A spinning process using azeotropic compounds as spin agents having essentially zero ozone depletion potential and that are either non-flammable or of very low flammability.
This invention relates to flash-spinning of polymeric, plexifilamentary, film-fibril strands in which the spinning process utilizes compounds having essentially zero ozone depletion potential and in which the spinning process is carried out utilizing compounds that are either non-flammable or of very low flammability.
Commercial spunbonded products made from polyethylene plexifilamentary film-fibril strands have typically been produced by flash-spinning from trichlorofluoromethane; however, trichlorofluoromethane is an atmospheric ozone depletion chemical, and therefore, alternatives have been under investigation. U.S. Pat. No. 5,032,326 to Shin discloses one alternative spin fluid, namely, methylene chloride and a co-spin agent halocarbon having a boiling point between -50° C. and 0° C. As pointed out in Kato et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,286,422, the Shin methylene chloride-based process is not entirely satisfactory, and the '422 patent discloses an alternative, specifically, a spin fluid of bromochloromethane or 1,2-dichloroethylene and a co-spin agent of, e.g., carbon dioxide, dodecafluoropentane, etc.
Published Japanese Application J05263310-A (published Oct. 12, 1993) discloses that three-dimensional fiber favorable for manufacturing flash-spun non-woven sheet may be made from polymer dissolved in mixtures of spin agents where the major component of the spin agent mixture is selected from the group consisting of methylene chloride, dichloroethylene, and bromochloromethane, and the minor component of the spin agent mixture is selected from the group consisting of dodecafluoropentane, decafluoropentane, and tetradecafluorohexane. However, it is known, for example, that methylene chloride is an animal carcinogen and dichloroethylene is somewhat flammable.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,023,025 to Shin discloses a process for flash-spinning plexifilamentary film-fibril strands of fiber-forming polyolefin from a group of halocarbon liquids that present a greatly reduced ozone depletion hazard. The patent discloses 1,1-dichloro-2,2,2trifluoroethane (HCFC-123) as a preferred halocarbon (halogenated hydrocarbon). HCFC-123 is a very good spin agent for polypropylene but not for polyethylene, and in the latter case a very high spinning pressure would be required. As such, for use with polyethylene, a co-spin agent has to be employed that is capable of dissolving polyethylene at relatively low pressures (i.e., a strong solvent). The '025 patent also discloses dichlorodifluoroethane (HCFC-132b and its isomers) and dichlorofluoroethane (HCFC-141b and its isomers), all of which have significant disadvantages. For example, HCFC-132b is a good spin agent, but toxic. HCFC-141b is also a good spin agent, but somewhat flammable, and moreover exhibits a relatively high ozone depletion potential. However, regardless of any of their apparent advantages, the aforementioned spin agents all exhibit some amount of ozone depletion potential.
Flashspun products have typically been made from polyethylene. However, it is known that both polypropylene and polymethylpentene have higher melting points than does polyethylene and as such provide a flashspun product usable at higher temperatures when compared to product made from polyethylene. Moreover, certain solvents may dissolve polypropylene or polymethylpentene, but not polyethylene, therefore motivation exists to find solvents that are particularly suited to polypropylene and polymethylpentene and yet satisfy the need for non-flammability and zero or extremely low ozone depletion potential.
The present invention is a process for the preparation of plexifilamentary film-fibril strands of synthetic fiber-forming polyolefin which comprises flash-spinning at a pressure that is greater than the autogenous pressure of the spin fluid into a region of lower pressure, a spin fluid comprising (a) 5 to 30 wgt. % synthetic fiber-forming polyolefin, and (b) a spin agent selected from the group consisting of a mixture of about 46 wgt. % decafluoropentane, about 40 wgt. % trans-1,2 dichloroethylene and about 14 wgt. % cyclopentane; and a mixture of about 50 wgt. % perfluorobutyl methyl ether and about 50 wgt. % trans-1,2-dichloroethylene.
This invention is also a spin fluid comprising (a) 5 to 30 wgt. % synthetic fiber-forming polyolefin, and (b) a spin agent selected from the group consisting of a mixture of about 46 wgt. % decafluoropentane, about 40 wgt. % trans-1,2 dichloroethylene and about 14 wgt. % cyclopentane; and a mixture of about 50 wgt. % perfluorobutyl methyl ether and about 50 wgt. % trans-1,2dichloroethylene.
This invention is also directed to a process for the preparation of microcellular foam fibers from synthetic fiber-forming polyolefin which comprises flash-spinning at a pressure that is greater than the autogenous pressure of the spin fluid into a region of lower pressure, a spin fluid comprising (a) at least 40 wgt. % synthetic fiber-forming polyolefin, and (b) a spin agent selected from the group consisting of a mixture of about 46 wgt. % decafluoropentane, about 40 wgt. % trans-1,2 dichloroethylene and about 14 wgt. % cyclopentane; and a mixture of about 50 wgt. % perfluorobutyl methyl ether and about 50 wgt. % trans-1,2-dichloroethylene.
The accompanying drawings, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a plot of the cloud point data for a solution of polypropylene at various weight percentages in a spin agent of VERTREL® MCA PLUS.
FIG. 2 is a plot of the cloud point data for a solution of polypropylene at various weight percentages in a spin agent of HFE-71DE.
FIG. 3 is a plot of the cloud point data for a solution of polymethylpentene at various weight percentages in a spin agent of VERTREL® MCA PLUS.
FIG. 4 is a plot of the cloud point data for a solution of polymethylpentene at various weight percentages in a spin agent of HFE-71DE.
FIG. 5 is a plot of the cloud point data for a solution of TEFZEL at 20% by weight in a spin agent of HFE-71DE.
FIG. 6 is a plot of the cloud point data for a solution of HALAR at 20% by weight in a spin agent of HFE-71DE.
The term "synthetic fiber-forming polyolefin" is intended to encompass certain polymers typically used in the flash-spinning art, e.g., polypropylene, and polymethylpentene. A preferred synthetic fiber-forming polyolefin is isotactic polypropylene.
The term "polypropylene" is intended to embrace not only homopolymers of propylene but also copolymers where at least 85% of the recurring units are propylene units. The term "polymethylpentene" is intended to embrace not only homopolymers of polymethylpentene but also copolymers where at least 85% of the recurring units are methylpentene units.
The preferred process for making plexifilamentary materials employs a spin fluid in which the synthetic fiber-forming polyolefin concentration is in the range of 6 to 18 wgt. % of the spin fluid. The term spin fluid as used herein means the solution comprising the fiber-forming polyolefin and the spin agent. Unless noted otherwise the term wgt. % as used herein refers to the percentage by weight based on the total weight of the spin fluid.
Also, for the subject invention, the folloowing may be used as fiber-forming materials: TEFZEL®, a fluoropolymer obtained from DuPont, which is a copolymer of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene and HALAR®, a fluoropolymer resin obtained from Ausimont, which is a copolymer of ethylene and chlorotrifluoroethylene. The copolymers can be present in an amount of 10 to 40 wgt. %.
A spin agent of the subject invention is VERTREL® MCA PLUS, an azeotrope consisting of a mixture of about 46 wgt. % 2,3-dihydrodecafluoropentane (HFC-4310mee), about 40 wgt. % trans-1,2 dichloroethylene and about 14 wgt. % cyclopentane, (hereafter MCA), available from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del. (DuPont). Another spin agent of the subject invention is HFE-71DE, an azeotrope consisting of a mixture of about 50 wgt. % perfluorobutyl methyl ether and about 50 wgt. % trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, (hereafter 71DE) available from Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, St. Paul, Minn. (3M). MCA has extremely low flammability, that is, MCA has no flash point, but does have upper and lower flammability limits (3-10 volume percent in air). On the other hand, 71DE is non-flammable, that is, 71DE has neither a flash point nor flammability limits. It is desirable that the spin agents should be non-flammable or have very low flammability. It should be noted that these azeotropes may contain some portion of cis-1,2-dichloroethylene. The spin agents of this invention will not change in composition when they are spilled because they are azeotropes. Non-azeotropic spin agents based on trans-1,2 dichloroethylene may become flammable under certain conditions. For example, if a non-azeotropic spin agent were spilled, the volatile components would evaporate and leave the non-volatile component in a concentrated form and if it were flammable, it would provide a risk of fire. In such situations, special solvent handling systems would be required to avoid a potential safety hazard.
The term azeotrope as used herein is meant to include azeotrope-like materials that may have a composition that is slightly different from the pure azeotropic composition.
The term "cloud-point pressure" as used herein, means the pressure at which a single phase liquid solution starts to phase separate into a polymer-rich/spin liquid-rich two-phase liquid/liquid dispersion. However, at temperatures above the critical point, there cannot be any liquid phase present and therefore a single phase supercritical solution phase separates into a polymer-rich/spin fluid-rich, two-phase gaseous dispersion.
Dielectric strengths for the constituents of the inventive azeotropes are presented above and it would be expected that the dielectric strength of the azeotropes would be greater than that of methylene chloride, as an example. Higher dielectric strength is desirable because it favors higher production rates in that the plexifilamentary material "pins" better to the fast-moving, electrically-charged belt due to electrostatic attraction. The spin fluid may further contain additives such as nucleating agents, stabilizers and the like.
Microcellular foams can be obtained by flash-spinning and are usually prepared at relatively high polymer concentrations in the spinning solution i.e., at least 40 wgt. % synthetic fiber-forming polyolefin. Polypropylene, and polymethylpentene are the synthetic fiber-forming polyolefins that can be used. However, as noted above for the plexifilamentary fibers, TEFZEL® and HALAR® can also be used to obtain microcellular foams. In the case of foams the copolymers would be used at the same wgt. % as polypropylene, and polymethylpentene, i.e., at least 40 wgt. %. Also, relatively low spinning temperatures and pressures that are above the cloud point pressure are used. Microcellular foam fibers may be obtained rather than plexifilaments, even at spinning pressures slightly below the cloud point pressure of the solution. Spin agents used are the same as those noted above for plexifilamentary, film-fibril materials. Nucleating agents, such as fumed silica and kaolin, are usually added to the spin mix to facilitate spin agent flashing and to obtain uniform small size cells.
Microcellular foams can be obtained in a collapsed form or in a fully or partially inflated form. For many polymer/solvent systems, microcellular foams tend to collapse after exiting the spinning orifice as the solvent vapor condenses inside the cells and/or diffuses out of the cells. To obtain low density inflated foams, inflating agents are usually added to the spin liquid. Suitable inflating agents that can be used include low boiling temperature partially halogenated hydrocarbons, such as, hydrochlorofluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons; or fully halogenated hydrocarbons, such as chlorofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons; hydrofluoroethers; inert gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen; low boiling temperature hydrocarbon solvents such as butane and isopentane; and other low boiling temperature organic solvents and gases.
Microcellular foam fibers are normally spun from a round cross section spin orifice. However, annular dies similar to the ones used for blown films can be used to make microcellular foam sheets.
In the description above and in the non-limiting examples that follow, the following test methods were employed to determine various reported characteristics and properties. ASTM refers to the American Society of Testing Materials, and TAPPI refers to the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry.
The denier of the strand is determined from the weight of a 15 cm sample length of strand under a predetermined load.
Tenacity, elongation and toughness of the flash-spun strand are determined with an Instron tensile-testing machine. The strands are conditioned and tested at 70° F. (21° C.) and 65% relative humidity. The strands are then twisted to 10 turns per inch and mounted in the jaws of the Instron Tester. A two-inch gauge length was used with an initial elongation rate of 4 inches per minute. The tenacity at break is recorded in grams per denier (gpd). The elongation at break is recorded as a percentage of the two-inch gauge length of the sample. Toughness is a measure of the work required to break the sample divided by the denier of the sample and is recorded in gpd. Modulus corresponds to the slope of the stress/strain curve and is expressed in units of gpd.
The surface area of the plexifilamentary film-fibril strand product is another measure of the degree and fineness of fibrillation of the flash-spun product. Surface area is measured by the BET nitrogen absorption method of S. Brunauer, P. H. Emmett and E. Teller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., V. 60 p 309-319 (1938) and is reported as m2 /g.
The apparatus used in the examples 1-23 is the spinning apparatus described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,147,586. The apparatus consists of two high pressure cylindrical chambers, each equipped with a piston which is adapted to apply pressure to the contents of the chamber. The cylinders have an inside diameter of 1.0 inch (2.54 cm) and each has an internal capacity of 50 cubic centimeters. The cylinders are connected to each other at one end through a 3/32 inch (0.23 cm) diameter channel and a mixing chamber containing a series of fine mesh screens that act as a static mixer. Mixing is accomplished by forcing the contents of the vessel back and forth between the two cylinders through the static mixer. A spinneret assembly with a quick-acting means for opening the orifice is attached to the channel through a tee. The spinneret assembly consists of a lead hole of 0.25 inch (0.63 cm) diameter and about 2.0 inch (5.08 cm) length, and a spinneret orifice with a length and a diameter each measuring 30 mils (0.762 mm). The pistons are driven by high pressure water supplied by a hydraulic system.
In the tests reported in Examples 1-23, the apparatus described above was charged with pellets of a polyolefin and a spin agent. High pressure water was used to drive the pistons to generate a mixing pressure of between 1500 and 3000 psig (10,170-20,340 kPa). The polymer and spin agent were next heated to mixing temperature and held at that temperature a specified period of time during which the pistons were used to alternately establish a differential pressure of about 50 psi (345 kPa) or higher between the two cylinders so as to repeatedly force the polymer and spin agent through the mixing channel from one cylinder to the other to provide mixing and to effect formation of a spin mixture. The spin mixture temperature was then raised to the final spin temperature, and held there for about 15 minutes or longer to equilibrate the temperature, during which time mixing was continued. In order to simulate a pressure letdown chamber, the pressure of the spin mixture was reduced to a desired spinning pressure just prior to spinning. This was accomplished by opening a valve between the spin cell and a much larger tank of high pressure water ("the accumulator") held at the desired spinning pressure. The spinneret orifice was opened about one to three seconds after the opening of the valve between the spin cell and the accumulator. This period roughly corresponds to the residence time in the letdown chamber of a commercial spinning apparatus. The resultant flash-spun product was collected in a stainless steel open mesh screen basket. The pressure recorded just before the spinneret using a computer during spinning was entered as the spin pressure.
The experimental conditions and the results for Examples 1-23 are given below in Tables 1-4. All the test data not originally obtained in the SI system of units has been converted to the SI units. When an item of data was not measured, it is noted in the tables as nm.
In Examples 1-8, samples of isotactic polypropylene with relatively narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD) obtained from Montell (previously known as Himont) of Wilmington, Del. were used at various concentrations. The azeotropes MCA and 71DE were used as the spin agents. The polypropylene had a melt flow rate (MFR) of 1.5, a number average molecular weight of 80,200, a weight average molecular weight of 349,000. The MWD is the ratio of weight average molecular weight to number average molecular weight and was 4.4.
Weston 619F, a diphosphite thermal stabilizer from GE Specialty Chemicals, was added at 0.1 wgt. % based on the total weight of the spin agent.
In Examples 9-14, samples of Mitsui DX 845 polymethylpentene were obtained from Mitsui Plastics, Inc. (White Plains, N.Y.). The azeotropes MCA and 71DE were used as the spin agents. The polymethylpentene was used at various concentrations.
Samples of TEFZEL® HT2127 which is an ethylene/tetraflouroethylene copolymer available from DuPont were flashspun using the azeotropes MCA and 71DE as spin agents. The copolymer was present at 20 wgt. % of the spin fluid. Copolymers of this type have melting points between 235° C. and 280° C.
A sample of fluoropolymer, HALAR® 200 which is an ethylene/chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer available from Ausimont, was flashspun using a spin fluid comprising a spin agent of 71DE. The fluoropolymer was present at 20 wgt. % of the spin fluid. HALAR® 200 has a melt index of 0.7 and a melting point of 240° C. Weston 619F, a diphosphite thermal stabilizer from GE Specialty Chemicals, was added at 0.1 wgt. % based on the total weight of the spin agent.
Samples of Mitsui DX 845 polymethylpentene from Mitsui Plastics Inc. (White Plains, N.Y.) were flashspun in a spin agent of either MCA or 71DE. The polymethylpentene was present at 50 wgt.% of the spin fluid. Mixing was done at 150 C. for 45 min at 1500 psig (10,170 kPa). The differential pressure was 1000 psi (6996 kPa). Spinning took place at a 840 psig (5690 kPa) accumulator pressure with the spinning being done at 350 psig (2310 kPa) at 151 C.
Acceptable microcellular foam was obtained.
1. A process for the preparation of plexifilamentary film-fibril strands of synthetic fiber-forming polyolefin which comprises flash-spinning at a pressure that is greater than the autogenous pressure of the spin fluid into a region of lower pressure, a spin fluid comprising (a) 5 to 30 wgt. % synthetic fiber-forming polyolefin, and (b) a spin agent selected from the group consisting of an azeotropic mixture of about 46 wgt. % decafluoropentane, about 40 wgt. % trans-1,2 dichloroethylene and about 14 wgt. % cyclopentane; and an azeotropic mixture of about 50 wgt. % perfluorobutyl methyl ether and about 50 wgt. % trans-1,2-dichloroethylene.
2. The process of claim 1, wherein the synthetic fiber-forming polyolefin is selected from the group consisting of polypropylene and polymethylpentene.
3. The process of claim 2, wherein the polypropylene is present in an amount of 6 to 15 wgt. %.
4. The process of claim 2, wherein the polymethylpentene is present in an amount of 8 to 20 wgt. %.
5. A process for the preparation of microcellular foam fibers from a synthetic fiber-forming polyolefin which comprises flash-spinning at a pressure that is greater than the autogenous pressure of the spin fluid into a region of lower pressure, a spin fluid comprising (a) at least 40 wgt. % synthetic fiber-forming polyolefin, and (b) a spin agent selected from the group consisting of a mixture of about 46 wgt. % decafluoropentane, about 40 wgt. % trans-1,2 dichloroethylene and about 14 wgt. % cyclopentane; and a mixture of about 50 wgt. % perfluorobutyl methyl ether and about 50 wgt. % trans-1,2-dichloroethylene.
6. The process of claim 5, wherein the synthetic fiber-forming polyolefin is selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polymethylpentene, partially fluorinated copolymers of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene and partially fluorinated copolymers of ethylene and chlorotrifluoroethylene.
7. The process of claim 6, wherein the synthetic fiber-forming polyolefin is present at between about 40 and 60 wgt. %.
8. The process of claim 5, wherein the spin fluid comprises nucleating agents selected from the group consisting of fumed silica and kaolin.
9. The process of claim 5, wherein the spin fluid comprises low boiling inflating agents selected from the group consisting of hydrochlorofluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, hydrofluoroethers, perfluorocarbons, butane, isopentane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
10. A process for the preparation of plexifilamentary film-fibril strands of synthetic fiber-forming polyolefin which comprises flash-spinning at a pressure that is greater than the autogenous pressure of the spin fluid into a region of lower pressure, a spin fluid comprising (a) 10 to 40 wgt. % of a synthetic fiber-forming polyolefin selected from the group consisting of a partially fluorinated copolymer of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene and a partially fluorinated copolymer of ethylene and chlorotrifluoroethylene and (b) a spin agent selected from the group consisting of a mixture of about 46 wgt. % decafluoropentane, about 40 wgt. % trans-1,2 dichloroethylene and about 14 wgt. % cyclopentane; and a mixture of about 50 wgt. % perfluorobutyl methyl ether and about 50 wgt. % trans-1,2-dichloroethylene.


Four triangular columns of stepped and staggered heights are arranged on a matching optically clear, lead-free crystal base. The effect of this arrangement of polished crystals is a dazzling prism. The award is just as well suited to corporate events as for a distinguished gala.


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Unitec Institute of Technology student who is hardworking and eager to learn.
Detail-oriented and able to learn new tasks quickly and efficiently.
Dedicated, reliable and ability to work with people from diverse backgrounds.
developed customer service skills by providing efficient service in a busy restaurant.
display cases. delivered friendly and fast service. greeted visitors and answered questions when required.
built a strong relationship with customers resulting in multiple visits.
February 2012 Attended a 15-day Adventure Course which included experiences of physical outdoor pursuits such as trekking, camping, rockcraft and water sports.


As the high-speed downhill drama of the Winter Olympic Games wraps up in Sochi, one issue has faded from public view amid the spectacle: Russia's corrosive culture of corruption.
This is notable because before the Opening Ceremony, the Sochi Games had come under unflattering scrutiny. Myriad mishaps that have accompanied the Games — from bizarre toilets to brown water to malfunctioning door locks — went viral. Now those issues have disappeared.
That is a shame because corruption has far more to say about Russia's troubled future — and its increasingly belligerent stance toward the United States — than anything that happened in the Games, including Russia's embarrassing hockey loss to neighboring Finland.
In the neighborhood of $50 billion or more, the price tag for the Sochi Games is higher than that of all other winter Olympiads to date combined. Moreover, a third or more of that sum was lost to rampant corruption, embezzlement and kickbacks. These excesses are outlined in damning detail by the Institute of Modern Russia, in a new online project dubbed "Sochi 2014: The Reverse Side of the Medal."
Nor is Sochi an anomaly. The extensive graft that has surrounded the 2014 Winter Olympics since Sochi's selection some six-and-a-half years ago is simply the most visible part of a pervasive pattern of corruption that permeates virtually every economic sector and business dealing in Vladimir Putin's Russia.
It is a dynamic that has been aided and abetted by the Kremlin as a way of strengthening its hold on power, with disastrous consequences for Russian prosperity.
Just how disastrous was detailed in a February 2013 study by Global Financial Integrity (GFI), a research group that found Russia lost upwards of $200 billion in illicit financial outflows stemming from crime, corruption and tax evasion from 1994 to 2011.
All told, the study estimated that the size of Russia's underground economy — which includes, among other things, drug smuggling, arms trafficking and human trafficking — at nearly half of GDP over the period.
Not surprisingly, investors have been voting with their feet. Recent years have seen massive capital flight from the Russian Federation, as multinational corporations have abandoned the country's frigid economic climate. Last year alone, Russia lost a staggering $63 billion in capital outflows, according to the estimates of the country's central bank. Since the global economic downturn in 2008, an estimated $350 billion has left Russia — a sign investors see the country as a bad economic bet.
This represent nothing less than a tragedy for ordinary Russians. "Hundreds of billions of dollars have been lost that could have been used to invest in Russian health care, education and infrastructure," GFI Director Raymond Baker pointed out at the time.
It could also become a tragedy for the world. As the Russian economy continues to stagnate, starved of investment and robbed of its own wealth, Russia's international role in places like Syria and Ukraine has turned increasingly destructive.
What is perhaps the most brazen example of Russian rot exists right in Sochi: a sprawling Italian-style palace on the Black Sea coast owned by none other than Putin. As The Washington Post's David Ignatius first detailed back in 2010 in an exposé made possible by Putin's onetime business partner-turned-whistle-blower Sergei Kolesnikov, the $1 billion monstrosity — paid for by the diversion of commercial profits — is nothing less than a "21st century czar's palace." It is also a monument to the corrupt business practices that have come to define modern Russia.
Journalists now have their hands full covering the latest exploits of German luge racers and Norwegian cross-country skiers. But before we lower the curtain on Sochi, perhaps some intrepid reporters might make time to pay a visit to Putin's nearby Sochi palace. The story that they find there is liable to tell the world a great deal more about today's — and tomorrow's — Russia than the Olympic proceedings ever could.


text:
The Silver Boat
By Luanne Rice
Read by Blair Brown
Category: Literary Fiction | Women's Fiction
Category: Literary Fiction | Women's Fiction | Audiobooks
About The Silver Boat
From New York Times bestselling author Luanne Rice, a moving family story that "will strike a chord in every mother, daughter, or sister" (Marie Claire)
In The Silver Boat, New York Times bestselling author Luanne Rice has written a heart-wrenching yet heartwarming portrait of a family in all its flawed complexity. The McCarthy sisters have come to Martha's Vineyard to say good-bye to their family's beach house—the place they were happiest together. Each has her own complicated issues and is struggling with the difficult process of letting go, but when a cache of old letters spurs them to visit Ireland, each woman comes to see herself in a new light. True-to-life sisters, the beach, laughter, and passionate love—The Silver Boat is Luanne Rice at her very best.
Bestseller Luanne Rice returns with a novel as timeless as the sea on which it's set.
From the beloved New York Times bestselling Luanne Rice comes a heartwarming yet heart-wrenching portrait of three far-flung sisters who come home to Martha's Vineyard one last time. Their mother's beach house is the only place any of them ever found true happiness and they need to begin the difficult process of letting go. Memories of their grandmother, mother, and their Irish father, who sailed away the year Dar turned twelve, rise up and expose the fine cracks in their family myth-especially when a cache of old letters reveals enough truth to send them back to their ancestral homeland.
Transplanted into the unfamiliar, each sister sees life, her heart, and her relationship to home in a new way. But how do they let go of a place that contains the complicated love of their imperfect family? Without the house, where will they be together?
The novel is a season on Martha's Vineyard; a mission to Ireland; a cast of friends, including one wildly off-the-grid Zen genius; passionate love in the surf; and three very different sisters with lives filled with beauty, sorrow, and deep love they'd never been quite sure they could trust. The Silver Boat is Luanne Rice at her very best, complete with her singular talent for capturing a family in all its flawed complexity.
Also by Luanne Rice
See all books by Luanne Rice
About Luanne Rice
Luanne Rice is the author of more than twenty-five novels, including The Geometry of Sisters, Last Kiss, Light of the Moon, What Matters Most, The Edge of Winter, Sandcastles, Summer of Roses, Summer's Child, Silver Bells, and Beach Girls. She lives in New… More about Luanne Rice
Category: Literary Fiction | Women's Fiction
May 29, 2012 | 336 Pages | 5-1/16 x 7-3/4 | ISBN 9780143121039
Category: Literary Fiction | Women's Fiction | Audiobooks
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Praise for THE SILVER BOAT:
"Will strike a chord in every mother, daughter, or sister."
"Popular Rice, in her mellifluous style, captures the essence of family and sisterhood as each character deals with love and loss."
"Rice's writing effortlessly conveys the way family can bind as well as buoy us, reminding us that when the sea of life gets too choppy, by setting our prows toward the places that made us, we will find a safe harbor. Another winner from one of America's most beloved authors."
"Rice enriches familiar themes of family, failure, redemption, and romance with a watercolor-lovely portrait of Martha's Vineyard and sketches of the tug-of-war between sea and sand, rich and poor, development and preservation characteristic of the island."
"Compelling . . . a satisfying and worthwhile ride."
You made your writing debut in 1985 with Angels All over Town. The Silver Boat is your twenty-ninth novel. How—if at all—has your writing process changed over time? Have the Internet and other technological advances affected your writing experience?
In many ways my process has changed very little. My novels always begin with a character. I wait for her to tell me who she is; often she inhabits my dreams. Once I know her name, I'm ready to start writing. Although I now work on a MacBookPro 15, I still like to write the earliest scenes on a yellow legal pad with a fountain pen. The Internet makes research go faster, but something is lost. It's too easy to search for information, take what I need, and move on. I prefer to do research from books, getting lost in the background and immersed in the realm of whatever I'm trying to learn.
The importance of family is a recurring theme in your novels. How did your own upbringing influence your decision to become a writer?
My family was loving but complicated. Our house was filled with secrets and bass notes. As a child I was a detective, listening at walls and going through drawers, looking for answers to what was wrong. My writing has been my lifelong solution to figuring things out, finding the love I know was there, learning everything I can about the way families work, ways of loving and trying to be happy.
"Was that the inspiration for Dulse's latest adventure? Dar wasn't sure. She only knew that her ideas came from deep down, experiences and emotions of her own" (p. 282). Part of what makes your novels so heartfelt is that each of them comes from a deeply personal place. What was your inspiration for The Silver Boat?
The answer has three parts:
a) Like the McCarthy sisters, my sisters and I had to face what to do with our beloved family beach cottage after our mother died. It was an immense challenge. The house contained so many ghosts and memories. My grandparents had built it; no other family had ever occupied it. It sits on a granite hill, and the top step still has three pennies placed there by my grandfather in 1938, the year it was built. We put it on the market for ten seconds—selling felt unthinkable. My sisters were very generous and let me buy them out. I still want it to be the family house.
b) My father had a way of disappearing. Not forever, like Michael McCarthy, but frequently, and without explanation. I've been writing my way into that situation my whole life.
c) The silver boat actually exists.
Harrison is such a glorious character. Is he based on someone you've known?
Yes, but like the character, he would want to remain a mystery.
In your blog, you have a section called "Advice to Young Writers." What is the one bit of advice that you consider most important to a writer just starting out?
Write every day; don't worry what your parents, true love, or teacher will think; go to the library, find the shelf where your book would be, and imagine it right there.
In an alternate universe, is Luanne Rice still a novelist, or is there a "road untaken" that the other Luanne has followed?
One of the best parts of being a writer is that I get to take all those roads; for months on end I've lived the lives of an oceanographer, gardener, sculptor, anthropologist, veterinarian, actor, beachcomber, researcher at the Louvre, and many more.
Poetry always has a prominent supporting role in your novels. Who are your favorite poets, and why?
W. B. Yeats for the language, beauty, mysticism; Eavan Boland for her strength and evocation of Dublin; Mary Oliver for her connection to nature and the sea; Jim Harrison and Ted Kooser for their friendship; my sister Maureen Rice Onorato because her work is tender and powerful.
Dulse is another name for a type of seaweed also called "Irish moss." Why did you give her this name?
Dulse's element is water. She is a fluid character, flowing in and out of fantasy and dreams. She leads Dar deep into her own subconscious, allowing her to bring forth things buried inside, answers she didn't know she had.
I chose the name because it's beautiful to say. Also in honor of the seaweed that fills tidal pools, hides sea creatures, smells like life and death, and because I love its Latin name, Chondrus crispus.
Also because the short story "Dulse," by Alice Munro, affected me greatly when I first read it in The New Yorker.
You describe Dulse and her world so vividly that the reader can really picture the pages. Is there a graphic artist whose work inspired Dar's?
My niece Amelia Onorato inspired me and helped me research the character. She is a writer and an artist, getting her master's degree in cartoon studies, working on her first graphic novel.
Have you found the seed of your next novel yet? If so, could you share a bit of the story?
It starts with a crime, continues with an unexpected visitor, threads of estrangement, lost love, and the kind of deep love a person can have for someone she's never even met.
More from Luanne Rice and book picks sent right to your inbox

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Through Charlie Gorichanaz's Eyes
Insights into the mind of an aspiring human
Secret Personal Journal
Grammar Tidbits
Intriguing Passages
Online Conversations
About me, eh? I have no idea where to start. Let's try this:
I grew up in the small town of Colgate, Wisconsin. My parents divorced when I was eight, and my mother remarried. We moved around a bit within the county outside Milwaukee. After five more kids, my sibling count is up to nine, seven of whom are younger than me. I'm pretty business savvy thanks to starting a job when I was 10 at one of my mom's stores. By 16 I was managing large parts of the operations, closing the stores each night, doing accounting and payroll, managing inventory and ordering and more. I traveled around the country (and to Canada!) for trade conventions and to order merchandise.
By 18, my desire to open more stores started to fizzle with the economy. I applied to UW-Madison on a whim, and got in very quickly. I decided to go there, and seemingly picked the most ridiculous field I could think of, biochemistry. After 4.5 years, I've finally graduated.
Immediate plans
I've had to explain this so many times, it's about time I just put it here so I can link to it.
For a long time, I've wanted to go to medical school and eventually become a forensic pathologist. That would require four years of medical school, about five years of pathology training and another year or two of forensic training. Then, when I'm about 33, I could finally start working! With hundreds of thousands of dollars in debt! And I'd make a piddly (compared to other medical professions) $100,000 a year. I would basically be in debt till I die.
Option 2: Law school is only three years, and then you start working! Teachers have told me I should go to law school since fifth grade. I like law. I especially am interested in civil rights (especially First Amendment issues), privacy and digital era issues. I extended my biochemistry degree to 4.5 years so I'd have an extra summer to take the LSAT, but then I ended up not doing that when I got really sick of school.
So: Instead of more school, I traveled. I had been hoping to go to Australia to see @OliverTwist26, who visited me in December, then Indonesia to see @YodiBudi. Then I wanted to go somewhere in Europe and lastly to Buenos Aires to see a Facebook friend Damian. I was delaying those travel plans while just relaxing and getting myself organized, and then I bought a used car, eating much of my remaining loan money. But I needed to travel, so I opted to just go to Buenos Aires for the month of March.
Now I am going to try to make a career in web development or something related. If that fails, I'll go back to school. Maybe.
Hello! I have a bachelor's of biochemistry from UW-Madison and am pursuing web development for the time being. Wish me luck?
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text:
Mick McCarthy expects Declan Rice to reach a decision after signing new deal
Declan Rice recently put pen to paper on a new contract at West Ham, tying him down to the Premier League club until 2023.
With his club future now sorted after the contract saga has been settled, the midfielder can now turn his attention to deciding his international future.
London-born Rice has three caps for Ireland, but has since declined to play for the Boys in Green as he mulls over a switch in his international allegiance. According to new Ireland boss Mick McCarthy, however, we can expect a decision soon.
Delighted to have signed a contract extension at @westham ❤⚒ I'm incredibly grateful to the club for giving me the opportunity to fulfil my dream of playing regular Premier League football and for helping me to continue to develop as a player. I'll keep working as hard as I can to try to help the team achieve success. We have a great squad and I'm excited about the future! #2024 #COYI
A post shared by Declan Rice (@_deccers10) on Dec 28, 2018 at 9:35am PST
It was previously expected that Rice would announce his commitment to Ireland before the end of 2018, but the year ended with no sign of that announcement.
McCarthy was speaking to Talksport in the wake of Rice's new deal, and acknowledged that he doesn't want to put too much pressure on the 19-year-old's shoulders.
'There's a lot going on for the young man,' the former Sunderland manager said the radio station.
Newly appointed Ireland manager Mick McCarthy has a chance to keep Rice interested in the green jersey. Pic: Stephen McCarthy/Sportsfile
'We say, "oh they should be able to makes their minds up", but he's young fella and he's only just got into the West Ham team,' he continued.
'I remember saying when I was doing some stuff with Ireland, 'look, let him get into the West Ham team, let him settle, let him be a first team player and then he'll make his mind up.
'I'm still of the same opinion. If he wants to play for me I'll be delighted, and I'll be picking him, but I've left it with him. I can't do anymore.'
The teenager hasn't lined up for Ireland since last summer. Pic: INPHO/Ryan Byrne
The Ireland boss admitted that Rice would be a great addition to the team, but noted that he has no role in deciding the teenager's future. 'It's not my job to decide whether he plays for the Republic of Ireland', he added.
'There was a real issue with his contract [at West Ham] and they got that sorted out now, so I guess he's got his head clear on that and he can make his mind up.
'My job is to pick him if he decides to play for us, and I hope he does because he's an excellent player. He's a player I can build a team around.'
The defensive midfielder has three caps for Ireland. Pic: Andrew Surma/NurPhoto via Getty Images
With Ireland not playing again until March, Rice still has a lot of time to ponder his final decision.
Declan Rice lining out for Ireland against France ©INPHO/Ryan Byrne
Declan Rice has a number of big decisions to make. (Photo by Arfa Griffiths/West Ham United via Getty Images)
Having played friendlies for Ireland Rice made the decision to join the English set up. Pic: INPHO/Laszlo Geczo
Rice has found himself in the headlines for the wrong reasons.. (Photo by Arfa Griffiths/West Ham United via Getty Images)
Rice made the switch to England. Mandatory Credit ©INPHO/Ryan Byrne
Rice starred for Ireland at underage level. Photo by Seb Daly/Sportsfile
Meet Sinclair Armstrong, the former Shamrock Rovers ace wanted by Manchester City
FAI struggling to set up Aviva Stadium glamour tie in March international window
New Stephen Kenny contract set to cover Euro 2024 qualifiers
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McDonald's and The Fairfield Police Department are excited to partner up for another Coffee With A Cop on National Honesty Day! Join us on Tuesday, April 30, 2019 from 3-5pm for the mid-afternoon rush. Ask us your honest questions and get an honest answer. No Agendas or Speeches, just great coffee and conversation. We hope to see you there!


Zevo Health is a workplace wellness company that optimises the use of research driven techniques. We believe every organisation is unique and a wellness programme should fit the workplace. We measure organisations' needs before implementing a tailored flexible wellness programme.
The Zevo Health team consists of 14 health care professionals along with a team of 5 dedicated to our technology systems. The management team consists of Richard Murphy and Rob van Weeghel. Richard founded Zevo Health and comes from a background of exercise & nutrition. Rob has experience in software development and big data. They all share the passion for employee engagement. A delegation of the Zevo Health team will be present at the Summit.
•	Engaging seasonal intranet content.


text:
Bläsan är en kulle i Lemlands kommun på Åland (Finland). Den ligger i den nordvästra delen av kommunen, bara  km öster om huvudstaden Mariehamn. Bläsan ligger på ön Fasta Åland.

Bläsan höjer sig drygt 55 meter över havet och erbjuder god utsikt över Slemmern, Ytternäs och Mariehamn i väster. I norr ligger Kalmarnäset och i nordväst ligger Saltholmen och bortom den Lemströms kanal. Udden på Bläsans norra sida heter Bläsudden.

Kommentarer

Källor

Halvöar i Åland
Lemland

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I decided to paint this boat again on a smaller size canvas but same proportion as the first one. This is a really fun scene to paint, blending one pretty color into another.
After the torrential downpours we had from Hurricane Arthur on July 4th, the rest of the weekend turned out beautiful. Hope yours was too.
This painting was done from a photo that my Uncle Tom sent to me of him and my two sisters taken on a beach in Jacksonville. The photos was taken on the same day that the one of me and my mother was taken. The two paintings are the same height so they look pretty great next to each other. I will post a photo of them together soon.
I hope you are enjoying the Fourth Of July on a beach somewhere.
And as usual, here are a few close up shots.


both the site and degree as well as the body surface involved.
what code is first coded for newborns?
To make greater, more numerous, larger, or more intense.
A series of executive positions in order of authority.
Sensitivity to the individual needs and reactions of patients.
An anomaly or defect that is present at birth.
Behavior toward others; outward manner.
To disburse; to spread around.


Everyone is invited to take part in community meetings about the future of the Bellingham International Airport from noon-1:30 p.m. and from 6:30-8 p.m. on Thursday, April 19. Both meetings will be in the Harbor Center Conference Room, 1801 Roeder Avenue. The meetings will include the same information.
The Port of Bellingham is working with community members, aviation experts and business leaders in drafting an updated Airport Master Plan. Work began in 2011 with a countywide airport opinion survey and a plan is expected to be considered by the port's Board of Commissioners near the end of 2012. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requires airports to regularly update their master plans to ensure that each airport is forecasting future passenger levels and anticipating future infrastructure needs.
The meetings on April 19 will begin with a half-hour presentation, which will be followed by an open house where people can view additional information and can provide questions and comments about the airport and the planning process.
The Bellingham International Airport has experienced significant growth in the last several years and the port is seeking community input about the future of the airport. In 2004 the airport had 80,000 outbound passengers and that number exceeded 500,000 passengers in 2011.
This planning process helps the port plan for infrastructure needs in the future and can also be used to anticipate the need for future airport noise studies or other analysis. Already the port has completed the rehabilitation of the runway (2010) and construction of a new 20,000 square foot passenger gate holding area (2011). This year Port Commissioners approved a $17 million construction project with Dawson Construction for the second phase of the terminal expansion, which will not be complete until the fall of 2013. This new project will include baggage carrousels and a larger ticketing and baggage check-in area.
In addition to the April 19 community meetings, the Port Commission, in their regular 3 p.m., Tuesday, April 17, meeting will receive an update on the master planning process. Later this spring, the port will consider a range of projected passenger levels for future years and commissioners will work with the guidance of the FAA in choosing a passenger projection number that will be used to develop the master plan and determine what the airport facilities will require to meet the facility demands and impacts from airport growth.


Whether you're just getting started in your criminal justice career or looking for opportunities to advance, Georgia is likely home to a program that's the right fit for your goals. The colleges and universities in Georgia offer a variety of degree pathways that can be a fit for various career goals, including information security, emergency management, administration of justice, and forensics. Schools in Georgia with criminal justice programs are also increasing their online offerings. Students can now complete online criminal justice degrees from such schools as Columbus State University, Dalton State College, and Valdosta State University.
The options for earning a criminal justice degree in Georgia include traditional undergraduate and graduate programs as well as online programs offering associate's, bachelor's, and master's degrees. Holding a degree can make you more competitive for open positions even where a college degree is not required, such as for entry-level police work. A degree can also qualify you for promotion opportunities, or help you negotiate a higher salary. Georgia's criminal justice schools offer a variety of options, making it likely that you can find a program that fits your personal and career goals.
Georgia State University: Georgia State University offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral programs through its Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, which has more than 560 students. Advanced degree students that wish to shorten the time it takes to transition to a doctoral program can enroll in the Joint MS/PhD Program. The department administers two academic journals, the Criminal Justice Review and the International Criminal Justice Review. Researchers that wish to narrow their scope can collaborate with GSU's Crime and Prevention Policy Initiative, an interdisciplinary group that is committed to investigating the contributors and outcomes of rules and procedures used to address criminal activity. This group has partnerships with multiple councils and agencies such as the Atlanta Police Department Crime Analysis Unit.
University of Georgia: The University of Georgia has the interdisciplinary Bachelor of Arts degree in Criminal Justice, which draws faculty and courses from the School of Public and International Affairs and multiple departments within the College of Arts and Sciences. The faculty include professors and instructors of law, history, political science, psychology, sociology, economics, medicine, and computer science. Criminal justice students have access to three different scholarships as well as the Criminal Justice Studies Fund, which is used to cover the costs of hosting seminars, speakers, and research projects. There are two student organizations for criminal justice majors, the CJ Society and Alpha Phi Sigma, through which students can network and participate in activities that are suitable for their course of study.
Kennesaw State University: Students at Kennesaw State University can pursue a Bachelor of Science or a Master of Science in Criminal Justice within the Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice. Upper-level undergraduate courses range from Research Methods in Criminal Justice to Police in America. Students actively participate in internship and study abroad programs, the latter of which are hosted in Ghana, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Thailand. The faculty of this department have done groundbreaking research in the field on such focuses as methamphetamine use in the suburbs, immigration, homelessness, law enforcement, and computer crimes. Graduate students can enjoy the flexibility of taking face-to-face, hybrid, and online courses.
The federal government is looking for qualified individuals for a number of positions. Atlanta's airport is one of the busiest in the world and requires qualified individuals to staff TSA positions. In addition, the FBI is active in the state of Georgia and requires trained professionals to staff a number of positions. The Bureau of Prisons also hires for facilities in McRae, Jesup, Glynco, and Atlanta.
These projections are based on openings from both jobs growth and replacements.
The Mercatus Center, a conservative think tank, analyzed and rated the long-term solvency of each state. After looking at the budgeting, cash/tax collection, and pensions for Georgia, the state was ranked 23rd in the nation.19 This indicates that the state should be financially positioned to continue to pay out pensions to its employees.
If you are interested in getting a Georgia criminal justice degree, we recommend looking for an accredited campus-based or online program for pursuing your associate's, bachelor's, or master's degree in the growing field of criminal justice.
Tip: If you don't live near a campus-based school that offers a program of interest, consider an online degree or a university in an adjacent state (Alabama, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, or Florida).


text:
Plémet (en bretó Plezeved, gal·ló Plémaèu) és un municipi francès, situat a la regió de Bretanya, al departament de Costes del Nord. L'any 2006 tenia 2.800 habitants.

Demografia

Administració

Referències

Plemet


If one understands the basics of probability theory, then in roulette especially it is very easy to test betting systems mathematically. Here is the step by step logic of applying probability in roulette to the possible outcomes.
First, all the mathematics used here is based on a European single 0 wheel since the house edge is half the American version.
We know that the probability of an event happening is the chances of that event compared to all the possible events. For instance, when you flip a coin there are 2 possible outcomes: heads, tails. If you want to know what is the probability that the coin will come up heads, then that would be: heads / (heads + tails) = 1/2 = .5. Likewise when playing an even money bet at roulette, that option covers 18 of the 37 possible outcomes: 18/37=.48648649.
To find out the effect the odds have on a measurable outcome, we can apply that outcome to all possible results. So if we're playing $1 on black, then we know that for 18 of 37 outcomes we will net $1 profit, and for 19 of the 37 possible outcomes we will net a $1 loss. ((18/37)*1)+((19/37)*-1)=-.02702703. This shows the house advantage on any single spin applied to your bankroll. We know that if you place $1 on any even number bet on average you will loose almost three cents per spin or $27 over 100 spins.
This is valuable when looking at more complicated betting within the layout of the table. For instance, if you consider on the thirds position that the return is 2:1. Let's look at the extremes. If you place a bet on one of the three options, then you are obviously playing against probability: 12/37=.32432432 probability to win. If you place $1 on all three of the possible options, then for 36 of 37 numbers you will loose $2, make $2, and have the bet on the winning third returned to you for a net profit of $0. This of course makes no sense at all, but you'll win almost every time if you're in it to feel like a winner however if your considering a system you're trying to make money. If we hedge the single bet with the second possible bet and place $1 on the first two of the thirds, then we cover 24 of 37 numbers 24/37=.64864865. We're guaranteed to loose one bet, but if the other hits then we make $2, minus the one lost, plus the winning bet returned makes a net profit of $1 – and here's the kicker – our chance of winning on any single bet is greater than 50% (64.86% to be precise).
We know that roulette is an independently random game where the results of one action does not affect the odds of a second action, so presented like this one might see this a winning system of finding a way to shift the odds in your favor. However if we analyze all the possible outcomes we see that the proposition is a loosing one. 24 of 37 possible outcomes net us $1. On 13 of 37 possible outcomes we loose $2. So we plug in our formula: ((24/37)*1)+((13/37)*-2)=-.05405405. This is even worse than playing even money odds.
The likelihood of a number coming up four times in a row is only 0.000053%, but it happens. Just go to Global Player Casino and check out the roulette results for the year. But I digress, the strategies say if you chase a loss long enough it won't loose any more, and systems like the Martingale set it up so that you realize a profit when that condition fails. However, it's still a loosing system because we can plug in our formula to this just as easily as we can plug it into a single event.
But first let's examine what it is we're looking at. If we're analyzing a system there are only two options we're interested in: win or loss. Let's not get too complicated and assume that one loss will exit the system and return the player to the starting state such as the Martingale.
If the first spin looses then we go to a second spin, and if the second spin looses then we go to the third and so on. So we know that for however many levels we examine all the preceding spins will be losses. In other words, if 51.4% of spins will loose, then we are looking at 51.4% of 51.4% will loose twice in a row and 48.6% of 51.4% will win on the second round. Therefore, 51.4% of 51.4% of 51.4% will loose thrice, and 48.6% of 51.4% of 51.4% will win.
For a single level we know that the formula is the probability of a win times the net result and the probability of a loss times the net result.
To check the second level, the probability of a loss followed by the probability of a win times the net result is compared to two losses and the net result.
We can see no matter how far we go on the Martingale system it's always more likely a loosing proposition than a wining proposition, and the deeper one goes the more likely one is to loose a greater sum of money. Of course this isn't a surprise since the odds are already against us.


The subject of risks and potential complications of surgery is best discussed on a personal basis between you and Dr. Stewart, or with a staff member.
Some of the potential complications that may be discussed with you include bleeding, infection and reactions to anesthesia. Blood accumulations under the skin are possible, but these normally resolve themselves and rarely require removal. While numbness of the skin following liposuction is almost always temporary, it is possible for some lack of sensation to persist or for skin discoloration to appear in treated areas. Contour irregularities including depressions or wrinkling of the skin can result in some patients, but treatments are usually available to help minimize these problems if they occur.
If you are a smoker, you will be asked to stop smoking well in advance of surgery. Aspirin can cause increased bleeding, so you should avoid taking these medications for a period of time before surgery. Dr. Stewart will provide you with additional preoperative instructions at your consultation.
Depending on the extent of your surgery you may need to donate blood prior to surgery. You will go under a general anesthesia, therefore you will need someone to drive you home afterwards and to stay with you at least the first night.


I've been reading and hearing quite a few interviews this month about the upcoming conclusion of (what I think is) a great TV show, Breaking Bad. And while all of this intention further cements the critical acclaim of the show, it is just a TV show, after all.
But TV shows, books, movies, songs, and even school years teach us the value of end points.
Entrepreneurs and leaders who immerse themselves in an idea can often forget to stop. Days bleed together as what we were working on last night merges into an early morning. And then we press "repeat," lose track of time, and don't feel like we've accomplished anything because there's been no time to look back.
Every once in a while, even when we're busy and our task list grows, we must stop. We need to evaluate, celebrate, and plan. Respites and pauses let us do this.
Whether it's at the end of the day or the end of an activity, shut it down, even if only for a minute or two. Say to yourself "It is finished" and breathe through the stillness before you begin again.


ONE IN five motorists would use public transport rather than pay to drive into towns and cities, an RAC report on driver behaviour revealed this week.
Fifty eight per cent of the 1,600 plus respondents oppose charges, and 22% said they would complain to their MP. But the RAC conceded that congestion charging was the only way to significantly reduce traffic.
Motorists perceive that going to work on public transport takes three times longer on average and costs an extra £12 a week.


Book Harbor Court Hotel Now!
Harbor Court, a 131-room hotel, a Kimpton Hotel, features luxury accommodations matched only by their spectacular views of the San Francisco Bay, the Bay Bridge and Treasure Island. Plus, their historic hotel is adjacent to the state-of-the-art YMCA, where all their guests have access (discounted fee applies) to the workout facilities and indoor swimming pool.
Located on San Francisco's Embarcadero, Harbor Court Hotel is just steps away from the Ferry Building Marketplace, six blocks to AT&T Park or Moscone Convention Center, and offers easy access to Union Square or North Beach. The Harbor Court offers the style and energy you expect from a San Francisco luxury hotel.


You have 1029 characters. The Play Store algorithm takes app descriptions into account so don't forget to use relevant and important keywords in your description to increase your discoverability. Use our Keywords Analysis to find the best keywords for your app.
Your app's last version was released on April 25, 2017. It is important to regularly update your app. Best practices recommend to update your app every 4 to 6 weeks. This means fixing reported bugs, improving existing features, launching new features etc. Keep an eye on users' feedback. The next great features may already be asked by many users.
PGPFiles is a convenient elementary solution for encryption/decryption of files.
2. Importing existing PGP keys.
3. Encrypting any files using PGP.
4. Decrypting any file using PGP.
PGPFiles is a simple app for encryption and decryption of files. Using this solution you can completely encrypt or decrypt any file in one click.
- With our app you can quickly and easily encrypt any file you want (pictures, documents, .PDF, video).
- PGPFiles app allows you to create your own key pair for encryption and decryption in one click.
- The application can import existing PGP keys that can then be used for both encryption and decryption of files.
- It is perfect for serious business correspondence as well as for everyday use!
Even users with minimal knowledge can apply encryption with the help of this simple and easy to use interface!
It's easy, convenient, fun and unconventional!


text:
Q: I can't find where to add parameters What kind of changes i can make to this code to protect against sql injection?
private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
               string query = "INSERT INTO person (name_,age_)VALUES('" + txtFirstname.Text + "','" + int.Parse(txtAge.Text) + "')";
               DB.OpenConnection();
               DB.SqlQuery = query;
               DB.ExecuteQuery();
               DB.CloseConnection();
        }

A: Something like below
    string query = "INSERT INTO person (name_,age_) VALUES(@name,@age)";
    MySqlCommand m = new MySqlCommand(query);
    m.Parameters.AddWithValue("@name", txtFirstname.Text);
    m.Parameters.AddWithValue("@age", int.Parse(txtAge.Text));

(OR)
m.Parameters.Add(new MySqlParameter("@name", txtFirstname.Text));

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Cognitive psychologists have been interested in individual differences in complex cognitive processes and intelligence since the cognitive revolution. A good deal of the research in this area has focused on individual differences in reasoning ability, but even more has focused on differences in working memory. Individual differences in working memory have been related to reasoning, problem solving, reading comprehension, discourse comprehension, intelligence, and a great many more cognitive tasks.
Chapter One presents a review of working memory theories that call for access to long-term memory to supplement the limited capacity of working memory during complex cognitive processing. It also presents a review of the evidence that facilitation of procedural memory is an individual difference related to complex cognitive processing, and the different theoretical interpretations of that evidence.
Chapter Two discusses individual differences in two health-related outcomes: emergency severity index (ESI) scores as assigned to patients by nurses and other healthcare professionals, and pain scores as reported by patients.
Chapter Three examines the psychological effect of a forest environment and how it can differ depending on a subject's initial values.
Chapter Four focuses on non-cognitive predictors of individual differences in education outcomes, and discusses the model of mental toughness.
Chapter Five studies if non-criminal psychopathy is associated with reduced electrodermal arousal using measures comparable to those employed with criminal samples.
Chapter Six discusses associations between the Big Five personality traits and social physique anxiety in women.
The last chapter uses a theory-based approach to examine the construct validity and the usefulness of the OCEAN.20 personality dimensions in predicting training/academic performance.


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We may share or disclose your nonprivate, aggregated or otherwise nonpersonal information, such as aggregate usage statistics.


Our Xmas Request Show is now available to listen to again online. Thanks for everyone who got in touch and took part, it was a lot of fun.
There are few studio gremlins at the start (during Spacehog), so apologies for that!


text:
Posted on March 9, 2017 by Galion Inquirer
Galion students putting on 'Alice in Wonderland, Jr.'
Arts, Community, Education, Entertainment, Lifestyle, Local, News, Top Stories
GALION — The Galion High School Performing Arts department will present its performance of "Alice in Wonderland, Jr." April 7, 8 and 9. All performances will take place at the uptown Galion Community Theater.
The show is a familiar tale of a little girl who chases a white rabbit down a hole that leads to Wonderland, where Alice discovers a place that she describes as'curiouser' and 'curiouser', full of odd creatures like dodos, mad hatters and march hares. The Cheshire cat sums it all up saying, "we're all a little mad here".
"This is a delightfully fun show that our students will enjoy performing and the audience will enjoy watching," said GHS teacher and director Cheri Laughbaum. "This year's show features 23 students from eighth through twelfth grade. Actors, lighting, sound, backstage, and the assistant directors are all current Galion students, and they all are working hard to prepare for this performance."
Show times are 7 p.m. April 7 and 8, and 2 p.m. April 9. Tickets are $10 each and go on sale March 15. Doors open at 6:15 p.m. April 7 and 8, and reopen at 1:15 p.m. for the show April 9.
Tickets can be reserved and paid for by using a credit or debit card on the Galion Community theatre website, www.galiontheatre.org, under the Alice in Wonderland event. Tickets can also be reserved by calling Amy Jarvis at 419-563-5805. No tickets will be reserved until after March 15.
"I am excited to see this spring's musical and am incredibly proud of Mrs. Laughbaum and the high school students involved in this production," said Superintendent Jim Grubbs. "The Performing Arts Department does an outstanding job preparing our students for their performances, and I know this spring's show will be another quality event."
For more information about this year's production, please contact Cheri Laughbaum at 419-468-6500 or email laughbaum.cheri@pctc.k12.oh.us.
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text:
A link to glorious history of Asbury Park HS athletics
Stephen Edelson
@steveedelsonAPP
BRICK – With a collection of yellowing newspapers and framed photographs spread out on the kitchen table before him, Emil Baroska spun his stories from more than seven decades ago in rather stunning detail.
As the 92-year-old spoke, he opened a portal to Asbury Park High School's incredible athletic tradition, and the city's glorious past, chronicling everything from the simple beauty of growing up on Summerfield Ave. in the post-Depression era, to the bone-crushing football scrimmage that laid the foundation for the 1940 state title and the deafening sound of a packed house in the school's gym during the run to the 1943 NJSIAA Group IV title.
``From 1936 to 1943, those were golden years for Asbury Park,'' he said. ``Athletically, the teams were great and everyone rallied around them, and academically, Asbury Park High School was a big deal. That Asbury diploma carried a lot of weight.''
It was the place to be.
As a senior, Baroska would look out at the New York Yankees belting shots into Deal Lake in the morning, with travel restrictions due to World War II forcing teams to hold spring training locally. And in the afternoon, Baroska, a second-team All-State selection at third base, and the Blue Bishops would practice and play on the same field.
He still recalls watching the 1936 state championship basketball team as a young boy, and their leader, big man Don Henderson, who two years later won a national championship at Temple. And the elegance of the boardwalk and how much it meant to the community.
And most of all, there was that glorious March evening at Seton Hall some 74 years ago.
An Idyllic life
Two blocks from the railroad tracks and three blocks south of Asbury Ave. was the Baroska home at 1015 Summerfield Ave, where Louis Baroska, a World War I veteran who was born in Czechoslovakia, moved the family from New York City in 1929 and opened Asbury Auto Tops, which remains in business today.
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``We used to all be out playing in the street, which was not permitted,'' he said. ``John Candiano was a motorcycle cop and he was supposed to keep streets clear of kids, so he would come down Monroe Ave, which was parallel to Summerfield, and rev up his motorcycle so we knew he was going to come up Comstock St. and we would clear off the street. Then sometimes he would stop, come to the house and have coffee with my mother. It was a really nice neighborhood.''
Baroska's descriptions are nothing short of Idyllic. From sitting in a canoe on Deal Lake and listening to the music of a band playing at Ross Fenton Farms nightclub, to seeing the fancy cars pull up to an upscale club called Cuba's along Springwood Ave.
``In the 1930s or 40s, you always wore your very best clothes when you went down to the boardwalk,'' he said. ``Women would wear a gown or similar to it. My father always wore a straw hat, a suit and tie whenever he went down to the boardwalk. Asbury Park was treated with such respect.''
And in a time before television, when pro football and basketball were still struggling to capture the attention of a sports-crazed nation, high school sports was a big deal. They were events the entire city rallied around, turning them into social events with bands playing afterwards.
Baroska's first real taste of it came during a preseason football scrimmage in 1940, when as a sophomore he and his second-teamers took on the starting lineup, as they tried to claw their way onto the squad. He made it as an end, and was on the field when All-State fullback Jack Netcher led them to an unbeaten season, back when they traveled to state to take on big city schools since they were the only Group IV team at the Jersey Shore.
A championship season
The specter of World War II hung over everything during Baroska's senior year, with athletics providing a much-needed diversion for everyone.
Since being called up to the varsity as a junior, he wanted desperately to contribute on the basketball court. But conservative head coach James ``Chippy'' Coleman, whose teams had already won a pair of state championships, was not impressed with Baroska's flashy style of play, and the two constantly clashed.
Then came a home game against Union Hill from Union City on Jan. 10, 1943, with Asbury Park losing at halftime in a season in which its record hovered around the .500 mark.
MORE EDELSON: Brick Memorial wrestling, and the lessons of inclusion
``Coleman read the riot act to everyone,'' Baroska recalled. ``As the team was heading back upstairs he said `wait a minute.' Then he said, `OK, you win. Now go up and play.' ''
A check of the Asbury Park Press archives details Baroska coming off the bench to score 13 points, leading the Blue Bishops to a comeback win. He was in the starting lineup the next game and the team took off.
They were rolling by the time the NJSIAA tournament arrived, traveling to New Brunswick, which had beaten them twice during the regular season, and coming home with a victory, before knocking off Perth Amboy on the road.
In the semifinals at Seton Hall they upset heavily-favored Weequahic, 38-36, on George Smock's late basket. Baroska led the team with 16 points, while Smock added 13 points and captain Pete Vetrano chipping in with eight.
MORE EDELSON: Monmouth freshman most important player in college hoops
On the evening of March 20, 1943, Asbury Park returned to Seton Hall to take on Trenton for the Group IV championship in front of a standing-room crowd, and it turned out to be one of the greatest games in the tournament's 25-year history.
Once again it was Baroska leading the way with 17 points and Smock providing the winning points, this time late in overtime to give them a 38-37 victory.
``We had a lot of fans there and I remember them rushing on the court after the game,'' Baroska said. ``It was so memorable. We really played well.''
A week later, Baroska was named first-team All-State, receiving the second highest vote total among sportswriters from around New Jersey.
A wonderful place
Asbury Park High School's graduation was on June 7, 1943. Baroska turned down a scholarship offer to play basketball at Manhattan, and on July 13 he entered the U.S. Army Air Force Cadet program.
He served 33 months but never flew outside the United States, with the wars in Europe and the Pacific winding down by the time his training was completed.
After returning to Asbury Park, one of his final moments on the basketball court came when he led the Asbury Park Broncos to the finals of the annual Shore Senior Gold Medal tournament in 1946.
He entered the University of Maryland in 1948 but did not play basketball. Before graduating in 1952 he met his wife, Nancy, and July 4 will be their 65th wedding anniversary.
He spent 40 years working for Wisner Manufacturing Corporation as a sales engineer, living in Allenhurst, Asbury Park, Neptune and Ocean Township before retiring to Brick 26 years ago. He still attends Atonement Lutheran Church in Asbury Park.
``I was so lucky to grow up in Asbury Park during that time,'' he said. ``Just a wonderful place. From Bond Street grammar school right through high school. Great experiences and memories.''
And as Emil Baroska spins tales from that championship basketball season, the details in the stories make you feel like you're in the gym watching it all unfold.
Staff writer Stephen Edelson is an Asbury Park Press columnist: sedelson@gannettnj.com


text:
BW: Linuxcare Optimizes Linux On IBM Thinkpad Laptops
Jun 13, 2000, 00:04 (0 Talkback[s])
"Linuxcare, Inc., a recognized leader in providing comprehensive professional services and solutions for Linux and open-source technologies, today announced multifaceted work supporting IBM's strategic Linux initiatives, including optimization of Linux on IBM's ThinkPad laptops. Linuxcare also today introduced the industry's first service to actively manage complex, continuous changes between and within multiple distributions of the Linux operating system. IBM is the first customer for this new service."
"The Linux operating system, available for download over the Internet or through numerous distribution vendors, is designed to run in a wide variety of operating environments. Linuxcare's Custom Solution Program certifies Linux for customer-specific applications--from individual PCs through large-scale enterprise implementations--and tunes it for peak performance. Through the program, Linuxcare is installing, certifying and supporting a customized Linux distribution on IBM's market-leading ThinkPad laptops. Optimizations include system booting, sound, video and networking performance enhancements that improve the experience of even the most demanding end-users, without changing any basic programming interfaces."
"IBM's commitment to Linux extends directly to the end-user, where our ThinkPad customers will experience new levels of usability," said Daniel Frye, director Linux Technology Center, IBM. "The Custom Solution Program can help to enhance that experience, translating into greater user flexibility and productivity."


text:
"Siren of the Woods" es el segundo sencillo realizado por la banda sinfónica de Suecia Therion.

Canciones
 "The Siren of the Woods" (Version Del Sencillo)
 "Cults of the Shadow" (Version editada)
 "Babylon"

Credits
 Christofer Johnsson - guitarra, vocales, Teclados.
 Piotr Wawrzeniuk - Batería, vocales.
 Lars Rosenberg - bajo.
 Jonas Mellberg - guitarra, guitarra criolla, teclados.

Invitados
 Dan Swanö - vocales.
 Anja Krenz - solo soprano.
 Axel Pätz - solo barítono.
 Jan Peter Genkel - Teclados adicionales.

Coros
 North German Radio Choir
 Siren Choir

Véase también
 En inglés The Siren of the Woods

Álbumes de Therion
Canciones en inglés


text:
The history of the tyre
MOR Collection
Classic Car Passion
The MOR-Team
Spoked service
Shows and Rallys
Vintage Tyre Care and Tips
Service MOR
Motorbike tires
Wheels & Completed wheels
Search by Tire Size
Search by tire brand
Firestone Motorrad
MOR WHITEWALL
Completed Wheels
Service > The history of the tyre
1888 - The birth of the tyre
1890 - The straightside tyre
1918 - The black tyre
1920 - White sidewall tyres set the fashion
1930 - The cross ply tyre substitutes the tyre cords
1946 - The steel belt tyre, a milestone in history.
1968 - Low profile tyres conquer the market
1975 - The TRX radial ply tyre, a new chapter in tyre technology
2003 - The tyre is a high-tech product
The Scotsman John Boyd Dunlop invented the first usable pneumatic tyre. Many years before, at the beginning of tyre history, there was great competition to improve driving comfort and safety. Dunlop succeeded in substituting air-filled rubber tubes for the metal fittings in the wooden wheels. The tubes made of very thick rubber were wrapped in bandages. They had to have a very high air pressure - more than 10 bar.
The classic beaded edge tyre was developed from this. The beaded edge tyre had beads along the sides of the tyre which were hooked into the rim. Using this system and a relatively high air pressure of at least 3 bar it was possible to stabilise the tyre and its tube on the rim. From then on the beaded edge tyre was constantly being improved and by the end of the 1920s it was used on almost all motorised vehicles in Europe.
While the beaded edge tyre was being developed in Europe, the straightside tyre was invented in the USA. This was the forerunner of the cross ply tyre which followed later. With this style the rubber is no longer hooked into the beaded rim; it lies tightly on a flat rim. A steel rope strengthens the tyre. However, this principle did not catch on in Europe.
Developement continued rapidly but it was not until 1918 that the Michelin brothers first used soot in the production. This component brought about the black colour that is typical today and also noticeably increased the durability of the tyre. A series of parallel cotton threads known as the tyre cords were then inserted with the aim of increasing stability while also producing less heat.
As the tyre became ever more reliable in fulfilling its purpose, it became popular to add white sidewalls in order to improve the appearance of the car. At the same time the beaded edge was substituted by an internal wire netting. This method of construction is still standard today.
In order to continue increasing safety and comfort the cords were crossed over each other at an angle of 45°. This revolutionised the stability of the tyre. The cotton threads were also substituted by flexible yet more stable nylon threads.
Michelin developed the first steel belt tyre in the world. The radial metal thread netting substituted the fabric belt. Tyres are still produced using this method today and it satisfies the ever increasing demands as regards comfort, safety and speed.
In this particular year BMW first used a Pirelli tyre with a profile of 70. The cars' constantly increasing power resulting in higher speeds demanded a decrease in volume. Through a decreased side flexing it was possible to reach a much higher level of stability. There was less demand for comfort as regards tyres because both chassis frames and roads were becoming more comfortable.
The tyre and rim were developed together and were specifically altered to suit the car concerned. This new tyre connected two demands that were in conflict until then: The desire for greater comfort on the one hand and for greater steering precision on the other. Measurements were taken using the metric system. This rendered these rims incompatible with the standard tyres - measured in inches. The TDX made limited driving possible even after a break-down.
Development is still continuing rapidly. Speeds of over 300 km/h are no barrier for today's products. The use of many different rubber combinations makes a consistent road grip possible at any temperature. Nowadays maximum saftety is given and no driver would go without the optimal anti-aquaplaning system.


This app saves me time, energy, and it's 100% accurate ! What else can I ask for? Im in charge of over 100 employees payroll at my church. I can keep up now with everyone and everything exactly how I need it. Customer service is just the icing on the cake. Thank you so much!!!
Perfect for a small or mobile workforce. Good online reports, great help with payroll.


Please read the terms and conditions. You will be deemed to have them by selecting the "I accept" box on the booking form. Please note that your holiday cannot be confirmed unless these terms and conditions have been accepted.
The holidays, flights, and prices you may have seen on our website or e-mail, are not live. Although prices and availability are updated regularly, holidays, and flights are subject to availability and prices can change at any time.
When you book an all-in package holiday, or flight, you are required to pay 15% within 7 days after booking, as protection begins as soon as your booking is confirmed.
* "From" prices are per person. Flight prices include taxes.
* "From" prices are in Euro per person.
If you telephone us to make a booking, rather than booking via the Dance4two website, we will do the formal booking for you and send you a copy of the booking.
Objections regarding the services indicated in the booking are to be reported so that a prompt solution can be found. Should the individual fail to report such a shortfall and should Dance4two get no opportunity to remedy this problem, no reductions or refunds will be given.
Your holiday must be paid 4 weeks prior to departure to destination. If the balance is not paid in time, we reserve the right to cancel your holiday.
Guaranteed departure: Dance4two supposedly guarantees all dance holidays and will always continue.
The agreement between Dance4Two and participant is concluded by acceptance by the participant of the supply of Dance4Two as stated on the website for the booked holiday dance or dance weekend. This occurs when the total amount has been transferred to the account of Dance4Two or cash is paid.
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The most common types of information we collect include: user-names, name, email address, other contact details, photos, and payment information such as payment agent details.
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We store personal information on secure servers that are managed by us and our service providers, and occasionally hard copy files that are kept in a secure location in the Netherlands. Personal information that we store or transmit is protected by security and access controls, including username and password authentication, authentication, and data encryption where appropriate.
You can access some of the personal information that we collect about you by logging in to your account. You also have the right to make a request to access other personal information we hold about you and to request corrections of any errors in that data. You can also close the account you have with us for any of our websites at any time. To make an access or correction request, contact our privacy champion using the contact details at the end of this policy.
If you have any questions about our privacy practices or the way in which we have been managing your personal information, please contact us, Pletzersstraat 10a, 6213HH, Maastricht, the Netherlands, or info@dance4two.nl.


text:
Q: Redux Setting on custom created admin page I am using Redux Framework and I am creating a theme and I want all my theme option on my custom created page Like this

but by default Redux Created a different page like this

I am using this configuration
$options_name = 'wee_redux';
$options_name = apply_filters('wee_redux/options_name', $options_name);
$theme = wp_get_theme();
$args = [
    'opt_name'             => $options_name,
    'display_name'         => $theme->get( 'Name' ),
    'display_version'      => $theme->get( 'Version' ),
    'menu_type'            => 'menu',
    'allow_sub_menu'       => true,
    'menu_title'           => __( 'Theme_options' ),
    'page_title'           => __( 'Theme_options' ),
    'google_api_key'       => '',
    'google_update_weekly' => true,
    'dev_mode'             => false,
    'async_typography'     => true,
    'admin_bar'            => true,
    'admin_bar_icon'       => 'dashicons-portfolio',
    'admin_bar_priority'   => 50,
    'update_notice'        => true,
    'customizer'           => false,
    'page_permissions'     => 'manage_options',
    'use_cdn'              => true,
   ];

A: Change menu_type to submenu.  ;)


text:
Q: Проблема с циклом в Python Всем привет.
Решаю задачки из ЕГЭ по Питону, попалась вот такая:
Ниже на пяти языках программирования записан алгоритм. Получив на вход число x, этот алгоритм печатает два числа a и b. Укажите наименьшее из таких чисел x, при вводе которых алгоритм печатает сначала 2, а потом 12.
И дан код программы:
x = int(input())
a=0; b=1
while x > 0:
    if x%2 > 0:
        a += x%8
    else:
        b = b * (x%8)
    x = x//8
print(a, b)

Пытаюсь решить перебором:
a = 0
b = 1
for x in range(1, 10001):
    while x > 0:
        if x%2 > 0:
            a += x%8
        else:
            b = b * (x%8)
    if (a == 2 and b == 12):
            print(x)
    x = x//8

В итоге программа как будто не отрабатывает, но VS Code никаких ошибок не выдает. Есть подозрение на бесконечный цикл, но не могу понять, что не так с кодом. Подскажите пожалуйста, заранее спасибо.

A: исправлены опечатки, код работает
for i in range(1, 10001):
    a=0
    b=1
    x=i
    while x > 0:
        if x%2 > 0:
            a += x%8
        else:
            b = b * (x%8)
        x = x//8
    if (a == 2 and b == 12):
            print(a, b, i)

ответы

2 12 598
2 12 626
2 12 654
2 12 689
2 12 906
2 12 913
2 12 1102
2 12 1137
2 12 1417
2 12 3146
2 12 3153
2 12 3209


text:
Former Bath spin-out secure...
Back to Liquid handling
Former Bath spin-out secures pre-seed funding for refrigeration free vaccine transportation project
University of Bath spin-out, award-winning biopharmaceuticals company EnsiliTech has raised £1.2 million in pre-seed funding to aid the development of a pioneering refrigeration-free approach to transporting vaccines and other materials.
The company's patented platform technology – ensilication – can be applied to biopharmaceuticals to make them safe and stable at room temperatures. Ensilication preserves the integrity of vaccines and other biological materials at temperatures that range from -20C to +80C.
Currently, most vaccines need to be stored at sub-zero temperatures, and some – such as the new mRNA Covid-19 vaccine – must be kept at ultra-low temperatures.
Biological products are shipped and stored using a 50-year-old global network of refrigerators and freezers known as the 'cold chain'. With an annual running cost of £2 billion and the World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates suggest around 50% of vaccines spoil must be discarded.
Co-founder and CEO of EnsiliTech, Dr Asil Sartbaeva commented: "Our goal is to make the transportation of vaccines and other life-saving biological materials more efficient and cost- effective, while also reducing the carbon footprint of this critical supply chain. We are thrilled to have the support of our investors as we work towards this mission."
This funding round was led by Science Angel Syndicate, the Fink Family office, with co-investment from Innovate UK QantX, Elbow Beach Capital and angel investors.


The aim of the project was to determine the effects of sudden change in potassium concentration in inland saline water on the survival, osmolality and condition indices of western Australian King Prawn - Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye. Australia has large volumes of inland saline water that could be used for aquaculture but is often deficient in K+. Western king prawn is a candidate species for culture in inland saline water. Such waters require K+ fortification for prawn survival and growth. Trials were conducted in tanks to determine the effect of sudden change in K+ concentration in inland saline water samples on the survival, osmolality and condition indices of western king prawns. Prawns in tanks were acclimated to inland saline water procured from Wannamal- an inland location in Western Australia. After 3 days of acclimation, prawns were subjected to sudden increase in medium K+ concentration over 1 h, ranging from 80% to 100% of the marine water K+ concentration by adding potassium chloride. Identical inland saline water was added to the control tanks over the same time period. Survival, ingestion rate and osmoregulatory capacity (OC) were then recorded over 19 days. At the conclusion of the trial, survival ranged from 71% to 78% in the potassium-enriched tanks whereas 100% mortality was observed in the control tanks by day 11. Ingestion rate of prawns was significantly higher in the experimental tanks than in the control. Osmoregulatory capacity of potassium-enriched prawns was significantly lower post- than pre-ionic change and significantly higher at the conclusion of the trial than both pre- and postionic change. There was no significant difference in OC between water types at any time period. These results indicate that prawns can tolerate sudden increase in K+ content in inland saline water and the higher K+ concentration increases survival and OC, but other measures indicate the prawns were experiencing stressful conditions.
Prangnell, David and Fotedar, Ravi. 2009. Effect of sudden change in potassium concentration on Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye survival, osmolality and health in inland saline water cultures. Hydrobiologia. 626 (1): pp. 145-153.