text:
100 Best Songs With "Never" in the Title
Ansel Pereira
I have been an online writer for over six years. I am passionate about books, philosophy, music, and the music industry.
The word "never" is used in different contexts by singers and songwriters to convey a wide-range of sentiments. The term is enormously popular with musicians from different genres. While certain songs explore the dark side of emotions, a great number of songs showcase deep feelings for someone or something in a metaphoric manner.
What Does the Word "Never" Convey in Songs?
In songs, the word "never" conveys a wide-range of ideas and concepts associated with a centralized theme. While the word is often used by musicians to showcase attributes associated with the mind and heart, sometimes the term is used portray a reflective perspective in a confessional manner. Certain songs glorify different aspects of never giving up on someone or something in a theatrically exaggerated way. Singers may also narrate their personal experiences about not finding love. Sometimes musicians lament their regret of never being good enough for their partner in a relationship. A world of dreams and fantasies is created in songs that talk about never growing up.
Certain singers express their thoughts aesthetically about not being able to fall in love again due to the emotional hurt and pain caused by their lover in a past relationship. Certain musicians tell a gripping tale of betrayal and deceit with songs about never being loved. A number of bands and artists from different genres narrate the difficulties about leaving behind their past and starting life afresh. Certain romantic songs describe the feeling of trying to forget a lover to move on. The lyrics in many songs with an inspirational message advise listeners about overcoming odds and never giving up.
What Does "Never" Symbolize?
In songs, the word "never" expresses varied emotive elements positively or negatively. In emotional tunes based on real-life experiences, singers and songwriters often confess the mistakes they make with heart-warming lyrics that plead a lover to come back. Certain songs express the desire of never ever letting go of someone or something no matter how difficult life gets. In songs about breakups, the protagonist is often showcased venting their feelings and deciding to never ever get back with the person they love.
Certain songs about unrequited love profess undying love and the inability to let go of feelings for a person. A number of songs about heartache tell the story of life not being the same without an ex boyfriend or girlfriend. The futile efforts to let go of a painful past is reflected poetically in many songs about regret. Certain tunes express the frustration of being at the receiving end of an abusive relationship. Although the term "never" denotes a wide-spectrum of attributes, in songs, the word is often used to denote or symbolize
Mistrust
The list below showcases a collection of rock songs, pop songs, country songs, R&B songs, folk songs, hip hop songs, alternative songs, indie songs, blues songs, reggae songs, disco songs, EDM songs and dance songs with never in the title. If you have a view, opinion, or song suggestion, let us know in the comments section.
Top 10 Best Songs With Never in the Title
"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together"—Taylor Swift
"Never Really Over"—Katy Perry
"Never Gonna Give You Up"—Rick Astley
"Never Forget You"—Zara Larsson and MNEK
"I'll Never Love Again"—Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper
"Never Say Never"—Justin Bieber featuring Jaden Smith
"Here's To Never Growing Up"—Avril Lavigne
"Never Seen the Rain"—Tones and I
"It's Now or Never"—Elvis Presley
"Never Give Up"—Sia
11. "Never Be Like You"—Flume
12. "Never Too Late"—Three Days Grace
13. "Never Let You Go"—Justin Bieber
14. "Never Tear Us Apart"—INXS
15. "I'll Never Break Your Heart"—Backstreet Boys
16. "Never Let Me Go"—Florence and the Machine
17. "Never Surrender"—Corey Hart
18. "Never Left"—Lil Tecca
19. "Never Close Our Eyes"—Adam Lambert
20. "Never Worn White"—Katy Perry
21. "Never Gonna Leave This Bed"—Maroon 5
22. "Never My Love"—The Association
23. "You'll Never Find Me"—Korn
24. "Never Let You Go"—Third Eye Blind
25. "Never Be the Same"—Camila Cabello
26. "Never Alone"—Tori Kelly
27. "Never Wanted Nothing More"—Kenny Chesney
28. "The Twelfth of Never"—Johnny Mathis
29. "Never Ever"—Ciara featuring Young Jeezy
30. "Never Give Me Your Money"—The Beatles
31. "Never"—Heart
32. "Never Say Goodbye"—Bon Jovi
33. "Never Again"—Kelly Clarkson
34. "If Tomorrow Never Comes"—Garth Brooks
35. "Never Ever"—All Saints
36. "Never Too Far"—Mariah Carey
37. "Never Had a Dream Come True"—S Club 7
38. "Never Too Late"—Kylie Minogue
39. "Never Going Home"—Kungs
40. "She Never Cried in Front of Me"—Toby Keith
41. "Never Thought (That I Could Love)"—Dan Hill
42. "Never Again"—Nickelback
43. "Never Comin' Down"—Keith Urban
44. "Never Say Never"—The Fray
45. "Never Again"—Breaking Benjamin
46. "Never Be the Same Again"—Melanie C featuring Lisa Lopes
47. "There Will Never Be Another Tonight"—Bryan Adams
48. "Never Recover"—Lil Baby, Gunna and Drake
49. "Never There"—Cake
50. "Never Giving Up On You"—Meghan Patrick
51. "Never Gonna Leave Your Side"—Daniel Bedingfield
52. "Never Miss a Beat"—Kaiser Chiefs
53. "Never Say Never"—Basement Jaxx
54. "I'll Never Let You Go"—Steelheart
55. "Never Make a Promise"—Dru Hill
56. "Never Let Me Down"—Kanye West
57. "She Never Lets it Go to Her Heart"—Tim McGraw
58. "Never Been in Love"—Cobra Starship
59. "Never Never"—Korn
60. "Never Gonna Say I'm Sorry"—Ace of Base
61. "I'll Never Stop"—NSYNC
62. "I'll Never Get Over You Getting Over Me"—Expose
63. "Never Forget You"—Noisettes
64. "Never Let Me Down Again"—Depeche Mode
65. "Never Gonna Fall"—Lisa Stansfield
66. "I Will Never Let You Down"—Rita Ora
67. "Never Be Lonely"—The Feeling
68. "I Never Told You"—Colbie Ciallat
69. "Never Gonna Let You Go"—Tina Moore
70. "Never Leave Me Alone"—Nate Dogg featuring Snoop Doggy Dogg
71. "Never Gonna Let You Go"—Faith Evans
72. "Never Go Back"—Dennis Lloyd
73. "Never Trust a Stranger"—Kim Wilde
74. "Never Again, Again"—Lee Ann Womack
75. "Never Forget"—Take That
76. "Never Never Love"—Simply Red
77. "Never Gonna Fall in Love Again"—Eric Carmen
78. "Never Knew Love Like This"—Alexander O'Neal and Cherrelle
79. "Never Had it So Good"—Mary Chapin Carpenter
80. "Never Too Much"—Luther Vandross
81. "Never as Good as the First Time"—Sade
82. "Never Keeping Secrets"—Babyface
83. "Never Gonna Let You Go"—Sergio Mendes
84. "I'll Never Stop Loving You"—Gary Morris
85. "Never Give Up on a Good Thing"—George Benson
86. "Never Let Her Slip Away"—Andrew Gold
87. "Never Gonna Be Alone"—Nickelback
88. "Never Enough"—Cure
89. "Never Be the Same"—Jessica Mauboy
90. "Never Knew Love"—Oleta Adams
91. "Never Wanted to Be That Girl"—Carly Pearce and Ashley McBryde
92. "Never Ending Song of Love"—Delaney & Bonnie
93. "Never Let You Go"—Rudimental
94. "It Never Rains in Southern California"—Albert Hammond
95. "Never Be the Same"—Christopher Cross
96. "Never Say Die (Give a Little Bit More)"—Cliff Richard
97. "Never Let You Go"—Slushii featuring Sofia Reyes
98. "Lever Let Her Go"—David Gates
99. "Never Can Say Goodbye"—The Jackson 5
100. "Never Knew Love Like This Before"—Stephanie Mills
Other Notable "Never" Songs
"I'll Never Find Another You"—The Seekers
"Never, Never Gonna Give Ya Up"—Barry White
"Never Enough"—Loren Allred
"I Never Cry"—Alice Cooper
"Never Find My Place"—Poppy
"If We Never Met"—John K
"Never Be Yours"—My Ugly Clementine
"Never Been to Spain"—Three Dog Night
"Never Grow Up"—Taylor Swift
"Never There"—Sum 41
"Never Saw a Miracle"—Curtis Stigers
"Never Been Any Reason"—Head East
"Never"—Ozzy Osborne
"Never Destination"—Pearl Jam
"I Never Knew Love"—Doug Stone
"Never Shed a Tear"—Nora Aunor
"Never"—Jaheim
"Never Enough"—Eminem featuring 50 Cent and Nate Dogg
"Tomorrow Never Knows"—The Beatles
"Never Be the Same Again"—Ghostface Killah
"Never Be Sorry"—Old Dominion
"Never Going Back Again"—Fleetwood Mac
"The Story Never Ends"—Lauv
"Never Had a Love Like This Before"—Tavares
"Never Let You Down"—Honeyz
"Never Gonna Be the Same"—Mia Wray
"Never Named"—Soundgarden
"I'll Never Fall in Love Again"—Dionne Warwick
"Never"—Moving Pictures
"Never a Time"—Genesis
"Never Say Die"—Chvrches
"Never Ever"—The Rubens featuring Sarah
"Never Before"—Deep Purple
"I Never Cried So Much in My Whole Life"—Cub Sport featuring Darren Hayes
"I'll Never Leave You Alone"—Regina Belle
"Never Fade"—Alice in Chains
"Never Fight a Man with a Perm"—Idles
"Never (Past Tense)"—Roc Project and Tina Arena
"Never Really Mine"—Dutchavelli
"Never Enough"—Boris Dlugosch
"Never Give Up on You"—Lucie Jones
"Never Forget"—Greta Salome and Jonsi
"I'll Never Go Around Mirrors"—Lefty Frizzell
"You Never Know"—Solid Base
"Never"—Florida
"Never Break"—John Legend
"Never Be the Same"—Red
"Never Stop"—Echo & the Bunneymen
"This Never Happened Before"—Paul McCartney
"Never Mind the Strangers"—The Saw Doctors
"Never Again"—Disturbed
"Never Could Toe the Mark"—Waylon Jennings
"Never Forget You"—Mariah Carey
"Never Catch Me"—Flying Lotus
"I Never Wanna Be Like You"—Liam Gallagher
"Never Kissed Anyone with Blue Eyes Before You"—Gwen Stefani
"You Never Know"—Blackpink
"Never Be Alone"—Shawn Mendes
"Never Really Wanted"—Eric Paslay
"Never Ending"—Rihanna
"Never Thought I'd Feel Again"—The Cribs
"Never Say Never Again"—Steps
"Never Been Rocked Like This"—Airbourne
"I Never"—Rilo Kiley
"Never Going Nowhere"—The Bluetones
"Never Had a Lover"—Keith Sweat
"Never Again"—Die Warzau
"Never Lie"—Immature
"I Never Told You What I Do for a Living"—My Chemical Romance
"Never"—Keyshia Cole
"Never Say Goodbye"—Yoko Ono
"Never Gone"—Andee
"Never Took the Time"—Akon
"Never Enough"—Five Finger Death Punch
"Never Mind Me"—Big & Rich
"Never Coming Back"—Amy Shark
"Never Let You Go"—New Kids on the Block
"Never Get to Hold You"—Carly Rae Jepsen
"Never Let you Go"—Julian Lennon
"I Never Thought I'd Fall in Love Again"—Jennifer Holliday
"Never Wanted to Dance"—Mindless Self Indulgence
"Never Let You Go"—Mando
"Never Alone"—Jim Brickman
"Never Hold You Down"—Guy Sebastian
"Never Surrender"—2 Unlimited
"I'll Never Stop Loving You"—Britney Spears
"Never Never Land"—Lyfe Jennings
"Never Thought This Would Happen"—Arkells
"You Never Can Tell"—Chuck Berry
"Never Wanna Know"—Mo
"Never Get You Right"—Brandon Flowers
"Never Know"—Nav
"Never Been Better"—Olly Murs
"Never a Word"—Deep Purple
"Never Let You Go"—Evermore
"Never Be the Same"—Michelle Williams
"Never Would Have Made It"—Marvin Sapp
"Never Be Another"—Delilah
"Never Lose Your Sense of Wonder"—Yeti
"Never Get Over You"—George Harrison
"Never Ever Land"—Tripple Redd
"Never Again"—The Midway State
"Never Knew Love"—Rick Astley
"Never Been Hurt"—Demi Lovato
"Never Here Alone"—Collective Soul
"Never Bit a Bullet Like This"—George Jones featuring Sammy Kershaw
"Never Knew I Needed"—Ne-Yo
"Never Give Up"—Yolanda Adams
"Never Be Your Woman"—Naughty Boy and Wiley featuring Emeli Sande
"Never Enough"—One Direction
"Never No More"—Souls of Mischief
"I'll Never Leave You"—Harry Nilsson
"Never Would Have Made It"—Teyana Taylor
"Never Far Away"—Chris Cornell
"Never Forget Me"—Bone Thugs-N-Harmony featuring Akon
"Never Want to Say it's Love"—Dido
"I Never Knew"—Deborah Cox
"Never Ever Give Up"—Matthew West
"Never Be a Right Time"—Professor Green
"Never Miss the Water"—Chaka Khan
"Never Wanna Dance"—Jake Bugg
"Never Enough"—Kiss
"I Never Wanted"—As I Lay Dying
"Never Gonna Leave Me"—Sia
"Never Say Never"—Vandalism
"Never Knew Your Name"—Madness
"Never Enough"—Tarja Turunen
"You Never Know"—Stan Walker
"Never Scared"—Bone Crusher
"Never Do it Again"—Keke Wyatt
"Never Miss Your Water"—Diesel
"Never Gonna Change"—Broods
"She Never Cried"—Confederate Railroad
"Never Meant"—American Football
"Never Change"—Fightstar
"Never Let You Go"—White Lion
"Never End"—Namie Amuro
"Never As Tired As When I'm Waking Up"—LCD Soundsystem
"Never Lost"—Elevation Worship
"I Never Want to See You Again"—Quasi
"Never Done Nothing Like That Before"—Supergrass
"I Never Once Stopped Loving You"—Connie Smith
"Never Been"—Wiz Khalifa
"Never Let You Go"—Dima Bilan
"Never Had a Lot to Lose"—Cheap Trick
"Never Stop"—Hilary Duff
"Never Take Me Alive"—Spear of Destiny
"I Never Felt Like This Before"—Mica Paris
"I Never Liked You"—Rogue Traders
"Never Alone"—BarlowGirl
"Never Needed No Help"—Lil Baby
"Never Gonna Cry Again"—Eurythmics
"Never Should've Let You Go"—Hi-Five
"Never Say Never"—T. Graham Brown
"Never Felt Like This Before"—Shaznay Lewis
"Never Alone"—Rosanne Cash
"Never Gone"—Colton Dixon
"Never Knew Lonely"—Vince Gill
"Never"—Kristine W
"Never Be"—Meg Mac
"Never Say Die"—The 69 Eyes
"I Never Met a Liar (I Didn't Like)"—Joan Kennedy
"Never Never"—The Assembly
"Never Mind"—Simon Webbe
"Never Again"—Trey Songz
"Never Love You Enough"—Chely Wright
"Never Is a Long Time"—Roxette
"I'll Never Be in Love Again"—Don Williams
"Never Have to Be Alone"—CeCe Winans
"Never Gonna Dance Again"—Sugababes
"It's Never Over (Hey Orpheus)"—Arcade Fire
"Never Ever"—Caro Emerald
"Never Let You Down"—Frankie J featuring Bone Thugs-N-Harmony
"Never Again"—Danny Fernandes
"She Never Got Me Over You"—Mark Chestnut
"Never in a Million Years"—Laura Branigan
"What If I Never Get Over You"—Lady Antebellum
"Never Be Yours"—Kali Uchis
"Never Say Never"—Brandy
"Never Say Die"—Jon Bon Jovi
"Never Said"—Liz Phair
"Never Is a Promise"—Fiona Apple
"Never Too Late"—The Answer
"Never Enough"—Epica
"I'll Never Dance Again"—Bobby Rydell
"Never Ever Getting Rid of Me"—Sara Bareilles
"I'll Never Let Go"—Snow Patrol
"Never Alone"—2 Brothers on the 4th Floor
"Never Stop"—Bro'Sis
"Never Too Late"—Hedley
"Never Gonna Happen"—Colette Carr
"Never Know"—Jack Johnson
"Never Leave You"—Tinchy Stryder featuring Amelle
"Never Do That Again"—Ivy
"Never Gonna Give You Up"—Musical Youth
"Never Ending Circles"—Chvrches
"Never Alone"—Anja Nissen
"Now or Never"—Outasight
"I Never Felt So Right—Ben Delay
"Never Gonna Let You Go"—Esthero
© 2021 Ansel Pereira


text:
Classic Models
==============

We provide the implementation of some classical and simple models. Altough the
implementation is usually straigh-forward, we provide it to be used to quick
experiments and to provide a simple interface.

.. autoclass:: cogitare.models.classic.LogisticRegression
    :members:

.. autoclass:: cogitare.models.classic.FeedForward
    :members:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
function checkStatus {

if [ $? -ne 0 ];
then
    echo "Encountered an error, aborting!" >&2
    exit 1
fi
}

if [ $# -lt 3 ]; then
    echo "usage: $0 source identity -p provisioning [-e entitlements] [-r adjustBetaReports] [-d displayName] [-n version] -b bundleId outputIpa" >&2
    echo "       -p and -b are optional, but their use is heavly recommended" >&2
    echo "       -r flag requires a value '-r yes'"
    echo "       -r flag is ignored if -e is also used" >&2
    exit 1
fi

ORIGINAL_FILE="$1"
CERTIFICATE="$2"
NEW_PROVISION=
ENTITLEMENTS=
BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER=""
DISPLAY_NAME=""
APP_IDENTIFER_PREFIX=""
TEAM_IDENTIFIER=""
KEYCHAIN=""
VERSION_NUMBER=""
ADJUST_BETA_REPORTS_ACTIVE_FLAG="0"
TEMP_DIR="_floatsignTemp"

# options start index
OPTIND=3
while getopts p:d:e:k:b:r:n: opt; do
    case $opt in
        p)
            NEW_PROVISION="$OPTARG"
            echo "Specified provisioning profile: '$NEW_PROVISION'" >&2
            ;;
        d)
            DISPLAY_NAME="$OPTARG"
            echo "Specified display name: '$DISPLAY_NAME'" >&2
            ;;
        e)
            ENTITLEMENTS="$OPTARG"
            echo "Specified signing entitlements: '$ENTITLEMENTS'" >&2
            ;;
        b)
            BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER="$OPTARG"
            echo "Specified bundle identifier: '$BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER'" >&2
            ;;
        k)
            KEYCHAIN="$OPTARG"
            echo "Specified Keychain to use: '$KEYCHAIN'" >&2
            ;;
        n)
            VERSION_NUMBER="$OPTARG"
            echo "Specified version to use: '$VERSION_NUMBER'" >&2
            ;;
        r)
            ADJUST_BETA_REPORTS_ACTIVE_FLAG="1"
            echo "Enabled adjustment of beta-reports-active entitlements" >&2
            ;;
        \?)
            echo "Invalid option: -$OPTARG" >&2
            exit 1
            ;;
        :)
            echo "Option -$OPTARG requires an argument." >&2
            exit 1
            ;;
    esac
done

shift $((OPTIND-1))

NEW_FILE="$1"
if [ -z "$NEW_FILE" ];
then
    echo "Output file name required" >&2
    exit 1
fi

# Check for and remove the temporary directory if it already exists
if [ -d "$TEMP_DIR" ];
then
    echo "Removing previous temporary directory: '$TEMP_DIR'" >&2
    rm -Rf "$TEMP_DIR"
fi

filename=$(basename "$ORIGINAL_FILE")
extension="${filename##*.}"
filename="${filename%.*}"

# Check if the supplied file is an ipa or an app file
if [ "${extension}" = "ipa" ]
then
    # Unzip the old ipa quietly
    unzip -q "$ORIGINAL_FILE" -d $TEMP_DIR
    checkStatus
elif [ "${extension}" = "app" ]
then
    # Copy the app file into an ipa-like structure
    mkdir -p "$TEMP_DIR/Payload"
    cp -Rf "${ORIGINAL_FILE}" "$TEMP_DIR/Payload/${filename}.app"
    checkStatus
else
    echo "Error: Only can resign .app files and .ipa files." >&2
    exit
fi

# check the keychain
if [ "${KEYCHAIN}" != "" ];
then
    security list-keychains -s $KEYCHAIN
    security unlock $KEYCHAIN
    security default-keychain -s $KEYCHAIN
fi

# Set the app name
# The app name is the only file within the Payload directory
APP_NAME=$(ls "$TEMP_DIR/Payload/")

# Make sure that PATH includes the location of the PlistBuddy helper tool as its location is not standard
export PATH=$PATH:/usr/libexec

# Make sure that the Info.plist file is where we expect it
if [ ! -e "$TEMP_DIR/Payload/$APP_NAME/Info.plist" ];
then
    echo "Expected file does not exist: '$TEMP_DIR/Payload/$APP_NAME/Info.plist'" >&2
    exit 1;
fi

# Read in current values from the app
CURRENT_NAME=`PlistBuddy -c "Print :CFBundleDisplayName" "$TEMP_DIR/Payload/$APP_NAME/Info.plist"`
CURRENT_BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER=`PlistBuddy -c "Print :CFBundleIdentifier" "$TEMP_DIR/Payload/$APP_NAME/Info.plist"`
if [ "${BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER}" == "" ];
then
    BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER=`egrep -a -A 2 application-identifier "${NEW_PROVISION}" | grep string | sed -e 's/<string>//' -e 's/<\/string>//' -e 's/ //' | awk '{split($0,a,"."); i = length(a); for(ix=2; ix <= i;ix++){ s=s a[ix]; if(i!=ix){s=s "."};} print s;}'`
    if [[ "${BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER}" == *\** ]]; then
        echo "Bundle Identifier contains a *, using the current bundle identifier" >&2
        BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER=$CURRENT_BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER;
    fi
    checkStatus
fi

echo "Current bundle identifier is: '$CURRENT_BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER'" >&2
echo "New bundle identifier will be: '$BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER'" >&2

# Update the CFBundleDisplayName property in the Info.plist if a new name has been provided
if [ "${DISPLAY_NAME}" != "" ];
then
    if [ "${DISPLAY_NAME}" != "${CURRENT_NAME}" ];
    then
        echo "Changing display name from '$CURRENT_NAME' to '$DISPLAY_NAME'" >&2
        `PlistBuddy -c "Set :CFBundleDisplayName $DISPLAY_NAME" "$TEMP_DIR/Payload/$APP_NAME/Info.plist"`
    fi
fi

# Replace the embedded mobile provisioning profile
if [ "$NEW_PROVISION" != "" ];
then
    if [[ -e "$NEW_PROVISION" ]];
    then
        echo "Validating the new provisioning profile: $NEW_PROVISION" >&2
        security cms -D -i "$NEW_PROVISION" > "$TEMP_DIR/profile.plist"
        checkStatus

        APP_IDENTIFER_PREFIX=`PlistBuddy -c "Print :Entitlements:application-identifier" "$TEMP_DIR/profile.plist" | grep -E '^[A-Z0-9]*' -o | tr -d '\n'`
        if [ "$APP_IDENTIFER_PREFIX" == "" ];
        then
            APP_IDENTIFER_PREFIX=`PlistBuddy -c "Print :ApplicationIdentifierPrefix:0" "$TEMP_DIR/profile.plist"`
            if [ "$APP_IDENTIFER_PREFIX" == "" ];
            then
                echo "Failed to extract any app identifier prefix from '$NEW_PROVISION'" >&2
                exit 1;
            else
                echo "WARNING: extracted an app identifier prefix '$APP_IDENTIFER_PREFIX' from '$NEW_PROVISION', but it was not found in the profile's entitlements" >&2
            fi
        else
            echo "Profile app identifier prefix is '$APP_IDENTIFER_PREFIX'" >&2
        fi

        TEAM_IDENTIFIER=`PlistBuddy -c "Print :Entitlements:com.apple.developer.team-identifier" "$TEMP_DIR/profile.plist" | tr -d '\n'`
        if [ "$TEAM_IDENTIFIER" == "" ];
        then
            TEAM_IDENTIFIER=`PlistBuddy -c "Print :TeamIdentifier:0" "$TEMP_DIR/profile.plist"`
            if [ "$TEAM_IDENTIFIER" == "" ];
            then
                echo "Failed to extract team identifier from '$NEW_PROVISION', resigned ipa may fail on iOS 8 and higher" >&2
            else
                echo "WARNING: extracted a team identifier '$TEAM_IDENTIFIER' from '$NEW_PROVISION', but it was not found in the profile's entitlements, resigned ipa may fail on iOS 8 and higher" >&2
            fi
        else
            echo "Profile team identifier is '$TEAM_IDENTIFIER'" >&2
        fi

        cp "$NEW_PROVISION" "$TEMP_DIR/Payload/$APP_NAME/embedded.mobileprovision"
    else
        echo "Provisioning profile '$NEW_PROVISION' file does not exist" >&2
        exit 1;
    fi
else
    echo "-p 'xxxx.mobileprovision' argument is required" >&2
    exit 1;
fi

#if the current bundle identifier is different from the new one in the provisioning profile, then change it.
if [ "$CURRENT_BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER" != "$BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER" ];
then
    echo "Updating the bundle identifier from '$CURRENT_BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER' to '$BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER'" >&2
    `PlistBuddy -c "Set :CFBundleIdentifier $BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER" "$TEMP_DIR/Payload/$APP_NAME/Info.plist"`
    checkStatus
fi

# Update the version number properties in the Info.plist if a version number has been provided
if [ "$VERSION_NUMBER" != "" ];
then
    CURRENT_VERSION_NUMBER=`PlistBuddy -c "Print :CFBundleVersion" "$TEMP_DIR/Payload/$APP_NAME/Info.plist"`
    if [ "$VERSION_NUMBER" != "$CURRENT_VERSION_NUMBER" ];
    then
        echo "Updating the version from '$CURRENT_VERSION_NUMBER' to '$VERSION_NUMBER'" >&2
        `PlistBuddy -c "Set :CFBundleVersion $VERSION_NUMBER" "$TEMP_DIR/Payload/$APP_NAME/Info.plist"`
        `PlistBuddy -c "Set :CFBundleShortVersionString $VERSION_NUMBER" "$TEMP_DIR/Payload/$APP_NAME/Info.plist"`
    fi
fi

# Check for and resign any embedded frameworks (new feature for iOS 8 and above apps)
FRAMEWORKS_DIR="$TEMP_DIR/Payload/$APP_NAME/Frameworks"
if [ -d "$FRAMEWORKS_DIR" ];
then
    if [ "$TEAM_IDENTIFIER" == "" ];
    then
        echo "ERROR: embedded frameworks detected, re-signing iOS 8 (or higher) applications wihout a team identifier in the certificate/profile does not work" >&2
        exit 1;
    fi

    echo "Resigning embedded frameworks using certificate: '$CERTIFICATE'" >&2
    for framework in "$FRAMEWORKS_DIR"/*
    do
        if [[ "$framework" == *.framework || "$framework" == *.dylib ]]
        then
            /usr/bin/codesign -f -s "$CERTIFICATE" "$framework"
            checkStatus
        else
            echo "Ignoring non-framework: $framework" >&2
        fi
    done
fi

# Resign the application
if [ "$ENTITLEMENTS" != "" ];
then
    if [ -n "$APP_IDENTIFER_PREFIX" ];
    then
        # sanity check the 'application-identifier' is present in the provided entitlements and matches the provisioning profile value
        ENTITLEMENTS_APP_ID_PREFIX=`PlistBuddy -c "Print :application-identifier" "$ENTITLEMENTS" | grep -E '^[A-Z0-9]*' -o | tr -d '\n'`
        if [ "$ENTITLEMENTS_APP_ID_PREFIX" == "" ];
        then
            echo "Provided entitlements file is missing a value for the required 'application-identifier' key" >&2
            exit 1;
        elif [ "$ENTITLEMENTS_APP_ID_PREFIX" != "$APP_IDENTIFER_PREFIX" ];
        then
            echo "Provided entitlements file's app identifier prefix value '$ENTITLEMENTS_APP_ID_PREFIX' does not match the provided provisioning profile's value '$APP_IDENTIFER_PREFIX'" >&2
            exit 1;
        fi
    fi

    if [ -n "$TEAM_IDENTIFIER" ];
    then
        # sanity check the 'com.apple.developer.team-identifier' is present in the provided entitlements and matches the provisioning profile value
        ENTITLEMENTS_TEAM_IDENTIFIER=`PlistBuddy -c "Print :com.apple.developer.team-identifier" "$ENTITLEMENTS" | tr -d '\n'`
        if [ "$ENTITLEMENTS_TEAM_IDENTIFIER" == "" ];
        then
            echo "Provided entitlements file is missing a value for the required 'com.apple.developer.team-identifier' key" >&2
            exit 1;
        elif [ "$ENTITLEMENTS_TEAM_IDENTIFIER" != "$TEAM_IDENTIFIER" ];
        then
            echo "Provided entitlements file's 'com.apple.developer.team-identifier' '$ENTITLEMENTS_TEAM_IDENTIFIER' does not match the provided provisioning profile's value '$TEAM_IDENTIFIER'" >&2
            exit 1;
        fi
    fi

    echo "Resigning application using certificate: '$CERTIFICATE'" >&2
    echo "and entitlements: $ENTITLEMENTS" >&2
    /usr/bin/codesign -f -s "$CERTIFICATE" --entitlements="$ENTITLEMENTS" "$TEMP_DIR/Payload/$APP_NAME"
    checkStatus
else
    echo "Extracting existing entitlements for updating" >&2
    /usr/bin/codesign -d --entitlements - "$TEMP_DIR/Payload/$APP_NAME" > "$TEMP_DIR/newEntitlements" 2> /dev/null
    if [ $? -eq 0 ];
    then
        ENTITLEMENTS_TEMP=`cat "$TEMP_DIR/newEntitlements" | sed -E -e '1d'`
        if [ -n "$ENTITLEMENTS_TEMP" ]; then
            echo "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>$ENTITLEMENTS_TEMP" > "$TEMP_DIR/newEntitlements"
            if [ -s "$TEMP_DIR/newEntitlements" ];
            then
                if [ "$TEAM_IDENTIFIER" != "" ];
                then
                    PlistBuddy -c "Set :com.apple.developer.team-identifier ${TEAM_IDENTIFIER}" "$TEMP_DIR/newEntitlements"
                    checkStatus
                fi
                PlistBuddy -c "Set :application-identifier ${APP_IDENTIFER_PREFIX}.${BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER}" "$TEMP_DIR/newEntitlements"
                checkStatus
                PlistBuddy -c "Set :keychain-access-groups:0 ${APP_IDENTIFER_PREFIX}.${BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER}" "$TEMP_DIR/newEntitlements"
#               checkStatus  -- if this fails it's likely because the keychain-access-groups key does not exist, so we have nothing to update
                if [[ "$CERTIFICATE" == *Distribution* ]]; then
                    IS_ENTERPRISE_PROFILE=`PlistBuddy -c "Print :ProvisionsAllDevices" "$TEMP_DIR/profile.plist" | tr -d '\n'`
                    ADHOC_PROVISIONING_DEVICES=`PlistBuddy -c "Print :ProvisionedDevices" "$TEMP_DIR/profile.plist" | tr -d '\n'`

                    echo "Assuming Distribution Identity"
                    if [ "$ADJUST_BETA_REPORTS_ACTIVE_FLAG" == "1" ]; then
                        if [ "$IS_ENTERPRISE_PROFILE" == "true" ]; then
                            echo "Ensuring beta-reports-active is not included for Enterprise environment"
                            PlistBuddy -c "Delete :beta-reports-active" "$TEMP_DIR/newEntitlements" || true
#                           checkStatus -- this can fail is beta-reports-active isn't present, which is OK
                        elif [ -n "$ADHOC_PROVISIONING_DEVICES" ]; then
                            echo "Ensuring beta-reports-active is not included for Adhoc environment"
                            PlistBuddy -c "Delete :beta-reports-active" "$TEMP_DIR/newEntitlements" || true
#                           checkStatus -- this can fail is beta-reports-active isn't present, which is OK
                        else
                            echo "Ensuring beta-reports-active is present and enabled"
                            # new beta key is only used for Distribution; might not exist yet, if we were building Development
                            PlistBuddy -c "Add :beta-reports-active bool true" "$TEMP_DIR/newEntitlements"
                            if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
                                PlistBuddy -c "Set :beta-reports-active YES" "$TEMP_DIR/newEntitlements"
                            fi
                            checkStatus
                        fi
                    fi
                    echo "Setting get-task-allow entitlement to NO"
                    PlistBuddy -c "Set :get-task-allow NO" "$TEMP_DIR/newEntitlements"
                else
                    echo "Assuming Development Identity"
                    if [ "$ADJUST_BETA_REPORTS_ACTIVE_FLAG" == "1" ]; then
                        # if we were building with Distribution profile, we have to delete the beta key
                        echo "Ensuring beta-reports-active is not included"
                        PlistBuddy -c "Delete :beta-reports-active" "$TEMP_DIR/newEntitlements"
                        # do not check status here, just let it fail if entry does not exist
                    fi
                    echo "Setting get-task-allow entitlement to YES"
                    PlistBuddy -c "Set :get-task-allow YES" "$TEMP_DIR/newEntitlements"
                fi
                checkStatus
                plutil -lint "$TEMP_DIR/newEntitlements" > /dev/null
                checkStatus
                echo "Resigning application using certificate: '$CERTIFICATE'" >&2
                echo "using existing entitlements updated with bundle identifier: '$APP_IDENTIFER_PREFIX.$BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER'" >&2
                if [ "$TEAM_IDENTIFIER" != "" ];
                then
                    echo "and team identifier: '$TEAM_IDENTIFIER'" >&2
                fi
                /usr/bin/codesign -f -s "$CERTIFICATE" --entitlements="$TEMP_DIR/newEntitlements" "$TEMP_DIR/Payload/$APP_NAME"
                checkStatus
            else
                echo "Failed to create required intermediate file" >&2
                exit 1;
            fi
        else
            echo "No entitlements found" >&2
            echo "Resigning application using certificate: '$CERTIFICATE'" >&2
            echo "without entitlements" >&2
            /usr/bin/codesign -f -s "$CERTIFICATE" "$TEMP_DIR/Payload/$APP_NAME"
            checkStatus
        fi
    else
        echo "Failed to extract entitlements" >&2
        echo "Resigning application using certificate: '$CERTIFICATE'" >&2
        echo "without entitlements" >&2
        /usr/bin/codesign -f -s "$CERTIFICATE" "$TEMP_DIR/Payload/$APP_NAME"
        checkStatus
    fi
fi

# Remove the temporary files if they were created before generating ipa
rm -f "$TEMP_DIR/newEntitlements"
rm -f "$TEMP_DIR/profile.plist"

# Repackage quietly
echo "Repackaging as $NEW_FILE" >&2

# Zip up the contents of the "$TEMP_DIR" folder
# Navigate to the temporary directory (sending the output to null)
# Zip all the contents, saving the zip file in the above directory
# Navigate back to the orignating directory (sending the output to null)
pushd "$TEMP_DIR" > /dev/null
zip -qr "../$TEMP_DIR.ipa" *
popd > /dev/null

# Move the resulting ipa to the target destination
mv "$TEMP_DIR.ipa" "$NEW_FILE"

# Remove the temp directory
rm -rf "$TEMP_DIR"

echo "Process complete" >&2


Sleek and modern yet dazzlingly eye-catching. This contemporary open bangle is crafted in polished silver, lined with sparkling crystals, it features an open crystal lined circle which encapsulates a single white shell pearl with dazzling crystals set star-like around it. This can be worn alone or with matching necklace.


text:
<?php

declare(strict_types=1);

namespace ApiPlatform\Tests\Elasticsearch\Filter;

use ApiPlatform\Api\IriConverterInterface;
use ApiPlatform\Api\ResourceClassResolverInterface;
use ApiPlatform\Elasticsearch\Filter\ConstantScoreFilterInterface;
use ApiPlatform\Elasticsearch\Filter\TermFilter;
use ApiPlatform\Exception\InvalidArgumentException;
use ApiPlatform\Metadata\ApiProperty;
use ApiPlatform\Metadata\Property\Factory\PropertyMetadataFactoryInterface;
use ApiPlatform\Metadata\Property\Factory\PropertyNameCollectionFactoryInterface;
use ApiPlatform\Metadata\Property\PropertyNameCollection;
use ApiPlatform\Tests\Fixtures\TestBundle\Entity\Foo;
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
use Prophecy\Argument;
use Prophecy\PhpUnit\ProphecyTrait;
use Symfony\Component\PropertyAccess\PropertyAccessorInterface;
use Symfony\Component\PropertyInfo\Type;
use Symfony\Component\Serializer\NameConverter\NameConverterInterface;

class TermFilterTest extends TestCase
{
    use ProphecyTrait;

    public function testConstruct(): void
    {
        self::assertInstanceOf(
            ConstantScoreFilterInterface::class,
            new TermFilter(
                $this->prophesize(PropertyNameCollectionFactoryInterface::class)->reveal(),
                $this->prophesize(PropertyMetadataFactoryInterface::class)->reveal(),
                $this->prophesize(ResourceClassResolverInterface::class)->reveal(),
                $this->prophesize(IriConverterInterface::class)->reveal(),
                $this->prophesize(PropertyAccessorInterface::class)->reveal(),
                $this->prophesize(NameConverterInterface::class)->reveal()
            )
        );
    }

    public function testApply(): void
    {
        $propertyNameCollectionFactoryProphecy = $this->prophesize(PropertyNameCollectionFactoryInterface::class);
        $propertyNameCollectionFactoryProphecy->create(Foo::class)->willReturn(new PropertyNameCollection(['id', 'name', 'bar']))->shouldBeCalled();

        $propertyMetadataFactoryProphecy = $this->prophesize(PropertyMetadataFactoryInterface::class);
        $propertyMetadataFactoryProphecy->create(Foo::class, 'id')->willReturn((new ApiProperty())->withBuiltinTypes([new Type(Type::BUILTIN_TYPE_INT)]))->shouldBeCalled();
        $propertyMetadataFactoryProphecy->create(Foo::class, 'name')->willReturn((new ApiProperty())->withBuiltinTypes([new Type(Type::BUILTIN_TYPE_STRING)]))->shouldBeCalled();

        $foo = new Foo();
        $foo->setName('Xavier');
        $foo->setBar('Thévenard');

        $iriConverterProphecy = $this->prophesize(IriConverterInterface::class);
        $iriConverterProphecy->getResourceFromIri('/foos/1', ['fetch_data' => false])->willReturn($foo)->shouldBeCalled();

        $propertyAccessorProphecy = $this->prophesize(PropertyAccessorInterface::class);
        $propertyAccessorProphecy->getValue($foo, 'id')->willReturn(1)->shouldBeCalled();

        $nameConverterProphecy = $this->prophesize(NameConverterInterface::class);
        $nameConverterProphecy->normalize('id', Foo::class, null, Argument::type('array'))->willReturn('id')->shouldBeCalled();
        $nameConverterProphecy->normalize('name', Foo::class, null, Argument::type('array'))->willReturn('name')->shouldBeCalled();

        $termFilter = new TermFilter(
            $propertyNameCollectionFactoryProphecy->reveal(),
            $propertyMetadataFactoryProphecy->reveal(),
            $this->prophesize(ResourceClassResolverInterface::class)->reveal(),
            $iriConverterProphecy->reveal(),
            $propertyAccessorProphecy->reveal(),
            $nameConverterProphecy->reveal()
        );

        self::assertEquals(
            ['bool' => ['must' => [['term' => ['id' => 1]], ['terms' => ['name' => ['Caroline', 'Xavier']]]]]],
            $termFilter->apply([], Foo::class, null, ['filters' => ['id' => '/foos/1', 'name' => ['Caroline', 'Xavier']]])
        );
    }

    public function testApplyWithNestedProperty(): void
    {
        $fooType = new Type(Type::BUILTIN_TYPE_ARRAY, false, Foo::class, true, new Type(Type::BUILTIN_TYPE_INT), new Type(Type::BUILTIN_TYPE_OBJECT, false, Foo::class));
        $barType = new Type(Type::BUILTIN_TYPE_STRING);

        $propertyMetadataFactoryProphecy = $this->prophesize(PropertyMetadataFactoryInterface::class);
        $propertyMetadataFactoryProphecy->create(Foo::class, 'foo')->willReturn((new ApiProperty())->withBuiltinTypes([$fooType]))->shouldBeCalled();
        $propertyMetadataFactoryProphecy->create(Foo::class, 'bar')->willReturn((new ApiProperty())->withBuiltinTypes([$barType]))->shouldBeCalled();

        $resourceClassResolverProphecy = $this->prophesize(ResourceClassResolverInterface::class);
        $resourceClassResolverProphecy->isResourceClass(Foo::class)->willReturn(true)->shouldBeCalled();

        $nameConverterProphecy = $this->prophesize(NameConverterInterface::class);
        $nameConverterProphecy->normalize('foo.bar', Foo::class, null, Argument::type('array'))->willReturn('foo.bar')->shouldBeCalled();
        $nameConverterProphecy->normalize('foo', Foo::class, null, Argument::type('array'))->willReturn('foo')->shouldBeCalled();

        $termFilter = new TermFilter(
            $this->prophesize(PropertyNameCollectionFactoryInterface::class)->reveal(),
            $propertyMetadataFactoryProphecy->reveal(),
            $resourceClassResolverProphecy->reveal(),
            $this->prophesize(IriConverterInterface::class)->reveal(),
            $this->prophesize(PropertyAccessorInterface::class)->reveal(),
            $nameConverterProphecy->reveal(),
            ['foo.bar' => null]
        );

        self::assertEquals(
            ['bool' => ['must' => [['nested' => ['path' => 'foo', 'query' => ['term' => ['foo.bar' => 'Krupicka']]]]]]],
            $termFilter->apply([], Foo::class, null, ['filters' => ['foo.bar' => 'Krupicka']])
        );
    }

    public function testApplyWithInvalidFilters(): void
    {
        $propertyNameCollectionFactoryProphecy = $this->prophesize(PropertyNameCollectionFactoryInterface::class);
        $propertyNameCollectionFactoryProphecy->create(Foo::class)->willReturn(new PropertyNameCollection(['id', 'bar']))->shouldBeCalled();

        $propertyMetadataFactoryProphecy = $this->prophesize(PropertyMetadataFactoryInterface::class);
        $propertyMetadataFactoryProphecy->create(Foo::class, 'id')->willReturn((new ApiProperty())->withBuiltinTypes([new Type(Type::BUILTIN_TYPE_INT)]))->shouldBeCalled();
        $propertyMetadataFactoryProphecy->create(Foo::class, 'bar')->willReturn(new ApiProperty())->shouldBeCalled();

        $iriConverterProphecy = $this->prophesize(IriConverterInterface::class);
        $iriConverterProphecy->getResourceFromIri('/invalid_iri_foos/1', ['fetch_data' => false])->willThrow(new InvalidArgumentException())->shouldBeCalled();

        $termFilter = new TermFilter(
            $propertyNameCollectionFactoryProphecy->reveal(),
            $propertyMetadataFactoryProphecy->reveal(),
            $this->prophesize(ResourceClassResolverInterface::class)->reveal(),
            $iriConverterProphecy->reveal(),
            $this->prophesize(PropertyAccessorInterface::class)->reveal(),
            $this->prophesize(NameConverterInterface::class)->reveal()
        );

        self::assertEquals(
            [],
            $termFilter->apply([], Foo::class, null, ['filters' => ['id' => '/invalid_iri_foos/1', 'bar' => 'Chaverot']])
        );
    }

    public function testGetDescription(): void
    {
        $propertyNameCollectionFactoryProphecy = $this->prophesize(PropertyNameCollectionFactoryInterface::class);
        $propertyNameCollectionFactoryProphecy->create(Foo::class)->willReturn(new PropertyNameCollection(['id', 'name', 'bar', 'date', 'weird']))->shouldBeCalled();

        $propertyMetadataFactoryProphecy = $this->prophesize(PropertyMetadataFactoryInterface::class);
        $propertyMetadataFactoryProphecy->create(Foo::class, 'id')->willReturn((new ApiProperty())->withBuiltinTypes([new Type(Type::BUILTIN_TYPE_INT)]))->shouldBeCalled();
        $propertyMetadataFactoryProphecy->create(Foo::class, 'name')->willReturn((new ApiProperty())->withBuiltinTypes([new Type(Type::BUILTIN_TYPE_STRING)]))->shouldBeCalled();
        $propertyMetadataFactoryProphecy->create(Foo::class, 'bar')->willReturn(new ApiProperty())->shouldBeCalled();
        $propertyMetadataFactoryProphecy->create(Foo::class, 'date')->willReturn((new ApiProperty())->withBuiltinTypes([new Type(Type::BUILTIN_TYPE_OBJECT, false, \DateTimeImmutable::class)]))->shouldBeCalled();
        $propertyMetadataFactoryProphecy->create(Foo::class, 'weird')->willReturn((new ApiProperty())->withBuiltinTypes([new Type(Type::BUILTIN_TYPE_RESOURCE)]))->shouldBeCalled();

        $resourceClassResolverProphecy = $this->prophesize(ResourceClassResolverInterface::class);
        $resourceClassResolverProphecy->isResourceClass(\DateTimeImmutable::class)->willReturn(false)->shouldBeCalled();

        $termFilter = new TermFilter(
            $propertyNameCollectionFactoryProphecy->reveal(),
            $propertyMetadataFactoryProphecy->reveal(),
            $resourceClassResolverProphecy->reveal(),
            $this->prophesize(IriConverterInterface::class)->reveal(),
            $this->prophesize(PropertyAccessorInterface::class)->reveal(),
            $this->prophesize(NameConverterInterface::class)->reveal()
        );

        self::assertEquals(
            [
                'id' => [
                    'property' => 'id',
                    'type' => 'int',
                    'required' => false,
                ],
                'id[]' => [
                    'property' => 'id',
                    'type' => 'int',
                    'required' => false,
                ],
                'name' => [
                    'property' => 'name',
                    'type' => 'string',
                    'required' => false,
                ],
                'name[]' => [
                    'property' => 'name',
                    'type' => 'string',
                    'required' => false,
                ],
                'date' => [
                    'property' => 'date',
                    'type' => \DateTimeInterface::class,
                    'required' => false,
                ],
                'date[]' => [
                    'property' => 'date',
                    'type' => \DateTimeInterface::class,
                    'required' => false,
                ],
                'weird' => [
                    'property' => 'weird',
                    'type' => 'string',
                    'required' => false,
                ],
                'weird[]' => [
                    'property' => 'weird',
                    'type' => 'string',
                    'required' => false,
                ],
            ],
            $termFilter->getDescription(Foo::class)
        );
    }
}


text:
'use strict';

const bundleTypes = {
  UMD_DEV: 'UMD_DEV',
  UMD_PROD: 'UMD_PROD',
  NODE_DEV: 'NODE_DEV',
  NODE_PROD: 'NODE_PROD',
  FB_DEV: 'FB_DEV',
  FB_PROD: 'FB_PROD',
  RN_DEV: 'RN_DEV',
  RN_PROD: 'RN_PROD',
};

const UMD_DEV = bundleTypes.UMD_DEV;
const UMD_PROD = bundleTypes.UMD_PROD;
const NODE_DEV = bundleTypes.NODE_DEV;
const NODE_PROD = bundleTypes.NODE_PROD;
const FB_DEV = bundleTypes.FB_DEV;
const FB_PROD = bundleTypes.FB_PROD;
const RN_DEV = bundleTypes.RN_DEV;
const RN_PROD = bundleTypes.RN_PROD;

const babelOptsReact = {
  exclude: 'node_modules/**',
  presets: [],
  plugins: [],
};

const babelOptsReactART = Object.assign({}, babelOptsReact, {
  // Include JSX
  presets: babelOptsReact.presets.concat([
    require.resolve('babel-preset-react'),
  ]),
});

const bundles = [
  /******* Isomorphic *******/
  {
    babelOpts: babelOptsReact,
    bundleTypes: [UMD_DEV, UMD_PROD, NODE_DEV, NODE_PROD, FB_DEV, FB_PROD],
    config: {
      destDir: 'build/',
      moduleName: 'React',
      sourceMap: false,
    },
    entry: 'src/isomorphic/ReactEntry',
    externals: [
      'create-react-class/factory',
      'prop-types',
      'prop-types/checkPropTypes',
    ],
    fbEntry: 'src/isomorphic/ReactEntry',
    hasteName: 'React',
    isRenderer: false,
    label: 'core',
    manglePropertiesOnProd: false,
    name: 'react',
    paths: [
      'src/isomorphic/**/*.js',

      'src/ReactVersion.js',
      'src/shared/**/*.js',
    ],
  },

  /******* React DOM *******/
  {
    babelOpts: babelOptsReact,
    bundleTypes: [UMD_DEV, UMD_PROD, NODE_DEV, NODE_PROD, FB_DEV, FB_PROD],
    config: {
      destDir: 'build/',
      globals: {
        react: 'React',
      },
      moduleName: 'ReactDOM',
      sourceMap: false,
    },
    entry: 'src/renderers/dom/fiber/ReactDOMFiberEntry',
    externals: ['prop-types', 'prop-types/checkPropTypes'],
    fbEntry: 'src/fb/ReactDOMFiberFBEntry',
    hasteName: 'ReactDOMFiber',
    isRenderer: true,
    label: 'dom-fiber',
    manglePropertiesOnProd: false,
    name: 'react-dom',
    paths: [
      'src/renderers/dom/**/*.js',
      'src/renderers/shared/**/*.js',

      'src/ReactVersion.js',
      'src/shared/**/*.js',
    ],
  },
  {
    babelOpts: babelOptsReact,
    bundleTypes: [FB_DEV, NODE_DEV],
    config: {
      destDir: 'build/',
      globals: {
        react: 'React',
      },
      moduleName: 'ReactTestUtils',
      sourceMap: false,
    },
    entry: 'src/renderers/dom/test/ReactTestUtilsEntry',
    externals: [
      'prop-types',
      'prop-types/checkPropTypes',
      'react',
      'react-dom',
      'react-test-renderer', // TODO (bvaughn) Remove this dependency before 16.0.0
    ],
    fbEntry: 'src/renderers/dom/test/ReactTestUtilsEntry',
    hasteName: 'ReactTestUtils',
    isRenderer: true,
    label: 'test-utils',
    manglePropertiesOnProd: false,
    name: 'react-dom/test-utils',
    paths: [
      'src/renderers/dom/test/**/*.js',
      'src/renderers/shared/**/*.js',
      'src/renderers/testing/**/*.js', // TODO (bvaughn) Remove this dependency before 16.0.0

      'src/ReactVersion.js',
      'src/shared/**/*.js',
    ],
  },
  /* React DOM internals required for react-native-web (e.g., to shim native events from react-dom) */
  {
    babelOpts: babelOptsReact,
    bundleTypes: [UMD_DEV, UMD_PROD, NODE_DEV, NODE_PROD, FB_DEV, FB_PROD],
    config: {
      destDir: 'build/',
      globals: {
        react: 'React',
        'react-dom': 'ReactDOM',
      },
      moduleName: 'ReactDOMUnstableNativeDependencies',
      sourceMap: false,
    },
    entry: 'src/renderers/dom/shared/ReactDOMUnstableNativeDependenciesEntry',
    externals: [
      'react-dom',
      'ReactDOM',
      'prop-types',
      'prop-types/checkPropTypes',
    ],
    fbEntry: 'src/renderers/dom/shared/ReactDOMUnstableNativeDependenciesEntry',
    hasteName: 'ReactDOMUnstableNativeDependencies',
    isRenderer: false,
    label: 'dom-unstable-native-dependencies',
    manglePropertiesOnProd: false,
    name: 'react-dom/unstable-native-dependencies',
    paths: [
      'src/renderers/dom/**/*.js',
      'src/renderers/shared/**/*.js',

      'src/ReactVersion.js',
      'src/shared/**/*.js',
    ],
  },

  /******* React DOM Server *******/
  {
    babelOpts: babelOptsReact,
    bundleTypes: [UMD_DEV, UMD_PROD, NODE_DEV, NODE_PROD, FB_DEV, FB_PROD],
    config: {
      destDir: 'build/',
      globals: {
        react: 'React',
      },
      moduleName: 'ReactDOMServer',
      sourceMap: false,
    },
    entry: 'src/renderers/dom/ReactDOMServerBrowserEntry',
    externals: ['prop-types', 'prop-types/checkPropTypes'],
    fbEntry: 'src/renderers/dom/ReactDOMServerBrowserEntry',
    hasteName: 'ReactDOMServer',
    isRenderer: true,
    label: 'dom-server-browser',
    manglePropertiesOnProd: false,
    name: 'react-dom/server.browser',
    paths: [
      'src/renderers/dom/**/*.js',
      'src/renderers/shared/**/*.js',
      'src/ReactVersion.js',
      'src/shared/**/*.js',
    ],
  },

  {
    babelOpts: babelOptsReact,
    bundleTypes: [NODE_DEV, NODE_PROD],
    config: {
      destDir: 'build/',
      globals: {
        react: 'React',
      },
      moduleName: 'ReactDOMNodeStream',
      sourceMap: false,
    },
    entry: 'src/renderers/dom/ReactDOMServerNodeEntry',
    externals: ['prop-types', 'prop-types/checkPropTypes', 'stream'],
    isRenderer: true,
    label: 'dom-server-server-node',
    manglePropertiesOnProd: false,
    name: 'react-dom/server.node',
    paths: [
      'src/renderers/dom/**/*.js',
      'src/renderers/shared/**/*.js',
      'src/ReactVersion.js',
      'src/shared/**/*.js',
    ],
  },

  /******* React ART *******/
  {
    babelOpts: babelOptsReactART,
    // TODO: we merge react-art repo into this repo so the NODE_DEV and NODE_PROD
    // builds sync up to the building of the package directories
    bundleTypes: [UMD_DEV, UMD_PROD, NODE_DEV, NODE_PROD, FB_DEV, FB_PROD],
    config: {
      destDir: 'build/',
      globals: {
        react: 'React',
      },
      moduleName: 'ReactART',
      sourceMap: false,
    },
    entry: 'src/renderers/art/ReactARTFiberEntry',
    externals: [
      'art/modes/current',
      'art/modes/fast-noSideEffects',
      'art/core/transform',
      'prop-types/checkPropTypes',
      'react-dom',
    ],
    fbEntry: 'src/renderers/art/ReactARTFiberEntry',
    hasteName: 'ReactARTFiber',
    isRenderer: true,
    label: 'art-fiber',
    manglePropertiesOnProd: false,
    name: 'react-art',
    paths: [
      'src/renderers/art/**/*.js',
      'src/renderers/shared/**/*.js',

      'src/ReactVersion.js',
      'src/shared/**/*.js',
    ],
  },

  /******* React Native *******/
  {
    babelOpts: babelOptsReact,
    bundleTypes: [RN_DEV, RN_PROD],
    config: {
      destDir: 'build/',
      moduleName: 'ReactNativeFiber',
      sourceMap: false,
    },
    entry: 'src/renderers/native/ReactNativeFiberEntry',
    externals: [
      'ExceptionsManager',
      'InitializeCore',
      'Platform',
      'RCTEventEmitter',
      'TextInputState',
      'UIManager',
      'View',
      'deepDiffer',
      'deepFreezeAndThrowOnMutationInDev',
      'flattenStyle',
      'prop-types/checkPropTypes',
    ],
    hasteName: 'ReactNativeFiber',
    isRenderer: true,
    label: 'native-fiber',
    manglePropertiesOnProd: false,
    name: 'react-native-renderer',
    paths: [
      'src/renderers/native/**/*.js',
      'src/renderers/shared/**/*.js',

      'src/ReactVersion.js',
      'src/shared/**/*.js',
    ],
    useFiber: true,
  },

  /******* React Native *******/
  {
    babelOpts: babelOptsReact,
    bundleTypes: [RN_DEV, RN_PROD],
    config: {
      destDir: 'build/',
      moduleName: 'ReactNativeRTFiber',
      sourceMap: false,
    },
    entry: 'src/renderers/native-rt/ReactNativeRTFiberEntry',
    externals: [
      'ExceptionsManager',
      'InitializeCore',
      'Platform',
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I don't think I have ever posted about the quilts I made around the events of September 11. I try not to think about the whole situation, because it is just depressing and senseless from so many angles. And the senselessness just seems to continue.
I decided to write about them this year, because my work is good and I still think the message I tried to send is good. I keep one of the quilts on my wall and look at the words and try to remember to walk the walk.
After September 11, Karey Bresenhan called for quilts to be made and sent for the Houston Quilt Market and Festival where they would be displayed 2 months later. Many, many quilts were made and displayed, including my quilt, Fireball.
The exhibit was followed up by a book. Fireball was included in the book. Fireball was successful, in a way (displayed at Houston and included in a book), but it wasn't the quilt I wanted to make for 9/11. It was an immediate, viseral reaction to the horrifying images shown on TV.
What Comes Next is the quilt I wanted to make. What Comes Next has a message that I wanted everyone to hear and see and heed. I wanted politicians to take up the call and act in a way that would truly show the US as a world leader.
It took me much longer to make What Comes Next than the month or so I had to make Fireball. I worked on the beading in the car heading to L.A. I worked on the rubber stamping at my SIL's house during craft night. It is one of the quilts I have quilted myself. I worked hard on the quilt to send a message of hope and peace and to encourage people to think about what comes next after September 11. Nobody heard or saw or heeded. It just makes me sad.
I do not want this day to haunt my life forever. I want to remember the people with joy, I want to learn from the mistakes we, collectively have made in the quest for justice, and remember the heroes with awe. I want us all to consider What Comes Next and move forward confidently in a positive direction.
Fireball shows the fear and horror and shock of the moment. Regardless of time constraints, you probably had to make Fireball before you could make What Comes Next. I dug out my journal from that time, and one of the things that I was most concerned about was what we would do after the shock wore off. It's a variation on the stages of grief and I think too many people are still stuck at anger. Acceptance – of the loss, of our responsibilities to the rest of the world, of each other – is a long way off.
Hi Sandi, Thanks for posting. I think you are right on all counts. For my own quilts, I think you are correct. There is always a process and that must have been the process in my work, though I never saw it. I also think you are right that leadership acted out of anger (re: the wars) and now our society is stuck at anger and paying for the anger. Thanks for reading and for commenting.


Congrats On 10 Years Steve!
Congratulations to Steve, who celebrates 10 years of service today. Such a wonderful achievement! & a huge big thank you to our very own Sonia for making a replica cake of his work van!


text:
Elementary particle
Elementary particles included in the Standard Model
In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a subatomic particle with no sub structure, thus not composed of other particles.[1] Particles currently thought to be elementary include the fundamental fermions (quarks, leptons, antiquarks, and antileptons), which generally are "matter particles" and "antimatter particles", as well as the fundamental bosons (gauge bosons and the Higgs boson), which generally are "force particles" that mediate interactions among fermions.[1] A particle containing two or more elementary particles is a composite particle.
Ordinary matter is composed of atoms, once presumed to be elementary particles—atom meaning "unable to cut" in Greek—although the atom's existence remained controversial until about 1910, as some leading physicists regarded molecules as mathematical illusions, and matter as ultimately composed of energy.[1][2] Subatomic constituents of the atom were identified in the early 1930s; the electron and the proton, along with the photon, the particle of electromagnetic radiation.[1] At that time, the recent advent of quantum mechanics was radically altering the conception of particles, as a single particle could seemingly span a field as would a wave, a paradox still eluding satisfactory explanation.[3][4]
Via quantum theory, protons and neutrons were found to contain quarks—up quarks and down quarks—now considered elementary particles.[1] And within a molecule, the electron's three degrees of freedom (charge, spin, orbital) can separate via the wavefunction into three quasiparticles (holon, spinon, orbiton).[5] Yet a free electron—which is not orbiting an atomic nucleus and lacks orbital motion—appears unsplittable and remains regarded as an elementary particle.[5]
Around 1980, an elementary particle's status as indeed elementary—an ultimate constituent of substance—was mostly discarded for a more practical outlook,[1] embodied in particle physics' Standard Model, what's known as science's most experimentally successful theory.[4][6] Many elaborations upon and theories beyond the Standard Model, including the popular supersymmetry, double the number of elementary particles by hypothesizing that each known particle associates with a "shadow" partner far more massive,[7][8] although all such superpartners remain undiscovered.[6][9] Meanwhile, an elementary boson mediating gravitation—the graviton—remains hypothetical.[1] Also, as hypotheses indicate, spacetime is probably quantized, so there most likely exist "atoms" of space and time itself.[10]
2 Common elementary particles
3 Standard Model
3.1 Fundamental fermions
3.1.1 Generations
3.1.2 Mass
3.1.3 Antiparticles
3.1.4 Quarks
3.2 Fundamental bosons
3.2.1 Gluons
3.2.2 Electroweak bosons
3.2.3 Higgs boson
3.2.4 Graviton
4 Beyond the Standard Model
4.1 Grand unification
4.2 Supersymmetry
4.3 String theory
4.4 Technicolor
4.5 Preon theory
4.6 Acceleron theory
7.1 General readers
OverviewEdit
Main article: Standard Model
See also: Physics beyond the Standard Model
All elementary particles are either bosons or fermions. These classes are distinguished by their quantum statistics: fermions obey Fermi–Dirac statistics and bosons obey Bose–Einstein statistics.[1] Their spin is differentiated via the spin–statistics theorem: it is half-integer for fermions, and integer for bosons.
Elementary fermionsHalf-integer spinObey the Fermi–Dirac statistics Elementary bosonsInteger spinObey the Bose–Einstein statistics
Quarks and antiquarksSpin = 1/2Have color chargeParticipate in strong interactions Leptons and antileptonsSpin = 1/2No color chargeElectroweak interactions Gauge bosonsSpin = 1Force carriers Scalar bosonsSpin = 0
Up (u), Down (d)
Charm (c), Strange (s)
Top (t), Bottom (b)
Electron (
e−
)1, Electron neutrino (
Muon (
μ−
), Muon neutrino (
μ)
Tau (
τ−
), Tau neutrino (
τ)
Four kinds (four fundamental interactions)
Photon (
, electromagnetic interaction)
W and Z bosons (
W+
W−
, weak interaction)
Eight types of gluons (
, strong interaction)
Graviton (
, gravity, hypothetical)2
Higgs boson (H0)
1. The antielectron (
) is traditionally called positron.
2. The known force carrier bosons all have spin = 1 and are therefore vector bosons. The hypothetical graviton has spin = 2 and is a tensor boson; whether it is a gauge boson as well, is unknown.
In the Standard Model, elementary particles are represented for predictive utility as point particles. Though extremely successful, the Standard Model is limited to the microcosm by its omission of gravitation and has some parameters arbitrarily added but unexplained.[11]
Common elementary particlesEdit
Main article: Cosmic abundance of elements
According to the current models of big bang nucleosynthesis, the primordial composition of visible matter of the universe should be about 75% hydrogen and 25% helium-4 (in mass). Neutrons are made up of one up and two down quarks, while protons are made of two up and one down quark. Since the other common elementary particles (such as electrons, neutrinos, or weak bosons) are so light or so rare when compared to atomic nuclei, we can neglect their mass contribution to the observable universe's total mass. Therefore, one can conclude that most of the visible mass of the universe consists of protons and neutrons, which, like all baryons, in turn consist of up quarks and down quarks.
Some estimates imply that there are roughly 1080 baryons (almost entirely protons and neutrons) in the observable universe.[12][13][14]
The number of protons in the observable universe is called the Eddington number.
In terms of number of particles, some estimates imply that nearly all the matter, excluding dark matter, occurs in neutrinos, which constitute the majority of the roughly 1086 elementary particles of matter that exist in the visible universe.[14] Other estimates imply that roughly 1097 elementary particles exist in the visible universe (not including dark matter), mostly photons and other massless force carriers.[14]
Standard ModelEdit
The Standard Model of particle physics contains 12 flavors of elementary fermions, plus their corresponding antiparticles, as well as elementary bosons that mediate the forces and the Higgs boson, which was reported on July 4, 2012, as having been likely detected by the two main experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (ATLAS and CMS). However, the Standard Model is widely considered to be a provisional theory rather than a truly fundamental one, since it is not known if it is compatible with Einstein's general relativity. There may be hypothetical elementary particles not described by the Standard Model, such as the graviton, the particle that would carry the gravitational force, and sparticles, supersymmetric partners of the ordinary particles.
Fundamental fermionsEdit
Main article: Fermion
The 12 fundamental fermions are divided into 3 generations of 4 particles each. Half of the fermions are leptons, three of which have an electric charge of −1, called the electron (
), the muon (
), and the tau (
), the other three leptons are neutrinos (
μ,
τ), which are the only elementary fermions with no electric or color charge. The remaining six particles are quarks (discussed below).
GenerationsEdit
Particle Generations
Leptons
First generation Second generation Third generation
Name Symbol Name Symbol Name Symbol
electron neutrino
e muon neutrino
μ tau neutrino
up quark
charm quark c top quark
down quark
strange quark
bottom quark
MassEdit
The following table lists current measured masses and mass estimates for all the fermions, using the same scale of measure: millions of electron-volts relative to square of light speed (MeV/c²). For example, the most accurately known quark mass is of the top quark (
) at 172.7 GeV/c² or 172 700 MeV/c², estimated using the On-shell scheme.
Current values for elementary fermion masses
Particle Symbol
Particle name
Mass Value
Quark mass estimation scheme (point)
τ Neutrino
(any type) < 2 eV/c² [15]
Electron 0.511 MeV/c²
Up quark 1.9 MeV/c² MSbar scheme (μMS = 2 GeV)
Down quark 4.4 MeV/c² MSbar scheme (μMS = 2 GeV)
Strange quark 87 MeV/c² MSbar scheme (μMS = 2 GeV)
(Mu lepton) 105.7 MeV/c²
Charm quark 1 320 MeV/c² MSbar scheme (μMS = mc)
Tauon (tau lepton) 1 780 MeV/c²
Bottom quark 4 240 MeV/c² MSbar scheme (μMS = mb)
Top quark 172 700 MeV/c² On-shell scheme
Estimates of the values of quark masses depend on the version of quantum chromodynamics used to describe quark interactions. Quarks are always confined in an envelope of gluons which confer vastly greater mass to the mesons and baryons where quarks occur, so values for quark masses cannot be measured directly. Since their masses are so small compared to the effective mass of the surrounding gluons, slight differences in the calculation make large differences in the masses.
AntiparticlesEdit
Main article: Antimatter
There are also 12 fundamental fermionic antiparticles that correspond to these 12 particles. For example, the antielectron (positron)
is the electron's antiparticle and has an electric charge of +1.
Antileptons
antimuon
μ+
antitau
τ+
electron antineutrino
e muon antineutrino
μ tau antineutrino
Antiquarks
up antiquark
charm antiquark
top antiquark
down antiquark
strange antiquark
bottom antiquark
QuarksEdit
Main article: Quark
When we split electrons or protons we find particles which have charges but in fraction.These particles can have a charge of -1/3 or +2/3 and only six quarks are generally classified named; up,down,strange,charm,top and bottom. Only two quarks; up and down are stable and other four are unstable.They are named so because of direction in which all quarks spin. Isolated quarks and antiquarks have never been detected, a fact explained by confinement. Every quark carries one of three color charges of the strong interaction; antiquarks similarly carry anticolor. Color-charged particles interact via gluon exchange in the same way that charged particles interact via photon exchange. However, gluons are themselves color-charged, resulting in an amplification of the strong force as color-charged particles are separated. Unlike the electromagnetic force, which diminishes as charged particles separate, color-charged particles feel increasing force.
However, color-charged particles may combine to form color neutral composite particles called hadrons. A quark may pair up with an antiquark: the quark has a color and the antiquark has the corresponding anticolor. The color and anticolor cancel out, forming a color neutral meson. Alternatively, three quarks can exist together, one quark being "red", another "blue", another "green". These three colored quarks together form a color-neutral baryon. Symmetrically, three antiquarks with the colors "antired", "antiblue" and "antigreen" can form a color-neutral antibaryon.
Quarks also carry fractional electric charges, but, since they are confined within hadrons whose charges are all integral, fractional charges have never been isolated. Note that quarks have electric charges of either +2⁄3 or −1⁄3, whereas antiquarks have corresponding electric charges of either −2⁄3 or +1⁄3.
Evidence for the existence of quarks comes from deep inelastic scattering: firing electrons at nuclei to determine the distribution of charge within nucleons (which are baryons). If the charge is uniform, the electric field around the proton should be uniform and the electron should scatter elastically. Low-energy electrons do scatter in this way, but, above a particular energy, the protons deflect some electrons through large angles. The recoiling electron has much less energy and a jet of particles is emitted. This inelastic scattering suggests that the charge in the proton is not uniform but split among smaller charged particles: quarks.
Fundamental bosonsEdit
Main article: Boson
In the Standard Model, vector (spin-1) bosons (gluons, photons, and the W and Z bosons) mediate forces, whereas the Higgs boson (spin-0) is responsible for the intrinsic mass of particles. Bosons differ from fermions in the fact that multiple bosons can occupy the same quantum state (Pauli exclusion principle). Also, bosons can be either elementary, like photons, or a combination, like mesons. The spin of bosons are integers instead of half integers.
GluonsEdit
Main article: Gluon
Gluons mediate the strong interaction, which join quarks and thereby form hadrons, which are either baryons (three quarks) or mesons (one quark and one antiquark). Protons and neutrons are baryons, joined by gluons to form the atomic nucleus. Like quarks, gluons exhibit color and anticolor—unrelated to the concept of visual color—sometimes in combinations, altogether eight variations of gluons.
Electroweak bosonsEdit
Main articles: W and Z bosons and Photon
There are three weak gauge bosons: W+, W−, and Z0; these mediate the weak interaction. The W bosons are known for their mediation in nuclear decay. The W− converts a neutron into a proton then decay into an electron and electron antineutrino pair. The Z0 does not convert charge but rather changes momentum and is the only mechanism for elastically scattering neutrinos. The weak gauge bosons were discovered due to momentum change in electrons from neutrino-Z exchange. The massless photon mediates the electromagnetic interaction. These four gauge bosons form the electroweak interaction among elementary particles.
Higgs bosonEdit
Main article: Higgs boson
Although the weak and electromagnetic forces appear quite different to us at everyday energies, the two forces are theorized to unify as a single electroweak force at high energies. This prediction was clearly confirmed by measurements of cross-sections for high-energy electron-proton scattering at the HERA collider at DESY. The differences at low energies is a consequence of the high masses of the W and Z bosons, which in turn are a consequence of the Higgs mechanism. Through the process of spontaneous symmetry breaking, the Higgs selects a special direction in electroweak space that causes three electroweak particles to become very heavy (the weak bosons) and one to remain with an undefined rest mass as it is always in motion (the photon). On 4 July 2012, after many years of experimentally searching for evidence of its existence, the Higgs boson was announced to have been observed at CERN's Large Hadron Collider. Peter Higgs who first posited the existence of the Higgs boson was present at the announcement.[16] The Higgs boson is believed to have a mass of approximately 125 GeV.[17] The statistical significance of this discovery was reported as 5-sigma, which implies a certainty of roughly 99.99994%. In particle physics, this is the level of significance required to officially label experimental observations as a discovery. Research into the properties of the newly discovered particle continues.
GravitonEdit
Main article: Graviton
The graviton is a hypothetical elementary spin-2 particle proposed to mediate gravitation. While it remains undiscovered due to the difficulty inherent in its detection, it is sometimes included in tables of elementary particles.[1] The conventional graviton is massless, although there exist models containing massive Kaluza–Klein gravitons.[18]
Beyond the Standard ModelEdit
Although experimental evidence overwhelmingly confirms the predictions derived from the Standard Model, some of its parameters were added arbitrarily, not determined by a particular explanation, which remain mysterious, for instance the hierarchy problem. Theories beyond the Standard Model attempt to resolve these shortcomings.
Grand unificationEdit
Main article: Grand Unified Theory
One extension of the Standard Model attempts to combine the electroweak interaction with the strong interaction into a single 'grand unified theory' (GUT). Such a force would be spontaneously broken into the three forces by a Higgs-like mechanism. The most dramatic prediction of grand unification is the existence of X and Y bosons, which cause proton decay. However, the non-observation of proton decay at the Super-Kamiokande neutrino observatory rules out the simplest GUTs, including SU(5) and SO(10).
SupersymmetryEdit
Main article: Supersymmetry
Supersymmetry extends the Standard Model by adding another class of symmetries to the Lagrangian. These symmetries exchange fermionic particles with bosonic ones. Such a symmetry predicts the existence of supersymmetric particles, abbreviated as sparticles, which include the sleptons, squarks, neutralinos, and charginos. Each particle in the Standard Model would have a superpartner whose spin differs by 1⁄2 from the ordinary particle. Due to the breaking of supersymmetry, the sparticles are much heavier than their ordinary counterparts; they are so heavy that existing particle colliders would not be powerful enough to produce them. However, some physicists believe that sparticles will be detected by the Large Hadron Collider at CERN.
String theoryEdit
Main article: String theory
String theory is a model of physics where all "particles" that make up matter are composed of strings (measuring at the Planck length) that exist in an 11-dimensional (according to M-theory, the leading version) or 12-dimensional (according to F-theory[19]) universe. These strings vibrate at different frequencies that determine mass, electric charge, color charge, and spin. A string can be open (a line) or closed in a loop (a one-dimensional sphere, like a circle). As a string moves through space it sweeps out something called a world sheet. String theory predicts 1- to 10-branes (a 1-brane being a string and a 10-brane being a 10-dimensional object) that prevent tears in the "fabric" of space using the uncertainty principle (e.g., the electron orbiting a hydrogen atom has the probability, albeit small, that it could be anywhere else in the universe at any given moment).
String theory proposes that our universe is merely a 4-brane, inside which exist the 3 space dimensions and the 1 time dimension that we observe. The remaining 7 theoretical dimensions either are very tiny and curled up (and too small to be macroscopically accessible) or simply do not/cannot exist in our universe (because they exist in a grander scheme called the "multiverse" outside our known universe).
Some predictions of the string theory include existence of extremely massive counterparts of ordinary particles due to vibrational excitations of the fundamental string and existence of a massless spin-2 particle behaving like the graviton.
TechnicolorEdit
Main article: Technicolor (physics)
Technicolor theories try to modify the Standard Model in a minimal way by introducing a new QCD-like interaction. This means one adds a new theory of so-called Techniquarks, interacting via so called Technigluons. The main idea is that the Higgs-Boson is not an elementary particle but a bound state of these objects.
Preon theoryEdit
Main article: Preon
According to preon theory there are one or more orders of particles more fundamental than those (or most of those) found in the Standard Model. The most fundamental of these are normally called preons, which is derived from "pre-quarks". In essence, preon theory tries to do for the Standard Model what the Standard Model did for the particle zoo that came before it. Most models assume that almost everything in the Standard Model can be explained in terms of three to half a dozen more fundamental particles and the rules that govern their interactions. Interest in preons has waned since the simplest models were experimentally ruled out in the 1980s.
Acceleron theoryEdit
Accelerons are the hypothetical subatomic particles that integrally link the newfound mass of the neutrino to the dark energy conjectured to be accelerating the expansion of the universe.[20]
In theory, neutrinos are influenced by a new force resulting from their interactions with accelerons. Dark energy results as the universe tries to pull neutrinos apart.[20]
Physics portal
Asymptotic freedom
List of particles
Physical ontology
Quantum triviality
UV fixed point
^ a b c d e f g h i Sylvie Braibant; Giorgio Giacomelli; Maurizio Spurio (2012). Particles and Fundamental Interactions: An Introduction to Particle Physics (2nd ed.). Springer. pp. 1–3. ISBN 978-94-007-2463-1.
^ Ronald Newburgh; Joseph Peidle; Wolfgang Rueckner (2006). "Einstein, Perrin, and the reality of atoms: 1905 revisited" (PDF). American Journal of Physics. 74 (6): 478–481. Bibcode:2006AmJPh..74..478N. doi:10.1119/1.2188962. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-03. Retrieved 2013-08-17.
^ Friedel Weinert (2004). The Scientist as Philosopher: Philosophical Consequences of Great Scientific Discoveries. Springer. pp. 43, 57–59. Bibcode:2004sapp.book.....W. ISBN 978-3-540-20580-7.
^ a b Meinard Kuhlmann (24 Jul 2013). "Physicists debate whether the world is made of particles or fields—or something else entirely". Scientific American.
^ a b Zeeya Merali (18 Apr 2012). "Not-quite-so elementary, my dear electron: Fundamental particle 'splits' into quasiparticles, including the new 'orbiton'". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.10471.
^ a b Ian O'Neill (24 Jul 2013). "LHC discovery maims supersymmetry, again". Discovery News. Retrieved 2013-08-28.
^ Particle Data Group. "Unsolved mysteries—supersymmetry". The Particle Adventure. Berkeley Lab. Retrieved 2013-08-28.
^ National Research Council (2006). Revealing the Hidden Nature of Space and Time: Charting the Course for Elementary Particle Physics. National Academies Press. p. 68. Bibcode:2006rhns.book....... ISBN 978-0-309-66039-6.
^ "CERN latest data shows no sign of supersymmetry—yet". Phys.Org. 25 Jul 2013. Retrieved 2013-08-28.
^ Smolin, Lee (2006). "Atoms of Space and Time". Scientific American.
^ Sylvie Braibant; Giorgio Giacomelli; Maurizio Spurio (2012). Particles and Fundamental Interactions: An Introduction to Particle Physics (2nd ed.). Springer. p. 384. ISBN 978-94-007-2463-1.
^ Frank Heile. "Is the Total Number of Particles in the Universe Stable Over Long Periods of Time?". 2014.
^ Jared Brooks. "Galaxies and Cosmology" Archived 2014-07-14 at the Wayback Machine. 2014. p. 4, equation 16.
^ a b c Robert Munafo (24 Jul 2013). "Notable Properties of Specific Numbers". Retrieved 2013-08-28.
^ M. Tanabashi et al. (Particle Data Group), Phys. Rev. D 98, 030001 (2018).
^ Lizzy Davies (4 July 2014). "Higgs boson announcement live: CERN scientists discover subatomic particle". The Guardian. Retrieved 2012-07-06.
^ Lucas Taylor (4 Jul 2014). "Observation of a new particle with a mass of 125 GeV". CMS. Retrieved 2012-07-06.
^ Calmet, Xavier; De Aquino, Priscila; Rizzo, Thomas G. (2010). "Massless versus Kaluza-Klein gravitons at the LHC". Physics Letters B. 682 (4–5): 446–449. arXiv:0910.1535. Bibcode:2010PhLB..682..446C. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2009.11.045. hdl:2078/31706.
^ Cumrun Vafa. "Evidence for F-theory." Nucl.Phys. B469: 403-418,1996 DOI:10.1016/0550-3213(96)00172-1. arXiv: hep-th/9602022
^ a b "New theory links neutrino's slight mass to accelerating Universe expansion". ScienceDaily. 28 Jul 2004. Retrieved 2008-06-05.
Further readingEdit
General readersEdit
Feynman, R.P. & Weinberg, S. (1987) Elementary Particles and the Laws of Physics: The 1986 Dirac Memorial Lectures. Cambridge Univ. Press.
Ford, Kenneth W. (2005) The Quantum World. Harvard Univ. Press.
Brian Greene (1999). The Elegant Universe. W.W.Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-05858-1.
John Gribbin (2000) Q is for Quantum – An Encyclopedia of Particle Physics. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-85578-X.
Oerter, Robert (2006) The Theory of Almost Everything: The Standard Model, the Unsung Triumph of Modern Physics. Plume.
Schumm, Bruce A. (2004) Deep Down Things: The Breathtaking Beauty of Particle Physics. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-7971-X.
Martinus Veltman (2003). Facts and Mysteries in Elementary Particle Physics. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-238-149-1.
Frank Close (2004). Particle Physics: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280434-1.
Seiden, Abraham (2005). Particle Physics – A Comprehensive Introduction. Addison Wesley. ISBN 978-0-8053-8736-0.
TextbooksEdit
Bettini, Alessandro (2008) Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics. Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88021-3
Coughlan, G. D., J. E. Dodd, and B. M. Gripaios (2006) The Ideas of Particle Physics: An Introduction for Scientists, 3rd ed. Cambridge Univ. Press. An undergraduate text for those not majoring in physics.
Griffiths, David J. (1987) Introduction to Elementary Particles. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-60386-4.
Kane, Gordon L. (1987). Modern Elementary Particle Physics. Perseus Books. ISBN 978-0-201-11749-3.
Perkins, Donald H. (2000) Introduction to High Energy Physics, 4th ed. Cambridge Univ. Press.
The most important address about the current experimental and theoretical knowledge about elementary particle physics is the Particle Data Group, where different international institutions collect all experimental data and give short reviews over the contemporary theoretical understanding.
Particle Data Group
other pages are:
Greene, Brian, "Elementary particles", The Elegant Universe, NOVA (PBS)
particleadventure.org, a well-made introduction also for non physicists
CERNCourier: Season of Higgs and melodrama
Pentaquark information page
Interactions.org, particle physics news
Symmetry Magazine, a joint Fermilab/SLAC publication
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Himalayan woodpecker (Dendrocopos himalayensis) belongs to the family Picidae under the order Piciformes.
The Picidae is the family of woodpeckers, piculets, wrynecks, and sapsuckers. The Picidae was first described by William Elford Leach, MD, FRS (2 February 1791 – 25 August 1836), an English zoologist and marine biologist, in the year 1820.
The family Picidae comprises four subfamilies, viz., Jynginae, Picumninae, Nesoctitinae and Picinae. The subfamily Picinae was first introduced by Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte (24 May 1803 – 29 July 1857), a French biologist and ornithologist, in the year 1838.
The subfamily Picinae comprises 31 genera, including genus Dendrocopos. The genus Dendrocopos was first described by Carl Ludwig Koch (21 September 1778 – 23 August 1857), a German entomologist and arachnologist, in the year 1816. The genus Dendrocopos contains 13 species, including Dendrocopos himalayensis.
The species Dendrocopos himalayensis was first described by Sir William Jardine and Prideaux John Selby in the year 1835. The species Dendrocopos himalayensis is polytypic and comprises subspecies D. h. himalayensis and D. h. albescens.
Current topic in Birds of India: Himalayan woodpecker - Dendrocopos himalayensis photos.


Which day of the week do retailers implement price changes?
This question is often raised by retailers and manufacturers when discussing what key information they need in order to make the best decisions when planning and understanding competitors' pricing and promotion strategies.
Brand View have taken a look at the price changes made by the UK's major retailers across three key areas: Grocery, Health & Personal Care and General Merchandise. This analysis has been produced using one of our key reports – Pricing History – which many of our clients use on a daily basis to identify when prices change over a period of time.
Looking at the 'big four' UK supermarkets, we reviewed the number of price changes per retailer over a two month period across a selection of Grocery categories including: Carbonates, Milk, Sweet Spreads, Chilled Ready Meals, Cereals, Butters & Spreads and Savoury Spreads.
The review we have performed is based on online pricing and includes promotional price changes. Online price changes can differ from those in-store.
The most significant number of price changes over this two month period took place on a Tuesday and Wednesday. Sainsbury's make the largest number of price changes on a Tuesday, whereas Tesco make their price changes on a Wednesday. Asda and Waitrose appear to spread their price changes a little more evenly throughout the week, although Waitrose have made marginally more price changes on a Tuesday and Asda have made more price changes on a Friday.
In reviewing Health & Personal Care, we have taken a look at when Boots and Superdrug change their prices and also included Tesco and Sainsbury's due to the size of their ranges in this sector. We selected a number of categories including: Deodorant, Health and Vitamins, Facial Moisturiser, Facial Cleansing and Toothpaste.
As with the Grocery sector, the most significant number of price changes take place on a Tuesday and Wednesday, but Wednesday is the more common day for price changes in this case. Boots and Superdrug have both made the vast majority of their price changes on a Wednesday over the two month time period, with Sainsbury's and Tesco opting to make most of their price changes on a Tuesday.
The price changes in the General Merchandise sector appear to be more evenly spread than in Grocery and Health & Personal Care. The following chart is based on a selection of categories including: Dishwashers, Fridge Freezers, Garden Storage, Kitchen Furniture, Laptops, Mattresses, Mens Clothing, Microwave Ovens, Sofas, Televisions, Washing Machines and Women's Clothing.
The analysis shows that there are a significant number of price changes made on each day of the week when compared with Grocery and Health & Personal Care, particularly in Argos and John Lewis. However, there are a larger number of price changes made on Wednesdays and Thursdays across all four of the above retailers, which is arguably driven by Sainsbury's making more price changes on a Wednesday and Tesco making most of theirs on a Thursday.