text:
\section{\label{sec:level1}Introduction}

Using beams of neutral atoms as a probe to image surfaces, also known as Neutral Atom Microscopy (NAM) or Scanning Helium Microscopy (SHeM, in case of He atoms), is an emerging microscopy technique that holds the promise of probing surfaces in a soft manner \cite{allison_2003, witham_NAM_2014}.
Here, similar to charged particle based methods (like scanning electron microscopy), an atomic beam typically with incident kinetic energy in the range of 10 - 500 meV is made incident on the sample of interest and the scattered atoms are detected in a position-sensitive manner to generate a contrast map (image) of the surface.
One of the major questions in this area of research is to understand contrast generation mechanisms, which is intimately connected to the underlying atom - surface collision dynamics.
Another major challenge is to achieve high a lateral resolution.
This is largely constrained by the limited ability to manipulate and control a beam of slow moving neutral atoms.

In the context of microscopy, several schemes to manipulate neutral atom beams have been put forward in the past.
One approach is to focus atomic beams using precisely prepared  surfaces having high reflectivity and appropriate shape, acting as mirrors for atomic beams \cite{holst_mirror1997,holst_ellipsoidalAtomMirror2010, farias_focussing2017, farias_graphenemirror_2011,farias_QuantumStab_AtomMirror2008}.
Another approach has been to use the wave nature of atoms and focus atomic beams using zone plate structures \cite{toennies_zoneplate1999,allison_2003,koch_imaging_2008, holst_ZonePlate2008,holst_theoretical_model_zoneplate2017}.
Despite several promising developments in these areas, focusing of atomic beams well beyond 1 $\mu$m spot size remains a scientific and technological challenge.

Arguably, the most successful strategy to date is based on the pinhole design, where a series of apertures are used to collimate the incident atomic beam, consequently reaching a high lateral resolution.
This design is relatively easier to build and has been widely adopted by several groups \cite{witham, dastoor_NAM_design_2014,dastoor_NAM_Design_RSI2015, bhardwaj2022neutral}.
At present, some of the best images in terms of signal-to-noise ratio \cite{dastoor_NAM_Design_RSI2015} and resolution (sub-micron) \cite{witham_NAM_2014} have been achieved using such pinhole designs.
An excellent overview of different NAM designs, following its systematic development and current state of the art is provided in a recent review article by Palau and coworkers \cite{holst_NAM_reviev2021}.

Despite the promising developments in pinhole based NAM, several challenges still remain to be overcome.
Highest achievable lateral resolution is dictated largely by the dimensions of the final collimation aperture (pinhole).
Using a smaller pinhole to increase the resolution is necessarily accompanied by a loss of signal-to-noise ratio, as the number of incident particles (and the corresponding scattered signal) decreases.
Therefore NAM imaging becomes difficult in the region of sub-micron resolution.
Additionally, with pinhole sizes less than 1 $\mu$m, diffraction of incident atoms from the aperture starts becoming significant.
This causes a lateral spread of the beam, thereby limiting the obtainable resolution for a given working distance.
A detailed analysis of this situation using numerical simulations has been carried out by Palau and coworkers \cite{holst_theoretical_pinhole}.
By optimizing the positions of collimating apertures, working distance and accounting for lateral spread of the incident atomic beam caused by diffraction, they estimate that a resolution of 40 nm is achievable under realistic measurement conditions.
It should be noted that such performance remains to be experimentally demonstrated yet.

In this regard, using beams of atomic clusters as a probe offers some interesting possibilities.
Firstly, large atomic density of clusters can compensate for the loss of incident intensity, enabling the use of much smaller pinhole sizes.
At the same time, heavier mass of individual clusters means negligible diffraction effects, even in case of small aperture sizes ($\ll$ 1 $\mu$m).
It is worth pointing out that a necessary prerequisite to evaluate the potential of these possibilities is to  understand whether the scattering of atomic clusters from surfaces can give rise to contrast maps or not.
If in case contrast is observed, what is its nature and how does it compare with the usual scenario of monoatomic beams?
These questions form the subject of our present study.

\begin{figure*}
\centering
\includegraphics[width = 1\linewidth, draft=false]{./figs/expt_setup_cluster_nozzle_combined_panel.pdf}
\caption{
(a) Schematic diagram of the overall experimental setup used for NAM measurements. TMP corresponds to turbomolecular pump.
Supersonic expansion from the nozzle is followed by a 200 $\mu$m diameter opening skimmer and a collimation aperture with diameter 50 $\mu$m.
The collimated beam is made incident from the target sample, placed on a pair of piezo stages (XY), in the scattering chamber.
A fraction of the scattered flux around the specular direction (acceptance angle of $\sim$ 32$^\circ$) enters via the sampling aperture (1 mm opening diameter) into the sampling tube, connected to a quadrupole mass spectrometer with differential pumping arrangement.
(b) Schematic diagram of pulsed nozzle source and a custom-built conical aperture plate (to aid in cluster formation).
A detailed view of conical aperture plate is shown on the right.}
\label{fig:nam_setup}
\end{figure*}

In the forthcoming sections, we describe the experimental methods used to produce and characterize atomic cluster beams.
Following this we discuss the results of NAM measurements in topographical and beyond topographical contrast regime, where a contrast inversion is seen.
We discuss the possible origins of this unusual contrast inversion and implications of these findings towards developing a high-resolution NAM.

\section{\label{sec:level1}Experimental setup}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width = 1\linewidth, draft=false]{./figs/ang_dist_geometry.pdf}
\caption{Schematic representation of the experimental arrangement used for the angular distribution measurements. Sampling points represent the positions where the measurements were made (perpendicular to the scattering plane) using a flexible sampling tube mounted on a single axis manipulator.
At present, this arrangement limits us to measure only out-of-plane angular distributions.}
\label{fig:ang_dist_geom}
\end{figure}

Experimental setup and sample preparation procedure used in the present work is largely the same as in our previous work \cite{bhardwaj2022neutral}.
Only specific features essential to understand the present work are described in detail below.
Fig. \ref{fig:nam_setup}\hyperref[fig:nam_setup]{(a)} shows a schematic diagram of the experimental setup used in this work.
A pulsed atomic beam source comprising of the following components was used: (A) pulsed solenoid valve (Parker 009-1643-900, orifice diameter = 0.5 mm) and (B) a custom-built aperture plate with a 10 mm long conical opening with the diameter of the smaller orifice being 360 $\mu$m and a half opening angle of 6$^\circ$ (Fig. \ref{fig:nam_setup}\hyperref[fig:nam_setup]{(b)}).
This aperture plate was mounted on the front plate of the pulsed valve while keeping their centers aligned.
He or Kr gas, was allowed to expand supersonically from this atomic beam source into the source chamber.
A 200 $\mu$m skimmer was used to extract the center-line intensity from the gas expansion forming a beam in the first differential chamber.
Finally a 50 $\mu$m aperture, placed inline, was used to obtain a collimated beam.
The width (full width half maximum, FWHM) of He and Kr beams, measured at a distance of 15 mm (sample plane) from the final collimation aperture using a knife edge scanning method, were observed to be 60 $\mu$m and 56 $\mu$m, respectively.
These correspond to an angular divergence of $<$ 1 mrad (see SI-1).
For He and Kr beams, based on the pressure changes observed in the detection chamber with the molecular beam on and off (without the sample), we estimate that each gas pulse consists of approximately 10$^{10}$ atoms being incident on the sample.
This corresponds to a flux of $\sim$ 10$^{16}$ atoms/(sec str).
The estimated incidence energies of the pure He and 50\% Kr in He beams are 65 meV and 124 meV, respectively.
The collimated beam scatters from the sample placed on a movable platform (XY) comprised of two piezoelectric stages  stacked over each other, housed in the detection chamber.

A 180 mm long flexible stainless steel bellow (inner diameter approximately 3.6 mm) was used as a sampling tube with an orifice of diameter 1 mm drilled at its end.
One end of the sampling tube was mounted on a single axis manipulator, enabling measurement of the scattered signal at different angular positions.
At present, in this set up the angular distribution measurements, were limited to a plane perpendicular to the scattering plane (Fig. \ref{fig:ang_dist_geom}).
A significant distortion was observed in our attempts (results not shown here) in measuring in-plane angular distributions.
Hence, we restrict ourselves to report and discuss only the out-of-plane scattered distributions in this work.

For NAM measurements, the pulsed valve was driven by a pulse valve driver (IOTA ONE, 060-0001-900, Parker).
Opening time was set to 25 msec and the repetition rate at 2 Hz.
Under these conditions, the steady state pressures in the source, first differential  and detection chamber were $\sim$ 3$\times$10$^{-4}$ mbar, $\sim$ 5$\times$10$^{-6}$ mbar, and $\sim$ 3$\times$10$^{-7}$ mbar respectively.
Mass spectrometer (SRS RGA 200) sampling rate was set to 40 Hz and the resulting signal corresponded to pulses of 250-300 ms being detected.
Channeltron voltage was set to -1560 V corresponding to a nominal gain of 1.2$\times$10$^4$.
Dwell time at each sample position (pixel) was set to 2.5 - 3.5 seconds depending on the signal-to-noise ratio and the overall duration of each measurement.

\begin{figure*}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width = 1\linewidth, draft=false]{./figs/He_Kr_screw_combined_panel.pdf}
\caption{
(a) Optical image of a 300 $\mu$m fine-pitch screw (outer diameter of 1.5 mm). A small region marked by a white dashed rectangle was selected to perform the NAM measurements.
(b) and (c) NAM image using monoatomic beam of He atoms and Kr clusters (step-size of 20$\mu$m), respectively.
(d) Optical image of the edge of screw.
(e) and (f) Line scan performed along the screw length using a beam of monoatomic He and Kr clusters, respectively (step size 10$\mu$m).
All the NAM measurements were performed using the custom-built nozzle shown in Fig.\ref{fig:nam_setup}\hyperref[fig:nam_setup]{(b)} with pulse duration set to 25 msec, at a repetition rate of 2Hz.}
\label{fig:nam_screw_panel}
\end{figure*}

The additional aperture plate with a long conical orifice was used to aid in the formation of large clusters.
The relation among average cluster size produced by a nozzle is described empirically by determining the scaling parameter ($\Gamma^*$) as given below \cite{hagena1972cluster,hagena_clusters_ZphysD1987,hagena_ClusterIonSoures_RSI1992,ditmire_laserCluster_1996,ditmire_laserCluster_1998}:

\begin{equation*}
    \Gamma^* = k\frac{(d/\tan\alpha)^{0.85}P_0}{T_0^{2.29}}
\end{equation*}
Here, k is gas dependent condensation parameter \cite{wormer_k_parameter_1989,ditmire_laserCluster_1996,ditmire_laserCluster_1998}, 4 for He, 1700 for Ar, 2900 for Kr, $\alpha$ is the half-angle of the conical aperture (in degrees), d is the orifice diameter (in $\mu$m), $P_0$ is the backing pressure (in mbar), and $T_0$ is the initial gas temperature (in K).

In the present experiments a mixture of 50\% Kr in He was used for NAM measurements with clusters as it resulted in the highest signal observed (see SI-2).
In this case $\Gamma^*$ $\approx$ 1.6$\times 10^4$ (at 6 bar backing pressure).
Under these conditions, based on the previously reported scaling relations among $\Gamma^*$, average cluster size and condensation fraction \cite{hagena_clusters_ZphysD1987, wormer_k_parameter_1989, dorchies_ClusterSizeScaling_2003}, nearly all Kr atoms are expected to be in cluster form with a mean size of 10$^4$ atoms/cluster.
On the other hand, for pure He beams under similar conditions, $\Gamma^*$ is 17 at 2 bar and 86 at 10 bar.
Therefore, He beams are expected to be largely monoatomic in nature with negligible cluster formation.
Additional measurements to characterize cluster formation were carried out by means of measuring the change in center-line intensity as a function of backing pressure  (see SI-2) and X-ray generation by intense femtosecond laser ionization (see SI-3 and SI-4).

Samples of $\rm{MoS_2}${} grown on $\rm{SiO_2/Si}${} substrate used in the present study were prepared using chemical vapor deposition method and characterized using optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy as described previously \cite{bhardwaj2022neutral}.
Features on a typical sample consist of bare substrate, thin (one to three layers) and thick (more than 6 layers). Here one monolayer corresponds to a thickness of 0.65 nm \cite{changgu_MoS2Thickness_raman_2010}.
These features correspond to the purple, blue and light-blue colors in the optical microscopy images obtained using white light illumination, respectively (see Figs. \ref{fig:mono_He_Kr_panel}  and \ref{fig:cluster_image_panel}).

\section{Results and discussions}
\begin{figure*}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width = 1\linewidth, draft=false]{./figs/He_10p_Kr_50p_Kr_panel.pdf}
\caption{
	(a) Optical image of a small portion of MoS$_2$ sample where purple, blue and light-blue colored regions, marked by 1, 2 and 3, correspond to SiO$_2$/Si substrate, thin and thick layers of MoS$_2$ \cite{frindt1966single,bhardwaj2022neutral}.
	(b) and (c) NAM images obtained using a continuous nozzle with 20 $\mu$m orifice diameter with a monoatomic beam of He and Kr atoms as probe, respectively.
	The scattered flux from MoS$_2$ is consistently higher than SiO$_2$/Si substrate in both cases.
}
\label{fig:mono_He_Kr_panel}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{\label{sec:level2} Generation of topographical contrast with Kr clusters}

Topographic contrast is the most commonly observed contrast in NAM images \cite{koch_imaging_2008}.
It arises in the regime where incident atoms undergo diffuse scattering upon impact with the surface and spatial features of interest are much larger than the beam spot size.
Under these conditions NAM images closely resemble the geometric features of the sample.
As far as clusters are concerned, a priori it is not obvious whether simple topographical contrast, commonly seen with monoatomic beams, can be observed or not.
This ambiguity stems from the fact that extent of thermalization of Kr atoms, in the form of large clusters, upon impact with the surface is unknown.

In order to understand if topographic contrast is generated or not, we first image a microscopically rough object (a fine-pitched stainless steel screw, pitch = 300 $\mu$m) using both monoatomic Helium and Krypton cluster beam.
Features being imaged in this case are much larger than the incident beam size and we can expect to see images largely governed by topographical contrast.
Figure \ref{fig:nam_screw_panel}\hyperref[fig:nam_screw_panel]{(a)} shows an optical image of the screw.
Panels (b) and (c) show NAM images of a small portion of the screw (marked by a white rectangle in panel (a)), obtained using a beam of Helium and Krypton clusters respectively.
Panel (d) shows an optical image depicting the side view of the screw edge.
Figures (e) and (f) depict the line profiles  corresponding to the optical image shown in (d), measured using He atoms and Kr clusters, respectively.
Quite clearly, the NAM images obtained using a beam of He (monoatomic) and Kr (clusters) show a one-to-one correspondence with the optical images.
We conclude that large atomic cluster beams are well capable of generating topographical contrast.
We also infer that Kr atoms get thermalized on the surface to a large extent.

These results are of potential interest towards developing a high resolution NAM.
In measurements with monoatomic beams such as He, diffraction of incident atoms from the final aperture sets the ultimate limit to the highest achievable lateral resolution.
For He atoms, using numerical modelling , this limit has been estimated to be approximately 40 nm \cite{holst_theoretical_pinhole}.
Large atomic clusters such as those used in our experiments, owing to their much higher mass ($\gg$ 10$^4$ times compared to Helium atoms), are expected to behave like classical particles.
Consequently, the diffraction effects will be negligible even for very small pinhole sizes, providing a route to achieve a higher lateral resolutions compared to monoatomic beams.
In addition, the higher density offered by atomic clusters can lead to much higher incident and scattered signals even with smaller aperture sizes.
We believe that the ultimate limit in this case is likely to be set by the interaction of incident atomic clusters with the edge of small pinhole they are sent through.
At distances where inter-atomic binding energy of the cluster becomes comparable to the interaction energy with atoms constituting the edge of the pinhole, one can expect the clusters to fragment as they travel across the aperture.
Given that these interactions are of Van der Waals type, such forces will be significant only at nm length scales.
In principle, this can allow nm-sized pinholes to be used for collimation.

\subsection{\label{sec:level2}Beyond topographical contrast: Inverted contrast with Kr clusters}
\begin{figure*}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width = 0.85\linewidth, draft=false]{./figs/He_Kr_cluster_imaging_panel_1_inkscape.pdf}
\caption{
	(a-e) Optical images of five small portions of independently prepared $\rm{MoS_2}${} films on $\rm{SiO_2/Si}${} samples.
	In all the samples, $\rm{MoS_2}${} and SiO$_2$ regions have been marked. Blue-colored regions contain thin layers $\sim$(0.6-2 nm \cite{bhardwaj2022neutral}) of MoS$_2$.
	(f-j) NAM images of the same samples using beams of monoatomic He atoms.
	(k-o) NAM images of the same samples using beams of Kr clusters (mean size $\approx$ 10$^4$ atoms, see text).
	NAM images with both He and Kr clusters show one-to-one correspondence with the optical images.
	Interestingly, images obtained with Kr clusters show an inverted contrast to that compared with He.
	For all NAM measurements shown here, the pulse  duration was set to 25 msec and repetition rate to 2 Hz.}
\label{fig:cluster_image_panel}
\end{figure*}

Regimes beyond topographic contrast correspond to situations where specific details of atom-surface collision play an important role in contrast generation.
This is unlike the case of topographic contrast resulting from diffuse scattering, where there is no correlation among the incident and final momentum of scattered particles.
As an example, chemical contrast \cite{barr_NatComm2016} has been hypothesized to arise from surface specific inelastic scattering with phonons, leading to a contrast dependent on the surface chemical composition.
Contrast arising due to diffraction of the incident atomic beam as a result of scattering from surfaces with local crystalline order has also been reported recently \cite{jardine_diffraction}.
In our previous work, it was shown that using atom scattering based microscopy, thin films up to a single monolayer of $\rm{MoS_2}${} on $\rm{SiO_2/Si}${} can be successfully imaged using a 20-30 $\mu$m sized beam of He and/or Kr atoms as an incident probe.
Further it was also observed that contrast was degrading with incident energy \cite{bhardwaj2022neutral}.
These results point towards the fact that contrast mechanisms beyond simple topographical in nature are at play.
Here, we investigate whether NAM imaging of atomically thin layers of MoS$_2$, in the beyond topographic contrast regime, is possible with a beam of Kr clusters or not.

\begin{figure*}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width = 1\linewidth, draft=false]{./figs/combined_panel_ang_dist_1.pdf}
\caption{
	(a) and (b) Angle-resolved scattered flux from $\rm{MoS_2}${} and $\rm{SiO_2/Si}${} substrate using a beam of monoatomic He atoms and Kr clusters.
	For He, the distribution obtained from MoS$_2$ surface is slightly narrower than that of SiO$_2$ surface, consistent with the observed contrast pattern.
	In case of Kr clusters, both the distributions (b) look very similar.
	Angular distribution obtained from a rough stainless steel surface is shown in (c) for comparison.
	The angular position of 0$^\circ$ corresponds to the surface normal.
}
\label{fig:ang_dist}
\end{figure*}

Measurements with monoatomic beam of He and Kr atoms, produced with a 20 $\mu$m continuous nozzle, can be seen in Fig. \ref{fig:mono_He_Kr_panel}.
Panel (a) shows an optical image of a small portion of $\rm MoS_2$ grown on $\rm SiO_2$/Si substrate and the corresponding NAM images obtained with He and Kr beams are depicted in (b) and (c), respectively.
The scattered flux of He and Kr from $\rm{MoS_2}${} is consistently higher as compared to $\rm{SiO_2/Si}${} in both cases and a clear one-to-one correspondence is seen.
Such kind of contrast generation with the underlying possible reasons have been discussed in our previous work \cite{bhardwaj2022neutral}.

Measurements performed with a beam of Kr clusters and a monoatomic beam of He are shown in Fig. \ref{fig:cluster_image_panel}.
Panels \ref{fig:cluster_image_panel}\hyperref[fig:cluster_image_panel]{(a - e)} show optical images of  small portions of independently prepared samples of $\rm{MoS_2}${} films on $\rm{SiO_2/Si}${} substrate.
NAM measurements using He atom beam are shown in Fig. \ref{fig:cluster_image_panel}\hyperref[fig:cluster_image_panel]{(f - j)}.
Here we observe the expected contrast pattern as seen previously with monoatomic beams (Fig. \ref{fig:mono_He_Kr_panel}), i.e. higher scattered flux from $\rm{MoS_2}${} surface as compared to $\rm{SiO_2/Si}${}.
Figs. \ref{fig:cluster_image_panel}\hyperref[fig:cluster_image_panel]{(g - i)} show the images obtained using Kr clusters.
Again, a one-to-one correspondence with the optical images is seen, but interestingly, contrast patterns appear inverted.
Here, a larger signal for scattered Kr is obtained from $\rm{SiO_2/Si}${} substrate as compared to regions covered with $\rm{MoS_2}${}.
Quite clearly, scattering of large Kr clusters does not simply lead to diffuse scattering alone and also seems to be sensitive to the surface characteristics.
Observation of such a contrast inversion merits further discussion.

Previous studies on scattering of atomic and molecular clusters from surfaces, using experimental \cite{gspann_ClusterReflectionSS_1974, bernasek_Cluster_Fe_scattering_1988, vach_ArgonCluster_graphite_1992, vach_N2Clusters_Graphite_1999}
and computational methods \cite{tully_ArClusters_Pt_1989, pettersson_ArClusters_Pt_1997},  offer valuable insights.
These studies span a range of atomic and molecular clusters (such as He, H$_2$, N$_2$ and Ar) and different surfaces ranging from microscopically rough to atomically flat single crystals.
A common feature arising in all these works is that for large clusters, angular distributions of the scattered particles show a prominent peak at angles much greater than specular direction (supraspecular).
Further, it has also been reported that on rough surfaces (prepared by ion sputtering of atomically flat, clean single crystal surfaces) this pronounced supraspecular scattering becomes weaker and the angular distributions tend towards diffuse scattering (peaking at surface normal) \cite{bernasek_Cluster_Fe_scattering_1988}.

This general aspect of cluster scattering from surfaces seems significant as far as our observation of contrast inversion is concerned.
For monoatomic beams, the scattered flux is expected to peak close to the specular direction in case of elastic scattering or towards the surface normal, in case of a large diffuse scattering component.
On the other hand, for large Kr clusters (n $\sim$ 10$^4$), the majority of the scattered flux is likely to exit at large angles from surface normal, in supraspecular direction. Given that our sampling aperture is placed near specular direction, a large fraction of the supraspecular scattered atoms will not be captured by the detector.
Our previous study has shown that at an atomic scale, $\rm{MoS_2}${} surfaces are generally smoother than the $\rm{SiO_2/Si}${} substrate \cite{bhardwaj2022neutral}.
Given the above points, we hypothesize that on $\rm{MoS_2}${} surface, supraspecular scattering leads to relatively fewer atoms entering the collection aperture placed along the specular direction.
At the same time, the increased roughness on $\rm{SiO_2/Si}${} substrate can lead to more diffuse scattering like behavior, resulting in a relatively higher scattered signal being detected.

Besides the above possibility, other systematic differences could also be at play here.
$\rm{MoS_2}${} films are bound to the lower layers or $\rm{SiO_2/Si}${} substrate by relatively weak Van der Waals interaction.
As a result, $\rm{MoS_2}${} surface acts as a relatively softer landing site for Kr clusters.
Large Kr clusters having sizable incidence energy compared to its monoatomic counterparts, when scattered from a relatively softer surface (compared to $\rm{SiO_2/Si}${}) can lead to a broad scattered distribution.
Consequently, a lower flux will be measured by the detector placed in specular direction compared to scattering from a relatively rigid $\rm{SiO_2/Si}${} surface, consistent with the inverted contrast observed in our measurements.
The effect of rigidity of thin films on the scattered angular distributions have been studied by Taleb and co-workers \cite{farias_interlayerForces_2018} by studying the heavy vs. light atom scattering from graphene surface in the case of weak and strong interaction with the substrate.
They observed that in case of weak interaction with substrate (Gr/Ir(111)), neon atoms scattered largely inelastically leading to a broad angular distribution.
On the other hand, scattering from a more strongly bound substrate such as Gr/Ni(111), sharp diffraction peaks were obtained.

In order to understand these points better, we resort to angle-resolved measurements.
Figs. \ref{fig:ang_dist}\hyperref[fig:ang_dist]{(a)} and \hyperref[fig:ang_dist]{(b)} show a comparison of the angular distributions resulting from scattering on $\rm{SiO_2/Si}${} and $\rm{MoS_2}${} surfaces, obtained using He (monoatomic) and Kr (clusters), respectively.
Angular distributions from a microscopically rough surface (stainless steel screw, shown in Fig. \ref{fig:nam_screw_panel} are also shown in (c) for the sake of comparison.
It should be noted that these distributions were measured for an out-of-plane scattering configuration (see Fig. \ref{fig:ang_dist_geom}) and are not corrected for any distortions resulting from the measurement configuration.
Nonetheless, a systematic comparison of the relative changes based on these results is still possible.

A common feature observed in the case of $\rm{MoS_2}${} and $\rm{SiO_2/Si}${} is that angular distributions obtained using monoatomic He are rather broad and only slightly narrower than that observed from a rough surface.
This indicates that a substantial fraction of the atoms undergo diffuse scattering.
This is expected since our samples were placed in a vacuum chamber operating at a base pressure of 3$\times$10$^{-7}$ mbar and not true ultrahigh vacuum conditions. Further, no \textit{in-situ} sample cleaning was done.
Under these conditions, a significant amount of adsorbates will be present on the surface, leading to a large diffuse scattering component.
For He beam, width of the distribution in case of $\rm{MoS_2}${} surface, is somewhat narrower than $\rm{SiO_2/Si}${} substrate, consistent with the contrast observed in NAM images.
Angular distributions obtained with Kr clusters appear very similar for $\rm{MoS_2}${}  and $\rm{SiO_2/Si}${}.
Given that these distributions almost look same and the fact that we see an inverted contrast pattern, we infer that the changes are largely occurring in the in-plane scattering distributions. This is also expected from previous studies showing supraspecular scattering.
A clear answer to these questions can be obtained by in-plane angle-resolved measurements, which is currently unavailable in our setup.
An upgraded version with provision for measuring both, in-plane and out-of-plane angular distributions with the aid of a combined rotation and linear manipulator along with sample heating capability (for removing weakly bound adsorbates) is being designed in our lab for future studies.

\section{Concluding Remarks}

In this work we have demonstrated that NAM imaging is possible using a beam of Kr atom clusters and the well-known topographic contrast can be obtained for rough surfaces.
Using samples of atomically thin films of $\rm{MoS_2}${} grown on $\rm{SiO_2/Si}${} substrate, we have shown that NAM imaging with Kr clusters is possible even in the regime of beyond simple topographical contrast.
Interestingly, here we observe a contrast inversion compared to the similar measurements made with monoatomic beams.

Importantly, the results presented here clearly establish that NAM imaging can be done with atomic clusters as well.
To the best of our knowledge, this possibility has not been explored previously.
These results point toward two interesting possibilities in the direction of developing a high lateral resolution NAM.
Firstly, the higher atomic density of clusters can be exploited to obtain high incident beam flux which can in turn allow the use of smaller pinholes leading to higher lateral resolution.
Secondly, in the case of atomic clusters, owing to their much higher mass compared to their monoatomic counterparts, the problem of lateral spread caused by diffraction from small pinholes is expected to be negligible.
A direct consequence of both the above points is that smaller pinhole sizes of the order of cluster sizes (few nm) can be used, providing a possible route towards realizing a high lateral resolution (few nm) neutral atom microscope.

A systematic exploration of these possibilities will be needed especially to understand the maximum centerline intensity obtainable in case of atomic cluster beams \cite{korobeishchikov_MeanCluster_2017}.
Here, the role of mass focusing effect \cite{knuth_massFocussing_1976} towards enhancing the density of clusters along the centerline and the counter-acting effect of warming up of the beam to reduce the centerline intensity need to be understood well.
Further, these results also suggest an interesting possibility of developing a guided negatively charged cluster ion source with subsequent neutralization.
Using this approach, a tightly focused beam of low-energy neutral atomic clusters can be generated.
Such focused neutral atomic cluster beam sources can be of interest for developing a high lateral resolution NAM.

\section*{Supplementary Information}
\begin{itemize}
	\item SI-1: Incident beam width estimation
	\item SI-2: Variation in scattered signal with backing pressure
	\item SI-3: Experimental setup to verify cluster formation using X-ray generation
	\item SI-4: X-ray spectra
\end{itemize}

\section*{Data Availability}
All relevant data related to the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

\section*{Acknowledgements}
This work was partly supported by intramural funds at TIFR Hyderabad from the Department of Atomic Energy and Scientific and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and Technology (grant numbers: CRG/2020/003877 and ECR/2018/001127).
We thank T. N. Narayanan and Dipak Maity for sample preparation and characterization. Vandana Sharma (IIT-Hyderabad) for providing vacuum manipulator, M. Krishnamurthy and lab members for providing a turbo molecular pump and help with the femtosecond laser ionization and X-ray emission measurements, Rakesh Moodika for fabricating the sampling aperture and parts for the movable sampling tube assembly.

\section*{Author Contributions} GB designed and characterized the NAM and the cluster beam experimental setup with inputs from PRS. GB performed the measurements and analyzed the data. PRS conceived the idea and provided conceptual inputs. GB and PRS discussed the results and prepared the manuscript.

\bibliographystyle{unsrt}

\section*{SI-1: Incident beam width estimation}
Beam-width estimation of monoatomic He beam and a beam of Kr clusters (using 50\% mixture) were measured using knife-edge scan method. These results are shown in Fig. \ref{fig:beam_width_panel}.
\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\includegraphics[width = 0.85\linewidth, draft=false]{./figs/beam_width_panel.pdf}
\caption{
	Incident beam-width estimation on the sample plane using knife-edge scan method.
	(a) Beam width measurement for Kr in 50\% Kr + 50\% He mixture. Blue curve shows the signal of Kr observed as a function of the position of knife-edge (razor blade) with step size of 10$\mu$m. Red curve shows the best fit, using a model based on a step function convoluted with a Gaussian.
	(b) Modeled beam profile with the parameters obtained by fitting with a FWHM of 56 $\mu$m.
	(c) and (d) depict the same for pure He (monoatomic) resulting in a beam width estimate of 60 $\mu$m (FWHM).
}
\label{fig:beam_width_panel}
\end{figure}

\newpage
\section*{SI-2: Variation in Scattered signal with backing pressure}

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\includegraphics[width = 0.9\linewidth, draft=false]{./figs/intensity_Ar_Kr.pdf}
\caption{Ar (a) and Kr (b) signal along center-line with increasing backing pressure. These measurements were made by monitoring the scattered signal from a rough surface. The solid lines show the linear fits in different pressure ranges.}
\label{fig:Ar_Kr_intensity_panel}
\end{figure}

Centerline intensity of a molecular beam is related to the backing pressure by the following relation:
\begin{equation}
I_0 \propto \dfrac{P_{0}d^2}{\sqrt{T_0}}
\end{equation}
Here, d is the orifice diameter, $P_0$ and $T_0$ are the stagnation pressure and temperature, respectively.
According to the above relation, Kr signal is expected to increase linearly with increasing backing pressure.
However, we see a change in the slope for Ar at 3 bar and Kr beams in the range of 1 - 2.5 bar (Fig. \ref{fig:Ar_Kr_intensity_panel}).
We infer this change in slope to be caused by the onset of formation of large clusters, as suggested by the Hagena parameter.
Further evidence for large cluster formation was obtained by performing femtosecond laser ionization, leading to characteristic X-ray emmission being observed for Ar and Kr.

\newpage

\section*{SI-3: Experimental setup to verify cluster formation using X-ray generation}

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\includegraphics[width = 0.7\linewidth, draft=false]{./figs/x_ray_expt_setup_inkscape.pdf}
\caption{Schematic diagram of the experimental setup used to study the  femtosecond laser ionization and consequent X-ray generation from  the beams of Ar and Kr clusters.}
\label{fig:xray_setup}
\end{figure}

Experimental setup used for X-ray generation and detection from Ar and Kr clusters is depicted in Figure \ref{fig:xray_setup}.
These measurements were performed with the same pulsed nozzle (with similar operating parameters) as used for NAM.
Focused pulses with a temporal width 25 fs (at 800 nm) having an energy of 2 mJ/pulse (intensity $\sim$ 10$^{16}$ W/cm$^2$) were made incident at the center of supersonic expansion, approximately 5 mm away exit plane.
This interaction generated X-rays which were detected using a Si-PIN detector (Amptek XR-100CR).
A significant amount of X-ray emission was observed under these conditions, clearly indicating that large clusters with sizes of the order of 10$^4$ atoms were formed for both Ar and Kr.
\newpage

\section*{SI-4: X-ray spectra }

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\includegraphics[width = 1  \linewidth, draft=false]{./figs/x_ray_hists_Ar_panel.pdf}
\caption{Spectrum of the X-rays generated from Ar clusters interacting with intense fs laser pulses, measured at different backing pressures. Actual transition is at an energy of 3 keV. Peaks at 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 keV energies merely indicate the accumulation of 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 x-ray photons within the deadtime of detector, respectively.}
\label{fig:xray_Ar_panel}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure*}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width = 1\linewidth, draft=false]{./figs/x_ray_hists_Kr_panel.pdf}
\caption{Spectrum of the X-rays generated from Kr clusters interacting with intense fs laser pulses, measured at different backing pressures (pure Kr). Here we do not observe the separated peaks as in case of Ar. Rather a continuum (inverse bremsstrahlung) was observed due to the as expected for larger atoms.}
\label{fig:xray_Kr_panel}
\end{figure*}

\end{document}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
Same team, different uniform: The story of an Iraqi translator who became an American Airman
By Senior Airman Alyssa D. Van Hook 11th Wing Public Affairs
JOINT BASE ANDREWS, Md., Oct. 3, 2019 —
Airman 1st Class Saeed Shnawa, an aircrew flight equipment technician assigned to the 811th Operations Support Squadron on Joint Base Andrews, Md., poses for a photo on base, June 6, 2019. Shnawa is an Iraq native who served as a translator for coalition forces during Operation Iraqi Freedom and enlisted in the U.S. Air Force in 2017. (U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Airman Alyssa D. Van Hook)
Photo By: Senior Airman Alyssa D. Van Hook
VIRIN: 190614-F-NC065-048
In 2003, Airman 1st Class Saeed Shnawa was not Airman 1st Class Saeed Shnawa. He was a 21-year-old Iraqi student of technology at a university in Baghdad.
That's when American and coalition forces arrived to overthrow the Iraqi government, turning Baghdad a war zone. Like many young men and women in Baghdad, Shnawa fled the city, bound for western Iraq, where his parents lived at the time. His life was upturned, his future uncertain.
"I fled to West Iraq -- where my parents lived around that time," said Shnawa. "Many villages, including that area, had been deprived of necessities by the regime. That's where we first met."
Shnawa said Saddam Hussein's propaganda convinced much of the country that America was evil. But those notions were soon tested when he came face to face with American service members.
The first meeting happened when he noticed a crowd of people surrounding an American convoy. Curious, Schnawa approached the crowd and discovered the troops were having great difficulty communicating with the villagers.
"Where are the women and children in need?" he heard the uniformed troops ask, in a barely intelligible attempt at a local dialect. Because he attended college in the capital, Shnawa seemed to understand the communication better than the gathered Iraqis.
"I jumped in to help the elders, but was quickly kicked out of the crowd," he said. "But I was persistent, and instead of going to the elders again, I went directly to the Americans. When I broke through the crowd I said, 'I can take you to the women and children in need of supplies. I know where they are.'"
The troops immediately loaded Shnawa into their Humvee, and he directed them where to go.
"After we delivered all the supplies, the commander told me the location of their base, in case I wanted to help again," Shnawa said. "At that point, I was still very hesitant to join them on a regular basis. After accompanying them again to deliver aid to some families in need, though, I was convinced of their sincere motives to help my people. All of my preconceived notions about the Americans went out the window, and the rest was history."
It was those early interactions – right around the time the coalition was overthrowing the Hussein regime – that put him on the long winding path that ended with Shnawa becoming a U.S. Air Force Airman.
Now, 16 years later, he's an 811th Operations Support Squadron aircrew flight equipment technician, stationed here at JBA.
From then on, Shnawa translated for the Americans frequently at various locations. They not only provided supplies and essential aid, but also removed rockets left by the regime from abandoned schools and medical clinics.
"I witnessed, time and time again, the good deeds of the United States and coalition forces in the Sunni and Shia regions of Iraq," said Shnawa.
Side by side, coalition troops trained new Iraqi forces, acquired contracts to rebuild schools and hospitals, and empowered citizens with resources. Shnawa worked with both the Marine Corps and the Army, receiving letters of recognition and commemorative coins as tokens of gratitude from every unit rotation.
Shnawa said he loved the work he was doing, and he developed an admiration for the different branches of service. Because of them, he felt he was able to help impact his nation on a large scale.
"But the great heroes of the U.S. forces did not get to see what I saw," he said. "While they were trading off for year-long deployments, I was observing. And I observed many accomplishments."
From 2003 through 2008, Shnawa said he watched as the nation grew and improved thanks to the military efforts. But even in all his pride, he said he found himself disappointed; he said he wished the troops who did the work could witness its long-term, positive impact.
To make matters worse, he said, news outlets across the world had turned on the U.S. and coalition forces. From his vantage point, the media coverage was focused too much on bullets and bombs and not enough on the progress.
According to Shnawa, less than one percent of the operations he observed were met with violence.
Soon, though, the calculus of danger changed for Shnawa himself. He'd spent years as one of the coalition forces' most trusted translators, but that also meant he was known by the enemy. Insurgent forces could recognize him, he said, and that's when he started to worry – especially thinking about his new bride, Inaam.
In an effort to protect her, Shnawa kept his job a secret from her, sometimes leaving for days at a time without communication.
"He told me he was a computer technician and translator with embassies," Inaam said. "I always knew he was covering something up, and I felt he was in danger."
A year after their marriage, 2008 brought the birth of their first child.
"I thought that because we had a child he was going to be home more often," Inaam said. "After she was born, though, my life was turned upside down."
In November 2009, Shnawa locked his phone and disappeared for longer than ever before.
Airman 1st Class Saeed Shnawa, an aircrew flight equipment technician assigned to the 811th Operations Support Squadron on Joint Base Andrews, Md., displays his commemorative coin collection on base, June 6, 2019. Shnawa received coins and letters of commendation for his work with the U.S. and coalition forces during Operation Iraqi Freedom. (U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Airman Alyssa D. Van Hook)
VIRIN: 190904-F-NC065-1013
"That was the worst seven months of my life," Inaam said.
In order to keep his family safe, Shnawa had decided to cut off all contact with his wife while he was gone working with coalition forces.
"When my baby came, I had to make a choice," Shnawa said. "I was living in paranoia and knew I was being watched."
Finally, he returned home to Inaam, but was unable to give her answers about where he had been or what he'd been doing. He only told her he was ok. Too soon after, he had to leave again. And again.
Something changed when Shnawa left for another mission in late 2010.
"This time it was different, I just knew it," Inaam said. "He sent me a message saying, 'I'm going to find a better life for us,' and turned off his phone. I cried frequently and did not know what to do. I just waited in fear for him to call me."
Shortly thereafter, Inaam remembers an individual from the village came to her brother and asked questions about Shnawa.
"He came forward questioning whether or not my husband was a translator for the American Forces," Inaam said. "I told him I was sure he was not, but I was still warned. He said, 'They know you are the wife of Saeed Shnawa. If you want your family to remain alive, then do not leave the safety of your home.'"
She complied. Finally, her husband broke the silence. One call turned into a few text messages, followed by daily emails. Her fear began to give way to hope.
Inaam still didn't know where he was -- and she never would've guessed he had escaped to Jordan and sought asylum in the United States.
"I knew if I stayed in Iraq, my family and I would not survive," Shnawa said.
It was 2011 when Inaam finally got the whole story. "He called me from America and finally told me everything," she said.
Inaam said she spent much of the next two years being interviewed at the U.S. Embassy in Iraq. Whenever they could schedule it, they spoke on the phone.
"It was hard, but so much better than before," said Inaam. "I finally had assurance that he was alive."
In January of 2013, after more than two years apart, Inaam was finally reunited with her husband in the United States. The disappearances, the hiding, the fear -- it was over.
"When I arrived here, I felt a sense of peace," Inaam said. "We started a better life together."
Shnawa, however, said he still had a dream to fulfill.
"I hold a tremendous amount of honor toward those troops in Iraq," Shnawa said. "It's something I will never be able to describe. I used to wonder, 'Will I ever get the chance to do their job, in their uniform?' Before, I wrote it off as an impossible dream."
In 2017, Saeed came home with his citizenship papers and an idea his wife did not expect to hear.
"After all the dangerous things he had done, he still wanted to join the military!" Inaam said. "Of course, I said absolutely not."
"And I didn't blame her," Shnawa said. "No one in the world could blame her because of the torture I put her through."
After they spent time researching the different service branches, Inaam said she started to warm up to the idea.
"I realized it was different than his service in Iraq," said Inaam. "Together we made the decision he would enlist in the U.S. Air Force."
This time, the separation had an entirely different meaning.
"When Saeed left for Basic Military Training, he reminded me of all the bad things that happened to us and our country," Inaam said. "He said, 'Good people here in America saved our lives. I want to serve this country because of those heroes, and all they sacrificed for us.'"
OIF JBA Iraq Operation Iraqi Freedom Aircrew flight equipment AFE translator

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Most Beautiful People 2004
From Jennifer Aniston to Orlando Bloom, see some of the talented, inspiring and captivating beauties who lead this year's pack
By People Staff
Updated May 10, 2004 10:05 AM
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Credit: Mark Liddell
Although as a teenager "I never felt beautiful, ever," these days, Aniston, 35, tries not to stress when it comes to her appearance. She isn't into Botox (though, she says, "Hey, anything is possible") and prefers her naturally wavy hair unstyled. "She has an intelligent sexiness about her," says Friends costar Matthew Perry.
Credit: Nathaniel Goldberg/CPI
"He has the kind of eyes you just want to sink into," says actress Kelly Hu of the Lord of the Rings star, 26. The British actor, who held his own alongside Johnny Depp in last year's Pirates of the Caribbean, stays fit by snowboarding and surfing and is dating actress Kate Bosworth.
"She was our only choice for Marissa," says The O.C. executive producer McG of 18-year-old Barton's role on the FOX drama. "The depth and size of her eyes ... a delicate nose and soft flowing hair – (she has) all the highlights of history's most beautiful women."
Continued on next slide.
ALEX RODRIQUEZ
Credit: EPA/Landov
The New York Yankees paid $252 million for the 28-year-old, 6'3" baseball god, the crowd-pleaser with eyes greener than the infield grass. How much do fans love A-Rod? "We're 400,000 tickets ahead of where we were last year," says Yankees assistant general manager Jean Afterman.
Credit: Carter Smith/Art & Commerce
Though the dainty, 5'3" Liu has kicked butt on screens big and small, that's not what she's really about. "I try to keep my personal life private," says Liu, 35, "because then I can be whatever I am supposed to be on film. People have said, 'Wow, you are such a bitch!' and I say, 'Thank you.' "
Credit: Genaro Molina/L.A. Times/Abaca
This is Caviezel without the thorns, the prosthetic nose and the movie blood that transformed him into Jesus in Mel Gibson's The Passion of the Christ. Married since 1997, Caviezel, 35, is outspoken about his deeply held religious views. A few years ago, out of respect for his wife, he declined to do a nude love scene with Jennifer Lopez.
ALEXANDRA & THEODORA RICHARDS
Credit: Eric Ogden
Models Alexandra (left), 17, and Theodora, 19, may look familiar because Dad is Rolling Stone Keith Richards and Mom is '70s supermodel Patti Hansen. Beauty flashback: Growing up, "we had this plastic blow-dryer, fake lipsticks and polish," recalls Alex. "Theodora was drying my hair, getting it stuck and twisted, telling me, 'You look dazzling.' "
Credit: Art Streiber/Montage
"He's handsome, sweet and a great basketball player," says his Las Vegas costar Molly Sims. "Definitely not a bad onscreen love interest, and he's tall!" Now engaged to actress Kristy Pierce, Duhamel, 31, recently starred in the movie comedy Win a Date with Tad Hamilton!
Credit: Claudio Carpi/Corbis Outline
"I'm not the guy that takes care of the skin and hair. I like to be very natural," says the 28-year-old Brazilian actor, who played Laura Linney's love interest in Love Actually. His weakness? "I love ice cream, especially when mixed with chocolate."
Credit: Alison Dyer/Blur Photo
Her career's on fire, but Mean Girls' Lohan is very much a teenager. "I'm still growing a little," says the 17-year-old star of last year's Freaky Friday. "My doctor says I have an inch or maybe two inches to go – now I'm 5'5" or 5'6"." She likes her nose, and "I love my red hair. I would never cut it."
KWAME JACKSON
Credit: George Lange
Canned on The Apprentice's finale, Jackson, 30, is weighing several job offers – and has more time to work on his physique. "I love to exercise," he says. "I think my arms are my best feature."
SUCHIN PAK
Credit: Matthias Clamer
What's not to love about the MTV News correspondent and host of the network's documentary series My Life (Translated)? "I have what my mom calls the rice belly," says Pak, 28. "I'm pretty thin and then bloop, it just pops out a little. Britney ruined it for all of us because I suddenly need to have the non-carb-eating, strictly-protein-diet belly."
DALE EARNHARDT JR
Credit: Tamara Reynolds
What do you need to know about 29-year-old Earnhardt, besides his skill at racking up NASCAR wins driving for the company founded by his legendary dad? "I've been told my chiseled jaw is my best feature," he says. Plus, if he didn't have to have a clean-cut image for NASCAR, "I would probably have four or five tattoos."
Credit: Phil Knott
When fans spot Watanabe, 44, in his native Japan, he says they "think I look scary. My features are strong, and they make me look unapproachable." Watanabe, who earned a Best Supporting Actor nod for his work in The Last Samurai, is focusing his formidable mug on the next Batman movie, due in 2005.
Credit: Steve Shaw
The star of Showtime's edgy new series The L Word is "as stunning now as she was in (1983's) Flashdance," says costar Laurel Holloman. She's also comfortable with the idea of aging – without plastic surgery. "You can't beat time," Beals, 40, says. "Time will win."
In high school, Andre Benjamin, 28, one-half of hip-hop's OutKast, "wasn't the ugly duckling, but I just wasn't in the cool, hip in-crowd." To get there, he honed his style. "Sometimes what you have on can change your whole attitude," he says. "You can have on a normal outfit, but put a hat on top of it, and all of a sudden you're cool."
1 of 16 JENNIFER ANISTON
2 of 16 ORLANDO BLOOM
3 of 16 MISCHA BARTON
4 of 16 ALEX RODRIQUEZ
5 of 16 LUCY LIU
6 of 16 JIM CAVIEZEL
7 of 16 ALEXANDRA & THEODORA RICHARDS
8 of 16 JOSH DUHAMEL
9 of 16 RODRIGO SANTORO
10 of 16 LINDSAY LOHAN
11 of 16 KWAME JACKSON
12 of 16 SUCHIN PAK
13 of 16 DALE EARNHARDT JR
14 of 16 KEN WATANABE
15 of 16 JENNIFER BEALS
16 of 16 ANDRE 3000


text:
A Koppány régi magyar személynév. Török eredetű, a jelentése nagy, győzelmes, erős, magas. Előfordul ótörök méltóságnévként is. A méltóságnév a török kabak (homlok, arc, koponya) szó alapján élenjárót, nemzetségfőt jelenthetett.

Gyakorisága
Az 1990-es években igen ritka név, a 2000-es években a 85-100 leggyakoribb férfinév között.

Névnapok
 június 20.
 július 9.
 október 8.
 október 23.

Híres Koppányok
 Koppány vezér, nemzetségfő
 Kovács Koppány énekes

Jegyzetek

Magyar keresztnevek (K)
Férfikeresztnevek (K)
Török eredetű magyar férfikeresztnevek
Régi magyar férfi személynevek

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Westminster is home to the famous shopping streets of the capital. We're talking Oxford Street, Regent Street, Piccadilly and Bond Street. Those names that make people go, "Oooooo, so this is Bond Street. Cool. Like on the Monopoly Board!" Don't be that like. Be like a Goodwin Smith club member. When he walks down Bond Street in his Westminster classic Oxford toecap shoes he looks like he owns the place. Little impresses him. And he tells people too. He says to complete strangers, "little impresses me."


text:
Sauce for the NC is not sauce for Ganderbal
SRINAGAR: Chief Minister Omar Abdullah's star constituency of Ganderbal is suffering from an overdose of attention. For this central Kashmir district known as the state's political centre of g
Published: 26th February 2012 12:31 AM | Last Updated: 16th May 2012 06:03 PM | A+A A-
Jammu & Kashmir Chief Minister Omar Abdullah in Ganderbal
SRINAGAR: Chief Minister Omar Abdullah's star constituency of Ganderbal is suffering from an overdose of attention. For this central Kashmir district known as the state's political centre of gravity, the overt and excessive presence of the government and its machinery has perversely translated into erratic power supply, clogged drains and a general slowdown of development.
Instrumental in maintaining the political monopoly of the National Conference (NC), Ganderbal has always been an Omar bastion. However, too many cooks are ruining the Ganderbal broth now. Abdullah may have always pitched for "red-tape-free" governance, but in his own constituency the number of party workers, activists and leaders has increased exponentially. Residents claim that this has resulted in a "multiplicity" of governance which is leading to misgovernance and hijacking of development works.
Ashfaq Ahmed, a Ganderbal resident from Waaliwar, says "Every person having even a remote association with the NC claims to be the sole authority and this has led to crisis of a definitive government representative in the district." He further adds, "A village of 61 households on Ganderbal outskirts has 22 NC representatives and each uses his party influence to divert development works to its side for votebank politics. This results in internecine fights; freeze of development works and causes people to suffer."
Ajaz Wani, another resident, says Ganderbal district has a poor record in the utilisation of funds provided under various Central employment schemes in rural areas. "It is sad that under the Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY), meant to create employment in the rural areas, not a single penny has been spent in this district during 2010-11 because they are busy arguing and pushing it according to their own benefits. Who is to be blamed for this? Let the government fix the responsibility by launching a high-level inquiry into the issue. Why let people suffer when money is available?" asks Ajaz.
An NC worker says things went bad after the 2008 elections which saw his party back in power. A PDP activist says the NC is "insecure because it does not wants to take the risk of losing Ganderbal and that is why the number of NC workers has swelled from the last few years. They don't care about the people's sufferings only they care about is power and vote bank politics."


Last autumn the Commission launched the ambitious and open Next Generation Internet (NGI) initiative to shape the Internet of the future.
We want to present you how the Next Generation Internet, a key priority in H2020 work programme 2018-2020 will ensure a more human-centric Internet supporting European values of openness, cooperation across borders, decentralisation, inclusiveness, transparency and protection of privacy. The initiative aims to involve all relevant stakeholders like research teams, hi-tech start-ups, SMEs and social innovators.
Learn more about the initiative and WHY it is so important for Europe to launch such an open initiative. Get updated on the current STATUS QUO and the TRENDS, listen to HOW we want the future internet to be and HOW are we going to do this.
And especially, WE NEED YOU: take part, provide us with your views on this broad and long-term initiative and inform your audience. Help us shaping OUR future internet accessible to all and delivering more to people and society than today.
NGI - more about this initiative!
NGI - part of the DSM!
Lisbeth MOSNIK (Austrian Federal Ministry of Transport, Innovation and Technology, i5, Austria), Panel: The Next Generation Internet - provide us your view!
Kishore Shyam KARANI KARANI (FundingBox, Founder at Funding Box, Poland), Panel: The Next Generation Internet - provide us your view!
Alexander WAIBEL (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology & Carnegie Mellon University, Germany), Panel: The Next Generation Internet - provide us your view!


Making Bridal Shower Snapchat Filters is easy with our Custom Geofilter Maker! First, select Bridal Shower Snapchat Filters you like, then customize your on demand Snapchat design however you want! Add text and graphics, change font and colors! If you like the Bridal Shower Geofilter you've created, purchase it! We price our Geofilters very affordably, and typically cost less than other Snapchat Geofilter Templates Designs. Our Snapchat Filter Maker provides you with different Bridal Shower Snapchat Filter design ideas such as checklists, invitations, martini glass borders, hilarious bridal shower game designs and other fun elements. Easily customize any existing Geofilter template from our website! Tell your friends how easy it is to make Geofilters using Makesnapgeofilters on demand Snapchat Geofilter creator!


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Defaqto Ratings are an independent and trusted industry standard for assessing the quality of a financial product or proposition.
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text:
Q: How can I use auto username and password save in html? I want to save a username and a password in my html page. I'm using now input type="password" for the password, but the username is what? input type="text" or what? Because if I want to save the password, the username is not saved.

A: First, the answer to your question is the text. And if you want to you use autocomplete feature available in google chrome. Add autocomplete attribute to your input tag and it can help save the data in chrome cache.
W3 specification of autocomplete attribute
Example:
<input id="username" type="text" autocomplete="username" ... >

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Homer Bedford (March 16, 1880 – March 26, 1968) was an American politician who served as the Treasurer of Colorado from 1933 to 1935, 1937 to 1939, 1941 to 1943, 1945 to 1947, 1949 to 1951, 1953 to 1955, 1957 to 1959 and from 1963 to 1967. He served as the Auditor of Colorado from 1935 to 1937, 1939 to 1941, 1947 to 1949, 1951 to 1953, 1955 to 1957 and from 1959 to 1963.

References

1880 births
1968 deaths
State treasurers of Colorado
Colorado Democrats


text:
The Undertaker resurrects 'American Badass' 20 years later on WWE Raw
The Undertaker Finds Performing Outside the Ring Is 'All New Again'
The Undertaker's challenge to Kurt Angle at Royal Rumble 2006 was special
Manny Pacquiao reaches deal with Rizin, will enter ring in 2023
Manny Pacquiao reveals more details on his RIZIN contract
Dave Bautista Covered Manny Pacquiao Tattoo After Homophobic Statement: 'I Just Could No Longer Call Him A Friend'
WWE: The Undertaker made Vince McMahon change major WrestleMania booking
Pele and Muhammad Ali: the day the two 'greatest' expressed admiration for each other
Ricky Starks Talks His Relationship With The Undertaker, Says Taker Is Proud Of Him
Muhammad Ali's grandson is absolute spitting image of boxing legend
Home/The Undertaker/Mark Calaway Reveals He's Retired The Undertaker Character
Mark Calaway Reveals He's Retired The Undertaker Character
The Undertaker may have called it quits on in-ring action, but it seems from Mark Calaway's words that he's also done with appearances as well.
WWE legend Mark Calaway recently hinted that the iconic Undertaker character may be done for good, both inside and outside the ring.
He was a guest on The Norm and D Invasion to promote his appearance on Wednesdays WrestleMania On-Sale Ticket Party at AT&T Stadium which saw 'The Deadman' take park looking decidely less like 'The Deadman' and more the like the 'American Bad Ass.'
For most of his run as The Undertaker, Mark Calaway remained firmly in character very rarely speaking as himself, but when addressing who his public persona was now in the interview, he revealed that he's no longer The Phenom and is something more akin to his motorcycling character, which is more like who he is in real life.
"You know what I'm somewhere caught in the middle, and that would be the "American Bad Ass," I think. There was that run in the early 2000s where I moved away from the traditional Undertaker and I turned into the biker gimmick, which is just another extension of my real personality. So yeah, I'm kinda caught there in the middle between all three of those, really."
The Undertaker's Legacy Will Live On In People's Memories Says Mark Calaway
He added that it's very rare that The Undertaker we all know and love would be seen as he's essentially laid the character to rest. He concluded that the character would live on in people's memories.
"You're not going to see — unless it's a very special kind of event — I'm going to kind of let that character rest and let the legacy of it just live in people's memories. Mark Calaway will always be the Undertaker, it's just now you're going to get a little bit more insight on the Undertaker from Mark Calaway, if that makes sense." (h/t WrestleZone)
It certainly sounds like the final gong may have sounded on one of WWE and the wrestling world's greatest ever characters.
"Here I am intimidated by The Undertaker" – John Cena on the WWE legend
"People Were Seriously Pissed": The Undertaker Once Recalled How a Sugar Bowl Post Made His Fans Angry
The Undertaker signs with AEW and jobs to CM Punk – Today's funniest Reddit story
The Undertaker Shows His Human Side While Sharing His Failure as a Husband and Father: "I Had No Business Being Married"
There is only one answer as to who should join The Undertaker in the 2022 WWE Hall of Fame Class


In early 2015 I was approached by a couple living in a beautiful 18th century house in Kent, who wanted hand carved newels caps for their old staircase. It's believed that the staircase did originally have newel caps, but that they had been lost over time.
It was an exciting commission to work on as each newel cap was designed specifically for the couple and their two children. One with a celtic theme, the other in memory of a family cat and the last inspired by Slovakian ornament. I used seasoned Oak in keeping with the natural wood of the staircase and distressed and stained the carvings to match the staircase.


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Washington Park is a historic public park and national historic district located on Lake Michigan at Michigan City, LaPorte County, Indiana.  The park encompasses 13 contributing buildings, 3 contributing sites, 11 contributing structures, and 21 contributing objects, and includes the Michigan City Zoo.  It was established in 1891 and later developed by the Works Progress Administration and its predecessors during the 1930s. Notable features include the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (1896), former park headquarters building (1934), bandstand (1911), World War I doughboy monument (1926), tennis court (c. 1933), log picnic shelter (c. 1936), and four-story observation tower (1936).

It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.

References

Parks in Indiana
Works Progress Administration in Indiana
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
1891 establishments in Indiana
Rustic architecture in the United States
Historic districts in LaPorte County, Indiana
National Register of Historic Places in LaPorte County, Indiana
Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana


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An Excerpt From Birdmen, Batmen, and Skyflyers by Michael Abrams
Michael Abrams's book Birdmen, Batmen, and Skyflyers is being published in May by Harmony Books. The following is an excerpt. To read more from Michael Abrams, go to his blog at http://icarusreport.blogspot.com.
I N T R O D U C T I O N
DeLand of the Free: Wingsuits for Whuffos
The giant Belgian I'm strapped to, Vladi Pesa, goes over the plan one more time--we will jump out of the plane together (actually, I'll lift my legs, and he'll do the jumping) and hurtle toward earth at 120 miles per hour. After thirty seconds or so, our parachute will open and then we will look directly up to see Jari Kuosma flying in our direction. The flyby is made possible by Kuosma's wingsuit: a white jumper with red webbing between the legs and triangular wings connecting the arms and the torso. "If I hit you on the way down," Kuosma cheerfully adds by way of ending the briefing, "you die."
At 13,000 feet the door opens, and the earth rushes past us, a blur in the square doorframe. I manage to make it to the edge and put myself in position: head up, arms back, thumbs behind my harness. Pesa tightens the straps that bind us together, grabs my legs with his. The fact that Kuosma has been stuck outside the country and hasn't used his wingsuit for the past three months worries me for an instant. But it's a bit late to voice any concerns. Pesa is counting down in my ear.
How, exactly, did I find myself in such a situation?
In the early autumn of 2002, a friend of mine took me for a drive to Gardiner, New York, where a drop zone known as The Ranch was holding a "pond swooping" contest. This was the first time I'd seen any skydiving of any kind, and this particular variation of the sport--unlike others that take place thousands of feet above the ground--was well suited for viewing. After their invisible free fall, these sportsman would open their tiny, high-performance parachutes, glide down to fifty or so yards from the ground, and do a kind of hard turn that would flip them and their canopies facedown, parallel to the earth. The parachute, in other words, would stop slowing them. But before they hit the ground they would straighten out again, hurtle horizontally over the earth--with their legs bent so their feet wouldn't touch the ground, though their knees might brush the taller weeds--toward a pond in the center of which a spongy square raft floated serenely. Skimming across the pond, and dipping an occasional toe into its murky water, they would do their best to land on the buoyant target to earn ten points.
I was entranced by the sight of human bodies falling and fluttering out of the heavens. But I was also attracted to this subculture made up of people highly skilled at a potentially lethal activity, which, though stunning, no one had heard of outside the sport. But swooping, it turned out, was not the most obscure of skydiving's potentially lethal subsets. Talking to some of the veteran divers, I learned that there was a "birdman" who jumped with a set of wings of his own devising who was supposed to have been at the competition. He didn't show, though, thanks to visa troubles that kept him out of the country.
I decided to track down this birdman, Jari Kuosma, and subsequently discovered that he was not alone in his pursuit. Not only were skydivers in the thousands beginning to use the wings he was selling, but there was a long history of men trying--and failing--to do what had only become possible in the last few years. A little research revealed that from Icarus to airplanes, human history was filled with a certain kind of inventor and dreamer who, with homemade wings, had tried to fly from whatever precipice he could find--risking, and often losing, his life in the attempt. Peasants, kings, and scholars had leapt from rooftops, towers, and cliffs wearing an endless variety of frames and feathers and breaking a similar variety of bones. And the plane, to this type of daredevil, was just another precipice from which to try his more organic form of flight: as soon as parachutes and propellers appeared, a bat-wing phenomenon swept--and swooped--the country, with proto-skydivers doing their best to glide through the air on wings of stretched canvas for crowds often in the tens of thousands. They were, however, little better than their predecessors at keeping their bones whole. But now modern technology had finally caught up with the imagination. And Kuosma, it turned out, had competitors. Not only were there several wingsuits on the market, but hi-tech rigid wings were being built that could send people shooting across the sky as fast as 180 miles per hour. After some three thousand years of failure, we were living in a veritable renaissance of personal flight.
One particular statistic intrigued me: seventy-two of the seventy-five batmen who jumped from planes for air shows from the 1930s to the 1960s were killed in their wings. Months earlier I hadn't even heard of such "birdmen," and now there were seventy-five of them, most of whom had died some kind of presumably spectacular death. Who were they? Why did they keep at it? Why didn't the rest of the world know about them? [Note: After an article I wrote about Kuosma came out months later, it quickly became apparent that the statistic was not quite accurate. Several birdmen (most of them calling themselves batmen now as well as in their winged heyday) contacted me, usually claiming to be one of the first to use a bat-wing. Adding them to the bat-wing jumpers I already knew had survived proved the estimate way off the mark. Further research revealed that the numbers came from a quote by Red Grant, himself a bat-wing survivor, who was merely taking a wild guess at how many of his compatriots had died trying to fly.]
Though the subject appeared somewhat comic at first--a seemingly endless litany of the injuries and deaths of daredevils unwilling to learn from the endless injuries and deaths of those before them--the fact was that their efforts had somehow led to flocks of skydivers now flying about the clouds, more or less safely, and others now pushing the limits of what could be done with a set of wings.
Theirs was the true history of flight, it seemed to me--one that the airplane had usurped. Both before and after the appearance of mechanized flight, men have yearned and struggled to fly like birds. As one skydiver told me, if piloting a plane is flying, then rowing a canoe is swimming. The airplane is merely a product of this initial drive, a minor offshoot in the long tale of human flight.
The Wright brothers succeeded thanks to engines with ever-greater power-to-weight ratios that were able to overcome the limitations of the human body that had stymied so many of the birdmen before them (and, of course, their patient, scientific approach had something to do with it). We may think of them as the legends who made the first airplane, but in their minds their inventions were meant to achieve the dream of human flight, the realization of the ancient myth of Icarus and Daedalus. They were part of a rush of inventors competing to be the first to fly, to succeed with new materials and understanding at what was to them the end of a long, absurd, and repetitive history of attempts to flit birdlike about the air. The Wright brothers' success, though, did not allow us to flit. Instead, now that their wings have evolved from glider to biplane to jumbo jet, we sit crammed into a pressurized cabin with two carry-ons and no leg room. Today, airplanes dominate the sky and the story of man in the air. But the development of the airplane is only one part of man's grand quest to fly. While many dedicated their lives to perfecting the machinery that we soar in today, others persisted in the dream of a more personal flying experience.
Kuosma's wings mark the culmination of that dream and the beginning of a new era of flight. Of course, the invention of a wingsuit that would allow anyone to play among the clouds with palatable odds of survival came in bits and pieces during the twentieth century. But Kuosma is the first to mass-produce such suits. And as president and founder of BirdMan, Inc., he's had more mileage in wings and has developed more skill with them than any known human. If you buy a wingsuit from him, he'll be glad to give you personal instruction. "It's as if a basketball fan could take a few lessons from Michael Jordan," one skyflyer told me.
I located the man some months after the pond-swooping contest I had witnessed, and he suggested the possibility of flying by me while I made a tandem jump of my own. Whuffo that I was (that's skydivese for a virgin of the air), I waffled, but after watching a videotape of Kuosma steering around the edge of a cloud, I couldn't resist the idea of seeing it with my own eyes. Unfortunately, Kuosma, whose business was in DeLand, was still stuck in Finland, and it would be months before we could try any such demonstration. That meant months for my imagination, fueled by parachute disaster stories I'd been reading, to establish a rather strong and ever-building thrum of fear. It also meant months of stagnation on the ground for Kuosma (you're only as good as your last jump, they say), and he had to take up ski-jumping to satisfy his adrenaline addiction. Finally, in January of 2003, I met Kuosma in DeLand, just days after he had arrived there himself.
Kuosma looks like the European expat extreme sportsman that he is. Put a surfboard under his arm instead of a wing, and he'd fit right in on some Southern California beach. His two-toned sandy blond hair has a Tintin flip in the front that points straight toward the heavens. Around his neck he wears an Incan figurine on a black band, and on his right shoulder there's a tattoo of Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man--but instead of a second pair of arms, it has a set of wings. "When the perfect man creates, he can fly," he told me, explaining the drawing in what he refers to as his "Finglish."
Mom and Pop Kuosma were a bit less daring than their child. His mother was a secretary and his father ran a shop that sold old U.S. army surplus. He was also an amateur pilot, and as a child Kuosma remembers being in awe of the skydivers he saw at the airport with his father. As a teenager, Kuosma took up martial arts and started jumping off roofs with his pals. His mother's friends thought the boy might "need some help," but their advice went unheeded.
When his father died in 1990, Kuosma was all set to take over the family business, but a few lawyers managed to make off with the inventory. "They ended up stealing everything we had: all those nice army clothes, boots, and everything. But I don't think I would be here right now if that didn't happen. So thank you to those lawyers." With nothing to do, he headed to the old airport and took up sky-diving. In the lives of the birdmen, the loss of a parent turns out to be one of the few common threads.
Soon he was something of a big bird in a little birdbath. In 1994 he was one of fifty-seven people who broke the Finnish record for the largest free-falling formation. Later he took a trip to Estonia, where he learned a Russian technique for jumping at frighteningly low altitudes. Kuosma was the first to try the stunt in Finland--he jumped out of a plane flying at 250 mph, a mere 300 feet above the ground. At that speed the wind should open a parachute instantaneously. "In my case it did," says Kuosma, "And I was pretty glad."
Kuosma was flying the smallest parachute in Finland at the time--135 square feet, compared with the usual 300 or so. The size went some way to placating his need for speed (currently he uses a canopy of 75 square feet) by allowing him to perform what is now a standard maneuver called a hook-turn--the same trick the pond-swoopers used to zip across the earth at 60 miles per hour. A slight miscalculation can cause a jumper to snap his legs against the ground instead of skimming over it (skydivers call it "femuring"), and the whole business made the Finnish skydiving association skittish. They passed rules banning certain kinds of landings just to get Kuosma to quit his hijinks. (In fact, hook-turns are the primary cause of death and injury in skydiving.)
By then, Kuosma had earned a bachelor's in business and administration, had followed that up with a degree in international business, and had taken a job at Sonera, Finland's largest telecommunications company. "I thought, okay, now the good job at the big corporation, and the career, and that will be my thing to do. So I went for that and I got the very nice job at the big corporation. I had a suit on and all that good stuff. It took me two weeks to realize that it was not for me."
Within a few months, Kuosma had quit his job and drawn up a business plan to manufacture and distribute a new parachute that was well made and super-fast, but still unknown to the skydiving community. But the plan would end up being used to produce something else entirely.
Not long after Kuosma left his job, he and his friend Robert Pecnik traveled to a 3,700-foot cliff in Arco, Italy, that they planned to jump from. At an Internet café there, they came across a photo of a skydiver named Patrick de Gayardon in a wingsuit. Gayardon was the world's most famous skydiver, and he had built the first truly successful "ram-air" wings. Unlike the single-layered wings that had failed his predecessors, Gayardon's wings were made of cells that filled with air--like modern square parachutes--and gave his wing enough shape and rigidity to truly fly. At the sight of Gayardon streaking across the sky, the two friends instantly knew what they had to do--build a set of wings like that for themselves.
Pecnik already had some experience making jumpsuits for skydivers, and Kuosma had already devised a business plan to manufacture speedy parachutes. "We thought, 'Hey, it's easy,' " says Kuosma. "We have wings and we can make suits, so why not put them together?" By the end of the year Pecnik had made three wingsuits. They headed to DeLand to try them out.
Gayardon had invented the wingsuit and wowed the skydiving world with spectacular stunts, but after 500 flights he went the way of the batmen of the thirties and forties--a malfunction sent him to his death in a Hawaiian banana field just months after Pecnik and Kuosma had seen his photo. Undeterred, the pair based their wingsuits on what they had seen of Gayardon's getup, but neither Pecnik nor Kuosma was an engineer of any kind, and when they went to test their wings for the first time, they gave themselves a 50-percent chance of surviving. "It was just such a big jump into the unknown," says Kuosma. "We were doing something that we knew some people had done before . . . but they were all dead."
Kuosma and his partner did not die. In fact, everything went as planned, except for one thing. "I could never have expected it to be so mind-blowing, so beautiful, so absolutely addicting. I came down and I was absolutely high."
Armed with a business plan and a little money, they set up shop in Slovenia, where Pecnik had his jumpsuit business, and made the first eighty wingsuits. In June of 1999 they packed the suits into a car and headed to Austria. They were down to their last Finnish mark and had to smuggle the wingsuits across the border to avoid paying customs. From there they set out to visit every drop zone they could find. Many of the airfields wouldn't allow Kuosma even to demonstrate his suit; the head of England's largest drop zone told them they would have to leave if they so much as said the word "wingsuit." Where he could, Kuosma gave a seminar, flew his suit, and then offered to pay for the flight of anyone daring enough to try it. Volunteers returned to earth slack-jawed, and word began to spread.
The experience, they said, was wholly different from an ordinary skydive. The wings of the BirdMan suit fill with air as soon a skyflyer spreads his limbs (not something he should do right away, or he risks hitting the tail of the plane), and within seconds the noise of the wind dies off and the body begins moving forward. The suit is made of ripstop nylon, a fabric with "zero porosity," so the wings remain rigid in flight. The shape of the wing is made by the arms and shoulders of the person in the suit, and it takes a few flights to find the ideal position. Cutaway cables enable the flyer's arms to be freed in an instant, which reduces the danger of being caught in the kind of inescapable flat spin that killed many of the bat-wing jumpers.
Anyone who's logged 200 skydiving jumps and has at least $799 to spare can buy a BirdMan suit and slow the downward speed of his free fall from 120 mph to 45 mph and cruise horizontally through the clouds. This almost doubles his time in the air before opening his parachute. By 2003, more than 2,000 people--including many women, a first in the history of birdmen--had experienced wingsuit flight. Four had died. (A small number, perhaps, but not exactly comforting when you're sitting in the hull of a rising twin-prop.)
Watching Kuosma fly is breathtaking. At first he drops straight down like any free-faller. But in a matter of seconds the wings catch the air and the fall curves forward in a graceful cycloid. If there's a plump cumulus in sight, Kuosma banks toward it and glissades around its edge, or plunges right through. He can fly on his back, make figure-eights, or soar along a highway--outrunning the cars below. "There are no speeding tickets up there," says Kuosma. And that's more than just a clever way of putting it, coming from a man who's been jailed for exceeding the speed limit while driving through Georgia.
Three of the four deaths attributed to the BirdMan suit occurred on jumps from stationary heights like cliffs or bridges. It's hard to know to what degree the wingsuit can be implicated. The chief thrill in base jumping--an acronym for jumps from buildings, antennas, spans (i.e., bridges), and earth--after all, is the threat of death. "Officially, we don't even recommend base jumping," says Kuosma. "We can't really recommend Russian roulette to anybody. Although it's fun." The other death occurred when an inexperienced skydiver tried to jump with a friend's wingsuit. No one knows exactly what happened, but he was sent into a spiral and hit the ground wrapped in his parachute.
The deaths give Kuosma pause--but a short one. "Accidents do happen a lot," he acknowledges. "It's always really hard, but you just start getting used to it. It's something you accept as the price for what you are doing."
"That yawning door, opening into space, is like the very jaws of hell," wrote the French birdman of the 1950s, Leo Valentin, of his thoughts in the plane before a jump. "We're not birds, look at us, we're only men! So quick--let's get back to earth. To earth--at once!"
My thoughts exactly. Then the Belgian launches us into space. We flip out the back of the plane and suddenly the fear is gone. I am out there. A pinprick of consciousness punching through the atmosphere. The sun watches from the edge of a 360-degree horizon. The wind blasts against my eardrums and they pop and pop and pop. I eat clouds. Scream with pure joy. The planet spreads out below me, indifferent . . . and then a simple foomp.
The world changes from sensory overload to total peace, absolute silence. We're hovering, seemingly motionless. The Belgian taps me on the shoulder and points up to the left. I look up in time to see Kuosma pop out of a bank of puffy clouds, his canopy already open. He spirals around us, grinning. It's like meeting a long-lost friend in a dream. Before long, the drop zone rises to our feet and we've landed.
"I'm in love again," says Kuosma. His eyes are wide and his face is flushed. He's overjoyed, despite the fact that he had to abandon our little plan. "I was like a kid again. My heart was pounding in the plane." He had followed us till we went through the cloud. Rather than risk a collision, Kuosma changed course and found us after he'd opened his canopy. But it hardly matters. I'm just glad I'm no longer a whuffo. [Note: Months later we tried the flyby again. Once under an open parachute, I looked up over my right shoulder and saw a speck emerge out of pure blue. The speck soon grew to human size and Kuosma whipped through the air in front of me, just feet away, throwing me a grin and a thumbs-up sign.]
Soon the beer appears. War stories and life philosophies start spilling out as the sun goes down. "You feel smaller up there," says Kuosma, "but much bigger. Because you know how small you feel and the knowledge makes you feel bigger." A Yorkshireman named Steve Ashman is at the table with us. He, too, has had his first wingsuit flight in months, and he's positively glowing. "I went through my first cloud today," he says with a grand, goofy grin. Steve learned to skydive just to fly the wingsuit. And once he'd flown, he tells us, he never looked at a bird or the sky the same way again. He pauses before quoting Leonardo. "Once you have tasted flight, you will walk the earth with your eyes turned skyward, for there you have been and there you long to return."
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Sketch Covers and Commissions
E.T. 2600 Glow-in-the-dark 1" enamel pin LIMITED EDITION
On Friday, June 11th 1982, moviegoers were introduced to a lovable Extra Terrestrial with a taste for Reese's Pieces (and beer)-- and the summer blockbuster would never be the same.
Later that year, a video game was rushed to market that would be blamed for the collapse of the Atari 2600. It confused players, sold poorly, and was unceremoniously dumped by the thousands in a New Mexico landfill (recently documented in the film Game Over).
This pin celebrates 39 years of the film, and that game-- an unfairly maligned game that was much more playable than the legends have it!
The E.T. 2600 pin features the iconic shape in glow-in-the-dark green enamel with gold metallic trim. This is a limited edition pin, so celebrate this anniversary in style while it lasts!
© 2022, Spy Island Industries


The best gaming keyboards tend to use mechanical key switches, but if you prefer a membrane blank, Logitech's G213 Prodigy is our top pick. It's also on sale at Newegg today.
Using coupon code 24WWJD7 brings the price down to $39.99. Combined with its sale price, this keyboard is half off its MSRP (it usually sells for closer to $50 though). We like this keyboard because the membrane switches (Logitech calls them "mech-dome") feel like mechanical ones. They're also quiet and stable thanks to their square stems.


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Playing fair at Mardi Gras
Posted on 30 January 2014 by Paul Gregoire in City News 1 Comment
The Surry Hills police station. Photo: Paul Gregoire
Community outcry over the conduct of NSW Police at the 2013 Mardi Gras has led to the launch of Fair Play, an initiative which informs partygoers of their legal rights.
Produced by the Inner City Legal Centre in association with ACON and Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras, Fair Play provides online legal information and on-the-ground support.
Dan Stubbs, Director of the Inner City Legal Centre, said Fair Play replaces 2009's Project Blue and is in response to community calls for better understanding of the law.
"It's really for anyone at Mardi Gras events. What they can and should do to follow the law. What might happen if they have any contact with police," Mr Stubbs said.
"It provides a follow-up opportunity if people are charged. If there are issues or concerns about any contact with the police then we make legal advice available."
Michael Rolik, CEO of Mardi Gras, said drugs are a reality in NSW and Fair Play provides important information that people are often unaware of.
"This website…gives quite frank and detailed information about safe partying, using alcohol or other drugs [and] the risks that are associated with that," Mr Rolick said.
"What people's rights are in relation to sniffer dogs. A lot of people aren't doing the wrong thing but they're going through a process with these dogs and it's really quite confronting."
Nicolas Parkhill, CEO of ACON said volunteer Fair Players will provide legal and emotional support to party goers as well as monitor police at key Mardi Gras events.
"Fair Players will share information with party goers, offer support to those who have interacted with police and safely monitor and document police activities," Mr Parkhill said.
Independent MP for Sydney Alex Greenwich said the Fair Play initiative complements changes being made to Mardi Gras events as a result of the NSW Police Force and LGBTI organisations working together.
"Everyone coming needs to know the NSW laws, their rights and the police powers. I hope that the message will get out widely," Mr Greenwich said.
Mr Stubbs praised Surry Hills LAC Police Superintendent Tony Crandell for changes being made to the policing approach for this year's Mardi Gras.
"The police have certainly responded [and] have made a lot of changes," he said.
"I think Tony Crandell's doing a great job to change the approach."
gay and lesbian mardi gras
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Q: How to debug NSFetchRequest I am using Core Data on iOS and am having problems with NSFetchRequest.
If I create an NSFetchRequest like so:
NSFetchRequest* request = [ NSFetchRequest fetchRequestWithEntityName:@"Recipe"];

and then create instances of my Recipe entity, they appear in the results of the fetch request as expected. But once I save the database, and try to reload them then my fetch request returns no results.
The database saves successfully, with no errors, and using SQLite database browser I can see that all my entities have been saved in the underlying SQLite database. But they won't load...
is there an easy way to diagnose what is happening under the hood in a NSFetchRequest so I can find out why it won't load my entities?
// load recipes unsorted
NSFetchRequest* request = [ NSFetchRequest fetchRequestWithEntityName:@"Recipe"];
request.sortDescriptors = [[NSArray alloc] init];

NSFetchedResultsController* frc = [[NSFetchedResultsController alloc] initWithFetchRequest:request managedObjectContext:self.recipeDatabase.managedObjectContext sectionNameKeyPath:nil cacheName:nil];

// fetch results empty
NSError* error = nil;
[frc performFetch:&error];

A: Sorry.... I found my problem. I was not opening the UIManagedDocument when the state was UIDocumentStateClosed. Strange that everything else seems to work when operating on the documents managedObjectContext, even though the document is closed.


An artificial neural network looking out onto the world, trying to make sense of what it sees, in context of what it's seen before.
It can only see what it already knows, just like us.
"Learning To See" is an ongoing series of works that use state-of-the-art Machine Learning algorithms as a means of reflecting on ourselves and how we make sense of the world. The picture we see in our conscious mind is not a mirror image of the outside world, but is a reconstruction based on our expectations and prior beliefs. In "Learning To See", an artificial neural network loosely inspired by our own visual cortex, looks through cameras and tries to make sense of what it sees. Of course it can only see what it already knows. Just like us.
The work is part of a broader line of inquiry about self affirming cognitive biases, our inability to see the world from others' point of view, and the resulting social polarization.
The series consists of a number of studies, each motivated by related but different ideas.
Learning to See: Hello, World!
Originally loosely inspired by the neural networks of our own brain, Deep Learning Artificial Intelligence algorithms have been around for decades, but they are recently seeing a huge rise in popularity. This is often attributed to recent increases in computing power and the availability of extensive training data. However, progress is undeniably fueled by multi-billion dollar investments from the purveyors of mass surveillance – technology companies whose business models rely on targeted, psychographic advertising, and government organizations focussed on the War on Terror. Their aim is the automation of Understanding Big Data, i.e. understanding text, images and sounds. But what does it mean to 'understand'? What does it mean to 'learn' or to 'see'?
These images are not using 'style transfer'. In style transfer, the network is generally run on, and contains information on, a single image. These networks contain knowledge of the entire dataset, hundreds of thousands of images. Having been trained on these datasets, when the networks look at the world, they can only see through the filter of what they have seen before.
In this case the network has been trained on images scraped from the Hubble Telescope. Everything that it sees, it can only make sense of in terms of stars, galaxies, nebulae, supernovae etc; in the hearts of which all elements in the universe were forged – including those in our own bodies. Machine Learning is a tool which combines humanity's fascination with unlocking the mysteries of the universe; with our obsession with playing god, in both trying to understand and tame nature, but also in creating life and intelligence. And we are creating this intelligence in our own image, seeing everything tinted by its past experiences.
A deep artificial neural network is trained images scraped from the Google Art projecct – a brief, incomplete survey of human (mostly western) Art. As collected by Google, Keeper of our collective consciousness. It sees everything we see, knows everything we know, feels everything we feel. Living up in The Cloud, of all places, it watches over us, listening to our thoughts and dreams in ones and zeros. A digital god for a digital culture.
Tens of thousands of images scraped from the Google Art Project, containing scans from art collections and museums from all over the world. These include paintings, illustrations, sketches and photographs covering landscapes, portraits, religious imagery, pastoral scenes, maritime scenes, scientific illustrations, prehistoric cave paintings, abstract images, cubist, realist paintings and many more – an extensive (yet vastly incomplete) archive of human imagination, feelings, desires and dreams; as cataloged by the Keeper of our collective consciousness, Google.
We have a very intimate connection with the cloud. We confide in it. We confess to it. We appeal to it. We share secrets with it, secrets that we wouldn't share with our family or closest friends. And Google is the Keeper of our collective consciousness. It sees everything we see, knows everything we know, feels everything we feel. Living up in The Cloud, of all places, it watches over us, listening to our thoughts and dreams in ones and zeros. And now, just as the Church – the previous bastion of our Spiritual Overseer – used to be the purveyor of Art & Culture; now Google – bastion of our new Digital Overseer – is moving into that role too.
'Unconditional samples' aka 'halluncination' images. The trained network is producing 'random' images, i.e. a random signal (e.g. white noise) is fed into the trained network. The network acts as a filter, to shape that random signal into something that it (remotely) recognises.
'Learning visualised' videos i.e. 'training'. Each frame is the result of the network running one single iteration of 'learning', and then hallucinating; re-evaluating, re-imagining and reconstructing what it knows.
Created during my PhD at Goldsmiths, funded by the EPSRC UK.
An early version of this software can be found on my github.
My wife for putting up with me working on a bank holiday to clean up my code and upload this repo.