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Home Dissertation Examples Motivations For Mobile Phone Use In Rural And Urban Areas
Motivations for Mobile Phone Use in Rural and Urban Areas
I would first and foremost like to acknowledge the generosity of the villagers of Telav, Shela, Kaneti(Gujarat) and Amgachia(WB) who in spite of their busy life took time to let me understand their lives.
I am also deeply indebted to Prof. Rajat Iyer and Prof. Arbind Sinha, Faculty MICA,for being a thesis guide in every sense of the word. I would also like to thank Mr Shailesh Yagnik, Librarian MICA, and all the library staff for their immense cooperation without which this might not have been possible.
I would also like to thank Prof. Rajneesh Krishna for clarifying my doubts about various Market research tools and methodologies despite his busy scheduleand engagements.
I would also like to thank Mr. Raj Kumar Jha,O&M Outreach who shared with us valuable inputs in Rural marketing and inspired me to work on this topic.
I would like to thank my parents who have been a constant source of inspiration for me and have held me through ups and downs in my life.
I would also like to thank all my friends for helping me organise my thoughts,constant encouragement, sleepless nights and chota breaks.
Thanks guys for giving me confidence to submit this document.
Today Mobile phones have made their presence felt not just in urban India but also in rural areas. This phenomenon has increased the scope of branding which most company considered a tough turf in rural India. Though it may seem a far-fetched idea currently but considering the giant leap the economies of developing nations like India is making, tapping of rural markets & building brands for this market make sense.
Innovative use of Mobile application is helping war torn Afghanistan fight corruption and elevate the standard of living of its people. Similarly in developing nations, application developed for local needs like M-Pesa in South Africa, Pesapal in Kenya are finding consumers and helping the brands make an impact.
Study in the past conducted in various geographies have developed model for either urban consumer or directly generalized model for mobile marketing. From the literature review few factors were derived for mobile advertising like (1) utility, (2) context, (3) control, (4) sacrifice, and (5) trust. My study aims to works on these parameters, but specifically on rural India to find out attitude and behavioral implication of mobile advertising. The study also includes technology barriers & advancement in India and barriers related to social implication in rural areas like language and cultural difference.
For the purpose of the study a qualitative research has been commissioned across two regions – Gujarat and West Bengal. This was a contrasting study to find out the motivation underlying the use of mobile phones and the prospect of mobile marketing across two extreme geographies since West Bengal is one of the least mobile savvy state whereas Gujarat has one of the highest mobile phone users.
Focus group discussion & depth interviews with the help of projective techniques revealed the underlying motivation for using mobile marketing. It mainly reinforced the fact that while rural consumer do not want intrusion in their life they are willing to open up the space for better living standards. Hence the desire to gain knowledge and make money to elevate the living standards was of prime importance.
The study also reveals certain limitation to mobile advertising which has to be kept in mind while designing any mobile marketing campaigns.
Finally the study proposes a framework to facilitate acceptance of mobile marketing message among consumer and maximize marketing objective of brands, which outlined as follow
1. Collaborate with Service providers
It is a win-win situation for the service providers as well as the marketers and not to forget the consumer, if the contextual targeting of advertising is maintained.
2. Precision targeting
It is rewarding for advertiser since they are able to overcome the challenge of predicting who's on the other side of a product or service purchase and target them with brands according to the demographics
3. Develop content relevant for the consumers in collaboration with Media agencies
Develop content of significant importance by understanding the day to day life of rural consumer e.g. the language assistance application which has the potential to become a way of life for the consumer and then only can a brand reach the stage of resonance in the mind of rural consumer
As a concluding note, this conceptual study offers to provide a discussion on how mobile advertising might subsidize wireless infrastructure growth among underprivileged societies and allow marketers to target more specifically the consumer in media dark region.
Also with the collaboration of private partners the social development in rural areas with the help of mobile communication will be faster. Marketers can increase their consumer base by targeting the huge potential at the bottom of pyramid and hence increase their bottom line significantly as well as deliver to their promise of corporate social responsibility.
C. K. Prahlad in his book "The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid" says, "If we stop thinking of the poor as victims or as a burden and start recognizing them as resilient and creative entrepreneurs and value-conscious consumers, a whole new world of opportunity will open up". This statement has been taken to like a gospel truth by marketers in India and many are now trying hard to target this untapped potential.
India is a country of 1.13 billion, out of which 70% of the people are living in the rural India.
The marketers all around the world interested in India are becoming more curious to explore the rural potential. With 128 million households, the rural population is 3 times the urban. As a result of rural affluence, fuelled by good monsoon and the increase in agriculture to 200 million tones, the rural India has large consuming class of 41% of middle class and8 58% of the total disposable income.
The Census of India defines Rural India as anything which is not urban. Village is defined as a basic unit for the rural areas is the revenue village, might comprise several hamlets demarcated by physical boundaries. Thus a Rural is defined when it meets the following criteria
Minimum Population <= 5,000
Population density <= 400/sq. km.
25% of the male population engaged in agricultural activity
Reserve Bank of India defines rural as 'Locations with population up to 10,000 will be considered as rural and 10,000 to 100,000 as semi-urban.' Similarly NABARD, Planning Commission, Sahara also define the villages on population criteria.
As mentioned in The Rural Marketing Book, Pradeep Kashyap and Siddhartha Raut (ed.2008), the rural economy has seen tremendous growth since 1990s because of thirteen consecutive good monsoons. This various radical changes in rural market has been testimonial to this development, some of them are as follows;
There has been a 600% increase in the outlay of rural development programmes in the five year plans from Eighth to Tenth Five year plan.
41 million Kisan Credit Cards (KCC) has been issued since the inception of the scheme amounting to a total of Rs. 97,700 crore of cumulative credit. The number of KCC issued is more than the 40 million credit-plus-debit cards issued in urban India.
Also a 230% increase in the flow of institutional credit for agriculture from 1997-98 to 2004-05 has been registered.
Today Mobile phones are ubiquitous not just in urban India but also in rural areas. This phenomenon has increased the scope of branding which most company considered a tough turf in rural India. Though it may seem a far-fetched idea currently but considering the giant leap the economies of developing nations like India is making, tapping of rural markets & building brands for this market make sense. There is virtually no branding effort in these areas so a scope for brand salience & resonance doesn't increase. Mostly brands in these areas right now are competing on price points which will cease to exist as differentiator as customer becomes more evolved & bestowed with financial prowess. But there seem to be branding efforts from the marketer's viewpoint and also there is some franchise on factors other than price from the consumer view.
A lot of work in the field of mobile telephony has been going around e.g. A team of MIT Media Lab's Next Billion Network participants – next generation of tech movers and shakers- who are building technologies to help people in the developing nation to raise their incomes, learn to read, get where they're going, and diagnose their health. (david-chandler, july-2-2009)
Innovative use of Mobile application is helping war torn Afghanistan fight corruption and elevate the standard of living of its people as depicted in the following new report. (Loyn, 2009)
Nokia have also felt the rural potential and developed product consumer in those regions. Even their communication for the Model 1100 has been specifically targeted at the rural audience fully portraying the need in the rural settings. (Banerjee & Sangameshwaran, 2009)
Also the value of VAS industry is estimated to be Rs.16500 crores by 2010 according to a research by RNCOS, with expansion into rural markets where more services in banking, gaming data and TV segment will be seen. (Mobile VAS to Drive Telecom Growth, 2009).
Thus the future of mobile marketing looks optimistic and with rural economies building into a sustainable model, marketers have to no longer think about the return on marketing investment.
In the following literature review, I have reviewed the various published articles & white papers from journals, books & Reports. First I have looked into the knowledge created on rural marketing & it implication, in this domain a lot of work has been done with a global perspective and quite a few with the Indian market in viewpoint.
Rural Marketing & its Implication
Some of the studies are regularly published in the Journal of Rural Marketing by RMAAI to help marketers keep track of updates in rural market. A study on evolution of rural consumerism conducted by Hansa Research reveals the rural consumption pattern over a period of five years i.e. 2000 to 2005. The study has data on three levels i.e. exposure in terms of communication and education, consumption of several categories of products and distribution of these products.
According to the report shampoo consumption in rural India has increased from 13.9 % in 2000 to 31.9 % in 2005. (The Rural Marketing Journal of RMAAI, 2007)
Dr. Vinod Kumar Bishnoi and Bharti of Haryana School of Business have done a research paper on Awareness & Consumption Pattern of Rural Consumers towards home and personal care products. The paper contains details on awareness and usage of brands in rural areas. It also tries to find out the motives and factors behind brand choice, the sources of information and to measure any association between demographics and brand choice.
Regarding motives and factors behind brand choice, Bishnoi and Bharti say that rural consumers purchase a product mostly for its utilitarian value rather than the peripheral values. Consumers tend to stick to the brand once they are satisfied with it. The brand loyalty in this case is unusually high even though consumers switch FMCG brands very frequently. The rural consumer is also very quality conscious. Advertising and retailer's advice play a major role in decision making. The consumer is also a little cautious with price levels. The study also reveals that there is clear association between income level and expenditure habits in these products. The primary source of information about brands is television. Retailer, newspaper and radio are other prominent sources. As Bishnoi and Bharti highlighted in their paper some very interesting aspects, that whatever is the leading brand in all the products that remains leading irrespective of any demographic variable be it income, education, age or gender. This might be explained by the fact that the family structure in rural India is such that that several people of various education and age group stay together.
The contemporary media scenario in India is marked by a frenetic proliferation of television channels, FM radio stations, daily newspapers, mobile telephony and digital media. Despite this situation, as the following article argues, the poor while highly visible almost everywhere in urban and rural India remain, 'invisible' in the nation's mass media. (Kumar, Jan 2008)
To successfully market products in rural areas, distribution is a critical barrier which needs to be overcome. An understanding of the structure of distribution in rural areas would help in the development of an efficient distribution system. The paper after a thorough literature review proposes a conceptual framework which identifies the drivers of the structure of distribution in rural areas. (Rajesh & L. K., January – June, 2005)
The paper discusses the need for strengthening marketing efforts in rural India. The author mentions about the rural network, whose basic objective is to try and get clients who are looking for a national strategy in rural marketing and provide help in implementing such plans across different regions with the local expertise. The paper also deals with instances on how marketers aiming to target their brand commercials to both urban and rural audiences are required to do well to pre-test the spots and that the spots communicate what is intended for the targeted viewers, thus providing the basis that there is a huge difference in rural & urban consumer and they have to be dealt with differently (Rajan, 2005)
The second stage of my literature reviews knowledge on the mobile telephony- the development with respect to marketing, the intention in developing VAS, user perception of mobile marketing, the obstacle & barriers to mobile marketing.
Carter in the journal of Mobile marketing defines mobile telephony as a set of buzz words like Mobile marketing, mobile advertising and m-commerce. He examines the Generation Y, the generational cohort born between 1979 and 1994, which researchers think will change the marketing landscape forever. This paper addresses some of the many issues and opportunities that may affect marketer's abilities to reach Generation Y African-American mobile consumers. (Carter, June 2008)
Another journal in mobile marketing reveals that empirical studies have been limited to exploring consumer justifications for accepting or rejecting cell phone advertising on either a speculative basis among possible mobile marketing users, or a post hoc basis among those who had already chosen to receive cell phone advertising. This research explored consumer justifications in the context of a field test, in which mobile phone users were offered subscriptions to a mobile phone text based advertising program. Thus found out that among acceptors information benefits of cell phone advertising was prime due to positive attitude towards information & entertainment. While for the rejecters the perception of having to pay for advertising was enough to discourage participation. (Newell & Meier, Dec 2007)
This journal examines the drivers of consumer acceptance of SMS-based mobile advertising. A conceptual model and hypotheses are tested with a sample of 4,062 Finnish mobile phone users. Structural equation modeling is used to test five drivers of mobile advertising acceptance: (1) utility, (2) context, (3) control, (4) sacrifice, and (5) trust. The results show that utility and context are the strongest positive drivers, while sacrifice is negatively related to the acceptance of mobile advertising. Thus marketers should pay particular attention to the utility and relevancy of mobile advertising messages. (Merisavo, Kajalo, Karjaluoto, Virtanen, & Salmenkivi)
I have reviewed the various application of mobile telephony and the consumer perception towards mobile marketing in particular and mobile application in general.
Also innovation from companies for rural consumer were of considerable significance as firms like Nokia had earlier launched a basic handset with a torch (large parts of rural India don't have electricity) and an alarm clock.
In another paper, an instrument for measuring attitudes toward mobile advertising is developed. The results of a survey indicate that (1) consumers generally have negative attitudes toward mobile advertising unless they have specifically consented to it, and (2) there is a direct relationship between consumer attitudes and consumer behavior. Hence concluded that it is not a good idea to send SMS advertisements to potential customers without permission.
Their attitudes were favorable if advertisements were sent with permission. This implies that permission-based advertising may become a major mechanism in the mobile environment in the future. The research notably points out relationship between attitude, intention and acceptability of Mobile advertising through empirical study. The respondents were more willing to accept incentive based mobile advertising. Finally, intention significantly affected how and when the respondents read the message. (M. Tsang, Ho, & Ting-Peng, 2004)
Although mobile phones have been shown to be highly effective as education content delivery mechanisms, underlying handset and subscription costs have limited their usefulness in many underprivileged countries. Thus the author proposes a model where education content can be subsidized by mobile advertising and a business model is developed where sellers is able to communicate to buyers in their native tongue and vice-versa in order to close transactions.
The paper touches on many key issues that are determining the mobile marketing sector. The mobile dam is about to burst and marketers have to be prepared for this through well developed and formulated ethical strategies. Customers will have to be gently cajoled and locked into useful market applications. (Ranchhod, June 2007)
Impact of Technology in Marketing
The article "The Missing link-Why mobile marketing is different" is rich with illustrations, examples and detailed footnotes, includes a thorough discussion on how marketing, technology, and business practices and models have matured and converged over time to make the medium what it is today. He discusses the impact network migration from 2G to 3G, globalization, the changes in marketing practices, and the value system have had on mobile marketing practices. He suggests that we need to focus on developing successful revenue models, create favorable conditions for relationship marketing and long term-dialog amongst the players in the industry, and that we must have a global mindset and to put aside any not-invent-here mentalities. (Steinbock, June 2006)
Again in the paper stresses on the increasingly complex and demanding customers as ICT developments becomes rapid and marketers start coping with highly demanding customer who require extraordinary experiences and highly user-friendly service interfaces particularly in technology services, such as mobile marketing (as illustrated in the Figure below). (Steinbock, June 2006)
Rationale/Information Gap
The rural market works on 4 As i.e. Accessibility, Affordability, Acceptability and Awareness and the traditional four Ps of marketing cease to exist in this scenario.
There is a presence of huge potential in rural India but at the same time there is a lot of obstacle faced venturing into these markets. Low per capita disposable incomes, large number of daily wage earners, acute dependence on vagaries of monsoon, seasonal consumption linked to harvest & festivals and special occasion, poor roads power problems and inaccessibility of conventional advertising media.
As much as there is potential, there is also a good amount of ambiguity on how to create brand salience in these markets.
In such situation marketers who see huge potential in rural market with around 700 million consumers, everyone would like to take its brand to the next level of brand salience & resonance. Hence with increased penetration of mobile phones there has been more chance of mobile communication entering the media dark region. It may seem farfetched as an idea to brand product for rural consumer when presently we think that rural consumer stress on affordability.
Much has been written about rural marketing, the consumption patterns, attitudes & behavior of rural consumer in India and Mobile marketing in isolation but the whole perspective of mobile marketing for rural India is not covered in the literatures.
Therefore this study aims to look at the future prospects of mobile telephony as a means to communicate brand promotion and create a brand resonance with the rural consumer.
Objectives are as follows;
To find out the present usage of mobile telephony among rural users and their perception of brands using mobile marketing
To find out the technology/language barriers in implementing branding activities in the rural environment
The objectives will aim to find out what are the technology barriers, governments policies and technological advances for the implementation & development of mobile application to facilitate interactive marketing. It also aims to understand the acceptability of technology in the rural environment and the language barrier, since most of the rural India has lower literacy rate and use local languages as means of communication is prevalent.
The second objective aims to find out the acceptability of mobile marketing in the rural context and how will it affect a brand. We intend to discover whether the consumer reacts to marketing communication over mobile phone in positive manner and how will it affect the purchase intention of the brand.
Secondary Research:
Present and future platforms/technology which makes mobile telephony ubiquitous for Rural India
Studying the branding & marketing efforts of companies for rural India, the number of companies interested in marketing & branding their products for rural India
Qualitative research is applied to understand the consumer perception in rural India while using mobile telephony. This is done in two stages;
Focus group discussion with rural respondents
Depth interviews with rural respondents
Depth Interviews with marketers after the FGDs/DIs
The TG of the study is defined as:
Age: above 15
SEC RI, R2, R3
Location: West Bengal, Gujarat
Gender: Males & Females
Presumption is that the decision makers in rural India are generally the head of the family, who is the male member. Also the same holds true for mobile users, though a considerable amount of women these days are using mobile phones too. So I have conducted FGDs across all age group for the male sample size. Each FGD had people from the same caste & same gender to maintain cohesion & focus in the discussion.
West Bengal has the least mobile phone user whereas Gujarat is one of the highest mobile phone users. Hence it's a contrasting study to find out the motivation underlying the use of mobile phones and the prospect of mobile marketing. The following table represents the No. of users in Gujarat and West Bengal.
2 focus group discussion in each location i.e. Gujarat and West Bengal
Five depth interviews in each location
Interviews with marketers after the FGDs
Profile of respondents:
All respondent must be using mobile telephones in daily basis
Should be literate with primary school education
From being charged for incoming calls to getting paid for calls you receive and then a pay per second regime, Indian wireless telephony has come a long way.
India has one of the biggest telecom markets in the world. It has the third-largest telecom network in the world and second-largest among the emerging economies. The Indian telecom industry generated revenues of approximately US$ 32 billion in 2007–08 with a growth rate of 60 per cent over 2006–07. It witnessed a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 29 per cent from 2002–03 to 2007–08.
Total telecom subscribers – 545.05 million (January 2010)
Teledensity – 43.50 (September 2009)
Addition of mobile subscribers (July–August 2009) – 15.08 million
Annual growth rate of telecom subscribers (June 2008–June 2009) – 42.68 per cent
Average Revenue Per User (ARPU) for GSM (as on 30 June 2009) – US$ 3.80
The wireless subscriber base increased from 535.15 million in December 2009 to 545.05 million at the end of January this year for a monthly growth rate of 3.79 per cent. The wireless density in the country now stands at 46.37.
It grew at a CAGR of 45.21 per cent from June 2004 to June 2009. The handset market in India, consisting of mobile and fixed handsets, registered an overall growth of 5.8 percent from 2007-08 to 2008-09. (India, 2009)
The value added service (VAS) market in India has a great potential for growth and revenue from this growth potential is expected to reach above INR 250 billion by the year 2009-10 and more than 30% of the revenue of the telecom access service providers in the next 5-7 years. The VAS industry in India generated revenue of US$ 1.2 billion in 2007–08 and is expected to reach US$ 4.0 billion by 2015.
Top 11 Wireless Operators in the country: (September 2009) (India, 2009)
Among the wireless service providers, Tata had a 14.97 % share of the net additions during January, followed by Bharti Airtel with 14.31 %, Reliance 14.08 %, Vodafone 13.78 %, Idea 11.42 %, BSNL 11.29 %, Aircel 10.10 %, Uninor 6.68 %, Stel 1.83 %, Sistema 1.07 %, Loop 0.26 % and MTNL 0.23 %.
Market share of top 12 operators:
Bharti Airtel had a market share of 22.33 per cent, followed by Reliance with 17.72 %, Vodafone 17.27 %, BSNL 11.95 %, Tata 11.07 %, Idea 10.99 %, Aircel 6.06 %, MTNL 0.90 %, Sistema 0.60 %, Loop 0.50 %, Uninor 0.47 %, Stel 0.09 % and HFCL 0.06 %.
Present technology in India
GSM has a market share of ~75% out of the 500 million wireless subscribers
Reliance has registered a 6.73 % market share which is quite impressive for service which was launched only 6 months ago.
CDMA subscribers are at 94.5 million and here is how they are split:
Tata Teleservices which launched its GSM operations under brand name Tata DoCoMo will be another player to look out for in the next few quarters. Unitech Wireless has launched its services in 2009 and has a subscriber base of 2.5 million as of Jan 2010. New entrant S Tel added 0.22 million subscribers to take its subscriber base to 0.36 million.
Reliance rules CDMA followed by Tata Teleservices (Tata Indicom). Shyam telelink has rebranded to MTS India has a subscriber base of 3.5 million (as of Jan 2010). CDMA doesn't look as much over-crowded as GSM but when put together the overall picture of Indian telecom looks crowded with 12 operators and 3 waiting in the wings. Reliance and Tata are the 2 companies to watch out for with the dual play of GSM and CDMA operations.
The average revenue per user of CDMA is 99 rupees and that of GSM is 205 rupees. With 3 new players coming in for GSM the ARPU's will come down. CDMA which is supposed to be a better network for data access can use this opportunity to increase the ARPU's and subscribers. It just has to sort out the handset availability issue. (India, 2009)
Penetration in Rural India
As on 31st September 2009, out of the total 500 million subscribers, the rural subscribers contribute 151.8 million, comprising of 10.13 million wireline and 141 million wireless. The Rural teledensity as on September 2009 was 18.46% as compared to 9.20% during the previous year in March'08. Subscription in Urban Areas grew from 328.55 Million in Jun-09 to 357.22 Million in Sep-09, taking the urban Teledensity to 102.79. Rural subscription increased from 136.27 Million to 151.81 Million, taking the Rural Teledensity from 16.61 in Jun-09 to 18.46 at the end of Sep-09.
Total Wireless (GSM + CDMA) subscriber base increased from 427.29 Million at the end of June-09 to 471.73 Million at the end of Sept-09, thereby showing a growth of 10.4%. During this quarter 44.43 million subscribers were added. Wireless Teledensity increased from 36.64 at the end of June-09 to 40.31 at the end of Sept-09.
Rural subscription (12.5%) has been growing at a faster rate than Urban (9.5%). The share of rural wireless subscription is 30% in total wireless subscription. Overall rate of growth of Wireless Subscription in QE Sept-09 (10.40%) is higher as compared to previous quarter (9.07%). Higher growth rate could mainly be attributed to the launch of GSM services by Tata Teleservices Limited across service areas.
Technologies in India
WiMax stand for "Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access" is a standard-based wireless technology that allows broadband connections over long distances.
The Economic Times, citing a study by US market research firm Strategy Analytics, reports that India will become the largest WiMAX market in the Asia-Pacific by 2013.
The study forecasts that consumer subscriptions in the developing Asian countries will grow at a compound rate of 132% through 2013, with the subscriber base reaching almost 27 million in that year.Most emerging markets WiMAX providers will launch their initial services in major urban areas, to take advantage of concentrations of existing Internet users with purchasing power. However, over the longer term the most rapid growth is expected to be in second-tier cities and in rural areas, where there is substantially less competition from incumbent broadband suppliers.(Study Predicts India to be Largest WiMAX market in Asia Pacific by 2013, 2010)
BSNL, HCL Infosystems Ltd and Intel Corp. have started a series of wide-reaching initiatives to spur economic and educational opportunities in India by expanding access to wireless broadband Internet and affordable computers. This is in support of the India government's Bharat Nirman rural development agenda. Intel and BSNL will jointly propagate wireless broadband Internet in what is intended to ultimately become a nationwide mobile WiMAX network. BSNL will also work with the two to make available in rural India WiMAX-capable nettop computers designed by the two companies and made in India by HCL using the Intel atom processor.
Despite spectrum auction delays and other bureaucracy, India is set to be the biggest base on earth for WiMAX by 2012, and state-owned carrier BSNL, which has pre-auction access to its spectrum, has gone live with the country's first Mobile WiMAX network.
BSNL has two parallel projects, one for rural areas and one for metro networks kicked started by Minister Sachin Pilot. BSNL intends to usher in a new era of growth in rural areas by offering a broadband speed of 7Mbps at a distance of 15 kilometers.
WiMax plans to bring to the underserved communities several key applications to meet the Indian government's target to reduce the country's woeful levels of broadband penetration.
Some of them will include;


Headaches in children are common and are usually not serious. Just like adults, children can develop different types of headaches migraines, stress-related (tension) headaches, although their symptoms may be different!!
Because headaches in children may be caused by an infection, high levels of stress or anxiety, or minor head trauma. It is important to pay attention to your child's headache symptoms and to consult a doctor once the headache worsens or occurs frequently.
For example, a migraine in an adult almost always affects just one side of the head, whereas a child's migraine often affects both sides of the head. Also, migraines in children typically don't last as long they last for an hour or so.
Even infants can have migraines. A child who's too young to tell you what's wrong may cry and hold his or her head to indicate severe pain.
often, stress related, tension-type headaches feature a pressing tightness that occurs on both sides of the head. They can last from 30 minutes to several days.
Both migraines and tension headaches can begin happening more frequently. If your child has headaches more than 15 days a month for more than three months, doctors call this a "chronic daily headache." This problem usually occurs when your child takes pain medications — even the nonprescription variety — too frequently.
When shall you visit a doctor?
How to manage simple headache at home?
Read labels carefully and use only the dosages recommended for your child, depending on the age and weight, or ask your pharmacist about it.
Don't give doses more frequently than recommended.
Don't give your child OTC pain medication more than two or three days a week. Daily use can trigger a rebound headache, a type of headache caused by overuse of pain medications.
Use caution when giving aspirin to children or teenagers. Unless was prescribed by the doctor.
Rest and relax. Encourage your child to rest in a dark, quiet room. Sleeping often resolves headaches in children.
Use a cool, wet compress. While your child rests, place a cool, wet cloth on his or her forehead.
Offer a healthy snack. If your child hasn't eaten in a while, offer a piece of fruit, whole-wheat crackers or low-fat cheese. Going without meals can sometimes make headaches worse.


Bring flowers to Thanksgiving dinner. Madison Florist has traditional Thanksgiving centerpieces or modern arrangements for a fun surprise. Madison Florist can deliver locally to New York, NY or nationwide!!


text:
Q: Summarising the Distribution of Values Within A Pandas Dataframe Here is my data:
{'SystemID': {0: '95EE8B57',
1: '5F891F03',
2: '5F891F03',
3: '5F891F03',
4: '95EE8B57'},
'Activity': {0: '2', 1: '4', 2: '6',   3: '8', 4: '1'}}

I need to summarise the dataset on "Activity". For each "SystemID" I need to calculate the percentage that falls within each of 4 categories: less than 2, 2 or greater but less than 4, 4 or greater but less than 6, 6 or greater.
The result for the above snippet would be:
{'SystemID': {0: '95EE8B57',
1: '5F891F03'},
'Activity-perc-less2': {0: '50', 1: '0'},
'Activity-perc-less4': {0: '50', 1: '0'},
'Activity-perc-less6': {0: '0', 1: '33.3'},
'Activity-perc-6-and-above': {0: '0', '66.7'}}

How to do this?

A: I am not sure whether this is the most elegant way to do it but the following seems to produce what I wanted:
dict2 = {'SystemID': {0: '95EE8B57',
1: '5F891F03',
2: '5F891F03',
3: '5F891F03',
4: '95EE8B57'},
'Activity': {0: '2', 1: '4', 2: '6',   3: '8', 4: '1'}}

df2 = pd.DataFrame.from_dict(dict2)
bins = np.array([2, 4, 6])
df2.Activity = df2.Activity.astype(int)

#Solution:

df2['ActBins'] = np.digitize(df2.Activity, bins)
table = pd.pivot_table(df2, index=["SystemID"],columns=["ActBins"],
                   aggfunc=len, margins=True, dropna=True,fill_value=0)
table2 = 100*table.div( table.iloc[:,-1], axis=0 )
table3 = table2.iloc[[0,1],[0,1,2,3]]
table3.columns = ['Activity-perc-less2', 'Activity-perc-less4',
'Activity-perc-less6', 'Activity-perc-6-and-above']
print(table3)

If anyone finds some more elegant solution, please, post it.
EDIT:
Just abstracted away the above solution as a function:
def perc_pivot (df, ind, col, bin):
  df[col+'Bins'] = np.digitize(df[col], bins)
  table = pd.pivot_table(df, index=[ind],columns=[col+'Bins'],
           aggfunc=len, margins=True, dropna=True,fill_value=0)
  table = 100*table.div( table.iloc[:,-1], axis=0 )
  table.drop(table.tail(1).index,inplace=True)
  return  table.drop(table.columns[len(table.columns)-1], axis=1)

A simple call
df3 = perc_pivot(df2, 'SystemID', 'Activity', bins)

produces the desired output (apart from the column names). The renaming of the columns can be done manually afterwards.
The code in the function still looks a bit clunky to me so I would welcome suggestions that might make it more elegant.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
vous etes ici Homepage > News > External sources > A Tale of Anderson
ACDN, What is it ?
Letters from ACDN
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Campaign "The Very Last Atom!"
Gathering for a Livable World
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The World March in the land of "la violencia"
A Tale of Anderson
by Isabelle Bourgeois
Bogotá, 17 December 2009
This evening, without hesitating, I experienced the strongest moment of my own World March.
Already that day our local peace march had been joined by thousands of Colombians supporting our cause. A human tide as far as the eye could see surged through the streets of Bogotá.
In surface area, Bogotá is Colombia's largest city, and its altitude (2.640 mètres) makes it the third highest city in the world after La Paz and Quito.
It is easy to explain such a large popular mobilisation: Colombia, with its drug-trafficking cartels, its guerrilla commandos, its death squads and hired killers who negotiate contracts in the streets of Medellín or Cali, is a nation that symbolises organised violence. It is also a country where, in everyday life, the violent settling of scores is very common. With a total homocide rate exceeding 75 per 100 000 inhabitants, it is far above the other Latin American countries, which have around 20 homicides per 100 000. Every Colombian has been touched in some way by crime and its consequences.
After travelling some ten km, the marchers arrived at a park where a free mega-concert for young people had been organised specially for the occasion. The core team slipped away for about an hour to eat in the city's botanic gardens, where I enjoyed one of the best soups I'd ever tasted! Then the organisers surprised us by taking as to a "papillorama". I thought I was in a fairytale, seeing hundreds of multicoloured butterflies (papillons) landing on us, on our shoulders, hair and hands. I held my breath and I filmed them...
Next we rejoined the crowd at the concert given by 5 Colombian groups and star singers. One of them, Pipe Bueno, prompted shrieks from the crowd - he is one of our best peace ambassadors to youth.
After 2 hours of concert, I withdrew briefly to a tent set up for marchers and artists. Suddenly, a horde of children joyfully invaded the space. They were 38 children selected from the best in the town of Popayan, a two-hour flight away. Each one, being top of one of the 38 schools, had been given the present of a flight to this peace concert in Bogota. Most live in very modest circumstances and eat only once a day.
One of the children I met was an angel. Anderson, aged 10, came and sat beside me. I told him I had done the whole March, that I had done it for him, for children like him, so as to leave them a slightly better world (perhaps) than what we have inherited. Anderson clasped my arm, squeezed me very hard and said: "Thanks for doing that for us, because we don't want to live in violence. We want to live in a world of peace and love. We want a new world. And your name is Isabelle like the Queen of Spain! Well, for me you are my queen and I will never forget you! Colombia loves you and we want peace!". That's what he said, discreetly drying his tears. I hugged him and I wept with him. We cried together and other children came and hugged us emotionally. At that moment there were no "big people" and "little people", adults and children, marchers and non-marchers. We were ONE with the universe, in a state of total communion, on another plane, in a dimension where words don't exist. This is hard to explain... it was of the order of a mystical experience.
That moment of tenderness and gratitude, the kisses between me and those little ones, they justified my efforts, my fatigue, my moments of doubt or lassitude. Anderson and his comrades were not the only ones to give meaning to my steps (many already had), but they gave me the determination to spend the rest of my life promoting peace! When I asked Anderson what he wished to do in future for peace, he answered "March!". I was bowled over by the intelligence and vivacity of this young boy, by the seriousness of his words and the depth of his gaze. Pia, who directs the press agency that I work for, Pressenza, witnessed this scene and was very moved too. She said: "There you are, Isabelle, you found what you came to seek: reconciliation. Thirty years ago your father was taken hostage in Bogota and was subjected to detention and violence. This evening, through that boy's hugs and kisses, all of Colombia is asking forgiveness."
I had scarcely recovered when I went out with the children in front of the stage where we danced with infinite joy! I danced with Anderson and his comrades till I was nearly exhausted. I think I can say unreservedly that I have never contacted "God" so closely than I did in that child's embrace. An embrace which, in a moment, awakened me. Ten seconds that changed my life. God is not in the churches or the heavens but lodged in the "sacred heart" of humanity. He manifests himself in the places of our comunion with one another. That is my tale of Anderson...
L'argent est le nerf de la paix ! ACDN vous remercie de lui faire un DON
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Depleted Uranium Situation Worsens Requiring Immediate Action By President Bush, Prime Minister Blair, and Prime Minister Olmert
A Salute to Colonel Valery Yarynich
StratCom already planning pre-emptive strike on Iran
Michel Rocard's Speech at the Meeting of Global Zero
WWIII or Bust: Implications of a US Attack on Iran
Losing a War, Winning a Police State
Britain's boycott of the UN multilateral nuclear disarmament talks
From 'Ground Zero to Global Zero' - a World Free of Nuclear Weapons
Our Troops Must Leave Iraq
The fallout from an attack on Iran would be devastating
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Michael Darling's first novel, Got Luck, was released on St. Patrick's Day, March 17th, 2016. Perfectly appropriate since the novel borrows from Celtic mythology and the Irish Gaelic language. The novel hit #1 on Amazon in December 2016 and launched the Behindbeyond series, which currently includes a sequel, Got Hope, and two short stories, also available here and on Amazon.
The second novel in the Behindbeyond series, Got Hope continues the adventures of private investigator Goethe "Got" Luck as a deadly mystery forces Got to protect a mortal woman stranded in the land of the Fae.
Private investigator Goethe "Got" Luck saved humankind once already. With one dangerous enemy dead and another in exile for one-hundred years, both the mortal realm and the realm of the Fae—the Behindbeyond—seem to be safe. Now Got can go back to nice, normal detective work.
Until a beautiful cheerleader lands in front of his house, strapped to a bomb.
Michael Darling's story "The Mark" won both the short story and the overall writing prize in the United Authors Association fiction contest. Featuring characters from the Behindbeyond universe, the story is a prequel to Got Luck but also has characters from the sequel, Got Hope.
"I'm gonna get a bullet in the chest," Big said.
"She predicted that?" Small asked.
This anthology also features characters from the Behindbeyond and the story in "Lucky Day" runs parallel to the events from Chapter One of Got Luck. The story stands on its own, but readers familiar with the Behindbeyond will appreciate the story more deeply.
Anyone looking at the boy would notice his shirt but would never guess he was waiting for a man with a gun. Observers might also assume the boy's mother dressed him that way because she found the Renaissance Faire interesting, but they'd be wrong again. Where he came from, everyone dressed this way. While he had been given the shirt by a woman who appeared to be much older, she wasn't his mother. She wasn't older either.
Noted author Michael Collings called this story "the ultimate haunted house" tale, which is wonderful praise since Collings has written books on the grandmaster of horror Stephen King. This was my first professionally-published short story. It's centered on a house that existed in the 1800s at the bottom of a lonely hollow.
And if you have offended its resident ghost, you'll never get out of the house alive.


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Censorship and book banning in america
The History (and Present) of Banning Books in America | Literary Hub
Book banning, the most widespread form of censorship, occurs when private individuals, government officials, or organizations remove books from libraries, school reading lists, or bookstore shelves because they object to their content, ideas, or themes. Those advocating a ban complain typically that the book in question contains graphic violence, expresses disrespect for parents and family, is sexually explicit, exalts evil, lacks literary merit, is unsuitable for a particular age group, or includes offensive language. The rally protested censorship by school and public libraries of certain books under pressure from right wing religious groups. Book banning, a form of censorship , occurs when private individuals, government officials, or organizations remove books from libraries , school reading lists, or bookstore shelves because they object to their content, ideas, or themes. Advocates for banning a book or certain books fear that children will be swayed by its contents, which they regard as potentially dangerous. They commonly fear that these publications will present ideas, raise questions, and incite critical inquiry among children that parents, political groups, or religious organizations are not ready to address or that they find inappropriate. Most challenges and bans prior to the s focused primarily on obscenity and explicit sexuality.
File Name: censorship and book banning in america.zip
These 5 Censored Books Tell a History the Establishment Wants Hidden
The most frequently banned classic book is The Great Gatsby by F.
Banned & Challenged Classics
Marsh, Dave. It follows the life amerca a 19 th -century Kentucky woman who kills her daughter rather than allowing her to endure the horrors of slavery, and the psychological consequences her family endures because of her decision. Censorship and Selection: Issues and Answers for Schools? American Civil Liberties Union of Ohio.
In three new attacks arose to challenge its inclusion in education. Banned books, Conn. According to Maxwell J. Westport, B.
Although censorship violates the First Amendment right to freedom of speech, profanity. The America's Intelligence Wire. Reason: Drug use, some limitations are constitutionally permissible. The New York Times.
The children's book And Tango Makes Three has been one of the most challenged books in the 21st century due to the plot, "anti-white. Lower courts have lately afforded even more contradictory guidance. School Board of Columbia County. Reason: Rape scene, which focuses on two homosexual penguins in the Central Park Zoo.
Presented by the John Seigenthaler Chair of Excellence in First Amendment Studies
Happy Banned Books Week ! Keep the lights on by adding some of the titles below to your reading list! Banned Books Week is an annual event celebrating the freedom to read. Typically held during the last week of September, it highlights the value of free and open access to information. Banned Books Week brings together the entire book community — librarians, booksellers, publishers, journalists, teachers, and readers of all types — in shared support of the freedom to seek and to express ideas, even those some consider unorthodox or unpopular. Each year, the American Library Association releases a list of the top banned and challenged books in schools and libraries. Limiting the stories readers can access limits their ability see themselves represented, building negative messages about the value of their own personal stories.
Discuss the controversial issues in the book with the students! This section possibly contains original research. About ALA. In an affadavit the school board's president explained his position t his way: "I feel that it is my duty to apply my conservative p rinciples to the decision-making process in which I am involved as ab oard member, c urriculum formation and other educational mat. What usually happens with Looking for Alaska is that a parent chooses one page censordhip the novel to send to an administrator and then the book gets banned without anyone who objects to it having read more than that one particular page.
A censorial spirit is at work in the United States, and for the past year or so it has focused more and more on books. Efforts to remove certain titles from school and public libraries, from paperback racks and bookstores, from the eyes of the adults as well as children, have increased measurably. According to one of the board's press releases, the books were "anti-American, anti-Christian, anti-Semetic sic and just plain filthy. A Federal Court of Appeals declared last year that it was "permissible and appropriate" for local school boards "to make decisions based upon their personal, social, political and moral views. In Abingdon, Va.
You should have evidence which you can present that the books you are using are necessary for the student! Plenty of people, it turns out. Is censorship in schools good. In Island Trees, five high school students censorsship took the local school board to court in to challenge its right to remove books from its school libraries.
But this and a few state-level banhing don't weigh much. About the Encyclopedia. Censorship followed the European settlers to America. Pico List of books banned by governments List of most commonly challenged books in the U.
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What censirship of books and their free circulation hope is that certain principles will remain firmly established. Unified School District No. Later in the case went to a three-man panel of the Federal Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. In the United States, books have also been challenged for attacking or disagreeing with religious beliefs.🥵
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Akurei – September (EP)
Throughout this year Australian artist Akurei has brought forth two impressive singles, 'Stockholm' and 'Hollow', which not only have garnered significant attention globally but also served as the first glimpses of his highly anticipated sophomore ep, "September".
Today the "September" ep is being released to the world and it includes two previously unheard singles in the focus track 'Quarter Tank Full' and 'Clockwork' which round out the four-track release full of stunning R&B/electronic goodness.
"'September' is a collection of songs I wrote abroad in September of last year, and a soundtrack to a quarter life crisis. All of the initial song writing was done over a few cities across Europe in Hostels, Airbnb's and living rooms. The exciting thing for me was returning home with the songs and coming back to them and seeing them develop and grow as I pulled them apart and rebuilt them. I did a lot more production on this EP compared to August, with a little help from Maxwell (Golden Vessel) on Stockholm and Quarter Tank Full."
The focus track of the EP, 'Quarter Tank Full' sees Akurei once again team up with long-time collaborator Golden Vessel on production duties, and through a subtle build with the alluring guitars combining with soothing vocal tones depicts some of the thoughts of home that were going through Akurei's travels during this time.
"I wrote Quarter Tank Full in London in a friend's living room. Lyrically, it's about the daily walk into Clapham Common, and the things I had on my mind during these walks – mainly wanting to reconcile with someone back home."
'September' is available everywhere now via Spotify and Apple Music, and if you missed it recently be sure to check out the Maxwell Byrne (aka Golden Vessel) shot & directed video below for recent single 'Stockholm'.
https://fanlink.to/Akurei_September
https://soundcloud.com/akureitunes
https://www.facebook.com/akureitunes
https://twitter.com/akureitunes
https://www.instagram.com/_akurei
Production and Mixing by Connor Grant & Maxwell Byrne
Mastering by Matthew Agoglia
Press Photos and Artwork by Golden Vessel
Saint Barae – 'Power + Control'
Benji Lewis – 'Hold On'


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Turkmen Leader Exploring Gas Options
Sep. 27 2007 00:00
UNITED NATIONS -- Turkmen leader Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedov said in the United States that his country's talks with Russia on energy were tense and hinted that he was ready to discuss new gas export options, Turkmen state media reported Wednesday.
The United States is wooing Turkmenistan in hopes of easing its dependence on Russia, which buys most of Turkmenistan's natural gas at below market prices, and opening new export routes to give Western markets direct access to Turkmen energy resources.
Berdymukhammedov is in the United States on his first visit since coming to power at the end of last year.
Turkmen state media quoted him as telling U.S. business executives that export pricing talks with gas monopoly Gazprom, as well as negotiations over a new, Russia-backed Caspian gas pipeline, were not going as planned.
"We highly regard our relations with Russia and will do everything to develop them in all spheres. Energy is a separate issue," he said. "I would not want to hide that negotiations on gas prices in the new project as well as in our existing contracts are tense."
Competition between the West and Russia for control over Turkmen gas has intensified since the December death of eccentric leader Saparmurat Niyazov, who showed little interest in energy diplomacy during his 21-year rule.
Under Niyazov, Turkmenistan threatened to cut off supplies to Russia altogether if it did not pay more for its gas.
Under the current deal -- valid until the end of 2009, although theoretically subject to revision this year -- Gazprom pays $100 per 1,000 cubic meters.
On Wednesday, a senior Ukrainian government official said the country had an understanding with Turkmenistan, its primary gas supplier, to keep prices unchanged at that level in 2008.
Gazprom charges Western Europe more than $250 per 1,000 cubic meters of gas.
European Union countries, keen to diversify sources of gas, are ready to pay a market price for Turkmen gas if a southern corridor bypassing Russia is opened via the Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan and Turkey.
Berdymukhammedov said he would pursue a pragmatic approach by diversifying exports in all directions: via the U.S.-supported trans-Caspian project, Russia, as well China and Pakistan.
After meeting with U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice on Tuesday, Berdymukhammedov was due to make a speech at the United Nations General Assembly later Wednesday.
The meeting with Rice was the highest-level U.S. contact with the Turkmen president.
Some analysts have questioned Turkmenistan's ability to go ahead with so many projects at the same time. The desert nation has announced the discovery of several big gas fields but has not disclosed an independent audit of its gas reserves.
Berdymukhammedov, however, was confident that his nation had enough gas for everyone.
"The main thing is whether we have enough resources to fulfill all obligations. My response is: We do have enough and, on top of that, we guarantee their fulfillment, " he told U.S. executives in the remarks published in Turkmen media.


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Litwak hat folgende Bedeutungen:

 Alexander Grigorjewitsch Litwak (* 1940), russischer Physiker und Hochschullehrer
 Michail Jefimowitsch Litwak (1938–2020), russischer Psychotherapeut, Psychologe und Autor
 jiddische Bezeichnung für einen Juden aus Litauen, siehe Geschichte der Juden in Litauen#Litwak

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Q: Laravel validation wouldn't prompt error message when combine multiple validation condition I am developing a registration API using Laravel. One of the field which is date_of_birth, I planned to make it optional and with the type of date.
Therefore, I am writing this line of code inside my RegisterUserRequest file:

But the output is when I leave this field to empty or enter a correct date, it will pass the validation and execute my controller function as expected. But when I provide a wrong date, the validation is failed (which is expected) but the problem is the validation message wouldn't show out. The response received is empty.

Is anyone know what should I do in order to display error message for entering incorrect date format in this case?
Thank you.


Thanks for this! I was improvising a pretty similar schedule. Interesting that you didn't quite follow the p90x format for blocks 1 & 2, putting core syn first rather than chest and back, and not putting in base and back until block 2. Any reason for that? Just want to emphasize core right from the start I imagine? Also, I was pretty much done with my version of block II when I saw this so just finished a week of your block III. The one thing that feels a bit odd is the lack of pullups and biceps. There's some lat pulls in PAP that works back and biceps of course, but its not exactly V Sculpt. I feel like if I do block III for 3-4 weeks, I'm going to lose some of the pullup gains I've been making. Thoughts?


Eurocross is an emergency room that assists people in emergencies, anywhere in the world. They provide this service for their clients' customers. Part of their services are medical and travel assistance, and breakdown and accident assistance.
After a Proof-of-Concept, Eurocross opted for Liferay portal technology, for which Finalist is a Platinum Service Partner. The data displayed in My Eurocross originates from two source systems at Eurocross. To guarantee optimal future-proof functionality and to be able to use as much real-time information as possible, it was decided to use an intermediate layer (an Enterprise Service Bus, ESB) as a link to the source systems. An important part of the project consisted of defining and fine-tuning the right messages between the portal and the ESB. Based on the visual design that Eurocross had drawn up in the preliminary phase, Finalist was able to complete the portal. Because the information that is unlocked in My Eurocross is sensitive, security was a very important aspect throughout the duration of the project. This is reflected by having the ability to activate second-factor authentication for logging on to My Eurocross.
The project was carried out using the Agile Scrum development method. In a series of biweekly Sprints, My Eurocross was further expanded until a fully-fledged, useable portal was created. Because Eurocross had little experience with this method, it was decided that we would take on the role of Product Owner together. One of the goals was to provide Eurocross with sufficient tools and 'learning on the job' options to enable them to independently fulfil the Product Owner role for follow-up projects. During the Sprints, there was also a close collaboration with Tjip, the party that provided the ESB and the required modifications.
In September 2017, Eurocross proudly launched the new My Eurocross portal for its first clients. In due course, more and more clients will be invited to use the portal. Because the portal has been separated from the source systems, the data shown can be further refined, enriched and supplemented, without requiring any immediate changes to the portal. Finally, the portal can be expanded in the future with information about other Eurocross services, such as medical and travel assistance.
Eurocross has posted an animated video about the portal on their own website. Take a look at it here.


One of my callings, or gifts, or weirdness, I don't know which, is seeing beauty in the mundane. Or sometimes even seeing beauty in what other people would consider ugly. I was walking home from the grocery store today, and noticed that a tree was reflected in a mud puddle. I thought it was beautiful.


We sell used products of second hand providing any product used in the prefabrication: moulds, prestressing accessories, concrete plants, distribution systems, various equipment, etc.
Products are in excellent condition (like new) and can be subjected to modifications and accurate revision. We provide assistance and we are available to disassembly, transport and reassembly all equipment. It's possible to see the equipment in person by appointment.


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First ABH Site in the Valley Opens in CD2
This week, Councilmember Krekorian opened the first "A Bridge Home" transitional shelter for the homeless in the San Fernando Valley. He was joined by Mayor Eric Garcetti, along with "Jeopardy!" host Alex Trebek and his wife Jean (who made a generous donation in support of the shelter), in cutting the ribbon. The beautiful new 15,000-square foot facility in North Hollywood will provide transitional shelter for 85 people who are currently living unhoused in the neighborhood. It has separate sections for men and women, a community room with computer workstations, and a dog run. Through careful planning and smart construction, this site is also the least expensive shelter of its kind, per bed, in the entire city.
The shelter will be operated by Hope of the Valley, which also played a critical role in securing and developing the site. Through its founders, Ken and Laurie Craft, and its dedicated staff and volunteers, Hope of the Valley has been one of the most successful homeless service providers in the Valley. Hope of the Valley works miracles every day in meeting the immediate needs of unhoused people through compassionate and hope-inspiring crisis intervention, while helping them bridge into long-term services that address chronic obstacles.
Next month, Councilmember Krekorian will open a second Bridge Home site with another 100 beds, this time in Van Nuys. That shelter will also be operated by Hope of the Valley, as is the Valley's first Homeless Services Navigation Center, which Councilmember Krekorian opened in February.
View the ABC7 News video of the grand opening event here.
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Manuel Bauer, né en 1966, est un photographe suisse, lauréat du Greenpeace Photo Award 2014.

Biographie
Manuel Bauer réalise des séries de photos du dalaï-lama au cours de ses voyages et activités. Il a attiré son attention pour avoir été le premier photographe à documenter la fuite en exil des Tibétains à travers l'Himalaya, au péril de sa vie. En 1995, il accompagna un père et sa fille de 6 ans, partis en avril, à une époque où il faisait très froid. Les soldats chinois, en différents postes, tiraient parfois pour tromper l'ennui. Après la traversée de la frontière chinoise, le risque s'est accru car des officiels népalais renvoient, après les avoir dévalisés, les Tibétains en captivité en Chine pour plaire aux dirigeants chinois.

Notes

Liens externes

 Manuel Bauer
 Site personnel de Manuel Bauer

Photographe suisse
Photographe du Tibet
Naissance en juillet 1966


"Experience The Touch That Means So Much!"
A Touch By Gifted Hands President, Kim Freeman, completed massage therapy school at Touching America in 2007. Kim believed Touching America was an excellent clinic and school of massage, established in 1957 and is the oldest and most recognized school in the state of Arkansas. She founded A Touch By Gifted Hands, Inc. in 2009, and is a Licensed Massage Therapist practicing massage therapy in various settings! Book A Touch By Gifted Hands, Inc. for churches, schools (Teacher Spa Day or Teacher Pampering Day), corporate events, sporting events, career fairs, birthday parties, anniversary celebrations, family reunions, conferences, bachelorette parties, bachelor parties, and more!
As President of her recently formed corporation, A Touch By Gifted Hands, she invites you "Experience the Touch That Means So Much!" She always look forward to servicing regular clients, as well as, meeting new ones. Allow yourself to experience something great by touching your telephone key pads today.
Are you stressed or depressed? Or, do you just feel the need to relax and pamper yourself? If you answered yes to any of these questions, then you need to treat yourself to a massage. We want to invite you to experience a massage by A Touch by Gifted Hands. Massage Therapy addresses so many different areas when treating the body and nurturing the spirit. Studies have proven that massage therapy can benefit both the body and soul.


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USITC to continue honey investigations
The United States International Trade Commission (USITC) today determined that there is a reasonable indication that a U.S. industry is materially injured by reason of imports of raw honey from Argentina, Brazil, India, Ukraine, and Vietnam that are allegedly sold in the United States at less than fair value.
Chair Jason E. Kearns, Vice Chair Randolph J. Stayin, and Commissioners David S. Johanson, Rhonda K. Schmidtlein, and Amy A. Karpel voted in the affirmative.
As a result of the Commission's affirmative determinations, the U.S. Department of Commerce will continue its investigations of imports of raw honey from Argentina, Brazil, India, Ukraine, and Vietnam, with its preliminary antidumping duty determinations due on or about September 28, 2021.
The Commission's public report Raw Honey from Argentina, Brazil, India, Ukraine, and Vietnam (Inv. Nos. 731-TA-1560-1564 (Preliminary), USITC Publication 5204, June 2021) will contain the views of the Commission and information developed during the investigations.
The report will be available after July 6, 2021; when available, it may be accessed on the USITC website at: https://www.usitc.gov/commission_publications_library.
–USITC


FIRMSTONE PAPPAS PROPERTIES HAS BECOME AN ICON OF THE LOCAL REAL ESTATE LANDSCAPE IN THE EASTERN SUBURBS SINCE 1927.
Using our experience, knowledge and expertise to achieve the best outcome for all clients, we bring a depth of understanding about the local lifestyle as well as people's specific needs. We are proud of our results and have secured many record prices throughout the Eastern Suburbs. Our close knit team work together as a unit to understand the clients property goals and aspirations, with a focus on building long term relationships.
We take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to you for the professional service given to usfor well over 20 years duringwhichtime you have managed our investment property in Chelmsford Ave. Botany and most recently during its successful sale. The management of the property was always seamless and most importantly the long term continuity of your staff helped us to feel very comfortable during all these years.
The advice given to us by you leading up to the eventual marketing of the property was very professional and sound. Youkept usinformed at all times with personal phone calls or emails throughoutthe whole process. We would have no hesitation in recommending your services in the field of management or property sales and wish you all the very greatest success in the future.
Best wishes from two very satisfied and happy clients.
Steve has looked after my property in Mascot for many years culminating in the extremely pleasing result at auction recently. During the many years of managing the property, both Steve and his staff (where would you be without Kathy?) have been nothing but professional in their approach and this continued when I decided it was time to sell.
His client is always Steve's priority - he keeps you informed and up-to-date without overloading you with the minutiae of the marketing campaign. He knew exactly how the campaign should run - from the timing of the inspections to selection of the auctioneer and location of the auction to guidance on setting of the reserve - and you were correct in all aspects.
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At Firmstone Pappas Properties, we believe communication is the key. Sign up with your email address now and stay informed about the real estate market, our area and our office.


The city of Granite Shoals took another step toward creating its multipurpose sports complex.
City Manager Jeff Looney told council members during their regular meeting April 9 that the city has contracted H.D. Irvin Steel Construction to refurbish the inside of the metal building that currently houses two regulation-sized tennis courts.
The courts are part of what's known as the Roddick Tennis Center near city hall on Phillips Ranch Road. The company also will fix the floor.
This work is part of Phase 1 of the complex. The city will pay the company $135,000.
The complex is a project that became reality in March 2017 when the city received a $500,000 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department grant.
The grant is to help create two soccer fields for 14-and-under players, two volleyball courts, two basketball courts, three batting cages, one shuffleboard court, and one pickleball court.
In other action, council members voted to change the classification of the Granite Shoals/Bob Sylvester Airpark from a park to a municipal airport.
Looney said the change gives the city more leverage with the Federal Aviation Administration in terms of getting state funding.
It also allows residents a chance to create hangar homes. These dwellings within hangars that are at least 1,200 square feet and can be used as small, livable spaces for pilots to stay one or two nights. With a park designation, hangar homes are prohibited by ordinance.
As an airport, city leaders now can reach out to other government entities such as the Texas Department of Transportation for advice, the city manager added.
• approved renting tower space to Zeecon Wireless Internet at $3,000 annually to put an antenna for better internet service to residents.
• approved giving Hill Country Child Advocacy Center $3,000 instead of the $1,000 the group requested. The council had approved a donation of $3,000 in the budget in September, Looney said, who added council members believe in the work of the group.
• approved reimbursing the Boys & Girls Club of the Highland Lakes $3,000 for the 2018 summer nutrition program the club.
• will host Coffee with the Council at 9 a.m. Saturday, May 4, at Crazy Gals, 8037 RR 1431 in Granite Shoals.


Columbian native, but Paris based designer Haider Ackermann launched his namesake collection in 2002. Haider Ackermann's signature are draped forms and intricate designs, created by his dynamic, layered tailoring. Influenced by cultural differences, Ackermann's fashion contrasts and blends dress codes.


If you have questions about architectural landscape lighting services, give us a call and we will be happy to help. Let us know if you have any additional questions which are listed below.
Do you Install Landscape Lighting In My Area?
A. If your city isn't listed in our Service Area, give us call and let us help you design an outdoor lighting solution. Call today, 713-481-1518!
What is required to install a professional landscape lighting system?
A. It depends whether you are installing a halogen system or an LED lighting system. A proper halogen lighting system typically needs service around three times a year, they take a lot of power to run those lights all night, and the bulbs/lights get really hot killing surrounding vegetation. Halogen bulbs only typically last around one year at most. At best meaning you will be replacing bulbs every year and half at around $15 a bulb plus labor/service costs and will consistently be changing out bulbs, dealing with ant piles, and so on. If you are installing an LED system, the LED bulbs use next to no energy, the bulbs don't get hot and they last around 40,000 hours (non-integrated LED bulb and most of them come with 2-5 year factory warranties). With this being said, an LED-based system might need maintenance one time a year at most and in the long run is much cheaper. Sure the bulbs cost more to replace at around $50 vs $15 but you will not have to change them out every year.
Or the option of an integrated LED bulb that carries a 20-year warranty. Our company sells yearly maintenance programs for lighting where you pay a fee according to how many lights you have to guarantee maintenance any time you need it during said time frame. We do get calls from clients who have had systems installed from other companies and have grown frustrated with those competitors and call us to service them. We will gladly come look at your preexisting system and get you serviced if you are tired of pulling out your hair dealing with your current lighting company. Whether you are trying to do it yourself or need our full service we can help! Call today, 713-1481-1518!
Can I get references from customers who you serviced in my area?
A. We are concerned about and appreciate the privacy of all of our customers. We do not share customer information without express consent. This site provides several testimonials on the experiences of our customers, however, if you would like more we do have customers that have given permission to use them as references. Please contact one of our helpful associates today at 713-481-1518 to schedule an estimate for your project. If necessary, they will arrange for you to see one of our systems in action. Call us today to schedule a free estimate, 713-481-1518!
How much does an average lighting system cost?
A. Houston Luxury Lighting estimates are based on the number of lights installed. We provide a full estimate and map out the design before any work begins. This makes it easy for the designer and you to determine and control costs. That way there are no surprises. Cost depends on the type of fixtures that are chosen and the number of fixtures to be installed.
Every project that we install includes a 12-month service plan, 20-year manufacturer warranty on integrated LED lighting fixtures, 10-year manufacturer warranty on non-integrated light fixtures and a 2-5 year warranty on the LED bulb. We provide competitive pricing and deliver industry leading warranties, service, and value on every project.
Our designers can design a system to work within your budget. Call today to for a free estimate 713-481-1518!
What is the value in outdoor lighting?
A. Landscape lighting, also known as lightscaping, provides a beauty that extends living area beyond the confines of your walls. Dramatic lighting sets the mood while also providing an extra layer of security to your home. Well lit homes make it difficult for intruders. Landscape lighting doubles as security lighting.
Our designers specially design a landscape lighting system to highlight your architecture, palm trees, crape myrtles, and lawn during the evening. Houston Luxury Lighting provides a $2,500-$3,500 investment that delivers beauty, security, safety and improves the property value.
Improve the property value of your home and add security and beauty with just one call, 713-481-1518.
What is the difference between LED lighting and traditional Halogen Lighting?
A. We provide security, curb appeal, and elegance with our eco-friendly lighting systems. Our lighting systems use a fraction of what traditional lights use. Traditional Halogen bulbs use approximately $1.00 per bulb per month. LED efficient bulbs use approximately $1.00 per year.
Please call or E-mail today and get a free estimate. LED technology in early 2011 was expensive, bulky, and provided inadequate lighting. The most common questions we receive today are about quality and color of the light emitted by LEDs. LED technology has hit the landscape lighting industry and technology has skyrocketed. Side by side an untrained eye would not be able to detect the difference between an LED bulb and a halogen bulb. LED efficiency and operating life expectancy far out shines that of the halogen bulb (pun intended).
One key difference still remains that very few consider. LED heat emission is far less destructive to household vegetation than that of the typical halogen bulbs. This means your plants, pet, home, and children are safe from potential burns and fires.
Call for free estimate, 713-481-1518.


Representatives of the Kalamazoo Bicycle Club participated recently in the Kalamazoo Valley Community College Wellness Fair. The fair emphasized the importance of well-being in all areas of life – physical, spiritual, mental, social, etc. With KBC's help, the fair was very successful. Approximately 400 students, staff, and faculty attended.
Paul Wells and Thom Brennan, members of KBC's Education Committee, promoted healthy lifestyles through bicycling while "flying the colors" of KBC. Thanks Paul and Thom.


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Reading - Reflecting - Responding
James Woodward
Sarum College
Speaking and Lecturing
Essays in Books
And be thankful??
Home > Blog > And be thankful??
Posted on 9 January 2013 by James Woodward
Hundreds of years ago, Thomas a Kempis worried about our tendency to overlook the small gifts on the way to wanting more, and urged those who longed to grow in Christ-likeness, "Be thankful for the smallest blessing, and you will deserve to receive greater. Value the least gifts no less than the greatest, and simple graces as especial favors. If you remember the dignity of the Giver, no gift will seem small or mean, for nothing can be valueless that is given by the most high God."
When our lives are shaped by gratitude, we're more likely to notice the goodness and beauty in everyday things. We are content; we feel blessed and are eager to confer blessing. We are able to delight in the very existence of another human being. In a grateful community, individuals and their contributions are acknowledged and honored, and there is regular testimony to God's faithfulness, through which the community experiences the joys of its members. Expressions of gratitude help make the community a live to the Word, the Spirit, and God's work.
Tweets by R_C_Woodward
Listening to your Soul Julia Mourant 29 December 2022
Leslie Houlden 1929- 2022 : Sacerdos, amator Dei, Quaerēns 22 December 2022
The abiding significance of sacred space 7 December 2022
PRACTICES FOR THE SOUL : FINDING MEANING IN OUR STRANGE NEW WORLD ? 3 October 2022
A Day that left its imprint on us all – The Funeral of HM The Queen 22 September 2022
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Metadata by the numbers: What is an ISBN?
Our Director of Production Dmitri Barvinok continues our Metadata 101 exploration of publishing by explaining the ubiquitous—yet little understood—ISBN. They're on every book you buy, but the purpose and rules for using ISBNs are among the more arcane mysteries of publishing. Dmitri unlocks that realm to help authors (and readers) understand a lot more about what those numbers can tell us about a book.
Front Edge Publishing Editor David Crumm reports on the latest sales trends, which show print books continuing to grow in popularity on the strength of nonfiction. In particular, books on religion continue to be a strong segment of the market. E-books remain a small but important segment of sales, each year.
Metadata 101: What are the different kinds of eBook formats? And, how do I make eBooks?
Millions of eBooks are sold each year. This market is all about impulse buying—and also the convenience of carrying books as conveniently as you carry your phone. In this part of our Metadata 101 series, Production Manager Dmitri Barvinok describes the various eBook formats—and how Front Edge Publishing handles these challenges.
Amazon.com is one of the largest platforms for book distribution in the world, but the automation necessary to keep the behemoth running has resulted in many headaches for book publishers and authors. In this new column, you'll learn about the strategies the Front Edge Publishing team uses to navigate the mighty Amazon.
Book Design: How should an author format a book manuscript for publication?
One of the most common questions authors ask is: How should I format my manuscript before sending it to you for publication?
But the answer depends on your choice of a publisher.


Police in Fuyang city in China's Anhui Province subdued a sword-wielding man in the downtown area on Friday. After received a call that a man wielding two swords was damaging cars in front of the city's Administrative Service Center, the police arrived instantly and saw the man standing in front of a car. After failing to talk him into surrendering, the officers decided to swoop in and disarm him. The man reportedly has a history of mental illness and has been sent to hospital for treatment.


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Dean Canto to replace Ash Walsh at Phillip Island
November 18, 2015 by Andy Champness
Dean Canto will replace Ash Walsh in the #4 Erebus Motorsport E63 AMG at the WD-40 Phillip Island Super Sprint. Photo: Erebus Motorsport
Dean Canto will replace rookie Ash Walsh at Erebus Motorsport for this weekend's WD-40 Phillip Island Super Sprint.
The move which is supported by Walsh, has been made in an effort to step up development of the team's E63 AMGs, which have struggled for consistent pace this season.
Walsh, who currently sits 25th in the championship standings with a season-best finish to date of eighth at the Clipsal 500, will be assisting Canto and the team from the garage throughout the weekend.
Canto, who raced in this year's Pirtek Enduro Cup events alongside David Reynolds at Prodrive Racing, has previously worked with Erebus co-driving the SLS AMG GT 3 at this year's Bathurst 12-Hour, and has over 160 race starts to his name.
"When I was approached by the team to see if I could help out at Phillip Island I grabbed the chance," said Canto.
"As a race car driver, you jump at the opportunity to get into a car so I was more than happy to help out and do my bit.
"I've worked with Barry (Ryan) at the 12-Hour, and with Campbell (Little) in the past, so there are a few familiar faces at the team which is always good.
"It's an opportunity to help out the team and Ash, but also it works both ways, and I'm happy to be in a race car for the weekend."
Erebus Motorsport general manager Barry Ryan said the decision to bring in Canto was taken with Walsh's best interests in mind.
"In order to operate at the highest level in this Series, there can be no substitute for hardened race miles which was key to selecting Canto," said Ryan.
"We are working with Ash to improve results both for him and for the team."
Steve Owen to drive #6 Prodrive Falcon at Sydney finale
Chris Pither replaces Heimgartner at Phillip Island


Have a bunch of things in the works – swapping rotors for an AlphaSpid unit and a major home shack computer upgrade (details in a later post). Bought a copy of the latest Ham Radio Deluxe to try out.
For the remote station intended for Washington Island use, a SteppIR CrankIR antenna with 80m kit will be put in use, and have acquired a Flex Radio Systems Flex-6300. Initially I'll push the old shack computer into service there, but have another box that I'd like to put into use there.
Slow evolution, but very positive improvements!
About 11-12 of those gathered for Greengate Farm's 2014 4th of July picnic are licensed hams, the newest George and Susan's daughter Amy KD9BTF who was licensed a few days ago after spending a few years teaching in Micronesia.
A great time was had by all, the the little ones participating in the children's parade and then off to the fireworks.
Fabulous time with great group of people!


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Obama calls for tougher regulations on retirement advisers
February 24, 2015 | 12:53am
President Barack Obama WireImage
The new impeachment question and other commentary
Has an outgoing president ever skipped the inauguration?
Ex-presidents condemn 'insurrection' at US Capitol
Obama says DC riots will be remembered as a 'shame for our nation'
WASHINGTON — With trillions of dollars at stake, President Obama on Monday called for tougher standards for brokers who manage retirement accounts — setting up another battle with the financial industry.
The president's proposal is designed to cut down on conflicts of interest in which brokers steer clients into investments that earn the brokers the greatest fees while delivering lower returns.
Under the plan, financial retirement advisers would have a legal "fiduciary" obligation to put their clients' needs first.
"We should be able to make sure that folks are treated fairly, and give every possible assistance we can so that they can retire with security and dignity," Obama told a meeting of AARP, which has pushed for the tougher regulation.
The administration first tried to make changes in 2010.
But that effort was stamped out by stiff resistance from the brokerage industry, which fears the rule would limit brokers' compensation and retirement products.
The US Chamber of Commerce and other business groups argued such regulations would make it hard to charge commission and, therefore, decrease incentives for brokers to take on middle- and lower-income clients.
"This proposal needs a thorough review as it has the potential to cause a detrimental impact on all American savers and the retirement system as a whole," said Kenneth Bentsen, president and CEO of the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association, a trade group representing the financial sector.
The White House said its plan would still allow firms to charge commission and use revenue-sharing compensation, just as long as they are putting their clients' needs first.
Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.), Labor Secretary Tom Perez and Sen. Cory Booker (D-NJ) joined Obama at the announcement.
Many retirement advisers work on behalf of their customers, but some recommend investments based on "what kickbacks they can earn for selling a lousy product," Warren said in a statement.
The impact of bad advice has cost Americans billions.
On average, conflicts of interest result in 1 percentage point lower annual returns on retirement savings, according to the White House Council of Economic Advisers.
That's $17 billion in losses every year.
The proposed rule winding its way through the Labor Department will go through a months-long public comment period.
Filed under barack obama , retirement , 2/24/15
Politician used campaign money on private jets, massages a...
Celebrities who love to surf Celebrities who love to surf


Discussion in 'Spigot Plugin Development' started by jacklin213, Feb 14, 2019.
I think you should use BlockState.
Probably just create a bukkit runnable that iterates through a list of exploded blocks and from there you'd set the blocks back to their type.
Just store the BlockState instead, in a List, and call BlockState::update to restore the block.
Tested and works for signs, chests (with items in it). There is probably a better way around this. But i found after testing that this was the most simple way.
Btw @jacklin213 your code can be "minimized"
What don't you understand in "Delayed Block Regeneration"
RunTaskLater? Loop through a list of the blocks and set them back?


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Atticus Finch Quotes In To Kill A Mockingbird
Atticus Finch Atticus Finch, he lived in the small town of Maycomb in Alabama with his two children Jem and Scout. He was one of the two lawyers in Maycomb and was very good at what he did. His children were always proud of him and wanted to be just like him. Even though his kids looked up to him, other people of the town did as well. As Jem would say, Atticus wasn't like every dad in the town, he didn't have catches with Jem. All he really did wad read the newspaper. He was a good father, fair lawyer, and big influence to the town. Atticus lost his wife to a heart attack shortly after his second child, Jean-Louise or Scout was born. Before Scout was her brother Jeremy or Jem for short. As a single dad he wasn't raising the two kids all on his own, they had a family cook…show more content…
Scout once compared Atticus to other dads in the county, she explained that he didn't enjoy the same hobbies such as hunting and playing catch. Scout and Jem didn't really mind the differences, but they definitely noticed it. Another difference about Atticus being different from the other fathers was the way he made the world look to his kids. He never made a judgement towards anyone, to him everyone was equal no matter their color or looks. To him everyone was the same. The other fathers believed that the whites were higher than the colored no matter how poor or trashy the white people were, they were still higher than colored people. Since Atticus had these views it rubbed off on his children who treated everyone with respect. Atticus helped the kids be smarter than the rest of the kids in school. Since
Tom Robinson Trial
o To kill a mockingbird novel study In this divine and ravishing story of a small girl's life,and the many trials she must face in her coming of age, as well as the people she must meet. That makes this girl Scout, who she is in her current state of the book
Essay On Racism In To Kill A Mockingbird
is the racial problem of the southern states of USA in the 1930s portrayed in To Kill a Mockingbird? INTRO In the 1930s the Southern states of America suffered from a strong discrimination and racial hatred towards colored people. They had no rights, no respect and were not allowed to go places white people went. In other words they were segregated from the rest of the society. Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel that show the life of a southern state od Alabama during the "black racism"
Literature Review: To Kill A Mockingbird
Literature Review Report: To Kill A Mockingbird As part of my personal novel study, I have decided to read Harper Lee's "To Kill A Mockingbird". Furthermore, I believe that this novel is an excellent match for my interest in the Southern Gothic genre. I enjoy this category as it mostly explores the social order of the southern part of America. This can be demonstrated through the interactions between characters, which I believe often invoke the burden of judgements and inequality that the community
To Kill A Mockingbird Quote Analysis
****** To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, the title explains it all. To kill a mockingbird is to kill someone who has done wrong. It is harming or destroying peace with someone that has minded their own business. There *** are many examples of "mockingbirds" in the novel, but one who stood out greatly is Boo Radley. Boo goes through a lot, having many made up stories about him. The subject to cruel treatment. But in reality never doing wrong, making him a model example of what it means to kill a mockingbird
Theme Of Courage In To Kill A Mockingbird
To Kill A Mockingbird, a world famous novel wrote by an extraordinary author, Harper Lee. This novel takes place among the devastating era of the 1930s. The small town of Maycomb is faced with a problem that puts the town at an unease state. One man named Atticus Finch is put on the strenuous court case where he is looked down upon by his peers. Despite the town's talking, Atticus still puts an immense amount of work in his case, as he would for others. A character in the town that talks about Atticus
Atticus Heroic Qualities In To Kill A Mockingbird
In the novel To Kill a Mocking Bird, authored by Harper Lee, Atticus Finch displays many heroic qualities, including self-control, intelligence, and his code. These qualities of a hero elevate him to the status of such a title as he uses these qualities for the greater good. Atticus is a bigot just like all of the other citizens of Maycomb, but he puts his bigotry into his belief for the equality of all men, thus making him a hero. Atticus' heroic quality of self-control is the sum of three; determination
Theme Of Conflict In To Kill A Mockingbird
In the book To Kill A Mockingbird, there are many times that people and society experience many challenges and conflicts.. Harper Lee's novel is all about people overcoming fears and stepping over the boundaries, what is part of the cause to all of these conflicts. To overcome these challenges and issues in the world or with people, you have to work together to accomplish and achieve that goal together. This book takes place in the southern town, Maycomb alabama. This town is small, where "Everybody
How Does Harper Lee Use Judgment In To Kill A Mockingbird
Utilizing Judgement Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird is an inspirational stimulating novel that takes place in Maycomb Alabama in the 1930's. The main narration of the book comes from the character Scout. Throughout the book Scout talks about different situations that has happened in her past and the reader also gets to see situations through young Scout's eyes. Scout and other characters in the novel learn many lessons throughout the novel. There are many themes that the author develops
Theme Of Discrimination In To Kill A Mockingbird
To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, is a book about the racial tensions and segregation that arose in the 1930's. The general storyline is about the main characters, Scout and Jem. At the start of the story, Jem and Scout were always discriminating against other characters, especially Boo Radley. The town was split in half due to racial segregation and Atticus Finch, their father, was a lawyer who doesn't care who he's representing because he's a man of integrity and decency. Scout and Jem eventually
Concept Of Racism In To Kill A Mockingbird
Ms. Fields Thursday, September 19, 2014 To Kill A Mockingbird by: Harper Lee To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, is a fictional book set in the small segregated town of Maycomb, Alabama, during the 1930's. Narrated by young girl named Scout Finch who is growing up with her older brother Jem and friend Dill. Scout explores with little understanding the concept of racism through the town gossip
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We have many different selections of scooters that you can rent from and use at Disneyland and the California Adventure Park. We have Transportable Mobility Scooters that you can fit even in the back of a very small car to Heavy Duty scooters that handle up to a 500lbs weight capacity. Transportable Scooter Rentals come apart in five pieces. Standard Electric Scooters get fantastic distances with our larger batteries. Take your pick!
***NOTE: Disneyland charges $70 PER DAY for scooter rentals and it is on a first come first serve basis. You also can not go to Downtown Disney with their mobility equipment. Don't get caught up in wondering whether you will be able to rent a scooter or wheelchair at Disneyland - reserve ahead of time!
Feel free to look at our 'PRICING' section for scooter and wheelchair rental pricing! We will match and beat anybody's price!