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POT BOOK EXCERPT
In Cannabis, Lifestyle
Though the pairing of the 420Nurses and this cannabis book author seems a no-brainer when looking at the biz card,
The road to those paths crossing was an adventure which always featured cannabis, or Mary Jane Green, the complete Christian-given name for the plant from the title Memoirs of Mr. Pete & Mary Jane Green.
Memoirs is essentially two books under one cover. The first book highlights the life path of a stoner, a lucky stoner who starts living a dual life with that other woman, Mary Jane Green, who is always there for a 3-way.
The second book breaks the fourth wall. This 50 page single chapter [#20] was written after Occupy Los Angeles [one of 3 Dedications] and 2 epiphanies which occurred after I got my first ever recommendation in LA. Chapter 20 deals with today, and tomorrow. This stand alone chapter is available for a free viewing to all 420nurses.com members in the site's blog section under PT420.
For everyone else, here is a Memoirs excerpt, Chapter 11. We pick up the action in the Midwest city, Davenport, IA, circa 1980, which lies along the Mississippi River.
PANAMA RED, HANDPICKED BY JUAN VALDEZ
'As I strolled down to the Smoke House' I realized that standing up to the dilemma of Max being back in my life the way I had tried to before, mentally, was not going to work. I also knew that my psychic friend was never wrong in her predictions. I searched for an answer to the puzzle all the way down to the bar. When I walked in the front door, there was Train sitting with some people around him as usual. I walked over and sat down next to him, ordering a pitcher right off the bat and producing a big grin on Train's face. He pushed his empty glass over to me, and said, "Thanks Cuz."
I should say right here that there were a number of bars in the city I lived in. There were the college bars up the hill not far away from the Catholic college I had gone to. There was a big bar in an old mansion that all the chiro students went to. There were bars over in the East Village where all the financial preppies went to. There were sports bars, black bars, Mexican bars, drug bars, pimp and hooker bars, white trash bars, old redneck bars, even ma and pa bars; in short, a bar for whatever type of person you were or wanted to hang with, like in New York City.
What made the 'Smoke House' different and set it apart from the rest of the bars in town was that people who represented the types found in all the other kinds of bars would pass through the Smoke House. I used to tell people that the Smoke House was just like the Cantina in STAR WARS, except everyone inside the Smoke House looked human.
Some of every type of person could be found inside on any given day. Even the Grim Reapers motorcycle club would come through from time to time, taking and turning any woman wearing a dress upside down to see if she was wearing panties. The inside of the bar was neutral ground however for anyone who was drinking there, so while there were racist people who came there to drink, they left their racism at the door or risked being barred from the place. Also no pimp was allowed to beat his hooker while inside the bar. Aside from those two simple rules, anyone was welcome to come and drink, at they own risk of course, because it really had the atmosphere of the 'Cantina' where anything could happen. And here was where Train was 'the Pope of New York'; as he made small talk with every patron drinking and greeted each new face that walked through the Smoke House door.
"Looks like you got somethin' heavy on yo' mind, Cuz,'' Train said, as I sat down on the stool next to him at the bar.
"Yeah, I'm suffering through a paradox," I answered.
"Well down here, we skin 'em both and make shoes out of 'em,'' he cracked back.
I smiled a bit and he said, "Seriously, Cuz, this ain't a place of thinking; this here is a place of drinking, so let's get to it," he announced to all the people who were in the bar. We all drank down our beers and refilled our glasses as someone bought another pitcher. He then started introducing me to the people who were in the bar. Every bar has at least one or two hotties that call the bar their home. The Smoke House had three.
There was Sherrie, a girl with a beautiful face, smooth, tanned skin, long, naturally wavy dark blond hair, with a body that had just the right amount of left over baby-fat to provide the smooth curves on it.
But it was her husky sexy voice with its unique tonal quality that really caught your attention. She was like a baseball calendar pinup girl. Her features looked part Native American.
There was Diane, a very outspoken chocolate-skinned beauty with a sensual aura that oozed from a boyishly built body. She had a small pouted mouth but full lips that she put the reddest lipstick on and two big bright chocolate Betty Boop eyes that could get the last dime from a beggar. Her hot pants revealed smooth shapely legs that had not an ounce of fat on them and a tight little butt which was curved rather than round. Her raspy voice, closed cropped hairstyle, and fresh thrift store kitsch rounded out her uniqueness.
And then there was Janice, another dark-skinned beauty whose 'Grace Jones' hairstyle complemented her 'Grace Jones' features. She was more muscular than the other two girls and wore mostly black, usually coming out only at night. She was older than the other two, therefore more philosophical, and she was looked upon as a big sister by both Diane and Sherrie. Her body was as shapely as Sherrie's but her breasts were bigger.
They were the Three Musketeers and none of them took any shit, not even from the bikers when they came in. They had the individual personalities of the girls you see on the Budweiser posters, alike but different in their own fashion. On this day the three of them were in the bar and Train introduced them all to me as his 'sisters'. I gave them all a hug, noticing Sherrie as the one who caught my eye the most. The fact that they were open about their sexually only made them more appealing.
There were other people in the bar that day and each of them had a street nickname. There was Donna, a short-haired dirty blond who would cartwheel into the bar and was known as the 'Lude Lady' because Quaaludes were her drug of choice. And over at a side table was a dark-haired gypsy they called 'Kirby'. Every bar also seems to have a 'Tiny' who is anything but, and there was also 'Littl' Bit'. They all seemed nice enough as I got trashed with them over the next ten hours. It was the longest time I had ever spent in a single bar.
When I got home I crashed right out and promptly had nightmares all through the night of being chased, shot at, sliced, diced, running through alleyways from cars trying to run me down, everything except being tied to a railroad track. I woke up and figured I had to think my way out of this. Winston, as close as he was to being a brother to me, did not do well when the subject was anywhere on the paranormal playing field. All the engineering training had left him with no room to believe in anything that didn't work in the physical plane, so I was totally on my own this time. I reached for my tray and tried to roll a joint. I was successful on my third try.
I lay back on the couch and took a big drag off the joint of Red Bud. I blew it out and said, "Damn, this stuff is tasty."
In the mind expansion that comes from smoking really good pot, I considered all the possibilities and ran over them in my mind, one after another. It wasn't a 'given' that I would ever sleep with Max, but with the way my last few relationships had started off, it didn't seem like a real long shot either, even if it only happened once. Maybe that was the answer; maybe it could only happen once.
Then I thought to myself, if Ira was really ready to sell the farm (although I didn't ask Max if he had gotten lucky), once wouldn't work for me. Then I thought about my own exploits with the last three women who came into my life and said to myself, I wasn't exactly a dud either. I knew I would never be able to tell Max no if she came back for seconds.
Hell, I needed another joint.
After I lit the second joint, I sat there enjoying the rich taste of that Red Bud, which was like a piney light spice. I was thinking that although Winston couldn't provide me with a sounding board he was still giving me a lift in my problems, when the phone rang. It was Max and the sound of her voice made the dilemma on my mind melt away like a wax cocoon caught in the noon sun at Death Valley. Was I feeling better, good, her boyfriend was leaving town to go visit his parents up in Chicago so she'd be over as soon as he left, maybe around seven. She needed to go out and have some fun. I said 'OK' and we hung up. I put my mental anguish on hold.
A few minutes after seven and in the cool of the evening came the knock on the door and a loud, "Hey, anybody in there?" even though the regular door was open, the lights were on, and the screen door was the only door closed. Max was in her party mood.
"C'mon in," I said and Max walked in through the door, but not alone.
With her was a stunning blond that she introduced as Candy. They were both wearing short leather jackets and they were hot, hot, hot.
Max said, "This is my dear friend Pete. Pete, this is Candy."
Max sat on the couch and Candy sat down on the couch arm.
"Show her some of that pot you have, what we smoked the other day."
"Sure," I said and reached for my stash box where the bag was.
Candy took a look inside the bag and said, "Hmm, this looks like something I smoked the other night out on the river."
Max asked, "Is it OK if she rolls a couple of joints for us later?"
"Is the Pope Catholic?" I answered back and both girls laughed. "Roll three and we'll have one now."
That was something that I really liked about Max, she had good manners, was thoughtful of others, and courteous. Not all really good-looking girls were that way; many just took things for granted because they used their looks to open the doors for them. Candy seemed to be the same way as Max. I was glad that Max had a friend like that.
We started puffing the Red Bud and Candy remarked that this stuff was better than what she had smoked out on the river. Max looked at me with a hint of pride in her smile and I felt all warm and fuzzy on the inside.
The dire warnings that I had received from my psychic friend were now deep in a locked drawer in the bottom recesses of my mind. We finished the joint and headed out the door. Max said she would drive and I piled into the front seat between two of the foxiest blonds on the Iowa side of the river. I felt like the luckiest man ever to piss west of the Mississippi.
Our first stop was to the new bar that I had discovered, the Smoke House. It was a Friday night and when we walked in Train let out a loud "Hooop" and ushered us to the back booth, a table that could hold about seven people. We ordered a pitcher and of course Train joined us. The place was full except for the back table where we sat and drank our beer. Several people that Train knew came up and sat down with us like Train was holding court, but Diane was the only girl 'regular' that came over and said Hi.
Train bought the second pitcher but as soon as it was empty Max said we had to go and meet some people who were waiting on us. Saying our good-byes we exited gracefully but quickly out the front door and over to Max's car.
When we got inside the car, Max said to Candy, "Did you see the way they looked at us, like you (she looked in my direction) were our pimp and we were your whores or something?"
Candy agreed. "We are never going back there again. You can have your bar, the Smoke Heap," she said angrily.
"The 'Smoke House'," I corrected her then quickly added that it was 'a little rough around the edges'.
"They don't get many uptown girls in there," I added.
"No wonder!" Max huffed getting the last word in, and I knew enough to let her. She peeled out from our parking space.
"We're going to a bar that I know, where a band is playing that I know you will like. It's my sister's husband's band. They're called The Spoonbills. We're going dancing!" Max said and away Candy and I went with Max in control.
Sometime after two am in the morning the two girls dropped me back off at my apartment. Off into the night they sped with me waving goodbye and watching their taillights disappear down the hill then turn around the corner.
I was too wide-awake to walk in and go right to bed so I rolled another number. It wasn't that I was sober, far from it; I was just too wound-up from the night. I had met a rocking blues band, sat at the band's table, and impressed them with the joint of Red Bud that we smoked with them. All that and the fact that it seemed like we danced almost every song they played, and drank draft beer while every so often doing shots of peach schnapps. My jaw hurt from laughing so much. I couldn't remember when I had had so much fun in a single night. Max said that she would talk to me one day next week.
Saturday evening I decided I would return to the Smoke House and I went down with the intention of spending a quiet couple of hours having a beer or two and then returning home. After all, Friday night had been a real blowout for me.
I walked into the bar and immediately was surrounded by several guys who were either there on Friday night or had heard about the women I came in with. I was a celebrity and this time I didn't buy the first pitcher, in fact I didn't buy a pitcher all night. I sat in the back booth with Train, Diane, Sherrie, Tiny, Kirby and several guys that I didn't know but Train did.
Train asked who the girls were and said that they looked like they felt a little out of place.
Diane added that it was too bad 'cause the Smoke House was a lot of fun once you got to know everybody.
"The place kinda grows on you," she said hoarsely.
"Yeah," added Train, "like a wart."
To which Diane snapped, "Shut up Train, it was probably your funky, crazy ass that scared them off. Anyway," she added with kindness in her voice, "tell your friends we're not that bad and they are welcome if they want to come back down here some time. We won't bite."
Sherrie piped in, "I agree with Train, either you can hang or you can't." Then she looked over at me and said, "You fit right in."
She smiled, "Besides you never know when you might get lucky around here," she cooed.
"Ain't that the truth?" Diane and Train said in unison.
Kirby said, "We're glad you came back down tonight 'cause this doesn't happen often," and she pulled out a fat joint and lit it. It went around several times and wasn't too bad for Mexican pot.
When the next pitcher of beer came over to the table, Train said, "Well you're not the only one around here with some pull."
He fished a joint out from his vest pocket. He was wearing his usual tan three-piece suit. The joint was bent a little but he straightened it out.
"It's only a little bit pregnant," he said, referring to the bulge in the middle, "like you Diane."
"I know you better hush your mouth, Train, you muthafucker. I ain't pregnant and don't you start telling folks that I am. I get talked about enough around here without you starting any vicious rumors," she chided him.
"You tell him girl. Just because we like to fuck doesn't mean we're looking for any babies here," Sherrie joined in pointing down out toward her lap.
"Enough of this! Light that damn thing already," said Kirby, brushing back her wavy thick black hair from her gypsy face. She was decked out in an off the shoulder top decorated in deep colors that contrasted nicely with her moon white skin and black bushy eyebrows. She had a handsome smile.
We smoked Train's joint. Another pitcher came again from Kirby who was buying that night. After that pitcher and joint were gone I signaled for another pitcher.
Train looked around and said, "Damn I wish we had another joint to smoke."
As if on cue I fished out a joint that I had rolled before I came down to the bar, concealed in my hand after we finished the last joint, and said looking at him, "Ask and ye shall receive," and then I whipped it out from between my two fingers.
"Why, Cuz!" Train said breaking into a laugh. I handed the joint to him to light. He lit it, took a big draw, then said, "Cuzzz" as he passed it to the next person. He blew out the smoke.
"This taste like what I've been hearing about around town," he noted.
As the joint went around the circle at the back table each person made a similar 'hmmm' sound or said 'tasty'. Since it was Red Bud, Red became my street nickname from that day on. In gang parlance, that night I was 'made'. The whole table of us wound up dancing to the jukebox sounds of Kool and the Gang's classic song Celebration, Santana's obscure hit I'm Winning, and the country rocker Elvira. There were other people in the bar drinking but the party was at the back booth that night.
Again I got home after two in the morning but this time I crawled into bed as soon as I got home, even though the walk there had sobered me up some.
Sunday I got a mid-afternoon call from Winston and I gave him directions again on how to find my place. When he got there he brought out the latest crop of Red Bud he had gotten in. We smoked two fat joints in a row that he had rolled and brought with him.
We both got 'cotton mouth' and he said, "Let's go someplace for a beer."
I suggested, where else, the Smoke House, and so we that's where we went.
Train was there but none of the women from the night before were. It was early still. I introduced Winston to Train and the two of them hit it off right away, which kind of surprised me.
We had a couple of pitchers and then Winston and I headed back to my place.
Winston came in and said he wanted to ask me something.
"Sure," I told him.
He handed me the bag of pot that we had smoked out of, which was fine with me since that weekend had taken my stash down to half of what I had on Thursday. He then asked me if I thought that I could move any weed through the bar that we just came from.
I said, "Like 'grease through a goose'.''
A business relationship was born that afternoon which would bring the denizens of the Smoke House the best reefer they had ever seen or smoked and make me into the legend called Panama Red, the song come to life, in every way. Of course I still had my dilemma with Max to figure out but, oy vey, such a week I was having. I was not going to sweat the small stuff.
It didn't matter that the Smoke House was located two doors from the corner that was a half a block south from the city police station, the same 'cop shop' where Max's boyfriend worked. It all went with the territory of being 'the man' in the Smoke House.
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Galerius Valerius Maximianus (;  258 – May 311) was Roman emperor from 305 to 311. During his reign he campaigned, aided by Diocletian, against the Sasanian Empire, sacking their capital Ctesiphon in 299. He also campaigned across the Danube against the Carpi, defeating them in 297 and 300. Although he was a staunch opponent of Christianity, Galerius ended the Diocletianic Persecution when he issued an Edict of Toleration in Serdica in 311.

Early life
Galerius was born near Serdica, in Dacia Ripensis, later named Dacia Mediterranea, though some modern scholars consider the strategic site where he later built his palace named after his mother – Felix Romuliana (Gamzigrad) – his birth and funeral place. His father was a Thracian and his mother Romula had left Roman Dacia because of the Carpians' attacks. He originally followed his father's occupation, that of a herdsman, where he was nicknamed "Armentarius", herdsman (). His original cognomen was "Maximinus", but he changed it to "Maximianus" after becoming Caesar.

He served with distinction as a soldier under Emperors Aurelian and Probus, and in 293, at the establishment of the Tetrarchy, was designated Caesar along with Constantius Chlorus, receiving in marriage Diocletian's daughter Valeria (later known as Galeria Valeria), and at the same time being entrusted with the care of the Illyrian provinces. After a few years campaigning against Sarmatians and Goths on the Danube, he received command of the legions on the eastern imperial limits. Soon after his appointment, Galerius was dispatched to Egypt to fight the rebellious cities Busiris and Coptos.

War with Persia

Invasion, counterinvasion
In 294, Narseh, a son of Shapur I, who had been passed over for the Sassanid succession, came into power in Persia. Narseh probably moved to eliminate Bahram III, a young man installed by a noble named Vahunam in the wake of Bahram II's death in 293.  In early 294, Narseh sent Diocletian the customary package of gifts, but within Persia, he was destroying every trace of his immediate predecessors, erasing their names from public monuments. He sought to identify himself with the warlike reigns of Ardashir (r. 226–241) and Shapur (r. 241–272), who had sacked Roman Antioch and captured Emperor Valerian.

In 295 or 296, Narseh declared war on Rome. He appears to have first invaded western Armenia, retaking the lands delivered to Tiridates in the peace of 287. He occupied the lands there until the following year.  The historian Ammianus Marcellinus, circa 320–395, is the only source detailing the initial invasion of Armenia. Southern (1999, 149) dates the invasion to 295; Barnes (1982, 17, 293) mentions an earlier, unsuccessful invasion by Narseh based on the fact that the title Persici Maximi was given to all four emperors; Odahl (2004, 59) concurs with Barnes and suggests that Saracen princes in the Syrian desert collaborated with Narseh's invasion.  Narseh then moved south into Roman Mesopotamia, where he inflicted a severe defeat on Galerius, then commander of the eastern forces, in the region between Carrhae (Harran, Turkey) and Callinicum (Raqqa, Syria).  Diocletian may or may not have been present at the battle, but  presented himself soon afterwards at Antioch, where the official version of events was made clear: Galerius was to take all the blame for the affair.  In Antioch, Diocletian forced Galerius to walk a mile in advance of his imperial cart while still clad in the purple robes of an emperor.  The message conveyed was clear; the loss at Carrhae was not due to the failings of the empire's soldiers, but due to the failings of their commander, and Galerius' failures would not be accepted. Galerius' position at the head of the caravan possibly was merely the conventional organization of an imperial progression, designed to show a Caesar's deference to his Augustus.

Galerius's army was reinforced probably in the spring of 298 by new contingents collected from the empire's Danubian holdings. Narseh did not advance from Armenia and Mesopotamia leaving Galerius to lead the offensive in 298 with an attack on northern Mesopotamia via Armenia. Diocletian may or may not have been present to assist the campaign. Narseh retreated to Armenia to fight Galerius' force, to Narseh's disadvantage; the rugged Armenian terrain was favorable to Roman infantry, but not to Sassanid cavalry. Local aid gave Galerius the advantage of surprise over the Persian forces, and, in two successive battles, Galerius secured victories over Narseh.

During the second encounter, the Battle of Satala in 298, Roman forces seized Narseh's camp, his treasury, his harem, and his wife.  Narseh's wife would live out the remainder of the war in Daphne, a suburb of Antioch, serving as a constant reminder to the Persians of the Roman victory. Galerius advanced into Media and Adiabene, winning continuous victories, most prominently near Theodosiopolis (Erzurum), and securing Nisibis (Nusaybin) before 1 October  298. He moved down the Tigris, taking Ctesiphon, and gazing onwards to the ruins of Babylon before returning to Roman territory via the Euphrates. No source ever specifically claims that Ctesiphon was sacked, but it is assumed to have been, primarily due to the seizure of Narseh's wife and harem.

Peace negotiations
Narseh had previously sent an ambassador to Galerius to plead for the return of his wife and children, but Galerius had dismissed this ambassador, reminding him of how Shapur had treated Valerian. The Romans, in any case, treated Narseh's captured family well perhaps seeking to evoke comparisons to Alexander and his beneficent conduct towards the family of Darius III. Peace negotiations began in the spring of 299, with both Diocletian and Galerius presiding. Their magister memoriae (secretary) Sicorius Probus was sent to Narseh to present terms.

The conditions of the Peace of Nisibis were heavy: Persia would give up territory to Rome, making the Tigris the boundary between the two empires.  Further terms specified that Armenia was returned to Roman domination with the fort of Ziatha as its border; Caucasian Iberia would pay allegiance to Rome under a Roman appointee; Nisibis, now under Roman rule, would become the sole conduit for trade between Persia and Rome; and Rome would exercise control over the five satrapies between the Tigris and Armenia: Ingilene, Sophanene (Sophene), Arzanene (Aghdznik), Corduene, and Zabdicene (near modern Hakkâri, Turkey). These regions included the passage of the Tigris through the Anti-Taurus range; the Bitlis pass, the quickest southerly route into Persian Armenia; and access to the Tur Abdin plateau. With these territories, Rome would have an advance station north of Ctesiphon, and would be able to slow any future advance of Persian forces through the region. Under the terms of the peace, Tiridates would regain both his throne and the entirety of his ancestral claim, and Rome would secure a wide zone of cultural influence in the region. Because the empire was able to sustain such constant warfare on so many fronts, it  has been taken as a sign of the essential efficacy of the Diocletianic system and the goodwill of the army towards the tetrarchic enterprise.

Rule as Augustus

After the abdication of Diocletian in 305 and the elevation of Constantius I and Galerius to the rank of Augustus, two new Caesars were required to take their place. The two persons whom Galerius promoted to the rank of Caesar were very much his creatures, and he hoped to enhance his authority throughout the empire with their elevation.

First was Maximinus Daza, whose mother was Galerius' sister. An inexperienced youth with little formal education, he was invested with the purple, exalted to the dignity of Caesar, and assigned the command of Egypt and Syria. Second was Severus, Galerius' comrade in arms; he was sent to Mediolanum to receive the possession of Italy and Africa. According to the forms of the constitution, Severus acknowledged the supremacy of the western emperor, but he was absolutely devoted to the commands of his benefactor Galerius, who, reserving to himself the intermediate countries from the confines of Italy to those of Syria, firmly established his power over three-quarters of the empire.

His hopes were dashed when his colleague Constantius died at York in 306 and the legions elevated his son Constantine to the position of Augustus. Galerius only discovered this when he received a letter from Constantine, who informed him of his father's death, modestly asserted his natural claim to the succession, and respectfully lamented that the enthusiastic violence of his troops had not allowed him to obtain the imperial purple in the regular and constitutional manner. The first emotions of Galerius were those of surprise, disappointment, and rage, and as he could seldom restrain his passions, he threatened to burn both the letter and the messenger.

Later, however, when he had time to reconsider his position, he inevitably saw that his chances of winning a war against Constantine were doubtful at best.  Galerius was well aware of Constantine's strengths – Constantine had been his guest for some time at Nicomedia – and knew that Constantius' legions were wildly devoted to his son.  Therefore, without either condemning or ratifying the choice of the Roman army, Galerius accepted the son of his deceased colleague as the ruler of the provinces beyond the Alps; but he gave him only the title of Caesar, and the fourth rank among the Roman princes, whilst he conferred the vacant place of Augustus on his favourite Severus.

The ambitious spirit of Galerius was only just over this disappointment when he beheld the unexpected loss of Italy to Maxentius, who was married to his daughter Valeria Maximilla. Galerius' need for additional revenue had persuaded him to make a very strict and rigorous examination of the property of his subjects for the purpose of a general taxation. A very minute survey was taken of their real estates and, wherever there was the slightest suspicion of concealment, torture was used to obtain a sincere declaration of their personal wealth. Italy had traditionally been exempt from any form of taxation, but Galerius ignored this precedent, and the officers of the revenue already began to number the Roman people, and to settle the proportion of the new taxes. Italy began to murmur against this indignity and Maxentius used this sentiment to declare himself emperor in Italy, to the fury of Galerius. Therefore, Galerius ordered his colleague Severus to immediately march to Rome, in the full confidence that, by his unexpected arrival, he would easily suppress the rebellion. Severus was captured after his troops deserted to their old commander Maximian, who had once again been elevated to the rank of co-emperor, this time by his son Maxentius. Severus was later executed.

The importance of the occasion needed the presence and abilities of Galerius. At the head of a powerful army collected from Illyricum and the East, he entered Italy, determined to avenge Severus and to punish the rebellious Romans.  But due to the skill of Maximian, Galerius found every place hostile, fortified, and inaccessible; and though he forced his way as far as Narni, within sixty miles of Rome, his control in Italy was confined to the narrow limits of his camp.

Seeing that he was facing ever-greater difficulties, Galerius made the first advances towards reconciliation, and dispatched two officers to tempt the Romans by the offer of a conference, and the declaration of his paternal regard for Maxentius, reminding them that they would obtain much more from his willing generosity than anything that might have been obtained through a military campaign.  The offers of Galerius were rejected with firmness, his friendship refused, and it was not long before he discovered that, unless he retreated, he would share Severus' fate. It was not a moment too soon; large monetary gifts from Maxentius to his soldiers had corrupted the fidelity of the Illyrian legions. When Galerius finally began his withdrawal from Italy, it was only with great difficulty that he managed to stop his veterans deserting him. In frustration, Galerius allowed his legions to ravage the countryside as they passed northwards. Maxentius declined to make a general engagement.

With so many emperors now in existence, in 308 Galerius, together with the retired emperor Diocletian and the now active Maximian, called an imperial 'conference' at Carnuntum on the River Danube to rectify the situation and bring some order back into the imperial government. Here it was agreed that Galerius' long-time friend and military companion Licinius, who had been entrusted by Galerius with the defense of the Danube while Galerius was in Italy, would become Augustus in the West, with Constantine as his Caesar. In the East, Galerius remained Augustus and Maximinus remained his Caesar. Maximian was to retire, and Maxentius was declared a usurper.

Galerius' plan soon failed. The news of Licinius' promotion was no sooner carried into the East, than Maximinus, who governed the provinces of Egypt and Syria, rejected his position as Caesar and, notwithstanding the prayers as well as arguments of Galerius, exacted the equal title of Augustus. Around the same time, Maximian proclaimed himself emperor in Arles in opposition to Constantine, who was campaigning against the Franks. For the first, and indeed for the last time, seven emperors administered the Roman world: Galerius (East), Maximinus II (East), Licinius (Middle), Constantine I (West), Maximian (West), Maxentius (Italy), and Domitius Alexander (Africa).

The last years of Galerius saw him relinquishing his aspirations towards being the supreme ruler of the empire, though he managed to retain the position of first among equals. He spent the remainder of his years enjoying himself and ordering some important public works, such as discharging into the Danube the superfluous waters of Lake Pelso (now Lake Balaton), and cutting down the immense forests that encompassed it.

Persecution of Christians

Christians had lived pleasantly during most of the rule of Diocletian. The persecutions that began with an edict of 24 February 303, were credited by Christians to Galerius' work, as he was a fierce advocate of the old ways and old gods.  Christian houses of assembly were destroyed, for fear of sedition in secret gatherings.

Diocletian was not anti-Christian during the first part of his reign, and historians have claimed that Galerius decided to prod him into persecuting them by secretly burning the Imperial Palace and blaming it on Christian saboteurs. Regardless of who was at fault for the fire, Diocletian's rage was aroused and he began one of the last and greatest Christian persecutions in the history of the Roman Empire.

It was at the insistence of Galerius that the last edicts of persecution against the Christians were published, beginning in 303, and this policy of repression was maintained by him until the appearance of the general edict of toleration, issued from Nicomedia in April 311, apparently during his last bout of illness (see Edict of Toleration by Galerius). Galerius's last request was that Christians should pray for him as he suffered with a painful and fatal illness.

Initially one of the leading figures in the persecutions, Galerius later admitted that the policy of trying to eradicate Christianity had failed, saying:  "wherefore, for this our indulgence, they ought to pray to their God for our safety, for that of the republic, and for their own, that the republic may continue uninjured on every side, and that they may be able to live securely in their homes."  Lactantius gives the text of the edict in his moralized chronicle of the bad ends to which all the persecutors came, De Mortibus Persecutorum. This marked the end of official persecution of Christians. Christianity was officially legalized in the Roman Empire two years later in 313 by Constantine and Licinius in the Edict of Milan.

Death
Galerius died in late April or early May 311 from a horribly gruesome disease described by Eusebius and Lactantius, possibly some form of bowel cancer, gangrene or Fournier gangrene.

Galerius was buried in his mausoleum at Gamzigrad-Romuliana, which was part of the palace he built at his birthplace, today's Zaječar in Serbia. Several lumps composed of corroded iron ring mail (lorica hamata) have been found at the site. This mail armour may have been worn by the wax figure of the emperor that was burned during the imperial funeral and apotheosis ceremony. The entire site has been inscribed into the World Heritage List in June 2007.

Anti-Roman accusations
According to Lactantius, a Christian and adviser to Constantine, Galerius affirmed his Dacian identity and avowed himself the enemy of the Roman name once made emperor, even proposing that the empire should be called, not the Roman, but the Dacian Empire, much to the horror of the patricians and senators. Lactantius further states that Galerius exhibited anti-Roman attitude as soon as he had attained the highest power, treating the Roman citizens with ruthless cruelty, like the conquerors treated the conquered, all in the name of the same treatment that the victorious Trajan had applied to the conquered Dacians, forefathers of Galerius, two centuries before.

Honours
Galerius Peak in Antarctica is named after Emperor Galerius.

Family tree

See also
 Arch and Tomb of Galerius
 Civil Wars of the Tetrarchy (306–324)

Notes

References

Sources

Ancient sources

Codex Theodosianus.
Mommsen, T. and Paul M. Meyer, eds. Theodosiani libri XVI cum Constitutionibus Sirmondianis et Leges novellae ad Theodosianum pertinentes2 (in Latin). Berlin: Weidmann, [1905] 1954. Compiled by Nicholas Palmer, revised by Tony Honoré for Oxford Text Archive, 1984. Prepared for online use by R.W.B. Salway, 1999. Preface, books 1–8. Online at University College London  and the University of Grenoble. Accessed 25 August 2009.
Unknown edition (in Latin). Online at AncientRome.ru. Accessed 15 August 2009.
Epitome de Caesaribus.
Banchich, Thomas M., trans. A Booklet About the Style of Life and the Manners of the Imperatores. Canisius College Translated Texts 1. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2009. Online at De Imperatoribus Romanis. Accessed 15 August 2009.
Eusebius of Caesarea.
Historia Ecclesiastica (Church History).
McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans. Church History. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 25 August 2009.
Vita Constantini (Life of Constantine).
Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. Life of Constantine. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 25 August 2009.
Festus. Breviarium.
Banchich, Thomas M., and Jennifer A. Meka, trans. Breviarium of the Accomplishments of the Roman People. Canisius College Translated Texts 2. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2001. Online at De Imperatoribus Romanis. Accessed 15 August 2009.
Lactantius. De Mortibus Persecutorum (On the Deaths of the Persecutors).
Fletcher, William, trans. Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 25 August 2009.
XII Panegyrici Latini (Twelve Latin Panegyrics).
Nixon, C.E.V., and Barbara Saylor Rodgers, ed. and trans. In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2015.
Zosimus. Historia Nova (New History).
Unknown, trans. The History of Count Zosimus. London: Green and Champlin, 1814. Online at Tertullian. Accessed 15 August 2009.{{efn|This edition and translation is not very good. The pagination is broken in several places, there are many typographical errors (including several replacements of "Julian" with "Jovian" and "Constantine" with "Constantius"). It is nonetheless the only translation of the Historia Nova in the public domain.

Modern sources

 Banchich, Thomas M. "Iulianus (c. 286–293 AD)." De Imperatoribus Romanis (1997). Accessed March 8, 2008.
 Barnes, Timothy D. "Lactantius and Constantine." The Journal of Roman Studies 63 (1973): 29–46.
 Barnes, Timothy D. Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981.

 Bleckmann, Bruno. "Diocletianus." In Brill's New Pauly, Volume 4, edited by Hubert Cancik and Helmut Schneider, 429–438. Leiden: Brill, 2002.
 Bowman, Alan K., Peter Garnsey, and Averil Cameron. The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Crisis of Empire. Cambridge University Press, 2005.
 Brown, Peter. The Rise of Western Christendom. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003.
 Burgess, R.W. "The Date of the Persecution of Christians in the Army". Journal of Theological Studies 47:1 (1996): 157–158.
 Corcoran, Simon. The Empire of the Tetrarchs: Imperial Pronouncements and Government, AD 284–324. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.
 Corcoran, "Before Constantine", Simon. "Before Constantine." In The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine, edited by Noel Lenski, 35–58. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Hardcover  Paperback
 DiMaio, Jr., Michael. "Constantius I Chlorus (305–306 AD)." De Imperatoribus Romanis (1996a). Accessed March 8, 2008.
 DiMaio, Jr., Michael. "Galerius (305–311 AD)." De Imperatoribus Romanis (1996b). Accessed March 8, 2008.
 DiMaio, Jr., Michael. "Maximianus Herculius (286–305 AD)." De Imperatoribus Romanis (1997). Accessed March 8, 2008.
 Elliott, T. G. The Christianity of Constantine the Great. Scranton, PA: University of Scranton Press, 1996.
 Gibbon, Edward, 'Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire', Chapter 14
 Harries, Jill. Law and Empire in Late Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Hardcover  Paperback
 Helgeland, John. "Christians and the Roman Army A.D. 173–337." Church History 43:2 (1974): 149–163, 200.

 Jones, A.H.M. The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1986.

 Lenski, Noel. "The Reign of Constantine." In The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine, edited by Noel Lenski, 59–90. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006b. Hardcover  Paperback
 Mackay, Christopher S. "Lactantius and the Succession to Diocletian." Classical Philology 94:2 (1999): 198–209.
 Mathisen, Ralph W. "Diocletian (284–305 AD.)." De Imperatoribus Romanis (1997). Accessed February 16, 2008.
 Odahl, Charles Matson. Constantine and the Christian Empire. New York: Routledge, 2004. Hardcover  Paperback
 Pohlsander, Hans. The Emperor Constantine. London & New York: Routledge, 2004a. Hardcover  Paperback
 Pohlsander, Hans. "Constantine I (306 – 337 AD)." De Imperatoribus Romanis (2004b). Accessed December 16, 2007.
 Potter, David S. The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge, 2005. Hardcover  Paperback

 Southern, Pat. The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge, 2001.
 Rostovtzeff, Michael. The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966.
 Treadgold, Warren. A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997.
 Williams, Stephen. Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. New York: Routledge, 1997.

External links

 Medieval Sourcebook: Edict of Toleration by Galerius, 311.
 Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus
 Lactantius about Galerius in his "De Mortibus Persecutorum" chapter XXIII & XXVII
 Catholic Encyclopedia

250s births
311 deaths
3rd-century Roman consuls
3rd-century Roman emperors
4th-century Roman consuls
4th-century Roman emperors
Caesars (heirs apparent)
Deified Roman emperors
Galerii
People of the Roman–Sasanian Wars
Tetrarchy
Valerii
Roman emperors to suffer posthumous denigration or damnatio memoriae
Roman pharaohs
Illyrian emperors

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


We just lost an Iron Lady, but Rand Paul may be conservatism's Man of Steel. It is becoming more apparent each day that he is the new face of the Republican party and he knows how to articulate the message of small government to those who have the hardest time hearing it.
Rand Paul speaks at Howard University (full speech) and while some flaunt their ignorance, many listen.
Make no mistake, there are those who will not hear and conservatives will have to pull them from the flames kicking and screaming just to save our collective butts. These are career liberals who would not understand responsibility if even Obama was selling it.
Here "Shady" Al Sharpton soundbites Rand Paul in both his Howard speech and a previous Rachel Maddow interview. He does not want his viewers to hear Paul's complete argument which is that government should not be coercive past insuring legal equality. Senator Paul feels the Civil Rights Act goes a step further than it was intended. Does that mean he is for discrimination against blacks? Shady Al would have you believe so.
Rand Paul is a dream candidate and the premier leader in senate. If conservatives throw him under the bus because of one divergent view, they will be sorry. Conservatives will not find another person motivating youth and speaking the message of classical liberalism (small government, more liberty) across enemy lines with more momentum.
Of course, Rand Paul's trip to Howard has quickly turned into liberal media fodder, but don't let the rabid liberal lemmings walk you over the cliff right along side of them. Senator Paul's strength will be in his public appearances. No doubt, some students walked away from that Howard University speech feeling insulted that anyone would attempt to challenge any of their long held beliefs, the pompous Obama intern especially. But some walked away feeling curious, having seen the Republican party humanized.
This is not the message you will hear in the liberal media. Shady Al and every pundit on the left only feel tingles for socialists, double points if he is a black socialist. Rand Paul will not make a dent in their media machine. He will have to filibuster the entire nation, going day after day, visiting colleges and town halls, asking for support. He must start now and he needs our support right now.
Some will say it is too early to be discussing presidential elections, but they are wrong. We do not need to wait and see what will happen. Conservatives must have such a tempest built up in public motivation for the congressional and presidential elections that any liberal attempting to run will have to contest with the storm of the century. Rand Paul could be this very storm if conservatives unite and support him. Liberals are afraid of Paul. Will we let them pick our candidate yet again?
Rand Paul showed real metal going to Howard University and talking about civil rights and the black history of the Republican party to left leaning black students. He is a man of steel and for those who want to just sit on their butts and complain about Republicans, I have one thing to say to you: It will be Rand Paul or Revolution. If conservatives will not unite behind a leader that will support our constitutional rights as Paul has done, then our democratic battle will turn into a militarized one. Any single problem with Rand Paul will be out-shined by the amount of damage he could actually undo in the federal government.
Perhaps Divine providence will send us another great choice, but don't count on it. Liberal blacks are knifing Ben Carson in the back like they have done to every black conservative throughout history. Marco Rubio, God love him, has some sort of dry mouth public speaking issue. A candidate running on a Libertarian ticket will not win the popular vote. Who else is there with Rand Paul momentum? The GOP is angling to be seen with him. Complainers offer no alternative, but revolution. Paul offers us a way to a better nation through our beloved democracy. Conservatives must give it one more shot.
The faster we unite, the faster we can exert all of our force towards the liberal machine. If we remain divided, we will fail.


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text:
Spre deosebire de statele cu o organizare centralizată, Elveția este un stat federal, organizat pe cantoane, districte și comune. Fiecare canton este liber să-și decidă singur organizarea internă. Prin urmare în Elveția există diverse structuri și terminologii pentru entitățile subnaționale dintre canton și comună, generalizate ca districte.

Majoritatea cantoanelor sunt divizate în Bezirke (cuvântul german pentru district, singular Bezirk). De asemenea există și districte numite Ämter (Lucerna, singular Amt), Amtsbezirke (Berna, Amtsbezirk), district sau distretto (Ticino și parțial în Graubünden).

Districtele Elveției

Vezi și
Cantoanele Elveției
Comunele Elveției

Elveția
Liste Elveția


Phoenix, AZ—On19th Avenue just North of Camelback Rd sits Arizona's premier gun shop, Legendary Guns. They've been here since 1988 serving cowboy collectors, shooters, hunters, cops and people seeking to maintain meaningful self defense tools.
The staff of this shop is knowledgeable, helpful and diligent as they serve customers. The prices are competitive and most importantly they have the most difficult to obtain and stock firearms anywhere.
Dave LaRue is the driving force along with co-owner Joe Forbregd behind this business. I noticed years ago when I first patronized this shop how LaRue and his workers suggested training to their customers and nitpicked the legal details of gun sales requirements.
For those lucky enough to live in Arizona gun purchases can be completed in less than ten minutes. They can pay cash and carry their firearms on the spot provided they successful pass the mandated background checks.
There is a staff gunsmith on the premises to make repairs and install those accessories for the customers. Dealing with these boys has always been an enjoyable experience for me.
Despite the recent Obama factor run on firearms and ammunition Legendary's Gun's suppliers have favored this dealer and there seems to be no shortage here.
For those traveling to Phoenix to attend the NRA convention a visit to Legendary Guns is a good idea. Legendary can always ship purchases to any customer's licensed dealers anywhere in the country.
Visit their website right here!
I recently interviewed Dave LaRue at the Winter Range gathering so you can meet the legend himself.
It's always a pleasure dealing with Dave and his crew. Thy are good people.
Could you expand on "nitpicked" legal details?Was this favorable to the customer or like every other gun shop I know not in favor.
Legendary Guns contentiously follows all those unconstitutional state and federal laws. I guess to me that's nitpicking.
They do try and make the government order privacy invasion as comfortable as possible though.
I think the term nitpick is a good thing in this case. There are a lot of rules and regulations involving a gun sales and these folks follow them to the letter, while making every effort to make the customer feel at ease. But if you are legally banned from owning a firearm, this is not the gun shop to try and buy one. They are not going to break any laws to make a sale.


text:
An Orlando Magic Community - By fans, For fans
Fawzan Amer
How True Point Guard play [Markelle Fultz] has helped un-wrinkle the Magic's offense
By: Fawzan Amer
Relationships are complicated, toxic, and a messy subject… Ending them isn't easy, but bad breakups make for greater song lyrics with animosity geared toward them. Much to the Orlando Magic's gamble, Markelle Fultz has leaped into a time machine, erupting his play back to his glory days at the University of Washington. Those college highlights that propelled him to be the consensus number one overall pick in the 2017 draft have fruitioned beyond belief, casting a bright light on Orlando's future, putting the NBA on watch as their "rebuild" revolves into a door leading to contention. That Fultz, however, had disappeared as soon as he entered the NBA. A mysterious shoulder injury plagued his shot, limiting him to only 33 regular-season games in his first two seasons, eventually ending his stint in Philadelphia leading to a trade to Orlando.
Despite the media and the general public as a whole writing off Markelle Fultz due to an injury-riddled career and busted atrocity, that tide seems to be shifting as his two-way brilliance on the court has earned himself and the Orlando Magic a decent amount of buzz amidst a six-game winning streak after returning from missing the first 21 games of the Orlando Magic season with a fractured toe injury. In his 21-game absence to start the season, the Magic quickly dwindled down the rankings, rapidly drowning in quicksand with an overall record of 5-16 without Markelle Fultz. Without true point guard play to keep them afloat, Orlando's offense lacked cohesiveness, continuity, and rhythm, posting a mere 110.4 offensive rating (the 24th worst in the NBA). The offense looked suffocated and fragmented due to a heavy number of ball-dominant players predetermining shots and a lack of ball movement creating havoc on the offensive side of the floor, causing complete disarray.
The return of Fultz has been a game-changer and much-needed breath of fresh air for Orlando's backcourt, particularly with multiple guards (Jalen Suggs and Cole Anthony out as well), injecting dynamic ball-handling into an offense that has leaned extremely heavily on their talented frontcourt thus far. Markelle's offensive attack is built around his ability to get to and make plays at the rim from a perimeter standstill. He can get both feet in the paint seemingly whenever he wants. His shot creation is extremely methodical, built on playing with pace and craftiness to break down opposing defenders in his path. Fultz's usage of hesitations and changes in speed keep defenders on their toes at all times. His use of length continues to be masterful, carving out driving angles with calculated spin moves in any direction leading to him ranking in the 85.9 percentile in scoring efficiency in isolations this year (Only 20 players hold higher percentiles), Excelling in isolations despite lacking the vertical threat as a point guard is difficult, however, a product of Fultz's finishing is complementary to him staying low to the ground, making great use of his length with high arcing scoops, finger rolls and other crafty layups where his phenomenal touch around the glass and in isolation are on full display.
Markelle, playing the role of the primary creator who creates a large majority of offensive advantages, has opened lanes for himself, allowing him to attack downhill. His strong handle aids him in getting deep within the teeth of the defense at a high rate shooting 61.5 percent at the rim through 13 games, which would have ranked in the 98th percentile among combo guards last season. His 35 percent rim frequency placed him in the 78th percentile last season, primarily due to his insane set of breaks that allow him to create more separation down low. Fultz's dynamic ability allows him to play as a traditional on-ball shot creator, which has been huge for Orlando's offensive versatility. Averaging 11.5 drives per game, he's attempting 4.7 on a nightly basis converting them into 4.5 points per game on a 42.6 percent shooting clip.
While Fultz does most of his damage at the rim, his touch and feel around the glass opens up other offensive options, such as his elite mid-range scoring. To start this season, he's not only going to but converting a large chunk of his scoring, adding more versatility to his shot creation, essentially making him a nightmare to guard by opposing defenders. Only 17 guards in the NBA attempt more field goals from the mid-range hashmark (2.9 attempts per game). His smooth pull-up motion allows him to flow into jumpers right off the drive, where he leverages the threat of his interior game by pulling back and shooting 37.1 percent on midranges in 13 games this season. He's not only hitting 45.5 percent of his pull-up 2s (15-33), but he's been extremely reliable with his array of floaters and push shots, one of the reasons he's shooting 55 percent between five and nine feet from the basket. In these spots, he also draws a decent amount of fouls... Getting opponents off of their feet and drawing contact. The way Fultz has shaped his game to pair his interior game with his mid-range threat is unequivocally flawless.
Markelle made it clear he wanted to unlock his passing skill set as much as possible, creating a movement-heavy offense centered in transition. As a result of his mid-range arsenal and interior threat, teams are forced to send extra help pre-rotation and play ultra-aggressive coverages. This has opened up opportunities for him as a true point guard playmaker. His ability to get deep into the paint forces extra attention as well. Fultz has passed on 46 percent of his drives (5.3 times per game) averaging 1.6 assists on those passes.
The primary beneficiary of Fultz driving passing kicks has been rookie sensation, Paolo Banchero and second year Franz Wagner. Banchero attempts 1.8 attempts from beyond the arc connecting on 39.1 percent of his threes assisted by Markelle Fultz. Zooming out, without Fultz on the floor, Banchero has shot the ball from beyond at 33.3% on catch and shoot threes (1.9 per game) ). With Fultz, Paolo has shot 41.2% on catch and shots from deep (2.6 per game). Franz Wagner has also seen a comparative advantage with a facilitator to help him create, without Fultz, Wagner shot 38.2% on catch and shoot threes (1.6 per game) With Markelle, that number has gone up drastically to 45.2% on catch and shoot threes from beyond the arc (3.2 per game) Fultz's presence alone has allowed wings such as Franz and Paolo to play off the catch and move the ball against a scrambling defense to hunt for easier opportunities. This domino effect has played a vital role in freeing up multiple players all over the court; Fultz feels over helps out extremely well, making high leverage finds across the court.
In pick and rolls, his threat of penetration forces bigs into higher positions creating quick hitters on downhill advantages. He often places passes early with quick shovels or underhand bounces. His feel for interior finds is manifested by the leverage threat of his finishing, laying it down, or dumping it off to cutters or teammates in the dunker's spot despite not having his ultimate paint presence Wendell Carter Jr this season due to an ankle injury. Fultz's talent, however, has ascended Moritz Wagner into that role, comfortably conveying himself as that "above the rim threat" averaging 10.9 passes per game from Markelle. Moritz Wagner finishes passes from him at a 51.4 percent rate and just shy of 60 percent from 2 point range (59.3 percent)
A staple for Orlando's offense with Markelle on the floor has been using him as a passer for off-ball sets. Having both a point guard and center who can initiate actions and make quality decisions adds a ton of versatility to Orlando's scheme. Orlando's usage of three-man sets offensively with Fultz as the initiator has supplemented his AST% checking in at 27.6 percent with a 26.3 AST ratio. Since December 5th, Fultz's cerebral playmaking has generated 13.8 assisted points created, but the primary ball handling from a true point guard has also aided in Orlando's turnover ratio, net rating, and offensive rating skyrocketing from league-worst to league bests.
Since Dec 5th;
Offensive Rating: 114.1 (12th)
Net Rating: 5.1 (6th)
TOV%: 14.3% (12th)
The Magic have faced continuous trials and tribulations without Markelle Fultz. Throughout that extended duration, his presence has been felt immensely on the perimeter to space the floor and make heavy use of pick and rolls in attempts to generate offense and, more importantly, beyond-the-arc shooting. Since entering the league, he's shown to be an elite space creator, similar to how he creates quality looks on mid-ranges. That space he facilitates has played dividends in the 13 games played this season. The Magic have surged to #13 in 3P% (36.4 percent). Mo Bamba has come alive in his time with Fultz to boost the 3P%, shooting 66.7 percent from deep when the passes are initiated by Markelle. Six players shoot the ball 40 percent or better when assisted by Fultz (Bamba, Harris, Anthony, Franz, Bol, and Ross). Without Fultz, the Orlando Magic have drained 33.9 percent of their threes... That would be good enough for 26th in the NBA in the same 13-game stretch. Perimeter shooting from the frontcourt still comes at a premium, but this new approach to offense revitalizes spacing via quick decisions and connecting with teammates making good cuts if the primary goal is to have a team-executed offensive game plan that prioritizes off-ball movement on the wings.
Markelle's efficiency as a pull-up three-point shooter, however, is all over the place, sometimes looking like an average outside shooter but also going on stretches where he's failing to connect on any; unfortunately for Fultz, he has been a victim in the midst of one of those ugly stretches connecting on only 20 percent of pull up shots from deep. What is consistent, however, is his 3-point shooting off the catch. This season alone, he's hit 54.5 percent of these looks utilizing off-the-screen versatility.
He poses a tough cover away from the ball because although he's a threat to knock down the shot, the alternative might be worse for opposing defenders. Any attempt to help off him and recover with a closeout will probably be obliterating, and you're back to square one. Him in the paint or a mid-range jumper making a play. This skill set bodes well with how he can slot next to other ball handlers or creators (Franz Wagner and Paolo Banchero) without diminishing returns. In comparison, he can take on an increased load and serve as a legitimate lead playmaker.
What Fultz has done on the defensive end of the floor has been just as vital to the dominance of this Magic squad. He impacts the game in a variety of ways; he excels at guarding faster point guards due to his explosion has made him a tantalizing player Mosley likes to gadget off of. His long strides and shiftiness to press up into guards' faces and be a disruptive defensive presence has helped him average 2.1 deflections per game and has tallied 1.2 steals per game (tied for 26th best). He's a non-stop energy player who seems to have mastered hustle, length, and anticipation and is always on the prowl to get his team the ball back to create more scoring opportunities. Fultz averages 0.5 offensive loose balls recovered (4th most in the NBA) and 1.2 loose balls per game (tied for most), which has paved the way for the undermanned Magic befuddled with injuries averaging the 19th most points per game with him.
In Mosley's scheme, he plays the role of a chaotic defensive presence, freely roaming the court to wreak havoc all over the floor. His cerebralness keeps him engaged on the ball, stealing 0.7 defensive loose balls away (behind only OG Anunoby), always making an attempt to get involved, and relying on his instincts to recognize dual threats and turn them away.
His lengthy wingspan allows him to cover tons of space while his lightning-quick hands make plays on the ball. Away from the ball, defense encompasses his ability to constantly jump lanes and clog up passing lanes and angles, resulting in turned-away drives and tagging rollers and cutters near the nail. This also gives Markelle switchability, where he can match up with bigger players and offer resistance toward the basket.
The ability to perpetuate his footing while exhibiting his impressive footwork to distort defenses with his dribble penetrations as an interior rim threat to the basket, and adding to his bag of tricks a consistent mid-range jumper, adds to the breakout we are witnessing in Orlando. On defense, he is a fearsome menace looking to swipe and deflect any ball in his direction with proficiency. He has all the necessary tools to become a valuable elite point guard and more if he continues to develop at his current trajectory. It's much more advantageous to have a point guard who can facilitate the offense and have reliable skills offensively and defensively to keep things flowing on both ends of the floor. The Orlando Magic are 8-4 in the month of December, largely in part to Markelle Fultz changing the tide. As the chemistry continues to develop and players keep returning, it isn't far-fetched that this talented team filled with skillful players on both ends, led by true point guard Fultz finds themselves tinkering in the midst of the playoffs for the first time since the Nikola Vucevic era.
Follow Fawzan Amer on Twitter
Analyzing Cole Anthony's Shot Diet, Playmaking & Defense
Mid-Season Magic Player Rankings
To Play-In or Not to Play-In
The Sixth Man Show
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text:
Exercise control to retain registration rights – The WILD GEESE trade mark case
July 29 2016 | By	Watermark
We are all familiar with the concept of use it or lose it when it comes to actions for removal of trade mark registration rights. A recent decision of the full Federal Court has applied the same principle to the right to control authorised use: if this right is not exercised it will be exorcised.
The requirements for control – terms and action
As a result of Lodestar Anstalt v Campari America LLC, trade mark registration rights for WILD GEESE are to be removed for non-use because the only use made of this mark was by a licensee whose use was not authorised, that is, not under the control of the owner of the trade mark. The mere fact of a licence is not in itself sufficient to establish control. Permission is not control.
In drafting a licence agreement care must be had to ensure terms are in place that provide a connection between the registered owner and the user of the trade mark. For example, terms that place restrictions on quality control, and which have a practical effect on the way the authorised user conducts its business. Importantly, even if such terms are included in a licence, if the owner does not monitor them the requisite control may still not be established. In the WILD GEESE case, no exercise of control was shown.
Facts of the case
The dispute concerned competing interests for the trade marks WILD GEESE and WILD TURKEY for distillers of Irish whiskey and bourbon respectively. In question was the trade mark WILD GEESE and its use in respect of wine, through which the Wild Turkey bourbon distiller claimed priority in the name WILD GEESE over the interests of the Irish Whiskey distiller. The application for this registration had been filed by a third player, a wine maker, and was later assigned to Wild Turkey bourbon distiller. The trade mark continued to be used by the wine maker under licence.
Sales of wine under the WILD GEESE trade mark by the wine maker during the relevant period were established. The wine maker was aware of its obligations under the terms of the licence agreement, but these obligations, in practical terms, had no effect on the way it conducted its business. The licence did not impact on the way its wine was made. The owner did not take any steps to monitor the activities of the wine maker or to ascertain as to whether it was complying with the terms of the licence until after the relevant non-use period. The parties to the licence were unrelated companies and no financial control was exerted. In the circumstances, authorised use during the relevant non-use period was not found. An appeal against the decision for the registration to remain on the Register was allowed.
Consumers come first
Unusually, this appeal was heard by the full bench of the Federal Court. Besanko J delivered the main judgement, with which the other judges agreed. As stated by Besanko J:
Control involves questions of fact and degree as does the notion of a sufficient connection. There must be control as a matter of substance. For example, I do not think that it could be suggested that the mere fact that the registered owner granted a licence or revocable authority to use the trade mark would be sufficient without more established control.
This case is an example of courts putting the interests of consumers before rights holders. It cautions against the implementation of illusory quality control measures that could result in confusion in the marketplace as to origin of goods.
Good faith
Additional comments regarding use in "good faith" were made, although the appeal was not decided on this basis. Good faith in the context of use to defend a non-use application has generally been held to be "real commercial use", "ordinary and genuine use", and not "some fictitious or colourable use". It is a consideration to which registered owners and authorised users should be mindful, and may be a basis on which to press a non-use action.
Link to decision
The full decision of the Court may be read at Lodestar Anstalt v Campari America LLC [ 2016] FCAFC 92. The deadline for application for special leave to appeal to the High Court was 26 July 2016. No application appears to have been made.
Consumer Goods, News, Trade Marks
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Message from The Queen on the 25th anniversary of the bombing at Enniskillen
The following message was sent by The Queen to Her Majesty's Lord-Lieutenant of Fermanagh on the 25th anniversary of the bombing of Enniskillen, 8 November 2012
As we mark the twenty-fifth anniversary of the bombing at Enniskillen, my thoughts are with the victims, the bereaved, and with all those who continue to bear the scars of this dreadful event. A quarter of a century ago, we were able to draw comfort and strength from the hope that out of the personal tragedies of Enniskillen might come eventual reconciliation between communities. Today, a quarter of a century later, we can all reflect on how far we have travelled along this road; and my recent visit to the people of Enniskillen gave me much reason to be optimistic about the future. My good wishes and prayers are with everyone who will be marking today's anniversary, and with all those who strive for peace in this country and throughout the world.
You have established yourselves as a unified Regiment and a force without match
The Queen addresses The Royal Lancers at Windsor Castle
The Queen in Windsor: 90th birthday
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The Queen presents a Guidon to The Royal Lancers at Windsor Castle
My thoughts, prayers, and deepest sympathy are with all those who have been affected by yesterday's awful violence.
Message to Acting Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police Service Craig Mackey
Prince Harry visits The Queen's Commonwealth Canopy Project at Epping Forest
Commonwealth Day Message by Her Majesty The Queen, Head of the Commonwealth
The Queen and members of the Royal Family mark Commonwealth Day 2017
The role of the Monarchy
Monarchy is the oldest form of government in the United Kingdom
The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh visit the Charterhouse's new development in London
The Queen launches the 2017 UK-India Year of Culture
I hope that the new memorial will provide a place to remember, to grieve for what is lost, and to give thanks for what remains
A message from The Queen on the sixth anniversary of the Canterbury Earthquake in New Zealand
The Queen and The Duke visit the National Cyber Security Centre
The Queen will unveil the Iraq Afghanistan Memorial
The Queen visits the Fiji Exhibition in Norwich
The Queen, the Church and other faiths
The coronation ceremony has remained essentially the same over a thousand years...
The Queen's birthday
Our thoughts are with the families of the victims and the wounded, and with the Turkish people at this time.
The Queen's message of condolence to the President of Turkey
I am delighted to offer all Canadians my best wishes and congratulations on the 150th anniversary of Confederation
A message from The Queen to the people of Canada
C'est un plaisir pour moi de transmettre mes meilleurs voeux et mes félicitations aux Canadiens et Canadiennes à l'occasion du 150e anniversaire de la Confédération
A message from The Queen to the people of Canada (written in French)
Queen's Young Leaders in South Africa meet Vlogger Caspar Lee
I am proud to know of the excellent progress you continue to make in the many different fields represented here
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Queen's Young Leaders Award winners 2017 announced
Reception to celebrate Princess Alexandra's patronages
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The annual Holyrood Week celebrates Scottish culture, achievement and community...
I send my condolences to the families of those who were killed and to the people whose homes and businesses have been affected
A message from The Queen following the earthquakes in New Zealand
The Queen's Commonwealth Canopy reception held at Buckingham Palace
The Queen, with The Duke of Edinburgh, opens the Francis Crick Institute
I am sure of a shared, bright future for both of our countries as long-standing allies working together towards global peace and prosperity
The Queen's Speech at the State Banquet in honour of the President of the Republic of Colombia
The Queen welcomes the President of Colombia to the UK
A message from The Queen on the 50th anniversary of the University of Bath receiving its Royal Charter
The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh, accompanied by The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall visit Poundbury
I want you to know that you are in my own and my family's thoughts, as well as the thoughts of the nation
The Queen's message to the people of Aberfan
The Queen receives a maquette of Canadian soldier and poet John McCrae
I would wish all Sappers, wherever they may be, every success and good fortune in the future
The Queen's Response to the Chief Engineer, on the Corps of Royal Engineers 300th anniversary
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The Queen visits Ballater


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Plus - I am initially
ODE Problem
There are two forms of measurements in common use on modern bridge monitoring, strain gauges and accelerometers. The modern accelerometer at 2000 data points per second gives a lot of acceleration data, but successfully converting it to velocity and displacement can be problematic, due to temperature and other variables.
In measuring a damaged bridge recently, a friend used an accelerometer in parallel to another team who used strain gauges. The bridge was load tested with a three axle truck.
Comparing the results is interesting and a good Fortran problem.
Fryba from Czechoslovakia published a number of papers in the late 1960s on displacement of bridges under moving loads and then published a book in 1972 which has been released as late as 1999. in English. His ODE solutions are essentially as given in the 1960s. Fryba solved the general ODE, he provides the equations and the solutions but not the code merely noting it was solved on a URAL computer. Most modern papers refer to Fryba's book, but a lot do not solve the general equation and the ACM ODE solver is not general. Not general means velocity ignored.
Fryba says he used the RKN method, which is quite commonly used form the ACM ODE solver, but there limited western works on the general solver. Lear from NASA in 1975 published the specific algorithms, and the guy from the degenerateconic website provided a Fortran subroutine for one ODE solver, but nothing else.
This is the code I have been discussing today in the posts on ALLOC errors. I am slowly getting to Fryba's solutions, it just takes a while with the complexity of the equations and determining the unknown variable values, he gives you a lot but not all.
In the attached figure you can see Fryba's measured values and computer results are shown for a single span bridge. In order to upload the figure I had to put it into a word doc. Fryba's theory is that the deflection returns to zero as soon as the train leaves the bridge, but the experimental measurements show that there is movement after the train leaves the bridge.
Fryba does not provide the velocity and acceleration profiles, it is possible using the LEAR algoithtm to get the velocity and a simple extension provides the acceleration. The wiggle shape shown by Fryba is what we observe if we isolate the vehicle running over the deck and only do a very short estimate of velocity and displacement.
But I am stumped as to why Fryba insists that the displacement is zero as soon as the vehicle leaves the bridge, I would see the experimental as more meaningful.
I am slowly getting the full equations into the code, but I was seeking any thoughts on whether Fryba's assumption is to simple.
If it comes to zero displacement and stays this means the acceleration and velocity are also exactly zero and this seems improbable.
John_Campbell
I don't have the Fryba paper available, but you are dealing with a time varying load being applied to the bridge ( at the fastener/sleeper spacing ).
As this is a transient load, there would be a transient response after the train leaves the bridge, which is smaller and less significant for bridge deflection design, but significant for train ride performance.
The more significant (equivalent static) response is as the position of the train load changes along the bridge.
If Fryba suggests the displacement is zero after the train leaves the bridge, then it suggests he is only considering the "equivalent static" varying load as the train position changes and varies the load on each fastener.
There are also a number of other considerations for time varying load effects of varying significance that can affect this deflection estimate. These can result in variations to the load applied to the bridge deck at the base of the fastener points. Some of the main considerations I have identified are fastener spacing and stiffness, rail flexibility, bogie mass and stiffness and wagon mass and velocity, although there could be others in other particular cases. This results in the following types of transient movement effects. that I have considered:
1) The continuous rail will flex between the fastener supports and so can change the load distribution between fasteners.
2) The elastic stiffness of the fasteners can vary the load distribution between fasteners.
3) The vertical movement of the rail can modify the time varying force in the train bogie, when considering the vertical inertia loads of the train bogie and wagons.
In my analysis of train, rail and bridge movement I try to include all 3, but separately consider the 3rd to simplify the calculation.
I should review Fryba's ODE approach. However it is possible using Fortran to include many other identified load varying effects in a time varying/stepping FEA analysis to get a better understanding of the relative significance of these effects, rather than what I would assume to be a very complex analytical solution that ignores a number of these other significant effects.
Fryba had data for trains from the 1960s so the quality of the data - ie resolution etc - is a small problem.
I have a solid FEA analysis using Stability functions - if one tries with normal structural FEA, constant coefficients you run into the problem of matching high frequencies, I have played with this since 2011.
, we can predict these things quite wel with SFl, but the problem is the Stability functions are a pain to converge and they are slow as slow. But they work but not in near real time on a NUC 3 on a bridge.
Fryba's method however will run in seconds on a NUC Core i3, all of the problems you identify exist, I am slowly stumbling onto them - but the beauty of a simple system that will run in seconds out weighs the pain of the next year as we learn to use it.
I enclose the paper -- I talked to his former Dept Head and he died 3 months ago.
We are trying to match real data at the moment and it is a lot of fun. - We do road bridges, not rail. We ahve two very real problem cases I am looking at currently, we shall see.
Thanks for the response. Our real problem is data richness - not the models - but the capacity of a small computer on a bridge.
PS: A lot of the modern papers copy from Fryba but change the math a little in notation and them delete damping. However we do not criticize modern papers - not good for the academic image.
Getting a RKN solver to do the general equation is another challenge - thank god, she created NASA.
Getting a practical solution to a moving train on a model of a rail supported by fasteners on a bridge has a number of practical problems. Although the rail is much stiffer than the fasteners, the flexing of the rail induces significant higher frequency vibration.
For vibration isolation problems, the rail fasteners and bogie suspension are much more flexible than the rail, so accurate estimations of the rail deflection under the moving axle becomes very important. If modelling the rail as a line element, it becomes very important to get an accurate estimation of the lateral deflection of the rail as the axle moves between nodes, so that a suitable estimation of the axle vertical movement between fasteners is obtained. This relates the time varying fastener forces and bogie inertia forces. Simplifying assumptions of applying time varying loads to each node may not adequately describe the axle vertical movement and a more accurate contact description is required. This can be a difficult contact problem to define in a general FEA program, but is required to describe the transient vibration of the bridge, rail and axle, evident from your experimental measurements. Accurate estimation of this higher frequency movement is difficult and problems in the modelling approach can be identified by changing the node spacing along the rail and comparing the calculated the time varying vertical acceleration of the axle.
I shall read the Fryba paper to see how this is addressed, although dismissing transient vibration after the train passes does not appear adequate. A train is a set of many axles that combine for a total vibration effect.
John Campbell wrote:
you are absolutely correct. Fryba is a good paper from 1968, given the quality of the instruments and the quality of the computers he did a pretty good job.
He did not ignore the transients - his main interest was peak deflection, he made starting allowances for some of the things you mention.
We have 2000 cycles per second data in three directions and two tilt angles, we monitor to 1000 Hz and our problem is not the low frequencies that is trivial, the problem is you match the low and then matching the high requires quite sophisticated tools, way past Strand 7 and the ilk.
Our data is uploaded from the bridge to the cloud so we have a lot of data- we pick up the magnetic field from the electrical wires and can tell you if the town's power plant is having problems. We have so much data that it is easier to process and graph in the cloud.
Yes I agree we have a long way to go and a lot of different problems,
But thankfully there are a few people on this board who are really helpful and interesting.
John Nichols,
The Fryba paper describes a solution using an overly simplified model. One that does not represent a (near) complete physical model. IOW two axles are simulated whereas a modern diesel locomotive has two carriages of three axles. Additionally, the simulation is limited to a single span bridge (of beam design).
Have you experimented with using Finite Element modeling, with which you can describe a more complete model?
jimdempseyatthecove (Blackbelt) wrote:
I agree with your comments, my main aim was to get the RKN method working. Fryba publishes a book with a more complete solution for multiple wheels. Remember his solution is 1968. We can improve it, but getting a solver first was the important step.
We have huge data sets that are located on the bridge for economic reasons you want to do any analysis on the bridge computer, I know we have played with this since 2007.
I have FEM programs that solve this problem regularily but they take a lot of resources, what I have are the left over resources on a small computer on the bridge after data collection FFT and statistical analysis. So we will use both methods.
The issue is now data quantity and analysis time.
Plus - I am initially interested in Road Bridges, Fryba's stuff is a nice addition to the toolkit.


Galileo's support of Copernican astronomy culminated in a clash with church authorities so dramatic that it is the foundation of the most widely held stereotype regarding the relationship between science and religion: automatic antagonism and unavoidable war. The conflict between Galileo and the Catholic Church, however, was far from inevitable.
Initially, Aristotelian philosophers in Italian universities opposed Galileo. According to Galileo, his science was "in contradiction to the physical notions commonly held among academic philosophers," and they had "stirred up against me no small number of professors . . . " (Drake, Discoveries, 176).
They were eager to enlist the Church on their side. Galileo complained that they "hurled various charges and published numerous writings filled with vain arguments, and they made the grave mistake of sprinkling these with passages taken from places in the Bible which they had failed to understand properly . . . " (Drake, Discoveries, 176). They had "resolved to fabricate a shield for their fallacies out of the mantle of pretended religion and the authority of the Bible" (Drake, Discoveries, 177). A few individual priests were induced to charge that the motion of the Earth was contrary to the Bible.
At around the same time, a church official remarked that the Bible tells us how to go to heaven, not how the heavens go. Wisely, the Church was not eager to enter a scientific dispute.
Galileo attempted to win the Church to his side and silence objections to Copernican astronomy based on scripture. Saint Augustine earlier had suggested that no scientific doctrine should ever be made an article of faith, lest some better-informed heretic exploit misguided adherence to a scientific doctrine to impugn the credibility of proper articles of faith. Galileo cited Saint Augustine's warning. It was good advice for an era in which new telescopic observations were being made almost nightly.
Galileo also appealed to the authority of Saint Augustine in support of the thesis that no contradiction can exist between the Bible and science when the Bible is interpreted correctly. Galileo acknowledged "that it is very pious to say and prudent to affirm that the holy Bible can never speak untruth—whenever its true meaning is understood" (Drake, Discoveries, 181). But for "discussions of physical problems we ought to begin not from the authority of scriptural passages, but from sense-experiences and necessary demonstrations" (Drake, Discoveries, 182).
Galileo's position may sound sensible now, but he was out of step with his time. The Counter-Reformation then demanded tight control over Church doctrine, the better to counter Protestants.
In 1616 Pope Paul V submitted the questions of the motion of the Earth and the stability of the Sun to the official qualifiers of disputed propositions. It is not known why the pope acted.


When a guy shits into a styrafoam cup, places it upside down on top of a girls head, and smashes it down.
She wasnt dressed for the occasion, so Kenny gave her a Philadelphia top hat.
Get a philadelphia top hat mug for your sister Nathalie.


IN A sense, Sarah Blasko's gig in Brighton will be a hometown show.
While the singer-songwriter was born and raised in Australia, she lived in Kemp Town for a spell a few years back and holds the city close to her heart.
The 41-year-old released her sixth album Depth Of Field on February 23.
During the process of its creation, Sarah performed a two-week residency at Campbelltown Arts Centre in Sydney in order to sculpt her fledgling tunes.
Her stint at the venue included holding workshops for young female songwriters.
"I wanted the drama and excitement of a live performance to inspire the songs," she says. As for the final album, Sarah says it is "mostly about the real people behind the veneer, the drama inherent in everyday life".
For her next album, she adds, she would love to release a very stripped-back and possibly acoustic record.
The musician, who plays the piano, organ, vibraphone and guitar, previously fronted the band Acquiesce from the mid-1990s to 2001. Although she has been touring since then, mostly as a solo singer, the anxiety is still there before a concert.
"Sometimes I get nervous," she laughs.
She adds that she sometimes seeks medical help for her jitters.
She enjoys getting out of her Australian bubble and experiencing British culture.
She also is amused by the variations of wine sizes available in pubs and restaurants.
"You can order a small, medium and large wine.
The singer is still loved in her home country, though. She won three ARIA Awards and her latest album peaked at number 5 in the Australian charts. She is thankful for her fans and how they inspire her to create music.
"It's amazing to feel like there are people who 'get' what I'm doing, and the music resonates with them," she says.
The Unitarian Church show is one of only two Sarah is performing in the UK – the other is in London. When talking about the concert, she explains that it's not necessarily going to be what her fans might expect.


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Explore the Museum › Technology
The Technology cluster showcases many of the amazing technological advances made by Muslim scholars and engineers. Working replicas of the giant Elephant Water Clock and Castle Clock of the famous Muslim engineer, al- Jazari, are displayed in this cluster. The exhibit has examples of innovative water-raising machines and ingenious mechanical devices.
Animated scale models of an ancient Wind Mill and Wind Tower demonstrate pioneering methods of harnessing the power of nature. A range of interactive exhibits and displays on trade, trade routes, commodities, currencies and economics trace the origins of industry in the Islamic world.
Elephant Water Clock
The Elephant Water Clock is an iconic example of one of al-Jazari's pieces of fine technology. In addition to telling the time, it celebrates the universality of Islam by incorporating elements from Spain, Phoenicia, Egypt, Iraq, India and China.
Castle Clock
The Castle Clock is another example of one of al-Jazari's famous Water Clocks. In this Clock, a ball drops from the falcons' beaks into the vases, small doors open and close, a moon moves across the face of the Clock, and the musicians play their instruments every hour. The mechanism can be seen on the back of the Clock.
Expressions of an Advanced Industrial Society
This large cabinet displays materials that were traded and products that were produced by early Muslim technologists, including carpets, ceramics, tiles, geometric designs, pearls, perfumes, henna, wooden printing blocks, oil lamps and coffee kettles.
Pinhole Camera
Ibn al-Haitham is widely regarded as the Father of Optics. Based on his study of the human eye, he created the first Pinhole Camera, which demonstrated that light travels in straight lines.
Robotic Man
One of the many robots or automatons that al-Jazari made for the Kings of Diyarbakr was the 'Robotic Man'. This robot, which is modeled on a 12-year old boy, provides water, a towel and a comb for the King during his ablutions.
Water-raising devices
This dynamic scale model display depicts five famous water-raising devices made by Muslim engineers. These devices include al-Jazari's Reciprocating Pump, One-Scoop Pump, Chain-of-Pots and Four-Scoop Pump, and Taqi al-Din's Six-Cylinder Pump.
Most Muslim people lived in arid lands where the use and control of water was essential to their survival. This video reviews the many significant advances that they made in water engineering.
Combination Lock and Four-Bolt Lock
In addition to his iconic water clocks, al-Jazari made many, small useful devices for the Kings of Diyarbakr. This display shows his Combination Lock and Four-Bolt Door Lock.
Balance-Clepsydra
The Balance-Clepsydra looks like a weighing machine but is used to measure the passage of time.
Taqi al-Din's Steam Turbine
Taqi al-Din's Steam Turbine is an advanced version of a turbine first made by Hero of Alexandria.
Inventions and Discoveries in Islam
In this interactive touch screen display a wide variety of inventions and discoveries made by Muslim scholars is reviewed
Early Aviators
This video showcases some of the important contributions to the development of aviation made by early Muslim aviators.
Wind Mill display
This large scale model shows how a vertical-vane wind mill was used to grind corn.
Wind Tower display
This large scale model shows how natural forces (the wind and cool water) were used to cool a building before modern air conditioners were invented.
Roots of Technology
Inventions and discoveries by Muslim scholars are presented in this display along a chronological time line.
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