Today, both a $151 million bond resolution and the Lincoln Public Schools 10 year facilities plan are before the Board of Education on first reading. The Lincoln Independent Business Association believes that the bond issue vote should be held in conjunction with the statewide election and that LPS should look for alternatives before spending the proposed $6.4 million to remodel the Bryan Facility.
Lincoln Public Schools and the taxpaying citizens of Lincoln will be best served if the proposed bond issue is placed on the same ballot as the statewide elections. Lincoln's public schools are a public asset that greatly shapes the quality of our community for years to come. It is appropriate that an issue of such far-reaching concern be reserved for statewide elections which generally see the highest levels of community participation.
LIBA is aware of cost estimates, which seem to indicate savings for LPS if the bond vote is held in February instead of waiting until May. It is LIBA's opinion that these are fluid cost estimates and that for most if not all proposed projects LPS can contract to begin projects contingent on passage of the bond issue, reducing any time related cost and ensuring the shortest timeline to completion. In the end, the strength of Lincoln's schools depends on the strength of support in the community, and it is therefore essential to secure maximum community participation on any proposed bond resolution.
Though the proposed behavior intervention program at Bryan School may have great merit, LIBA requests LPS test the program before spending $6.4 million to remodel the Bryan building. LPS opened the Donald D. Sherill building to house the behavioral skills program less than six months ago. Before investing millions more in taxpayer dollars, LIBA suggests that LPS identify current facilities capable of temporarily housing the new behavioral intervention program. In this way, before spending public monies LPS can test the program to make sure it is right for LPS and for student needs.
Finally LIBA would like to thank the elected officials, staff, and community members that have generously donated their time to create the 10 year facilities plan.


text:
I Love Christmas Movies™
Walk through the most iconic scenes from your favorite Christmas movies in our multi-sensory experience making its Gaylord National debut! Experience moments with the characters and sets you know and love and interact with over 13 fully-immersive scenes, complete with replicas of film props, audio, and more. I Love Christmas Movies™ features five beloved films, including: The Polar Express™, Elf™, National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation™, A Christmas Story™, and The Year Without A Santa Claus™.
• Single Entrance to I Love Christmas Movies™ experience
• Tickets must be purchased in advance online. No on-site box office. Sales will end 15 minutes prior to closing time.
• Time slot indicates event entrance time. Event experience usually takes 20-25 minutes.
• Children 11 and under require a paid adult admission to attend with them.
• Children 3 and under are free.
• Wheelchair, stroller and electric scooter accessible
Looking for ICE? Click here to learn more about when this event will return to Gaylord Hotels.
ELF and all related characters and elements © & ™ New Line Productions, Inc. A CHRISTMAS STORY and all related characters and elements © & ™ Turner Entertainment Co. NATIONAL LAMPOON'S CHRISTMAS VACATION, THE POLAR EXPRESS, THE YEAR WITHOUT A SANTA CLAUS and all related characters and elements © & ™ Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. (s21). Prices does not include tax and service which is an additional charge. Tickets are non-refundable and for purchased date and time only. Additional fees and restrictions may apply.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Grand Theft Auto 5 has been around since September 2013, but is still insanely popular thanks to the continued GTA Online updates. Still, that doesn't mean fans aren't eager to find out news of a potential GTA 6.
With Red Dead Redemption 2 launching in Spring 2018 the chances of seeing a new Grand Theft Auto any time soon on are slim.
GTA 5 remains the fastest selling title in videogame history, earning a staggering $1 billion in its first 24 hours of release.Rockstar's latest entry has gone on to sell 60 million copies worldwide across all platforms, this includes the recent ports for PS4 and Xbox One.
If the previous Grand Theft Auto release timeline is anything to go by, we can expect a gap of around four or five years between GTA 5 and GTA 6. GTA: San Andreas came out in 2004, GTA 4 came out in 2008, while GTA 5 came out in 2013. That would hint at a potential release in 2018.
The problem is, Rockstar recently announced Red Dead Redemption 2, due to launch in Spring 2018. As both RDR2 and GTA 6 will be open-world adventures, it would make sense for the company not to want to rush one out after the other. So while a late-2018 launch is possible, a much more probable time frame would be a GTA 6 release in 2019 or even 2020.
GTA 6: Who will you play?
In the 2013 Guardian interview, Houser also that Rockstar is open to the possibility of a playable female protagonist too, which would be a first for the series. "We didn't really think about it this time [of GTA V]," he said. "That's not to say that we couldn't or we wouldn't. This character set is just what came to us: it wasn't, 'we've got X and Y so we need Z,' we weren't trying to do it off a checklist – I don't think that will ever give you something that's believable or engaging.
A female character would certainly be welcome, given their dearth in previous titles. We also loved the three distinct playable characters in Grand Theft Auto V and would like to see this happen in the future, but perhaps they could expand on that, with the option to create your own character akin to the character creator in GTA Online. Of course, doing this would likely change the balance around scripted narrative.
GTA 6: What will it look like?
We'd expect Grand Theft Auto 6 to be industry-leading in terms of visual fidelity and creating a believable world. We remember the first time we saw the announcement trailer for GTA 5 way back in October 2011 and were blown away by how good it looked, a feeling you may remember from GTA 4's release back in 2008. Expect the same emotions when we see GTA 6 for the first time.
There's also scope for Rockstar to push out something VR-related for GTA 6, although tacked-on virtual reality modes tend to be gimmicky and bit pants. Maybe a better option is a whole separate Rockstar title built from the group up around VR.
In terms of specifics, we don't know anything about how the next GTA will look. Over the past few weeks there were murmurs of excitement in GTA 6-land, after an alleged stunt actor résumé surfaced, noting to a motion capture credit on none other than Grand Theft Auto 6. Several publications jumped on it, as evidence that production on the game is well underway, but the actor has since come out to deny it is his real CV.


text:
Tibouchina elegans är en tvåhjärtbladig växtart som först beskrevs av Gardn., och fick sitt nu gällande namn av Célestin Alfred Cogniaux. Tibouchina elegans ingår i släktet Tibouchina och familjen Melastomataceae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Externa länkar

Myrtenordningen
elegans

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Rahul Dravid named Rahul Dravid for IPL 5
Published: Dec 04, 2011, 07:40 IST | IANS |
India batting great Rahul Dravid was Saturday named captain of the Indian Premier League (IPL) team Rajasthan Royals.
He replaces Australia's Shane Warne, who led the team for four seasons before announcing his retirement this year.
The 38-year-old former India captain was bought by Rajasthan for $500,000 in the IPL auction held in Bangalore in January.
sportsRahul DravidRahul DravidIPL 5
Here's Why Rahul Dravid is a Living Legend!
India ready for World No. 3 The Netherlands
Wrestler Vinesh Phogat to fight for gold, Anshu Malik settles for silver


ABC's "The View" may be TV's signature talk show for women, but backstage it's still going to be looking pretty male this season.
The production makeover of the long-running hit was completed Thursday with the official appointment of Bill Wolff as executive producer.
Brian Balthazar will be co-executive producer and British native Ashley S. Gorman will direct.
Kathleen Rajsp will be senior supervising producer.
The show started undergoing a major overhaul with the retirement of creator Barbara Walters earlier this year.
In addition to her on-air role, Walters had been one of the executive producers, along with longtime colleague Bill Geddie.
The on-air team for the new season that launches Sept. 15 will include one holdover, Whoopi Goldberg.
Rosie O'Donnell will return and they will be joined by newcomers October Gonzalez and Nicolle Wallace.
ABC worked a behind-the-scenes swap to get Wolff, who had been producing Rachel Maddow's nightly show on MSNBC.


At home the cable stays in ok, barely. In the car it tends to slip out all the time so very frustrating. I have to hold it in place with pressure.
To prove its not the cable, wife uses the same cable no issues.
Sorry to spam the thread. I lost my phone a few days ago and have been trying to see if I could recover it. Well last night I wiped it via Find my Phone and ordered a replacement.
Went from a Panda Pixel 2XL to a Black Pixel 2XL.
Pixel 3 series is still a bit overpriced. I had a few bills in the last 15 days that drained the account significantly so I decided to play it safe. Probably will get a Pixel 3 in March 2019.
Nope, not spam at all. It's good to hear from you. I think you went for the best option at this time.
I have Dire Straits 0 Brothers in Arms CD!!
My first one was Def Leppard - The Vault that I purchased in 1996. It is currently playing in my car - Hysteria is my favorite track on that album.
I think I heard the Hysteria Def Leppard album too much in the late 80s... I don't mind the songs but even when they come on the radio I groan a little.
I think most songs on that album was released as a single and got played to death.
The group really couldn't do much after that. They peaked and people got tired of them. In a way I feel sorry for them. They're still around and touring and releasing albums.
I used Limewire as well.
I remember about three years ago telling my friend who recommended it to me that I still have it and he was amazed.
Things have come along a long way since then.
I now just get stuff on Amazon using the promotional credits I get for getting a package a couple of days late.
I remember Limewire. That was another good one too.
I can't shake the need to try the X so I'm waiting for the X to come in (the dumb decision was how I got the X) and I will return the Xr once it comes in. I can always get another Xr if I regret this decision.
I remember it. It was really cool.
I am definitely "notch" getting the Pixel 3XL.
I am most likely getting a Pixel 3 or staying put with the Pixel 2XL.
Oh I do remember everything on the Hysteria album getting played ad nauseum on MTV (which is how I got hooked onto music in India since there weren't any mainstream AM or FM stations playing any Western music back in those days).
Though I don't wear headphones that often I do wonder about using the charging port as the headphones as well.
Currently on my XZ I have an issue where the USB plug doesn't stay in properly. It slips out in other words when moved. So totally useless for headphones. No idea how this has happened.
My wife's XZ1 compact sometimes doesn't acknowledge the USB cable to charge.
In truth I'm not overly impressed with UCB C if the charging ports are this fragile. Never had an issue with micro USB.
I do worry one day I won't be able to charge my phone. If that happens I'll never buy another Sony phone. Mobile phones are too much of a pain to fix and Sony phones are notorious for being difficult.
USB-C ports have really poor design tolerance issues.
Helps to use a factory cable but even then there are differences.
You don't see that with Lightning - at least I will give Apple credit in that regard.
N_LaRUE, Laura Knotek, libra89 and 1 others like this.
Yikes. I'm sorry you lost your phone. I hope the new one arrives quickly.
N_LaRUE, worldspy99 and libra89 like this.
I went back to the Pixel 2XL.
Laura Knotek, libra89 and MSFTisMIA like this.
Napster was getting a lot of bad press.
Bearshare was shall we say a bear to use.
Limewire just worked and like an Energizer bunny kept working long after Napster was banished to the internet Netherlands.
libra89, Laura Knotek, MSFTisMIA and 1 others like this.
Excellent! Hopefully it'll arrive sooner, rather than later.
Laura Knotek and worldspy99 like this.
In another development with my work travel going crazy (including international travel) I caved in and got a work phone. iPhone 8 256GB with unlimited everything including $10 per day Global unlimited data plan. Went with AT&T as their international tie ups are better than Verizon.
Nice! It's true that you do a lot of travel. Might as well!
I also had a school friend that listened to nothing but that album since it came out. It was odd.
The 80s was a mess of music and an obsession with tribal groups based on the music you listened to. So glad that's gone.
My listening tastes has always been varied but in the 80s I was more metal than anything else. I haven't mellowed much but I don't listen exclusively like I had back then.
I use the Sony cable that came with the phone for charging in the house. The car is aftermarket but no idea why this has happened still.
libra89, worldspy99 and Laura Knotek like this.
You deserve it after 7 years!
Not all aftermarket USB-C cables are good.
My favorite is Tech Matte that I got about 3 years ago. Probably the best one of the bunch that I have aftermarket, after that I would pick Aukey. These days I mostly use the factory cable with my devices. The Aukey is in the car, the Tech Matte is on the 6 port charging stand.
libra89, MSFTisMIA and Laura Knotek like this.
The stuff I listened to in the 80s and 90s was very different than mainstream Western music that young kids listened to in India. So I really had only a couple of friends with whom I would swap cassettes etc. The rest didn't understand our tastes at all.


text:
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:Introduction}
Integrating information and communication technologies (ICTs) increases the efficiency and reliability of modern power systems. However, the ICTs make power grid infrastructure vulnerable to malicious attacks. In particular, coordinated cyber-physical attacks (CCPAs) can be a major threat to the power grid \cite{Soltan2015, LiCCPA2016, DengCCPA2017}. It consists of a ``physical attack'' such as disconnecting a transmission line/circuit breaker, and a coordinated ``cyber attack'' such as a false data injection attack (FDIA) that masks the effect of the physical attack. Undetected CCPAs can have a major impact, such as triggering cascading failure across the grid.

Existing work on defense against CCPAs mainly focuses on attack detection, i.e., detecting the existence of an attack. The first approach relies on installing known-secure phasor measurement units (PMUs) to ensure that the attacker cannot inject an undetectable CCPA \cite{LiCCPA2016, DengCCPA2017} or analyses transient data from PMUs assuming that only a limited number of them can be compromised by the attacker \cite{JamesPMU2021}.
However, security updates such as PMU installation across the system could be expensive, and PMUs themselves can be vulnerable to attacks (e.g., spoofing on GPS receivers \cite{Daniel2012}). Alternatively, machine learning (ML) techniques have been used extensively for attack detection in power grids \cite{HeDL2017, ZhangML2020, Chenguang2020}. However, ML techniques can be vulnerable to adversarial examples \cite{SaygheISGT2020, Kamal2021}. As we will show in this work, a cleverly crafted coordinated FDIA that masks the effect of the physical attack can significantly degrade the performance of ML algorithms. Thus, the straightforward application of ML algorithms does not perform effectively in attack detection/localization.

To overcome these drawbacks, the technique of moving target defense has been shown to be particularly effective \cite{LiuMTD2018, LakshMTD2021, ZhangMTD2020, Higgins2021,  Lakshminarayana2021}. The key idea is to actively introduce perturbations to the power grid's line reactances (using distributed flexible AC transmission -- DFACTS -- devices) to invalidate the attacker's knowledge, thereby limiting the time window for the attacker to learn the system settings and craft undetectable attacks. The majority of the work on MTD focuses on detecting FDI attacks. The main focus of these works lies in formulating metrics to design effective MTD \cite{LiuMTD2018, LakshMTD2021, ZhangMTD2020}, formulating hidden MTD whose activation cannot be detected by the attacker \cite{Higgins2021}, and exposing the cost-benefit trade-off \cite{LakshMTD2021}. In the specific context of CCPAs, recent work \cite{Lakshminarayana2021} formulated optimal MTD design. Specifically, they proposed optimal D-FACTS placement to detect CCPAs as well as a game-theoretic framework to limit the MTD cost. However, to the best of our knowledge, most of the existing works of MTD focus on the problem of attack detection only. In contrast, the problem of attack localization, i.e., identifying the disconnected lines in CCPA has not received attention.

In the context of CCPAs, attack localization, specifically identifying the physically disconnected lines,  is challenging since it involves localization from compromised measurements. To overcome this research gap, we propose a novel approach by combining MTD and ML methods.
The proposed approach consists of three parts. Firstly, MTD is applied to invalidate the cyber mask and expose the line outages. Secondly, ML models are developed to identify the location of line outages from the compromised measurements. Thirdly, model agnostic meta-learning (MAML) is utilized to retrain DNN and track the system's changing baseline (due to MTD perturbations), thus improving the ML model's training speed and reducing the data requirements. We summarize our main contributions in the following:

\begin{itemize}
    \item We analyze the mechanism of CCPAs under the DC power flow model and propose three kinds of CCPA named ``partial CCPA'', ``extra CCPA'' and ``full CCPA''. We demonstrate using IEEE test systems that the existing ML methods can only localize ``partial CCPA'' but can not localize sophisticated attacks such as ``extra CCPA'' and ``full CCPA''.

    \item To defend against CCPAs, we develop an attack localization model by combining MTD with ML methods, which are used to expose stealthy attacks and identify the attack location, respectively.

    \item To make the proposed defense more practical, we improve the attack localization model using MAML, which accelerates the training speed and reduces the data requirement. By doing so, the developed model can adapt to the topology reconfigurations caused by MTD and planned system operations.

    \item We conduct extensive simulations using the benchmark IEEE bus system. The experimental results show that the proposed approach can effectively localize line outages in stealthy CCPAs.
\end{itemize}

The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section~\ref{sec:Preliminaries} introduces the power system model and CCPAs. Section~\ref{sec:CCPA identification} details the proposed approach to localize line outages in stealthy CCPAs and \ref{sec:Meta Learning} describes the MAML approach. Section~\ref{sec:Simulations Settings A} presents the simulation setting. Section~\ref{sec:Simulation Results} analyses the simulation results to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The conclusions are presented in Section~\ref{sec:Conclusions}.

\addtolength{\topmargin}{0.04in}

\section{Preliminaries} \label{sec:Preliminaries}

\subsection{Power Grid Model} \label{sec:Power Grid Model}
We consider a power grid consist of a set $\mathcal{N} = \{1,2,  \ldots,N\}$ of buses and a set $\mathcal{L} = \{1,2,  \ldots,L\}$ of transmission lines. The generation and load on bus $i$ are denoted as $G_i$ and $L_i$, respectively. The power injection on bus $i$ is given by $ P_i = G_i - L_i$. We let $l = \{ i, j\}, \ i \neq j$ denote a transmission line $l \in \mathcal{L}$ that connects bus $i$ and bus $j$, and its reactance by $x_l$. The voltage phase angle of bus $i$ is denoted by $\theta_i$. Considering the DC power flow model, we use $F_l = {1 \over x_l} (\theta_i - \theta_j)$ to denote the directed active power flow, which points from bus $i$ to bus $j$.

\emph{Power System State Estimation:} The PSSE finds the best estimation of the system state from the noisy measurements. We consider the DC power flow model henceforth. The state of the system is given by the voltage phase angles $\hbox{\boldmath$\theta$} = (\theta_1, \theta_2, \ldots, \theta_N)^T$. We use $ {\bf z} = (z_1, z_2, \ldots, z_m)$ to denote the available measurements, where $m$ is the number of meters, and $m \geq n$. The measurement error (noise) is denoted by $ {\bf e} = (e_1, e_2, \ldots, e_m)$ which is assumed to be Gaussian. The relationship between measurements and state variables can be represented as:
\begin{align}
     {\bf z} = {\bf H} \hbox{\boldmath$\theta$} + {\bf e},
\end{align}
where, in this case, the measurement ${\bf z} \in \mbox{\bb R}^m$ consists of active power injection, active power flow and reverse active power flow, i.e. ${{\bf z}} = [\tilde{{\bf P}},\tilde{{\bf F}},-\tilde{{\bf F}}]^T$, where ${\bf P} = (P_1, P_2, \ldots, P_N)$, ${\bf F} = (F_1, F_2, \ldots, F_L)$. Let ${\bf A} \in \mbox{\bb R}^{(N-1) \times L}$ denote the reduced branch-bus incidence matrix obtained by removing the row of the slack bus and ${\bf D} \in \mbox{\bb R}^{L \times L}$ as a diagonal matrix of the reciprocals of link reactances. Then, the system's Jacobian matrix ${\bf H} \in \mbox{\bb R}^{m \times n}$ is given by ${\bf H} =  [{\bf D} {\bf A}^T;-{\bf D} {\bf A}^T;{\bf A} {\bf D} {\bf A}^T]$. Using the minimum mean squared estimation method, the estimate of the system state is given by,
\begin{align}
    \hat{\hbox{\boldmath$\theta$}} = ({\bf H}^T {\bf W} {\bf H})^{-1} {\bf H}^T {\bf W} {\bf z},
\end{align}
where ${\bf W} = {\hbox{diag}}(\sigma_1^{-2}, \sigma_2^{-2}, \ldots, \sigma_m^{-2})$ is a diagonal matrix, and $\sigma_i, i = 1, \ldots,m$ is the standard deviation of sensor measurement noise.

Bad data detection (BDD) is based on the measurement residual, which defined as ${\bf r} =  {\bf z} - {\bf H} \hat{\hbox{\boldmath$\theta$}} $. If the Euclidean norm of measurement residual exceeds a specific threshold $ {\lVert {\bf r} \rVert}_2  \geq \tau$, the BDD will trigger the alarm to indicate the presence of bad data (e.g., faulty measurements and/or attack).

\emph{False Data injection Attack:} FDIA injects malicious data into the measurements, misleading PSSE to obtain an incorrect system state estimation. We denote an FDIA vector by ${\bf a} = (a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_m)^T$. Then the compromised measurement is given by ${\bf z}_c = {\bf z} + {\bf a}$. If the attack vector follows the constraint ${\bf a} = {\bf H} {\bf c} $, it will not change the measurement residual and thus will not be detected by BDD \cite{Liu2011}. The corresponding estimate of the system state is given by $\hat{\hbox{\boldmath$\theta$}}_c = \hat{\hbox{\boldmath$\theta$}} + {\bf c}$, where ${\bf c} = (c_1, c_2, \ldots, c_n)^T$ is the estimation error due to the attack.

\subsection{Coordinated Cyber-Physical attack} \label{sec:Coordinated Cyber-Physical attack}
While the FDIA harms the power system by modifying sensor measurement and misleading system operators to take incorrect operations, CCPA damages the power grid physically and uses the coordinated FDIA to mask the effect of the attack \cite{DengCCPA2017}. In this research, we mainly consider the physical attack in form of a transmission line disconnection. Under DC power flow, the relationship between pre-attack and post-physical-attack measurements can be derived in a straightforward manner as
\begin{align}
    {\bf z}_p &=  {\bf z} + {\bf H} \Delta \bm{\theta} + \Delta {\bf H} \bm{\theta}_p,
\end{align}
where the subscript ``p'' represents the power grid parameters after the physical attack, $ {\bf z}$ and ${\bf z}_p$ denote pre-attack and post-physical-attack measurements, respectively. ${\bf a}_p {\,\,\stackrel{\scriptscriptstyle \bigtriangleup}{=}\,\,}  {\bf H} \Delta \bm{\theta} + \Delta {\bf H} \bm{\theta}_p $ is the overall change in the measurement because of the physical attack. $\Delta {\bf H} $, and $\Delta \bm{\theta}$ are the change in the system's Jacobian matrix and phase angle before and after physical attack, given by $\Delta {\bf H} = {\bf H}_p - {\bf H} $ and $\Delta \bm{\theta} = \bm{\theta}_p - \bm{\theta} $. The change in the measurements due to the physical attack will increase the residual value, and the attack will likely be detected by the BDD. Under CCPA, the attacker injects a coordinated FDIA following the physical attack to avoid detection. The simplest FDIA that can mask the effect of the physical attack is of the form  ${\bf a}_c = -\Delta {\bf H} \bm{\theta}_p$, which leads measurement to
\begin{align}
     {\bf z}_{ccpa} = {\bf z}_p + {\bf a}_c
     = {\bf z} + {\bf H} \Delta \bm{\theta}  \label{eqn:CCPA_P}.
\end{align}
Comparing with the pre-physical-attack measurements ${\bf z}$, the only difference in the post-CCPA measurements ${\bf z}_{ccpa} $ is the term ${\bf H} \Delta \bm{\theta}$. Such ${\bf z}_{ccpa}$ will not cause an increase in the value of the residual and will be identified as a normal system measurement by BDD.
We name the CCPA in \eqref{eqn:CCPA_P} as ``partial CCPA'', since it only hides a part of the change in measurements due to the physical attack (i.e., only removes the $ \Delta {\bf H} \bm{\theta}_p$  component from ${\bf z}_p,$ while leaving the ${\bf H} \Delta \bm{\theta}$ component). To launch a ``partial CCPA'' (i.e., ${\bf a}_c = -\Delta {\bf H} \bm{\theta}_p$), attackers can calculate $ \Delta {\bf H}$ using the tripped branch reactance, and obtain $\bm{\theta}_p$ using the reactance of one alternative path between the two ends of the tripped branch. \cite{Lakshminarayana2021}.

Alternatively, the attacker can improve the stealthiness of CCPA to avoid detection from advanced detectors (e.g., ML based). Let us consider a CCPA with an extra FDIA:
\begin{align}
    {\bf z}_{ccpa\_extra}
    &= {\bf z}_{ccpa} + {\bf a}_{extra}  \nonumber\\
    &= {\bf z} + {\bf H} \Delta \bm{\theta} + {\bf H} {\bf c} \nonumber\\
    &= {\bf z} + {\bf H} (\Delta \bm{\theta} + {\bf c}). \label{eqn:CCPA_E}
\end{align}
In this attack, the attacker injects an additional FDIA ${\bf a}_{extra} = {\bf H} {\bf c}, {\bf c} \in \mathbb{R}^N$, which is also undetectable to BDD. ${\bf c}$ is the estimation distortion and can be a random vector with the dimension of $N$. We name the CCPA in \eqref{eqn:CCPA_E} as ``extra CCPA'' since it injects an additional FDIA to disturb the detection. Note that an attack of this form can also be constructed with partial knowledge of the system topology and can be constructed in a sparse manner.

Furthermore, the attackers can completely mask the effect of the line outage using a more sophisticated FDI attack. Specifically, consider an FDIA of the form ${\bf a}_{full} = {\bf z} - {\bf z}_p$. If ${\bf a}_{full}$ is injected following the physical attack, then we have,
\begin{align}
    {\bf z}_{ccpa\_full} &= {\bf z}_p + {\bf a}_{full} \nonumber\\
    & = {\bf z}_p + {\bf z} - {\bf z}_p = {\bf z}. \label{eqn:CCPA_F}
\end{align}
Note that to compute ${\bf a}_{full}$, before launching the physical attack, the attacker must first compute the power flows following the line disconnection (e.g., using line outage distribution factors) to obtain the post-physical-attack measurement ${\bf z}_p$. Note that ``full CCPA'' may potentially require complete knowledge of the power grid topology (e.g., with multiple line disconnections) and injecting an FDIA in all the measurements of the system. In contrast, the ``partial CCPA'' and ``extra CCPA'' are sparse vectors and hence, require less effort from the attacker (in terms of the ``write'' access on system measurements).

\section{CCPA identification based on deep neural network and moving target defense}  \label{sec:CCPA identification}

In this section, we propose CCPA localization method by combining ML with MTD. We describe the proposed defense step by step in the following.

\subsection{DNN-based Line Outage Identification with Uncompromised Measurements} \label{sec:DNN Approaches for CCPA Identification}
We firstly review DNN-based line outage localization based on uncompromised measurements (i.e., without a coordinated cyber attack) \cite{Zhaoyue2020}. Specifically, we develop a DNN approach that can build a mapping between the measurements and the line that is under outage. Let us denote the DNN's input, ground truth labels, and the DNN's output as ${\bf z} = (z_1, z_2, \ldots, z_m)$, ${\bf y} = (y_1, y_2, \ldots, y_L)$, $\hat{{\bf y}} = (\hat{y}_1, \hat{y}_2, \ldots, \hat{y}_L)$, respectively. Herein, ${\bf z}$ is the power system measurements (without the coordinated FDI attack), as detailed in Section~\ref{sec:Preliminaries}. The notation ${\bf y}$ are labels representing the location of the line under outage. The elements of the label $ y_l$ are given by
\begin{align}
    y_l = \Bigg \{ \begin{matrix} & 1, & \text{Line } \ l \  \text{is in outage} \\ & 0, & \text{otherwise,} \end{matrix} \label{eqn:y_rule}
\end{align}
where subscript $l \in L$ denotes the transmission line index.

We note that multiple line outages can occur simultaneously. Hence, the number of potential line outage scenarios increases rapidly with the size of the power system. Enumerating all line outage scenarios will be computationally intractable. So, the traditional multi-classification method is not suitable for line outage identification. To overcome this difficulty, we recast the problem into $L$ binary classification problems, where each one corresponds to inferring the status of a line that is under outage separately. More specifically, let $\mathcal{T} = \{ {\bf z}_{k}, {\bf y}_{k} \}^{K}_{k = 1}$ denote the training dataset (input-output pairs). Herein, $K$ denotes the number of training samples and subscript $k$ denotes the training sample's index. Let ${\bf h}({\bf z}_k,{\bf w})$ denote a parametric function, and ${\bf w}$ denotes the parameters of the DNN. The output of the DNN can be represented as $\hat{{\bf y}}_k =  {\bf h}({\bf z}_k,{\bf w})$. The parameters of the DNN are trained to minimize the objective function given by
\begin{align}
    J_{\mathcal{T}} ({\bf w}) = -\frac{1}{K} \sum_{k=1}^{K} \frac{1}{L} \sum_{l=1}^{L} & (\hat{y}_{l, k} log(y_{l, k}) \nonumber\\
     &+ (1-\hat{y}_{l, k })log(1-y_{l, k})).
    \label{eqn:loss_ML}
\end{align}
This objective function is the sum of $L$ binary cross-entropy between DNN's predicted value $\hat{{\bf y}} =  {\bf h}({\bf z},{\bf w})$ and the corresponding ground truth labels ${\bf y}$.

\emph{Challenges of CCPA Localization Using DNN:} As opposed to the scenario described above, localizing the line disconnected under CCPA is challenging because the line outage is carefully masked by a coordinated FDIA. Our results show that the straightforward application of ML algorithms can only localize ``partial CCPA'' but can not localize ``extra CCPA'' and ``full CCPA''. The reason being that ``partial CCPA'' \eqref{eqn:CCPA_P} only removes the $ \Delta {\bf H} \bm{\theta}_p$ component from ${\bf z}_p,$ while leaving the ${\bf H} \Delta \bm{\theta}$ component. When trained with the data corresponding to ${\bf z}_{ccpa},$ DNN can build a mapping between $\Delta \bm{\theta}$ and the line that is disconnected by the attacker. However, the ``extra CCPA'' in  \eqref{eqn:CCPA_E} adds an additional component ${\bf c}$ (i.e., $\Delta \bm{\theta} + {\bf c}),$ and distorts the mapping between $\Delta \hbox{\boldmath$\theta$}$ and the line under outage. Finally, the ``full CCPA'' \eqref{eqn:CCPA_F} completely masks the physical attack vector, and the observed measurement ${\bf z}$ corresponds to the normal system state (no attack), making it impossible to distinguish between the lines that are physically disconnected by the attacker.

\subsection{Moving target defense} \label{sec:Moving target defense}

In the subsection, we propose strengthening the DNN-based line outage localization in the presence of a coordinated FDIA using MTD. The main idea is that to conduct a stealthy attack (partial, extra, and full CCPA), the attacker must obtain at least a partial knowledge of the target system topology (branch connectivity and line reactances). MTD is a dynamic defense strategy that changes the transmission line reactance periodically (or event-triggered) using D-FACTS devices to invalidate the attacker's acquired knowledge of the system (e.g., using data-driven methods \cite{LakshDataDrive2021}). The two essential steps in the construction of an MTD against CCPA are D-FACTS deployment and operation, which we describe in the following.

{\bf D-FACTS deployment:} Reference \cite{Lakshminarayana2021} proposes an optimal deployment of D-FACTS devices to defend against CCPAs. Let us denote the set of transmission lines by $\mathcal{L}_D \subseteq \mathcal{L}$ on which D-FACTS devices are deployed. To launch an undetectable CCPA, the attacker requires the knowledge the branch reactances within at-least one alternative path between the two ends of disconnected lines. D-FACTS deployment should guarantee that at least one D-FACTS device is installed on each alternative path \cite{Lakshminarayana2021}. To find the minimum number of D-FACTS devices that can ensure this throughout the power grid, the problem can be solved by finding a spanning tree of the graph  ${\bf g} = (\mathcal{N}, \mathcal{L})$, denoted by $\mathcal{L}_{sptr}$, and the D-FACTS deployment can be selected following $\mathcal{L}_D = \mathcal{L} \setminus \mathcal{L}_{sptr}$.

{\bf D-FACTS Operation:} MTD operates to change the transmission line reactance on $\mathcal{L}_D$, which represents as ${\bf x}_{\mathcal{L}_D} = \{x_l \vert \forall l \in \mathcal{L}_D \}$, via D-FACTS devices.  We use the superscript `` $\prime$ '' to represent system notations after operating MTD (e.g., ${\bf H}$ and ${\bf H}^\prime$ denote topology matrix before and after MTD, respectively). The line reactance setting after MTD becomes ${\bf x}^\prime_{\mathcal{L}_D} = {\bf x}_{\mathcal{L}_D} + \Delta {\bf x}_{\mathcal{L}_D}$, where $\Delta {\bf x}_{\mathcal{L}_D}$ is the reactance perturbation. The effectiveness of MTD operation can be quantify using \textit{smallest principal angle} (SPA) between the column space of the topology matrix before and after MTD operations, i.e. $\gamma ({\bf H}, {\bf H}^\prime)$ \cite{LakshMTD2021}. MTD perturbations $\Delta {\bf x}_{\mathcal{L}_D}$ that ensure a high value of $\gamma ({\bf H}, {\bf H}^\prime)$ are more effective in terms of the detection rate.

Next, we investigate MTD in the context of the different CCPA scenarios described in the previous section. As in previous work on MTD, we assume that the attacker has an outdated knowledge of the system, i.e., system corresponding to the measurement matrix ${\bf H}$ (and correspondingly $\hbox{\boldmath$\theta$},$ etc.). However, due to the MTD, the system's settings are changed to the measurement matrix corresponding to ${\bf H}^\prime$  (and correspondingly $\hbox{\boldmath$\theta$}^\prime,$ etc.). We exclude ``partial CCPA'' from our discussion since they can be directly localized by the DNN (without MTD, see discussion in the previous section).

For ``extra CCPA'' \eqref{eqn:CCPA_E}, the attacker computes the FDIA with outdated system knowledge. After MTD, the relationship between  ${\bf z}'$ and ${\bf z}'_p$ becomes  ${\bf z}' = {\bf z}'_p + {\bf H}' \Delta \bm{\theta}' + \Delta {\bf H}' \bm{\theta}_p'.$ The attacker in turn computes the ``extra CCPA'' as ${\bf a}_{extra} = \Delta {\bf H}  \bm{\theta}_p + {\bf H} {\bf c}.$ The measurements following CCPA are given by
\begin{align}
    {\bf z}'_{ccpa\_extra} & = {\bf z}'_p + {\bf a}_{extra} \nonumber \\
     & = {\bf z}' + {\bf H}' \Delta \bm{\theta}' + \Delta {\bf H}' \bm{\theta}_p' - \Delta {\bf H}  \bm{\theta}_p + {\bf H} {\bf c} \nonumber\\
    &= {\bf z}' + ({\bf H}' \Delta \bm{\theta}' + {\bf H} {\bf c}) + (\Delta {\bf H}' \bm{\theta}_p' - \Delta {\bf H}  \bm{\theta}_p) \label{eqn:CCPA_E_MTD}.
\end{align}
For ``full CCPA'' \eqref{eqn:CCPA_F}, to obtain the attack vector ${\bf a}_{full} ={\bf z} -{\bf z}_p$, the attacker should firstly recompute power flow equations, according to their knowledge of the target system. With MTD, the attackers' recomputed measurements are different from the real value, and thus the stealthy attack is invalidated, as follows:
\begin{align}
    {\bf z}'_{ccpa\_full} &= {\bf z}'_p + {\bf a}_{full} \nonumber\\
    & = {\bf z}'_p + {\bf z} - {\bf z}_p. \label{eqn:CCPA_F_MTD}
\end{align}
In both cases, a DNN can be trained to learn the mapping from ${\bf z}'_{ccpa\_extra}$ and ${\bf z}'_{ccpa\_full}$ to the line under outage (i.e., disconnected by the attacker in a CCPA). We note that placement of CCPA as described above ensures that the knowledge of $\Delta {\bf H}^\prime$ is invalidated, and MTD chosen according to the SPA criteria ensures a high detection rate. We show the effectiveness of the proposed method in localizing CCPAs using simulations in Section \ref{sec:Simulation Results}.

\section{Meta Learning For Attack Localization Under MTD Topology Reconfigurations} \label{sec:Meta Learning}
We note that MTD-based topology reconfigurations will render an offline-trained DNN ineffective. E.g., when the topology of the system is changed from ${\bf H}$ to ${\bf H}^\prime,$ a DNN trained on parameters corresponding to ${\bf H}$ is no longer guaranteed to be effective. While it is certainly possible to retrain the DNN model when the topology reconfiguration to ${\bf H}^\prime$ is triggered, this approach requires significant amounts of training data and time. Alternatively, separate DNN models can be trained, as backup, for each system configuration. But this would require a significant amount of computational resources, and it is almost impossible to enlist all the system configurations beforehand. To overcome this challenge, we propose to apply meta-learning to assist the combination of DNN and MTD.

Meta-learning is a DNN-training methodology for a series of related tasks; when presented with a new and related task, the strengthened model can quickly learn this task from a small amount of training data samples \cite{FinnMAML2017}. In particular, the CCPA localization under the different system topologies (due to MTD topology reconfiguration) can be viewed as a series of related learning tasks. Meta-learning enables DNN to achieve fast retraining and quickly adapt to new system configurations. Specifically, we use the so-called model agnostic meta-learning (MAML) \cite{FinnMAML2017}, which finds a common initialization point in the offline training phase for a series of related tasks (in our context line outage localization under different topologies). Then, in the online training phase, following a topology reconfiguration, a DNN model can quickly learn the new task with only a few training samples by starting with this initial point.

 \begin{figure}[!t]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{MAML.png}
	\caption{Overall structure of CCPA localization}
	\label{fig:Coordinated DNN-MTD}
\end{figure}

The overall structure of the CCPA localization model with meta-learning is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:Coordinated DNN-MTD}. In the offline training phase, the system operator uses a power grid simulator to generate a large amount of line outage localization training data under different system topologies (e.g., these topologies can be generated by adding random reactance perturbations to the original system model). The data is subsequently used to develop a pretraining model using the MAML algorithm. When MTD operates to perturb the transmission line reactance and modify the system topology, system operators will use a power grid simulator to generate a few data samples from the real-time system topology (note these data samples can be computed using a simulator once the reactance perturbation is computed by the system operator). The real-time samples can be used to quickly fine-tune the pretraining model. The developed new model can identify CCPA location under the real-time system.  We omit the detailed description of the algorithm due to the lack of space and refer the reader to our past work \cite{Chen2022}, in which we apply meta-learning for a similar regression task in power systems.

\section{Simulations } \label{sec:Simulations Settings}

In this section, we perform simulations to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach in identifying the location of physical attacks in CCPA.

\subsection{Simulation Settings} \label{sec:Simulations Settings A}
The proposed CCPA identification approach is tested using the IEEE-14 bus system. The power system model is obtained from the MATPOWER simulator. Following the optimal D-FACTS deployment algorithm to defend against CCPAs \cite{Lakshminarayana2021}, D-FACTS devices are placed on 7 links given by \{1,3,5,8,9,18,19\} and the reactance perturbation for MTD is chosen to obtain a large SPA between the pre-perturbation and the post-perturbation matrices.

The compromised measurement data is generated by injecting attack vectors into the original measurement data. We generate the aforementioned ``partial CCPA'', ``extra CCPA'', and ``full CCPA''. To create measurements under CCPA, we firstly disconnect a randomly-chosen subset of transmission lines. We assume that at-most two lines can be under outage (note that if too many lines are disconnected, it might lead to an infeasible power flow solution). After that, compromised measurement data is generated by injecting attack vector \eqref{eqn:CCPA_P}, \eqref{eqn:CCPA_E}, \eqref{eqn:CCPA_F} in the absence of MTD and according to \eqref{eqn:CCPA_E_MTD} and \eqref{eqn:CCPA_F_MTD} when MTD is implemented.  To generate multiple data points, we simulate the system under different load conditions by randomly changing the active load within $[0.8, 1.2]$ of the base values (here, the base value refers to the value provided in MATPOWER case file). For each scenario, we create 10000 training samples and 1000 testing samples.

The pre-training algorithm of meta-learning requires data from different system topologies. For this, we inject random perturbation to the line reactance values ranging between  $[0.8, 1.2]$ of their base values (once again, base values refer to the reactance value provided in MATLAB case file). Specifically, we generate $100$ different topologies. For each topology, we generate $1000$ data points by changing the load conditions. For real-time retraining following MTD, a reactance perturbation is chosen according to the procedure described above, and the DNN is trained online starting from the initial point specified by meta-learning.

We implement the DNN model using PyTorch. Specifically, a multi-layer convolution neural network (CNN) is designed to process the data. The CNN setting is detailed in Table~\ref{tbl:1-D CNN}. We use the ReLu activation function at the hidden layers and the sigmoid activation function at the output layer. The model parameters are updated using the ``Adam'' optimizer, and the L2 regularization is applied to prevent over-fitting.

\begin{table}[!t]
 	\centering
     	\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|}

 		\hline
 		Layer & Type & Input size & Output size & Kernel & Padding \\
 		\hline
 		1 & Conv1d & $ 1 * 54 $ & $ 128 * 54 $ & 5*1 & 2 \\
 		\hline
		2 & Conv1d & $ 128 * 54 $ & $ 256 * 54 $ & 3*1 & 1 \\
		\hline
 		3 & Conv1d & $ 256 * 54 $ & $ 128 * 54 $ & 3*1 & 1 \\
 		\hline
 		4 & Conv1d & $ 128 * 54 $ & $ 64 * 54 $ & 3*1 & 1 \\
		\hline
 		5 & Linear  & 64 * 54 & 20 & & \\
 		\hline

 	\end{tabular}
 	\caption{The CNN setting}
 	\label{tbl:1-D CNN}
 \end{table}

\subsection{Simulation Results} \label{sec:Simulation Results}
The performance of developed models is assessed using precision rate and recall rate, which are defined as
\begin{align}
    precision = {{True\ Positive} \over {True\ Positive + False\ Positive}},
\end{align}
\begin{align}
    recall = {{True\ Positive} \over {True\ Positive + False\ Negative}}.
\end{align}

The overall identification performances of the developed models are presented in Table~\ref{tbl:Result}. We compare the performance of three approaches in identifying line outage locations in CCPAs. Approach~1 is the straightforward application of ML algorithms (i.e. CNN) using the compromised measurements to identify the line outage locations. When defending against ``partial CCPA'', Approach~1 achieves accurate identification performance with $ 96.09 \% $ recall rate and $ 99.23\% $ precision rate. However, when attackers intentionally inject noise into $\Delta \hbox{\boldmath$\theta$}$ (i.e. ``extra CCPA''), the recall rate rapidly decreased to $ 64.70 \%$. When it comes to ``full CCPA'', Approach~1 can hardly identify the attack.

In Approach~2, MTD is used to invalidate the cyber mask. Following MTD reconfiguration, we retrain the CNN from scratch (i.e., with randomly initialized weights) and with the data corresponding to the new system configuration. The effectiveness of MTD can be validated by comparing the performance of Approach~2 and Approach~1, especially in the case of ``extra CCPA'' and ``full CCPA''. We note that the recall rate exceeds $83 \%$, and the precision rate exceeds $95 \%$. These results prove that MTD improves the attack localization performance and contributes to the defense against stealthy CCPA.

However, CCPAs with knowledge distortion (due to MTD) still result in a disturbance in attack localization, which is equivalent to topology identification from noisy measurement. Our proposed approach (Approach~3) applies MAML to strengthen the CNN and help denoising. Compared with Approach~2, our approach achieves up to $7 \%$ and $3 \%$ improvement in recall rate and precision rate, respectively. Furthermore, our approach increases the CNN training speed and reduces the data requirements, which enables the model to adapt to topology reconfiguration caused by MTD.

\newcommand{\tabincell}[2]{\begin{tabular}{@{}#1@{}}#2\end{tabular}}

\begin{table}[!t]
	\centering
    	\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|}

		\hline
		Approach & Attack & Recall Rate (\%) & Precision Rate (\%) \\
		\hline
		\multirow{3}*{CNN} & P & 96.09 & 99.23 \\
		\cline{2-2}
		 & E & 64.70 & 92.21 \\
		\cline{2-2}
		 & F & 3.30 & 10.40\\
		\hline
	    \multirow{3}*{CNN+MTD} & P & 95.80 & 99.86\\
		\cline{2-2}
		& E & 83.09 & 95.52 \\
		\cline{2-2}
		& F & 83.72 & 92.61  \\
		\hline
		\multirow{3}*{\tabincell{c}{CNN+MAML\\+MTD}} & P & 97.16 & 99.55 \\
		\cline{2-2}
		& E & 87.85 & 96.20 \\
		\cline{2-2}
		& F & 91.31 & 95.86 \\
		\hline

	\end{tabular}
	\caption{Simulation results for IEEE-14 bus system. ``P'' denotes ``partial CCPA'', ``E'' denotes ``extra CCPA'', ``F'' denotes ``full CCPA''.}
	\label{tbl:Result}
	\vspace{-0.1 cm}
\end{table}

\section{Conclusions} \label{sec:Conclusions}

In this work, we have proposed a novel approach to localize the line(s) disconnected by the attacker in CCPA. The proposed approach is a combination of data-driven defense and physics-based defense. Specifically, MTD is applied to invalidate the knowledge the attackers use to mask the effect of the physical attack and MAML-strengthened CNN is used to localize the line outage. Extensive simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach in defending against stealthy CCPAs. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to localize the disconnected lines in CCPA. Future work includes deriving theoretical results for optimal MTD design for localization purposes and extension to a non-linear power flow model.

\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Ugly Music (Paperback)
By Diannely Antigua
Poetry. African & African American Studies. Latinx Studies. Women's Studies. Diannely Antigua's debut collection, UGLY MUSIC, is a cacophonous symphony of reality, dream, trauma, and obsession. It reaches into the corners of love and loss where survival and surrender are blurred. The poems span a traumatic early childhood, a religious adolescence, and, later, a womanhood that grapples with learning how to create an identity informed by, yet in spite of, those challenges. What follows is an exquisitely vulgar voice, unafraid to draw attention to the distasteful, to speak a truth created by a collage of song and confession, diary and praise. It is an account of observation and dissociation, the danger of simultaneously being inside and outside the experiences that mold a life. UGLY MUSIC emerges as a story of witness, a realization that even the strangest things exist on earth and deserve to live.
Diannely Antigua's UGLY MUSIC is a beautiful disturbance of erotic energy. This debut counters the pull of thanatos with the effervescent allure of pure imagination, and everything is dangerously alive. Antigua's seduction is both intellectual and physical, a force strong enough to counter the emotional pains recounted here--an abandoning father, trespassed bodies, pregnancies lost, wanted, feared. At times, the speaker of these poems trespasses on her own body, as if to say a body is both precious and to be ruined, used, used up. At its deepest song, this is a theological protest and investigation by a speaker wrestling with faith and fathers, with unapologetic desire. These poems have found a way to circumvent the most precarious silences, to boast and to rue.
--Catherine Barnett.
Publisher: Yesyes Books
American - African American


text:
Bryan Adams talks about his new album, Tracks Of My Years
"What unified everything was my voice and the way I produced it"
Bryan Adams, age 15, North Vancouver, Canada.
Bryan Adams is taking a panoptical view of his life and career on a trio of upcoming recordings. For an album of brand-new material, slated for fall of 2015, he's recorded six songs with producer Jeff Lynne, the results of which have the Canadian superstar more than a little stoked. "I say this with great trepidation," he begins, "but if it turns out any better than it already has, it could be the best record I've ever done."
In November, Adams will celebrate the 30th anniversary of his breakthrough 1984 album Reckless by issuing a four-disc deluxe package of the set, complete with a newly remastered version of the original disc, a 1985 BBC concert, Reckless: The Movie, a Blu-ray audio disc and seven previously unreleased tracks.
Before then, however, Adams surveys his teenage years on what is hands-down one of 2014's brightest releases, Tracks Of My Years, due out September 30. Although the album contains one new original, a sterling Adams/Jim Valance composition called She Knows Me, the bulk of the record sees Adams paying homage to classic tunes he heard on the radio while growing up.
"I have this kind of thing where I consider the songs that I grew up with are kind of untouchable."
"AM radio was king in the '70s," Adams explains. "Back then, there was no discrimination between genres, so you'd get Ray Charles or a song like Kiss And Say Goodbye into The Beatles – easy. If it was a good song, it was gonna get played. So I just thought, 'OK, let's do songs that were on the AM radio and stick a picture of me on the cover from the time when I decided that music was what I was going to do.'"
Adams puts his own stamp on Charles' I Can't Stop Loving You, The Manhattans' Kiss And Say Goodbye and The Beatles' Any Time At All, along with 12 other radio gems (such as Bob Dylan's Lay Lady Lay, the Beach Boys' God Only Knows and The Association's Never My Love, among others), on Tracks Of My Years, which he produced with fellow Canadian hit makers David Foster and Bob Rock.
"I have this kind of thing where I consider the songs that I grew up with are kind of untouchable," Adams observes. "You wouldn't even consider doing them because it would be sacrilegious." To that end, in some cases, Adams, Foster and Rock employed a more bare-bones approach to the new versions, with the emphasis on the singer's voice rather than an attempt at re-creating the production of the original recordings.
"What unified everything was my voice and the way I produced it," Adams notes. "The key was to not have anything on it. There's no reverb, no echo – it's raw and right in your face, off the microphone. It didn't matter who produced it; I decided that my voice should have that quality of production throughout the record, and that's what tied it all together. I'm really pleased with the results."
Tracks Of My Years will be released on September 30 in the US and Canada, and on October 6 in Europe and other territories. You can pre-order the album at this link. On the following pages, Adams discusses six songs from the set.
Prev Page 1 of 7 Next Prev Page 1 of 7 Next
Originally recorded by The Beatles
(Image: © John Springer Collection/CORBIS)
You Can't Do That
"It's really hard to do a Beatles song without fucking it up. [Laughs] I have a song called Back To You on my MTV album [Unplugged], and I thought that Any Time At All could work the same way – very strummy. And it did. It worked out beautifully.
"Everybody knows the song, but it's not like one of the Beatles songs that gets played all the time. Because it was a little more off the radar, that's why I was interested in it. I wanted it to rock out a bit more. One of the things about this record that I wanted to do was not do a pastiche of the original track; I wanted to do my own thing as best I could. I think I accomplished that."
(Image: © Boris Roessler/dpa/Corbis)
She Knows Me
"Jim Vallance and I didn't work together for a while, but we started again in the 2000s. We would bounce things off of each other through e-mails. That's how this song came about: 'I've got this chorus…' 'Really? Well, I've got this verse.' It was just like that.
"We stuck two things together, and then I sent Jim some lyric ideas. He'd either improve upon them or tell me they were crap. [Laughs] We did that until we got it finished, and then I did a really loose demo. After that, it kind of got forgotten in the computer files of my archives.
"David asked me to give him an original song, so I played him a few things, and with this one he went, 'That's it! I want that one.' I've gotta give him a lot of credit; he took this song and really did a job on it. He's a master producer, just amazing."
Originally recorded by Ray Charles
(Image: © JazzSign/Lebrecht Music & Arts/Lebrecht Music & Arts/Corbis)
I Can't Stop Loving You
"You can't try and do Ray Charles, so you have to be yourself. On the original, there's that top line – 'I can't stop loving you' – and that was a choir singing that part. I felt like my version was different enough from what Ray did.
"Like with so many of them, you can't do these things 'on the nose.' You can't do them like the original. You have to take it somewhere else, and that's what we did here."
Originally recorded by Bob Dylan
(Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS)
"A great song, a sexy song. It's funny, though: If I sing any Dylan song, I start to sound like Bob in about two phrases. It just happens, and that's the problem – he's so identifiable. The minute I sing, 'The answer, my friend, is blowin' in the wind,' it's like, 'OK, you sound like Bob.' [Laughs]
"Singing this song an octave higher than Bob sort of puts it in a new place. I hope he likes it. It's me and Keith Scott on guitars, along with a guy named Michael Thompson. Keith kind of does an E-Bow guitar line in the background. I love that."
Originally recorded by The Association
Never My Love
"I heard this one on the radio as a kid, for sure. Jim Vallance reminded me of it. When we tried it, it came together pretty quickly. There were two songs that were sort of benchmarks in terms of production, this one and Kiss And Say Goodbye, which might be my favorite track on the record.
"I did this one sort of the same way I did God Only Knows – there's no harmonies. There's maybe a third here and there for a couple of lines, but generally speaking, I just let the voice be the glue. I just didn't want to cloud up the voice with echo and reverb and all kinds of stuff. And that's Michael Thompson doing the guitar solo. He's a great guitar player."
"I wanted to do this song, but when I mentioned it to Foster he said, 'No, no, no.' But then I said, 'Well, what if we did it like Bill Evans and Tony Bennett?' He looked at me and he literally jumped off the sofa. He went to the piano and shouted to his assistant, 'Get me the chart!' [Laughs] We did a few takes of it, and that was that.'
"There's such a great vibe on those records Bill Evans did with Tony Bennett, and that stayed with me. Because you can't do God Only Knows like the Beach Boys; again, it would have been a pastiche, and that wouldn't have worked. So we took it somewhere else. It's a beautiful song, very moving, but it can be a little hard to sing. I'm happy with what we did with it."


text:
Why Bytedance shut its investment arm down
Jan 28, 2022 (WiC 571)
Turning 10 years-old in March and valued at around $400 billion, Bytedance is the world's most valuable unicorn. And it has always made plain its ambitions to take on other titans in the internet sector, most notably Tencent. But these days any expression of intent to become a dominant player in the tech and internet spaces now brings heightened levels of political risk. In recent times most of the leading tech behemoths have been slapped with warnings, fines and regulatory action from the government. Ergo aspirations are being toned down or tempered in this kind of context.
Hence China's internet circles shouldn't have been too shocked this month when the owner of the popular apps Douyin and Toutiao disbanded its fast-growing investment department. "After evaluating our business at the beginning of the year, we decided to strengthen our focus on our [core] business and cut down investment with little synergy," Bytedance explained in a statement.
According to 36Kr, a news portal, the strategic investment unit has been crucial in adding to Bytedance's sprawling empire over the past decade. Its globally popular app TikTok, for instance, was developed from the acquisition of Music.ly in the United States back in 2017. Importantly, the investment unit also helped the Chinese internet giant to identify and recruit promising talent for its start-up team.
Bytedance's investment team only got more acquisitive as the company grew in size and influence. It was involved in 76 deals last year, up from just 22 in 2018. One of the bigger acquisitions was Shanghai-based gaming studio Moonton, which Bytedance took over in March last year for $4 billion.
The decision to dial back on M&A for the foreseeable future is a response to recent regulatory changes, 36Kr suggests, coming in the wake of speculation that any deal involving companies with more than 100 million customers might need prior-approval from the government – although the Cyberspace Administration of China quickly denied any such guidelines had been given.
Nevertheless there's no denying that spirits in the internet sector have been chilled by Beijing's remorseless crackdown, which seems designed to prevent a small group of 'platform' companies from becoming too influential across too many technologies, sectors and markets. In that landscape, announcing another blockbuster takeover becomes less attractive for protagonists like Alibaba, Tencent or Bytedance.
For smaller internet companies, the pullback in investment could be a mixed blessing, however. One of the common complaints is that the major players have been predatory towards smaller newcomers, often forcing them into selling stakes at knock-down valuations. But they were also regular buyers of start-ups, giving founders a way of cashing out of their creations or financing their growth.
The new regulatory terrrain also begs the question of whether other investors will also scale back their M&A activity. Our ranking of the top 50 Chinese unicorns, for instance, highlighted how venture capital firms like Hillhouse Capital and Sequoia China also have (alongside Tencent and Alibaba) had an outsized influence on the tech landscape (see WiC530).
In the meantime the internet titans are trying to stay low-key. Tencent's boss Pony Ma reminded his staff in December that their employer was "just an ordinary company", warning that Tencent could be "easily replaced". The Financial Times reported last week that Ma is taking a more cautious M&A approach in China too, instead focusing on overseas expansion. "Going forward, we expect Tencent to invest less in platform companies to avoid the impression of forming alliances through investments, which is seen as problematic under China's antimonopoly focus," Bo Pei of US Tiger Securities told the FT.
An alternative strategy for staying influential, perhaps, is to take a 'fund of funds' approach, like CATL, China's biggest producer of electric vehicle batteries. According to Jiemian, CATL has "effectively turned into a 'super LP' " ('limited partner'), investing in more than 13 funds last year, including Hillhouse. Since going public in Shenzhen three years ago, CATL has invested indirectly or directly in dozens of companies and built a portfolio extending across the industrial chain of battery production, Time Weekly also reported.
China ConsumerCeline handbags in focus as inflation hits the luxury goods sector
TelecomsA feud over standardising smartphone chargers
Sino-FileBritish Foreign Secretary Lynn Truss tells the Sydney Morning Herald that Beijing might use a Russian invasion of Ukraine to launch action of its own in the Indo-Pacific. Paul Keating , a former Australian prime minister, strongly disagreed, saying her remark was "nothing short of demented" and that "the reality is Britain doesn't add up to a row of beans when it comes to East Asia".
EconomyAs the Year of Tiger starts we look at 12 years of zodiac predictions
And FinallyTwo blind dates and two very different outcomes…
More on Bytedance
The briefer, the better
Short video reaches saturation point in China, but profits can go higher
TikTok Mark II
Bytedance firm takes on Zuckerberg in the metaverse
Waiting for the final audit
What do Didi, TuSimple, Arm and TikTok tells us about Sino-US relations?


text:
Q: Invalid Django formset I have a django formset, when I enter just one row of data it works. If I try to enter two or more rows of data, when I submit the form I get the error:
ManagementForm data is missing or has been tampered with. Missing fields: form-TOTAL_FORMS, form-INITIAL_FORMS.

Reading similar questions it seems missing the management_form but in my code is present..any ideas?
This is my code:
models.py and forms.py
#models.py

from django.db import models

class Station(models.Model):
    id_station = models.IntegerField(blank=False)
    station_name = models.CharField(max_length=30, blank=False)
    unity_name = models.CharField(blank=False, max_length=10)
    id_sensor = models.IntegerField(blank=False)
    sensor_name = models.CharField(max_length=50, blank=False)

    class Meta:
        db_table = 'station'

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

# forms.py

from django import forms
from .models import Station
from django.forms import formset_factory

class StationForm(forms.Form):
    id_station = forms.IntegerField(label='id della stazione') #, widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control', 'placeholder': 'Enter Book Name here'}))
    station_name = forms.CharField(label='nome stazione', max_length=30,
                                   widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control', 'placeholder': 'nome stazione'}))
    unity_name = forms.CharField(label='nome unita', max_length=10,
                                   widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control', 'placeholder': 'nome unita'}))
    id_sensor = forms.IntegerField(label='id sensore')
    sensor_name = forms.CharField(label='nome sensore', max_length=50,
                                  widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'placeholder': 'nome sensore'}))

StationFormset = formset_factory(StationForm, extra=1)

views.py
from django.template import RequestContext

from django.shortcuts import render, redirect

from .forms import StationFormset
from .models import Station

def new_station(request):
    context = RequestContext(request)
    template_name = 'station.html'
    heading_message = 'Add a new station'
    if request.method == 'GET':
        formset = StationFormset(request.GET or None)
    elif request.method == 'POST':
        formset = StationFormset(request.POST or None)
        print('formset: ', formset.non_form_errors())

        if formset.is_valid():
            for form in formset:
                id_station = form.cleaned_data.get("id_station")
                station_name = form.cleaned_data.get("station_name")
                unity_name = form.cleaned_data.get("unity_name")
                id_sensor = form.cleaned_data.get("id_sensor")
                print('id sensor: ', id_sensor)
                sensor_name = form.cleaned_data.get("sensor_name")
            # save instance
                #form.save()
            return redirect('new_station')
    return render(request, template_name, {
        'formset': formset,
        'heading': heading_message,
    })

station.html
{% extends "base.html" %}
{% block content %}

Inserisci una nuova stazione

<form method="POST" action="">
        {% csrf_token %}

        {{ formset.management_form }}
        {% for form in formset %}

               {{ form.id_station.label }}
            {{form.id_station}}

               {{ form.station_name.label }}
               {{form.station_name}}

               {{ form.unity_name.label }}
            {{form.unity_name}}

               {{ form.id_sensor.label }}
            {{form.id_sensor}}

               {{ form.sensor_name.label }}
            {{form.sensor_name}}

            <button class="btn btn-success add-form-row">+ Unità e sensori</button>

  {% endfor %}

        <button type="submit" class="btn btn-block btn-primary">Invia</button>

</form>

{% endblock content %}

Reading similar questions it seems missing in the html template the management_form but in my code is present..any ideas?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Call for nominations open on 1st March and close on Sunday 31st March.
Nominations are welcomed from ACNN members who wish to recognise a colleague for their dedication and commitment to neonatal nursing and research through engagement in ACNN.
The award is given to a member of ACNN who has contributed meaningfully to neonatal research or clinical practice improvement through evidence-based practice development. Often these men and women are quiet achievers who might otherwise not be recognised.
The award is announced at the ACNN National Conference on 9th November 2019. The winner receives $1000 in recognition of their achievement.


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Kishi Bashi's bromance with Tall Tall Trees. Pyrrhic Whim plays the big house. And other random observations.
On his own, Kishi Bashi is a miracle. That he comes from here seems an impossibility. The exuberance he brings to the stage makes him seem much younger than he actually is — I was surprised to see when I read his bio that he's just a few years behind me. A graduate of Maury High School, I missed seeing his early work by half a minute. I'm a little sad that I haven't heard him until last night — it makes me wonder what I've been doing with my life. This work is deeply felt, his band is top fucking notch, and if you don't love this music you should probably turn in your heart for one that isn't defective.
Kishi Bashi obviously adores his hometown fans. The audience obviously returns that emotion. And at the end of the show any pretense to boundaries between the two were utterly eradicated as he moved his entire band off the stage and into the crowd to play his encore. I've never seen anything like it. Last night was special. It was magic. And as a result of just his live show alone, I will quite probably be a Kishi Bashi fan for the rest of my life.
I want someone to look at me the way Tall Tall Trees' Mike Savino looks at Kishi.
I had no idea psychedelic banjo was a thing until I listened to this man's setlist. I am better for the experience. If this is the direction musical tastes are heading, I look forward to the next decade. Do yourself a favor and check him out.
Really, at the end of the day, I came out to support Kelsie McNair's NorVa debut with her act, Pyrrhic Whim. Ably backed up by Tyler Warnalis' atmospheric git fiddling during his life quest to play for every band in the city, I was thrilled to witness her growth as an artist into electronica assisted singer-songwriting. While previously I've only ever heard her on an acoustic guitar — I was blown away by what's emerging from her artistic chrysalis. The easy reference point for this sound would be Kate Bush — but honestly, I believe McNair's voice is earthier and far more accessible than Kate's. These are deep songs, well crafted, and she should return to this stage as soon as possible.
Josh Coplan is to be commended for adding her to the mix. As this was a NorVa gig, I'm not entirely sure to the exact extent of his involvement, but if this show is any indication of things to come, I'm pretty excited to continue to watch him grow as a force for great music in our community.
It should be noted for those paying attention that none of these bands sound anything like the Cure.


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Instagram packs lots of features that's why it is one of the fastest growing and most populated social media platforms out there now. Making the instagram app download important. Instagram lets you have experiences with other users and to be a part of a fun...


One of the major themes for 2018 is the transit of the planet Saturn through its own sign, Capricorn. This transit has not happened for 29 years so, if you are old enough, look back at what was happening in your life 29 years ago to understand the flavor of this year. This transit continues until the end of March, 2020 and is a time for humanity to mature.
Saturn is comfortable in Capricorn, fortunately, but it is definitely a time of greater responsibility, duty as well as more focus on the more important, less frivolous aspects of life. Pluto is also moving very slowly but very surely through this serious sign of the zodiac grinding up and slowly changing institutions such as governments...this slow but sure change will eventually bring transformation in the years to come.
At this time of global change, if we look at the world honestly, and see all the craziness on so many levels, I think we would agree that it is definitely time for humanity to grow up. We shall be forced to do so over the next few years whether we like it or not.
At the same time as this sobering influence, Jupiter transits Scorpio for most of the year until November 8 when it enters Sagittarius. This will bring more opportunity for those born under the sign of Scorpio and the advice here is – when opportunity knocks, open the door.
These planetary themes affect us all. For example, with Jupiter in Scorpio we will all feel the urge to understand and express our deeper feelings and to grow emotionally. It is a time to heal – ourselves and others. Scorpios are the natural healers of the zodiac and have an intense emotional energy that they can channel into spiritual work. This is a great year for self-improvement as well more emphasis on true spirituality, i.e. service to others, healing, prayer, etc.
With these two planetary themes there is no longer room, fortunately, for the trite, superficial pursuits or the excessive glamor that is pursued by so many today. We shall no longer be so interested in shallow or temporary measures. We shall see, slowly but surely, a shift away from more meaningless things towards more serious and fulfilling paths. This may come to us through some type of crisis, but if we continue to keep our eye on a higher path, from these crises can come increased understanding and greater wisdom.
Also, previously taboo subjects will no longer be taboo. There will be increased fascination with topics like life after death and life on other planets and we shall probably see more television programs with these themes.
Jupiter in Scorpio also has some powerful aspects during the year with the planets Neptune, Pluto, Chiron and the true North Node. This represents a time for us to broaden our minds and have more faith in ourselves and in life. It is a good time to face our faults, as well as our strengths, honestly so that we can overcome the things that have been holding us back.
Another big theme for the year is the planet of revolution and revelation – the planet for this Aquarian Age and the ruler of astrology – Uranus. This electrifying, shocking planet is finally moving from the sign of Aries to Taurus in mid-May. Then on November 6 it returns to Aries for a few months until March 6, 2019 to complete its journey. After that it returns to Taurus for over seven years. The planet Uranus loves to shake things up and, having had Uranus transiting my Sun in Aries for some years, I can certainly attest to that. If you can survive the constant feeling of uncertainty and that Uranus brings, it will eventually bring an increased sense of freedom. Uranus has the ability to break down and break through barriers that hold you back.
When Uranus enters Taurus, it will shake up our attitude towards money and possessions, as well as our sense of security. This can be particularly difficult for those of us who feel secure through having money and possessions. It is definitely not all bad – none of the planetary influences are bad. Uranus also brings innovation and we shall see new innovations in our monetary and banking systems.
2018 is also a year of eclipses and retrogrades.
Eclipses bring changes and drama. In 2018, eclipses are more than usual, and most fall along the Leo-Aquarius axis. They thrust us into a state of heightened awareness of flaws in our friendships, attitudes towards others, and group activities - to strike a better balance between romance and friendship, and between expressing ourselves in personal and impersonal ways. However, the first eclipse along the Cancer-Capricorn axis occurs in July, and paves the way for new themes. This eclipse calls upon to feed our foundation - all of that which we call "home" - including the foundation we have built inside of ourselves, needs to be tended to and honored. We will need to pay more attention to our instincts, our deepest needs, and our feelings; and to recognize the importance of our family and our personal circle of friends - and the security, sense of belonging, and safety we derive from them.
Finally, 2018 is also a year of Retrogrades, with Venus and Mars both turning retrograde this year. These periods - Venus is retrograde from 5th October to 16th November. Venus goes retrograde about every 18 months for about 6 weeks. When this happens, old relationships can return to be completed. Investments can lose value. As with all retrograde periods, it is a time to reflect and review – in this case, the aspect of your life ruled by the planet Venus. Mars is retrograde from 26th June to 27th August. This is the time to slow down reflect rather than surge ahead. It's not a great time to travel and direct action is difficult. There is a tendency to leave tasks incomplete. It is better to focus on repairing and renovating rather than beginning ne things.
Please see the Mercury retrograde pages on this website for more information about how you are affected when this fast-moving planet makes its apparent backward movement.


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Q: Returned value from python is not available at javascript I am working on a pyqt5 application which opens up a Qwebengineview. I am also attaching a handler to the QWebchannel to communicate between javascript and python methods and setting it to the QWebengineview.
Everything is working as expected. The above code loads the HTML and the CallHandler's test() method is called from javascript. And it ran smoothly.
However, when a call from javascript is made to getScriptsPath() method, the function receives the call but returns nothing.
Below are the python and HTML codes respectively.
import os
import sys
from PyQt5 import QtCore, QtGui
from PyQt5.QtCore import QUrl, QObject, pyqtSlot
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QWidget
from PyQt5.QtCore import *
from PyQt5.QtGui import *
from PyQt5.QtWebEngineWidgets import QWebEngineView
from PyQt5.QtWebChannel import QWebChannel

class CallHandler(QObject):
    trigger = pyqtSignal(str)
    @pyqtSlot()
    def test(self):
        print('call received')

    @QtCore.pyqtSlot(int, result=str)
    def getScriptsPath(self, someNumberToTest):
        file_path = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
        print('call received for path', file_path)
        return file_path

class Window(QWidget):
    """docstring for Window"""
    def __init__(self):
        super(Window, self).__init__()
        ##channel setting
        self.channel = QWebChannel()
        self.handler = CallHandler(self)
        self.channel.registerObject('handler', self.handler)

        self.view = QWebEngineView(self)
        self.view.page().setWebChannel(self.channel)

        file_path = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "test.html"))
        local_url = QUrl.fromLocalFile(file_path)
        self.view.load(local_url)

def main():
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    window = Window()
    # window.showFullScreen()
    window.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

HTMLfile

  <button onClick="getScriptsPath()">print path</button>

HI

I am not able to decipher why handler.getScriptsPath() 's returned value is not available in javascript.

A: The results from your function call to getScriptsPath are returned asyncronously, so you have to pass a callback function to your handler to retrieve the result, e.g.:
handler.getScriptsPath(function(file_path) {
    console.log(file_path);
});

A: a,b,c are parameters you pass from js to py
file_path is from py to js asynchronously
handler.getScriptsPath(a,b,c,function(file_path) {
    console.log(file_path);
});


To empty resident's urinary drainage bag and measure and record output, there are several steps that should be followed. It is important to keep to these instructions as they are what is required in order to pass a nursing assistant certification exam and they are also the best way to provide this type of care to a patient. Not only will missing one or more activities lessen your chances of obtaining a CNA certification, it may also lead to complaints being filed against you if the resident is not satisfied with your work.
To help you recall the steps and procedure needed in this particular set of activity, there are some candidate handbooks which are given by testing centers to nurse aide candidates right before taking the exam. They include concise instructions which will help you remember the important points that should be done when performing this activity. It is also good to research about them through the internet or through the CNA pages of the Department of Health of your state. They will provide you with the necessary information that you need as well as provide you with tips on how to pass the exam successfully.
To perform this activity, do the following steps. First, you have to greet the resident by his or her name and then introduce yourself and your purpose of coming to their room. Try to inform the resident about the necessary steps that will be taken in order to empty their urinary drainage bag as well as measure and record their output. After that, you should proceed to wash your hands thoroughly and then put on a fresh set of gloves. The gloves are important when handling the urinary drainage bag, graduate, and bedpan for infection control.
After that, set the graduate or bedpan on a barrier on the floor and then proceed to empty the contents of the urinary drainage bag on the graduate or bed pan. Do not allow the drainage bag to become contaminated by allowing any part of it to touch the transfer containers. Next, close the drain again by clamping it and replacing it on their designated pocket. To read the right amount of content, place the graduate on an eye-level area with a flat surface that has a barrier. Complete the process by emptying the contents of the graduate on the toilet.
Rinse and dry the container pouring all the rinsing water to the toilet after each rinse. After that, remove your gloves and wash your hands. Record the measurement of the output on the I&O form in term of + or – 50 ccs. Leave the drainage bag on hanging on the bed frame, the drainage and the tubing not having any contact with the floor but in a position lower than the bladder of the patient during and after the care.
Replace the equipment on their proper storage places, disposing of garbage and putting soiled linen on the hamper. Make sure that you have applied indirect care during the process such as infection control, standard precautions, taking the resident's comfort, needs, and privacy, as well as promote resident rights and safety.


ProShow Producer for Windows XP - a program to create a slideshow using various data formats. The application supports working with layers, includes the ability to trim, scale and rotate each frame, adjust color rendering, saturation and brightness, supports importing GIF animations with a transparent substrate.
The program can work with plug-in fonts, uses a database of visual effects, a red-eye filter and the ability to connect audio tracks. The utility is able to embed watermarks on each slide, includes a module on copyright protection and CD burning. You can free download ProShow Producer official latest version for Windows XP in English.


You are here: Home / Is Mia Love an "Anchor Baby?" / Immigration News / Is Mia Love an "Anchor Baby?"
Is Mia Love an "Anchor Baby?"
Wall Street Journal video, Sept. 27, 2012 – "Stuart Anderson, president of the National Foundation for American Policy, on whether Utah Republican Mia Love is an "anchor baby" and the GOP's confusing rhetoric on immigration."
For background on former Western Hemisphere priority dates, see 9 FAM 42.53 N4.


This design, based on the desires of the client and the limitations and architectural rules that its location imposed upon it, came as a result of the division of five plots of a garden that belonged to the main village.
The construction is surrounded by beautiful gardens, perfectly manicured and which adorn the home and make it feel lively.
Its spaces are fluid, and the architects attempted to create an interrelation between the exterior and the interior, allowing for views from the interior, as its walls are made of glass. A shutter system was set in place to keep the privacy of the residents intact, as well as to protect the interior from the wind. The vertical shutters give us the opportunity to open the whole of the south façade in the day, and they also serve as sun-shading and grant complete closure at night.
A few skylights in the roof provide natural light in the heart of the building, especially over the swimming basin and over the staircase, which thus can have natural light all through the day. Every level has a view across the floor.
A library staircase was installed at the center of the home, under a skylight, to lead to every floor. On the ground floor, the living room generously opens on the garden. The kitchen is the central space leading from the entrance to the living room.