamaam Salam's government assumed presidential duties.

First session
With a first round victory requiring two-thirds of MPs, or 86 votes, on 23 April Samir Geagea received 48 votes, Henri Helou 16 votes and Amine Gemayel 1 vote, with 52 votes blank and seven void. The void votes were for candidates who were no longer alive. As all the MPs left after the vote, there was no quorum to hold the second round, which needed only an absolute majority of votes.

In reaction, the Carnegie Middle East Center's Mario Abou Zeid said:,"Things could develop fairly quickly [today] to either bring certain names to the fore or distance certain names from running, and that needs to be closely watched. Lebanese resistance group Hezbollah is a key player in deciding who gets elected as president. It's not in their best interest at all to have a kind of president that might go against... their intervention in the Syrian conflict." Habib Malik, associate professor of history at Lebanese American University, added: "Things could develop fairly quickly [today] to either bring certain names to the fore or distance certain names from running, and that needs to be closely watched. Most likely, in traditional Lebanese fashion, a non-descript figure will emerge and will be touted as a reconciliatory, unifying figure." He suggested former MP and foreign minister Jean Obeid, who was said to be close to both Saudi Arabia and Syria.

Later sessions
Jumblatt suggested that there may not be a quorum for the expected second round vote. It was scheduled for 30 April, with a third round for 15 May and a fourth round for 22 May. A lack of quorum, however, stopped the elections.

Following Hezbollah and FPM's boycott of the four previous sessions to choose a president, the FPM said that it would not attend the fifth session at the end of May unless an agreement over a consensus candidate is made. The round was then aborted. The sixth attempt, on 9 June, also failed for a lack of a quorum after FPM and Hezbollah maintained their boycott. The session was attended by a new low of 64 MPs, notably PSP leader Walid Jumblatt missed this session, which was his first during the process. The Daily Star suggested that, instead, the main interest on the day was a salary increase for MPs. The eighth round similarly failed to achieve a quorum, and a ninth round was scheduled for 23 July. Similarly, the ninth round failed to attain a quorum while Lebanese Forces MP Strida Geagea said she held rival Christian MPs responsible for the failure to elect a president Berri's spokesman, Mohammad Ballout, read out a statement saying that the election was canceled "over lack of quorum." Berri set 2 September as the date for the next vote. Thirty minutes after the session began there were only 57 MPs present while Berri and Salaam were absent. Hezbollah MP Ali Fayyad reiterated that "the political stance on the presidential election has not changed. What is required is an agreement among the political parties on a conciliatory candidate for the presidency." Once again, the 11th round failed or a lack of quorum with only 50 of 86 necessary MPs present. Berri postponed the election to 9 October over a lack of quorum. The 13th round failed as well for lack of quorum, after only about 58 of the minimum 86 MPs were present. Berri set the 14th round for 29 October. The 15th round also failed for lack of quorum with Berri setting 10 December for the next round. The 27th round failed on 12 August 2015, with the next round set for 2 September. The 34th round failed on 16 December 2015, with the next round set for 7 January. The 35th round failed on 7 January 2016, with the next round set for 8 February. The 36th round failed on 8 February 2016, with the next round set for 2 March. The 37th round failed on 2 March 2016, with the next round set for 23 March. The 38th round failed on 23 March 2016, with the next round set for 18 April. The 39th round failed on 18 April 2016, with the next round set for 10 May. The 44th round failed on 7 September 2016, with the next round set for 28 September.

Forty-sixth session

After obtaining enough voting pledges for Michel Aoun, Speaker Berri announced that an elective sitting would be held on 31 October 2016. Widespread acclamation ensued in the country, as the sitting would mark the end of the presidential vacuum.

All 127 MPs attended the sitting. The session started on 12 AM. The first round failed by a very narrow margin of 2 votes, as a two-thirds majority, 86 votes, would have been required for a win. There were 84 votes cast for Michel Aoun, one vote for MP Gilberte Zwein, and one invalid vote for pop star Myriam Klink.

Subsequent rounds required an absolute majority, 64 votes, for a win. The second round was rejected immediately because there were 128 votes in the urn, but only 127 MPs.

The third round was held at around 1 PM and failed similarly to the second round after MP Sami Gemayel contested Berri's decision to count the votes without requiring the total number to be valid.

The voting in the fourth round was done by placing the urn under surveillance by Antoine Zahra and Marwan Hamadeh to prevent double voting. This resulted in the successful election of MP Michel Aoun after receiving 83 votes. MP Sethrida Tawk and Zorba the Greek received one vote each.

Other satirical votes included the statements "Cedar Revolution at your service" and "Legitimate or illegitimate session?"

Result

*The interim sessions failed to achieve a quorum on their first round.

**The first and second attempt at the second round were cancelled because there were more votes than present MPs.

Domestic developments
Free Patriotic Movement's MP Michel Aoun said that he would insist on holding the parliamentary election on schedule if Future Movement's Saad Hariri did not support his candidacy for the presidency or if a new president will not be elected before September. Geagea challenged Aoun to run against him or move to a "plan B" that would enable a consensual candidate that is not considered partisan as being from either of the two political alliances, which, in addition to the two, are Phalange's Amine Gemayel and Marada Movement's Suleiman Frangieh.

After the sixth round of voting failed, Lebanese Democratic Party leader Talal Arslan suggested that the president should be directly elected by the people. In doing so, he said: "The presidential crisis is a major insult to the Lebanese nation.  The only way to save the nation and restore respect to the presidency is by holding the election directly by the people." Lebanese Forces MP Antoine Zahra added that Geagea remained the party's candidate and asked: "Do those who are obstructing the session and violating the constitution know that their right to [be] absent from the sessions drops in light of [a] presidential void?" At the same time, Geagea added: "The Lebanese people should address the lawmakers that they elected who are obstructing quorum and question the motives behind their action." Outgoing President Michel Suleiman added: "It is not right to accuse the foreign community of obstructing the presidential election while we are setting preconditions and counter-conditions for the features of the new president. Let us keep the foreign community away from the presidential election and take part in the parliamentary session to vote for a new president."

Lebanon's Grand Mufti Sheikh Mohammed Rashid Qabbani said on 27 June that the "[Presidential void] opens the door for a looseness in security, and invites those who [are willing to] do Lebanon harm. [It] is an abnormal situation that we should attempt to terminate it immediately."

In the first week of July and in response to Aoun's call for direct popular presidential elections, as well as an electoral draft law to allow each sect to choose its own representatives, Geagea told al-Joumhouria: "Aoun hasn't proposed a serious initiative. He made a media stir to pressure the Lebanese parties into electing him a president. There is a need for amendments to carry out the presidential polls properly but these changes can be proposed only after the elections." Aoun's proposal would entail Christians voting in a first round and the top two candidates then running in a national election. Geagea's further response included: "The goal of putting forward a constitutional amendment is to divert attention from the presidential election."

Amidst the ninth round, Zahra called on MPs to elect a new president when Speaker Nabih Berri called for a session to express solidarity with Gaza during Operation Protective Edge and Christians in Mosul during 2014 Northern Iraq offensive. Zahra said "If two thirds of MPs were present to attend tomorrow's session, then they should be able elect a new president. Refraining from doing so would be a violation of the constitution and an attempt to make people get used to not having a president."

Future Movement leader Saad Hariri's return from self-imposed exile in Saudi Arabia in August was hailed by some MPs as the impetus needed to break the stalemate. 14 March MP Jean Ogasapian said Hariri "is expected to make tangible progress in the presidential election." However, Geagea praised Hariri's return as "positive," but that his presence in Lebanon "will not change anything in terms of the presidential election because it's not March 14 that is disrupting the election; it's the other [political] team." Hariri reiterated: "We can't accept the continuity of the presidential void. No parliamentary elections will take place before we hold presidential elections." He further noted that in the event of a continued stalemate, he would support the extension of the parliamentary mandate in order to avoid a void in state institutions. Just before he had met Jumblatt, who said Hariri's "presence in Lebanon is an essential factor in solving the country's grave problems. The Arab world is threatened and there is general chaos but in the presence of Saad Hariri and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, there is an umbrella protecting Lebanon...it isn't enough to acknowledge the protective umbrella, we, as concerned parties, should also reinforce and support stabilizing the state." He maintained his support for Helou because he was "a model for moderation. The moment we let go of Helou (as a candidate), we lose the line of centrism and moderation." He further condemned the paralysis of all state institutions and warned of a replication of the Iraqi crisis in the country.

Prior to the 10th round, Amine Gemayel said the country needs a president who would inspire confidence across all factions and would be able to defend the country's interest internationally. He further noted that politicians and spiritual leaders needed to help end the stalemate. Berri also said he was in talks with Jumblatt to break the deadlock and added that "with every day that passes [without a solution], the presidential crisis becomes more complicated." After the 11th round, Bechara Boutros al-Rahi said: "Depriving us from a president is a stab in the core of our dignity and [a betrayal to] the values of Lebanon. We suffer from a lot of corruption in the administration, including bribery, embezzlement and waste of public resources."

After the 12th round, Berri said: "I am afraid that resolving this obstacle currently requires external intervention unfortunately." Lebanese Forces MP George Adwan said parliamentary action was required to hold the upcoming parliamentary election. "Do the people know that if we do not modify two articles in the electoral law, the appeals against the election would automatically become legitimate and we will not have elections?" He also rejected accusations that he was advocating an extension of parliament's term. The PSP spokesman Rami Rayyes announced:The Democratic Gathering bloc headed by Jumblatt holds on to its presidential candidate Henry Helou. We would save more time when the concerned parties are convinced that compromise is the only option. But unfortunately this doesn't happen, making prospects dim for [early] presidential elections.

On the eve of the 13th round, Berri said he supported Hariri's stance that a parliamentary election needs to be preceded by the presidential election. After the 13th failure, Geagea accused Hezbollah and FPM of aborting successive attempts alleging: "More than three months have passed without a president, impacting our sovereignty, economy and political situation and placing the whole country in limbo." Berri also suggested that the Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon could destabilise the country under a vacuum. "If the Lebanese remain united, then they (terrorists) will not be able to achieve much." Berri reiterated that the presidential outcome must be finalised before a parliamentary election. Rai warned from Canberra where he was meeting with Eastern church leaders, that Lebanon should not get used to the absence of a Christian president. Lebanese Kataeb MP Elie Marouni added that the country was being destroyed in the vacuum; it comes a few months after he said Hariri's plan for a parliamentary electoral law could be in place shortly after a new president was chosen and that in regards to the candidates the country's needed Gemayel's "wisdom."

The 15th round again fail to achieve a result for lack of a quorum after only 54 of 128 MPs were present. Berri set a new date for 19 November. As a result, parliament was due to vote the following week on extending its mandate by two years and seven months with a bill proposed by MP Nicolas Fattoush. Parties from both alliances have spoken out against the motion, including FPM, Kataeb and Lebanese Forces. Though Berri was initially opposed to motion, he changed his mind after the Future Movement said it would boycott a parliamentary election scheduled for 16 November in the absence of a president. This follows an extension of the parliamentary mandate by 17 months last year. Rai also reacted to the failure in saying it was time to use the "stick" and that "both political factions are waiting to see who is victorious: Sunnis or Shiites, Iran or Saudi Arabia, the regime in Syria or the opposition." Geagea, for his part, added that the failure was tantamount to "overthrowing the Lebanese political system" and would have dire consequences for the country, in particular the Christians. He also called for putting pressure on Hezbollah and Aoun to reach a deal saying that the latter's ambitions had left the country with a vacuum. He further criticised the proposed extension as the "greatest current fraud operation." Gemayel also met Aoun at his residence in Rabieh to discuss the deadlock, describing it as "excellent. If we don't meet in these circumstances, when will we meet? We tried to convince Aoun to go down with us to a parliamentary session to elect a president, but he was not convinced. Maybe next time." Marada's Sleiman Frangieh said: "The president will remain a Maronite, so why is the vacancy being taken negatively. There is a Christian agreement over rejecting a weak president. Christians today prefer a void over a weak president and this is a positive thing." He also praised Hariri for his moderate stand in regard to the north Lebanon clashes in relation to the Syrian civil war. Amidst suggestions to have a tri-partite power-sharing formula (as in Bosnia - tri-partite: Maronite, Shia, Sunni), Rai, who was visiting Australia, also added "MPs did not elect a president, because they are waiting for a signal from certain states. A dangerous thing is happening now, which I did not believe before could happen, which is that they [certain MPs] want a conference to reconsider Lebanon as an entity and they want a tripartite power-sharing formula. I say that we will not accept a tripartite power-sharing formula or any conference [to reconsider the Lebanese political system]."

International reaction
Prior to the sixth round, the United Nations Security Council issued a statement that read: "The Council urges the Parliament to uphold Lebanon's longstanding democratic tradition and to work to ensure that presidential elections take place as soon as possible and without external interference." It follows Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon's comments four days earlier expressing regret over a failure to elect a new president and calling for a new one "without delay." Similarly, the International Support Group for Lebanon (ISGL) called for strong work amongst national leaders to quickly elect a new president, while also saying the Tammam Salam government needed to remain functional. U.N. Special Coordinator for Lebanon Derek Plumbly said: "We underline again that there is no international impediment to [holding the presidential election]. On the contrary, while the process must remain a purely Lebanese one, Lebanon's friends within the international community stand ready to offer Lebanon every possible encouragement and support at this time."

On a visit surprise to Beirut in early June, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry called for the speedy election of a president. A delegation from the Holy See also visited the country in the end of June to meet with Maronite Patriarch Bechara Boutros al-Rahi. They were scheduled to discuss the election amid rumours that the latter was planning a trip to other countries to try and resolve the impasse over the election.

After the failure of the 11th round, Plumbly said he "stress[es] the importance of preserving Lebanon's values of democracy, moderation and pluralism, and the institutions of the state which enshrine them" and he has solidarity with the institutions of the state that he claimed were "held hostage by violent extremist groups." The year-old ISGL was also focusing on the election.

On the sidelines of the opening of the sixty-ninth session of the United Nations General Assembly, the ISGL issued a statement that read there is still an international umbrella protecting Lebanon. In regards to the election, an unnamed diplomatic source said the solution lay with Lebanese officials. International players would limit their work to getting influential countries to pressure their allies to facilitate electing a president but that the deadlock was less complicated than the Syrian or regional conflicts. Saudi Arabia said a US$3 billion grant for arms, signed along with France, was pending approval after the election of a new president to get assurances Hezbollah would not benefit.

French Ambassador Patrice Paoli said that a new president was needed who had strong ties with the variety of political parties and that his country maintained an open dialogue with all groups, including the Western-banned Hezbollah. "Officials should get together to discuss the presidential paralysis and choose a person for the post, and the strong president is the one who has strong relationships with all parties." Former colonial power France, with the backing of the U.S., was said to be in talks with Iran over resolving the deadlock.

References

2014
2014 elections in Asia
2015 elections in Asia
2016 elections in Asia
2014 in Lebanon
2015 in Lebanon
2016 in Lebanon
October 2016 events in Lebanon
April 2014 events in Lebanon
Michel Aoun


text:
Paul Dumont peut désigner:
 Paul Dumont (1829-1886), un journaliste, archiviste, critique et bibliophile français du  dont le pseudonyme est Armand Baschet ;
 Paul Dumont, un historien français de la Turquie ;


text:
Serra dos Órgãos, in Nederlandstalige literatuur ook wel Orgelgebergte genoemd, is een nationaal park in het zuidoosten van Brazilië. Het beslaat een gebied van 110 km² en staat bekend om zijn onverwachts oprijzende rotspunten. Het werd als het derde park in Brazilië op 30 november 1939 opgericht met als doel het beschermen van het oerbos op de heuvelruggen en de waterbronnen in de regio. Het ligt in de deelstaat Rio de Janeiro bij Teresópolis en in de gemeentes van de steden Petrópolis, Magé en Guapimirim. De naam is waarschijnlijk afkomstig van Portugese migranten die dachten dat de rotstoppen leken op kerkorgels (órgãos).

Topografie
De Serra dos Órgãos ligt circa 55 km ten noordwesten van de stad Rio de Janeiro aan de noordkant van de Baía de Guanabara. De bergketens maken deel uit van de grotere bergketen Serra do Mar. Met hoogtes tussen de 1500 en 2200 m behoren de toppen tot de hoogste punten van het land. Het gebied ligt gemiddeld 145 m boven zeeniveau.

Tot de hoogste toppen behoren:
 Escalavrado (1.300m)
 Dedo de Nossa Senhora (1.320m)
 Dedo de Deus (1.692m)
 Nariz do Frade (1.980m)
 Agulha do Diabo (2.250)
 Pedra do Papudo (2.234m)
 Pedra do Açu (2.236m)
 Pedra do Sino (2.263m)

Geologie
Geologisch gezien is het gebied een gigantisch, uit gneis en graniet bestaand, paddenstoelvormig lichaam van dieptegesteente (batholiet). De imposante rotsformaties van Serra dos Órgãos zijn de door erosie vrijgelegde toppen van dit lichaam.

De gesteentes van de Serra dos Órgãos zijn circa 570 miljoen jaar geleden diep in de aardkorst gekristalliseerd. Deze fase van gesteentevorming wordt de Brasiliano event genoemd en is de laatste grote gebeurtenis in de ontstaansgeschiedenis van de Atlantische plaat tegen het einde van het Precambrium.

Het gebied is waarschijnlijk rond 60 miljoen jaar geleden omhoog gekomen, in dezelfde periode dat ook in de Andes opheffing plaatsvond.

Klimaat
De temperatuur in de Serra dos Órgãos kan dalen tot 4 °C. De gemiddelde temperatuur op 1000 m is 17 °C. De relatieve luchtvochtigheid ligt gemiddeld tussen de 80 en 90%, maar kan 99% bereiken op grotere hoogtes.

Vegetatie, flora en fauna
Tot 1800 m hoogte reikt de vegetatie van het Atlantisch bergregenwoud (Mata Atlântica). Daarboven begint een nagenoeg vegetatievrije zone, waarin er geen schuilplaats tegen weer en wind is en de temperaturen 's nachts behoorlijk dalen. Voor bezoeken aan de waterval is de zuidelijke zomer het geschiktst, bergtochten kan men het beste in de droge winters
maken.

De flora en fauna is opvallend. De kaneelplant komt hier voor. Passiflora organensis en Passiflora actinia zijn passiebloemen, die endemisch zijn in dit gebied.

De zuidelijke boommiereneter, de poema, de wijnborstamazone en de zwartmaskergoean zijn enkele van de diersoorten die hier in het wild voorkomen.

Toerisme
De rotsformaties bieden bergsporters uit de hele wereld uitstekende klim- en wandelmogelijkheden. De zuidwestkant van de Pedra do Sino, met 2263 m het hoogste punt van Serra dos Órgãos, geldt als een van de moeilijkste klimwanden van Brazilië. Daarnaast zijn er ook talloze trektochtmogelijkheden, waaronder de klassieke 30 km lange "Travessía" van Petrópolis naar Teresópolis dwars door de Serra dos Órgãos. Deze weg is voor het normale publiek afgesloten.

Bij de parkingang in een voorstad van Teresópolis bevindt zich het museum Museu Martius dat ter ere van de Duitse botanicus Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius werd opgericht.

Zie ook
 Lijst van bergen in Brazilië

Externe links
 Informatie over het nationale park

Gebergte in Brazilië
Serra dos Orgaos
Geografie van Rio de Janeiro (staat)


Baby Digger absolutely loves stuffed animals! She drags one around with pretty much all the time and has to go to sleep with one. So, I was pretty excited when I found a stuffed animal that is scented with the calming aromatherapy scent of lavender and chamomile! The Original Huggy Buddy stuffed animals each have a pouch that contains a pillow that you can place in the microwave and back into your Huggy Buddy stuffed animal for a warm, cuddly relaxing snuggle with your little one.
Huggy Buddy stuffed animals come in wide variety of choices of adorable animals to choose from, I chose the Elephant because Baby Digger absolutely loves them! She giggled from the moment she saw her Huggy Buddy Elephant and held and hugged him. The elephant is so cute and I love the attention to detail they put into him, he even has little toes and tusks!
Huggy Buddy stuffed animals are made with 100% cotton and I'm really happy with how soft and cuddly it feels, it's one of the softest stuffed animals I've ever seen. Baby Digger loves on her stuffed animals until they are ratty and worn so I love that Huggy Buddy stuffed animals are machine washable, so when hers looks like its been loved on a bit too much you can just throw it in the wash!
Before Baby Digger's nap I"ll warm the pillow inside of Huggy Buddy to help her fall asleep. Warming the pouch is really easy, you simply pull the pillow out of the Huggy Buddy by unfastening the velcro on the belly and place it in the microwave for 15 seconds. It comes out warm and smelling great and you just place it back into the Huggy Buddy, re-fasten and let the snuggling begin! She just loves hugging and snuggling it when I hand it to her at naptime. It has such a relaxing effect on my little girl and she falls alseep more quickly with less fussing and not trying to fight her sleepiness.
Huggy Buddy is giving one of my readers a Huggy Buddy of your choice! Ends 11/7 at 11:59pm EST. Enter using the Rafflecopter form below.
I received a Huggy Buddy stuffed animal for the purpose of this honest review. All thoughts and opinions are my own. This post was written by me and not edited by anyone.
I would choose the piggy buddy.
They are all cute, but I know a child that would love the doggy one. Thanks for having the contest!
My fave is the Elephant buddy.
I would like the Giraffe Buddy.
I'd pick the giraffe, zebra or elephant, what a great idea!
I would pick the Huggy Buddy Piggy.
I ordered an elephant a few weeks ago and still have not received it.
Seriously loving the elephant and zebra!


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Spreadsheet – Formulas
DES, secret-key decryption
On 15 May 1973, the NBS (National Bureau of Standards, now called NIST – National Institute of Standards and Technology) published a request in the Federal Register for an encryption algorithm that would meet the following criteria:
have a high security level related to a small key used for encryption and decryption
be easily understood
not depend on the algorithm's confidentiality
be adaptable and economical
be efficient and exportable
In late 1974, IBM proposed "Lucifer", which, thanks to the NSA (National Security Agency), was modified on 23 November 1976 to become the DES (Data Encryption Standard). The DES was approved by the NBS in 1978. The DES was standardized by the ANSI (American National Standard Institute) under the name of ANSI X3.92, better known as DEA (Data Encryption Algorithm).
Principle of the DES
It is a symmetric encryption system that uses 64-bit blocks, 8 bit (one octet) of which are used for parity checks (to verify the key's integrity). Each of the key's parity bits (1 every 8 bits) is used to check one of the key's octets by odd parity, that is, each of the parity bits is adjusted to have an odd number of '1's in the octet it belongs to. The key therefore has a "useful" length of 56 bits, which means that only 56 bits are actually used in the algorithm.
The algorithm involves carrying out combinations, substitutions and permutations between the text to be encrypted and the key, while making sure the operations can be performed in both directions (for decryption). The combination of substitutions and permutations is called a product cipher.
The key is ciphered on 64 bits and made of 16 blocks of 4 bits, generally denoted k1 to k16. Given that "only" 56 bits are actually used for encrypting, there can be 256 (or 7.2*1016) different keys!
The DES algorithm
The main parts of the algorithm are as follows:
Fractioning of the text into 64-bit (8 octet) blocks;
Initial permutation of blocks;
Breakdown of the blocks into two parts: left and right, named L and R;
Permutation and substitution steps repeated 16 times (called rounds);
Re-joining of the left and right parts then inverse initial permutation.
Fractioning of the text
Initial permutation
Firstly, each bit of a block is subject to initial permutation, which can be represented by the following initial permutation (IP) table:
This permutation table shows, when reading the table from left to right then from top to bottom, that the 58th bit of the 64-bit block is in first position, the 50th in second position and so forth.
Division into 32-bit blocks
Once the initial permutation is completed, the 64-bit block is divided into two 32-bit blocks, respectively denoted L and R (for left and right). The initial status of these two blocks is denotedL0 and R0:
It is interesting to note that L0 contains all bits having an even position in the initial message, whereas R0 contains bits with an odd position.
The Ln and Rn blocks are subject to a set of repeated transformations called rounds, shown in this diagram, and the details of which are given below:
Expansion function
The 32 bits of the R0 block are expanded to 48 bits thanks to a table called an expansion table(denoted E), in which the 48 bits are mixed together and 16 of them are duplicated:
As such, the last bit of R0 (that is, the 7th bit of the original block) becomes the first, the first becomes the second, etc.
In addition, the bits 1,4,5,8,9,12,13,16,17,20,21,24,25,28 and 29 of R0 (respectively 57, 33, 25, l, 59, 35, 27, 3, 6l, 37, 29, 5, 63, 39, 31 and 7 of the original block) are duplicated and scattered in the table.
exclusive OR with the key
The resulting 48-bit table is called R'0 or E[R0]. The DES algorithm then exclusive ORs the first key K1with E[R0]. The result of this exclusive OR is a 48-bit table we will call R0 out of convenience (it is not the starting R0!).
Substitution function
R0 is then divided into 8 6-bit blocks, denoted R0i. Each of these blocks is processed by selection functions (sometimes called substitution boxes or compression functions), generally denoted Si.
The first and last bits of each R0i determine (in binary value) the line of the selection function; the other bits (respectively 2, 3, 4 and 5) determine the column. As the selection of the line is based on two bits, there are 4 possibilities (0,1,2,3). As the selection of the column is based on 4 bits, there are 16 possibilities (0 to 15). Thanks to this information, the selection function "selects" a ciphered value of 4 bits.
Here is the first substitution function, represented by a 4-by-16 table:
0 14 4 13 1 2 15 11 8 3 10 6 12 5 9 0 7
1 0 15 7 4 14 2 13 1 10 6 12 11 9 5 3 8
2 4 1 14 8 13 6 2 11 15 12 9 7 3 10 5 0
3 15 12 8 2 4 9 1 7 5 11 3 14 10 0 6 13
Let R01 equal 101110. The first and last bits give 10, that is, 2 in binary value. The bits 2,3,4 and 5 give 0111, or 7 in binary value. The result of the selection function is therefore the value located on line no. 2, in column no. 7. It is the value 11, or 111 binary.
Each of the 8 6-bit blocks is passed through the corresponding selection function, which gives an output of 8 values with 4 bits each. Here are the other selection functions:
0 15 1 8 14 6 11 3 4 9 7 2 13 12 0 5 10
1 3 13 4 7 15 2 8 14 12 0 1 10 6 9 11 5
2 0 14 7 11 10 4 13 1 5 8 12 6 9 3 2 15
3 13 8 10 1 3 15 4 2 11 6 7 12 0 5 14 9
0 10 0 9 14 6 3 15 5 1 13 12 7 11 4 2 8
1 13 7 0 9 3 4 6 10 2 8 5 14 12 11 15 1
2 13 6 4 9 8 15 3 0 11 1 2 12 5 10 14 7
3 1 10 13 0 6 9 8 7 4 15 14 3 11 5 2 12
0 7 13 14 3 0 6 9 10 1 2 8 5 11 12 4 15
1 13 8 11 5 6 15 0 3 4 7 2 12 1 10 14 9
2 10 6 9 0 12 11 7 13 15 1 3 14 5 2 8 4
3 3 15 0 6 10 1 13 8 9 4 5 11 12 7 2 14
0 2 12 4 1 7 10 11 6 8 5 3 15 13 0 14 9
1 14 11 2 12 4 7 13 1 5 0 15 10 3 9 8 6
2 4 2 1 11 10 13 7 8 15 9 12 5 6 3 0 14
3 11 8 12 7 1 14 2 13 6 15 0 9 10 4 5 3
0 12 1 10 15 9 2 6 8 0 13 3 4 14 7 5 11
1 10 15 4 2 7 12 9 5 6 1 13 14 0 11 3 8
2 9 14 15 5 2 8 12 3 7 0 4 10 1 13 11 6
3 4 3 2 12 9 5 15 10 11 14 1 7 6 0 8 13
0 4 11 2 14 15 0 8 13 3 12 9 7 5 10 6 1
1 13 0 11 7 4 9 1 10 14 3 5 12 2 15 8 6
2 1 4 11 13 12 3 7 14 10 15 6 8 0 5 9 2
3 6 11 13 8 1 4 10 7 9 5 0 15 14 2 3 12
0 13 2 8 4 6 15 11 1 10 9 3 14 5 0 12 7
1 1 15 13 8 10 3 7 4 12 5 6 11 0 14 9 2
1 7 11 4 1 9 12 14 2 0 6 10 13 15 3 5 8
1 2 1 14 7 4 10 8 13 15 12 9 0 3 5 6 11
Each 6-bit block is therefore substituted in a 4-bit block. These bits are combined to form a 32-bit block.
The obtained 32-bit block is then subject to a permutation P here is the table:
1 15 23 26 5 18 31 10
2 8 24 14 32 27 3 9
19 13 30 6 22 11 4 25
Exclusive OR
All of these results output from P are subject to an Exclusive OR with the starting L0 (as shown on the first diagram) to give R1, whereas the initial R0 gives L1.
All of the previous steps (rounds) are repeated 16 times.
Inverse initial permutation
At the end of the iterations, the two blocks L16 and R16 are re-joined, then subject to inverse initial permutation:
33 1 41 9 49 17 57 25
The output result is a 64-bit ciphertext!
Generation of keys
Given that the DES algorithm presented above is public, security is based on the complexity of encryption keys.
The algorithm below shows how to obtain, from a 64-bit key (made of any 64 alphanumeric characters), 8 different 48-bit keys each used in the DES algorithm:
Firstly, the key's parity bits are eliminated so as to obtain a key with a useful length of 56 bits.
The first step is a permutation denoted PC-1 whose table is presented below:
57 49 41 33 25 17 9 1 58 50 42 34 26 18
10 2 59 51 43 35 27 19 11 3 60 52 44 36
63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 62 54 46 38 30 22
14 6 61 53 45 37 29 21 13 5 28 20 12 4
This table may be written in the form of two tables Li and Ri (for left and right) each made of 28 bits:
10 2 59 51 43 35 27
21 13 5 28 20 12 4
The result of this first permutation is denoted L0 and R0.
These two blocks are then rotated to the left, such that the bits in second position take the first position, those in third position take the second, etc.
The bits in first position move to last position.
The 2 28-bit blocks are then grouped into one 56-bit block. This passes through a permutation, denoted PC-2, giving a 48-bit block as output, representing the key Ki.
14 17 11 24 1 5 3 28 15 6 21 10
23 19 12 4 26 8 16 7 27 20 13 2
Repeating the algorithm makes it possible to give the 16 keys K1 to K16 used in the DES algorithm.
1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 28
TDES, an alternative to the DES
In 1990, Eli Biham and Adi Shamir developed differential cryptanalysis, which searches for plaintext pairs and ciphertext pairs. This method works with up to 15 rounds, while 16 rounds are present in the algorithm presented above.
Moreover, while a 56-bit key gives an enormous amount of possibilities, many processors can compute more than 106 keys per second; as a result, when they are used at the same time on a very large number of machines, it is possible for a large body (a State for example) to find the right key…
A short-term solution involves catenating three DES encryptions using two 56-bit keys (which equals one 112-bit key). This process is called Triple DES, denoted TDES (sometimes 3DES or 3-DES).
TDES is much more secure than DES, but it has the major disadvantage of also requiring more resources for encryption and decryption.
Several types of triple DES encryption are generally recognized:
DES-EEE3: 3 DES encryptions with 3 different keys;
DES-EDE3: a different key for each of the 3 DES operations (encryption, decryption, encryption);
DES-EEE2 and DES-EDE2: a different key for the second operation (decryption).
In 1997, NIST launched a new call for projects to develop the AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), an encryption algorithm intended to replace the DES.
The DES encryption system was updated every 5 years. In 2000, during the most recent revision, after an evaluation process that lasted for 3 years, the algorithm that was jointly designed by two Belgian candiates, Sirs Vincent Rijmen and Joan Daemen was chosen as the new standard by NIST. This new algorithm, named RIJNDAEL by its inventors, will replace the DES from now on.
http://csrc.nist.gov/encryption/tkencryption.html – Specifications of the DES, TDES and AES algorithms (NIST website);
RFC 2420 The PPP Triple-DES Encryption Protocol (3DESE)
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If you have a family that will join you to the Netherlands you have a lot more to care about. That is why we will here provide you some information about day-care, school and benefits. The Netherlands has no formal educational provision for children under the age of 4. Outside the formal education system there are, however, childcare facilities for younger children. Most of the regions offer plenty of choice, including agencies for in-home childcare, day care centres, and SPIL centres (integrated primary education, play school, and childcare).
In the Netherlands many parents who work during daytime, leave their children with a children daycare center. These centers either have groups with children in all ages from 0 to 4 years (vertical groups) or groups per age (horizontal groups). Most daycare centers are open from 7:30h/8:00h till 18:00h/18:30h. With some you can leave your child a half day and some cities even have 24-hour childcare centers. Please make sure to register on time as most daycare centers have a waiting list.
When you have children from the age of 4, they have to leave children daycare and go to primary school. From the age of 5, primary school is mandatory. Most schools start at 8:30h and finish around 15:00h. This means you cannot bring your child too early and you have to pick up your child at 15:00h. For parents who have to start working before 8:30h or work after 15:00h, it is possible to arrange Pre School Care or After School Care (Buitenschoolse Opvang, BSO). Some schools have their own BSO next door, others have transport for the children from and to selected BSO's. Most BSO's have the same opening hours as childcare centers.
Childcare is not for free in The Netherlands. A Dutch law deals with the quality, management, and finances of childcare in The Netherlands. It is based on the principle that childcare is a matter for parents, employers and authorities. As parents you pay for childcare services. Some employers reimburse a part of the costs (tax-free). You might also qualify for benefit from the national authorities. In that case, your childcare center must be accredited and registered in the place where you live. The level of childcare benefit depends on the composition of the household, type of childcare, childcare expenses and your income.


text:
The Harper Decade
Canada has changed
Navigation Commentary Lectures Audio Newsletter About
The Harper Decade Lecture Series — Vancouver: Canada's Climate Record and Why the UN's COP21 Climate Conference in Paris is so Important to Canada and the World
October 14, 2015 by Avnish Nanda
On October 13, 2015, The Harper Decade hosted a special environmental themed lecture series event in Vancouver with the Board of Change. The event explored Canada's climate record and what is at stake at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 21), which is being held from November 30 to December 1, 2015 in Paris. At previous conferences, Canada has played a critical role in preventing nations from reaching consensus and developing an actionable plan to address climate change and mitigate its effects.
Jennifer Allan, Tzeporah Berman and Marc Lee — leading voices on climate policy in Canada — shared their perspectives and insights on climate policy in Canada, and how we can reposition ourselves as a global leader.
October 14, 2015 /Avnish Nanda
© 2015 Richie Assaly, Kim Hayward, Sina Kazemi, and Avnish Nanda, all rights reserved. Inquiries can be directed to admin@TheHarperDecade.com.


A milestone or breakthrough in the scenario of anti aging treatment is the use of dioxanone floating threads which help to tighten the skin, getting rid of sagging. The results are almost immediately visible as tightness of the skin and anti-ageing effect is seen over a few weeks when body's collagen gets deposited over these threads increasing the firmness and tightness. This is a very minor procedure which can be even done as a lunch time procedure after application of topical anesthetic cream. Thus the loss of firmness and definition which had been troubling you can be corrected wonderfully with the non-surgical technique, giving a younger, firmer face.


Can 2012 be the worst year ever? I've had a few bad years, but this one is really taking it to a new level.* Nothing life-threatening (and for that I am eternally grateful), but the woes, worries, and stressors just keep coming. For one, I've had too many kitty issues this year. Why are the kitties making me worry and cry so much?! Then there are the car troubles and bills bills bills. I even had to see my dentist because my unconscious teeth-grinding was making my jaw hurt like mad a couple of weeks ago. I need one good month. Or a mini-break that does not end in me coming home to a brand new batch of trouble (as happened after I returned from my last two vacations).
Gotta just keep breathing. Zen. Yoga. Grrr…. stop teeth-gritting.
*I'm one of those weird academic types who thinks of years in terms of school years rather than Jan-Jan.
I'm having exactly the same kind of year!!


text:
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text:
The Scarlet Letter
Study Guide NO FEAR Translation Infographic Teaching Guide
No Fear Act 5 Scene 1 Page 11
Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Page 6 Page 7 Page 8 Page 9 Page 10 Page 11 Page 12 Page 13 Page 14 Page 15 Page 16 Page 17 Page 18
Table of Contents Characters Act 1, Scene 1 Act 1, Scene 2 Act 2, Scene 1 Act 2, Scene 2 Act 3, Scene 1 Act 3, Scene 2 Act 4, Scene 1 Act 4, Scene 2 Act 5, Scene 1 Act 5, Scene 1, Page 2 Act 5, Scene 1, Page 3 Act 5, Scene 1, Page 4 Act 5, Scene 1, Page 5 Act 5, Scene 1, Page 6 Act 5, Scene 1, Page 7 Act 5, Scene 1, Page 8 Act 5, Scene 1, Page 9 Act 5, Scene 1, Page 10 Act 5, Scene 1, Page 11 Act 5, Scene 1, Page 12 Act 5, Scene 1, Page 13 Act 5, Scene 1, Page 14 Act 5, Scene 1, Page 15 Act 5, Scene 1, Page 16 Act 5, Scene 1, Page 17 Act 5, Scene 1, Page 18 How to Cite
This lion is a very fox, for his valor.
He's as brave as a fox.
220True. And a goose for his discretion.
True. And as wise as a goose.
Not so, my lord. For his valor cannot carry his discretion, and the fox carries the goose.
Oh, that's not true, my lord. He's not brave enough to be wise.
His discretion, I am sure, cannot carry his valor, for the goose carries not the fox. It is well. Leave it to his discretion, and let us listen to the moon.
He's not wise enough to be brave. Anyway, he is what he is. Let's listen to the moon.
(played by STARVELING)
This lanthorn doth the hornèd moon present—
This lantern represents the
horned moon
horned moon = crescent moon
horned moon —
He should have worn the horns on his head.
He should have worn the
horns on his head.
Cuckolds (husbands whose wives cheat on them) were imagined as having horns.
He is no crescent, and his horns are invisible within the circumference.
He's not a crescent moon, so his horns must be invisible inside the circle.
This lanthorn doth the hornèd moon present.
Myself the man i' th' moon do seem to be—
This lantern represents the moon. I myself am playing the man in the moon—
This is the greatest error of all the rest. The man should be put into the lanthorn. How is it else the "man i' th' moon"?
Well then, that's the biggest mistake of all. The man should be inside the lantern. How else is he the "man in the moon"?
235He dares not come there for the candle. For you see, it is already in snuff.
He can't go in there because of the candle. It's too hot.
I am aweary of this moon. Would he would change!
I'm tired of this moon. I wish he'd wax or wane off the stage.
It appears by his small light of discretion, that he is in the wane. But yet, in courtesy, in all reason, we must stay the time.
It seems like he's waning, but out of politeness we'll have to wait and see.
Previous page Act 5, Scene 1, Page 10 Next page Act 5, Scene 1, Page 12
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text:
Q: How to Join table to pull all records from first table in SQL Query How to pull all the records from First Table and matching records and if in Second Table records exists for that join should pull those column otherwise it displays null for other columns.
Please refer below table StockMaster and StockDetails . My query is pulling ony matching recors ex- only two records and i tried LEFT join too but still it is not working correctly.
StockMaster
ID   Name        ISIN
1    Apple       54673
2    Microsoft   78734
3    Google      83456
4    Facebook    72345
5    Cicso       12435
6    Walmart     90998
...
1000  Tesco      9878767

StockDetail
ISIN    DESC                      URl
54673   Apple org description     www.apple.com
83456   Google org description    www.google.com

Query:
Select stm.Name,stm.ID,sd.DESC,sd.URL from StockMaster stm INNER JOIN
StockDetail sd on stm.ISIN=sd.ISIN

Result
Name         ID                  DESC                     URL
Apple        1                   Apple org description    www.apple.com
Microsoft    2                   NULL                     NULL
Google       3                   Google org description   www.google.com
Facebook     4                   NULL                     NULL
Cicso        5                   NULL                     NULL
Walmart      6                   NULL                     NULL

One more case
Select stm.Name,stm.ID,sd.DESC,sd.URL from StockMaster stm INNER JOIN
StockDetail sd on stm.ISIN=sd.ISIN where stm.ISIN =78734

In the above case i still want to retrieve microsoft company data but it returning empty because second table does not have ISIN

A: You should use LEFT JOIN. I dont know why you did not get correct result uaing LEFT JOIN but use following query for desired result.
Select stm.Name,stm.ID,sd.DESC,sd.URL
  from StockMaster stm
  LEFT JOIN StockDetail sd on stm.ISIN=sd.ISIN
 Where stm.isin = 78734

LEFT JOIN gives you all data from left table and matching data from right table. So put the table from which you need all the data on left of the syntax LEFT JOIN and other table from where you just want matching data on right side of it.
All_data_from_this_table LEFT JOIN matching_data_from_this_table ON ..

A: Just use LEFT JOIN
var query =
   from stm in ctx.StockMaster
   join sd in ctx.StockDetail on stm.ISIN equals sd.ISIN into gj
   from sd in gj.DefaultIfEmpty()
   select new
   {
      stm.Name,
      stm.ID,
      sd.Desc,
      sd.Url
   }

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text:
{-# LANGUAGE ScopedTypeVariables, BangPatterns #-}

module SpecHelper where

import           Control.Exception   (bracket_, bracket)
import           Data.List           (intercalate)
import           System.Directory    (createDirectoryIfMissing,
                                      getCurrentDirectory,
                                      removeDirectoryRecursive,
                                      setCurrentDirectory)
import           System.Environment  (setEnv, lookupEnv, unsetEnv)

concatLines :: [String] -> String
concatLines = intercalate "\n"

withEnv :: String -> String -> IO a -> IO a
withEnv k v action = do
    bracket setup teardown (const action)
  where
    setup :: IO (Maybe String)
    setup = do
      mv <- lookupEnv k
      setEnv k v
      return mv
    teardown :: Maybe String -> IO ()
    teardown (Just _v) = setEnv k _v >> return ()
    teardown Nothing   = unsetEnv k >> return ()

inTestDirectory :: IO () -> IO ()
inTestDirectory action = do
    pwd <- getCurrentDirectory
    let go    = createDirectoryIfMissing True testDirectory >> setCurrentDirectory testDirectory
        flush = removeDirectoryRecursive testDirectory
        back  = setCurrentDirectory pwd
    bracket_ go (back >> flush) action

testDirectory :: String
testDirectory = "test_project"

quote :: String -> String
quote s = "\"" ++ s ++ "\""

{-# ANN module "HLint: Redundant do" #-}


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Learning and school theme, black and white icons. Quiz icons. Papirus is a stylish icon theme for GTK and KDE desktop environments which means you can install the GTK version.Papirus is a SVG-based icon theme, drawing inspiration from Material Design and flat design.Papirus is a free open source icon theme for Linux Ubuntu, based on Paper Icon.
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Womens Football in Byron Bay is back with a ROAR. As a new squad for 2014, Byron Bay FC's womens' Wildcats entered the pre-season Callan McMillan Cup with moderate expectations.
However, after topping their pool in the preliminary rounds, the Wildcats went on to face Casino in the semi finals in what proved to be a tough and bruising encounter. In sweltering Casino heat, the girls came from behind 3 times to come away with a hard-earned victory.
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In the lead-up to the semi-final, the Byron girls were undefeated with three comprehensive wins, and only one goal conceded. The teams attacking depth saw 8 goal scorers in their in competition tally of 16 goals. The Wildcats' fast, entertaining football gave them an emphatic 7-0 trouncing of Italo Stars. In their second outing at the Ewingsdale fields, they ground out a 3-0 win over the Nimbin Headers, before trouncing Richmond Rovers 6-1 in the final round.
This committed group includes young women who played junior and youth football for Byron Bay, women returning to the game after a break, players from across the shire, the country and the globe and some who have never before laced on a pair of boots!
The Wildcat ethos is both supportive and encouraging no matter what the level of skill and experience. The girls trained very hard in the pre-season and have built a solid foundation for the upcoming year.
If you are interested in joining this inspiring group and playing Football for the Byron Bay Wildcats, we are still have places in both the 2nd and 4th division teams.
Please contact John on 0407 650 371 or women@byronbayfc.com.au or just drop into a training session at the Rec grounds on Monday or Wednesday evenings at 5:15.


Qualcomm Atheros AR5B93 Wireless Network Adapter is a Network Adapters hardware device. This driver was developed by Qualcomm Atheros Communications Inc.. In order to make sure you are downloading the exact right driver the hardware id is PCI/VEN_168C&DEV_002A&SUBSYS_03061A32.
Download the driver setup file for Qualcomm Atheros Communications Inc. Qualcomm Atheros AR5B93 Wireless Network Adapter driver from the location below. This is the download link for the driver version 10.0.0.227 dated 2013-02-20.
Driver rating 3.1 stars out of 20925 votes.