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More Info on T2838483 We want to provide you with more information on the Residential property located at 16321 Mcglamery Road Odessa, Florda situated in the Eckels Surv community in Hillsborough. This particular property was constructed in 1999 and its exterior material is made of Metal Frame. Our MLS listing data shown on this page is the most up to date information available as it is uploaded every day with an automatic feed; many other web sites on the Internet are out dated. Please note that this listing may not be our listing and we take no responsibility for the wording therein. MLS # T2838483 is a Single Family Residence with 2432.00 sq ft air conditioned and heated space. This property is offered for sale as of 04 19 2019 at $999,000. Its current status is either "ACTIVE" OR "ACTIVE WITH CONTRACT". We are happy to show you 16321 MCGLAMERY ROAD in Odessa, FL as well as any other property that you may have an interest in. There is no charge to work with us at Lipply Real Estate our services are FREE as the sellers of the property will pay our fee and it does not affect your purchase in any way.
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I came to the Wellbeing Network at a time when I was recovering from a stroke, and had been living with a diagnosis of schizophrenia for many years. This was my first experience of working with a group, where service users, carers, mental health professionals, GPs, and members from the voluntary sector all had equal value at all stages of designing the project.
It was very interesting and sometimes challenging, but overall a very inspiring and exciting process. I learnt a lot: I honed my management and decision-making skills, I was encouraged to use my writing skills, and (don't laugh) I even learnt knitting!
We co-produced a knitting project – a wall-hanging with the initials WSIC (Whole Systems Integrated Care) and WBN (Wellbeing Network) in an explosion of colours, which had significant meanings to each one of us.
I hope others can expect the best kind of involvement, led and directed by themselves and supported by others in the network, whether Wellbeing Partners, professionals or other members.
I believe there is life after mental illness, a good quality and fulfilling life. I'm excited to meet new members of the Wellbeing Network, and look forward to see how the network develops and grows.
I believe good things are coming. Why not connect with us and be part of our story?
When I was invited to be part of the working group for the Wellbeing Network, I didn't have a clue what they were talking about! But I decided to come along anyway, because I think it's always worth trying something different.
At the first meeting, when we first heard about the mapping tool, it made a bit more sense. But what I didn't realise at the time is that I think I joined the working group in order to become part of the network itself.
As a member of the group I had a voice and I felt like I was being listened to, and the co-productive element allowed me to learn new skills, like managing and chairing meetings and writing notes, working on job descriptions and interviews, and all sorts of stuff.
These skills are transferrable to my job as a peer support worker, dealing with people at all levels involved with treatment and recovery in the community.
Being part of the wellbeing network has enhanced my life, and I believe it can help us to move towards prevention, rather than cure, when it comes to mental health, and wouldn't that be brilliant!
As a long-time user of mental health services, I have learnt that there's a lot you do to help yourself. Like a lot of people dealing with mental health, I experienced social isolation and thought I had to do everything myself.
I started by joining a book club, which helped me meet a new group of people. When I was told about the working group, I knew this was the kind of thing that would help people with long-term mental health conditions. The Wellbeing Network helped me to reconnect with the community and get involved with local activities.
It's important not only to get out there and connect with others, but you also need to give something back. You need to use your own skills to help your community to grow, and this is what made the Wellbeing Network exciting for me.
I've been with the group for 15 months now and it's been a great journey. But now it's getting really exciting!


AG Rao is the Country Manager of ManpowerGroup India, the world leader in innovative workforce solutions. Appointed in December 2012, he is responsible for business growth and operations of ManpowerGroup India.
AG has lead ManpowerGroup's significant business growth in the last couple of years in India through Innovative workforce solutions. AG is passionate about creating a valuable and happy workforce of tomorrow.
Prior to joining ManpowerGroup, AG Rao was CTO and Executive President - Enterprise Business at Tata Teleservices, India.
In his role at Tata Teleservices, he was responsible for Enterprise Business Unit and all technology related functions. In his career spanning 24 years, AG has several significant achievements to his credit, which includes leading one of the biggest business growth in the telecom industry, creating one of India's finest Enterprise Business team and profitable Business models, and producing one of world's most cost effective telecom networks and world class IT function.
He has extensive experience in the areas of Sales, Marketing, Customer Service Delivery, Project Management, Commercials and Contracts Management, Telecom Technology Management and IT, Business turnaround and improving profit margins and People Management. AG has travelled across the globe and was also the CTO & CIO at Bakrie Telecom, Indonesia.
AG Rao holds a bachelor's degree in Electronics Engineering from the Bangalore University, India.


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Home » Rhinoplasty Research » Treatment of Dorsal Deviation
Richard A. Zoumalan, MD, Michael A. Carron, MD, Bobby A.Tajudeen, PhilipJ. Miller, MD
Treatment of Dorsal Deviation
KEYWORDS: Rhinoplasty, Nasal Deviation, Dorsal, Twisted Nose
The deviated dorsum creates the appearance of a twisted, asymmetric, or deviated nose. This situation may create functional and aesthetic issues that require correction.1,2 Correction of the dorsal deviation may present itself as a challenge to the rhinoplasty surgeon. The dorsum is a complex three-dimensional structure in which correcting a functional issue may have an impact on cosmesis and cosmetic correction may impair nasal function. Therefore, any attempt at straightening a dorsum should strive to maximize cosmetic outcome and maintain or improve nasal function. This can be a difficult task for the surgeon.
A proper skeletal support is necessary to provide long-term aesthetic and functional results. In the past, rhinoplasty was typically a reductive operation commonly resulting in loss of support, whereas the modern operation is focused on restructuring the nose.3,4 To give the nose an appearance of being straight, the existing architecture is realigned or grafts are used to provide a symmetric and straight appearance. Most often, both strategies are used to achieve a straight and symmetric nose. Overall, autogenous cartilage is the material most commonly used to restructure the nose and provides material with which to strengthen, augment, camouflage, and reposition the deviated dorsum. Sources of autogenous cartilage are the nasal septum, auricular conchal cartilage, and costal cartilage.5–7
Deviations range from a subtle ''C''-shaped deformity to a severe twisted nose deformity. Systematic facial analysis and evaluation of the dorsum are critical to correcting a deformity of this type. Such an analysis is complicated by the fact that most faces, on close examination, are vertically or horizontally asymmetric. As such, aligning the nose perfectly with one side or half of the face may not make it symmetric with respect to the other side. For example, the inferior third of the face may not lie in direct midline alignment with the upper third of the face. Hence, making a dorsum that bisects those two midline points results in a nose angled to one side. These imperfections and asymmetries should be pointed out to the patient before any surgery.
Perhaps the only consistent reference point for an frontal or anterior-posterior (A-P) photograph is the center point between the medial canthi on the nose with the head in the Frankfort plane. The other facial landmarks tend to be ineffective for analysis of dorsal symmetry because of facial asymmetries.8 A straight line is drawn from pupil to pupil. The center point between the medial canthi is marked. From this point, a straight midline vertical line is dropped intersecting the glabella, nasal dorsum, tip,columellar base, nasal spine, philtrum, upper incisors, and menton.9 Fig. 1 shows a patient with a very minimal upper third nasal deviation. In such cases where the deviation is subtle/minimal, a vertical line dropped from the centerpoint between the medial canthi or pupils can more clearly show this. Additionally, the rhinoplasty surgeon should analyze the patient's brow-aesthetic line on the A-P photograph.
The nasal width should provide a graceful curvilinear line from brow to nasal tip. Deviation of the dorsum alters the brow-tip aesthetic and affects the contour of this line.10 Fig. 2 shows an appropriate brow-tip aesthetic line for a patient with a straight nose.
The upper, middle, and lower thirds of the dorsum are each analyzed independently and then together as a whole.11,12 The upper third is composed of the nasal bones and the ascending process of the maxilla. The middle third is composed of the dorsal septum fused in the midline to the paired upper lateral cartilages. The lower third is the nasal tip, which includes the lower lateral cartilages, caudal septum, and alar base. Each third is recorded as being deviated to the left or right. It is clinically significant whether the upper, middle, or lower third is deviated because the surgical management of each third of the vault has its own set of maneuvers to straighten it.
Fig.1. To appreciate a patient's deviation better, a vertical line can be drawn from the center point between the pupils or medial canthi.
Fig. 2. Brow-tip aesthetic line
In this article, the surgical approach to the deviated nose is based on this principle of thirds. Fig. 3A, B shows a patient with dorsal deviation to the left. The upper third (nasal bones) is not deviated. The middle and lower thirds of the nose are deviated to the right, however. Fig. 3C, D shows the patient after surgical straightening of the nose. These photographs were taken 6 months after surgery.
Integral to patient assessment is the assessment of the intended surgical approach. The approach for management of the deviated dorsum can be external or endonasal. The choice of approach used depends on the severity of the deviation and comfort level of the surgeon. The authors find that most maneuvers targeting the deviated nose can be comfortably performed with either approach. In the 1970s, Goodman and Charles12 introduced a columellar incision to provide unparalleled exposure and facilitate open rhinoplasty as a means to preserve anatomic structure. This dramatically decreased the learning curve of surgeons attempting to perform a complex procedure. Yet, this comes at the expense of potentially increased operative time, prolonged postoperative swelling, scar contracture, and loss of nasal tip support. There is also the issue of an external scar that may heal conspicuously depending on a variety of factors. The advantages of endonasal rhinoplasty include decreased operative time, rapid recovery, and less significant scar contracture. These benefits come at a cost of a more limited exposure, however.13
MANAGEMENT OF THE UPPER THIRD
Treatment of the deviated upper third is tailored to the upper third deformity. The nasal bones as a unit may be twisted to the side, but the ascending processes of the maxilla are uninvolved. There may be a fracture (rare) of the entire bony complex unit to one side. More commonly, there are variations on those extremes. The treatment is osteotomies, and the specific osteotomy is based on the identified abnormality.
Deviation of the bony pyramid is corrected with osteotomies made at specific locations along the vertical plane of the bones, depending on the location of bony deviation. Once the bony dorsum is mobilized, it may be manipulated and straightened, and occasionally stented. Osteotomies may be performed in a variety of ways.
Fig. 3. (A, B) Dorsal deviation of the middle and lower thirds to the left. The upper third is relatively straight. (C, D) Six months after surgical correction of the deviation.
They can be performed using a continuous technique, which is the most common method used. In this type of osteotomy, the cuts are made in a continuous fashion, through the nasal sidewall. Osteotomies can also be performed in a perforating fashion, which is a postage stamp type of sequential fracture using a narrow osteotome (2–3 mm). Osteotomies can also be performed by means of percutaneous perforations, which are also performed with a narrow osteotome. The type of osteotomy is insignificant as long as there is a cut through the bone that allows sufficient bone movement for the bony pyramid to be shifted to midline. Lateral osteotomies are ideally performed in a high-low-high fashion. The initial part of the osteotomy begins at the pyriform aperture (high point) and travels laterally toward the ipsilateral eye. As the osteotomy nears the nasal process of the maxilla (low point), it travels cephalically and medially toward a point just medial to the medial canthus (high point).
Medial osteotomies are performed in addition to lateral (occasionally intermediate) osteotomies to allow increased mobility before manipulation of the bones. A combination of osteotomies is usually sufficient to bring the bones back to midline; however, lateral osteotomies alone may suffice. Medial osteotomies are performed by making osteotomies that begin just lateral to the septal insertion into the underside of the nasal bones. These osteotomies are aimed laterally to avoid rocker deformity.
Dorsal hump reduction may obviate the need for medial osteotomies. This is determined by how much hump is removed. When an open roof deformity is created after significant hump reduction, lateral osteotomies alone suffice because the central portion of the bony pyramid is absent. Because the bone is removed from the osteotomy, there is no central bone available to cut with an osteotome. If dorsal hump reduction does not remove a significant portion of the bony roof, greenstick fracture may result if lateral osteotomies alone are performed because there remains a bony bridge from the end of the lateral osteotomy to the root of the nose. Greenstick fractures are not ideal because they maintain a spring-like tendency, resulting in a return of the bony pyramid to its original configuration in the postoperative period.14
Unilateral osteotomies can be performed in certain situations. The surgeon must be open to ways to reshape the upper third, including not only unilateral osteotomy but outfracture of nasal bones after osteotomy. The usual strategy of the facial plastic surgeon is to infracture nasal bones before trying to realign the nasal vault. In certain circumstances of severe deviation attributable to fracture, however, the pyramid is so deviated that a portion of bone must be outfractured.
In severe cases of deviation, a cross-root (or transverse-root) osteotomy can be performed. In this maneuver, a 2-mm osteotome can be used to make perforated percutaneous osteotomies in a horizontal fashion across the nasion, or just inferior to the nasal root. This series of perforations should connect the most cephalic aspect of the lateral osteotomies. This maneuver should provide tremendous mobility when combined with medial and lateral osteotomies. The bony dorsum can then be manipulated and molded with the opposite hand into place. This maneuver is usually used when medial and lateral osteotomies are insufficient in providing the mobility required for straightening.
MANAGEMENT OF THE MIDDLE THIRD
Straightening the middle third of a deviated dorsum can prove quite challenging. Minor concavities of the middle third can be addressed with onlay cartilage grafts placed in precise pockets or directly sutured onto the depression using an external rhinoplasty approach. Such onlay grafts do not improve nasal function and airflow, however, but are primarily for cosmetic improvement.15 Management of a more severely deviated middle third requires more aggressive maneuvers to straighten the septum and the paired upper lateral cartilages to which it is fused in the midline.16,17 Reorientation of the middle third should be performed subsequent to osteotomies so that the nose does not shift back toward the deviated position.
Integral to the management of middle third deviation is straightening the dorsal septum. This can be done in several ways. Septoplasty alone may be all that is needed and can be performed by means of a Killian, transfixion, hemitransfixion, or external rhinoplasty technique. Severe deviations sometimes require that the upper lateral cartilages be detached from the septum by means of an external rhinoplasty approach with open septal reconstruction. This view delivers unparalleled septal exposure, allowing for a more complicated and involved operation to straighten or replace the septum if need be.
The septum can be scored on its concave surface to help release the spring and allow it to be straightened. Scoring is not effective unless there is some type of dorsal and caudal support allowing the septum to stay in position after scoring. The cartilage still has some memory and strength, causing it to return to its original position. Portions of cartilage can be removed, but care must be taken to preserve 8 to 10 mm of dorsal and caudal septum to prevent saddle deformity attributable to septal weakening and collapse.
The spreader graft has become the ''workhorse'' graft for straightening of the middle third. Sheen17 conceived the spreader graft a means of improving the transition between bone and cartilage and opening the internal nasal valve. This graft is placed in a pocket between the dorsal septum and the upper lateral cartilages. Spreader grafts can act to address concavities by augmenting the concave size.14 They can also address the deviated dorsal septum by acting as a splint.
Spreader grafts are perhaps the most difficult of all grafts to be placed by means of an endonasal approach. Although the open approach facilitates an easier insertion, an endonasal approach is used by the senior author (PJM) in many instances. In cases of airway obstruction, the endonasal approach is ideal for placement of the graft. The submucosal placement offers the maximal opening of the internal nasal valve. A precise pocket is created along the lateral dorsum between the dorsal septum and upper lateral cartilages. A small freer is used to elevate the small pocket. If placed correctly, the graft should push the upper lateral cartilage laterally. Suture placement is not required if the pocket is precise.
In a severely deviated middle third, disarticulation of the upper lateral cartilages may be necessary because of traumatic upper lateral cartilage avulsions. It may also help to visualize the deviated dorsal septum. In this instance, the placement of the spreader graft is best placed extramucosally. This can be challenging using an endonasal technique. A converse retractor is used to elevate the soft tissues over the dorsum. The upper lateral cartilage is disarticulated from the nasal septum with careful effort to stay extramucosal. The fashioned spreader graft is placed in the pocket and sutured with 4–0 polydioxanone (PDS) suture.
In patients with severe deviation or fracture that cannot be effectively straightened using grafts and scoring, reconstruction of a large portion of the septal structure may be performed. Subtotal reconstruction of the cartilaginous dorsum is an effective tool for severe septal deviation or fracture not amenable to scoring or cartilaginous reinforcement. This procedure requires an open approach and a large piece of cartilage for harvest. If this is not available, auricular or costal cartilage harvest is recommended.
The authors prefer to use autogenous cartilage for restructuring and reinforcing the nasal septum. The three options for autogenous cartilage are nasal septum, auricular cartilage, and costal cartilage. The authors prefer to use nasal septal cartilage because of ease of harvest and use. If septal cartilage is not available or is insufficient, conchal cartilage can be a good graft site. At times, however, there is not sufficient cartilage from the septum or ear or the cartilage is not sturdy enough for the needs of the patient. In this case, costal cartilage is harvested.
RELATION OF THE LOWER THIRD
Septal deviation may not only cause dorsal deviation but nasal obstruction by its intrusion on the normal airway. Deviation of the lower third is most commonly attributable to caudal septal deflection. The caudal septum is a critical structure providing support to the tip of the nose. Because the septum is situated between the lower lateral cartilages in the midline, deviation of it has a tendency to deviate the lower third dorsum to the right or the left.
Mild caudal septal deflections may be treated with a ''swinging door'' technique. In this maneuver, the caudal septum is freed down to the maxillary spine, ''flipped'' to the other side of the spine, and sutured to periosteum to fix it. Normally, a pocket is created between the medial crura to accommodate the caudal septum in its new position. If necessary, a small margin of caudal septum is excised at its inferior margin to permit its ''swing'' to the contralateral side of the nasal spine. The concave side of the septum can be scored to straighten it and to decrease its tendency to ''spring back'' into its previous position as a result of memory of the cartilage. In more severe cases, the caudal septum may need a more complex correction with removal and replacement with autogenous cartilage from the auricle or rib. This septal graft is then secured to the remnant of the quadrangular cartilage, the anterior nasal spine, and between the lower lateral cartilages.
The deviated nose is a complex problem with a variety of solutions. A simple approach for the deviated dorsum with surgical relevance is thinking of the nose as being divided into thirds. Tailoring maneuvers to alleviate problems in each specific third helps the surgeon deal with deviations in an effective and straightforward manner.
Johnson CM Jr, Anderson JR. The deviated nose—its correction. Laryngoscope 1977;87(10 Pt 1):1680–4.
Gunther JP, Rorich RJ. Management of the deviated nose. The importance of septal reconstruction. Clin Plast Surg 1988;15(1):43–55.
Papel ID, Larrabee W, Holt G, et al. Rhinoplasty. In: Papel I, editor. Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery. 2nd edition. New York: Thieme Publishing; 2000. p. 205–8.
Tardy ME, Toriumi DM. Philosophy and principles of rhinoplasty. In: Papel LE, Nachlas NE, editors. Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery. New York: Thieme Publishing; 2000. p. 278–94.
Gunter JP, Friedman RM. Lateral crural strut graft: technique and clinical applica-tions in rhinoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 1997;99(4):943–52 [discussion: 953–5].
Toriumi DM, Josen J, Weinberger M, et al. Use of alar batten grafts for correction of nasal valve collapse. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;123(8):802–8.
Tardy ME Jr, Becker D, Weinberger M. Illusions in rhinoplasty. Facial Plast Surg 1995;11(3):117–37.
Farkus LG. Asymmetry of the head and face. In: Farkus LG, editor. Anthropometry of the head and face. 2nd edition. New York: Raven Press; 1981. p. 102–11.
Vuyk HD. A review of practical guidelines for correction of the deviated, asym-metric nose. Rhinology 2000;38(2):72–8.
Powell N, Humphreys B. Proportions of the aesthetic face. New York: Thieme Stratton, Inc; 1984. p. 110–105.
Murakami CS, Larrabee WF. Comparison of osteotomy techniques in the treat-ment of nasal fractures. Facial Plast Surg 1992;8(4):209–19.
Goodman WS, Charles DA. Technique of external rhinoplasty. J Otolaryngol 1978; 7:13–7.
Shah AR, Miller PJ. Structural approach to endonasal rhinoplasty. Facial Plast Surg. 2006;22(1):55–60.
Toriumi D, Ries W. Innovative surgical management of the crooked nose. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 1993;1:63–78.
Constantian M. An algorithm for correction of the asymmetric nose. Plast Reconstr Surg 1984;83:801–3.
Anderson J. Straightening the crooked nose. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolar-yngol 1972;76:938–45.
Sheen JH. Spreader graft: a method of reconstructing the roof of the middle nasal vault following rhinoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 1984;73:230–9.
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Animoca Raises $1B for Web3 Investment Fund, Focuses on Ecosystem Growth
Posted on Januar 2023 by Phillip
• Animoca Brands has lowered its fundraising target for a web3 investment fund to $1 billion in the first quarter of 2023, down from its original target of $2 billion.
• The fund, called Animoca Capital, will be co-managed by Morgan Stanley's former executive, Homer Sun, and will be used to make strategic investments in developing the Web3 ecosystem.
• Animoca is in talks with potential investors to support Animoca Capital, and CEO Yat Siu says the company will focus its funding efforts on growing a Web3 ecosystem.
Animoca Brands, a global leader in digital entertainment, recently announced that it has reduced its fundraising target for a web3 investment fund to $1 billion in the first quarter of 2023. The company had initially planned to raise up to $2 billion during the same period, but readjusted the goal due to "challenging" market conditions.
The new fund, called Animoca Capital, will be co-managed by Morgan Stanley's former executive, Homer Sun. It will be focused on making strategic investments to develop a Web3 ecosystem. Animoca is currently in talks with potential investors who may be interested in supporting Animoca Capital.
CEO Yat Siu spoke about the announcement, saying: "[The first quarter] is the goal and then let's see what happens. It is fair to say it's a challenging market. But we have quite a bit of interest."
Animoca has around $98 million in its cash balance, $870 million worth of liquid crypto, and $4 billion in off-balance sheet coins. At the beginning of 2022, the company raised $358 million in funding as well and has stakes in over 380 companies. Temasek also invested a hefty sum in Animoca.
Siu mentioned that Animoca is not planning to raise funds for itself in the foreseeable future, but will instead focus its funding efforts on growing a Web3 ecosystem. This includes making investments in metaverse projects, which will be funded with the targeted $1 billion.
The Web3 ecosystem is made up of decentralized networks, protocols, and applications that are powered by blockchain technology. This new system is set to revolutionize the digital economy and create opportunities in areas such as finance, gaming, entertainment, and more. Animoca is committed to developing this ecosystem and creating a more secure and efficient digital economy.
Animoca's readjustment of its fundraising target for the web3 investment fund is a testament to the company's commitment to developing the Web3 ecosystem and creating a more secure and efficient digital economy. With its latest efforts, Animoca is set to make a lasting impact on the industry.
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Mini Comfort Food Candy Cane: An Adorable Fuzzy Plush to Snurfle and Squeeze!
Who invented candy canes? Trick question, no one knows! We do know they were around for quite a while before anyone thought to add stripes (talk about a white Christmas)! In fact, the candy cane didn�t start off as a cane at all! It was just a candy...stick! Anyway, all that�s great, but what we�re really interested in is how to concoct a striped, hooked, totally modern candy cane... out of fluff! Mission accomplished. Take that, culinary history!


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Jenny Joseph obituary
Popular poet with a disarming sense of the oddity and pathos of the human condition
Alan Brownjohn
Fri 19 Jan 2018 12.50 EST Last modified on Thu 22 Feb 2018 09.29 EST
Jenny Joseph in 2003. Photograph: Jane Bown/The Observer
The poet Jenny Joseph, who has died aged 85, might well have wondered a little ruefully whether WH Auden was altogether correct in maintaining that "poetry makes nothing happen". Her famous Warning ("When I am an old woman I shall wear purple/ With a red hat which doesn't go, and doesn't suit me ... ") was written when she was 28, and after its appearance in an early book went almost unnoticed for 25 years. Then, because of its contention that growing old should be a defiant process, it gradually began to be slotted into serious selections of writing about old age, and for its merit ended up in one or two grander places, such as Philip Larkin's Oxford Book of Twentieth Century English Verse in 1973.
With unforeseen consequences. It was eventually spotted by a retired public relations aide to Lady Bird Johnson, widow of the US president Lyndon Johnson, who enthused about it in an article in Reader's Digest as an encouragement to older women looking to feel defiant and active again after recovering from illness.
After that it went through numerous reprintings, spread to greeting cards and tea towels, and became an unorthodox addition to the stock of "message" poems brought into service for weddings, funerals and other solemn events. In a BBC poll in 1996 it was voted the most popular postwar poem. The red hat, unsuitably worn with purple clothes, finally supplied the name and symbol for the Red Hat Society, a worldwide league of clubs for women who identify themselves by wearing one for their meetings.
The poet, who in fact thoroughly disliked the colour purple, greeted this success with a mixture of astonishment, pleasure and weary frustration. Warning was, after all, just one poem in a considerable and wide-ranging body of work of which most of its readers remained unaware. Joseph issued denials: the piece was not autobiographical and she did not plan to fulfil its outrageous promises ("I shall ... pick the flowers in other people's gardens/ And learn to spit"). But they went unheeded. People expected her to come and read to audiences as the self portrayed in the poem.
Meanwhile, critical regard steadily increased for a succession of books which established her as a serious and talented poet with an acute, disarmingly explicit sense of the oddity and pathos of the human condition.
Daughter of Florence (nee Cotton) and Louis Joseph, she was born in Birmingham, where her father was an antiques dealer. Louis's knowledge and enterprise quickly brought a family move to a new home in Buckinghamshire, from where he ran a successful shop in Knightsbridge, London. Jenny attended Badminton school and won a scholarship to study English at St Hilda's College, Oxford, in 1950.
She and her student contemporaries, a sizable group of poets that included Geoffrey Hill, Anthony Thwaite and Alistair Elliot, were of a generation that just missed the influence of the postwar no-nonsense mood in poetry that went into the making of the later 50s Movement associated with Larkin, Kingsley Amis, John Wain and others – though one Movement poet, the slightly older Elizabeth Jennings, was an important friend. The two were both nearer than the Movement to an English Romantic tradition.
From the beginning, Joseph's poems, slowly composed and carefully crafted though almost entirely free in form, showed an appealing ability to catch the detail of everyday living. The Unlooked-for Season (1960), published by John Rolph's small Scorpion Press, set the tone and the themes for almost all her subsequent writing: sensitive and yet never routine treatment of home and domestic life, childhood, love and loss, nature and natural disasters (River Rising in India, February Floods, 1953). They also frequently featured people, such as beggars and outcasts, who obstinately refuse to meet the requirements of "normal" society. Perhaps there was something of herself in that preoccupation.
After graduating, she had worked variously as a teacher of English as a foreign language, a cleaner (in hard times) and a reporter for local newspapers such as the Oxford Mail; she also worked in South Africa for a radical publishing enterprise, Drum, just as apartheid was coming into full force with the election of the early Nationalist governments. She was in effect expelled from the country for her views, though she was reticent about her life and work during that period.
Returning to Britain, in 1961 she married Charles Coles and raised three children while working with her husband as proprietors of the Greyhound, a west London pub. Despite all the effort that required, she went on to produce Persephone (1985), a modern retelling of the myth of rape mingling poetry and prose, Led By the Nose (2002), a calendar of a year in her Cotswold garden with its distinctive scents, and volumes of poetry at regular, if long, intervals.
Among those was Rose in the Afternoon (1974), in which Warning first appeared, inconspicuously, as one of a batch of poems about "some people", almost as if she was detaching herself from the speaker. It shows an unfashionable forthrightness and an open pity which is never mawkish, in poems about ordinary, deprived people; as in Thoughts on Oxford Street from Provence and Elsewhere, in which a beggar challenges her sympathy with "I'm a dirty old man ... The rain cements my shoes to me./ The dustbin furnishes meals to me./ Why wasn't anyone interested seven years ago/ Before I became a character and stank?" Ghosts and Other Company (1996) renewed and enriched her earlier reflections on memory and mortality, characteristically celebrating "the graceful ne'er-do-wells who cavort and slap/ Their boards about on the concrete under the walkways".
She was never too much satisfied with her own good fortune, though disappointed about what she considered her failures: not producing an academic study of Shakespeare, never making films, and not finding the time to put the entire Warning story into a book, so as to "take my revenge on people". But the dedication to what is probably her best volume, The Thinking Heart (1978), quietly and philosophically sums up her view of the conflict between her two kinds of creative activity. It says simply: "To my children, preventers of literature, life-savers." That is like her, as a poet whose mood is predominantly poignant sadness and regret; but she is being much too modest about her achievement.
Her marriage ended in divorce. She is survived by her children, Martin, Nell and Bec.
• Jennifer Ruth Joseph, poet, born 7 May 1932; died 8 January 2018


text:
//
//  HMQueryNotificationAuthorityCmd.h
//  HomeMateSDK
//
//  Created by orvibo on 2018/9/5.
//  Copyright © 2018年 orvibo. All rights reserved.
//

#import "BaseCmd.h"

@interface HMQueryNotificationAuthorityCmd : BaseCmd

@property (nonatomic, strong) NSString *familyId;

/**
 3:情景自定义消息通知权限
 4:自动化自定义消息通知权限
 */
@property (nonatomic, assign) int authorityType;

/**

 authorityType = 3:sceneBindId
 authorityType = 4:linkageOutputId

 可选参数
 如果带了对象Id,服务器返回单个情景/自动化的通知
 如果没带对象Id,服务器返回家庭下的多个情景/自动化的通知
 */
@property (nonatomic, strong) NSString *objId;

@end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Boxer crabs go to crazy lengths to keep a pair of pom-poms
They keep their friends close and their anemones closer
By Mary Beth Griggs | Published Feb 2, 2017 7:00 PM
A wild boxer crab with anemones. Yisrael Schnytzer
Nothing can get between a boxer crab and his sea anemones. Not another crab, not a lack of sea anemones in the immediate environment, and certainly not biologists who deliberately remove a boxer crab's living pom-poms in the name of science.
In a paper published this week in PeerJ, biologists found that boxer crabs go to great lengths to ensure that they are always in possession of two anemones—no more, no less. For the study, they collected tiny boxer crabs (Lybia leptochelis) from the Red Sea. These crabs are popular aquariums additions thanks to their distinctive accessories—live anemones (genus: Alicia)—which they constantly clutch, cheerleader-style, in their front two claws.
Why hold on so tightly? The anemone pair is believed to act as the crab's security force. In exchange for the ability to move around with the crab—and leftover food bits from the crab's meals—the anemone provides protection from bigger fish in the sea.
"As with all animals that live beside/under/with cnidarians (coral, anemones, jellyfish) the assumed benefit is protection due to their stinging cells," Yisrael Schnytzer, an author of the paper, said in an e-mail. When Schnytzer and his colleagues placed boxer crabs in tanks with fish or other predators, the crabs would wave the anemones in the direction of the fish, often causing the fish to back off.
"[The anemones] may also provide "chemical camouflage" so that when they are for example under a rock—where we usually find them—and you are say a fish or octopus nearby sniffing for food, then you may just smell the anemones and go away," Schnytzer says.
Schnytzer and colleagues wanted to know what would happen if part of the crabs' security force got removed. So they patiently and painstakingly removed anemones from claws, a process that could take anywhere from 50 to 80 minutes.
If only one anemone was removed, the crabs would typically force the anemone to reproduce asexually, cloning the remaining anemone by gently teasing it apart and separating it into two individual pieces over the course of about 20 minutes.
Both anemone pieces would recover after a few days, growing into healthy individual clones that proudly adorned the Boxer crab claws.
In some cases the biologists removed both anemones, then placed the barren crustacean in a tank with a Boxer crab still in possession of its pom-poms. In those cases, the anemone-less crab attacked their tank-mate until it managed to steal an anemone (or parts of one). The crabs would then go through the cloning process until they had the right number of anemones between the two of them. This anemone division is thought to be one of the only instances of a creature inducing asexual reproduction in another species in the wild.
Weirdly—considering the immense importance that local crabs place on their symbionts—the researchers have not been able to find any of this particular species of anemone alone in the wild in their study area after four years of observations. And yet all of the boxer crabs they've encountered have had two anemones clutched in their claws. So where do the crabs get their anemones in the first place?
"It is possible that they are there, but live in some bizarre microhabitat where we didn't look," Schnytzer says. "Alternatively, maybe they were common in the past and are no longer for whatever reason. And another is that they do occur, but elsewhere, and the first crabs brought them, and then from there just stole and split. Bottom line—we don't know."
Bees and butterflies have trouble smelling flowers in polluted air
Researchers have found that diesel exhaust and ozone make it difficult for pollinators to find flowers, reducing plant-production rates.
Bones from a village in Turkey tell a 1,000-year story of wild animals becoming livestock.
Feast your eyes on exquisite fossils from an ancient rainforest (and more)
Found in Australia, the bonanza of soft-bodied relics in rock dates back to the Miocene epoch.


text:
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Tranportes HAM receives the Safety II award from Air Liquide
13/12/2021 13/12/2021 / By Grupo HAM / HAM NEWS/	0 Comments
The award recognizes our commitment to safety
Transportes HAM has received the Safety II award from Air Liquide. The mention corresponding to the 2020 period, which could not be delivered due to the current situation of the global COVID-19 pandemic, is a recognition to our team, in relation to the positive behaviors of the day to day, which demonstrate safe attitudes, putting valuing good practices and emphasizing a positive approach to technical and organizational safety and behaviors that can lead to accidents and incidents.
HAM Group practices a safety culture in all its companies from all points of view. We offer all our clients a service based on the highest demands, guaranteeing the highest level of efficiency. At Transportes HAM, we were the first to introduce GPS tracking systems in all our vehicles, which has allowed us to obtain an important database to optimize our routes, consumption, downtime and maintenance of our vehicles. In addition, annually, all our drivers take multiple courses on efficient and defensive driving, etc., with the aim of improving their driving style, thus reducing accident rates, emissions and consumption.
We are committed and encourage among our team members and collaborators a commitment to safety, evaluating all risks in safety and health at work, in regular meetings, which allow us to act on them, in the form of corrective actions, to guarantee the full safety and integrity of our workers and clients.
Víctor Banderas, Transport And Logistic Manager of HAM Group, points out that "for Transportes HAM, safety is a primary value and a key point in our business culture. Safe and preventive behavior is a habit in our team and we focus on raising awareness among our workers, clients and collaborators, with the aim of achieving zero accident rates".
Transportes HAM is dedicated to the road transport of cryogenic and flammable products, air gases, sulfur dioxide, liquefied natural gas and liquefied petroleum gases. Our fleet complies with ADR regulations and is characterized by constant innovation and respecting the environment by using ecological fuels such as LNG.
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text:
\section{Introduction}
Together with the development of photonic crystal fibers (PCFs), a
large amount of research has been devoted to investigate the
possibilities of infiltrating the air holes of a PCF with
different liquids\cite{kerbage2002optcom}, and thereby changing
the optical properties of the fiber. Depending on the refractive
index of the liquid, the guiding effect of the fiber can possibly
be changed from guiding based on modified total internal
reflection (mTIR), to guiding based on the photonic band gap
effect, where the core has a lower refractive index than the
effective index of the cladding. Also selective filling of PCFs,
where only some of the holes are infiltrated, has experienced a
considerable
interest\cite{nielsen2005joa,xiao2005opex,zografopoulos2006opex},
because this can be used to tailor the optical characteristics of
the PCF. Among the various liquids that can be infiltrated in a
PCF, liquid crystals (LC) distinguishes themselves, because of
their anisotropic nature, which allows the possibility of
controlling the optical parameters of the waveguide by changing
the orientation of the molecules\cite{larsen2003opex}. This
orientation can be controlled in different ways, for example by
applying an electric field externally. The optical characteristics
of the fiber can also be changed by varying the temperature, since
the ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices of LCs are
highly dependent on temperature. Recently these tunable properties
of LCs have been used in various experimental research
projects\cite{du2004apl,maune2004apl}.
\\The LC can be infiltrated in the PCF using various techniques, one
possibility is to use a pressure chamber, but this technique has
shown to introduce orientational irregularities in the alignment
of LC molecules\cite{phdthesisTanggaard}. Another possibility is
to infiltrate the holes of the PCF using capillary forces, this
technique has shown to give a regular alignment of the LC
molecules. A disadvantage using capillary forces for the
infiltration is that the length of the infiltrated region will
only be of the order of a few centimeters, while longer
infiltration lengths can be achieved using pressure infiltration.
\\In the present work we address the problem of calculating
chromatic dispersion curves for different waveguide designs, where
the material dispersion of both the LC and waveguide material is
taken into account. The LC infiltrated PCF structures we consider
have previously been studied
theoretically\cite{zografopoulos2006opex}, without inclusion of
material dispersion in the PCF material and LC, and only
considering the special case where the extraordinary index of the
LC and the index of the PCF material were identical. The material
dispersion of LC is important to take into account, since LCs are
highly dispersive, especially in the visible spectrum, where the
dispersion can be much stronger than in for example silica. It has
previously been shown that approximating the total dispersion
simply by adding the waveguide and material dispersion gives the
correct qualitative behavior of the dispersion
curve\cite{ferrando2000ol}, but is not sufficient if quantitative
data for the dispersion is needed, for example to determine the
position of zero dispersion wavelengths (ZDWs).\\
To calculate precise dispersion profiles, we must therefore
include the material dispersion in the field equations. This
destroys the well known scalability of Maxwells equations, hence
if all the physical dimensions of the fiber are multiplied by a
constant factor, we are not able to calculate the new dispersion
curve without having to solve the field equations again. In
addition, if the computational method used to find the eigenmodes
numerically takes the propagation constant as an input variable,
and returns the corresponding frequency, we must ensure that this
is done in a self-consistent manner, i.e. the values of the
dielectric constants in the numerical calculation must correspond
to the values of the dielectric constants at the frequency
returned by the computational method.\\
In this work we find the self-consistent frequencies based on a
generalization of a perturbative method developed for isotropic
waveguides\cite{laegsgaard2003josab}. We consider dispersion
profiles of both simple waveguides consisting of capillary silica
tubes infiltrated with LCs, and more advanced selectively filled
PCF structures. Finally we investigate how a change in temperature
affects the dispersion characteristics of the fiber.
\section{Theory}
\subsection{Alignments of LC-molecules}
In all the fiber designs considered in this work the LC is
contained inside a hollow circular cylinder. It is well known that
an intense optical field will interact with the LC and change the
orientation of the molecules\cite{tabiryan1986mclc}, here we
assume that the intensity of the optical field is so weak that we
can neglect this interaction. The LC is assumed to be in the
nematic phase, where the orientation of the molecules is
correlated, resulting in a preferred local orientation of the
molecules. This local orientation is described by the director
axis $\mathbf{n}(\mathbf{r})$ which is a unit vector pointing in
the same direction as the axis of the LC-molecules. In the general
case $\mathbf{n}(\mathbf{r})$ is found by minimization of elastic
energy. For the cylindrical geometry considered here the director
axis has the following form
$\mathbf{n}=(\sin(\theta),0,\cos(\theta))$ in cylindrical
coordinates $(r,\phi,z)$. $\theta$ is the angle between the
director axis $\mathbf{n}$ and the $z$-axis. The alignment of the
LC molecules in this situation has previously been studied
theoretically\cite{lin1991molcrystliqcryst}. $\theta(r)$ can be
found by solving a 2nd. order nonlinear ordinary differential
equation, where the only parameters are the elastic constants of
the LC. We assume that the molecules along $r=0$ are aligned
parallel to the $z$-axis ($\theta(0)=0$). The boundary condition
at the cylinder wall depends on the LC and the coating of the
capillary. Here we consider the two different possibilities
$\theta(R)=0$ and $\theta(R)=\pi/2$, where $R$ is the radius of
the cylinder. The dielectric tensor of a nematic LC is described
in terms of the perpendicular and parallel part of the optical
permittivity $\epsilon_{\bot}$ and $\epsilon_{||}$. If the
orientation of the molecules is described by the angle
$\theta(r)$, then the dielectric tensor has the following form in
cylindrical coordinates\cite{lin1991molcrystliqcryst}
\begin{eqnarray}\label{LCDielTensor}
\bar{\bar \epsilon}=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}
\epsilon_{rr}& 0 & \epsilon_{rz} \\
0 & \epsilon_{\phi\phi} & 0 \\
\epsilon_{zr} & 0 & \epsilon_{zz}
\end{array}\right),
\end{eqnarray}
where $\epsilon_{rr}=\epsilon_{\bot}+\Delta\epsilon\sin^2\theta$,
$\epsilon_{rz}=\epsilon_{zr}=\Delta\epsilon\sin\theta\cos\theta$,
$\epsilon_{\phi\phi}=\epsilon_{\bot}$ and
$\epsilon_{zz}=\epsilon_{\bot}+\Delta\epsilon\cos^2\theta$.
$\Delta\epsilon$ is the optical anisotropy defined as
$\Delta\epsilon=\epsilon_{||}-\epsilon_{\bot}$. If the 3 elastic
constants of the LC describing twist, splay and bend deformations
are assumed to be equal, and we further assume that the molecules
are aligned parallel with the $z$-axis in the center of the
cylinder, the orientation is given by
$\theta(r)=2\tan^{-1}(ar/R)$, where $a$ is a constant depending on
the boundary condition at the wall. For the boundary conditions
considered here we have the two simple analytical solutions
$\theta(r)=0$ and $\theta(r)=2\tan^{-1}(r/R)$, depending on
whether the molecules are anchored parallel or perpendicular to
the boundary of the cylinder. The two orientations are shown
schematically in Fig. \ref{ParAtanAlignFig}. In the following we
will consider these two orientations of the LC molecules, and
refer to them as planar ($\theta(r)=0$) and axial
($\theta(r)=2\tan^{-1}(r/R)$) alignment. The planar alignment is
easily achieved experimentally, while axial alignment requires
that the capillary is coated with a surfactant before the LC is
infiltrated\cite{phdthesisTanggaard}.
  \begin{figure
  \centering
  \includegraphics[scale=0.2]{dispFig1.eps}
  \caption{Parallel (a) and axial (b) alignment of LC molecules in a cylindrical geometry. Figures reproduced with permission\cite{phdthesisTanggaard}.}
  \label{ParAtanAlignFig}
  \end{figure}
\subsection{Calculation of chromatic dispersion curves} In this
section we derive a perturbative method for calculation of
chromatic dispersion of a waveguide infiltrated with LC. The
method is general and can be applied to arbitrary waveguide
designs. Our method is a generalization of an earlier presented
method for isotropic waveguides\cite{laegsgaard2003josab}, but
this method allows the possibility that the waveguide consists of
anisotropic materials. We consider a waveguide which is uniform
along the $z$-direction, and therefore assume that the magnetic
field can be described in the form of a monochromatic wave
travelling along the $z$-direction, i.e.
$\mathbf{H}(x,y,z,t)=\exp[i(\beta z-\omega
t)]\mathbf{h}(x,y;\beta)$. From Maxwells equations the following
equation for the vector field $\mathbf{h}(x,y;\beta)$ is derived
\begin{eqnarray}\label{fundeq1}
\mathbf{\Phi}\mathbf{h}&=&\frac{\omega^2}{c^2}\mathbf{h},\\
\label{fundeq12}\mathbf{\Phi}&=&\nabla_{\beta}\times\bar{\bar{\epsilon}}^{-1}\nabla_{\beta}\times
\end{eqnarray}
where the operator $\nabla_{\beta}$ is given by
$\nabla_{\beta}=(\partial /\partial x,\partial /\partial
y,i\beta)$. $\bar{\bar{\epsilon}}$ is the dielectric tensor, which
in the LC region is given by the expression in Eq.
(\ref{LCDielTensor}). In the silica region the dielectric tensor
is simply a diagonal matrix, with the dielectric constant of
silica in the diagonal. Therefore
$\bar{\bar{\epsilon}}=\bar{\bar{\epsilon}}(\mathbf{r},\epsilon_S(\omega),\epsilon_\bot(\omega),\epsilon_{||}(\omega))$,
i.e. the dielectric function depends on position, the dielectric
constant of the material surrounding the LC ($\epsilon_S$), and
the dielectric constants $\epsilon_{\bot}$ and $\epsilon_{||}$ of
the LC. Since material dispersion is taken into account, all 3
dielectric constants are assumed to be frequency dependent. The
dispersion coefficient is defined by
\begin{equation}\label{dispersion}
D=\frac{\omega^2}{2\pi cv_g^2}\frac{d v_g}{d\omega},
\end{equation}
where $v_g$ is the group velocity, defined as
$v_g=\frac{d\omega}{d\beta}$. To find an exact expression for the
group velocity we start out by rewriting Eq. (\ref{fundeq1}) as
\begin{eqnarray}\label{fundeq1InnerProd}
\frac{\langle\mathbf{h},\mathbf{\Phi}\mathbf{h}\rangle}{\langle\mathbf{h},\mathbf{h}\rangle}=\frac{\omega^2}{c^2}.
\end{eqnarray}
Here and in the following we use the following notation for the
inner product $\langle\mathbf{A},\mathbf{B}\rangle=\int
\mathbf{A}^*\cdot \mathbf{B} d\mathbf{r}_{\bot}$, i.e. the
integration is over the whole transverse plane. Now the group
velocity is found by differentiating both sides of Eq.
(\ref{fundeq1InnerProd}) with respect to the propagation constant
$\beta$. The left hand side of Eq. (\ref{fundeq1InnerProd}) is
differentiated with respect to $\beta$ using the Hellman-Feynman
theorem. To differentiate the operator $\mathbf{\Phi}$ with
respect to $\beta$, we note that the operator depends on $\beta$
explicitly through $\nabla_{\beta}$, and implicitly through the
dielectric constants $\epsilon_{j}=\epsilon_{j}(\omega(\beta))$
($j=S,\bot,||$). In the following $\partial/\partial \beta$
denotes a differentiation for fixed dielectric constants. Using
this notation we have the following expression for $\mathbf{\Phi}$
differentiated with respect to $\beta$
\begin{eqnarray}\label{opediff}
\frac{d\mathbf{\Phi}}{d\beta}=\frac{\partial
\mathbf{\Phi}}{\partial \beta}+v_g\sum_j\frac{\partial
\mathbf{\Phi}}{\partial \epsilon_j}\frac{\partial
\epsilon_j}{\partial \omega}.
\end{eqnarray}
Where we have the following expressions for
$\partial\mathbf{\Phi}/\partial \beta$ and
$\partial\mathbf{\Phi}/\partial \epsilon_j$
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{\partial
\mathbf{\Phi}}{\partial\beta}&=&\nabla_{\beta}\times\bar{\bar{\epsilon}}^{-1}\left(
\begin{array}{c}
0\\
0\\
i \end{array} \right)\times+\left(
\begin{array}{c}
0\\
0\\
i \end{array} \right)\times\bar{\bar{\epsilon}}^{-1}\nabla_{\beta}\times\\
\frac{\partial \mathbf{\Phi}}{\partial
\epsilon_j}&=&-\nabla_{\beta}\times\bar{\bar{\mathbf{\epsilon}}}^{-1}\frac{\partial\bar{\bar{\mathbf{\epsilon}}}
}{\partial
\epsilon_j}\bar{\bar{\mathbf{\epsilon}}}^{-1}\nabla_{\beta}\times
\end{eqnarray}
Using the Hermiticity of the operator $\nabla_\beta$, and the
Maxwell equation $\nabla_\beta \times
\mathbf{h}=-i(\omega/c)\bar{\bar{\epsilon}}\mathbf{e}$, now gives
us the general expression for the group velocity in the case where
the material dispersion $\epsilon_j=\epsilon_j(\omega)$ is known
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{groupvel}
v_g&=&v_g^0\left[1+\frac{\omega}{2}\left(\frac{\langle
\mathbf{e},\frac{d \epsilon_S}{d
\omega}\mathbf{e}\rangle_S}{\langle \mathbf{h},\mathbf{h}
\rangle}\right.\right.\\&&+\left.\left.
\frac{\langle\mathbf{e},\left(\frac{\partial\bar{\bar{\mathbf{\epsilon}}}
}{\partial
\epsilon_{\bot}}\frac{d\epsilon_{\bot}}{d\omega}+\frac{\partial\bar{\bar{\mathbf{\epsilon}}}
}{\partial
\epsilon_{||}}\frac{d\epsilon_{||}}{d\omega}\right)\mathbf{e}\rangle_{LC}}
{\langle \mathbf{h},\mathbf{h} \rangle} \right)\right]^{-1},
\end{eqnarray}
here $\langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle_{S}$ and
$\langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle_{LC}$ denote that the integration is
only over the silica or the LC respectively. The electric field
$\mathbf{e}$ is defined similarly to $\mathbf{h}$, i.e. it is the
part of the electric field where the $z$ and $t$ dependence has
been factored out. In Eq. (\ref{groupvel}) $v_g^0$ denotes the
group velocity when the material dispersion is zero. An exact
expression for $v_g^0$ is found by differentiation of Eq.
(\ref{fundeq1InnerProd}) with respect to $\beta$, and again using
the Hermiticity of $\nabla_\beta$ and the Maxwell equation
$\nabla_\beta \times
\mathbf{h}=-i(\omega/c)\bar{\bar{\epsilon}}\mathbf{e}$ i.e.
\begin{equation}\label{groupvelnoDisp}
v_g^0=\frac{c^2}{2\omega}\frac{\langle\mathbf{h},\frac{\partial
\mathbf{\Phi}}{\partial
\beta}\mathbf{h}\rangle}{\langle\mathbf{h},\mathbf{h}\rangle}=c\frac{Re\langle[\mathbf{e^*}\times\mathbf{h}]_z\rangle}{\langle\mathbf{h},\mathbf{h}\rangle}.
\end{equation}
where $\langle f\rangle=\int f d\mathbf{r}_{\bot}$. Our
perturbative method for calculating $D$ consists of several steps,
first we make a guess for self-consistent values of the dielectric
constants $\epsilon_{i,0}$ and solve Eq. (\ref{fundeq1}). From
this solution we find the nonselfconsistent frequency $\omega_0$,
and the group velocity due to waveguide dispersion $v_g^0$ by
using the definition in Eq. (\ref{groupvelnoDisp}). Now
generalizing the procedure for isotropic waveguides, we see that a
first order approximation to the self-consistent frequency is
\begin{equation}
\label{omegasc}\omega_{sc}\approx \omega_0+\sum_j\frac{\partial
\omega}{\partial
\epsilon_j}\Delta\epsilon_j=\omega_0\left(1-\sum_jE_j\Delta
\epsilon_j\right),
\end{equation}
where $E_j$ ($j=S,\bot,||$) is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
E_S&=&\frac{1}{2}\frac{\langle\mathbf{e},\mathbf{e}\rangle_{S}}{\langle\mathbf{h},\mathbf{h}\rangle},\\
E_{\bot}&=&\frac{1}{2}\frac{\langle\mathbf{e},\frac{\partial \bar{\bar{\mathbf{\epsilon}}}}{\partial \epsilon_{\bot}}\mathbf{e}\rangle_{LC}}{\langle\mathbf{h},\mathbf{h}\rangle},\\
E_{||}&=&\frac{1}{2}\frac{\langle\mathbf{e},\frac{\partial
\bar{\bar{\mathbf{\epsilon}}}}{\partial
\epsilon_{||}}\mathbf{e}\rangle_{LC}}{\langle\mathbf{h},\mathbf{h}\rangle}.
\end{eqnarray}
In Eq. (\ref{omegasc}) $\partial \omega /\partial
\epsilon_j=-\omega E_j$ has been found by differentiating Eq.
(\ref{fundeq1InnerProd}) with respect to $\epsilon_j$.
$\Delta\epsilon_j$ in Eq. (\ref{omegasc}) is found by noting that
\begin{eqnarray}\label{linsysDeps}
\epsilon_i(\omega_{sc})&\approx&
\epsilon_i(\omega_0)+\frac{d\epsilon_i}{d\omega}|_{\omega_0}(\omega_{sc}-\omega_0)\\&=&\epsilon_{i}(\omega_{0})-\frac{d
\epsilon_i}{d
\omega}|_{\omega_0}\sum_{j}E_j\Delta\epsilon_{j}\omega_0\\&=&\epsilon_{i,0}+\Delta\epsilon_i.
\end{eqnarray}
Eqs. (\ref{linsysDeps}) define a system of 3 coupled linear
algebraic equations. Once Eqs. (\ref{linsysDeps}) have been solved
for $\Delta\epsilon_i$, our approximation to the selfconsistent
frequency is readily found using Eq. (\ref{omegasc}). Since our
goal is to use Eq. (\ref{groupvel}) for finding the group
velocity, we must also find an approximation to $v_g^0$. This is
done by using that
\begin{equation}
\frac{\partial v_g^0}{\partial
\epsilon_j}=\frac{\partial^2\omega}{\partial \epsilon_j
\partial \beta}=-\frac{\partial}{\partial \beta}\omega E_j=-(v_g^0E_j+\omega\frac{\partial E_j}{\partial \beta}).
\end{equation}
A first order approximation to the self-consistent group velocity
is then found using Eq. (\ref{groupvel})
\begin{equation}\label{selfconsisgroupvel}
v_g^{sc}=\frac{v_g^0-\sum_j(v_g^0E_j+\omega_0\frac{\partial
E_j}{\partial
\beta})\Delta\epsilon_j}{1+\omega_{sc}\sum_jE_j\frac{d
\epsilon_j}{d \omega}|_{\omega_{sc}}},
\end{equation}
In Eq. (\ref{selfconsisgroupvel}) and (\ref{linsysDeps}) we find
the derivatives of the dielectric constants by differentiating the
Sellmeier or Cauchy polynomial presented in the following with
respect to frequency. $E_j$ is found from the fields returned by
the computational method, when using the dielectric constants
$\epsilon_{i,0}$. Strictly speaking the values of $E_j$ used in
Eq. (\ref{selfconsisgroupvel}) should be the values calculated at
the selfconsistent frequency. This would require solving Eq.
(\ref{fundeq1}) more than one time, and therefore significantly
increase the calculation time for each propagation constant, but
we have found that the variations in $E_j$ with $\epsilon_i$ can
safely be neglected. The derivatives of $E_j$ with respect to
$\beta$ are found using a standard three point approximation.
After having found the selfconsistent frequencies and the
corresponding group velocities for a number of propagation
constants $\beta$, we find the dispersion $D$ by using the
definition given in Eq. (\ref{dispersion}), in this calculation
the derivative of the group velocity $v_g$ with respect to
frequency $\omega$ is also approximated using a three point
formula.

\section{Results}
Both the planar and axial alignment discussed in the previous
section are considered. For the material dispersion of silica we
use the Sellmeier curve
\begin{equation}\label{selmeierEq}
\epsilon_{SiO_2}=1+\sum_{j=1}^{3}\frac{a_j\lambda^2}{\lambda^2-b_j},
\end{equation}
where $a_i$ and $b_i$ are constants. Here we use the values in
Table \ref{SellmeierCauchyParms} as reported by
Okamoto\cite{okamoto}.
\begin{table
\centering
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l}
$i$ &   $A_i^{\bot} (25^o$C$)$    &  $A_i^{||}  (25^o$C$)$&  $A_i^{\bot}  (50^o$C$)$&  $A_i^{||}  (50^o$C$)$  &  $a_i$ & $b_i$  \\\hline \hline\\
$1$ & $1.4994$ & $1.6933$ &1.5062&1.6395& $0.6965325$ &
$4.368309\cdot
10^{-3}$\\
$2$ & $0.0070$ & $0.0078$ &0.0063&0.0095&$0.4083099$ &
$1.394999\cdot
10^{-2}$\\
$3$ & $0.0004$ & $0.0028$ &0.0006&0.0020& $0.8968766$ & $97.93399$\\
 \hline \hline
\end{tabular}

\caption{Parameters for Cauchy and Sellmeier polynomials given in
Eq. (\ref{selmeierEq}-\ref{cauchyEq}). The non-dimensionless
parameters are all given in units of $\mu m^2$ or $\mu m^4$.}
\label{SellmeierCauchyParms}
\end{table}

For the LC a Cauchy polynomial is used for both $\epsilon_{\bot}$
and $\epsilon_{||}$
\begin{equation}\label{cauchyEq}
\epsilon_{\bot,||}=\left(A_1^{\bot,||}+\frac{A_2^{\bot,||}}{\lambda^2}+\frac{A_3^{\bot,||}}{\lambda^4}\right)^2
\end{equation}
where $A_i^{\bot,||}$ are constants. Here we use the values for
the liquid crystal E7 given in Table \ref{SellmeierCauchyParms} as
reported by Li \emph{et al}\cite{li2005jap} at $25^o$C and
$50^o$C. The values obtained for the dielectric constants using
these parameters in the Cauchy polynomials have been shown to be
consistent with measured values throughout the visible spectrum
and far into the infrared spectrum. In Fig.
\ref{SellmeierCauchyPlots} we have plotted the three dielectric
constants $\epsilon_S$, $\epsilon_{\bot}$ and $\epsilon_{||}$ as a
function of vacuum wavelength.
  \begin{figure
  \centering
  \includegraphics[scale=0.2]{dispFig2.eps}
  \caption{Dielectric constants of silica and E7. The curves for silica and
           E7 are based on the Sellmeier expression given in Eq. (\ref{selmeierEq}) and
           the Cauchy polynomial given in Eq. (\ref{cauchyEq}) respectively. The
           parameters given in Table \ref{SellmeierCauchyParms} are used.}
  \label{SellmeierCauchyPlots}
  \end{figure}
We see that the dielectric constant of silica ($\epsilon_S$) is
below the two dielectric constants of E7 ($\epsilon_{\bot}$ and
$\epsilon_{||}$) throughout the visible spectrum and into the near
infrared spectrum, hence a waveguide based on TIR can be realized
in this spectrum. In the following we examine the chromatic
dispersion for different waveguides based on TIR for the capillary
tubes, and modified TIR for the PCFs. Whenever the perturbative
method is used to obtain self-consistent frequencies, the guesses
for the self-consistent values of the dielectric constants
$\epsilon_{j,0}$ are taken to be the values corresponding to a
vacuum wavelength of $1\mu$m. We solve Eq. (\ref{fundeq1}) using a
freely available software package\cite{johnson2001:mpb} where the
electric field is expanded in plane waves. In this software
package periodic boundary conditions are assumed on all
boundaries, therefore all calculations for both the single
capillary and the PCF structure are done using a supercell which
is considerably larger than the LC infiltrated cylinder in order
to minimize interactions between the images. In this work the
distance between repeated images was 14 relative to the radius of
the LC infiltrated cylinder for the capillary tubes, and 14
relative to the pitch for the PCF structures. Each elementary cell
of the supercell consisted of a uniform $32\times 32$ grid. The
relative error using these parameters was estimated to be below
$5\%$, by repeating a set of the computations on a finer $64\times
64$ grid.
\subsection{Capillary tube infiltrated with LC}
First we consider a simple waveguide consisting of a circular hole
containing LC surrounded by a silica cladding. Such a waveguide
can be realized physically by infiltrating a capillary tube with
LC. If we assume that the LC molecules align in the planar
orientation discussed in the previous section, the dielectric
tensor in Eq. (\ref{LCDielTensor}) only has nonzero elements in
the diagonal, i.e. $\bar{\bar
\epsilon}=diag(\epsilon_{\bot},\epsilon_{\bot},\epsilon_{||})$. If
we further assume the cladding has infinite width, an analytical
solution to Eq. (\ref{fundeq1}) can be derived\cite{dai1991josaa}.
We can therefore use this solution to investigate the accuracy of
our numerical perturbative method. The fundamental mode of the
waveguide considered here is always the HE$_{11}$ mode. For a
certain mode to be guided in this structure, the propagation
constant $\beta$ must satisfy
$\epsilon_{S}^{1/2}k<\beta<\epsilon_{\bot}^{1/2}k$, where $k$ is
the vacuum wavenumber $k=\omega/c$. The fiber has a single guided
mode when the $V$-parameter
($V=kr(\epsilon_{\bot}-\epsilon_{SiO_2})^{1/2}$) is less than
$2.405$, where $r$ is the inner radius of the tube. In the
following we consider fibers with radii of $1.5\mu$m, $1.0\mu$m
and $0.75\mu$m, these fibers are single mode for wavelengths
larger than $1.63\mu$m, $1.06\mu$m and $0.81\mu$m respectively. In
Fig. \ref{AnalyticalDispPerturDisp} we have compared the chromatic
dispersion found analytically with the chromatic dispersion found
using the numerical method described above, together with the
perturbative method described in the theory section.
  \begin{figure
  \centering
  \includegraphics[scale=0.2]{dispFig3.eps}
  \caption{Chromatic dispersion of the fundamental HE$_{11}$ mode for planar alignment of LC molecules and different radii
           of the capillary tube. The lines show the chromatic dispersion found using the
           exact analytical result for the dispersion relation, and markers show the result
           found numerically together with our perturbative method. The inset shows the
           absolute difference between the two results, i.e. $|\Delta D|=|D_{exact}-D_{perturbative}|$.}
  \label{AnalyticalDispPerturDisp}
  \end{figure}
We see that the dispersion curves found numerically together with
the perturbative method are quantitatively consistent with the
exact dispersion curves. In the inset in Fig.
\ref{AnalyticalDispPerturDisp} the difference between the
analytical result and the perturbative result is also plotted, we
see that the smallest deviations between the two results occur in
the infrared region, this is also expected since the material
dispersion is lowest in this region (see Fig.
\ref{SellmeierCauchyPlots}). The relative error of the
perturbative method is below $5$\% in the wavelength interval from
$0.6\mu$m to $1.7\mu$m. The dispersion is very high in the visible
spectrum, which is mainly due to the high material dispersion in
this region. Also notice that the dispersion is normal ($D<0$) for
all the wavelengths and radii
considered for the planar alignment.\\
For the axial alignment of the LC molecules there only exists an
analytical solution to Eq. (\ref{fundeq1}) for the TE
modes\cite{lin1991molcrystliqcryst}. But since the fundamental
mode, i.e. the mode with the lowest frequency, is not a TE-mode we
must solve Eq. (\ref{fundeq1}) numerically to find the chromatic
dispersion for the fundamental mode. It turns out that at short
wavelengths the fundamental mode is the TM$_{01}$ mode, while for
longer wavelengths the fundamental mode is the hybrid HE$_{11}$
mode. For the tube radii and wavelengths considered here, the
capillary tubes with the axial orientation are always multimoded.
Here we consider the two modes with lowest frequency; the
HE$_{11}$ and TM$_{01}$ mode. The dispersion of these modes as a
function of vacuum wavelength is shown in Fig.
\ref{PerturDispAtan}.
  \begin{figure
  \centering
  \includegraphics[scale=0.2]{dispFig4.eps}
  \caption{Chromatic dispersion for axial alignment of LC molecules and different radii
           of the capillary tube. The self-consistent frequencies are found using the
           perturbative method. Examples of $|\mathbf{H}|^2$ for the TM$_{01}$ and HE$_{11}$ mode are shown on the insets.}
  \label{PerturDispAtan}
  \end{figure}
Again we see that the dispersion is mostly normal for the
wavelengths and tube radii considered here. But for $r=1.5\mu$m
the dispersion becomes anomalous for vacuum wavelengths higher
than approximately $1.4\mu$m for the TM$_{01}$ mode. For
$r=1.0\mu$m the fundamental mode switches from the HE$_{11}$ mode
to the TE$_{01}$ mode at a vacuum wavelength around
$\lambda=1\mu$m. For $r=0.75\mu$m and $r=1.5\mu$m the switch
between the two modes happens below $\lambda=0.6\mu$m and above
$\lambda=1.7\mu$m respectively. In an experimental setup light is
coupled into the LC infiltrated region using the HE$_{11}$ mode of
a single mode step index fiber which is an even mode. Therefore it
will most likely be easiest to excite the HE$_{11}$ mode of the LC
infiltrated region, since this mode is also even, in contrast to
the TM$_{01}$ which is odd. This is demonstrated in Fig.
\ref{oddevenfig4}, where the real part of the $x$-component of
$\mathbf{H}$ is plotted for the TM$_{01}$ and HE$_{11}$.
  \begin{figure
  \centering
  \includegraphics[scale=0.2]{dispFig5.eps}
  \caption{Representative contour plots of real part of the $x$-component of $\mathbf{H}$ for the TM$_{01}$ mode (left) and the HE$_{11}$ mode (right) for the axial alignment in a capillary tube. The white circle shows the boundary of the LC infiltrated capillary.}
  \label{oddevenfig4}
  \end{figure}
A similar behavior is found for the other components of the
$\mathbf{H}$-field, hence the TM$_{01}$ mode is odd (even though
the intensity plot of $|\mathbf{H}|^2$ in Fig.
\ref{PerturDispAtan} is even), and the
HE$_{11}$ mode is even.\\
In the following the effect of increasing the temperature to
$50^o$C will be studied. We do not consider temperatures above
$50^o$C, since the clearing temperature, i.e. the temperature
where $\epsilon_{\bot}=\epsilon_{||}$, is around $57^o$C for
E7\cite{li2005jap}. Above the clearing temperature the LC is no
longer in the anisotropic nematic phase. The parameters for the
ordinary and extraordinary indices of refraction at $50^o$C can
also be found with Cauchy polynomials. The coefficients at $50^o$C
are given in Table \ref{SellmeierCauchyParms}, and the dielectric
constants at $50^o$C are plotted in Fig.
\ref{SellmeierCauchyPlots}. We see that the increase in
temperature also increases the ordinary dielectric constant, while
the extraordinary dielectric constant is lowered. In subplot (a)
and (b) in Fig. \ref{Temp50C} the effect of raising the
temperature to 50$^o$C is shown for the capillary tube with the
planar and axial alignment of the LC molecules.
  \begin{figure
  \centering
  \includegraphics[scale=0.2]{dispFig8.eps}
  \caption{Chromatic dispersion at $25^o$C (solid lines) and at $50^o$C (dashed lines) for HE$_{11}$ modes.
           (a)-(b) Capillary tube ($R=1.0\mu$m) with LC parallel and axially aligned respectively. (c)-(d)
           Selectively filled PCF structure as shown in inset in Fig. \ref{PerturDispPCFplanar} with LC parallel and
           axially aligned respectively. In subplot (c) the bullets ($\bullet$) and circles ($\circ$) are for
           $R=0.75\mu$m and $R=1.0\mu$m respectively. The dispersion profile in (d) is for $R=1.0\mu$m.}
  \label{Temp50C}
  \end{figure}
We see that the dispersion increases for both alignments. For the
planar alignment the explanation for this is straight forward. The
HE$_{11}$ mode carries most of its energy in the transverse
components of the field, and since the transverse components
experiences the ordinary dielectric constant, which increases with
temperature, the temperature increase effectively increases the
index difference between the core and cladding. The increased
index difference gives rise to the higher dispersion. For the
axial alignment the explanation for the increased dispersion is
more complicated than for the planar alignment. Here a field which
is mostly transverse will experience $\epsilon_{\bot}$ near the
center of the cylinder, and $\epsilon_{||}$ near the wall of the
cylinder. Since $\epsilon_{\bot}$ increases and $\epsilon_{||}$
decreases with temperature, as shown in Fig.
\ref{SellmeierCauchyPlots}, it is difficult to say a priori
whether the dispersion is increased or decreased.
\subsection{PCF infiltrated with LC}
In this section we consider a PCF-design similar to the structure
recently investigated by Zografopoulos \emph{et
al}\cite{zografopoulos2006opex}. Where the possibility of changing
the fiber characteristics by applying an external electric field
was considered. The structure has a cladding consisting of
airholes placed in a triangular structure and a core hole
infiltrated with LC. A cross section of the considered structure
is shown in the inset in Fig. \ref{PerturDispPCFplanar}.
  \begin{figure
  \centering
  \includegraphics[scale=0.2]{dispFig6.eps}
  \caption{Chromatic dispersion for the PCF structure shown in the inset with different
            radii of the central hole. The ratios $R/\Lambda=0.6$ and $r/\Lambda=0.3$ are fixed. The LC molecules are planarly aligned. A zoom around the ZDWs is shown in Fig. \ref{Temp50C}.}
  \label{PerturDispPCFplanar}
  \end{figure}
  \begin{figure
  \centering
  \includegraphics[scale=0.2]{dispFig7.eps}
  \caption{Chromatic dispersion for the PCF structure shown in inset in Fig. \ref{PerturDispPCFplanar} with different
            radii of the central hole. The LC molecules are aligned axially. Examples of $|\mathbf{H}|^2$ for the TM and HE mode are shown on the insets.}
  \label{PerturDispAtanPCF}
  \end{figure}
A physical realization of such a structure will require selective
filling, which has recently been
demonstrated\cite{nielsen2005joa,xiao2005opex}, where selective
filling was achieved by collapsing the small holes using a fusion
splicer, and then the holes with the larger radius were
infiltrated. Here we consider a structure where the infiltrated
center hole has a radius twice as large as the radius of the
cladding holes. The pitch is $5/3$ times the radius of the central
hole. Compared to the capillary tube studied in the previous
section this structure has a higher index contrast between the
core and cladding, because the presence of the airholes
significantly lowers the effective index of the cladding. Again we
consider both the planar and axial orientation of the LC in the
center hole. In Fig. \ref{PerturDispPCFplanar} the dispersion
curves for different radii of the center hole are shown for the
fundamental mode HE-mode with the planar alignment of the LC. The
fiber is multimoded for the wavelengths considered here. We see
that all the fibers now have regions of both normal and anomalous
dispersion. The fiber with a center hole radius of $0.75\mu$m has
two ZDWs at $\lambda=1.05\mu$m and $\lambda=1.55\mu$m. The fibers
with center hole radii of $1.0\mu$m and $1.5\mu$m each have one
ZDW at $\lambda=1.15\mu$m and $\lambda=1.3\mu$m respectively. The
dispersion curves for the axial alignment of the LC are shown in
Fig. \ref{PerturDispAtanPCF}. Like the capillary tube with the
axial alignment, the type of the fundamental mode is also
dependent on the wavelength for the PCF with the LC axially
aligned. We see that the fibers with center hole radius $1.0\mu$m
and $1.5\mu$m, now have large regions where the dispersion is
anomalous for the mode that resembles the TM$_{01}$ mode of the
single capillary tube. For the mode that resembles the
HE$_{11}$-mode of the single capillary tube the dispersion is
purely normal for all the waveguide designs considered here.\\
The effect of increasing the temperature is also investigated for
this waveguide design. In plots (c) and (d) in Fig. \ref{Temp50C},
we see again that the dispersion increases with temperature. In
subplot (c) the dispersion profiles for the PCFs with $R=0.75\mu$m
and $R=1.0\mu$m are shown. The lower ZDW of the fiber with
$R=0.75\mu$m can be tuned between $1.051\mu$m at $25^o$C and
$1.058\mu$m at $50^o$C, while the higher ZDW can be tuned between
$1.565\mu$m and $1.571\mu$m. The fiber with $R=1.0\mu$m has one
ZDW in the optical spectrum which can be tuned between $1.128\mu$m
and $1.139\mu$m. For the PCFs with the axial alignment of the LC
molecules we do not have anomalous dispersion for the designs
considered here. But the plots for for the axial alignment in Fig.
\ref{Temp50C} indicates that the dispersion can be tuned in a
broader interval for this alignment.
\section{Conclusion} An accurate method for
calculating chromatic dispersion of anisotropic waveguides is
demonstrated. The method is based on a generalization of a
previously presented method for isotropic waveguides. We have
applied the method to a simple step index fiber with an
anisotropic LC core since this problem has an analytical solution.
Our results show that the method can be applied to calculate
chromatic dispersion curves that are consistent with the exact
result throughout the visible spectrum and into the near infrared
spectrum.
\\With the method we have studied chromatic dispersion
of capillary tubes and PCFs infiltrated with LC. The considered
PCFs are all multimoded in the wavelength intervals considered,
while it is shown that single mode operation is possible for the
capillary tube infiltrated with LC molecules aligned in parallel.
The tunability of the different LC infiltrated waveguides is
investigated by calculating the chromatic dispersion at $25^o$C
and at $50^o$C. For the two different alignments of the LC
considered here, the tunability is highest for the axial
orientation, while the tunability for the planar orientation is
weaker. A waveguide design where the ZDWs can be tuned over
approximately $10\mu$m is demonstrated.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Without an influx of water, the Colorado River trickles to a halt 100 miles inland of its historical coastal outlet in Mexico. Photo: Pete McBride/National Geographic Creative
Update to U.S.-Mexico Water Treaty Is a Huge Win for Conservation
Audubon and its partners played a key role in the negotiations for Minute 323, which sets aside 200,000 acre-feet of water for environmental purposes.
c-c-c-kowlp outbursts (3 examples) coo song coo song
Coccyzus americanus
The birds and people that live along the Colorado River delta have gotten a second reprieve. After years of painstaking negotiation, delegates for the United States and Mexico signed Minute 323, the latest refinement on a 1944 treaty, managed by the International Boundary and Water Commission, that dictates how water is managed across the shared U.S.-Mexico border.
The last major update to the treaty that involved environmental sharing of water was Minute 319, signed in 2012, that promised a series of flows from 2014-2017. This latest agreement secures continued commitments from both countries to improve water conservation in the Colorado River basin; Audubon was actively involved in the negotiations to make sure that water sustainability was addressed in any new treaty language.
While the agreement covers a number of issues, including how water shortages will be shared by the United States and Mexico, it also sets aside 210,000 acre-feet of Colorado River water specifically for environmental purposes. This water will be used to support and restore habitats along the river's parched delta in Mexico—without this water, the Colorado River trickles to a halt some 80 miles inland of its historical coastal outlet—and will be released over the course of nine years. The conservation coalition Raise the River, which includes Audubon and its BirdLife partner in Mexico Pronatura Noroeste, will focus on the restoration of approximately 4,300 acres of prime cottonwood, willow, and mesquite habitat along the delta.
The pulse flow in 2014 was followed by the planting of more than 200,000 native cottonwood trees. An initial assessment by Audubon and its partners showed that the 2014 release improved habitat, and 1,100 acres of new habitat had been created. The data also suggest that birds have begun to return to the areas that were formerly parched; according to Osvel Hinojosa Huerta, a Mexico-based scientist and member of the team that monitors vegetation and wildlife in the delta, Yellow-billed Cuckoos have been spotted where none were before. He cautions, however, that it's still too early to say if the increase in biodiversity is permanent.
While most of the water released 2013-2017 came as one large pulse, the Minute 323 water deliveries will focus on smaller volumes that will help preserve a baseline amount of water in the delta ecosystems over a longer period of time. According to Jennifer Pitt, Audubon's Colorado River program manager, this new regimen is based directly on the results of the long-term monitoring studies.
The negotiations around the sharing of Colorado River water between the U.S. and Mexico is just one facet of the myriad challenges involved in managing water in the arid Western U.S. Climate change is making an already-arid climate even drier. Understanding all of the various facets affecting Western water use is critical to making big-picture, sustainable decisions. To help in that effort, Audubon recently released its analysis of the situation in its Birds and Water in the Arid West report, which explores the importance of water in all of its forms—saline lakes and rivers in the Colorado River basin—to bird populations. The report plots out how overdrawing water from the landscape will negatively affect everyone, including the humans, who depend on it.
Audubon is a nonprofit dedicated to saving birds and the places they need. To support our conservation work, please make a donation today.
In the Arid West, Protecting Oases Vital to Birds Requires Creative Solutions
Like people, birds depend on water, relying on it during migration, breeding, and nesting. But increasing pressures on already scarce Western waters have put birds and other wildlife in a perilous situation.
More than 260 Million Gallons of Water Began Flowing Into the Parched Rio Grande This Month
A historic collaboration between Audubon New Mexico and Native American tribes should help ease dry times for local birds and people.
Executive Summary—Water and Birds in the Arid West: Habitats in Decline
A brief overview to Audubon's new report on creating a sustainable water future for birds and people in the American West


Rostelecom has acquired the right of use of a new logo in the form of a two-color tape, follows from SPARK base. The application submitted to Rospatent at the beginning of a year has been approved on September 3. The new logo represents a curved tape with orange and violet sides. According to SPARK, under this logo the company can render "services in providing telephone communication" and make interactive broadcasting, data transmission on cable, satellite, and computer networks and also to make development of the software and to use a logo at marketing advance. "Rostelecom has a huge product line both for B2C segment, and for a B2B/B2G segment. Therefore we have subbrands – for separate services, products, segments, packages of services — the representative of Rostelecom Valery Kostarev has reported to RNS. He has noted that the company has strongly changed in recent years. "More than 53% of revenue of the company provide digital and content services (ShPD, TV, date cents and clouds, VAS and so forth). Some services have already grown in the whole ecosystem. For example, "Interactive TV" it for a long time not only 250 TV channels, and the whole multimedia center of house entertainments – with a maximum of additional services" — Valery Kostarev has reported to RNS. In what projects the new logo will be used, the representative of the company hasn't told, but has noted that Rostelecom will tell about some changes at the end of September on "Day of the company".


text:
Belonging to Fort Scott, Kansas, Gordon Parks was born on November 30, 1912 to a family whose head was a vegetable farmer. Being black, Parks faced extreme forms of discrimination as a child and was forced to attend a segregated elementary school. His race also prohibited him from active participation in high school activities and the teachers specially discouraged African-American students from acquiring higher education.
Parks left home at the age of 14 after his mother passed away and moved on to live independently after spending a short time living with his relatives. He explored many fields of work in his initial years of adolescence but gradually began to develop interest in photography and bought his first camera at the age of 25. Parks' fashion photographs as a beginner attracted Marva Louis, boxing champion Joe Louis's wife, upon whose advice Parks moved to Chicago with his wife in 1940.
Relocating helped Parks explore subjects beyond portraits and fashion photographs and boosted his interest in the low income black individuals residing in Chicago's South Side. In 1941, the photographer won a fellowship with the Farm Security Administration for his pictures of the inner city. This association saw Parks create some of his most enduring pieces, including American Gothic, Washington, D.C, capturing a member of the FSA cleaning crew in front of an American flag.
After the FSA dissolved, Parks continued to work for the Office of War Information and the Standard Oil Photography Project. Being hired by Vogue magazine, Park served as freelance photographer with a unique style, focusing on the appearance of models and garments in motion, rather than static poses.
Moving to Harlem, Parks continued to work as a photographer for the fashion industry and his photographic essay on a Harlem gang leader won him the position of a staff photographer for the nation's most circulated photographic publication, LIFE magazine, in 1948. Gordon Parks owned this position for 20 years, capturing images related to fashion,
Source: Black History Resources
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Martin Luther King Jr. jailed
Martin Luther King Jr's Death
Ross, Michael K. (1941-2007)
Arrests At Marches to Protest of Segregation
12 Must See Black History Movies
Anti-Segregation Campaign
Voter registration drive, led by Martin Luther
Fauntroy, Walter E. (1933- )
Science Facts
Washington DC Facts
I have a dream - Martin Luther King and the March on Washington in full HD
Charles Drew, born
Adu, Freddy (1989-- )
Barack Obama's 923 Executive Orders - Urban Legends
Million Man March
Business Facts


text:
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text:
Stara Warka – wieś w Polsce położona w województwie mazowieckim, w powiecie grójeckim, w gminie Warka. Wieś sadownicza położona ok. 3 km na północny wschód od Warki.

Historia
We wsi znaleziono stanowisko archeologiczne z epoki żelaza (około 700 lat p.n.e. do VI wieku n.e.). Przez tereny Polski przechodził rzymski szlak bursztynowy. Jedna z jego odnóg szła wzdłuż Pilicy i Wisły do Gdańska.

Wczesne średniowiecze (VI–XII w. n.e.), na przełomie V i VI w. rozpoczyna się wielka wędrówka Słowian na południowy zachód. Z tego okresu stanowisko archeologiczne we wsi.

Stara Warka była grodem wczesnopiastowskim. Z dawnego grodziska pozostał na skarpie między głębokimi jarami – wał długości 30 m, szerokości 8 m i wysokości 2 m. Gród położony był na wyniosłym brzegu, stromo opadającym do Pilicy.

W 1231 roku książę Konrad I mazowiecki przebywał ze swym dworem w Starej Warce, która wtedy stanowiła większy ośrodek książęcy. W roku 1255, za panowania Siemowita I, w grodzie w Starej Warce osadzeni zostali dominikanie, którym oddano znajdującą się na zamku kaplicę i zapewne zarząd utworzonej może wtedy parafii.

Konrad II (1297) jest wymieniany jako dobroczyńca klasztoru dominikanów w Starej Warce (który stał przy grodzie lub w nim), nadając im uposażenie, tzn. młyn na Pilicy z sadzawką i kawałem roli, jezioro na Winiarach, z łąkami nad Pilicą i plac na którym stal pierwotny klasztor, tudzież prawo rybołówstwa i pastwiska (nadania wymieniane są w późniejszych dokumentach Trojdena).

Dominikanie przy klasztorze zorganizowali swoją szkołę. Była to placówka typu łacińskiego
o najniższym stopniu nauczania tzw. tryvium przygotowujące do stanu duchownego. Uczono w niej czytania, pisania i śpiewu kościelnego.

Prawdopodobnie za Trojdena w roku 1321 nastąpiło przeniesienie klasztoru (zapewne i grodu) do pomyślnie rozwijającego się targowiska w Warce.

W XV w. przy parafiach funkcjonowały szkoły, których wychowankowie po ukończeniu wyższego stopnia w kolegiach podejmowali naukę w Akademii Krakowskiej. L. Nawrocki podaje, że do 1525 roku kształcił się w Krakowie 1 scholar pochodzący ze Starej Warki.

W roku 1540 wieś Stara Warka miała powierzchnię 11 i 1/3 łana kmiecego (340 lub 544 morgi) i była we władaniu, razem z wsią Piaseczno, Jakuba Leśniowolskiego. Leżała w powiecie wareckim w ziemi czerskiej i należała do parafii w Warce.

Wieś królewska położona była w drugiej połowie XVI wieku w powiecie wareckim ziemi czerskiej województwa mazowieckiego.

Stara Warka w roku 1660 wchodziła w skład wareckiego starostwa niegrodowego, które składało się z miasta Warki, wsi Piaseczno i Starej Warki. W tym czasie posesorem (posiadaczem) był Kadłubski, wojski ziemi czerskiej. Stara Warka miała włók 26 z których 3 były włókami wójtowskimi. Po wojnie ze Szwedami aż 18,5 włóki było pustych, a zasianych tylko 4,5, na których gospodarowało 10 kmieci. Powierzchnię folwarku trudno było określić, ponieważ woda Pilicy często zabierała grunt. W folwarku uprawiano żyto. Dziesięcinę ze wsi przekazywano do parafii w Ostrołęce, a z powierzchni wójtostwa należała do plebanii wareckiej.

W roku 1771 wareckie starostwo niegrodowe było dzierżawione przez Mariannę z Zielińskich
Pułaską, która płaciła 665 złp i 18 gr oraz hiberna w wysokości 2337 złp i 27 gr.
W roku 1827 według spisu w Starej Warce było 40 domów i 279 mieszkańców. Folwark w Starej Warce należał do dóbr królewskich (po III rozbiorze własność cara). W roku 1828 car Mikołaj I przekazał część dóbr królewskich, w tym folwark Stara Warka, Skarbowi Królestwa Polskiego. W 1882 majątek Stara Warka nabył Andrzej Szczuka.

W 1886 r. Stara Warka składała się z wsi i folwarku, tworząc Dobra Stara Warka. Należała do gminy Konary, parafii w Warce, we wsi była szkoła początkowa, wiatrak i było w niej 408 mieszkańców. Dobra Stara Warka składały się z folwarku Stara Warka (367 mórg) i Kalina (282 mórg), razem 649 mórg – stosowano 13-polowy płodozmian. We wsi były 52 osady włościańskie o pow. 411 mórg.

W latach 1975–1998 miejscowość administracyjnie należała do województwa radomskiego.

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne

Warka (gmina)
Stanowiska archeologiczne w województwie mazowieckim
Wsie królewskie I Rzeczypospolitej (województwo mazowieckie)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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