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04.02 - Steady State, Steady Flow Devices
Introdução à Termodinâmica: Transferência de Energia de um Ponto ao Outro
Universidade de Michigan
COURSE DESCRIPTION This course provides an introduction to the most powerful engineering principles you will ever learn - Thermodynamics: the science of transferring energy from one place or form to another place or form. We will introduce the tools you need to analyze energy systems from solar panels, to engines, to insulated coffee mugs. More specifically, we will cover the topics of mass and energy conservation principles; first law analysis of control mass and control volume systems; properties and behavior of pure substances; and applications to thermodynamic systems operating at steady state conditions. COURSE FORMAT The class consists of lecture videos, which average 8 to 12 minutes in length. The videos include integrated In-Video Quiz questions. There are also quizzes at the end of each section, which include problems to practice your analytical skills that are not part of video lectures. There are no exams. GRADING POLICY Each question is worth 1 point. A correct answer is worth +1 point. An incorrect answer is worth 0 points. There is no partial credit. You can attempt each quiz up to three times every 8 hours, with an unlimited number of total attempts. The number of questions that need to be answered correctly to pass are displayed at the beginning of each quiz. Following the Mastery Learning model, students must pass all 8 practice quizzes with a score of 80% or higher in order to complete the course. ESTIMATED WORKLOAD If you follow the suggested deadlines, lectures and quizzes will each take approximately ~3 hours per week each, for a total of ~6 hours per week. TARGET AUDIENCE Basic undergraduate engineering or science student. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS - What are the prerequisites for taking this course? An introductory background (high school or first year college level) in chemistry, physics, and calculus will help you be successful in this class. -What will this class prepare me for in the academic world? Thermodynamics is a prerequisite for many follow-on courses, like heat transfer, internal combustion engines, propulsion, and gas dynamics, to name a few. -What will this class prepare me for in the real world? Energy is one of the top challenges we face as a global society. Energy demands are deeply tied to the other major challenges of clean water, health, food resources, and poverty. Understanding how energy systems work is key to understanding how to meet all these needs around the world. Because energy demands are only increasing, this course also provides the foundation for many rewarding professional careers.
Energy, Energy Systems, Mechanical Engineering, Energy Analysis
Great intro course to thermodynamics. A follow up course with more advanced topics (2nd law, exergy etc.) would definitely be useful. A course at the graduate level would be very welcome!
One of the Best Teachers ever I studied under!! I sincerely wish that we can get more courses by the same teacher on Coursera. I would be more than happy to pursue those courses.
In this module we introduce the combined application of the Conservation of Mass and the Conservation of Energy for system analysis. We also review the common assumptions for typical energy transfer devices, like heat exchangers, pumps and turbines. Together these components will form the basis for all power plants used around the world.
04.01 - Flow Work and the Conservation of Energy19:55
04.02 - Steady State, Steady Flow Devices24:00
04.03 - Another Example: Compressing Water15:23
04.04 - Steam Turbine Example - Part 211:36
04.05 - Example of Cooling a Microprocessor - Starting the Analysis16:39
04.06 - Steam Tables Discussion8:47
Margaret Wooldridge, Ph.D.
Arthur F. Thurnau Professor
Okay. Welcome back. Hopefully, that was a pretty simple exercise. So, we saw that under study state conditions we know that all time variables are steady for the viewer. So, all time variant terms, like this control volume term here, would be set equal to zero for the steady state condition. If you have a system that's adiabatic you would set all heat transfer terms equal to zero. And again they don't alwyays happen at the same time. You don't always involve both of those assumptions together. But they're both pretty common. And in fact what we're going to look at now are a number of very common flow devices. Steady state steady flow devices well we're going to see those two assumptions alot. So in fact we're going to say these aren't just simple flow devices. We're going to call all of these devices simple steady-flow devices. So this is a conservation of energy in its most general form. As we've learned how to use these tools, like the conservation of mass and the conservation of energy, I want you to write out the four most generic, most general form of the expressions every single time. It's going to be your instinct to try and simplify these on the fly, so you simplify them as you're writing them down. Oh yeah, and I'll invoke this, and I'll assume there's one exit and two entrances, or things like that. And that type of work, once you're. Once you've had a lot of experience that's fine to use those type of methods, but for now when you're just getting started with the introduction to these tools it's better to be very very careful and very very rigorous. So we're going to use these big forms of these expressions every time, as we get a feel for how these devices perform and what are some of the governing principles for the devices, okay. So we're going to start. We're going to look at like five or six different categories of flow devices. We're going to assume every one of these devices is steady flow. So for every one of these, that steady flow and steady state. And you say, what's the difference? Steady state addresses the time variable. Steady flow is really saying that we have steady uniform conditions at the entrances and exits. So that we can in fact define thermodynamic properties. If they're undefined, like if something's changing and it's unsteady flow And I can't define all velocity or a pressure or a temperature. So that's, these are very specific assumptions that we're going to invoke for all of these flow devices. And these are velocities, again just to remind ourselves, those are velocity terms there. So for nozzles and diffusers, these are simple systems that we'll find a lot of flow systems you'll find them in agriculture. You'll find them in turbo machinery like you find in power plants. You'll find them in common, household devices. You'll have nozzles and diffusers on your faucets on your hoses all sorts of places. So a nozzle is a contracting surface, and a diffuser is an expanding service. I'll draw them like this, and we always want to get into the practice of again identifying what the system is, so we'll draw our control volume around our nozzles. So this my nozzle here and this is my diffuser over here. And I always think the best example that most people understand right away. For a nozzle, is imagine putting your thumb over the end of a garden hose. That's a nozzle and you think to yourself, okay, is there any work transfer in this process? So, look for mentally go through your checklist. Are there any shafts portruding into or out of the system? Do I have any electrical cords? Hopefully not near water. In the into or out of the system. You're like, nope, nope. You go through the checklist. Expansion or compression? No, these are rigid control volumes. So the volumes are fixed, so there's no expansion or compression work. So both my nozzles and diffusers have, by definition, no work associated with that. The other thing I wanted you to think about is when we consider heat transfer, you have to consider heat transfer through the system boundary, and a couple of, again we've seen the approximation of when things are adiabatic. What does it do to the control conservation of energy. Well, we've applied this simplification, the steady state simplification. when we consider the heat transfer, you have to consider things like well, what are the, when you become more advanced in your heat transfer analysis, you'd think, Okay. What are the temperature differences that we're considering? What are the mechanisms, convective, conduction, radiation. And one of the things you have to consider, the radiation is scales based on temperature to the fourth. So low temperature systems have very low radiation in general. So I'm left with conduction and convection, and some of the issues associated with those, the fundamental physics associated with convection and conduction are the speed of the fluid [COUGH]. If the fluid is moving, you tend to be dominated by convection and conduction can be neglected. And then when you look at convection, you also have to consider how long does the fluid have within the control surface to transfer heat. So imagine your body is at 98.6 degrees. Do you physically change the temperature of the water as it extis the hose. The answer is, probably not. The contact exposure is so short, a short period of time. That it's unlikely that you're changing the temperature in the fluid. So, even though your temperature is different than the temperature of the water flowing in the hose, is not a large heat transfer. In that system, the nozzle system is considered adiabatic, and same with the diffuser, for sort of the inverse rationale. the other key properties that we need to understand about nozzles and diffusers. So the purpose of the nozzle is generally to accelerate the flow. So if we say this is the exit state here and if this is the entrance state so the fluid is moving like this and the diffuser of the fluid moves like this. The entrance state, the exit state, and some of the things that we know about these systems is that, again, the purpose of the a nozzle is to accelerate the flow. Well, what's the price you pay for accelerating the flow? You're going to decrease the velocity. And we know that we achieve this through changing the area of the exit and the entrance. So we know typically that we're going to see a shrinking area with a nozzle and you're going to see an increasing area, all of these terms will flip in their scale with the diffuser. So here we have the area is greater at the exit, the pressure is greater at the exit but the velocity is lower at the exit. Okay. So those are the general assumptions associated with nozzles and diffusers. And again, you'll find them in in numerous systems and applications. Turbines we've talked about a lot already, because they are literally the work horse of the power plants around the world. So turbines we should you know, this should be pretty straightforward for us. you'll see turbines are generally represented by this sort of trapezoidal shape. You'll see people show the flow in and out like this, some folks prefer to show turbine flow like this. And I think this, this, representation makes a little bit more sense. It just depends on, you know, what your physical interpretation is, of looking at these devices, these turbo machinery devices. well, again, they all have shafts. because that's how we generate work in these systems, we have the turbine blades, which are pushed, the fluid comes into the turbine, pushes into the blade, and rotates the shaft. So we know with, all of the, I'll just one of these diagrams now. That all turbines better generate work, and its shaft work to be specific. And we would represent this as an arrow showing that the, work transfer is out of the turbine. And we have the mass transfer into and the mass transfer out of the system and if we assume again like we were going to do that these were all steady state, steady flow devices this terms going to be equal to zero. And because we actually have, let me go ahead and write down the general form, sorry, general form of the conservation of mass expression here. In this system, just like with the nozzle and diffuser, we didn't write it down last time. There's only one mass, there's only one inlet and one exit, and because this is a steady state, steady flow device, we know that there's only one mass transfer, mass transfer rate, mass flow rate in the system. So we really don't need subscripts on the entrance and exit. There is only one mass flow rate in the system. we generally approximate the turbines as being adiabatic, and I've already mentioned once before. There's actually a lot of heat transfer that happens between turbines and compressors and pumps as well. The issue is those heat transfer rates are actually very small, relative to the other energy transfer rates in the system. So, this is, really what we should be saying, we call them adiabatic. In, in reality, it's negligible, relative to the other energy transfers. And we're going to do an example on this shortly to show you exactly what we're talking about here, in terms of the relative magnitude of the terms. if you ever seen a turbine, they generally don't have a whole lot of vertical movement in the fluid. Some can be pretty big. They can be a story or too tall, but again, not a whole lot. So these, they have negligible potential energy changes, and what we're left with is essentially that the work transfer is balanced by the mass transfer, and again because its a control volume, we have enthalpy instead of internal energy and I'm going to leave those kinetic energy terms in there. What we're going to find is that the kinetic energy, while it seems like that would be a potentially really large contribution, it actually isn't. So what we'll alternately find is that, so, and we'll prove this to you here shortly, is that the work transfer for a turbine is simply governed by the mass, mass flow rate times the enthalpy difference between the inlet and the outlet. So hn minus h exit or h out, or how, whatever exit term you want to subscript you want to use to make that notation. But it's simply a difference between enthalpy in and the enthalpy out. So, those are turbines. Compressors and pumps are the inverse to turbines. So they're just like nozzles have their mirror image in diffusers. Turbines have their mirror image in compressors and pumps. So compressors because they are mirror images we like to denote them using a trapezoid reflected around that axis here. And we would have, again, flow-in, flow-out of my turbine. We'll call this state one, we'll call this state two. The purpose of a compressor and a pump is exactly what the names imply. The compressor is to increase the pressure. It's actually to increase the internal energy of the fluid. And same with the pump. It's to increase the pressure or the internal energy associated with the fluid. Some folks get really rigorous about saying compressors are only associated with gases, that pumps are only associated with liquids. I tend to be a little bit more flexible. I quite often call pumps, devices that actually compress gases. So again I'd encourage you to be kind of flexible yourself, in your interpretation of what does it mean, when I call something a compressor a pump. The purpose of the device is to increase the energy, the internal energy, the end enthalpy thereby enthalpy of the fluid. So that's its purpose, and whether or not its liquid phase or gas phase really depends on what the fluid is. Okay, so again we're going to draw our control surface just like we did before, and if I start with a low energy fluid on one side and end up with a high energy fluid on the other side. And if it's like its sister device, the turbine, where it's adiabatic, so we're going again assume adiabatic, well then you better go through the math and say, hey, in order for that to be consistent with the conservation of energy, this has to be a system where it works into the compressor or the pump. Okay. So we know for compressors and pumps we're going to have work in. Also, you'll see a pump represented with this sort of a schematic type form. So you'll see again, state one, there's the inlet state. And here's state two. And again, be flexible on your interpretation here. So, this is work into the pump. and again, these systems are considered adiabatic. So, if this is the conservation of energy, invoking a few assumptions, for a turbine. Then we know for a pump or a compressor, that it's going to have the exact same expression, except we're going to have reverse signs. Okay, because remember, we like work out in the power generation sector, we like to see work out as a positive number. This is a high energy state going into a turbine. This is a low energy state coming out of it. So this number's going to be positive. Work out is positive. For this pump, we know we're going to have the exact same governing equation, except we're going to have h in minus h out, but this term will now be negative. Because the high-energy term is associated with the exit state, and the low-energy term is associated with the entrance state. And I've mentioned multiple times, we're very notation intense in this class. We like subscripts, and superscripts, and accents on top of our variables, and they all have specific meaning. Having said that, I also want you to be flexible on, is it an inlet, is it an outlet, is it an exit, is it a one or two, any of those is fine. What I want you to do is just be able to recognize what's into the system and what's out of the system. So there isn't a convention, or a standard convention, for in/out. Like what's the right notation? There is no right subscript notation, except for the one that you apply and just make sure you use it consistently, right, throughout your analysis. Okay, that again will develop those tools through example or kind of develop that, habits I should say, you will develop good habits and how to make these notations. Okay, so the last one that I wanted to consider today. Actually second to last, I apologize. There's one more I want to squeak in, is a heat exchanger. So a heat exchanger the whole purpose of the device is to move heat transfer energy, move energy from one fluid to another by heat transfer. So the simplest way we can represent a heat transfer device, our heat exchange is, we'll just do this simple counter flow, and you're going to have flow into the system on one side, and out of the system on the other. And we'll do a nice little counter flow heat exchanger here so we have two fluids, we're not going to allow them to mix. We're going to say they can't mix in this example, and Work in a move these fluids past each other, and we're going to have conduction and convection heat transfer through the walls of the heat exchanger. So we're going to move energy from one fluid to another. Let's call this top fluid the hot fluid, and we're going to call this the cold fluid here. And that allows us to go if the hot fluid is on the top in the cold fluids on the bottom Then the heat transfer has to occur in this direction, ok. heat exchangers by definition do not require any work so there is no, we're not going to use any electrical heating or anything like that. We're going to allow these heat exchangers to exchange heat through convection and conduction, no shafts, nothing like that. So if I chose to draw the boundaries like this. The control volume around the entire heat exchanger. Two key outcomes happen. One is, the work transfer for that system is zero. The other thing is, and this is really important conceptually, there's no heat transfer with the ambient. That's a fundamental assumption of a heat exchange. All the heat transfer occurs between the hot and the cold fluid. So in this control volume, the system is adiabatic. And this Q is only relevant If I chose this to be my control volume, now you would go, oh, look there's energy transfer across that control boundary. So for this system, the blue system, the work transfer is still zero, but now I have a non-zero heat transfer. So heat exchanges require you to be thinking. Notice also in the blue control surface, I have the mass flow rate of one equal to the mass flow rate of two. And I have energy transfer associated with those fluids. In the red control volume, I have mass transfer From both the hot fluid and the cold fluid. So my continuity expression, the conservation of mass, for the red control volume, is actually the mass flow rate at state 1 plus the mass flow rate at state 3. Has to be identically balanced by the mass flow rate at state two and the mass flow rate at state four. OK. So be careful how you choose your control surface and whenever you look at the control surface you have to identify all of the energy transfer and all of the mass transfer that cross the system boundary. If they don't the system boudry, they're interior. They're either completelly inside the control surface, or completelly outside the control surface. And either way, they will not be considered. You don't have to consider those terms in your conservation equations. Okay, so, Remember I told you there's parallels between conservation of mass and conservation of energy. Well let's take the conservation of energy, for this system. For the for the red system which includes both fluids. Well again we've, there's no heat transfer, across we've assumed the heat exchanger does not have (no period) You know significant heat with the ambient or the environment and we're going to have assume there's no work transfer and for these systems they're going to have negligible kinetic and potential energy changes. So these guys are going to neglect the changes in ke, kinetic energy and potential energy. For heat exchangers. Right, that's not the purpose of the device. So I look at all these simplifications, it's a steady state, steady flow, it's, you know, no heat transfer, no work transfer, well heck, all I have is a simple enthalpy balance. And it has the exact same structure, as the mass, conservation of mass equation. Okay, so again, these are your checks and balances. If you wrote one expression for the mass, you should see an exact parallel for the energy. I want to squeeze in one last flow device onto this slide before we move on, and thats a throttle, and throttles are kind of interesting. Throttles are valves, so we'll calle throttles valves and the purpose of a throttle or a valve is to restrict flow. So that', I mean we've all turned valves many times, I mean every time you open your faucet you're opening and closing a throttle or a valve. So we're very familar with those devices, schematically we like to represent them as these little Xs. Cause again representing kind of that handle on my throttle. these are really funny devices. Their purpose is not to do work, just like my nozzle, my diffuser. There's no heat transfer. The fluid really doesn't have time to change temperature as it goes through the throttle. So if I draw my little control surface here, we rapidly see, OK, there's no work. There's no heat transfer. Okay. We're going to again neglect kinetic and potential energy changes. We have one mass flow rate into and out of this system, and we look at the conservation of energy. And, again, it's the same simplifications we had for the heat exchanger, except now look what happens to the conservation of energy. So we have m dot in, the mass flow rate at the entrance times the enthalpy at the entrance, equals the mass flow rate at the exit times the enthalpy at the exit, except, from the conservation of mass, we know that the mass flow rates, there's just one mass flow rate in the system, so we can cancel these. And what we end up with is a constant enthalpy device. kind of a strange little world. But throttles are isenthalpic. So there's a good word for you. So again, just kind of a unique little simplification that happens with throttles and valves that we need to be aware of. we'll add some complexity to throttles later, but not right now. But for conservation of energy, conservation of mass, couldn't be simpler for throttles [UNKNOWN]. Okay, so I want to leave you with a couple of thought questions. And I want you to come up with a, you can either use a system example, you know, you can think of, you know, some actual device. Or you can just think again in terms of the generic forms, or the conservation of mass, and the conservation of energy. I want you to answer these two questions. Can a system have unsteady mass-flow and steady energy transfer? Can a system have both of those assumptions happening simultaneously, or conditions happening simultaneously? And, when can you have a system which has only flow in and no flow out? So imagine a system that has one entrance, but no exits. What's the condition that allows that to happen? Think about those, come up with the answers and we'll talk about em next time.


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Q: Error: '' is not a valid port number while trying to bring up Python flask application on GKE I am trying to bring up a python flask application using gunicorn. I am referring to this code to create an image and then bring up a pod/deployment/service on GKE.
Pod bring up fails on GKE with "ContainersReady: False". On probing ContainerLogs i could see following error
Error: '' is not a valid port number

i have changed the dockerfile and rebuild the image by changing the following, but it error remains same.
CMD exec gunicorn --bind 0.0.0.0:8000 --workers 1 --threads 8 --timeout 0 main:app

i guess i am missing something basic here. Not sure what is it..

A: Please check this example: https://cloud.google.com/kubernetes-engine/docs/quickstarts/deploying-a-language-specific-app#python_1
After adding
env:
  - name: PORT
    value: "8080"

under 'containers' in your deployment.yaml it shoud work.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Why stormwater poses an increasing challenge for Virginia
Sarah Vogelsong - January 22, 2020
On July 8, as rush hour clogged the roads of Alexandria, a slow-moving southbound storm caused a deluge of rain to fall over the city.And fall. And fall. And fall.All throughout the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, precipitation and flood records were shattered.By the end of a single hour, 3.44...
Senate committee gives the nod to nuclear as part of renewables transition
After a slow start, the General Assembly is beginning to take up energy bills.The Senate Commerce and Labor Committee on Monday signed off on a set of updates to the Commonwealth Energy Policy, as well as proposals to classify nuclear energy as clean energy and develop a strategic plan...
2019 was good for cotton, bad for soybeans and tobacco in Virginia
Virginia farmers last year saw big bumps in cotton thanks to favorable weather, but soybeans and tobacco suffered as a result of the China-U.S. trade war.The commonwealth produced 22 percent more cotton in 2019 than it did in 2018, according to numbers released by the Virginia Department of Agriculture...
Goodbye almond milk, hello nut beverage? Lawmakers advance milk labeling bill.
Virginia Beach Del. Barry Knight's milk bill cleared its first hurdle Wednesday afternoon when the House Agriculture Subcommittee voted 7-1 to pass it on for consideration to the larger Agriculture, Chesapeake and Natural Resources Committee.The measure, which defines milk as "the lacteal secretion, practically free of colostrum, obtained by...
Northam 'discussing' whether to take legal action against Pennsylvania, EPA over Bay cleanup
Gov. Ralph Northam is weighing legal action against Pennsylvania over its Chesapeake Bay cleanup plan, which falls short of the state's commitments to reduce pollutants that make it into the bay.On Jan. 8, Maryland Gov. Larry Hogan announced he was directing his state's attorney general to pursue an action...
The Virginia Clean Economy Act is a giant leap forward for Virginia energy policy
Guest Column - January 15, 2020
By Karla LoebLast month, a broad coalition of clean energy companies including energy efficiency providers, rooftop solar installers and utility scale renewable energy developers joined with leading environmental groups and Democratic lawmakers to unveil the key pillars that will make up the Virginia Clean Economy Act, a bill that...
In Virginia and U.S., urban heat islands and past redlining practices may be linked, study finds
The rich may get richer and the poor poorer, as the saying goes, but in a world increasingly altered by climate change, the poor may also be getting hotter — especially if they're people of color.So finds a study released Monday in Climate journal by Science Museum of Virginia...
Pawpaws may become Virginia's official state fruit. What's behind their rise in popularity?
Appalachian banana. Hillybilly mango. Quaker delight. Call the pawpaw by any name you like, but if one House of Delegates member has her way, make sure you also call it Virginia's state fruit.Native to Virginia and growing mainly in forests, pawpaws have been enjoying an unexpected moment in the sun....
'Raging granny' faces music for pipeline protest: 'Happy that I did it'
Mason Adams - January 14, 2020
CHRISTIANSBURG — Activist and self-identified "raging granny" Glenna "Duff" Benjamin traveled to Montgomery County in September to lock herself to a sideboom pipelayer and block construction of the Mountain Valley Pipeline for five hours.On Monday, she returned to face the consequences of her act of non-violent civil disobedience. The...
Both this session's big energy omnibus bills could be better
Ivy Main - January 14, 2020
Climate and energy activists have been pinning their hopes on the 2020 legislative session to produce a framework for transitioning our economy to 100 percent carbon-free energy.After years of talking big but delivering little in the way of carbon reductions and clean energy, the General Assembly is under...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Task Force Resource 2015 Paris is going to open on 08 Jun and finish on 09 Jun 2015.
The International Solid Waste Association will hold its once Workshop, Task Force Resource Management Workshop at Veolia Campus in Paris, France.
Bringing industry together, Task Force Resource Management Workshop is a 2 days event on Environment, Ecology, Waste and Solid Waste matters. It also suggests you the convenience for face-to-face communication with those driving the future.
Task Force Resource Management Workshop is organized once.
International Solid Waste Association is the association of Task Force Resource 2015 Paris.


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Q: undefined method `total_entries' will_paginate groupby I'm using the following query with pagination, however, group_by(&:name) is causing the error
NoMethodError (undefined method `total_entries' for #<Hash:0x00007fa05e369a60>):

I'm not sure what the issue is, but here is the query:
data = Posts.paginate(page: params[:page], per_page: 20).joins("INNER JOIN d ON a.id = d.a_id").select("a.*, d.*").group_by(&:name)

respond_to do |format|
  format.any
  format.json {
    render :json => {
        :totalCount => data.total_entries,
    }
  }

it works fine without group_by(&:name). any suggestions on what to do here?


An undercover police officer shot and killed a Bronx teenager who the police said tried to rob him at gunpoint on Thursday during a drug deal gone awry.
The shooting took place during an arranged meeting with the teenager, Nelson Reeves, 17, in the lobby of a building at 1409 Prospect Avenue, in the Morrisania section of the Bronx, shortly after 11 a.m., the police said.
According to investigators, the officer, an eight-year veteran of the department, handed Mr. Reeves $20 in exchange for crack cocaine, but then questioned either the amount he was given or its quality.
With the gun pointed in his direction, the officer backed up and reached for his own weapon, at which point Mr. Reeves fired a shot at close range, which missed, investigators said.
After that first shot, Mr. Reeves's gun jammed, the police said, preventing him from firing any more bullets.
The undercover officer returned four shots from his own 9-millimeter handgun, at least one of which struck Mr. Reeves, the police said. He was taken to Lincoln Hospital, where he was pronounced dead.
According to the police, Mr. Reeves had a history of gun charges. Last year, he was charged with possession of an assault weapon for carrying a 9-millimeter Beretta submachine gun and was sentenced in September to a year in jail. He was released in May.
The police said it was the first shooting involving the officer, assigned to a narcotics unit.


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Das Berchtesgadener Becken ist ein alpines Becken um den Markt Berchtesgaden im äußersten Südosten von Bayern bzw. Oberbayern in der Region Berchtesgadener Land, die im Bezug zum gleichnamigen Landkreis Berchtesgadener Land auch als innerer oder südlicher Landkreis bezeichnet wird. Das Becken ist Teil einer "Beckenlandschaft" des Berchtesgadener Kessels bzw. der geomorphologischen Einheit Berchtesgadener Talkessel innerhalb der sie nahezu vollständig umgebenden Berchtesgadener Alpen.

Landschaft und Umgrenzung
Das Berchtesgadener Becken umfasst den namensgebenden Markt Berchtesgaden im Zentrum bis zum Nordosten nebst Anzenbach im Norden, die Gemeinde Bischofswiesen im Nordwesten nebst Strub im Westen und dem Weiler Engedey im Südwesten sowie die Gemeinde Schönau am Königssee im Süden nebst Oberschönau im Westen und Königssee im äußersten Süden, nicht aber den Königssee selber.

Das Berchtesgadener Becken ist Teil einer geologischen Beckenlandschaft, die nahezu vollständig durch die Berchtesgadener Alpen als fast allseitig geschlossene Gruppierung von Plateaugebirgen abgegrenzt wird.

In dem Becken vereinigen sich die Flusstäler der Bischofswieser Ache, die in die Ramsauer Ache mündet. Die Ramsauer Ache und die vom Königssee abfließende Königsseer Ache bilden nach ihrer Vereinigung die Berchtesgadener Ache, die im weiteren Gewässerverlauf auf österreichischem Staatsgebiet ab Grödig Königsseeache genannt wird und an ihrem Übergang die tiefste Landmarke des Beckens bildet.

Naturräumliche Zuordnung
Das Berchtesgadener Becken und sein benachbartes, eingrenzendes Umland ist wie folgt zugeordnet:
 (zu 934.3 Berchtesgadener Alpen)
 (zu 934.30 Breite Kerben zwischen den Hauptgruppen der Berchtesgadener Alpen)
 934.301 Wimbachgries
 934.302 Königssee-Obersee-Furche
 (zu 934.32 Mittlere Berchtesgadener Kalkmassive)
 934.322 Watzmann-Massiv (bis 2713 m)
 934.323 Göll-Massiv (bis 2522 m)
 934.33 Berchtesgadener Hochgebirgslücke
 934.330 Ramsau und Klausbachtal
 934.331 Bischofswiesener Mittelgebirge (Toter Mann: 1392 m, Pfaffenbichel: 1428 m)
 934.332 Berchtesgadener Becken
 934.333 Schellenberger Mittelgebirge (Kneifelspitze: 1189 m, sonst unter 1050 m)
 934.334 Roßfeldkuppen (bis um 1600 m)
 (zu 934.34 Nördliche Berchtesgadener Plateaugebirge)
 934.343 Untersberg (bis 1972 m)

Das Becken stößt im Osten an das Bischofswiesener Mittelgebirge, im Norden an den Untersberg, nach Nordosten an das Schellenberger Mittelgebirge, das nach Südosten in die Roßfeldkuppen übergeht. Im Südosten stößt es ans Göll-Massiv und im Süden an das des Watzmanns, dazwischen liegt die Königssee-Obersee-Furche. Sein äußerster Südwesten wird nach Westen durch Ramsau und Klausbachtal verlängert, nach Süden durch das Wimbachgries

Geologie

Nahezu vollständig umrahmt von den Hochgebirgsmassiven ist im Zentrum des Berchtesgadener Landes eine ausgeprägte Becken- und Tallandschaft ausgebildet, die auf das Ausstreichen weicherer triassischer bis kretazischer Gesteine zurückzuführen ist.

Die ebenen Flächen des zentralen Berchtesgadener Beckens sind in der Hauptsache durch die Flussauen der Königsseer, Ramsauer, Bischofswiesener und Berchtesgadener Ache geprägt, während die kuppigen Erhebungen im Becken durch glazial stark überprägte triassische Gesteine gebildet wurden, die teilweise von eiszeitlichem Moränenmaterial überlagert sind.

Literatur

 Planungsbüro Steinert, Landschafts + Ortsplanung (D-83236 Übersee): Naturraum – Alpenpark Berchtesgaden, Karte mit umfangreicher Legende, PDF-Datei 1 Seite, online unter gemeinde.berchtesgaden.de
 Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt: Bedeutsame Kulturlandschaften in der Kulturlandschaftseinheit 61 Berchtesgadener Land (Stand: 2012), PDF-Datei online unter lfu.bayern.de

Einzelnachweise

Becken in Deutschland
Nördliche Kalkalpen
Geographie (Landkreis Berchtesgadener Land)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
RAP steht für:
 RAP Amsterdam, ehemaliger Fußballverein in den Niederlanden
 Rapid City Regional Airport (IATA-Code), South Dakota, USA
 Rechnungsabgrenzungsposten in der kaufmännischen Buchführung
 Radschützenpanzer der Schweizer Armee, siehe Mowag Piranha #Varianten
 Rhodesian Action Party, Partei in Rhodesien, Afrika
 Rich Ajax Platform, Remote Application Platform
 Rural Alliance Party, Salomonen

Rap steht für:
 Rap, Musikstil
 Rap (Protein), Ras-related protein

rap steht für:
 Rapanui (Sprache) (ISO-639-3-Code), vom Volk der Rapanui auf der Osterinsel benutzter polynesischer Dialekt

RAP


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Deze pagina toont een chronologisch en gedetailleerd overzicht van de interlands die het Kazachs voetbalelftal speelde in de periode 2000 – 2009. De voormalige Sovjet-republiek stapte in 2002 over van de Aziatische voetbalbond (AFC) naar de Europese voetbalbond (UEFA).

Interlands

2000

2001

2002

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2004

2005

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2008

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Stereotypes Of Men In Advertisements
Stereotypes Of Men In Advertisements Visual representation of reality, as seen through mass media, is acknowledged by sociologists to be influential in shaping people's views of the world. Our everyday realities are articulated mostly by what we see in the media. The role of advertising in this interpretation of reality is crucial. The target audience's self-identification with the images being a basic prerequisite for an advertisement's effectiveness, makes advertising one of the most important factors in the building of behavior models and values systems. The way a certain notion is managed at a visual level determines how people will perceive this notion and whether they will identify with it or not. Meaning is encoded in the structure of the images, which thus become potent cultural symbols for human behavior.
The framing and composition of the image, the setting, the symbolic attributes and every other element in its structure, all are engaged in the effective presentation of the underlying notion. What do images of the male body in advertising reveal about the notion of masculinity today? What is today's model man? Is there consistency in the visual representation of masculinity or are there competing images of it? In this study I will do a content analysis of the portrayal of men in 20 magazine advertisements. 5 ads were taken from "Maxim," a men's magazine targeted at 20 to 30 something males. 4 were taken from "Men's Journal, a men's magazine targeted at men from 30 to retirement age. 5 were looked at from Harper's "Bazaar," a women's magazine targeted at adult women.
4 were taken from "Allure," a women's magazine targeted at women in their 20's and 30's, and two were taken from "Entertainment Weekly," an entertainment magazine with a non gender specific target audience. I selected these ads by tearing out all of the ads in each magazine with a man or men in them, scattering them face down on the floor and picking up a few. I intend to look at these ads as a group of 20, looking at collective similarities among them and any common stereotypes and themes in the way these ads portray men. I also intend to examine any general differences between the ads fro the men's magazines, and those from the women's magazines, as well as differences along product lines. I expect to see reinforcement of the stereotypes discussed in Denise Kervin's study as well as the stereotypes delineated by other authors cited in this paper.
I expect that these reinforcements will occur as much as, but in a different way than is seen earlier in time as discussed in the various literature cited in this paper. I also expect that these stereotypes will be equally present, yet will manifest themselves differently depending on the target audience and product being pitched. Dominant discourses surrounding gender encourage us to accept that the human race is 'naturally' divided in to male and female, each gender realistically identifiable by a set of immutable characteristics. In Foucault's terms, relations of difference are social constructs belonging to social orders that contain hierarchies of power, defined, named and delimited by institutional discourses, to produce social practices. "Gender differences are symbolic categories" (Saco, 1992:25).
These categories are used to ascribe certain characteristics to men and women. The representation of those characteristics determines how men and women are presented in cultural forms, and really whether an individual is identified as 'masculine' or 'feminine'. It is important to understand the big role that media, in general, and specifically advertisement plays in maintaining an ingrained gender hierarchy. The closer study of men's and women's images as presented in advertising should result in uncovering the messages about their identity and role in society. Until recently, masculinity in the media was not considered problematic since there was the notion that masculinity is not constructed.
"Masculinity remains the untouched and untouchable against which femininity figures as the repressed and/or unspoken" (Holmlund, 1993:214). During the 1990's this notion started to change since a significant decline in portrayal of men's traditional roles became obvious. Until then though, qualities such as being aggressive, autonomous and active were always naturally attributed to men. Until mid 80's men also seemed to be the only ones that occupied powerful roles in society, so advertisements showed powerful images of men to sell products. Qualities culturally associated with women in ad's included being caring, warm and sexually passive in contrast with the muscular and powerful male. Common themes were these of the promiscuous gladiator with the female victim, the protector and the rescued.
In even older ads men were invariably portrayed as husbands and fathers. It is interesting to see that now, when things have admittedly changed for women, we still see much of the same themes in modern men's advertisements. In the ads from "Men's Journal," we generally see a handsome, strong, successful and somewhat rugged man. The camera angles are almost invariably from the bottom up, giving us a view of the man as though we, the viewer are below him, looking up at him. All of them are young, but none are teen-aged looking.
All but one have, or show remnants of facial hair. None of these ads show the man in the work place, but their depiction of leisure is that of mature success, not youthful excess. Because of the camera angles, the strong stances, the rugged good looks, and the depictions of success, these ads reinforce the stereotypes of men as strong, powerful, aggressive providers. 1 ad for Tommy Hilfiger shows the man with his arm around a girl who is leaning into his chest. This ad depicts a man as protector and as a heterosexual.
The one ad that stands out from the group in this collection of ads from Men's Journal is the one from ESPN's Sport's Center. This ad shows a man finishing up a piece of cake at a diner and watching Sport's center from across the bar. This is a different depiction of leisure which seems directly related to the product it is selling. The rest of the ads are selling some form of apparel. They are designed to show clothes as comfortable and stylish and show that a man who wears those clothes can be the aggressive, dominant male.
The Sport's Center ad is selling a product that isn't consumed as part of public image, but of private pleasure. The copy, "What Sport's Center Do You Watch?" implies that whenever, wherever the man wants his sports, he can get it from ESPN. It does not matter what he looks like, what he's doing, or where he is when he watches it. It is on several times a day, and it is a man's right and priority to enjoy it however he wishes. The man in this ad is a bit rounder, a bit more approachable but still not under anyone's control.
These advertisements prove the man's power, with his success, his heterosexuality, and his virility. These are all considered to be attractive features in males. To be more specific, they are considered attractive features in a grown man. Stuart Hall, in his book: Representation and Signifying Practices, focuses on three important looks for grown men, these are the 'Street Style' version, the 'Italian-American' version and the 'Conservative-Englishness' version. He has argued tha …
The Role Of The Media (In Australia)
Portrayal of Asian Americans
Men are From Mars, Women are f
College Sports Gambling
Teenage Smoking
Television and Media Advertising Cause Eating Diso
Why the joy luck club sucks
What for sale
← Liberty And The Anthem
Aids →


The need for tree work will sometimes become self-evident to tree owners and site managers in the course of their regular duties. In many circumstances, however, there will be a need for systematic surveys and inspections to be conducted by competent persons, including where appropriate external experts with skills in areas such as the recognition and interpretation of the origin and significance of symptoms caused by damage or physiological stress.
Generally, trees develop in balance with their environment both above and below ground. Conflicts with people and property can, however, result from natural processes of growth and dieback or from the effects of damage caused by severe weather, pests or diseases. Equally, human activities can lead to conflicts, if these activities affect the growth or structural integrity of trees, or increase or adversely modify their exposure to the wind by the removal of other trees or the demolition or construction of buildings.


Shraddha kapoor диета. Pic Courtesy: Instagram. Shraddha kapoor диета.
Shraddha Kapoor mainly works in Bollywood Film Industry. Kapoor gained wide recognition for playing a singer in the commercially successful romantic drama Aashiqui,. Directed by ' Shootout at Lokhandwala' director Apurva Lakhia, ' Haseena' is a biopic on Dawood Ibrahim' s sister Haseena Parker.
She is Daughter of Actor Shakti Kapoor. Shraddha Kapoor is an Indian film actress. Prior to making her cinematic debut she took up theatre studies at Boston University but dropped out after her first year to begin her acting career. Actress Shraddha Kapoor' s is all set to ring in her 30th birthday in Mumbai today. She was born on 3 March 1987 in Mumbai Maharashtra India.
Shraddha Kapoor ( born March 3, 1989) is an Indian film actress who appears in Hindi films of Bollywood. Shraddha Kapoor looks stunning on Femina cover— See pic. Shraddha Kapoor is an Indian Film Actress Singer, Lyricist Designer. The daughter of actor Shakti Kapoor she began her acting career with a brief role in the heist film Teen Patti followed it with her first leading role in the teen drama Luv Ka The End ( ).
She made her screen debut in the drama fictional Teen Patti for which she earned a nomination for the Filmfare Best Female Debut. Shraddha Kapoor Net Worth $ 3 Million and Her Salary 4. Her older brother Siddhanth is a former Disc Jockey.
Shraddha Kapoor Height Weight, Husband, Wiki, Age, Biography Family. Comments - Join the Discussion.
She sat down with Femina editors to answer the 10 questions everyone wants to ask her. On the work front, Shraddha is currently shooting for ' Batti Gul Meter Chalu'. The latest Tweets from Shraddha Living the dream! Shraddha Kapoor Femina Cover Batti Gul Meter Chalu Shahid Kapoor Bollywood. Through her film career she has become one of Bollywood' s prominent actresses one of the most popular celebrities in India.
Shraddha Kapoor is a Very Beautiful Multi talented , Fashion Designer , on of the Top Indian Film Actress Singer. Kapoor shoot for Women' s Health Cover.
Her brother is currently working as an assistant director. 9m Followers little, bubbly actress, 249 Posts - See Instagram photos , · Shraddha Kapoor Hot Photos - Having made a mark as cute, videos from Shraddha 08, 147 Following Shraddha Kapoor is all set to portray an intense character in her latest Box. Shraddha recently took the internet by storm after she released the first look of her upcoming film ' Haseena'. She is a Very Beautiful Most popular Indian Film Actress Model. She is Looking Very beautiful and she is Now of the Actress of Bollywood Industry. Shraddha Kapooris the Indian movie actress was born in the city of dreams Mumbai to Shivangi Kapoor and renowned actor Shakti Kapoor. Shraddha Kapoor has just heard your prayers.
🌈 💫 🦄 💜. Shraddha Kapoor Biography Age, Wiki, Family, Height, Husband Biodata. Shraddha Kapoor was made her screen debut in Hindi Movie Teen Patti.


PhD in Political Science from SciencesPo Paris, Ana Carolina González Espinosa is lecturer at Externado University in Colombia and coordinates the research group on mining and energy resources. She has been visiting scholar at Columbia University in New York and Universidad Catolica in Peru.
Ana Carolina has 13 years of experience in research and leading projects on the fields of transparency, citizen participation and extractive industry. She has served as consultant for the United Nations Development Program, World Bank, Inter-American Development Bank, Transparency International – Colombia and National Resources Governance Institute.
She is member of the National EITI Committee in Colombia and founder of the Colombian coalition of social and academic organizations for extractive industries transparency (Mesa de la Sociedad Civil para la Transparencia de la Industria Extractiva).
She has published several papers on transparency and citizen participation in the extractive industry (América Latina Hoy, 2010; Palgrave Macmillan, 2013; BID, 2014; Universidad Externado, 2016), corporate social responsibility of mining and oil companies (Springer, 2014) and public policy and governance in the sector (SciencesPo Presses, 2012; Universidad Externado, 2013).
Ana Carolina González Espinosa represents the Civil society constituency at the EITI Board.


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Molecular Medicine Graduate Program Track MENU
Financial Aid and Application
Physiology and Pharmacology
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Center for Hypertension and
Personalized Medicine (CHPM)
Pre-Med Summer Day Camp
Molecular Medicine Track Home
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Molecular Medicine Graduate Program Track
Faculty and their Research Interests in Molecular Medicine
Click on the faculty member's name for a more in-depth description of their research and publications.
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY
Ritu Chakravarti, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor and Director of MOME Track
Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, India
Chakravarti lab is interested in studying auto-immune diseases, particularly in Non-Infectious Aortitis (NIA). Both infectious and non-infectious reasons can result in inflammation of blood vessel wall, a.k.a. aortitis. NIA is more prevalent in recent times. About 20% of aortitis patients develop thoracic aortic aneurysms that can rupture or dissect, therefore, present a life-threatening condition. Histologically, vessel wall in NIA shows infiltration of immune cells, thickening of adventitia & media with, quite often, necrotic regions. No specific serological test exists for the diagnosis of aortitis. Immuno-suppressors are popular choices to control clinical symptoms, but they don't provide any curative effect. Absence of targeted therapy & serological markers to monitor the disease activity, significantly limit the management strategies for aortitis.
Jennifer W. Hill, Ph.D.
Northwestern University, 2003
I am interested in the hypothalamic homeostatic mechanisms controlling body weight and fertility and the interactions between them. My hypothesis is that the suppression of reproductive cyclicity during states of negative energy balance results from the action of circulating metabolic factors (such as leptin, insulin, ghrelin, glucose, LC-FAs or PYY3-36), in the hypothalamus. My experimantal approach includes use of timed, targeted genetic manipulation, such as tissue-specific gene deletion.
Bina Joe, Ph.D., FAHA, FAPS (CV)
Distinguished University Professor and Chair
Director of Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine
University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka, India, 1996
The focus of the Joe Lab is on the molecular genetics of complex traits. The current thrust area is on studying hypertension through a systems biology approach utilizing custom-genetically altered models of differential blood pressure.
Lauren Koch, Ph.D.
The University of Toledo (formerly Medical College of Ohio), 1991
Research interests include development of animal models of health and disease, exercise science, biology of aging and evolution of complex disease
Nikolai Modyanov, Ph.D., D.Sc.
Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russia, Ph.D., 1973
Russian Academy of Sciences, D.Sc., 1987
Research in my lab is focused on the molecular aspects of ion transport across biological membranes. These studies led to the recent discovery of a novel structural member of the mammalian X,K-ATPase ß-subunit gene family, designated ßm due to its exclusive expression in skeletal and heart muscles. Studies are underway to elucidate functions of this hitherto unknown, muscle-specific protein.
Edwin R. Sanchez, Ph.D.
University of Michigan, 1983
Regulation of steroid hormone receptors, with emphasis on the convergence of the heat shock, immunophilin and glucocorticoid receptor signal pathways.
John W. Turner, Jr., Ph.D.
Cornell University, 1970
Current research interests are focused on the development of a single-injection, multi-year controlled-release wildlife contraceptive vaccine to alleviate suffering faced by numerous species which are overpopulating fixed-size habitats and on assessment environmental stress due to chronically deteriorating habitats in wildlife and fishes via fecal cortisol measurement.
Guillermo Vazquez, Ph.D.
Associate Director of Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine
Universidad Nacional del Sur, Argentina, 1997
The focus of our research is on the role of Canonical Transient Receptor Potential (TRPC) channels in endothelial dysfunction/inflammation associated to Molecular Medicine. The repertoire of TRPC isoforms expressed in endothelium from different vascular beds, signaling modulating channel function, and molecular/cellular outcomes of TRPC-mediated Ca2+ entry, are some of the subjects of our studies.
Matam Vijay-Kumar, Ph.D.
Director, UTMiCO
CFTRI, University of Mysore, India, 2000
A large body of my work focuses on intestinal inflammation, a hallmark of numerous gastrointestinal disorders. Understanding the mechanisms by which gut epithelial cells participate in the innate immune response will provide insight into the etiology of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Our laboratory employs numerous innate immune deficient mice to delineate the interactions between host innate immunity and gut microbiota in IBD pathogenesis. Our current active project in the lab is investigating the role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in gastrointestinal pathophysiology.
An additional vein of my research pertains to the interplay between innate immune deficiencies and how it impacts gut microbiotal homeostasis. My research has demonstrated that TLR5 deficient mice develop hallmark symptoms of metabolic syndrome, such as obesity, Type II diabetes and liver diseases, which are absolutely microbiota-dependent. This finding was substantiated by our observation that transplanting the microbiota from TLR5 deficient mice into germ-free mice eventuates features of metabolic syndrome in the recipients. As a whole, my work in this area has advanced our understanding of how innate immune deficiencies results in microbiotal dysbiosis, and consequently, contribute to metabolic diseases. My lab slogan is 'Gut Microbiota: We can't live without or with it'.
Camilla Ferreira Wenceslau, Ph.D.
The overarching goal of my laboratory is to understand vascular physiology in cardiovascular and renal diseases. Specifically, we study the mechanisms associated with vascular dysfunction during hypertension, inflammation, trauma (e.g., sepsis and SIRS), diabetes and chronic kidney diseases. The laboratory employs a wide range of cutting-edge techniques and multidisciplinary in vivo and in vitro experimental approaches including clinically relevant diseased mouse models, radiotelemetry, vascular isobaric and isometric force measurement, and biochemical and molecular biology methods.
Alexei Fedorov, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Director of Bioinformatics Laboratory
Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 1993
Origin and evolution of introns. Computer mining of novel genes. Prediction of constitutive and alternative splicing. Information content of genes beyond the coding meaning – codon bias and context-dependent codon bias. How are these biases created and maintained? Principles of genome organization.
Rajesh Gupta, M.D.
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago; M.D.
Steven Haller, Ph.D.
University of Toledo, Ph.D., 2012
Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (RAS) is the leading cause of secondary hypertension (renovascular hypertension) and an important cause of ischemic renal injury. Impaired renal function is one of the most important contributors to adverse cardiovascular events and survival in this population. The focus of my research involves identifying the molecular targets leading to the development of renal fibrosis and renal dysfunction in RAS.
Juan Jaume, M.D.
Chief of Endocrinology & Co-Director, Clinical, CeDER
National University of Buenos Aires, M.D.
David Kennedy, Ph.D.
Medical University of Ohio, Ph.D., 2006
The overall aim of my research is to develop a mechanistic understanding of the pathogenesis of accelerated cardiac and renal dysfunction during cardio-renal syndrome. Thus, we seek to identify novel mechanisms of cardiac and renal injury in order to aid and improve diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive strategies in this high-risk population of patients. One of the primary scientific objectives of my laboratory is to understand the pathophysiology whereby endogenous counter-regulatory mechanisms become maladaptive and contribute to disease progression in patients with cardio-renal syndrome.
Jiang Tian, Ph.D.
Research in my laboratory is focused on the molecular mechanisms of cardiovascular disease, with special emphasis on uremic cardiomyopathy. Cardiac dysfunction associated with chronic kidney disease and end stage renal disease is responsible for high cardiovascular mortality. Our laboratory uses a Na/K-ATPase alpha1 heterozygous knockout mouse and partial nephrectomy (PNx) model to study the relationship between Na/K-ATPase content, circulating levels of CTS and cardiovascular function. These studies have been funded by the National Clinical Research Program of American Heart Association and by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute.
DEPARTMENT OF ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY
A. Champa Jayasuriya, Ph.D.
Professor, Director of Orthopedic Research
Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan, 1997
My research areas are bone tissue engineering, regenerative medicine and biomaterials.
Beata Lecka-Czernik, Ph.D.
Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland, 1986
Previously, we have demonstrated that a class of anti-diabetic drugs TZD have adverse effects on bone by causing bone loss and affecting fracture healing in animal models. We have also showed that this process can be prevented by using slightly modified TZD drugs, which retain their beneficial anti-diabetic effects but are lacking adverse effects on bone. Currently, we are investigating molecular mechanisms by which TZDs induce bone loss and investigating the means by which diabetic bone status can be improved by using bone-specific gene and stem cell therapies, as well as pharmacological therapies.
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Christine Lagarde, the head of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), has warned the world that the United States risks "seriously damaging" the global economy if no agreement is reached by lawmakers to raise the government's borrowing limit in the next few weeks. The US government shutdown that happened earlier this week puts a dent into the likelihood of an agreement being reached in time.
Commenting on the recent shutdown, Lagarde said, "The government shutdown is bad enough, but failure to raise the debt ceiling would be far worse, and could very seriously damage not only the U.S. economy, but the entire global economy." She also added, "the ongoing political uncertainty over the budget and the debt ceiling does not help." The euro zone faces its own trying times; market volatility and slowing emerging market growth all contribute to a growing global economic situation that is becoming more fragile by the day.
Global financial markets have not priced in even the slightest possibility of such an occurrence, thereby indicating their view that there is minimal risk of a default by the United States.


Powerlifting made its debut as a medal sport at the second Paralympic Games in 1964. Initially offered only to lifters with spinal cord injuries, the sport has grown to include numerous disability groups, as well as assimilate rules similar to those of non-disabled lifters. From 1992 to 1996, the number of participating countries more than doubled. Ever since, that number has risen to include 109 countries, and is the fastest growing Paralympic sport in the world.
Athletes draw lots to determine order of weigh-in and lifts. After the athletes are categorized within the 10 different weight classes (male and female), they each lift three times (competing in their respective weight class). The heaviest "good lift" (within the weight class) is the lift used for final placing in the competition.
Paralympic powerlifting competition is open to male and female athletes with physical disabilities such as dwarfism, amputation/limb loss, spinal cord injury/wheelchair-users and cerebral palsy/brain injury/stroke.
For more information on powerlifting, visit Logan University's webpage.


PCE Instruments has used the experience of the recent years to develop a mobile, small and powerful data logger. The development and production were guided exclusively by the suggestions, experiences and wishes of the customers. For all the branches of industry, a new data logger of the PCE-VDL series offers solutions for the detection of 3-axis acceleration, for example, upon shock or vibrations. The first two data loggers PCE-VDL 24I and PCE-VDL 16I are now conquering the market after intensive and successful work.
The PCE-VDL 16I has five integrated sensors for temperature, humidity, air pressure and light, as well as a 3-axis acceleration with a sampling rate of 1600 Hz.
The PCE-VDL 24I has a very fast sampling rate of 2400 Hz. Thus, the PCE-VDL 24I is perfect for recording the acceleration, for example, during machine inspection and preventive maintenance. Due to its very small design, the data logger can be mounted at almost any point on the machine and used for 3-axis acceleration. With the PCE-VDL 24I, it is possible to measure and store a precise reconstruction of the pulses coming from acceleration and impact force in all three axes. Especially in case of machines, motors and generators, it is advantageous to be able to record the snapshots of variable process steps and to document all the abnormalities. Thus, future problems can be detected in advance and resolved, for example, when the velocity of various speed ranges drops and critical machine errors occur. The new data logger can contribute to the preventive maintenance of machines and noticeably reduce high service expenses. Additional information can be used to limit the number of areas affected by large vibration amplitudes and retrofit damping systems.
The data logger PCE-VDL 24I cannot only be used for stationary machines, it can also be installed in moving objects. Particularly in the field of industry and transport, it is advantageous to determine impacts, shocks and accelerations of objects in all 3 axes. Due to the constant presence of gravitational acceleration and its graphical and numerical illustration in the measurement results, even small changes in position, displacements and generally tilting movements in a three-dimensional space can be detected due to a high sampling rate with the highest resolution.
With the PCE-VDL 24I, it is possible to display the exact time course and to put a time stamp during the recording of many measurement values. Only on this condition, the real processes can be made visible subsequently via an acceleration-time-diagram. Due to the high sampling rate of 2400 Hz, especially the higher frequency oscillations or vibrations coming from very short shock or impact pulses are definable. In the case of periodic oscillations with higher frequency components, a high sampling rate is urgently required in order to make the recordings and later evaluation on the PC possible. Diagrams give us new insights, for example about long or short peak loads, as well as the recording of very many measuring points at very short time intervals.
With the data logger PCE-VDL 24I, effective machine monitoring is possible and can increase and prolong the performance and lifetime of equipment and machines.


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PORT FREEPORT RECEIVES FIRST CONTAINER VESSEL IN NEW ALL-WATER EXPRESS SERVICE FROM ASIA
FREEPORT, TX (December 28, 2021) – On December 10th, the M/V ZHONG GU FU JIAN (2010 built, Chinese Flagged) berthed at Port Freeport's Velasco Container Terminal. The arrival of the 902-foot long 4,963 TEU vessel marks another milestone for Port Freeport as the first container vessel to offer all-water service from Asia into Port Freeport.
"Port Freeport's recent announcement of completing the first portion of the Freeport Harbor Channel Improvement Project and the ongoing expansion of the Velasco Container Terminal has garnered the attention of the steamship lines," said Phyllis Saathoff, Executive Director/CEO of Port Freeport. "The current disruptions in the supply chain have encouraged carriers and shippers to consider alternate ports of entry and with these additions, Port Freeport is an enticing alternative."
Transfar Shipping PTE. LTD., an ocean carrier originating from Singapore, is committed to establishing a supply chain for business-to-business, cross-border, e-commerce. In a bid to improve the fulfillment efficiency of the logistic service under the current critical market situation, Transfar Shipping recently launched express service between China and the U.S. Gulf Coast by offering one to two direct sailings per month, importing a mix of cargo for many globally known companies including, Alibaba.
Over $450 million of infrastructure projects are currently underway at Port Freeport. Those projects include the Freeport Harbor Channel Improvement Project, that will deepen and partially widen the harbor channel to accommodate the modern vessels operating around the world today; and the Velasco Terminal dock extension which will add 927 feet of berth and an 85-foot RoRo Platform to Velasco Container Terminal. Port Freeport will soon embark on the Velasco Terminal Modernization Project that will improve gate infrastructure and access to the terminal enhancing efficiency.
"Port Freeport has been, and continues to be, a rapidly growing deep-water port. The Port Commissioners of the past two decades believed that it was imperative to invest in the expansion to accommodate that growth, as does the current Commissioners. That investment in expansion correlates to the creation of positive economic impacts for the community, Brazoria County, the state of Texas and our great nation," said Port Commission Chairman John Hoss. "We welcome the Transfar Shipping express service as the first direct, all-water service from Asia into Port Freeport."
Port Freeport is a leading port in the export of crude oil and natural gas liquids and ranked 6th in chemicals, 11th in foreign waterborne tonnage, and 26th in containers. A 2019 Economic Impact Study by Texas A&M Transportation Institute revealed that, nationally, the Freeport Harbor Channel generates 279,780 jobs and has a total economic output of $149 billion. Port Freeport serves Atlantic Container Lines, AMPORTS, BASF, Chiquita Fresh N.A., CEMEX, CMA CGM, Dole Fresh Fruit, The Dow Chemical Company, Enterprise Products, ExxonMobil, Freeport LNG, Glovis, Grimaldi Lines, Hoegh Autoliners, Kirby Marine, Liberty Global Logistics, Mammoet, MEGlobal, Phillips 66, Riviana Foods, Inc., Sallaum Lines, Tenaris, Transfar Shipping PTE. LTD., U.S Department of Energy, Wallenius Wilhelmsen, and Vulcan Materials Company.
Port Freeport is committed to keeping the local community informed of our operations and results. If you have questions or comments about this article, please email or call Tricia Vela, Public Affairs Assistant.
- # # # -
PHOTO CUTLINE: M/V ZHONG GU FU JIAN berthed at Port Freeport's Velasco Container Terminal
http://www.portfreeport.com/
Port Freeport Harbor Channel Improvement Project Video
This message has been prepared or disseminated using resources owned by Port Freeport and is subject to the Port's policies. Email and/or any type of electronic communications created or received through the Port's computer system by any Port employee or commissioner may be considered a public record, subject to public inspection under the Texas Public Information Act and other applicable state and federal laws.
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Some of these awards can be held in conjunction with the CERN Summer Undergraduate Research Experience; see http://www.ipp.ca/programs/CERN_summer.shtml for details and application instructions. Review of the CERN applications will begin on date January 15, 2019 and you must have your applications in before then.
1) Physics prescreen procedure: You must send an electronic copy of the following documents to Dr. Kevin Graham (kevin_graham carleton [dot] ca please use subject Physics USRA) by Friday January 25, 2019 before 5:00 p.m.
Create a form 202 from the drop down menu, and follow the instructions here (You need to fill out Part I of form 202).
Upload a PDF of official transcripts to the NSERC website.
an ordered preference list of research projects (as listed above). Wherever possible, we will try to assign you to your top choice of project.
If your application can be matched to a potential supervisor, you will be contacted by February 15, 2019. This potential supervisor will fill out online the form 202 Part II and send you a copy (which is needed for the second step of the application procedure).
2) Application to the Faculty of Science: the deadline for submission of the completed application package is TBA. This should only be done after you have heard the result of the Physics prescreen.


"Hi, my name is Allie Peek I have been riding for 12 years now. I ride Morgan horses on the national circuit. A couple of awards I have won is high point Junior Exhibitor NYSMHS, Top 5 at the Morgan Grand Nationals and world championship, and number one barn helper.


With the new Congress underway, the impact on commercial real estate will be considerable from House leadership changes, including new committee chairs, as well as reconstitution of key Senate committees. In the House, both the Financial Services and Ways and Means Committees have new Chairs, while in the Senate, new members will join the Banking, Housing and Urban Development Committee and the Finance Committee. Come hear the leaders of top commercial real estate associations discuss the effect of these changes during 2019 and beyond, and how real estate companies can prepare. The new Congress will be dealing with important topics, such as tax correction provisions, infrastructure funding initiatives, terrorism risk insurance reauthorization, deregulation, GSE reform, and more.
For more information, please contact Amanda Paola at 215.864.8436 or paolaa@ballardspahr.com.


Our MA program at the University of Oklahoma is increasingly serving as a stepping stone for students who are trying to get into PhD programs (our own and others), especially now that we have started to offer some funded MA slots. We are divided about something: should we advise these students to complete master's theses? In our program, students have a choice between taking 12 courses plus a comprehensive exam, and taking 9 or 10 courses plus writing a thesis.
(1) The thesis is too long to serve as a writing sample for PhD applications.
(2) The thesis is completed at the end of the program, so the writing sample that could be extracted from it is not ready in time for applications (unless the student wishes to take a gap year after the MA).
(3) Students who do the exam option complete the program in 4 semesters (if studying full time), but students who do the thesis option often take longer even though they take fewer courses.
(4) Students who do the exam option take more courses, and thus tend to get somewhat broader training.
Those of us who tend to recommend writing a thesis do so on the grounds that pursuit of a sustained research and writing project can only leave one better prepared for the main work one will do in a PhD program.
Our question is this: do PhD admissions committees tend to look more favorably on MA students who have written (or are writing) a thesis than on MA students who are doing a non-thesis program?


text:
Friday Poem
Posted on Friday, Apr 18, 2014 6:54AM Friday, December 8, 2017 by Jim Culleny
Your subtle
Fedora mustache
Silently
Wasn't
by Bill Schneberger
Gabriel García Márquez, Conjurer of Literary Magic, Dies at 87
The story of Italy and its citrus fruit
"I like to check in from time to time with 3 Quarks Daily."
—Michael Chabon, Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist. "One of the most celebrated writers of his generation," according to the Virginia Quarterly Review.
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—Daniel Dennett, University Professor of Philosophy at Tufts University.
3 Quarks Daily is an essential stop for any serious reader on the Web."
—Ken Roth, Executive Director of Human Rights Watch since 1993.


Except instead of a sprint to the finish line, pregnancy ends with a frantic dash to the hospital!
Recently I've realized that successfully navigating a pregnancy is really similar to successfully navigating a triathlon. Just like a race, there's a set start and end date that you work towards in your training. And also like a race, there are always unforeseen challenges that arise along the way.
As your "training" weeks go by and as your "training" gets harder, you're constantly evaluating and re-evaluating and adjusting as necessary. Just like in triathlon training, I've identified a couple simple philosophies and pleasures that have help me push through the tough times and enjoy the good.
First, I try to let go of the guilt of all things I am not doing as I normally would if I wasn't pregnant. (You know, all those donuts and salt and vinegar potato chips I talked about in my last blog, and well the blog before that, and well, you get the idea.) I am not always perfect about this. Just yesterday I almost burst into tears when a young, literally bouncing, pregnant women breezed by looking so beautiful and happy you'd swear only pharmaceuticals could make someone that joyous! But feeling guilty about certain things that are out of my control just adds more challenge to the challenges I'm already facing, and that's just a waste of energy. In endurance sports, you have to forgive yourself for the workouts you miss—and just focus on those you really nailed—it's the same in pregnancy. Forgiving yourself is so important.
Next, when and if I can pass on anything not-so-healthy, I do it. Just like the times you can't control what you eat, I take advantage of the times I can stomach the good stuff, even if it's just a single salad or a piece of fruit. As I have started having more good days then bad, I am reevaluating my needs. Lucky for me, salads finally sound delicious again, so I've been keeping the fridge stocked with healthy veggies. Some days it works, other days I go for the frozen pizza.
A salad I recently made with spinach, grilled chicken, hard boiled egg, avocado, sun flower seeds and a little EVOO! Delicious!
In triathlon, there are days when you are just on it—when your tempo run just feels easy. On those days you've got to hit it hard because you never know what you'll feel like tomorrow. It's the same in pregnancy. When your body says, okay, we can handle a salad, grab the darn salad and go to town!
And just like in triathlon, the right gear is essential. I highly recommend maternity pajamas. However, I ONLY recommend wearing them to bed! Made to be comfortable around your growing parts, even if you don't think you need these, treat yourself to a pair and I promise you won't be disappointed. You wouldn't head out on a 60 mile ride without bike shorts—why would you consider spending your pregnancy in uncomfortable clothes?
14 weeks into my pregnancy!
Additionally, the body pillow is also a great investment. Even if you feel as though you'll never use it again after the baby, you can always pass it on to another mom-to-be. They're inexpensive and so helpful in supporting all parts of your body—so worth it!


text:
{-# LANGUAGE UnicodeSyntax #-}
{-# LANGUAGE CPP #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TemplateHaskell #-}

-- | Template Haskell utils for declaring flags instances.
module Data.Flags.TH
  ( dataBitsAsFlags
  , dataBitsAsBoundedFlags
  , bitmaskWrapper
  , enumADT
  ) where

import Language.Haskell.TH

import Data.Bits (Bits(..))
#if MIN_VERSION_base(4,7,0)
import Data.Bits (FiniteBits(..))
#endif
import Data.Maybe (isJust)
import Data.List (find, union, intercalate)
import Foreign.Storable (Storable(..))
import Foreign.Ptr (Ptr, castPtr)
import Control.Applicative ((<$>))

import Data.Flags.Base

#if !MIN_VERSION_base(4,7,0)
finiteBitSize ∷ Bits α ⇒ α → Int
finiteBitSize = bitSize
#endif

inst ∷ Name → Name → [Dec] → Dec
inst className typeName = InstanceD
#if MIN_VERSION_template_haskell(2,11,0)
                                    Nothing
#endif
                                    [] (AppT (ConT className) (ConT typeName))

fun ∷ Name → Exp → Dec
fun name expr = FunD name [Clause [] (NormalB expr) []]

-- | Produces 'Data.Flags.Base.Flags' instance declaration for the specified
--   instance of 'Data.Bits.Bits'.
dataBitsAsFlags ∷ Name → Q [Dec]
dataBitsAsFlags typeName = do
  noFlagsE ← appE (varE 'fromInteger) (litE $ IntegerL 0)
  andFlagsE ← [| (.|.) |]
  commonFlagsE ← [| (.&.) |]
  butFlagsE ← [| \x → \y → x .&. (complement y) |]
  return [inst ''Flags typeName
            [fun 'noFlags noFlagsE,
             fun 'andFlags andFlagsE,
             fun 'commonFlags commonFlagsE,
             fun 'butFlags butFlagsE]]

-- | Produces 'Data.Flags.Base.Flags' and 'Data.Flags.Base.BoundedFlags'
--   instances declarations for the specified instance of 'Data.Bits.Bits'.
dataBitsAsBoundedFlags ∷ Name → Q [Dec]
dataBitsAsBoundedFlags typeName = do
  allFlagsE ← appE (varE 'fromInteger) (litE $ IntegerL (-1))
  enumFlagsE ← [| \x → map (setBit 0) $
                         filter (testBit x) [0 .. finiteBitSize x - 1] |]
  (++ [inst ''BoundedFlags typeName
         [fun 'allFlags allFlagsE,
          fun 'enumFlags enumFlagsE]]) <$> dataBitsAsFlags typeName

-- | Declare a newtype wrapper around the specified integral type and make
--   it an instance of 'Data.Flags.Base.BoundedFlags'. For each individual
--   flag declare a constant. If a 'Show' instance wasn't requested for
--   automatic derivation, declare one with
--
--   > show flags = "WrappingTypeName [IndividualFlags in flags]"
bitmaskWrapper ∷ String -- ^ Wrapping type name.
               → Name   -- ^ Wrapped type name.
               → [Name] -- ^ Types to derive automatically.
               → [(String, Integer)] -- ^ Individual flags.
               → Q [Dec]
bitmaskWrapper typeNameS wrappedName derives elems = do
  typeName ← return $ mkName typeNameS
  showE ← [| \flags → $(stringE $ typeNameS ++ " [") ++
                      (intercalate ", " $ map snd $
                         filter ((noFlags /=) . commonFlags flags . fst) $
                           $(listE $
                               map (\(name, _) →
                                      tupE [varE $ mkName name,
                                            stringE name])
                                   elems)) ++ "]" |]
  allFlagsE ← [| foldl andFlags noFlags
                   $(listE $ map (varE . mkName . fst) elems) |]
  enumFlagsE ← [| \flags → filter ((noFlags /=) . commonFlags flags) $
                             $(listE $ map (varE . mkName . fst) elems) |]
  let strictness =
#if MIN_VERSION_template_haskell(2,11,0)
                    Bang NoSourceUnpackedness NoSourceStrictness
#else
                    NotStrict
#endif
  return $ [ NewtypeD [] typeName []
#if MIN_VERSION_template_haskell(2,11,0)
                      Nothing
#endif
                      (NormalC typeName [(strictness, ConT wrappedName)])
#if MIN_VERSION_template_haskell(2,11,0)
# if MIN_VERSION_template_haskell(2,12,0)
                      . pure
                      . DerivClause Nothing
# endif
                      . fmap ConT $
#endif
                      (union [''Eq, ''Flags] derives)
           ] ++
           (concatMap (\(nameS, value) →
                         let name = mkName nameS in
                           [SigD name (ConT typeName),
                            FunD name
                              [Clause [] (NormalB $
                                            AppE (ConE typeName)
                                                 (LitE $ IntegerL value))
                                      []]]) elems) ++
           [inst ''BoundedFlags typeName
              [fun 'allFlags allFlagsE,
               fun 'enumFlags enumFlagsE]] ++
           (if (isJust $ find (''Show ==) derives)
              then []
              else [inst ''Show typeName [fun 'show showE]])

-- | Declare an ADT with the specified constructors and make it an instance
--   of 'Eq', 'Ord', 'Show' and 'Foreign.Storable.Storable'.
enumADT ∷ String -- ^ Type name.
        → Name -- Numeric type name.
        → [(String, Integer)] -- ^ Enumeration elements.
        → Q [Dec]
enumADT typeNameS numName elems = do
  let typeName = mkName typeNameS
      wrap i = caseE (varE i) $
                 (map (\(name, value) →
                         match (litP $ IntegerL value)
                               (normalB $ appE (conE 'Just)
                                               (conE $ mkName name))
                               []) elems) ++
                 [match wildP (normalB $ conE 'Nothing) []]
      unwrap w = caseE (varE w)
                   (map (\(name, value) →
                           match (conP (mkName name) [])
                                 (normalB $ litE $ IntegerL value)
                                 []) elems) in do
    alignmentE ← [| \_ → alignment (undefined ∷ $(conT numName)) |]
    sizeOfE ← [| \_ → sizeOf (undefined ∷ $(conT numName)) |]
    peekE ← [| \p → do
                 i ← peek (castPtr p ∷ Ptr $(conT numName))
                 case $(wrap 'i) of
                   Just w -> return w
                   Nothing -> fail $ "Invalid value for " ++ typeNameS |]
    pokeE ← [| \p → \v → poke (castPtr p ∷ Ptr $(conT numName))
                              $(unwrap 'v) |]
    return [DataD [] typeName []
#if MIN_VERSION_template_haskell(2,11,0)
                  Nothing
#endif
                  (map ((`NormalC` []) . mkName . fst) elems)
#if MIN_VERSION_template_haskell(2,11,0)
# if MIN_VERSION_template_haskell(2,12,0)
                  . pure
                  . DerivClause Nothing
# endif
                  . fmap ConT $
#endif
                  [''Eq, ''Ord, ''Show],
            inst ''Storable typeName
              [fun 'alignment alignmentE,
               fun 'sizeOf sizeOfE,
               fun 'peek peekE,
               fun 'poke pokeE]]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Primary Cilia Defects Reflect Specific Bone Cell Activity in Human ADPKD Osteoblast Cells
Cystic Kidney Diseases: Emerging Concepts, Biomarkers, and Clinical Trials
Category: Genetic Diseases of the Kidneys
1001 Genetic Diseases of the Kidneys: Cystic
Pereira, Renata C., University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States
Renata C. Pereira,
Gitomer, Berenice Y., University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
Berenice Y. Gitomer,
Harris, Peter C., Mayo Clinic Minnesota, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
Peter C. Harris,
Salusky, Isidro B., University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States
Isidro B. Salusky,
Albrecht, Lauren V., University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States
Lauren V. Albrecht,
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is predominately caused by mutations in primary cilium genes polycystic kidney disease PKD1 and PKD2. Recent studies show that ADPKD is associated with abnormal bone health with decreased bone formation and low bone serum alkaline phosphatase, even when kidney function is preserved. Knowledge of the regulatory links between ADPKD, cilia, and human bone health is lacking.
We assessed primary cilia in cultured pre-osteoblasts derived from ADPKD patients with PKD1 or PKD2 mutations, relative to healthy controls and non-ADPKD chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Cilia were quantified by immunofluorescence staining of pericentrin and acetylated-α-tubulin. Cilia responsiveness was examined following treatment with lithium chloride (LiCl), an activator of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway that is known to induce cilia elongation. Biochemical osteoblast analyses included bone turnover by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralization assays.
Compared to healthy control cells, ADPKD osteoblasts displayed longer cilia at baseline and were significantly more responsive to elongation with LiCl. In contrast, non-ADPKD CKD osteoblasts had shorter cilia and lacked LiCl responsiveness. Despite similar histological features and adynamic bone characteristics, ADPKD osteoblasts mineralized faster than osteoblasts from non-ADPKD CKD. The ALP activity levels were decreased in ADPKD osteoblast cells, which is consistent with the lowered circulating bone ALP levels.
Together, these data support a model whereby altered cilia responsiveness in ADPKD osteoblasts is linked to bone cell activity and mineralization defects that are distinct from adynamic bone of non-ADPKD CKD patients.
NIDDK Support


Live. Local. Diverse by Design.
Entercom Dallas provides unparalleled access to our diverse community, offering six station formats, including a Spanish station. Home of local news and sports, we are the News Voice of Texas, and the go-to station for the Dallas Cowboys and Texas Rangers. We create custom solutions across platforms to meet marketing objectives. Our deep connection to our diverse communities and influential on-air personalities deliver results.


text:
Reverse sneezing, also known as inspiratory paroxysmal respiration, is a clinical event that occurs in dogs. It is possibly caused by a muscle spasm at the back of the dog's mouth, more specifically where the muscle and throat meet. Other hypotheses state that it occurs when the dog's soft palate gets irritated. The irritation causes spasms in the soft palate muscle thus narrowing the trachea. Because the trachea is narrowed, the dog isn't able to inhale a full breath of air, resulting in forceful attempts to inhale through their nose. This causes the dog to experience reverse sneezing.

The clinical symptoms seem to occur more in brachycephalic dog breeds such as Chihuahuas, Boxer, English- and French bulldogs. The specific cause of reverse sneezing is unknown but there could be a link between nasal, pharyngeal or sinus irritation which increases the production of mucus. In attempt to remove this excess mucus, reverse sneezing can be observed. Another hypothesis is based on the overexcitement of the dog which might cause reverse sneezing. Reverse sneezing might also be caused by a previous diagnosis such as tracheal collapse.

During an episode of reverse sneezing, symptoms such as sudden, involuntary respiratory reflex can be noted. As a response to reverse sneezing, the air is sucked in through the nose in a series of rapid and forceful inhalations. An episode of reverse sneezing usually lasts for 30 seconds or less although it might feel longer for the owner. For reverse sneezing, there are no confirmed treatments yet to be found, but there are some commonly used remedies.

Signs and symptoms
Reverse sneezing oftentimes occurs when the dog is asleep or immediately after a long nap. It can also be experienced following play, exercise or meals. Other dogs experience it whilst inhaling dust but the episodes of reverse sneezing typically occur randomly. The dog's size does not have a direct impact on reverse sneezing. However, smaller dogs have shown to be more susceptible to reverse sneezing. In addition, research shows that brachycephalic dogs are more prone to develop reverse sneezing than other dog breeds.

Reverse sneezing is characterized by rapid and long inhalations, extending from the head and neck. In most cases, the dog stands still during an episode. A snorting or gagging sound can be observed as a result of a dog inhaling their sneezes.

The dog undergoes reverse sneezing to expel an irritating agent. Normally, a regular sneeze helps by expelling the irritating agent in the nasal cavity. Coughing will make the irritating agent move further down in the trachea. Reverse sneezing is a way of the dog's body to expel an irritating agent slightly further down at the nasopharynx or the area near the soft palate. Some examples of possible causes of irritation that result in reverse sneezing include: allergies, nasal mites, exercise intolerance and elongated soft palate. An elongated soft palate mostly occurs in dogs of brachycephalic breeds.

A dog that experiences reverse sneezing, appears to be normal after an episode of reverse sneezing. Most dogs who are prone to developing the condition will experience reverse sneezing repeatedly throughout their lives. The reverse sneezing might be distressing for the animal but it is not known to be harmful.

Reverse sneezing as a symptom of other conditions
It is common for reverse sneezing to be a symptom of another condition or diagnosis, meaning reverse sneezing might lead to the discovery of an underlying condition.  A dog which was diagnosed with nasal eucoleosis was experiencing symptoms of reverse sneezing amongst other clinical symptoms.

Treatment
A commonly used remedy for reverse sneezing is to pinch in the dog's nose and scratch its neck or back and rub its sides. Other techniques which can be applied include gently blowing in the dog's face to make the dog swallow or gently opening the dog's mouth and pressing down on the tongue. This treatment can alleviate the spasm and make the episode of reverse sneezing pass quicker.

In most cases, the reverse sneezing will stop when the dog has swallowed a couple of times.

The treatment of reverse sneezing does not specifically require medication. Studies have proven that medication such as antihistamines and steroids may be effective if the reverse sneezing is serious, chronic or allergy-related. In case of chronic episodes or other respiratory issues, a clinical diagnosis made by a veterinarian is recommended. In severe cases of reverse sneezing, rhinoscopy can be used to determine possible causes for the reverse sneezing.

Prognosis
Although a great deal of research has been done in order to determine the clinical cause of reverse sneezing, any specific origin for reverse sneezing has yet been found.

References

External links
Paroxysmal respiration
Reverse Sneezing In Dogs: Is It Normal? from PetMD.com

Dog health
Articles containing video clips


The Third Dispensation: Human Government. Under Conscience, as in Innocency, man utterly failed, and the judgment of the Flood marks the end of the second dispensation and the beginning of the third. The declaration of the Noahic Covenant subjects humanity to a new test. Its distinctive feature is the institution, for the first time, of human government--the government of man by man. The highest function of government is the judicial taking of life. All other governmental powers are implied in that. It follows that the third dispensation is distinctively that of human government. Man is responsible to govern the world for God. That responsibility rested upon the whole race, Jew and Gentile, until the failure of Israel under the Palestinian Covenant (Deu 28.- 30:1-10) brought the judgment of the Captivities, when "the times of the Gentiles"; Luke 21:24; Revelation 16:14 began, and the government of the world passed exclusively into Gentile hands; Daniel 2:36-45; Luke 21:24; Acts 15:14-17. That both Israel and the Gentiles have governed for self, not God, is sadly apparent. The judgment of the confusion of tongues ended the racial testing; that of the captivities the Jewish; while the Gentile testing will end in the smiting of the Image (Da 2.) and the judgment of the nations Matthew 25:31-46.
36 This is the dream; and we will tell the interpretation thereof before the king. 37 Thou, O king, art a king of kings: for the God of heaven hath given thee a kingdom, power, and strength, and glory. 38 And wheresoever the children of men dwell, the beasts of the field and the fowls of the heaven hath he given into thine hand, and hath made thee ruler over them all. Thou art this head of gold. 39 And after thee shall arise another kingdom inferior to thee, and another third kingdom of brass, which shall bear rule over all the earth. 40 And the fourth kingdom shall be strong as iron: forasmuch as iron breaketh in pieces and subdueth all things: and as iron that breaketh all these, shall it break in pieces and bruise. 41 And whereas thou sawest the feet and toes, part of potters' clay, and part of iron, the kingdom shall be divided; but there shall be in it of the strength of the iron, forasmuch as thou sawest the iron mixed with miry clay. 42 And as the toes of the feet were part of iron, and part of clay, so the kingdom shall be partly strong, and partly brokenk. 43 And whereas thou sawest iron mixed with miry clay, they shall mingle themselves with the seed of men: but they shall not cleave onel to another, even as iron is not mixed with clay. 44 And in the daysm of these kings shall the God of heaven set up a kingdom, which shall never be destroyed: and the kingdom shall not be left to other people, but it shall break in pieces and consume all these kingdoms, and it shall stand for ever. 45 Forasmuch as thou sawest that the stone was cut out of the mountain withoutn hands, and that it brake in pieces the iron, the brass, the clay, the silver, and the gold; the great God hath made known to the king what shall come to pass hereafter: and the dream is certain, and the interpretation thereof sure.