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Das Porsche Museum ist ein Automuseum in Stuttgart. Das Werksmuseum der Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG befindet sich am Porscheplatz im Stadtteil Zuffenhausen. Am 31. Januar 2009 wurde der Museumsneubau für das Publikum eröffnet. Im Juni 2011 kam der einmillionste Besucher. Es belegt hinter dem Mercedes-Benz-Museum den zweiten Platz der meistbesuchten Museen in Stuttgart; 2015 besuchten es etwa 450.000 Menschen.

Das alte Porsche Museum

1976 wurde das Museum für die Allgemeinheit geöffnet. Es war auf dem Werksgelände in einer ehemaligen Motorenfertigungshalle angesiedelt und wies eine Fläche von 620 Quadratmeter auf. Zwischen 70.000 und 80.000 Besucher besichtigten jährlich die etwa 20 ständig wechselnden Exponate. Der Eintritt war frei. Das Werksmuseum verfügte aber über eine erheblich größere Anzahl von Ausstellungsfahrzeugen. Die vorhandenen Rennwagen, Prototypen und die Serienfahrzeuge boten nur einen kleinen Einblick in die Geschichte des Herstellers, daher wurde die Ausstellung durch Filme über die Automobilentwicklung bei Porsche ergänzt. Dem Museum schloss sich ein dazugehöriger Shop an.

Porsche verfolgte das Konzept des "rollenden Museums", was zum einen bedeutet, dass die Exponate ständig wechselten und zum anderen, dass die gezeigten Fahrzeuge oftmals noch fahrbereit und zum Teil sogar straßenzugelassen waren. Je nach Ausstellungsvariante konnte der Besucher vom Porsche aus dem Jahr 1948 auch Modelle der am Nürburgring, in Le Mans oder bei der Targa Florio eingesetzten Sieger- und Markenweltmeister-Fahrzeuge ebenso besichtigen, wie Siegerautos der Rallye Monte Carlo, wo Porsche-Fabrikate mehrfach Erfolge erzielten.

In den Dokumentationen begegnet der Besucher Siegernamen wie beispielsweise dem Rennbaron Huschke von Hanstein.

Das neue Porsche Museum

Nachdem ein zunächst diskutiertes Museumsprojekt zusammen mit Mercedes-Benz auf dem ehemaligen Messegelände Killesberg nicht zustande kam, begann Porsche mit den Planungen für ein neues Museum am Hauptsitz in Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen. Die Absicht war, dem Porsche-Platz mit dem Unternehmenssitz und den Porsche-Werkshallen eine markante Gestalt zu geben.

Die architektonische Gestaltung stammt vom Wiener Architektenbüro Delugan Meissl Associated Architects, welches sich im Wettbewerb gegen 170 Konkurrenten durchsetzen konnte. Das Konzept für den musealen Ausbau wurde vom Stuttgarter Büro hg merz architekten museumsgestalter entwickelt, das bereits für das Mercedes-Benz-Museum verantwortlich war.

Um der umfangreichen Unternehmensgeschichte gerecht werden zu können und Wünschen nach einem adäquaten Museumsstandort nachzukommen, gab die Porsche-Unternehmensleitung im Jahr 2004 den Entwurf der Architekten Delugan Meissl nach der Lösung der Planungsfragen zur Ausführung frei. Am 17. Oktober 2005 war offizieller Start des Bauprojekts. Im Februar 2007 war der Rohbau fertig. Im Oktober 2008 wurden die ersten Kleinexponate und Vitrinen auf der Ausstellungsebene installiert und aufgebaut und einen Monat später kamen die ersten zwölf Ausstellungsfahrzeuge in das zweite Obergeschoss. Die offizielle Übergabe an den Bauherren erfolgte am 8. Dezember 2008. Die offizielle Einweihung wurde am 28. Januar 2009 gefeiert. Für die Allgemeinheit ist das Museum seit dem 31. Januar 2009 offen. Die Baukosten für das neue Museum haben sich auf zirka 100 Millionen Euro verdoppelt. Bis Juni 2011 wurden eine Million Besucher und bis dato 5100 Führungen gezählt. Knapp 35 % der Besucher sind Gäste aus dem Ausland. Im Frühjahr 2011 wurde eine Sonderausstellung zum Thema Ferdinand Porsche – Pionier des Hybridantriebs gezeigt.

Architektur
Das Bauwerk steht in leichter Hanglage. Der Sockelbau, der als Tiefgarage genutzt wird, weist zwei Untergeschosse auf. Darauf folgen stufenartig das Erdgeschoss und ein Obergeschoss. Im Erdgeschoss befindet sich hinter einer Glasfront der Eingang mit einem schmalen Foyer, wo Kassentresen, Café und Museumsshop angeordnet sind. Außerdem ist dort die durch eine Glaswand abgetrennte Museumswerkstatt sowie das Firmenarchiv zu finden.

Oberhalb des Sockelbaus liegt der sogenannte Flieger mit dem Ausstellungsbereich. Der polygonal geformte Überbau wird nur durch drei Kerngruppen getragen, wodurch er schwebend wirkt. Die fensterlose Fassade ist mit weißen Rauten, der von unten sichtbare Teil mit spiegelnden Rauten belegt. Die Verbindung mit dem Foyer erfolgt unter anderem über zwei unterschiedlich lange Rolltreppen. Der Überbau beinhaltet die stützenfreie, weiß gestaltete und weitgehend fensterfreie Ausstellungshalle. In dieser sind auf rund 5.600 Quadratmeter Ausstellungsfläche 80 Fahrzeuge ausgestellt, die unter anderem durch eine dem Rundgang nach aufwärts führende spiralförmige Rampe an der Außenwand entlang erschlossen sind. Nur ein Fensterband ist im Ausstellungsbereich über den Produkten, die Porsche für andere Firmen entwickelt hat, vorhanden. Ein Restaurant befindet sich im Überbau hinter der großen Glasfassade mit der Blickrichtung zum Werk, im dritten Obergeschoss ist ein Konferenzbereich mit Zugang zu einer großen Dachterrasse eingerichtet.

Konstruktion
Das Gebäude mit 21.000 Quadratmeter Gesamtnutzfläche besteht aus einem sogenannten Basement, das bis zu vier Etagen umfasst, davon zwei Untergeschosse. Dieser Baukörper wurde in Stahlbeton mit 3.400 Tonnen Betonstahl als Weiße Wanne mit Flachdecken ausgeführt und ist auf 115 Bohrpfählen mit 1,2 Meter Durchmesser und bis zu 25 Meter Länge gegründet. Oberhalb vom Basement sind nur noch drei Kerngruppen, bestehend aus einem vertikalen Schacht mit den Aufzugsanlagen und zwei Kernen mit Stützen in Y-Form, vorhanden. Auf den drei Kernen ist das Ausstellungsgebäude, der sogenannte Flieger, mit 35.000 Tonnen Gewicht in maximal 16 Meter Höhe als Brückenbauwerk gelagert. Dieser bis zu 150 Meter lange Baukörper weist eine Stahlkonstruktion mit 5.500 Tonnen Masse auf. Er besitzt Spannweiten von bis zu 60 Meter zwischen den Kernen und Auskragungen mit bis zu 45 Meter.

Gastronomie
Im Porsche-Museum befinden sich drei Restaurants: das Besucherrestaurant Boxenstopp, eine Kaffeebar sowie das Restaurant Christophorus, das sich im oberen Teil des Gebäudes befindet. Das Christophorus ist im Old American Diner Stil eingerichtet und besitzt einen Weinkeller sowie eine direkt angeschlossene Zigarrenlounge. Die Gastronomie wird unternehmensintern betrieben.

Daten und Fakten

Exponate
Die ständig wechselnden Ausstellungsfahrzeuge des Museums werden "aus dem Museumsbestand von etwa 450 vorzeigenswerten Exponaten gezeigt". Einige dieser Exponate werden der Öffentlichkeit gelegentlich auch im Einsatz gezeigt, wie beispielsweise im Rahmen von Renntaxifahrten anlässlich des Bergrennens Arosa ClassicCar. Seit 2011 findet jährlich die Porsche Soundnacht statt, eine spezielle Veranstaltung, wo ausgesuchte Museums-Exponate wieder zum Leben erweckt werden. Die Veranstaltung ist bei Porsche- und Motorsport-Fans bereits Kult und in dieser Form einzigartig.

Die wichtigsten Exponate des Porsche-Museums

 Typ 64

 Baujahr: 1939, Motor: Vierzylinder-Boxermotor, Hubraum: 1.131 cm³ Leistung: 33 PS (24 kW), Höchstgeschwindigkeit: 140 km/h. Der für das Langstreckenrennen Berlin-Rom entworfene Sportwagen erhielt die Bezeichnung Karosserie Typ 64 und gilt als der "Ur-Porsche". Die Karosserie bestand aus Aluminium und diente für Ansätze späterer Sportwagen von Porsche. Auf öffentlichen Straßen wurde eine Geschwindigkeit von 130 km/h erreicht.

 VW Käfer

 Baujahr: 1950, Motor: Vierzylinder-Boxermotor, Hubraum: 1.131 cm³ Leistung: 25 PS (18 kW) Höchstgeschwindigkeit: 105 km/h. Ferdinand Porsche stellte im Januar 1934 den Bau eines "Deutschen Volkswagens" vor. Für das kompakte Modell sah Porsche einen luftgekühlten Vierzylinder-Motor im Heck, eine Kurbellenkerachse, die Drehstabfederung sowie die Aufteilung des Fahrzeugs in Bodenplatte und Karosserie vor. Das Design vereinte eine Stromlinienform mit einem Platzangebot für vier Personen – es entstand die bekannte Käfer-Silhouette. Bis 2003 rollten weltweit 21,5 Millionen Käfer von den Bändern der Volkswagen AG.

 Porsche 356 "Nr. 1" Roadster

 Baujahr: 1948 Motor: Vierzylinder-Boxermotor Hubraum: 1.131 cm³ Leistung: 35 PS (26 kW) Höchstgeschwindigkeit: 135 km/h. Im Frühjahr 1948 entstand in Gmünd (Kärnten) der erste Sportwagen mit dem Namen Porsche. Der Prototyp des Porsche Typ 356 "Nr. 1" war am 8. Juni fahrbereit, die Kärntner Landesregierung erteilte eine Einzelgenehmigung zum Erprobungseinsatz auf öffentlichen Straßen. Der Mittelmotor-Sportwagen war mit einem auf 35 PS gesteigerten VW-Motor ausgerüstet. Er erreichte bei einem Gewicht von 585 kg eine Höchstgeschwindigkeit von 135 km/h. Im August 1948 nahm er beim Innsbrucker Stadtrennen teil.

 Porsche 356 Coupé "Ferdinand"

 Baujahr: 1950 Motor: Vierzylinder-Boxermotor Hubraum: 1.086 cm³ Leistung: 40 PS (29 kW) Höchstgeschwindigkeit: 140 km/h. Am Gründonnerstag 1950 begann ein neues Kapitel für Porsche, als der erste in Stuttgart gebaute Typ 356 aus der Werkshalle rollte. Die Versuchsfahrzeuge bekamen bei Porsche traditionell Beinamen: Das im Museum gezeigte Exemplar heißt "Ferdinand". Er kam als "rollender Prüfstand" zum Einsatz.

 Porsche 356 America Roadster

 Baujahr: 1953, Motor: Vierzylinder-Boxermotor, Hubraum: 1.488 cm³, Leistung: 70 PS (51 kW), Höchstgeschwindigkeit: 177 km/h. Exklusiv für den nordamerikanischen Markt entstand ein Roadster, der wesentlich leichter war, als die zur selben Zeit produzierten Modelle der 356-Serie. Das geringe Gewicht von 605 kg erreichte der Wagen durch eine leichte Aluminiumkarosserie mit tief ausgeschnittenen Türen, aufsteckbaren Seitenscheiben und einem Notverdeck. Der spartanisch ausgestattete Vorläufer des 356 Speedster war speziell für den Einsatz im Rennsport konzipiert.

 Porsche 550 A Spyder

 Baujahr: 1956 Motor: Vierzylinder-Boxermotor, Hubraum: 1.498 cm³, Leistung: 135 PS (99 kW), Höchstgeschwindigkeit: 240 km/h. "Little bastard" nannte der amerikanische Schauspieler James Dean den für den Rennsport konstruierten 550. Mit einem Spyder verunglückte er 1955 mit 24 Jahren tödlich auf dem Weg zur Rennstrecke im kalifornischen Salinas.

 356 B 2000 GS Carrera GT
 Baujahr: 1960 Motor: Vierzylinder-Boxermotor Hubraum: 1.966 cm³ Leistung: 175 PS (129 kW) Höchstgeschwindigkeit: 220 km/h. Der 356 bekam nicht nur ein neues Aussehen, er präsentierte sich auch mit innovativer Technik. Die beweglichen Karosserieteile aus Aluminium sind ein Beispiel dafür. Neu waren auch die Sicherheitslenkung mit hydraulischem Dämpfer, die optimierte Bremskühlung und die verschiedenen Getriebeübersetzungen. Den Zusatznamen "Carrera" erhielten von 1955 an alle Fahrzeuge mit Rennmotor.

 Porsche 911 2.0 Coupé
 Baujahr: 1964 Motor: Sechszylinder-Boxermotor, Hubraum: 1.991 cm³ Leistung: 130 PS (96 kW) Höchstgeschwindigkeit: 210 km/h. Auf der Internationalen Automobil-Ausstellung (IAA) 1963 in Frankfurt präsentierte Porsche den Nachfolger für den 356: Der Ur-Elfer war geboren. Der 911 unterscheidet sich in vielen Punkten von seinem Vorgänger, nicht nur durch den Sechszylindermotor. Da Peugeot dreistellige Nummern mit einer Null in der Mitte für sich beanspruchte, musste Porsche die 901 wieder zurückziehen. Es entstand die bekannte Zahlenkombination 911.

 Porsche 914/8

 Baujahr: 1969 Motor: Achtzylinder-Boxermotor, Hubraum: 2.997 cm³ Leistung: 300 PS (221 kW) Höchstgeschwindigkeit: 250 km/h. Die historisch gewachsenen Verbindungen zwischen Porsche und Volkswagen führten Ende der sechziger Jahre zur Konstruktion des VW-Porsche 914 – einem sportlichen und zugleich günstigen Auto. Neben der Vierzylinderversion für VW wurde eine Sechszylinder-Variante des Mittelmotorfahrzeugs für Porsche gebaut.

 Porsche 911 S 2.2 Targa
 Baujahr: 1970 Motor: Sechszylinder-Boxermotor, Hubraum: 2.195 cm³ Leistung: 180 PS (132 kW) Höchstgeschwindigkeit: 230 km/h. Als Ergebnis veränderter Gesetze in den USA entstand das erste serienmäßig hergestellte Sicherheitscabriolet der Welt. Porsche-Ingenieure schafften Mitte der sechziger Jahre eine Elfer-Variante zwischen Cabriolet und Coupé, das Targa-Prinzip wurde erfunden. Diese Targa-Version mit stabilem, abnehmbarem Dachteil gewann schnell einen eigenen Kundenstamm. Auch der leistungsstärkere S-Typ (S für Sport) war mit dem charakteristischen Überrollbügel zu haben.

 Porsche 908/03 Spyder

 Baujahr: 1970, Motor: Achtzylinder-Boxermotor, Hubraum: 2.997 cm³, Leistung: 350 PS (257 kW), Höchstgeschwindigkeit: 275 km/h. Mit einem Gewicht von 545 Kilogramm zeigte der Spyder eine extreme Form des Leichtbaus. Die Karosserie aus schaumverstärktem Kunststoff macht daran nur ganze zwölf Kilogramm aus. Wegen der besseren Gewichtsverteilung rückten Fahrer und Motor nach vorne. Vom Werksteam wurde der 908/3 Spyder nur viermal eingesetzt und war dabei dreimal siegreich; mit Jo Siffert und Brian Redman auch bei seiner Premiere 1970 bei der Targa Florio auf Sizilien.

 Porsche 917 KH Coupé

 Baujahr: 1971, Motor: Zwölfzylinder-Boxermotor, Hubraum: 4.907 cm³ Leistung: 600 PS (441 kW), Höchstgeschwindigkeit: 360 km/h. Gijs van Lennep und Helmut Marko stellten 1971 einen Streckenrekord auf: Mit einer Durchschnittsgeschwindigkeit von 222,30 km/h legten sie beim 24-Stunden-Rennen von Le Mans 5.335,16 Kilometer zurück. Die Kurzheck-Version 917 trägt Haifischflossen an beiden Seiten der Heckhaube, der Rahmen ist aus leichtem Magnesium.

 Porsche 917/30 Spyder

 Baujahr: 1973, Motor: Zwölfzylinder-Boxermotor mit Turboaufladung, Hubraum: 5.374 cm³, Leistung: 1.200 PS (882 kW), Höchstgeschwindigkeit: 385 km/h. Der weiterentwickelte Zwölfzylindermotor war bei Rundstreckenrennen sehr erfolgreich. Mit Mark Donohue am Steuer gewann ein Porsche zum zweiten Mal die CanAm-Serie vor McLaren. Erstmals wurde auch die Turboaufladung auf kurvenreichen Strecken erprobt.

 Porsche 911 Carrera RS 2.7 Coupé
 Baujahr: 1973 Motor: Sechszylinder-Boxermotor, Hubraum: 2.687 cm³ Leistung: 210 PS (154 kW) Höchstgeschwindigkeit: 240 km/h. Kennzeichnend für den Porsche 911 Carrera RS 2.7 Coupé war der Heckspoiler, vom Volksmund "Entenbürzel" genannt. Mit dem Einsatz aerodynamischer Hilfsmittel und einer spartanischen Ausstattung verfolgten die Entwickler den Trend nach mehr Leistung bei weniger Gewicht. Als erster Elfer erhielt der RS 2.7 den Schriftzug "Carrera", angelehnt an den Straßenklassiker Carrera Panamericana.

 Porsche 924

 Baujahr: 1974 Motor: Vierzylinder-Reihe Hubraum: 1.984 cm³ Leistung: 125 PS (92 kW) Höchstgeschwindigkeit: 200 km/h. Wegen der Energiekrise Mitte der Siebziger stoppte VW ein gemeinsames neues Sportwagen-Projekt. Porsche schuf daher mit dem 924 ein eigenes Einstiegsmodell für seine Fahrzeugpalette. Schon die erste Baustufe wies die große gläserne Heckklappe als markantes Merkmal aus. Gefertigt wurde der 924 mit dem wassergekühlten Frontmotor und der Transaxle-Bauweise ab 1976 im Audi-Werk in Neckarsulm.

 Porsche 911 Turbo 3.0 Coupé
 Baujahr: 1976 Motor: Sechszylinder-Boxermotor mit Turboaufladung, Hubraum: 2.994 cm³ Leistung: 260 PS (191 kW) Höchstgeschwindigkeit: 250 km/h. Porsches erstes Serienfahrzeug, bei dem ein Leistungssteigerung durch einen Abgasturbolader erzielt wurde, lieferte 260 PS. In Zeiten der Energiekrise war der 911 Turbo eine gewagte Entscheidung. Es wurde aus dem Rennsport erprobte Technik verwendet. Dazu zählten neben der Aufladung vor allem die Bremsen und die Aerodynamik.

 Porsche 928 S

 Baujahr: 1983 Motor: Achtzylinder V, Hubraum: 4.664 cm³ Leistung: 300 PS (221 kW) Höchstgeschwindigkeit: 250 km/h. Der 928 war ursprünglich als Nachfolger des Elfers gedacht. 1978, ein Jahr nach der Markteinführung, wurde er als erster Sportwagen zum "Auto des Jahres" gewählt. Technisch unterschied sich das Fahrzeugkonzept durch das Transaxle-Getriebe, den wassergekühlten V8-Leichtmetallmotor und das Aluminiumfahrwerk grundlegend vom 911.

 McLaren TAG MP 4/2 C Formel 1
 Baujahr: 1986 Motor: Sechszylinder V mit Turboaufladung, Hubraum: 1.499 cm³ Leistung: 850 PS (625 kW) Höchstgeschwindigkeit: ca. 350 km/h. Im Auftrag des TAG-Konzerns baute Porsche einen Motor, der in der Formel 1 eingesetzt wurde. Das Hochleistungstriebwerk sollte im McLaren-Rennwagen aus anderthalb Litern Hubraum genügend Leistung erbringen, um konkurrenzfähig zu sein. Dies war erfolgreich und die Fahrer Alain Prost und Niki Lauda gewannen drei WM-Titel; insgesamt wurden 25 Grand-Prix-Erfolge zwischen 1983 und 1987 erzielt.

 Porsche 959

 Baujahr: 1988 Motor: Sechszylinder-Boxermotor mit Register-Turboaufladung Hubraum: 2.849 cm³ Leistung: 450 PS (331 kW) Höchstgeschwindigkeit: 315 km/h. Für die neu eingeführte Gruppe B im Rennsport konzipiert, wurde er auf Basis der Baureihe 911 in einer Exklusivserie von 292 Stück gebaut. Trotz seines Preises von 420.000 D-Mark war der 959 schnell ausverkauft.

 Studie "Panamericana"

 Baujahr: 1989 Motor: Sechszylinder-Boxermotor, Hubraum: 3.557 cm³ Leistung: 250 PS (184 kW) Höchstgeschwindigkeit: 210 km/h. Unter dem Namen "Panamericana" wurde das in nur wenigen Monaten entstandene Modell, auf Basis des 911 Carrera 4, auf der Internationalen Automobil-Ausstellung (IAA) 1989 in Frankfurt präsentiert. Das Konzept mit der horizontalen Dachstruktur beeinflusste stark die weitere Entwicklung des 911 Targa. Und gab daneben den Anstoß zum Bau eines Roadsters, dem späteren Porsche Boxster.

 Porsche Boxster

 Baujahr: 1996 Motor: Sechszylinder-Boxermotor, Hubraum: 2.480 cm³ Leistung: 204 PS (150 kW) Höchstgeschwindigkeit: 240 km/h. Der zweisitzige Roadster mit Mittelmotor setzte die Spyder-Tradition von Porsche mit moderner Technik fort. Nach positiver Resonanz bei seiner Präsentation als Show-Car, wurde die Serienfertigung beschlossen. Der tatsächliche Boxster wich aus technischen Gründen von der Studie ab. Er nahm einige Merkmale der späteren Elfer-Generation vorweg, blieb aber eigenständig.

 Porsche Carrera GT

 Baujahr: 2003 Motor: Zehnzylinder V Hubraum: 5.733 cm³ Leistung: 612 PS (450 kW) Höchstgeschwindigkeit: 330 km/h. Durch seine Leichtbauweise hat der Carrera GT ein Leergewicht von 1380 kg. Ursprünglich für den Einsatz in Le Mans konzipiert, wurde das flache Mittelmotorauto mit einer Kohlefaserkarosserie in einer Exklusivserie von 1.270 Einheiten in Leipzig gefertigt.

Ausgewählte Bilder

Siehe auch
 Liste von Automuseen
 Liste von Automuseen in Deutschland

Literatur
 Hanno Rauterberg: Alle aussteigen! Ein waghalsiges Denkmal des automobilen Zeitalters: Das neue Porsche Museum in Stuttgart. In: DIE ZEIT, 05 / 2009; Hamburg, 22. Januar 2009
 Amber Sayah: Porsche-Museum: Es weht noch immer der Geist der Baracke. In: Stuttgarter Zeitung; Stuttgart, 26. Januar 2009
 Claus-Peter Andorka, Elmar Brümmer, Anke Krohmer, Dieter Landenberger, Reiner Schloz, Michael Thiem, Horst Walter, Christian Weiss, Jürgen Zeyer, Jutta Deiss: Das offizielle Buch zum Porsche-Museum. Hrsg.v.d. Dr.Ing.h.c. F. Porsche AG. München: Piper Verlag, 2009, ISBN 978-3-492-05229-0.

Weblinks

 Porsche Museum (offizielle Webseite)

Einzelnachweise

Museum in Stuttgart
Automuseum in Deutschland
Erbaut in den 2000er Jahren
Verkehrsmuseum in Baden-Württemberg
Museumsbau in Stuttgart
Gegründet 1976
Museumsbau in Europa
Unternehmenseigenes Museum
Verkehrsgeschichte (Stuttgart)


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            Ruby on Rails 4.1.8

            Class
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                <

                    AbstractController::Base

/home/kristof/.rvm/gems/ruby-2.2.0/gems/actionmailer-4.1.8/lib/action_mailer/base.rb

Action Mailer allows you to send email from your application using a mailer
model and views.

Mailer Models

To use Action Mailer, you need to create a mailer model.

$ rails generate mailer Notifier

The generated model inherits from ActionMailer::Base. A mailer
model defines methods used to generate an email message. In these methods,
you can setup variables to be used in the mailer views, options on the mail
itself such as the :from address, and attachments.

class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
  default from: 'no-reply@example.com',
          return_path: 'system@example.com'

  def welcome(recipient)
    @account = recipient
    mail(to: recipient.email_address_with_name,
         bcc: ["bcc@example.com", "Order Watcher <watcher@example.com>"])
  end
end

Within the mailer method, you have access to the following methods:

attachments[]= - Allows you to add attachments to your email
in an intuitive manner; attachments['filename.png'] =
File.read('path/to/filename.png')

attachments.inline[]= - Allows you to add an inline attachment
to your email in the same manner as attachments[]=

headers[]= - Allows you to specify any header field in your
email such as headers['X-No-Spam'] = 'True'. Note,
while most fields like To: From: can only appear
once in an email header, other fields like X-Anything can
appear multiple times. If you want to change a field that can appear
multiple times, you need to set it to nil first so that Mail knows you are
replacing it and not adding another field of the same name.

headers(hash) - Allows you to specify multiple headers in your
email such as headers({'X-No-Spam' => 'True',
'In-Reply-To' => '1234@message.id'})

mail - Allows you to specify email to be sent.

The hash passed to the mail method allows you to specify any header that a
Mail::Message will accept (any valid email header including
optional fields).

The mail method, if not passed a block, will inspect your views and send
all the views with the same name as the method, so the above action would
send the welcome.text.erb view file as well as the
welcome.text.html.erb view file in a
multipart/alternative email.

If you want to explicitly render only certain templates, pass a block:

mail(to: user.email) do |format|
  format.text
  format.html
end

The block syntax is also useful in providing information specific to a
part:

mail(to: user.email) do |format|
  format.text(content_transfer_encoding: "base64")
  format.html
end

Or even to render a special view:

mail(to: user.email) do |format|
  format.text
  format.html { render "some_other_template" }
end

Mailer views

Like Action Controller, each mailer class has a corresponding view
directory in which each method of the class looks for a template with its
name.

To define a template to be used with a mailing, create an .erb
file with the same name as the method in your mailer model. For example, in
the mailer defined above, the template at
app/views/notifier/welcome.text.erb would be used to generate
the email.

Variables defined in the model are accessible as instance variables in the
view.

Emails by default are sent in plain text, so a sample view for our model
example might look like this:

Hi <%= @account.name %>,
Thanks for joining our service! Please check back often.

You can even use Action Pack helpers in these views. For example:

You got a new note!
<%= truncate(@note.body, length: 25) %>

If you need to access the subject, from or the recipients in the view, you
can do that through message object:

You got a new note from <%= message.from %>!
<%= truncate(@note.body, length: 25) %>

Generating URLs

URLs can be generated in mailer views using url_for or named
routes. Unlike controllers from Action Pack, the mailer instance
doesn't have any context about the incoming request, so you'll need
to provide all of the details needed to generate a URL.

When using url_for you'll need to provide the
:host, :controller, and :action:

<%= url_for(host: "example.com", controller: "welcome", action: "greeting") %>

When using named routes you only need to supply the :host:

<%= users_url(host: "example.com") %>

You should use the named_route_url style (which generates
absolute URLs) and avoid using the named_route_path style
(which generates relative URLs), since clients reading the mail will have
no concept of a current URL from which to determine a relative path.

It is also possible to set a default host that will be used in all mailers
by setting the :host option as a configuration option in
config/application.rb:

config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { host: "example.com" }

When you decide to set a default :host for your mailers, then
you need to make sure to use the only_path: false option when
using url_for. Since the url_for view helper will
generate relative URLs by default when a :host option
isn't explicitly provided, passing only_path: false will
ensure that absolute URLs are generated.

Sending mail

Once a mailer action and template are defined, you can deliver your message
or create it and save it for delivery later:

Notifier.welcome(david).deliver # sends the email
mail = Notifier.welcome(david)  # => a Mail::Message object
mail.deliver                    # sends the email

You never instantiate your mailer class. Rather, you just call the method
you defined on the class itself.

Multipart Emails

Multipart messages can also be used implicitly because Action Mailer will
automatically detect and use multipart templates, where each template is
named after the name of the action, followed by the content type. Each such
detected template will be added as a separate part to the message.

For example, if the following templates exist:

signup_notification.text.erb

signup_notification.html.erb

signup_notification.xml.builder

signup_notification.yaml.erb

Each would be rendered and added as a separate part to the message, with
the corresponding content type. The content type for the entire message is
automatically set to multipart/alternative, which indicates
that the email contains multiple different representations of the same
email body. The same instance variables defined in the action are passed to
all email templates.

Implicit template rendering is not performed if any attachments or parts
have been added to the email. This means that you'll have to manually
add each part to the email and set the content type of the email to
multipart/alternative.

Attachments

Sending attachment in emails is easy:

class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base
  def welcome(recipient)
    attachments['free_book.pdf'] = File.read('path/to/file.pdf')
    mail(to: recipient, subject: "New account information")
  end
end

Which will (if it had both a welcome.text.erb and
welcome.html.erb template in the view directory), send a
complete multipart/mixed email with two parts, the first part
being a multipart/alternative with the text and HTML email parts inside, and the second being a
application/pdf with a Base64 encoded copy of the file.pdf
book with the filename free_book.pdf.

If you need to send attachments with no content, you need to create an
empty view for it, or add an empty body parameter like this:

class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base
  def welcome(recipient)
    attachments['free_book.pdf'] = File.read('path/to/file.pdf')
    mail(to: recipient, subject: "New account information", body: "")
  end
end

Inline Attachments

You can also specify that a file should be displayed inline with other HTML. This is useful if you want to display a
corporate logo or a photo.

class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base
  def welcome(recipient)
    attachments.inline['photo.png'] = File.read('path/to/photo.png')
    mail(to: recipient, subject: "Here is what we look like")
  end
end

And then to reference the image in the view, you create a
welcome.html.erb file and make a call to
image_tag passing in the attachment you want to display and
then call url on the attachment to get the relative content id
path for the image source:

<h1>Please Don't Cringe</h1>

<%= image_tag attachments['photo.png'].url -%>

As we are using Action View's image_tag method, you can
pass in any other options you want:

<h1>Please Don't Cringe</h1>

<%= image_tag attachments['photo.png'].url, alt: 'Our Photo', class: 'photo' -%>

Observing and Intercepting Mails

Action Mailer provides hooks into the Mail observer and interceptor
methods. These allow you to register classes that are called during the
mail delivery life cycle.

An observer class must implement the :delivered_email(message)
method which will be called once for every email sent after the email has
been sent.

An interceptor class must implement the
:delivering_email(message) method which will be called before
the email is sent, allowing you to make modifications to the email before
it hits the delivery agents. Your class should make any needed
modifications directly to the passed in Mail::Message
instance.

Default Hash

Action Mailer provides some intelligent defaults for your emails, these are
usually specified in a default method inside the class definition:

class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
  default sender: 'system@example.com'
end

You can pass in any header value that a Mail::Message accepts.
Out of the box, ActionMailer::Base sets the following:

mime_version: "1.0"

charset:      "UTF-8",

content_type: "text/plain",

parts_order:  [ "text/plain", "text/enriched",
"text/html" ]

parts_order and charset are not actually valid
Mail::Message header fields, but Action Mailer translates them
appropriately and sets the correct values.

As you can pass in any header, you need to either quote the header as a
string, or pass it in as an underscored symbol, so the following will work:

class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
  default 'Content-Transfer-Encoding' => '7bit',
          content_description: 'This is a description'
end

Finally, Action Mailer also supports passing Proc objects into
the default hash, so you can define methods that evaluate as the message is
being generated:

class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
  default 'X-Special-Header' => Proc.new { my_method }

  private

    def my_method
      'some complex call'
    end
end

Note that the proc is evaluated right at the start of the mail message
generation, so if you set something in the defaults using a proc, and then
set the same thing inside of your mailer method, it will get over written
by the mailer method.

It is also possible to set these default options that will be used in all
mailers through the default_options= configuration in
config/application.rb:

config.action_mailer.default_options = { from: "no-reply@example.org" }

Callbacks

You can specify callbacks using before_action and after_action for
configuring your messages. This may be useful, for example, when you want
to add default inline attachments for all messages sent out by a certain
mailer class:

class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
  before_action :add_inline_attachment!

  def welcome
    mail
  end

  private

    def add_inline_attachment!
      attachments.inline["footer.jpg"] = File.read('/path/to/filename.jpg')
    end
end

Callbacks in ActionMailer are
implemented using AbstractController::Callbacks,
so you can define and configure callbacks in the same manner that you would
use callbacks in classes that inherit from ActionController::Base.

Note that unless you have a specific reason to do so, you should prefer
using before_action rather than after_action in your ActionMailer classes so that headers are
parsed properly.

Previewing emails

You can preview your email templates visually by adding a mailer preview
file to the ActionMailer::Base.preview_path. Since most emails
do something interesting with database data, you'll need to write some
scenarios to load messages with fake data:

class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
  def welcome
    Notifier.welcome(User.first)
  end
end

Methods must return a Mail::Message object which can be
generated by calling the mailer method without the additional
deliver. The location of the mailer previews directory can be
configured using the preview_path option which has a default
of test/mailers/previews:

config.action_mailer.preview_path = "#{Rails.root}/lib/mailer_previews"

An overview of all previews is accessible at
http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers on a running development
server instance.

Previews can also be intercepted in a similar
manner as deliveries can be by registering a preview interceptor that has a
previewing_email method:

class CssInlineStyler
  def self.previewing_email(message)
    # inline CSS styles
  end
end

config.action_mailer.preview_interceptors :css_inline_styler

Note that interceptors need to be registered both with
register_interceptor and
register_preview_interceptor if they should operate on both
sending and previewing emails.

Configuration options

These options are specified on the class level, like
ActionMailer::Base.raise_delivery_errors = true

default_options - You can pass this in at a class level as
well as within the class itself as per the above section.

logger - the logger is used for generating information on the
mailing run if available. Can be set to nil for no logging.
Compatible with both Ruby's own Logger and Log4r loggers.

smtp_settings - Allows detailed configuration for
:smtp delivery method:

:address - Allows you to use a remote mail server. Just change
it from its default "localhost" setting.

:port - On the off chance that your mail server doesn't
run on port 25, you can change it.

:domain - If you need to specify a HELO domain, you can do it
here.

:user_name - If your mail server requires authentication, set
the username in this setting.

:password - If your mail server requires authentication, set
the password in this setting.

:authentication - If your mail server requires authentication,
you need to specify the authentication type here. This is a symbol and one
of :plain (will send the password in the clear),
:login (will send password Base64 encoded) or
:cram_md5 (combines a Challenge/Response mechanism to exchange
information and a cryptographic Message Digest 5 algorithm to hash
important information)

:enable_starttls_auto - When set to true, detects if STARTTLS
is enabled in your SMTP server and starts to use it.

:openssl_verify_mode - When using TLS, you can set how OpenSSL
checks the certificate. This is really useful if you need to validate a
self-signed and/or a wildcard certificate. You can use the name of an
OpenSSL verify constant ('none',
'peer', 'client_once',
'fail_if_no_peer_cert') or directly the constant
(OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE,
OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER, …).

sendmail_settings - Allows you to override options for the
:sendmail delivery method.

:location - The location of the sendmail executable. Defaults
to /usr/sbin/sendmail.

:arguments - The command line arguments. Defaults to -i
-t with -f sender@address added automatically before
the message is sent.

file_settings - Allows you to override options for the
:file delivery method.

:location - The directory into which emails will be written.
Defaults to the application tmp/mails.

raise_delivery_errors - Whether or not errors should be raised
if the email fails to be delivered.

delivery_method - Defines a delivery method. Possible values
are :smtp (default), :sendmail,
:test, and :file. Or you may provide a custom
delivery method object e.g. MyOwnDeliveryMethodClass. See the
Mail gem documentation on the interface you need to implement for a custom
delivery agent.

perform_deliveries - Determines whether emails are actually
sent from Action Mailer when you call .deliver on an mail
message or on an Action Mailer method. This is on by default but can be
turned off to aid in functional testing.

deliveries - Keeps an array of all the emails sent out through
the Action Mailer with delivery_method :test. Most useful for
unit and functional testing.

Namespace

          CLASS
          ActionMailer::Base::LateAttachmentsProxy

Methods

A

                attachments

C

                controller_path

D

                default,

                default_i18n_subject,

                default_options=

H

                headers

M

                mail,

                mailer_name,

                mailer_name

N

                new

R

                receive,

                register_interceptor,

                register_interceptors,

                register_observer,

                register_observers

S

                set_content_type

Included Modules

              ActionMailer::DeliveryMethods

              ActionMailer::Previews

              AbstractController::Rendering

              AbstractController::Helpers

              AbstractController::Translation

              AbstractController::Callbacks

              ActionView::Layouts

Constants

            PROTECTED_IVARS
            =
            AbstractController::Rendering::DEFAULT_PROTECTED_INSTANCE_VARIABLES + [:@_action_has_layout]

Attributes

              [W]

            mailer_name

Allows to set the name of current mailer.

Class Public methods

              controller_path()

            Link

              Alias for: mailer_name

              default(value = nil)

            Link

Sets the defaults through app configuration:

config.action_mailer.default { from: "no-reply@example.org" }

Aliased by ::default_options=

              Also aliased as: default_options=

                Source:
                show

# File ../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.2.0/gems/actionmailer-4.1.8/lib/action_mailer/base.rb, line 488
def default(value = nil)
  self.default_params = default_params.merge(value).freeze if value
  default_params
end

              default_options=(value = nil)

            Link

Allows to set defaults through app configuration:

config.action_mailer.default_options = { from: "no-reply@example.org" }

              Alias for: default

              mailer_name()

            Link

Returns the name of current mailer. This method is also being used as a
path for a view lookup. If this is an anonymous mailer, this method will
return anonymous instead.

              Also aliased as: controller_path

                Source:
                show

# File ../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.2.0/gems/actionmailer-4.1.8/lib/action_mailer/base.rb, line 476
def mailer_name
  @mailer_name ||= anonymous? ? "anonymous" : name.underscore
end

              new(method_name=nil, *args)

            Link

Instantiate a new mailer object. If method_name is not
nil, the mailer will be initialized according to the named
method. If not, the mailer will remain uninitialized (useful when you only
need to invoke the "receive" method, for instance).

                Source:
                show

# File ../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.2.0/gems/actionmailer-4.1.8/lib/action_mailer/base.rb, line 564
def initialize(method_name=nil, *args)
  super()
  @_mail_was_called = false
  @_message = Mail.new
  process(method_name, *args) if method_name
end

              receive(raw_mail)

            Link

Receives a raw email, parses it into an email object, decodes it,
instantiates a new mailer, and passes the email object to the mailer
object's receive method.

If you want your mailer to be able to process incoming messages, you'll
need to implement a receive method that accepts the raw email
string as a parameter:

class MyMailer < ActionMailer::Base
  def receive(mail)
    # ...
  end
end

                Source:
                show

# File ../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.2.0/gems/actionmailer-4.1.8/lib/action_mailer/base.rb, line 510
def receive(raw_mail)
  ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("receive.action_mailer") do |payload|
    mail = Mail.new(raw_mail)
    set_payload_for_mail(payload, mail)
    new.receive(mail)
  end
end

              register_interceptor(interceptor)

            Link

Register an Interceptor which will be called before mail is sent. Either a
class, string or symbol can be passed in as the Interceptor. If a string or
symbol is passed in it will be camelized and constantized.

                Source:
                show

# File ../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.2.0/gems/actionmailer-4.1.8/lib/action_mailer/base.rb, line 463
def register_interceptor(interceptor)
  delivery_interceptor = case interceptor
    when String, Symbol
      interceptor.to_s.camelize.constantize
    else
      interceptor
    end

  Mail.register_interceptor(delivery_interceptor)
end

              register_interceptors(*interceptors)

            Link

Register one or more Interceptors which will be called before mail is sent.

                Source:
                show

# File ../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.2.0/gems/actionmailer-4.1.8/lib/action_mailer/base.rb, line 442
def register_interceptors(*interceptors)
  interceptors.flatten.compact.each { |interceptor| register_interceptor(interceptor) }
end

              register_observer(observer)

            Link

Register an Observer which will be notified when mail is delivered. Either
a class, string or symbol can be passed in as the Observer. If a string or
symbol is passed in it will be camelized and constantized.

                Source:
                show

# File ../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.2.0/gems/actionmailer-4.1.8/lib/action_mailer/base.rb, line 449
def register_observer(observer)
  delivery_observer = case observer
    when String, Symbol
      observer.to_s.camelize.constantize
    else
      observer
    end

  Mail.register_observer(delivery_observer)
end

              register_observers(*observers)

            Link

Register one or more Observers which will be notified when mail is
delivered.

                Source:
                show

# File ../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.2.0/gems/actionmailer-4.1.8/lib/action_mailer/base.rb, line 437
def register_observers(*observers)
  observers.flatten.compact.each { |observer| register_observer(observer) }
end

Instance Public methods

              attachments()

            Link

Allows you to add attachments to an email, like so:

mail.attachments['filename.jpg'] = File.read('/path/to/filename.jpg')

If you do this, then Mail will take the file name and work out the mime
type set the Content-Type, Content-Disposition, Content-Transfer-Encoding
and base64 encode the contents of the attachment all for you.

You can also specify overrides if you want by passing a hash instead of a
string:

mail.attachments['filename.jpg'] = {mime_type: 'application/x-gzip',
                                    content: File.read('/path/to/filename.jpg')}

If you want to use a different encoding than Base64, you can pass an
encoding in, but then it is up to you to pass in the content pre-encoded,
and don't expect Mail to know how to decode this data:

file_content = SpecialEncode(File.read('/path/to/filename.jpg'))
mail.attachments['filename.jpg'] = {mime_type: 'application/x-gzip',
                                    encoding: 'SpecialEncoding',
                                    content: file_content }

You can also search for specific attachments:

# By Filename
mail.attachments['filename.jpg']   # => Mail::Part object or nil

# or by index
mail.attachments[0]                # => Mail::Part (first attachment)

                Source:
                show

# File ../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.2.0/gems/actionmailer-4.1.8/lib/action_mailer/base.rb, line 650
def attachments
  if @_mail_was_called
    LateAttachmentsProxy.new(@_message.attachments)
  else
    @_message.attachments
  end
end

              headers(args = nil)

            Link

Allows you to pass random and unusual headers to the new
Mail::Message object which will add them to itself.

headers['X-Special-Domain-Specific-Header'] = "SecretValue"

You can also pass a hash into headers of header field names and values,
which will then be set on the Mail::Message object:

headers 'X-Special-Domain-Specific-Header' => "SecretValue",
        'In-Reply-To' => incoming.message_id

The resulting Mail::Message will have the following in its
header:

X-Special-Domain-Specific-Header: SecretValue

                Source:
                show

# File ../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.2.0/gems/actionmailer-4.1.8/lib/action_mailer/base.rb, line 612
def headers(args = nil)
  if args
    @_message.headers(args)
  else
    @_message
  end
end

              mail(headers = {}, &block)

            Link

The main method that creates the message and renders the email templates.
There are two ways to call this method, with a block, or without a block.

Both methods accept a headers hash. This hash allows you to specify the
most used headers in an email message, these are:

:subject - The subject of the message, if this is omitted,
Action Mailer will ask the Rails I18n class for
a translated :subject in the scope of [mailer_scope,
action_name] or if this is missing, will translate the humanized
version of the action_name

:to - Who the message is destined for, can be a string of
addresses, or an array of addresses.

:from - Who the message is from

:cc - Who you would like to Carbon-Copy on this email, can be
a string of addresses, or an array of addresses.

:bcc - Who you would like to Blind-Carbon-Copy on this email,
can be a string of addresses, or an array of addresses.

:reply_to - Who to set the Reply-To header of the email to.

:date - The date to say the email was sent on.

You can set default values for any of the above headers (except
:date) by using the ::default class method:

class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
  default from: 'no-reply@test.lindsaar.net',
          bcc: 'email_logger@test.lindsaar.net',
          reply_to: 'bounces@test.lindsaar.net'
end

If you need other headers not listed above, you can either pass them in as
part of the headers hash or use the headers['name'] = value
method.

When a :return_path is specified as header, that value will be
used as the 'envelope from' address for the Mail message. Setting
this is useful when you want delivery notifications sent to a different
address than the one in :from. Mail will actually use the
:return_path in preference to the :sender in
preference to the :from field for the 'envelope from'
value.

If you do not pass a block to the mail method, it will find
all templates in the view paths using by default the mailer name and the
method name that it is being called from, it will then create parts for
each of these templates intelligently, making educated guesses on correct
content type and sequence, and return a fully prepared
Mail::Message ready to call :deliver on to send.

For example:

class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
  default from: 'no-reply@test.lindsaar.net'

  def welcome
    mail(to: 'mikel@test.lindsaar.net')
  end
end

Will look for all templates at "app/views/notifier" with name "welcome". If
no welcome template exists, it will raise an ActionView::MissingTemplate
error.

However, those can be customized:

mail(template_path: 'notifications', template_name: 'another')

And now it will look for all templates at "app/views/notifications" with
name "another".

If you do pass a block, you can render specific templates of your choice:

mail(to: 'mikel@test.lindsaar.net') do |format|
  format.text
  format.html
end

You can even render plain text directly without using a template:

mail(to: 'mikel@test.lindsaar.net') do |format|
  format.text { render plain: "Hello Mikel!" }
  format.html { render html: "<h1>Hello Mikel!</h1>".html_safe }
end

Which will render a multipart/alternative email with
text/plain and text/html parts.

The block syntax also allows you to customize the part headers if desired:

mail(to: 'mikel@test.lindsaar.net') do |format|
  format.text(content_transfer_encoding: "base64")
  format.html
end

                Source:
                show

# File ../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.2.0/gems/actionmailer-4.1.8/lib/action_mailer/base.rb, line 759
def mail(headers = {}, &block)
  return @_message if @_mail_was_called && headers.blank? && !block

  m = @_message

  # At the beginning, do not consider class default for content_type
  content_type = headers[:content_type]

  # Call all the procs (if any)
  default_values = {}
  self.class.default.each do |k,v|
    default_values[k] = v.is_a?(Proc) ? instance_eval(&v) : v
  end

  # Handle defaults
  headers = headers.reverse_merge(default_values)
  headers[:subject] ||= default_i18n_subject

  # Apply charset at the beginning so all fields are properly quoted
  m.charset = charset = headers[:charset]

  # Set configure delivery behavior
  wrap_delivery_behavior!(headers.delete(:delivery_method), headers.delete(:delivery_method_options))

  # Assign all headers except parts_order, content_type and body
  assignable = headers.except(:parts_order, :content_type, :body, :template_name, :template_path)
  assignable.each { |k, v| m[k] = v }

  # Render the templates and blocks
  responses = collect_responses(headers, &block)
  @_mail_was_called = true

  create_parts_from_responses(m, responses)

  # Setup content type, reapply charset and handle parts order
  m.content_type = set_content_type(m, content_type, headers[:content_type])
  m.charset      = charset

  if m.multipart?
    m.body.set_sort_order(headers[:parts_order])
    m.body.sort_parts!
  end

  m
end

              mailer_name()

            Link

Returns the name of the mailer object.

                Source:
                show

# File ../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.2.0/gems/actionmailer-4.1.8/lib/action_mailer/base.rb, line 594
def mailer_name
  self.class.mailer_name
end

Instance Protected methods

              default_i18n_subject(interpolations = {})

            Link

Translates the subject using Rails I18n class under [mailer_scope,
action_name] scope. If it does not find a translation for the
subject under the specified scope it will default to a
humanized version of the action_name. If the subject has
interpolations, you can pass them through the interpolations
parameter.

                Source:
                show

# File ../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.2.0/gems/actionmailer-4.1.8/lib/action_mailer/base.rb, line 838
def default_i18n_subject(interpolations = {})
  mailer_scope = self.class.mailer_name.tr('/', '.')
  I18n.t(:subject, interpolations.merge(scope: [mailer_scope, action_name], default: action_name.humanize))
end

              set_content_type(m, user_content_type, class_default)

            Link

Used by mail to set the content type
of the message.

It will use the given user_content_type, or multipart if the
mail message has any attachments. If the attachments are inline, the
content type will be "multipart/related", otherwise "multipart/mixed".

If there is no content type passed in via headers, and there are no
attachments, or the message is multipart, then the default content type is
used.

                Source:
                show

# File ../.rvm/gems/ruby-2.2.0/gems/actionmailer-4.1.8/lib/action_mailer/base.rb, line 816
def set_content_type(m, user_content_type, class_default)
  params = m.content_type_parameters || {}
  case
  when user_content_type.present?
    user_content_type
  when m.has_attachments?
    if m.attachments.detect { |a| a.inline? }
      ["multipart", "related", params]
    else
      ["multipart", "mixed", params]
    end
  when m.multipart?
    ["multipart", "alternative", params]
  else
    m.content_type || class_default
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Home » Acting Advice Columns » How to Play Real People with Authenticity
How to Play Real People with Authenticity
By Lance Carter on	 January 21, 2015 Acting Advice Columns
Written by Brian Timoney
Playing a real person, on stage or screen, can be a burden of responsibility for even the most experienced actor.
Though actors playing real people, and especially well-known real people, have more to draw on in terms of research and documentary evidence, imagination and strong technique are still essential to an authentic performance.
Great method actor Daniel Day Lewis, who spoke of "the gravitational pull of another life that fires one's curiosity," achieved this perfectly as Abraham Lincoln, a performance that has become the benchmark for actors portraying real figures:
"By some feat of imagination and empathy, he then made Lincoln seem real. This wasn't just mimicry. It was as much to do with expressing the feelings and thought processes of the President at a pivotal moment in his life as it was with appearance or voice." – The Independent
Actors playing real figures, like Day-Lewis, should treat the performance no differently than any other. Rather than imitating, they should explore emotions, motivations, body and voice to become the person, as with any other role.
Three British actors who have accomplished this with honors this year are Timothy Spall, as JMW Turner in Mr Turner, Eddie Redmayne, as Stephen Hawking in The Theory of Everything and David Oyelowo, as Martin Luther King Jr. in Selma.
They have all portrayed real and well-known figures from history with nuance, power and authenticity – to the point where you no longer feel you are watching an actor playing a real person on screen, but rather the person themselves. They have each been rightly celebrated with awards and accolades on both sides of the Atlantic.
Let's have a look at their performances:
Timothy Spall as J.M.W. Turner (Mr. Turner)
"We had to push our creative juices to fill in the gaps, to use the evidences before us as a seed for artistic and dramatic license"- Timothy Spall
In the crowning glory of a lifelong collaboration with Mike Leigh, Timothy Spall shone in a performance that won him the Best Actor prize at Cannes Film Festival. Using the trademark Mike Leigh improvisation and many hours learning to paint, Spall transformed into the famous 19th century painter, bringing him to life on the screen "all bluster, phlegm and heartache".
"Whether he's casually satisfying his sexual needs with his long-suffering housekeeper or—in what has quickly become the film's most famous sequence—lashing himself to the mast of a ship to best observe a snowstorm to re-create with paint and canvas later, he's vigorously, infuriatingly alive" – Backstage on Timothy Spall's Turner.
Eddie Redmayne as Stephen Hawking (The Theory of Everything)
"At times I thought he was me"- Eddie Redmayne
Eddie Redmayne's gradual transformation as Stephen Hawking in The Theory of Everything has earned him a Golden Globe already, as well as nominations at the BAFTA and Academy Awards in February. He always doubted whether he could portray the world-renowned physicist on screen with authenticity, and feared letting Hawking down.
"My instinct was to try to learn the different stages of the physicality like a dance."- Eddie Redmayne
With research and well-established method acting techniques, though, he found the man behind the public persona and created a performance that has won applause from his peers and approval of Hawking himself:
David Oyelowo as Martin Luther King Jr. (Selma)
"David Oyelowo, whose King radiates an authenticity unseen in the biopic form since Daniel Day Lewis' (appropriately awarded) "Lincoln."" – Indiewire
If Daniel Day Lewis's Abraham Lincoln is the benchmark, then David Oyelowo smashed it. In a role for which he prepared for seven years, Oyelowo became Dr. King in the three months surrounding the Voting Rights Act with complete believability.
"My hope, my desire—the work I do is to make you feel like you're watching Dr. King." – David Oyelowo
There is only so far you can go with research and imitation. To create an authentic performance, you must eventually strip the role back to the emotions of the character. For that, it doesn't matter if they are a real person or a fictional character. The technique and processes are the same.
Would you like to know more about how method acting techniques can help to find an authentic performance? Why not read my new book?
Brian Timoney is one of the world's leading authorities on method acting. He currently delivers a range of method acting classes at the Brian Timoney Actors' Studio in London & LA, & is author of "The Ultimate Guide to Method Acting".
Previous ArticleWatch: Michael Keaton Talks Candidly About His Career and His Approach to Acting in 'Birdman'
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What To Expect From an Online Acting Class?
Why Actors Need To Have Multiple Revenue Streams
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Groups and users are not displaying in the Workflow Action Dialog when starting a Vault workflow.
The user chose Default users from sharing settings instead of setting up the default at the Role Level.
In the workflow start step, Default User from sharing settings is selected. This populates the users that are already in the sharing settings of the document when starting the Workflow.
Navigate to: Admin --> Configuration --> Lifecycles & Workflows --> [Lifecycle] --> Roles --> [Role].
Create the users and groups that are to be populated in the start step.
Select Default next to the names.
Select Add Default Users When Starting a workflow.


text:
Bloch-Heads
By Allied Authors
Before publication of Psycho in 1959, before his purely coincident move to California that same year, Robert Bloch cast his spell upon the Milwaukee Fictioneers, that notable group of Wisconsin writers. Its effect began soon after his famous correspondent H. P. Lovecraft passed away in 1937 and endured throughout waning years and the final months in 1954 of the iconic Weird Tales magazine.
In 1987, near the end of Bloch's life, historian Jack Koblas conducted a 90-minute interview with Bloch (transcribed in The Lovecraft Circle and Others: As I Remember Them, Battered Silicon Dispatch Box, 2012) that touches briefly on this period to reveal a little more of this lost history of the Fictioneers. Under discussion: the 1930s. Subject underway: Bloch's young friend (future SF & Mystery writer) Henry Kuttner, still a beginner: "You told me," Koblas reminds Bloch, "that you did something with Kuttner. Did you collaborate with Kuttner?" Bloch answers:
"The Black Kiss," but he had been trying to sell that story and he couldn't. He gave it to me and he said, "Do something with it." So I rewrote it and I used the basic premise that he had, and that was published…. Then I wrote another one for the Milwaukee Fictioneers and one of the writers, who had been a very successful writer of boys' books, a real good writer, a nature writer, dying to get into Weird Tales. He couldn't do it. He submitted it. He said, "What can I do?" and I said let me see some of it. He showed me a story and I said I think this will work but I think it would have to be restyled. He said, "Would you collaborate with me on it?" I did, I rewrote it, and it was printed—Jim Kjelgaard, printed as "The Man Who Told the Truth." Then I did one on the same basis for another member of the Fictioneers, for Strange Stories, Ralph Milne Farley…. (41)
Indeed "The Black Kiss," bylined "Robert Bloch and Henry Kuttner," was published in the June 1937 Weird Tales, but this is not Kuttner's first WT story, though undoubtedly it did help pave the way for others to follow (there would be fourteen more of his own); Kuttner in fact had appeared there nine times already. Kjelgaard had been there, too, logging three individual appearances before "The Man Who Told the Truth" (none identified as collaborations) in 1946, which turned out to be his last. And the same must be said of Farley, who booked eleven stories from 1930 to 1943.
What must have happened is that all of these authors believed they would learn more about their craft through Bloch's reworking of their stories. Learning from each other was (and is) a hallmark of Milwaukee Fictioneer-Allied Authors, and there apparently was a lot that could be learned from Bloch, who in these pre-Hollywood days chalked up 67 appearances in Weird Tales, equivalent or surpassing numbers elsewhere, and who effortlessly might have landed oodles more had WT not folded.
John D. Haefele submitted this article. (© 2012 all rights reserved)
This entry was posted on Wednesday, February 13th, 2013 at 11:53 am	and posted in AAW History and Affiliates.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed.
« Haefele's 'Look Behind the Derleth Mythos' now available
Writers Poll: Portraying thoughts in fiction »
2 responses to "Bloch-Heads"
John Haefele
Bloch and his family were not able to leave their Wisconsin home until mid-1960, so technically he did not officially reside in California until that year. But the essential truth is how Bloch relocated to California to write for Hollywood in late 1959 with intentions of staying only three weeks, but then, crossing over into 1960, stayed 85 days. And how when he did return to Wisconsin, it was to affect a permanent move, which then was delayed because of a writer's strike.
JDH
H. P. Lovecraft's letters to Robert Bloch: End of era begins another | Allied Authors
[…] writer of fantasy, horror, and crime — the famous author of Psycho — who began his career in Wisconsin. As a teenager, he absorbed the fiction of H. P. Lovecraft (1890-1937), the author of supernatural […]


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We developed a neurosurgical robotic system to address the challenges of neurosurgery. It uses a NeuroMate robot as a new and effective surgical tool by adding a force sensor to the tip of the robot. The basic motivation behind our project is to significantly reduce the operating time of a complex procedure—bone milling at the skull base—by providing a safer and more reliable surgical tool. The robotized solution would only be used for the removal of the bone tissue, to gain access to the soft tissue region affected by the disease. We use a preoperative image, such as CT, to identify the region of the skull base that can be safely drilled (by defining a virtual fixture). Once this preoperative image is registered to the robots coordinate system, it can ensure that the cutting tool mounted on the robot remains within this safe zone. We chose a cooperative control implementation, where the surgeon applies forces to move the robot and the robot only enforces the safety boundaries.


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text:
Myron P. Zalucki
From Pestinfo-Wiki
See Myron P. Zalucki in the ISPI database of scientists.
Publications of Myron P. Zalucki
PLoS ONE (2019) 14 (4 - e0211167)
Brendan J. Trewin, Jonathan M. Darbro, Myron P. Zalucki, Cassie C. Jansen, Nancy A. Schellhorn and Gregor J. Devine (2019)
Life on the margin: Rainwater tanks facilitate overwintering of the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti, in a sub-tropical climate
Austral Entomology (2019) 58, 237-247
Hazel R. Parry, Anna Marcora, Sarina Macfadyen, Jamie Hopkinson, Andrew D. Hulthen, Mick Neave, Felix J.J.A. Bianchi, Bernard A. Franzmann, Richard J. Lloyd, Melina Miles, Myron P. Zalucki and Nancy A. Schellhorn (2019)
A native with a taste for the exotic: weeds and pasture provide year-round habitat for Nysius vinitor (Hemiptera: Orsillidae) across Australia, with implications for area-wide management
Bulletin of Entomological Research (2019) 109, 257-265
Z. Li, M.J. Furlong, T. Yonow, D.J. Kriticos, H. Bao, F. Yin, Q. Lin, X. Feng and M.P. Zalucki (2019)
Management and population dynamics of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella): planting regimes, crop hygiene, biological control and timing of interventions
Journal of Pest Science (2018) 91, 1191-1198
Shimin Gu, Peng Han, Zhengpei Ye, Lynda E. Perkins, Jing Li, Huiqing Wang, Myron P. Zalucki and Zhaozhi Lu (2018)
Climate change favours a destructive agricultural pest in temperate regions: late spring cold matters
Austral Entomology (2018) 57, 1-8
Tuyet T.A. Luong, Myron P. Zalucki, Lynda E. Perkins and Sharon J. Downes (2018)
Feeding behaviour and survival of Bacillus thuringiensis-resistant and Bacillus thuringiensis-susceptible larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) exposed to a diet with Bacillus thuringiensis toxin
Pest Management Science (2018) 74, 1845-1853
Liuhong Zhu, Zhenyu Li, Shufa Zhang, Baoyun Xu, Youjun Zhang, Myron P. Zalucki, Qingjun Wu and Xianhui Yin (2018)
Population dynamics of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), in northern China: the effects of migration, cropping patterns and climate
Journal of Economic Entomology (2018) 111, 2208-2216
Muhammad Noor-ul-Ane, Dong-Soon Kim and Myron P. Zalucki (2018)
Fecundity and egg laying in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Model development and field validation
Agronomy for Sustainable Development (2018) 38 (23) - Landscape ecology and ...
Geoff M. Gurr, Olivia L. Reynolds, Anne C. Johnson, Nicolas Desneux, Myron P. Zalucki, Michael J. Furlong, Zhenyu Li, Komivi S. Akutse, Junhui Chen, Xiwu Gao and Minsheng You (2018)
Landscape ecology and expanding range of biocontrol agent taxa enhance prospects for diamondback moth management. A review
M. Noor-ul-Ane, M. Ali Mirhosseini, N. Crickmore, S. Saeed, I. Noor and M.P. Zalucki (2018)
Temperature-dependent development of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its larval parasitoid, Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): implications for species interactions
Pest Management Science (2017) 73, 485-492
Sharon Downes, Darren Kriticos, Hazel Parry, Cate Paull, Nancy Schellhorn and Myron P. Zalucki (2017)
A perspective on management of Helicoverpa armigera: transgenic Bt cotton, IPM, and landscapes
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases (2017) 11 (8 - e0005848)
Brendan J. Trewin, Jonathan M. Darbro, Cassie C. Jansen, Nancy A. Schellhorn, Myron P. Zalucki, Tim P. Hurst and Gregor J. Devine (2017)
The elimination of the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti, from Brisbane, Australia: The role of surveillance, larval habitat removal and policy
Brenton C. Peters, Lynda E. Perkins, Gary H. Cochrane and Myron P. Zalucki (2017)
Subterranean termite (Blattodea: Termitoidae) pests in metropolitan Brisbane, Australia, 1997–2006: patterns and implications
Applied Entomology and Zoology (2017) 52, 9-18
Zhaozhi Lu, Feng Likai, Guizhen Gao, Ling-Ling Gao, Peng Han, Shashi Sharma and Myron P. Zalucki (2017)
Differences in the high-temperature tolerance of Aphis craccivora (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on cotton and soybean: implications for ecological niche switching among hosts
Journal of Chemical Ecology (2017) 43, 608-616
M.P. Zalucki, J.M. Zalucki, L.E. Perkins, K. Schramm, D.G. Vassão, J. Gershenzon and D.G. Heckel (2017)
A generalist herbivore copes with specialized plant defence: the effects of induction and feeding by Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae on intact Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicales) plants
T.T.A. Luong, S.J. Downes, B. Cribb, L.E. Perkins and M.P. Zalucki (2016)
Oviposition site selection and survival of susceptible and resistant larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Bt and non-Bt cotton
Journal of Applied Entomology (2016) 140, 715-724
D. Zhao, M.P. Zalucki, R. Guo, Z. Fang, W. Shen, L. Zhang and B. Liu (2016)
Oviposition and feeding avoidance in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) against transgenic Bt cotton
Medical and Veterinary Entomology (2016) 30, 241-245
L.E. Perkins, M.P. Zalucki, N.R. Perkins, A.J. Cawdell-Smith, K.H. Todhunter, W.L. Bryden and B.W. Cribb (2016)
The urticating setae of Ochrogaster lunifer, an Australian processionary caterpillar of veterinary importance
Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata (2016) 160, 28-39
Gurion C.K. Ang, Myron P. Zalucki and Michael J. Furlong (2016)
Temporal changes in olfactory and oviposition responses of the diamondback moth to herbivore-induced host plants
Z. Li, M.P. Zalucki, T. Yonow, D.J. Kriticos, H. Bao, H. Chen, Z. Hu, X. Feng and M.J. Furlong (2016)
Population dynamics and management of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) in China: the relative contributions of climate, natural enemies and cropping patterns
Insect Science (2015) 22, 20-34
Sarina Macfadyen, Andrew P. Davies and Myron P. Zalucki (2015)
Assessing the impact of arthropod natural enemies on crop pests at the field scale
Journal of Medical Entomology (2015) 52, 375-385
J. Nicholson, S.A. Ritchie, R.C. Russell, C.E. Webb, A. Cook, M.P. Zalucki, C.R. Williams, P. Ward and A.F. van den Hurk (2015)
Effects of cohabitation on the population performance and survivorship of the invasive mosquito Aedes albopictus and the resident mosquito Aedes notoscriptus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Australia
Austral Entomology (2015) 54, 96-99
David G. Lilly, Myron P. Zalucki, Christopher J. Orton, Richard C. Russell, Cameron E. Webb and Stephen L. Doggett (2015)
Confirmation of insecticide resistance in Cimex lectularius Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) in Australia
Annals of Applied Biology (2015) 166, 249-256
Z.-Z. Lu, L.E. Perkins, J.-B. Li, W.-Y. Wu, M.P. Zalucki, G.-Z. Gao and M.J. Furlong (2015)
Abundance of Aphis gossypii (Homoptera; Aphididae) and its main predators in organic and conventional cotton fields in north-west China
Darren J. Kriticos, Noboru Ota, William D. Hutchison, Jason Beddow, Tom Walsh, Wee Tek Tay, Daniel M. Borchert, Silvana V. Paula-Moreas, Cecília Czepak and Myron P. Zalucki (2015)
The potential distribution of invading Helicoverpa armigera in North America: Is it just a matter of time?
Nancy A. Schellhorn, Hazel R. Parry, Sarina Macfadyen, Yongmo Wang and Myron P. Zalucki (2015)
Connecting scales: Achieving in-field pest control from areawide and landscape ecology studies
John Paul Cunningham and Myron P. Zalucki (2014)
Understanding heliothine (Lepidoptera: Heliothinae) pests: What is a host plant?
Gurion C.K. Ang, Rehan Silva, Sean L. Maxwell, Myron P. Zalucki and Michael J. Furlong (2014)
Contrary effects of leaf position and identity on oviposition and larval feeding patterns of the diamondback moth
A.P. Turley, R.C. Smallegange, W. Takken, M.P. Zalucki, S.L. O'Neill and E.A. McGraw (2014)
Wolbachia infection does not alter attraction of the mosquito Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti to human odours
M. Soufbaf, Y. Fathipour, J. Karimzadeh and M.P. Zalucki (2014)
Effects of plant availability on population size and dynamics of an insect community: diamondback moth and two of its parasitoids
Environmental Entomology (2014) 43, 1542-1551
Mohammad Reza Nematollahi, Yaghoub Fathipour, Ali Asghar Talebi, Javad Karimzadeh and Myron Philip Zalucki (2014)
Parasitoid- and hyperparasitoid-mediated seasonal dynamics of the cabbage aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
J. Nicholson, S.A. Ritchie, R.C. Russell, M.P. Zalucki and A.F. Van Den Hurk (2014)
Ability for Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) to survive at the climatic limits of its potential range in eastern Australia
Journal of Pest Science (2013) 86, 167-172
Gui-Zhen Gao, Lynda E. Perkins, Myron P. Zalucki, Zhao-Zhi Lu and Ji-Hong Ma (2013)
Effect of temperature on the biology of Acyrthosiphon gossypii Mordvilko (Homoptera: Aphididae) on cotton
Oecologia (2013) 171, 883-891
Megan Ward, Steven D. Johnson and Myron P. Zalucki (2013)
When bigger is not better: intraspecific competition for pollination increases with population size in invasive milkweeds
Zhao-Zhi Lu, Myron P. Zalucki, Lynda E. Perkins, Deng-Yuan Wang and Li-Li Wu (2013)
Towards a resistance management strategy for Helicoverpa armigera in Bt-cotton in northwestern China: an assessment of potential refuge crops
Australian Journal of Entomology (2013) 52, 14-19
Jamie E. Hopkinson, Myron P. Zalucki and David A.H. Murray (2013)
Honeydew as a source of nutrition for Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): effect of adult diet on lifespan and egg load
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences (2013) 280 (1756 - 20122646)
Lynda E. Perkins, Bronwen W. Cribb, Philip B. Brewer, Jim Hanan, Murray Grant, Marta de Torres and Myron P. Zalucki (2013)
Generalist insects behave in a jasmonate-dependent manner on their host plants, leaving induced areas quickly and staying longer on distant parts
Biological Invasions (2012) 14, 1237-1250
Modes of reproduction in three invasive milkweeds are consistent with Baker's Rule
Trevor A. Lambkin, Anthony J. Swain, Steven J. Rice, Justin S. Bartlett and Myron P. Zalucki (2012)
Field assessments of control agents for lesser mealworm (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) using litter sampling
Arthropod-Plant Interactions (2012) 6, 241-250
Mahmoud Soufbaf, Yaghoub Fathipour, Myron P. Zalucki and Cang Hui (2012)
Importance of primary metabolites in canola in mediating interactions between a specialist leaf-feeding insect and its specialist solitary endoparasitoid
L.M. Dosdall, M.P. Zalucki, J.A. Tansey and M.J. Furlong (2012)
Developmental responses of the diamondback moth parasitoid Diadegma semiclausum (Hellén) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) to temperature and host plant species
Myron P. Zalucki, Asad Shabbir, Rehan Silva, David Adamson, Liu Shu-Sheng and Michael J. Furlong (2012)
Estimating the economic cost of one of the world's major insect pests, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae): Just how long is a piece of string?
M.P. Zalucki, J.P. Cunningham, S. Downes, P. Ward, C. Lange, M. Meissle, N.A. Schellhorn and J.M. Zalucki (2012)
No evidence for change in oviposition behaviour of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) after widespread adoption of transgenic insecticidal cotton
D. Eagles, T. Deveson, P.J. Walker, M.P. Zalucki and P. Durr (2012)
Evaluation of long-distance dispersal of Culicoides midges into northern Australia using a migration model
Insect Science (2012) 19, 609-620
Ali Golizadeh and Myron P. Zalucki (2012)
Estimating temperature-dependent developmental rates of potato tuberworm, Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Zhenyu Li, Myron P. Zalucki, Huali Bao, Huanyu Chen, Zhendi Hu, Deyong Zhang, Qingsheng Lin, Fei Yin, Min Wang and Xia Feng (2012)
Population dynamics and "outbreaks" of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in Guangdong Province, China: Climate or failure of management?
Peng-Jun Zhang, Yao-Bin Lu, Myron P. Zalucki and Shu-Sheng Liu (2012)
Relationship between adult oviposition preference and larval performance of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella
Australian Journal of Entomology (2011) 50, 424-440
Andrew P. Davies, Christopher M. Carr, Brad C.G. Scholz and Myron P. Zalucki (2011)
Using Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) for insect pest biological control in cotton crops: an Australian perspective
Agricultural and Forest Entomology (2011) 13, 247-258
Andrew P. Davies, Uwe S. Pufke and Myron P. Zalucki (2011)
Spatio-temporal variation in Helicoverpa egg parasitism by Trichogramma in a tropical Bt-transgenic cotton landscape
M.-L. Johnson, P.M. Schenk, B.W. Cribb, C. Moore, L.E. Perkins and M.P. Zalucki (2011)
Is the effect of priming plants, and a functional JAR1, negligible on the foraging behaviour and development of a generalist lepidopteran, Helicoverpa armigera?
A.R. Weeks, N.M. Endersby, C.L. Lange, A. Lowe, M.P. Zalucki and A.A. Hoffmann (2010)
Genetic variation among Helicoverpa armigera populations as assessed by microsatellites: a cautionary tale about accurate allele scoring
N.M. Sims-Chilton, M.P. Zalucki and Y.M. Buckley (2010)
Long term climate effects are confounded with the biological control programme against the invasive weed Baccharis halimifolia in Australia
Bronwen W. Cribb, Jim Hanan, Myron P. Zalucki and Lynda E. Perkins (2010)
Effects of plant micro-environment on movement of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) larvae and the relationship to a hierarchy of stimuli
Mahmoud Soufbaf, Yaghoub Fathipour, Javad Karimzadeh and Myron P. Zalucki (2010)
Bottom-up effect of different host plants on Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae): A life-table study on canola
L.E. Perkins, B.W. Cribb, J. Hanan and M.P. Zalucki (2010)
The movement and distribution of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) larvae on pea plants is affected by egg placement and flowering
Babak Zahiri, Yaghoub Fathipour, Mohammad Khanjani, Saeid Moharramipour and Myron P. Zalucki (2010)
Modeling demographic response to constant temperature in Hypera postica (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Trevor A. Lambkin and Myron P. Zalucki (2010)
Long-term efficacy of Encarsia dispersa Polaszek (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) for the biological control of Aleurodicus dispersus Russell (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in tropical monsoon Australia
Environmental Entomology (2010) 39, 177-189
Preimaginal development response to constant temperatures in Hypera postica (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) : Picking the best model
Annals of the Entomological Society of America (2010) 103, 574-579
Development and age-specific mortality of diamondback moth on Brassica host plants: Pattern and causes of mortality under laboratory conditions
Sakuntala Muthuthantri, Derek Maelzer, Myron P. Zalucki and Anthony R. Clarke (2010)
The seasonal phenology of Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Queensland
Safieh Soleimannejad, Yaghoub Fathipour, Saeid Moharramipour and Myron P. Zalucki (2010)
Evaluation of potential resistance in seeds of different soybean cultivars to Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) using demographic parameters and nutritional indices
Matan Shelomi, Lynda E. Perkins, Bronwen W. Cribb and Myron P. Zalucki (2010)
Effects of leaf surfaces on first-instar Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) behaviour
Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata (2009) 133, 154-164
Hiroaki Takeuchi, Myron P. Zalucki and Michael J. Furlong (2009)
Crocidolomia pavonana larval foraging: behavior and feeding site preferences on cabbage, Brassica oleracea
A.P. Davies, U.S. Pufke and M.P. Zalucki (2009)
Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) ecology in a tropical Bt transgenic cotton cropping system: Sampling to improve seasonal pest impact estimates in the Ord River Irrigation Area, Australia
Lynda E. Perkins, Bronwen W. Cribb, Jim Hanan and Myron P. Zalucki (2009)
The role of two plant-derived volatiles in the foraging movement of 1st instar Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner): time to stop and smell the flowers
Lynda E. Perkins, Bronwen W. Cribb, Jim Hanan, Ezekiel Glaze, Christine Beveridge and Myron P. Zalucki (2008)
Where to from here? The mechanisms enabling the movement of first instar caterpillars on whole plants using Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)
Oecologia (2008) 157, 83-92
Peng-Jun Zhang, Jin-Ping Shu, Cheng-Xin Fu, Yun Zhou, Ying Hu, Myron P. Zalucki and Shu-Sheng Liu (2008)
Trade-offs between constitutive and induced resistance in wild crucifers shown by a natural, but not an artificial, elicitor
David J. Perovic, Marie-Louise Johnson, Brad Scholz and Myron P. Zalucki (2008)
The mortality of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) neonate larvae in relation to drop-off and soil surface temperature: the dangers of bungy jumping
Yizhong Yang, Marie-Louise Johnson and Myron P. Zalucki (2008)
Possible effect of genetically modified cotton on foraging habits of early instar Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae
Journal of Pest Science (2008) 81, 99-107
Mark R. Wade, Jamie E. Hopkinson and Myron P. Zalucki (2008)
Influence of food supplementation on the fitness of two biological control agents: a predatory nabid bug and a bollworm pupal parasitoid
Journal of Economic Entomology (2008) 101, 61-67
Trevor A. Lambkin, Rosemary A. Kopittke, Steven J. Rice, Justin S. Bartlett and Myron P. Zalucki (2008)
Factors affecting localized abundance and distribution of lesser mealworm in earth-floor broiler houses in subtropical Australia
Andrew P. Davies and Myron P. Zalucki (2008)
Collection of Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) from tropical northern Australia: a survey of egg parasitoids for potential pest insect biological control in regions of proposed agricultural expansion
Journal of Chemical Ecology (2007) 33, 1528-1541
Peng-Jun Zhang, Shu-Sheng Liu, Hua Wang and Myron P. Zalucki (2007)
The influence of early adult experience and larval food restriction on responses toward nonhost plants in moths
Richard J. Lloyd, Bernard A. Franzmann and Myron P. Zalucki (2007)
Seasonal incidence of Stenodiplosis sorghicola (Coquillett) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and its parasitoids on Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. in south-eastern Queensland, Australia
Bulletin of Entomological Research (2007) 97, 81-88
M.-L. Johnson and M.P. Zalucki (2007)
Feeding and foraging behaviour of a generalist caterpillar: are third instars just bigger versions of firsts?
Journal of Insect Behavior (2007) 20, 1-18
M-L. Johnson, S. Armitage, B.C.G. Scholz, D.J. Merritt, B.W. Cribb and M.P. Zalucki (2007)
Predator presence moves Helicoverpa armigera larvae to distraction
Distributions of lesser mealworm (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in litter of a compacted earth floor broiler house in subtropical Queensland, Australia
Australian Journal of Entomology (2007) 46, 1-6
Bronwen W. Cribb, Craig D. Hull, Chris J. Moore, John Paul Cunningham and Myron P. Zalucki (2007)
Variability in odour reception in the peripheral sensory system of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Ravindra Sampath Walgama and Myron Phillip Zalucki (2007)
Temperature-dependent development of Xyleborus fornicatus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), the shot-hole borer of tea in Sri Lanka: Implications for distribution and abundance
Michael J. Furlong and Myron P. Zalucki (2007)
Parasitoid complex of diamondback moth in south-east Queensland: first records of Oomyzus sokolowskii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Australia
Journal of Applied Ecology (2006) 43, 128-140
Sarina Pearce and Myron P. Zalucki (2006)
Do predators aggregate in response to pest density in agroecosystems? Assessing within-field spatial patterns
Bernard A. Franzmann, Richard J. Lloyd and Myron P. Zalucki (2006)
Effect of soil burial depth and wetting on mortality of diapausing larvae and patterns of post-diapause adult emergence of sorghum midge, Stenodiplosis sorghicola (Coquillett) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Evaluation of different models to describe egg and pupal development of Xyleborus fornicatus Eichh. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), the shot-hole borer of tea in Sri Lanka
Scott P. Carroll, Jenella E. Loye, Hugh Dingle, Michael Mathieson and Myron P. Zalucki (2005)
Ecology of Leptocoris Hahn (Hemiptera: Rhopalidae) soapberry bugs in Australia
Yi Zhong Yang, Yue Shu Yu, Lu Ren, Yi Dong Shao, Kun Qian and Myron P. Zalucki (2005)
Possible incompatibility between transgenic cottons and parasitoids
Journal of Insect Behavior (2005) 18, 651-667
Mark R. Wade, Myron P. Zalucki and Bernie A. Franzmann (2005)
Influence of observer presence on Pacific damsel bug behavior: Who is watching whom?
Foraging behaviour of Helicoverpa armigera first instar larvae on crop plants of different developmental stages
Ecology Letters (2005) 8, 722-729
Shu-Sheng Liu, Yue-Hong Li, Yin-Quan Liu and Myron P. Zalucki (2005)
Experience-induced preference for oviposition repellents derived from a non-host plant by a specialist herbivore
Myron P. Zalucki and Michael J. Furlong (2005)
Forecasting Helicoverpa populations in Australia: A comparison of regression based models and a bioclimatic based modelling approach
Does the cutting of lucerne (Medicago sativa) encourage the movement of arthropod pests and predators into the adjacent crop?
Scott P. Carroll, Jenella E. Loye, Hugh Dingle, Michael Mathieson, Thomas R. Famula and Myron P. Zalucki (2005)
And the beak shall inherit - evolution in response to invasion
Yao-Bin Lu, Shu-Sheng Liu, Yin-Quan Liu, Michael J. Furlong and Myron P. Zalucki (2004)
Contrary effects of jasmonate treatment of two closely related plant species on attraction of and oviposition by a specialist herbivore
Agricultural and Forest Entomology (2004) 6, 311-322
Michael J. Furlong, Zu-hua Shi, Shu-Sheng Liu and Myron P. Zalucki (2004)
Evaluation of the impact of natural enemies on Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) populations on commercial Brassica farms
Journal of Economic Entomology (2004) 97, 1814-1827
Michael J. Furlong, Zu-Hua Shi, Yin-Quan Liu, Shi-Jian Guo, Yao-Bin Lu, Shu-Sheng Liu and Myron P. Zalucki (2004)
Experimental analysis of the influence of pest management practice on the efficacy of an endemic arthropod natural enemy complex of the diamondback moth
Shu-Sheng Liu, Larry Cooper, Richard R. Llewellyn, Marlene Elson-Harris, John Duff, Michael J. Furlong and Myron P. Zalucki (2004)
Egg parasitoids of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), from south-east Queensland
Sarina Pearce, Wendy M. Hebron, Robert J. Raven, Myron P. Zalucki and Errol Hassan (2004)
Spider fauna of soybean crops in south-east Queensland and their potential as predators of Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Bulletin of Entomological Research (2004) 94, 169-177
A.R. Mahmood, S.S. Liu, Z.H. Shi, X.H. Song and M.P. Zalucki (2004)
Lack of intraspecific biological variation between two geographical populations of Oomyzus sokolowskii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a gregarious larval-pupal parasitioid of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
Biocontrol Science and Technology (2004) 14, 571-586
Xin-Geng Wang, John Duff, Michael A. Keller, Myron P. Zalucki, Shu-sheng Liu and Peter Bailey (2004)
Role of Diadegma semiclausum (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in controlling Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae): Cage exclusion experiments and direct observation
C.D. Hull, J.P. Cunningham, C.J. Moore, M.P. Zalucki and B.W. Cribb (2004)
Discrepancy between antennal and behavioral responses for enantiomers of alpha-pinene: electrophysiology and behavior of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera)
Molecular Ecology Notes (2004) 4, 358-360
T.J. Wardill, K.D. Scott, G.C. Graham and M.P. Zalucki (2004)
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from Chiasmia assimilis (Warren, 1899) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)
International Journal of Pest Management (2004) 50, 121-127
Shi-Jian Guo, Glenn Geitz, Tom Franklin, Yin-Quan Liu, Michael J. Furlong, Myron P. Zalucki and Larry Cooper (2004)
A comparison of the performance and biological efficiency of new knapsack sprayers and a controlled droplet application (CDA) sprayer for the control of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
Mustapha F.A. Jallow and Myron P. Zalucki (2003)
Relationship between oviposition preference and offspring performance in Australian Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
D.P. Logan, P.G. Allsopp and M.P. Zalucki (2003)
Overwintering, soil distribution and phenology of Childers canegrub, Antitrogus parvulus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Queensland sugarcane
Shu-Sheng Liu, Fei-Zhou Chen and Myron P. Zalucki (2002)
Development and survival of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) at constant and alternating temperatures
Mark A. Stanaway, Myron P. Zalucki, Peter S. Gillespie and Claudina M. Rodriguez (2001)
Pest risk assessment of insects in sea cargo containers
David P. Logan, Peter G. Allsopp and Myron P. Zalucki (2001)
Effect of body size on fecundity of Childers canegrub, Antitrogus parvulus Britton (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Journal of Applied Ecology (2000) 37, 87-99
Graham J. Floater and Myron P. Zalucki (2000)
Habitat structure and egg distributions in the processionary caterpillar Ochrogaster lunifer: lessons for conservation and pest management
D.A. Maelzer and M.P. Zalucki (2000)
Long range forecasts of the numbers of Helicoverpa punctigera and H. armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Australia using the southern oscillation index and the sea surface temperature
Australian Journal of Agricultural Research (2000) 51, 107-112
Peter A. Wilson, Peter M. Room, Myron P. Zalucki and Sukumar Chakraborty (2000)
Interaction between Helicoverpa armigera and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on the tropical pasture legume Stylosanthes scabra
De-Ling Ma, Gordon Gordh and Myron P. Zalucki (2000)
Survival and development of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leaves
Biological effects of azadirachtin on Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fed on cotton and artificial diet
Life tables of the processionary caterpillar Ochrogaster lunifer Herrich-Schäffer (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae) at local and regional scales
Analysis of long-term light-trap data for Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Australia: the effect of climate and crop host plants
M.F.A. Jallow, M.P. Zalucki and G.P. Fitt (1999)
Role of chemical cues from cotton in mediating host selection and oviposition behaviour in Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)
Australian Journal of Entomology (1999) 38, 99-103
A. Oertel, M.P. Zalucki, D.A. Maelzer, G.P. Fitt and R. Sutherst (1999)
Size of the first spring generation of Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and winter rain in central Australia
J.P. Cunningham, M.P. Zalucki and S.A. West (1999)
Learning in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae): a new look at the behaviour and control of a polyphagous pest
Australian Journal of Zoology (1998) 46, 291-299
Effects of egg load on the host-selection behaviour of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)
Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture (1998) 38, 601-607
B.C.G. Scholz, C.J. Monsour and M.P. Zalucki (1998)
An evaluation of selective Helicoverpa armigera control options in sweet corn
A.D. Loch and M.P. Zalucki (1998)
Outbreaks of pink wax scale, Ceroplastes rubens Maskell (Hemiptera: Coccidae), on umbrella trees in south-eastern Queensland: Patterns of parasitisation
Variation in length, fecundity and survival of pink wax scale, Ceroplastes rubens Maskell (Hemiptera: Coccidae), on umbrella trees
Spatial distribution of pink wax scale, Ceroplastes rubens Maskell (Hemiptera: Coccidae), on umbrella trees in south-eastern Queensland: the pattern of outbreaks
D. Maelzer, M.P. Zalucki and R. Laughlin (1996)
Analysis, and interpretation of long term light trap data for Helicoverpa punctigera (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) in Australia: population changes and forecasting pest pressure
M.F.A. Jallow and M.P. Zalucki (1996)
Within- and between-population variation in host-plant preference and specificity in Australian Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Journal of the Australian Entomological Society (1995) 34, 281-288
A technique for measuring intraspecific variation in oviposition preference in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Journal of the Australian Entomological Society (1995) 34, 65-67
G.P. Fitt, P.C. Gregg, M.P. Zalucki and D.A.H. Murray (1995)
New records of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from South Australia and Western Australia
Ian A. Southwell, Craig D.A. Maddox and Myron P. Zalucki (1995)
Metabolism of 1,8-cineole in tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia and M. linariifolia) by pyrgo beetle (Paropsisterna tigrina)
D.A.H. Murray and M.P. Zalucki (1994)
Spatial distribution and mortality of Helicoverpa spp. pupae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under field crops on the Darling Downs, Queensland
M.P. Zalucki, D.A.H. Murray, P.C. Gregg, G.P. Fitt, P.H. Twine and C. Jones (1994)
Ecology of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and Heliothis punctigera (Wallengren) in the inland of Australia - Larval sampling and host plant relationships during winter and spring
Aung Kyi, Myron P. Zalucki and Ian J. Titmarsh (1991)
An experimental study of early stage survival of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on cotton
S. Firempong and M.P. Zalucki (1991)
Host plant-selection by Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) - the role of some herbivore attributes
Survival of Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) and H. armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pupae submerged in water
Effect of soil moisture and simulated rainfall on pupal survival and moth emergence of Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) and H. armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Host plant preferences of populations of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) from different geographic locations
G.P. Fitt, M.P. Zalucki and P. Twine (1989)
Temporal and spatial patterns in pheromone-trap catches of Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in cotton-growing areas of Australia
Host plant-selection by Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) - role of certain plant attributes
M.P. Zalucki, G. Daglish, S. Firempong and P. Twine (1986)
The biology and ecology of Heliothis armigera (Hubner) and Heliothis punctigera Wallengren (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in Australia - What do we know
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text:
in development Nov. 13, 2013
Judd Apatow Is Producing a Key and Peele Movie
Judd Apatow continues to be comedy's chief conduit. Deadline reports that Apatow will write and produce a movie with Key & Peele's Keegan-Michael Key and Jordan Peele. "I think Key and Peele are capable of making the movie that America desperately needs right now," Apatow said. There's no word on the plot, but hopefully it's about the rival head coaches of the East/West College Bowl.
The Secret Behind Key and Peele's Football-Player Names