Central Command not consulted? Well, what's new?
I guess none of us should be surprised to hear this bit of news from near the very top of the U.S. military chain of command.
Army Gen. Joseph Votel, commanding officer of the nation's Central Command — which has authority over deployment of personnel in the Middle East — told Congress that Donald Trump didn't consult with him before announcing his decision to withdraw our forces from Syria.
The president, though, did declare the Islamic State to be "defeated badly," which was his seat-of-the-pants justification for leaving Syria and turning the fight over to . . . Syrian resistance forces.
The tragedy of it is that the Republican presidential candidate persuaded just enough voters living in just the right states to score an Electoral College victory to be elected the 45th president of the United States.
So he now gets to govern without consulting the "best people" who ought to include Gen. Votel, a combat Army veteran with vast knowledge of the Islamic State and the threat it still poses in the region and around the world.
However, Donald Trump is wired to be all-knowing all the time, or so he would have us believe.
Except that I don't believe a single word that flies out of his mouth.
Put yourself into James Mattis' boots for a moment.
You've just tendered a resignation letter that scorches the commander in chief's methods of governing, of managing the nation's foreign and military policies.
You have told the president of the United States you would stay in your job as defense secretary until Feb. 28.
But the president is so angry with you — with all the attention and love you're getting from the media and politicians of both parties — that he's decided to cut you loose early.
You'll be gone instead by the end of December, just a few days from now.
How do you react to that? If it were me, I would be thrilled to death. Thrilled beyond words. Excited to get my life re-started. Secretary Mattis isn't married, so he doesn't have a spouse or children to share his joy, but my guess is that he's cheering along with his best friends, siblings and other extended family members.
Donald Trump well may have done Mattis the biggest favor he could imagine. He has spared the retired Marine general from the chaos of another two months working within an administration where the cadence is being called by someone who is clueless about how government works. He doesn't know how to forge and maintain strategic alliances. The commander in chief has no inkling of how his policy pronouncements via Twitter disrupt the normal flow of information.
Mattis brought a retired Marine Corps general's order and discipline to the president's inner circle, to his national defense team. He will take it all with him when he departs on New Year's Day.
Meanwhile, Donald Trump will keep on bumbling his way toward an uncertain future as our head of state.
The newly department secretary of defense will be relieved of the insanity and chaos that now masquerade as presidential governance.
James Mattis is likely smiling broadly.
I know I would be. So would you.
Who's next at Defense? Will it be a Trump ideologue?
James Mattis's stunning resignation as defense secretary poses the next obvious question for those of us who are concerned about the future of our national defense policy.
Who in the world is Donald Trump going to find to succeed the man who quit because of serious policy differences with the White House?
More to the point: Will the next defense boss — unlike the warrior/patriot who's leaving — going to be a sycophant who'll do the president's bidding without challenging him in any fashion?
Let's lay this out right away: Donald John Trump is the first president in U.S. history who has (a) no military experience and (b) no prior government experience. I don't begrudge the president for lacking any military background; he's far from the first one to bring that lack of credential to the nation's highest office. But the absence of both backgrounds, taken together, puts this matter into a whole new context.
Mattis quit over differences on an array of policy matters with the president. The deal breaker appears to be Trump's sudden decision to pull our troops out of Syria, leaving the battlefield while the fight against the Islamic State is still under way. Mattis opposed that decision. The president didn't heed his advice, or the advice of any other military or diplomatic expert with access to the Oval Office. What in the world does it tell us that Russia — which is propping up the Syrian dictator — endorsed Trump's decision to withdraw from Syria?
Is the president, therefore, going to look for someone who shares his world view on how to shaft our allies, kowtow to dictators, allow the know-nothing commander in chief to do as he pleases whenever he pleases?
Mattis, a retired U.S. Marine Corps general with more than four decades of service to the nation — much of it on battlefields around the world — is none of the above. Moreover, he is revered by the men and women who serve under him. He commands respect because he gives respect to our allies and those who are thrust into harm's way.
This man's resignation is a big . . . deal.
'Forever' is way too long, however . . .
Mr. President, I presume you have asked a rhetorical question that really doesn't require an answer, but I'll provide one anyway.
You asked if the nation wants to stay "forever" in Syria, fighting the bad guys, terrorists, those who prey on innocent civilians.
No rational human being wants to fight forever. You know better than to ask such a sophomoric question.
You said in a tweet: Getting out of Syria was no surprise. I've been campaigning on it for years, and six months ago, when I very publicly wanted to do it, I agreed to stay longer. Russia, Iran, Syria & others are the local enemy of ISIS. We were doing there work. Time to come home & rebuild.
The issue behind your reckless and feckless decision to pull totally out of Syria centers on the method you used to reach your unfounded conclusion that we have "defeated" the Islamic State.
I don't believe ISIS is defeated. They're still a hideous menace. Furthermore, the Defense Department has made that determination, too. Same with the CIA and the State Department. Yet you ignored them the way you seemingly ignore the advice you get from the "best people" who surround you.
Your decision really cannot be defended rationally. You might think it's a defensible position, but the reality is that you came to that conclusion seemingly without ever consulting with the experts who work for us.
I hear Vladimir Putin endorses your decision. So do the Turks and the Iranians. Hey, they're all "allies," right? Hah!
Mr. President, "forever" is too long a span of time to keep thrusting young Americans into harm's way. The experts, though, have been saying all along since 9/11 that declaring victory in this war against terrorists is too dicey a deal to be handled cavalierly.
We aren't fighting a government. We aren't fighting a force that answers to a head of state. These bad guys are cunning and slippery and pretty damn creative in their methods of attacking others.
You need, sir, to listen carefully to what those in the know are telling you. Well, whatever. I know I might as well be talking to my shoes.
I just have to get it off my chest.
Donald Trump did what he needed to do when he ordered "precision strikes" against Syrian chemical weapons facilities.
The White House has declared "mission accomplished" with regard to the strikes launched by U.S., French and British air power. It was an impressive allied effort to retaliate against Syrian dictator Bashar al Assad's use of chemical weapons against civilians, including children.
The sight of those victims convulsing and heaving in the wake of the gas attack sickens the heart. It also points out that we are dealing in Syria with an animal disguised as a strongman.
To hear the Russians, Syrians and the Iranians deny that Assad gassed civilians is to defy credulity. Of course he did it. Assad has shown such propensity in the past.
The air strikes, though, have accomplished their mission, which was to destroy Syria's ability to deliver chemical attacks. Reports from the field indicate that the air strikes — as deadly as they were — did not prevent a future gas attack.
Which brings me to a critical point. To claim "mission accomplished" requires proof that Assad has been rendered impotent militarily. That hasn't happened.
We once heard a president of the United States, George W. Bush, issue a similar "mission accomplished" statement after our forces invaded Iraq in 2003. We captured the late Saddam Hussein, resulting in President Bush making that landing aboard a U.S. aircraft carrier, where he stood under the banner proclaiming that we had accomplished our mission. The war dragged on for years after Saddam's capture and execution.
Trump cannot make such a declaration yet. The Joint Chiefs of Staff — at the president's direction — have executed, in conjunction with our French and British allies, a strong response to Syria's dictator.
Let us hope it doesn't lead to a broader conflict or — and this is the worst case — open conflict with Russia and Iran.
A mission that is accomplished fully will render Bashar al Assad incapable of inflicting such misery ever again on helpless victims.
I feel the need to mount a brief self-defense.
Some folks on my social media network have accused me of being perpetually negative toward Donald J. Trump. That is not true.
* I praised Trump's signing of a bill that made it easer for whistleblowers to rat out wrongdoing within the Department of Veterans Affairs.
* Trump drew praise from yours truly for launching the missile strikes against Syria after the Syrian government used chemical weapons on its citizens, killing many civilians.
* The president and the first lady earned kudos from me when they went to Houston after Hurricane Harvey savaged the Texas coast.
* I offered a follow-up comment on the president taking selfies with victims of Harvey's wrath, showing a glint of humanity.
* I offered a good word for Trump when he went to Las Vegas recently to lend aid and comfort to the victims of that horrific massacre while offering words of support to the first responders who acted so heroically.
One critic of this blog calls me "bitter" over Hillary's loss to Trump; another critic thinks all "liberals" look for reasons to speak ill of the president, and he thinks I'm one of 'em.
I'm not bitter. Disappointed, yes. As for looking for reasons to criticize Donald Trump, I never have to hunt for them. They do seem to present themselves with stunning regularity.
So … there you have it. The president has earned praise from yours truly. I want to offer more. First, though, he's got to earn it.
It's time for a serious mea culpa.
Mitt Romney once declared during the 2012 presidential campaign that Russia presented the "greatest geopolitical threat" to the United States of America.
I was one of millions of Americans who laughed at the Republican presidential nominee.
Five years later, I regret laughing. I regret dismissing Mitt's assessment. I regret writing some negative blog posts about what the nominee said.
We are learning today — and in the course of the Donald J. Trump campaign and his presidential administration — that the previous GOP nominee was ahead of his time.
It can be argued, I suppose, that international terrorists presented a greater geopolitical threat than Russia in 2012. Our special forces had just killed Osama bin Laden, but al-Qaeda was still going strong. The Islamic State had emerged as a monstrous threat as well.
The Russians, to my mind, seemed at the time to have been relegated to a back bench.
Silly me. Mitt Romney seems to have been spot on.
The Russians are undermining NATO; they invaded Ukraine; they are propping up a murderous regime in Syria. They also sought to affect the outcome of the 2016 U.S. presidential election.
The startling revelation today from Donald J. Trump Jr. that he accepted a meeting invitation anticipating dirt on Hillary Rodham Clinton from the Russian government suggests an existential threat to this nation's sovereignty.
There's still a lot of ground to cover before we determine any criminality on the part of the Trump presidential campaign. However, I do believe it is becoming quite clear that the Russians remain a force with which we must reckon.
Gov. Romney, I hereby apologize for doubting you.
That dreaded 100-day "deadline" looms for Donald John Trump. We're about one week away from it.
Will it produce a winning report card for the president? Will those of us in the peanut gallery be able to call the new president's start a rousing success, which Trump himself has done already?
Does the 100-day mark matter? Perhaps it shouldn't count as much as it does. President Franklin D. Roosevelt set up this artificial barrier when he took office in 1933 and it's been held as sort of the benchmark for early presidential success ever since.
But it's early in any new president's term. Donald Trump is no different.
All along the way en route to his winning the election, the Republican candidate for president kept telling us about all the things he would accomplish in those first 100 days.
* Affordable Care Act? Repealed and replaced.
* Draining the swamp of corruption? He'd institute a new government ethic.
What's happened? The ACA remains. Tax reform hasn't even been introduced. The swamp is still full.
The president can count precious few legislative triumphs. In fact, I can't think of any. Can you? He's signed a lot of executive orders. I particularly like the one that banned government officials from becoming lobbyists immediately after leaving public service.
Sure, he launched that missile strike against Syria after that horrendous chemical weapons attack. I give the president kudos for that action. But he's got North Korea sounding more threatening than ever; Trump said he dispatched the "great armada" led by the USS Carl Vinson, but the carrier-led strike group to date is nowhere near the Korean Peninsula.
Donald Trump's very own big mouth has victimized him.
Just maybe once the president gets past this 100-day hurdle, he will decide to tone down his constant boastfulness and learn finally — finally! — that governance requires much more than shooting off one's big mouth.
We already are in Syria, sir. President Barack Obama ordered several hundred special forces troops onto that battlefield to assist and train and coordinate attacks launched by "free Syrian" rebels fighting the Russian-backed government of dictator Bashar al Assad.
I also would add that the missiles launched from ships off the Syrian coast suggest that a more serious involvement by the United States in that conflict.
Times and circumstances do change, Mr. President, as you now are learning. Someone will need to remind the president that he used to believe that we should leave the fighting to the rebels. He also used to suggest that Assad's forces — along with the Russians — could be capable of taking out the Islamic State terrorists.
Let the Russians deal with ISIS, he said. Sure thing, Mr. President. That will work out just fine.
My point, though, is that we already are engaged in Syria. Our special forces put their lives on the line every moment of every day they are deployed there.
The bigger, more important, question is whether we're going to commit thousands of troops to fight ISIS head to head.
I'm now concerned that the president hasn't given that option the careful, thoughtful and prayerful consideration it deserves.


text:
A dishwasher is a machine that is used to clean dishware, cookware, and cutlery automatically. Unlike manual dishwashing, which relies heavily on physical scrubbing to remove soiling, the mechanical dishwasher cleans by spraying hot water, typically between , at the dishes, with lower temperatures of water used for delicate items.

A mix of water and dishwasher detergent is pumped to one or more rotating sprayers, cleaning the dishes with the cleaning mixture. The mixture is recirculated to save water and energy. Often there is a pre-rinse, which may or may not include detergent, and the water is then drained. This is followed by the main wash with fresh water and detergent. Once the wash is finished, the water is drained; more hot water enters the tub by means of an electromechanical solenoid valve, and the rinse cycle(s) begin. After the rinse process finishes, the water is drained again and the dishes are dried using one of several drying methods. Typically a rinse-aid, a chemical to reduce the surface tension of the water, is used to reduce water spots from hard water or other reasons.

In addition to domestic units, industrial dishwashers are available for use in commercial establishments such as hotels and restaurants, where many dishes must be cleaned. Washing is conducted with temperatures of  and sanitation is achieved by either the use of a booster heater that will provide an  "final rinse" temperature or through the use of a chemical sanitizer.

History

The first mechanical dishwashing device was registered for a patent in 1850 in the United States by Joel Houghton. This device was made of wood and was cranked by hand while water sprayed onto the dishes. The device was both slow and unreliable. Another patent was granted to L.A. Alexander in 1865 that was similar to the first but featured a hand-cranked rack system. Neither device was practical or widely accepted. Some historians cite as an obstacle to adoption the historical attitude that valued women for the effort put into housework rather than the results—making household chores easier was perceived by some to reduce their value.

The most successful of the hand-powered dishwashers was invented in 1886 by Josephine Cochrane together with mechanic George Butters in Cochrane's tool shed in Shelbyville, Illinois when Cochrane (a wealthy socialite) wanted to protect her china while it was being washed. Their invention was unveiled at the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago under the name of Lavadora but was changed to Lavaplatos as another machine invented in 1858 already held that name. Cochrane's inspiration was her frustration at the damage to her good china that occurred when her servants handled it during cleaning.

Europe's first domestic dishwasher with an electric motor was invented and manufactured by Miele in 1929.

In the United Kingdom, William Howard Livens invented a small, non-electric dishwasher suitable for domestic use in 1924. It was the first dishwasher that incorporated most of the design elements that are featured in the models of today; it included a door for loading, a wire rack to hold the dirty crockery and a rotating sprayer. Drying elements were added to his design in 1940. It was the first machine suitable for domestic use, and it came at a time when permanent plumbing and running water in the home were becoming increasingly common.

Despite this, Liven's design did not become a commercial success, and dishwashers were only successfully sold as domestic utilities in the postwar boom of the 1950s, albeit only to the wealthy. Initially, dishwashers were sold as standalone or portable devices, but with the development of the wall-to-wall countertop and standardized height cabinets, dishwashers began to be marketed with standardized sizes and shapes, integrated underneath the kitchen countertop as a modular unit with other kitchen appliances.

By the 1970s, dishwashers had become commonplace in domestic residences in North America and Western Europe. By 2012, over 75 percent of homes in the United States and Germany had dishwashers.

In the late 1990s, manufacturers began offering various new energy conservation features in dishwashers. One feature was use of "soil sensors", which was a computerized tool in the dishwasher which measured food particles coming from dishes. When the dishwasher had cleaned the dishes to the point of not releasing more food particles, the soil sensor would report the dishes as being clean. The sensor operated with another innovation of using variable washing time. If dishes were especially dirty, then the dishwasher would run for a longer time than if the sensor detected them to be clean. In this way, the dishwasher would save energy and water by only being in operation for as long as needed.

Design

Size and capacity

Dishwashers that are installed into standard kitchen cabinets have a standard width and depth of 60 cm (Europe) or  (US), and most dishwashers must be installed into a hole a minimum of 86 cm (Europe) or  (US) tall. Portable dishwashers exist in 45 and 60 cm (Europe) or  (US) widths, with casters and attached countertops. There are also dishwashers available in sizes according to the European gastronorm standard. Dishwashers may come in standard or tall tub designs; standard tub dishwashers have a service kickplate beneath the dishwasher door that allows for simpler maintenance and installation, but tall tub dishwashers have approximately 20% more capacity and better sound dampening from having a continuous front door.

The international standard for the capacity of a dishwasher is expressed as standard place settings. Commercial dishwashers are rated as plates per hour. The rating is based on standard-sized plates of the same size. The same can be said for commercial glass washers, as they are based on standard glasses, normally pint glasses.

Layout

Present-day machines feature a drop-down front panel door, allowing access to the interior, which usually contains two or sometimes three pull-out racks; racks can also be referred to as "baskets". In older U.S. models from the 1950s, the entire tub rolled out when the machine latch was opened, and loading as well as removing washable items was from the top, with the user reaching deep into the compartment for some items. Youngstown Kitchens, which manufactured entire kitchen cabinets and sinks, offered a tub-style dishwasher, which was coupled to a conventional kitchen sink as one unit. Most present-day machines allow for placement of dishes, silverware, tall items and cooking utensils in the lower rack, while glassware, cups and saucers are placed in the upper rack. One notable exception were dishwashers produced by the Maytag Corporation from the late sixties until the early nineties. These machines were designed for loading glassware, cups and saucers in the lower rack, while plates, silverware, and tall items were placed into the upper rack. This unique design allowed for a larger capacity and more flexibility in loading of dishes and pots and pans. Today, "dish drawer" models eliminate the inconvenience of the long reach that was necessary with older full-depth models. "Cutlery baskets" are also common. A drawer dishwasher, first introduced by Fisher & Paykel in 1997, is a variant of the dishwasher in which the baskets slide out with the door in the same manner as a drawer filing cabinet, with each drawer in a double-drawer model being able to operate independently of the other.

The inside of a dishwasher in the North American market is either stainless steel or plastic. Most of them are stainless steel body and plastic made racks. Stainless steel tubs resist hard water, and preserve heat to dry dishes more quickly. They also come at a premium price. Dishwashers can be bought for as expensive as $1,500+, but countertop dishwashers are also available for under $300. Older models used baked enamel tubs, while some used a vinyl coating bonded to a steel tub, which provided protection of the tub from acidic foods and provided some sound attenuation. European-made dishwashers feature a stainless steel interior as standard, even on low-end models. The same is true for a built-in water softener.

Washing elements
European dishwashers almost universally use two or three sprayers which are fed from the bottom and back wall of the dishwasher leaving both racks unimpeded and also such models tend to use inline water heaters, removing the need for exposed elements in the base of the machine that can melt plastic items near to them. Many North American dishwashers tend to use exposed elements in the base of the dishwasher. Some North American machines, primarily those designed by General Electric, use a wash tube, often called a wash-tower, to direct water from the bottom of the dishwasher to the top dish rack. Some dishwashers, including many models from Whirlpool and KitchenAid, use a tube attached to the top rack that connects to a water source at the back of the dishwasher and directs water to a second wash spray beneath the upper rack, this allows full use of the bottom rack. Late-model Frigidaire dishwashers shoot a jet of water from the top of the washer down into the upper wash sprayer, again allowing full use of the bottom rack (but requiring that a small funnel on the top rack be kept clear).

Features

Mid range to higher end North American dishwashers often come with hard food disposal units, which behave like miniature garbage (waste) disposal units that eliminate large pieces of food waste from the wash water. One manufacturer that is known for omitting hard food disposals is Bosch, a German brand; however, Bosch does so in order to reduce noise. If the larger items of food waste are removed before placing in the dishwasher, pre-rinsing is not necessary even without integrated waste disposal units.

Many new dishwashers feature microprocessor-controlled, sensor-assisted wash cycles that adjust the wash duration to the number of dirty dishes (sensed by changes in water temperature) or the amount of dirt in the rinse water (sensed chemically or optically). This can save water and energy if the user runs a partial load. In such dishwashers the electromechanical rotary switch often used to control the washing cycle is replaced by a microprocessor, but most sensors and valves are still required. However, pressure switches (some dishwashers use a pressure switch and flow meter) are not required in most microprocessor controlled dishwashers as they use the motor and sometimes a rotational position sensor to sense the resistance of water; when it senses there is no cavitation it knows it has the optimal amount of water. A bimetal switch or wax motor opens the detergent door during the wash cycle.

Some dishwashers include a child-lockout feature to prevent accidental starting or stopping of the wash cycle by children. A child lock can sometimes be included to prevent young children from opening the door during a wash cycle. This prevents accidents with hot water and strong detergents used during the wash cycle.

Process

Energy use and water temperatures
In the European Union, the energy consumption of a dishwasher for a standard usage is shown on a European Union energy label. In the United States, the energy consumption of a dishwasher is defined using the energy factor.

The current energy usage criteria for dishwashers, to achieve Energy Star certification, are ≤ 270 kWh/year for standard dishwashers, and ≤ 203 kWh/year for compact dishwashers.

Most consumer dishwashers use a 75 °C (167 °F) thermostat in the sanitizing process. During the final rinse cycle, the heating element and wash pump are turned on, and the cycle timer (electronic or electromechanical) is stopped until the thermostat is tripped. At this point, the cycle timer resumes and will generally trigger a drain cycle within a few timer increments.

Most consumer dishwashers use 75 °C (167 °F) rather than 83 °C (181 °F) for reasons of burn risk, energy and water consumption, total cycle time, and possible damage to plastic items placed inside the dishwasher. With new advances in detergents, lower water temperatures (50–55 °C / 122–131 °F) are needed to prevent premature decay of the enzymes used to eat the grease and other build-ups on the dishes.

In the US, residential dishwashers can be certified to a NSF International testing protocol which confirms the cleaning and sanitation performance of the unit.

Superheated steam dishwashers can kill 99% of bacteria on a plate in just 25 seconds.

Drying
The heat inside the dishwasher dries the contents after the final hot rinse. North American dishwashers tend to use heat-assisted drying via an exposed element which tends to be less efficient than other methods. European machines and some high end North American machines use passive methods for drying – a stainless steel interior helps this process and some models use heat exchange technology between the inner and outer skin of the machine to cool the walls of the interior and speed up drying. Some dishwashers employ desiccants such as zeolite which at the beginning of the wash are heated, dry out and creating steam which warms plates, and then are cooled during the dry cycle which absorbs moisture again, saving significant energy.

Plastic and non-stick items form drops with smaller surface area and may not dry properly compared to china and glass, which also store more heat that better evaporate the little water that remains on them. Some dishwashers incorporate a fan to improve drying. Older dishwashers with a visible heating element (at the bottom of the wash cabinet, below the bottom basket) may use the heating element to improve drying; however, this uses more energy.

Most importantly however, the final rinse adds a small amount of rinse-aid to the hot water, this is a mild detergent that improves drying significantly by reducing the inherent surface tension of the water so that water mostly drips off, greatly improving how well all items, including plastic items, dry.

Most dishwashers feature a drying sensor and as such, a dish-washing cycle is always considered complete when a drying indicator, usually in the form of an illuminated "end" light, or in more modern models on a digital display or audible sound, exhibits to the operator that the washing and drying cycle is now over.

US Governmental agencies often recommend air-drying dishes by either disabling or stopping the drying cycle to save energy.

Differences between dishwashers and hand washing

Dishwasher detergent

Dishwashers are designed to work using specially formulated dishwasher detergent. Over time, many regions have banned the use of phosphates in detergent and phosphorus-based compounds. They were previously used because they have properties that aid in effective cleaning. The concern was the increase in algal blooms in waterways caused by increasing phosphate levels (see eutrophication). Seventeen US states have partial or full bans on the use of phosphates in dish detergent, and two US states (Maryland and New York) ban phosphates in commercial dishwashing. Detergent companies claimed it is not cost effective to make separate batches of detergent for the states with phosphate bans, and so most have voluntarily removed phosphates from all dishwasher detergents.

In addition, rinse aids have contained nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates. These have been banned in the European Union by EU Directive 76/769/EEC.

In some regions depending on water hardness a dishwasher might function better with the use of a dishwasher salt.

Glassware
Glassware washed by dishwashing machines can develop a white haze on the surface over time. This may be caused by any or all of the below processes, of which only the first is reversible:
 Deposition of minerals Calcium carbonate (limescale) in hard water can deposit and build up on surfaces when water dries. The deposits can be dissolved by vinegar or another acid. Dishwashers often include ion exchange device to remove calcium and magnesium ions and replace them with sodium. The resultant sodium salts are water soluble and don't tend to build up.
 Silicate filming, etching, and accelerated crack corrosion This film starts as an iridescence or "oil-film" effect on glassware, and progresses into a "milky" or "cloudy" appearance (which is not a deposit) that cannot be polished off or removed like limescale. It is formed because the detergent is strongly alkaline (basic) and glass dissolves slowly in alkaline aqueous solution. It becomes less soluble in the presence of silicates in the water (added as anti-metal-corrosion agents in the dishwasher detergent). Since the cloudy appearance is due to nonuniform glass dissolution, it is (somewhat paradoxically) less marked if dissolution is higher, i.e. if a silicate-free detergent is used; also, in certain cases, the etching will primarily be seen in areas that have microscopic surface cracks as a result of the items' manufacturing. Limitation of this undesirable reaction is possible by controlling water hardness, detergent load and temperature. The type of glass is an important factor in determining if this effect is a problem. Some dishwashers can reduce this etching effect by automatically dispensing the correct amount of detergent throughout the wash cycle based on the level of water hardness programmed.
 Dissolution of lead Lead in lead crystal can be converted into a soluble form by the high temperatures and strong alkali detergents of dishwashers, which could endanger the health of subsequent users.

Other materials
Other materials besides glass are also harmed by the strong detergents, strong agitation, and high temperatures of dishwashers, especially on a hot wash cycle when temperatures can reach 75 °C (167 °F). Aluminium, brass, and copper items will discolor, and light aluminum containers will mark other items they knock into. Nonstick pan coatings will deteriorate. Glossy, gold-colored, and hand-painted items will be dulled or fade. Fragile items and sharp edges will be dulled or damaged from colliding with other items or thermal stress. Sterling silver and pewter will oxidize and discolour from the heat and from contact with metals lower on the galvanic series such as stainless steel. Pewter has a low melting point and may warp in some dishwashers. Glued items, such as hollow-handle knives or wooden cutting boards, will melt or soften in a dishwasher; high temperatures and moisture damage wood. High temperatures damage many plastics, especially in the bottom rack close to an exposed heating element (many newer dishwashers have a concealed heating element away from the bottom rack entirely). Squeezing plastic items into small spaces may cause the plastic to distort in shape. Cast iron cookware is normally seasoned with oil or grease and heat, which causes the oil or grease to be absorbed into the pores of the cookware, thereby giving a smooth relatively non-stick cooking surface which is stripped off by the combination of alkali based detergent and hot water in a dishwasher.

Knives and other cooking tools that are made of carbon steel, semi-stainless steels like D2, or specialized, highly hardened cutlery steels like ZDP189 corrode in the extended moisture bath of dishwashers, compared to briefer baths of hand washing. Cookware is made of austenitic stainless steels, which are more stable.

Items contaminated by chemicals such as wax, cigarette ash, poisons, mineral oils, wet paints, oiled tools, furnace filters, etc. can contaminate a dishwasher, since the surfaces inside small water passages cannot be wiped clean as surfaces are in hand-washing, so contaminants remain to affect future loads. Objects contaminated by solvents may explode in a dishwasher.

Environmental comparison
Dishwashers use less water, and therefore less fuel to heat the water, than hand washing, except for small quantities washed in wash bowls without running water.

Hand-washing techniques vary by individual. According to a peer-reviewed study in 2003, hand washing and drying of an amount of dishes equivalent to a fully loaded automatic dishwasher (no cookware or bakeware) could use between  of water and between 0.1 and 8 kWh of energy, while the numbers for energy-efficient automatic dishwashers were  and 1 to 2 kWh, respectively. The study concluded that fully loaded dishwashers use less energy, water, and detergent than the average European hand-washer. For the automatic dishwasher results, the dishes were not rinsed before being loaded. The study does not address costs associated with the manufacture and disposal of dishwashers, the cost of possible accelerated wear of dishes from the chemical harshness of dishwasher detergent, the comparison for cleaning cookware, or the value of labour saved; hand washers needed between 65 and 106 minutes. Several points of criticism on this study have been raised. For example, kilowatt hours of electricity were compared against energy used for heating hot water without taking into account possible inefficiencies. Also, inefficient handwashings were compared against optimal usage of a fully loaded dishwasher without manual pre-rinsing that can take up to  of water.

A 2009 study showed that the microwave and the dishwasher were both more effective ways to clean domestic sponges than handwashing.

Adoption

Commercial use

Large heavy-duty dishwashers are available for use in commercial establishments (e.g. hotels, restaurants) where many dishes must be cleaned.

Unlike a residential dishwasher, a commercial dishwasher does not utilize a drying cycle (commercial drying is achieved by heated ware meeting open air once the wash/rinse/sanitation cycles have been completed) and thus are significantly faster than their residential counterparts. Washing is conducted with 65–71 °C / 150–160 °F temperatures and sanitation is achieved by either the use of a booster heater that will provide the machine 82 °C / 180 °F "final rinse" temperature or through the use of a chemical sanitizer. This distinction labels the machines as either "high-temp" or "low-temp".

Some commercial dishwashers work similarly to a commercial car wash, with a pulley
system that pulls the rack through a small chamber (known widely as a "rack conveyor" systems). Single-rack washers require an operator to push the rack into the washer, close the doors, start the cycle, and then open the doors to pull out the cleaned rack, possibly through a second opening into an unloading area.

In the UK, the British Standards Institution set standards for dishwashers. In the US, NSF International (an independent not-for-profit organization) sets the standards for wash and rinse time along with minimum water temperature for chemical or hot-water sanitizing methods. There are many types of commercial dishwashers including under-counter, single tank, conveyor, flight type, and carousel machines.

Commercial dishwashers often have significantly different plumbing and operations than a home unit, in that there are often separate sprayers for washing and rinsing/sanitizing. The wash water is heated with an in-tank electric heat element and mixed with a cleaning solution, and is used repeatedly from one load to the next. The wash tank usually has a large strainer basket to collect food debris, and the strainer may not be emptied until the end of the day's kitchen operations.

Water used for rinsing and sanitizing is generally delivered directly through building water supply, and is not reusable. The used rinse water empties into the wash tank reservoir, which dilutes some of the used wash water and causes a small amount to drain out through an overflow tube. The system may first rinse with pure water only and then sanitize with an additive solution that is left on the dishes as they leave the washer to dry.

Additional soap is periodically added to the main wash water tank, from either large soap concentrate tanks or dissolved from a large solid soap block, to maintain wash water cleaning effectiveness.

Alternative uses

Dishwashers can be used to cook foods at low temperatures (e.g. dishwasher salmon).

The foods are generally sealed in canning jars or oven bags since even a dishwasher cycle without soap can deposit residual soap and rinse aid from previous cycles on unsealed foods.

Dishwashers also have been documented to be used to clean potatoes, other root vegetables, garden tools, sneakers or trainers,
silk flowers,
some sporting goods, plastic hairbrushes, baseball caps, plastic toys, toothbrushes, flip-flops,
contact lens cases, a mesh filter from a range hood, refrigerator shelves and bins,
toothbrush holders, pet bowls and pet toys.
Cleaning vegetables and plastics is controversial since vegetables can be contaminated by soap and rinse aid from previous cycles and the heat of most standard dishwashers can cause BPA or phthalates to leach out of plastic products. The use of a dishwasher to clean greasy tools and parts is not recommended as the grease can clog the dishwasher.

See also
Home appliance
Washing machine

References

External links

"How Dishwashers Work" at HowStuffWorks

Dishwashing
American inventions
Articles containing video clips
Cleaning tools
Home appliances
Home automation
Kitchen
1850 introductions
19th-century inventions

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


BECHTELSVILLE, PA June 13, 2004 . . . There was no full moon but the on-track action at Grandview Speedway on Saturday night would have made you think there was a full moon. Jeff Strunk managed to survive a wild altercation in turn three with two laps to go that took out race leader Bobby Trapper as the top three tried to squeeze into a space made for just two racers and ride to victory in the 30-lap NASCAR Modified feature race. The win in the Scott Powersports sponsored Modified feature was the second of the season for the defending NASCAR Dodge Weekly Series Modified champion. Kevin Welsh chased down Ed Aikin, who had lead just about all the feature laps, and took the lead with just two laps to go in the 25-lap United Racing Club sprint car feature race and rode to victory.
The Modified feature had Bobby Trapper coming from second to take the lead early. At the three lap marker point leader Craig VonDohren, Meme DeSantis and others were involved in a fourth turn fracas with both of them going to the back of the 29 car starting field. Trapper, who calls Scranton, PA home, kept his BPG Racing #66 in front of the pack lap-after-lap. Donny Erb and Mike Gular challenged often.
With just two laps remaining Trapper, Mike Gular and Jeff Strunk went three wide in the third turn with Trapper ending up in the infield with a rumpled race car and Jeff Strunk in the lead. Mike Gular was sent to the rear of the field getting blamed for the incident but officials rethought the penalty and put Gular back in second on the restart.
Bethel, PA based Strunk managed to hold off the strong efforts of Gular in the final two laps and earn his second win of the season for the Chad Sinon Motorsports team. Gular (Harleysville) got second followed by Donny Erb (Douglassville) in his best effort of the season. Craig VonDohren (Oley) maintained his lead in the chase for the Modified title with a fourth place finish coming from the tail end of the pack. And Shawn Reimert (Oley) earned fifth.


text:
module ActionView #:nodoc:
  # = Action View Template Handlers
  class Template
    module Handlers #:nodoc:
      autoload :ERB, 'action_view/template/handlers/erb'
      autoload :Builder, 'action_view/template/handlers/builder'
      autoload :Raw, 'action_view/template/handlers/raw'

      def self.extended(base)
        base.register_default_template_handler :erb, ERB.new
        base.register_template_handler :builder, Builder.new
        base.register_template_handler :raw, Raw.new
        base.register_template_handler :ruby, :source.to_proc
      end

      @@template_handlers = {}
      @@default_template_handlers = nil

      def self.extensions
        @@template_extensions ||= @@template_handlers.keys
      end

      # Register an object that knows how to handle template files with the given
      # extensions. This can be used to implement new template types.
      # The handler must respond to +:call+, which will be passed the template
      # and should return the rendered template as a String.
      def register_template_handler(*extensions, handler)
        raise(ArgumentError, "Extension is required") if extensions.empty?
        extensions.each do |extension|
          @@template_handlers[extension.to_sym] = handler
        end
        @@template_extensions = nil
      end

      # Opposite to register_template_handler.
      def unregister_template_handler(*extensions)
        extensions.each do |extension|
          handler = @@template_handlers.delete extension.to_sym
          @@default_template_handlers = nil if @@default_template_handlers == handler
        end
        @@template_extensions = nil
      end

      def template_handler_extensions
        @@template_handlers.keys.map {|key| key.to_s }.sort
      end

      def registered_template_handler(extension)
        extension && @@template_handlers[extension.to_sym]
      end

      def register_default_template_handler(extension, klass)
        register_template_handler(extension, klass)
        @@default_template_handlers = klass
      end

      def handler_for_extension(extension)
        registered_template_handler(extension) || @@default_template_handlers
      end
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Măcin Mountains are situated in the South-East of Romania, respectively in North-West Dobrogea, Tulcea County, between the Danube Valley, Luncaviţa Valley and the Cerna-Horia saddle. They are framed by the 28º07´ and 28º27´ E meridians, respectively by the 45º01´ and 45º21´ N parallels.
In the West and South-West of the natural park, the entrance is via the national road 22D, between Măcin and Horia. In the North there is there European road E87, linking Horia and Luncaviţa. The county road between Horia and Luncaviţa allows access to the East and North-East of the park.


The Tasmanian capital is set to be Australia's "star performer" for housing in 2018, according to Mozo's head of referrals.
Mozo's Steve Jovcevski has predicted that Hobart's housing market will continue to flourish, rising by up to 10 per cent next year.
"Hobart posted a whopping 12 per cent growth in the past year and is expected to experience similar growth in 2018," Mr Jovcevski said.
Mr Jovcevski claimed that low vacancy rates and high rental demand will lure investors into the Tasmanian capital's housing market. He also predicted further improvement in the capital's economy.
"The local economy continues to improve and lifestyle migration is expected to be a major factor in driving up house prices," the property investment expert added.
However, according to Mr Jovcevski, Sydney market's growth prospects are grim. He said that it will be the only Australian capital to experience negative growth, with a predicted decline of 5 per cent.
He continued that lower clearance rates and "higher than average housing supply" were signs of the Sydney market's continued decline, and he noted that clearance rates could be lower than reported.
Mr Jovcevski also said that he expects the Sydney market to "pick up" in autumn before slipping again to unusually "tough" conditions in spring.
There could also be 5 per cent to 7 per cent property market growth in Melbourne, driven by population growth and increasing appetite from first home buyers.
According to Mr Jovcevski, Canberra's property market will also experience growth of 7 per cent, spurred by low vacancy rates, population migration and a strong local economy.
Brisbane's affordable housing is also expected to drive population migration, which Mr Jovcevski said would materialise in housing market growth of 5 per cent.
Additionally, the Mozo property analyst forecast moderate growth of 2 per cent to 4 per cent in Perth's property market, following the slight strengthening of the local economy.


I promised to do a post on my holiday cruise so here it is.
This was my first time cruising, but I'm already wanting to go again. If you haven't gone before, you really should try it. We sailed on Royal Caribbean's Freedom of the Seas to the western Caribbean with stops in Labadee, Haiti; Ocho Rios, Jamaica; George Town, Grand Cayman; and Cozumel, Mexico before returning to Miami.
Our ship was the biggest on the seas although I'm sure another will be along to take that title shortly. Since I haven't cruised before, I can't really comment on how a big ship compares to a smaller one. There were several things that we didn't take advantage of such as the flow rider surfing on board, the climbing wall, the amazing gym and spa, the nightclub etc. We did attend dinner in the formal dining room every evening and see most of the shows. The ice show was my favorite (yes they even have an ice skating rink on the ship).
The food was amazing. Contrary to what I'd heard, you really can't get food and drink at all hours though. We had an especially hard time finding something to drink during non-meal hours. There are, of course, always options to buy, but next time I will purchase the soft drink plan. You buy it on the first day of the cruise, and it entitles you to "free" soft drinks all the time (which would come in handy when the free restaurants are closed).
We didn't see our stateroom attendant much, but he did come in and clean up our room all the time. I'm not crazy about people messing around with my stuff too much, but it's their job. They expect a big tip at the end of the trip so I felt like I had to let them come in and do their job. Each evening while we were gone to dinner, he came in and left a chocolate on our pillow and a towel animal on the bed. Those were kind of fun, but again... I'd rather not have it and not have to pay. The tips for the attendants, servers, etc at the end of the trip were a big expense.
We had a room in the center of the ship, and next time I want a balcony or at least a window. It's fun to see the arrival/departure from the ports and to see the sunsets. If you're inside the ship then it's harder to know when to go up on the deck, and I missed some of that. I really wanted to see some nice sunsets, but the ones that I caught were blocked by clouds.
We had great weather on the trip. The top deck was very windy while we were sailing though. The first and last day are spent at sea so that's when everyone's around the pools. It was hard to find seats near the pool so we ended up out in the exposed areas, and it was rather chilly in the wind.
After we returned from the cruise, we spent a few days in Miami before Marcus's family headed home. It got downright cold while we were there, and I was glad that our cruise had been the week before the cold front. Our hotel was on the beach, but we didn't even go down to the water because we were so busy and then it was cold. In Miami, we spent a day each at South Beach, The Everglades, and Key West. Key West was really too far for one day, and we got there too late to do much of anything before returning to Miami. I've always wanted to go there, but I was a little disappointed that we didn't get to see/do more. The Everglades were really neat. We walked a couple of trails and saw a lot of alligators as well as crocodiles, turtles, birds, fish, and a snake.
I just didn't want to try to keep a big camera safe during our shore excursions so we used Marcus's point-and-shoot mostly. In Jamaica, my mother-in-law and I watched as everyone else climbed up a waterfall. In Grand Cayman, 4 of us went out to swim with the stingrays and do a little snorkeling. In Cozumel, I snorkeled with my husband Marcus and my brother Andrew. We saw a lot of really cool fish and an eel, but you'll have to just take my word for it. We had purchased an underwater housing for Marcus's camera so that we could take photos, but then we forgot to charge the battery before going ashore. I think that Cozumel was probably my favorite port, but Grand Cayman is definitely the most upscale. Unlike the other places where you're mostly surrounded by tourists, we saw a lot of poverty in Jamaica. The people seemed to have great attitudes though. Everywhere you go, you hear "No problem, Mon!"
Since my camera was in the safe for much of the trip, I didn't come home with a lot of photos, but here are a few.
The sunset over Haiti as we were sailing away and another sunset.
Mangrove trees and a slough where alligators like to live. Winter is the best time to visit because it isn't unbearably hot, and the mosquito numbers are down.
This anhinga caught a fish that was too big for it to eat. Apparently the bird thought it was safer around people than in the swamp with the alligators. We watched for several minutes while it wrestled with the fish on the walkway railing.
The little turtle followed the larger one around for a while and then climbed on its back. Visitors on the Anhinga Trail walk above the swamp on wooden walkways, but we were often only feet away from the wildlife (good for me since I didn't have a telephoto lens with me). Also, if you purchase binoculars and trek them around the Caribbean just so that you will have them when you visit the Everglades, don't forget and leave them at the hotel like I did!
A view of one of the walkways in the Everglades and, just to be random, an art deco building at South Beach.
I just have to say that you are an amazing photographer. If you don't already, you need to start selling your prints. Your landscape and architectural photography are awesome. Now, I want to take a photography class.
Nice pics! Would be fun to see more of them. I will send you all of my pictures.


text:
Q: Json object pass as param in dynamicallay created element click event using javascript/angularjs Json object pass as param in dynamicallay created element click event using javascript/angularjs
var _dataObj = "{"sor_SourcingAgentId":1,"sor_Name":"xx"}"

var _dynHtml=  '<input type="button"  ng-click="fnSelectcustomer(\'' + _dataObj + '\',\'' + data['sor_Name'].toString() + '\',\'' + data['sor_SourcingAgentId'].toString() + '\')" value="select"/>';

thanks in advance

A: If click event is not working in your code then use this
var _dynHtml=  '<input type="button"  ng-click="fnSelectcustomer(\'' + _dataObj + '\',\'' + data['sor_Name'].toString() + '\',\'' + data['sor_SourcingAgentId'].toString() + '\')" value="select"/>';
add below code in your controller
$compile(_dynHtml)($scope);
It will call your function. I guess this is what your looking for

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
By Ali Postma
Where history and diving collide
Joey Postma floats toward the anemone-covered bow of the PLM 27 shipwreck, one of four iron ore carriers German forces sunk near Bell Island in 1942.
Shades of aqua and turquoise swirl together below the airplane like a scene from a Caribbean postcard. The Atlantic Ocean glitters below my window, and I feel like I'm touching down in a tropical place, but I'm worlds away from the sunny islands in the south.
Resting just below the Canadian Arctic, the province of Newfoundland and Labrador is a far cry from your typical vacation destination. While Canada has a wide range of climates, rarely will you find an area like this that can go from sun to rain to snow to fog all in a matter of hours.
The picturesque town of Petty Harbour has a kaleidoscope of colorful fishing
boats and houses.
Surrounded by the frigid North Atlantic, this seaside province is the perfect mixture of sweeping coastal vistas and cozy little fishing villages. There's a reason 520,000 residents call it home: They can't get enough of the area's natural beauty.
Those who travel for the adventure will be dazzled by Newfoundland's many options, from whale watching via a Zodiac boat to iceberg spotting along the dramatic coastlines. Divers have even more to discover.
Diving in Newfoundland
I had heard many tales about the incredible diving in Newfoundland, so when my travels landed me in this northern province on the eastern coast of Canada, I was excited about what I would find and what the underwater world would be like there.
Thanks to its relatively sheltered location and lack of ocean current, Conception Bay is one of the main dive areas in Newfoundland. The diving here is chilly but full of history, and no place is more historic than Bell Island, a small mining island that's a mere stone's throw from the coast.
People first mined iron ore on Bell Island in the 1890s. It became such a valuable commodity that the economy and demand expanded, and it wasn't long before Bell Island turned into one of the largest producers of iron ore in North America.
An Atlantic wolffish (Anarhichas lupus) hides in a rocky burrow covered in
pink and red plant growth.
When World War II broke out, iron ore from Bell Island was a major contribution to the Canadian production of vehicles and munitions for the Allied forces. To slow down a supplier of the materials for steel and hamper the Allies' war effort, German forces struck and sank four iron ore carriers in the vicinity and making Bell Island one of the few locations in North America directly attacked during the war.
From the moment I jumped off the boat to when I glimpsed each sunken iron ore carrier throughout my five-day diving excursion, I was blown away by the myriad things to see here. Bell Island was an underwater masterpiece filled with life, color and texture.
Cold but Clear
To say the water in Newfoundland is chilly doesn't even begin to describe the needles-to-the-skin ache you feel when you first plunge your head under the surface. Trying to ignore the cold water as I swam along the decks of the SS Lord Strathcona, PLM 27, SS Saganaga and SS Rose Castle, I enjoyed visibility that seemed to go on forever. The water was so clear it made me want to take a drink.
A pair of red-gilled nudibranchs (Coryphella verrucosa) bunch together to
shelter themselves against the choppy swell.
dive day started with a scenic boat trip to the dive site and a riveting dive briefing complete with 3D maps and a short question and answer session. Then we would split into teams and take to the water.
Wearing ample dive gear, I always looked forward to leaving gravity behind and taking a giant stride into the North Atlantic. As I descended the anchor line one pull at a time, I savored the suspended-in-space sensation. The water was so transparent that it gave me a slight feeling of vertigo. I wasn't alone in my enthusiasm for the incredible visibility — my husband and dive buddy, Joey, was also starry-eyed with excitement.
Joey Postma looks out from Signal Hill at the foggy cloud coverage moving into St. John's Harbour.
As we descended deeper, past floating ctenophores and pulsating jellies, my eyes connected with the wreck we were visiting on that day. Each ship had a massive superstructure that danced in the sunlight. The wrecks dwarfed us as we weaved around the towering metal frames.
The deepest of the four shipwrecks is the SS Rose Castle, which we visited several times during our trip. Resting between 100 and 150 feet, this mammoth 459-foot ship is considered the jewel of the Bell Island shipwrecks, in part because of its pristine condition but also because of the presence of soft coral and basket stars that are uncommon on the other wrecks.
Walls, corridors and swim-throughs were all over this sunken time capsule. As Joey and I navigated the underwater maze, we made a point to check out the different chains, guns and miscellaneous objects that had gone down with the ship. Some of these artifacts seemed to be in the same spot where they landed in November 1942, when a German U-boat torpedoed and sank the vessel.
An arctic shanny (Stichaeus punctatus) peeks out from behind the spines of a green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis).
The shallowest of the shipwrecks was the PLM 27, owned by the Paris-Lyon-Marseille railway company. At a depth ranging from 50 to 100 feet, the relative shallowness made for convenient exploration. Joey and I made a point to check out the rigging, the torpedo hole, the bow and what remains of the superstructure of the ship. The biggest downfall of the PLM 27 is that the vessel is the most damaged of the four Bell Island wrecks. Being so shallow, the upper deck has suffered significant damage from an iceberg or two over the years.
While some parts of the PLM 27 lie in ruins, others are still perfectly intact. My favorite part to explore was the large propeller, which was the most impressive feature on the wreck and made for a fantastic photo op.
Following the first few days of diving, after getting over my jaw-dropping encounter with each iron ore shipwreck, I was able to acquaint myself with the rest of Newfoundland's marine life, such as sea stars, crabs, anemones, lumpfish, flounder, jellyfish and cod. This coldwater paradise was jam-packed with scales and tails.
Carpets of plumose anemones and pink coralline algae coat every square inch of the ships. Appearing as if crafted from glass, the anemones were the daintiest things I had ever seen. Never have I witnessed such beauty and fragility all wrapped into a single entity. Where one collection of anemones stopped, another began, with their colors jumbling together. There was so much life it was like a dreamy, underwater garden.
Joey Postma watches as a male lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) displays his
red spawning coloration on the SS Lord Strathcona shipwreck.
Following the theme of magical coldwater critters, Joey and I had the good fortune of an up-close-and-personal lumpfish encounter on our last day of diving. Ruby red and curious to no end, the lumpfish appeared to be thoughtfully calculating behind his inquisitive eyes. I carefully lowered myself so that my mask was eye level with him and watched as he tried to decide if I was friend or foe.
An incredible week of diving in Newfoundland was over much too quickly. We enjoyed shipwrecks, wildlife and icebergs to our heart's content. As worried as I was about frostbitten toes, the diving was worth any discomfort. Home to the only collection of World War II shipwrecks in Canadian waters, Newfoundland provided a surreal diving experience at the historic landmarks.
This island gave me everything I wanted in a scuba destination: photogenic landscapes, underwater excitement and a longing to return soon. This hidden Canadian gem is proof that incredible diving exists far from the equator.
See more of Newfoundland in Jill Heinerth's video, The Hidden Underwater Geography of Newfoundland.
© Alert Diver — Q1 2020
Bonne Terre Mine Gallery
Bonne Terre Mine
History Above and Below the Waves
The Wrecks of Thunder Bay: A Photo Essay
Washington's Olympic Peninsula
Washington's Olympic Peninsula Gallery

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Home ► Civil aviation
International Civil Aviation Day Statement: tomorrow "75 Years of Connecting the World"
Issued by Council President, and the Organization's Secretary General
Seven December each year is recognized globally as International Civil Aviation Day (ICAD).
This year is however particularly special, as the International Civil Aviation Organization is commemorating the 75th anniversary of its creation by the 1944 Convention on International Civil Aviation. As of this writing, numerous ICAO Member States have committed resources toward various activities aimed at raising public and sectoral awareness of this important moment in the history of air transport. These have included developing airport and CAA ICAO75 historic exhibits; hoisting the ICAO 75th anniversary flag in uniquely prominent geographic locations; arranging aerial demonstrations; and promoting the ICAO75 video at prominent airports.
Befitting this commemoration of aviation's uniquely cooperative history and its incredible contributions to world peace and prosperity, ICAO's Council President, Olumuyiwa Benard Aliu, and the Organization's Secretary General, Fang Liu, have issued the following joint statement to commemorate this historic date.
The theme for International Civil Aviation Day in 2019 is: "75 Years of Connecting the World"
This theme celebrates ICAO's 75th Anniversary this year, and it was selected to help draw attention to the fact that safe, secure and rapid connectivity is the core capability of aviation's worldwide network, and the key value offering from which all other international aviation benefits derive – whether commercial, cultural or personal.
ICAO chose to focus the air transport sector's attention during this historic anniversary much more directly on the future of flight than on its past. This prioritization acknowledged the rapidly expanding capacity of the incredible new aircraft now being conceptualized, designed, and produced to fulfill exciting new services and roles for civil societies.
We were extremely grateful to witness how so many ICAO Member States worked to produce tributes and events celebrating aviation in the context of our 75th Anniversary this year, including ICAO's role in uniting our global community.
Of the thousands of visiting experts and officials who joined us in Montreal at our Headquarters this year, and most notably for our 40th Assembly, many were able to share in the privilege of witnessing some wide-ranging new aviation capabilities at the ICAO Innovation Fair and World Aviation Forum events which were hosted during the Assembly period.
At this year's World Aviation Forum in particular, government and industry officials explored not only these new potentials in depth, but also how innovation should now be a guiding priority for civil aviation regulators as well.
The Fifth World Aviation Forum also provided a platform where ICAO was able to announce the global winners of the youth innovation competitions. It was tremendously encouraging to see how engaged young people are today in the exciting future now being realized in powered flight, and to share in the excitement they felt at being acknowledged by the global aviation community through ICAO.
Innovation will be key to how aviation addresses some of its most pressing priorities, today and tomorrow. These challenges include how to keep pace with traffic growth and manage more and more aircraft in a finite operational airspace, as well as how to accommodate steady traffic growth while continuously limiting and ultimately decreasing sectoral emissions.
But as we grow more excited and enthusiastic together with each new aircraft and operational capability which moves from the drawing board to our skies, let us not forget as well that aviation safety, security, and efficiency remain our most fundamental value offerings in international civil aviation, providing a core foundation which connects the world.
It is therefore of paramount importance that we realize together an effective and balanced approach to new aviation innovations, accelerating regulatory processes while safeguarding traditional needs relating to regulatory and policy enforcement, consumer protection, and fair and sustainable economic and social development.
It will be by leveraging its historic levels of consensus and cooperation, which have been the hallmark of the accomplishments realized through ICAO over the past 75 years, that the aviation community will realize an even brighter and more sustainable new future for air transport in the exciting years to come".
red - 1226415
Montreal, Canada, 12/06/2019 17:13
© AVIONEWS - World Aeronautical Press Agency Srl
Sport aviation"2022 FAI World Air Games" in Turkey have been cancelled
Due to the current difficult economic situation
The Turkish Aeronautical Association (THK), which had been awarded the organisation of the event, asked the FAI to postpone the Games until 2025, due to the current difficult economic situation in Turkey.... more
Civil aviationChina. MA-700 plane: first flight in 2020
It will have an integrated avionics system and a "fly-by-wire" flight control platform
The new Chinese Xian MA-700 aircraft produced by the company Xian Aircraft Industrial Corporation of the Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC) could make its first flight by 2020. Xian MA-700,... more
IndustryAirbus to add A-321 plane production capabilities in Toulouse
The entire system modernization project is underway
Following its strategy to keep its overall production system at the leading edge of technology and to increase industrial capacity and flexibility, Airbus has decided to create new A-321 production capabilities... more
AVIONEWS INTERVIEW. Italian Financial Police Operations: "Ghost Fuel"The Italian Financial Police has once again demonstrated its commitment and professionalism. AVIONEWS interviewed Lieutenant Jacopo Segato, commander of the first flight section of the third operational... AVIONEWS EXCLUSIVE: interview with Icao President, SciacchitanoFor the first time, a European holds the presidency of the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) council. To the microphones of AVIONEWS Salvatore Sciacchitano, who started his mandate from... Watch previous videos


text:
Why Vanessa Hudgens Considers Festival Season a Spiritual Experience
Sephora's New Foundation Made My Skin Look 10x Better...
The Best Products to Nix Dark Spots You Can Buy on...
Chrissy Teigen's New Spine Tattoo Is a Love Letter...
This $22 Best-Selling Face Cream Is a Solid Creme...
Beauty Babe iluvsarahii and Morphe Just Launched the...
byErika Stalder May 06, 2018 at 3:00 pm EDT
Let's face it: #thatfestivallife is all space buns and smiley faces on Instagram. But IRL, days of dry heat, lukewarm cocktails, and not-so-healthy food choices can leave even the most die-hard music fan frazzled. So now that we're well into music's most celebrated time of year, who better than Vanessa Hudgens—the reigning queen of festival season (every single season)—to share how she recharges and stays centered when life gets hectic?
A post shared by 🔮Vanessa Hudgens🔮 (@vanessahudgens)
We recently caught up with Hudgens on a rooftop in L.A. to celebrate her latest nail polish and makeup collection with Sinful Colors, which is sunny and colorful AF—just like the girl herself. From tapping into the healing powers of live music on a molecular level to nourishing your inner child, here's how the actress, singer, and overall sage stays balanced during festival season and beyond, in her own words. (Hint: It takes a little ramen, a strong cocktail hack, and nonstop beats.)
On Self-Care
Self-care to me means being compassionate with yourself, taking a moment to love on yourself, and love the inner little boy or little girl you have. So much of the time, we neglect that side of us and when you go to therapy, they tell you that you've got to take care of your inner child because we all have one, and they need love. It's something that will create a more playful life. Life gets crazy. Things are thrown at you that you don't expect. It's easy to get cynical about life, but it's important to know that you only get one, and it's your choice to live it the way you want, so make the best of it.
On Making Time for Fitness
When I take care of myself is when I'm happiest, and who doesn't want to be happy? My favorite self-care thing, number one, is yoga. I started doing yoga about 13 years ago, and it helped me find myself about seven years ago after I did a project where I completely lost who I was—it kind of saved my life! It's a relationship. It evolves and grows and changes, but it's a space that's safe to have growth and change just like that best friend that's always there. I love learning all the different styles and mantras. I love a power flow, and I've studied with David Swenson, who teaches ashtanga. There's a studio near me called Modo Yoga, and they have their own practice, as well. It's a fun way to care for yourself.
I feel like fitness is a really big thing in my life and a really amazing thing for self-care. In order to make sure I find time for that type of care, I like to take time every night to figure out what I'm doing for the next morning and try to build fitness into the next day, no matter what time that may have to be, whether it's a 7 a.m. class or whether I can do it a little bit later. I try to take time the night before to plan my day so that I know that I have that time, but obviously, it doesn't always happen. So if I've had a long day? Then honestly, at the end of the day, sitting down, lighting a candle, turning on music and drinking a glass of wine is really comforting and centering to me.
I think of myself as a festival baby, and I love being on the field barefoot, listening to music.
On Painting Her Own Nails
Manicures are another thing I love to do for myself. I think painting your nails can be very meditative—just to sit there and have a moment to yourself. Nails have always been a tried and true thing for me, which is why I was so excited to do this Sinful Colors Festival Collection—it's got a bunch of different shades. Right now, I'm loving the ombre look in nails because there are so many fun colors in the world, and having to pick one is kind of a bummer, so being able to have two gives you a little more oomph I think.
It's easy to get cynical about life, but it's important to know that you only get one.
On Festival Season
To do a festival-inspired collection was such a natural fit for me. I just love festivals. I think of myself as a festival baby, and I love being on the field barefoot, listening to music. I think there's something spiritual about a festival because in this day and age, people are so preoccupied and so easily distracted, and at a festival is one time where everyone is centered and paying attention to the same thing for an extended amount of time, and I think that's magical. The fact that you have vibrations pulsing through your body, and the person next to you has the same vibrations pulsing their body as well? That's what it's about, man.
Music is a very healing thing for me—always has been, always will be, so I always have music playing. I feel like the noise of life can be loud, and when I have music playing, it takes it all away. And the great thing is, there are so many different kinds of music, so whatever you're feeling, there is something to do along with your mood.
I love finding things you can evolve with and find a longtime relationship with.
On Comfort Food and Drink
I love ramen. I could eat it every single day for every single meal. I'd be like 500 pounds heavier, but I'm obsessed with it because it makes me feel safe and warm and happy. I always say the way to my heart is through my stomach, and ramen is just the ultimate savory, decadent, fulfilling meal to me. I don't eat meat, so a veggie broth, tofu, seaweed, and mushrooms is heaven.
I'm also obsessed with kombucha—and not for the reasons that most people would be obsessed with it, like for their health. I feel like I'm having a cocktail, so it's like a life hack. I love it. I do love a glass of wine, too. I feel like that's a vital part of my self-care. I love decadence in life, and wine is such a beautiful, artful thing that you can learn a lot about and change with.
I love finding things you can evolve with and find a longtime relationship with. I'm such a creature of commitment. I'm very true to all my relationships, so I really value that, and I feel like it reflects on all aspects of my life. I love drinking a glass of wine and being transported to three years ago to when that was my favorite bottle of wine—it takes me back to that moment. I think that it's nice to create memories for yourself, and these markers are really important; otherwise, life passes you by and you don't know where the last 10 years went.
In our series, "Operation Recharge," we task celebrities and influencers with sharing what self-care means to them, as well as the activities, products, and treatments they indulge in for downtime done right.
Operation Recharge


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[qi:045] Meraki Networks, a Mountain View, Calif.-based mesh networking gear maker, which is leading the unique ComMuniFi model of providing wireless broadband access in communities, neighborhoods and small cities, has quietly launched a new three-tier business model that may boost the revenues, but it also might alienate some of its existing customer base. The problem: 2x increase in price of some of its gear from $50 to $150 per wireless router.
As part of the new plan has Meraki now will offer gear and services tailored to three market segments – Standard (for community and individuals wanting to set up free networks), Pro and Carriers. As part of this change, the company is going to increase the price of its gear by as much as 200 percent, a move that impacts its customers in the Pro-tier.
The Pro-tier includes property owners and small network and hot-spot operators, who are currently using Meraki to offer for-pay wireless broadband. The price increase has some of their customers, especially those who are currently operating Meraki-based networks, up in arms. They will now have to pay $150 per Meraki router versus $50 they paid previously.
Many of them were lured by the low cost of Meraki gear, in addition to the superlative technology, and the company runs the risk of alienating some of those customers. "It is no longer the cost effective system it was credited to be," wrote one poster on the Meraki forums, while another lamented, "[What] a shame ….. drawn in by a cost effective method just to be slapped in the face by an uncaring company that used us as pawns."
"This is part of the business evolution of the company," says Sanjit Biswas, co-founder and CEO of the company that has raised venture capital backing from Google (GOOG) and Sequoia Capital. This is a dilemma that is faced by most projects that have roots in open source but eventually have to evolve into a for-profit business.
Biswas justified the price increase because it comes with other benefits such as guaranteed support. The company will also start selling its gear through the channel in addition to direct sales, and needed to boost prices. I am not sure about the magnitude of the price increase.
Biswas explained that company has envisaged lot of interest from Internet Service Providers and carriers, especially those outside of the US, and that is why the company is introducing a "carrier edition" of its products. The price for devices being used to power free community networks remains unchanged at $50, though the company is going to include advertising on the landing pages for these networks.
The advertising move shouldn't come as a surprise. Last month, Sonic.net, a Bay Area ISP had started offering wireless broadband using Meraki gear, and that offering included advertising as part of the package. Of course, given Google's investment in the company, it isn't hard to connect the dots.
"This is still an experiment, and if it works, then we can see advertising revenues subsidizing the hardware costs," Biswas said. There are plans to share advertising revenues with network operators as well.
Related: Our previous coverage of Meraki.
Meraki Listens, Makes Tiny Changes
If you could actually see Wi-Fi, this is what it would look like
Better late than never: After a 8-year wait, Google brings free WiFi to San Francisco parks
13 thoughts on "Meraki Price Hike Irks Customers"
manish jain says:
I was never good at math, but I think you mean a 3x increase in price or a 200% increase in price. Either way it leaves a bad taste.
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Sanjit Biswas says:
A note from Meraki — we launched the new editions quietly so we could get an additional round of feedback before setting things in stone. Our platform was designed with input from the thousands of Meraki networks around the world, and we're listening to everyone's comments to understand how we can make sure this becomes the world-changing thing everyone would love it to be.
We designed the new Pro edition for the network operators who serve hotels, apartments and other commercial settings. Over the last year we've been told our products are a great fit for the segment, but that most of these venues can't be reached directly by us. As a result, we've tried to create a new offering that will help create an ecosystem of trained installers/resellers around the world that also has an additional level of support and service.
We're definitely keeping the $50 product so more individuals/groups can spread free Internet access through their communities. Long term, we hope targeted advertising will create a new model for access worldwide, so we'll be exploring that (with help from our customers) as we continue to grow.
Sanjit
CEO and Co-Founder, Meraki
Kristof says:
Dear Sanjit,
Meraki is being more than just 'quietly'. You didn't even bother to inform your customers that these major changes were underway. Not a very nice thing to do, to say the least. Not the slightest e-mail or communication on the blog either, even as we speak.
Openness in communication is all the more important in the Meraki case, because people investing in 'dumb' terminals need to have faith in the 'smart' internet management platform you provide with them. The hardware doesn't work without the management tools, so you're asking a lot of trust! If you keep changing the rules or become too greedy, people will loose that trust. Even now, it's hard to imagine that large network implementers would lay their eggs in the uncertain Meraki-basket.
There are in my opinion a number of adjustments that need to be made to the new value proposition (which isn't all bad, mind you). Some examples: You don't charge differently (3 times the price!) for the same hardware: it feels unnatural. Make people pay an extra monthly fee for a service level upgrade (and make it downgradable, while you're at it).
And, most importantly: loose the obligatory advertising bar for Pro networks. It's just not right, and you know it.
Daniel Pentecost says:
Sanjit,
I'm one of those annoyed Meraki customers. I was even invited to Hans' WebEx on Wednesday. It didn't dawn on me until we all saw the changes take place that the rug was effectively being pulled out from under us.
I don't think you or your team did it intentionally. But when you're dealing with WiFi projects, those don't just happen overnight. It's not like someone walking into BestBuy and buying a router. There is planning, budgeting and prospecting required.
For just 1 of my networks, this change translates into a $7,000 overnight price increase. That's $7,000 out of a non-profit ministry's budget you're trying to take. They already have 12 nodes in place and we were on track to have 72 in place by year end.
I'm assuming you've never worked within a non-profit or community organization before… so let me clue you into something. They operate by yearly budget. Which means that there is no extra $7,000 laying around to use to complete this project. That means we'll most likely have to abandon it, liquidate the equipment and start all over. They can't afford the Pro edition pricing. And personally, I have a problem with them paying for Pro just to get a couple admin features they need to manage their free network.
Next time around, why don't you engage the Meraki community before you release to the public? You have quite a vibrant forum community on your own website and on several others around the internet.
This time around you basically knifed your most ardent supporters in the back and you still haven't apologized yet. If you think they're going to to trust you again very easily, you're in for a rude awakening. Early adopters are fickle. You only get 1 chance to screw up.
Hi Kristof, Daniel,
We're in the process of updating the editions based on the feedback we got over the weekend. The advertising toolbar is completely optional on the Pro version (we were either unclear or inconsistent, and apologize) and we're building a new local sponsor landing page for the community networks.
Daniel, we take our customers' trust very seriously and understand the implications of providing a hosted service. We certainly have no intentions of switching things out under our customers and apologize if it seemed that way — you're under no obligation to upgrade to the new offering, and are still welcome to extend your network under the original pricing. Our goal is to shift to a model that's compatible with resellers & installers, with the intent of reaching markets that we don't have access to. We've also been working with many non-profits like NetEquality and OneEconomy from day one, and want to make sure our products can still be deployed in those markets and make a difference to the people who really benefit from affordable or free access.
Aside from the update, we're sorry if it seemed like we blindsided our early adopters and hope to regain your trust over time. Over the past few months, we've worked with nearly a thousand customers to understand how our products are being used in the field, and we tried to do a low-profile launch so we would have an opportunity to tweak the feature lists before finalizing them.
In the future, we'll try hard to provide additional communication before any chances and to be as transparent as possible.
Pingback: Meraki Listens, Makes Changes To Their Biz Model « GigaOM
Just to make one point public and clear, those of us with Legacy networks were repeatedly told after the change that "we could expand our existing networks by adding Pro nodes." Meaning if we want to expand our existing networks, we have to pay the new 2x higher equipment prices or lose features. In my one case, $7,000 of unbudgeted additional expense.
I have neither heard this position change nor read it in your remarks. Your own FAQ states: http://meraki.com/oursolution/editions/faq/
"I have an existing Legacy network. I want to grow this network, what are my options?
Go to Dashboard->Configure and upgrade your network to Pro. There is no charge for the upgrade. Then add Pro Edition nodes to your Pro network.
Add Pro nodes to your Legacy network."
Thus, the only way we could continue to utilize all of the features to which we have access as Legacy customers is become a defacto Pro network – meaning paying $100 extra per hardware unit than what we budgeted and expected.
In order to continue to use the hardware at the prices we expected and budgeted for, we have to downgrade ourselves to Standard. Even with your tweaks to the editions, Legacy users still lose features and functionality by moving to Standard.
By "you're under no obligation to upgrade to the new offering, and are still welcome to extend your network under the original pricing," are you publicly committing that Legacy users can add standard nodes to their network and have full Legacy functionality?
If so, we'd like to see that statement spelled out in plain English in your Editions Update thread:
http://forums.meraki.com/viewtopic.php?t=1931
Somehow I think you'll eventually want to stop supporting Legacy with feature set and firmware updates. What then?
Some call this the law of unintended consequences. I call it "no good deed goes unpunished."
I don't think Meraki changed things with any sort of malice. I know your VC money and investors wanted a clearer path to profitability. But a "low-profile" launch that takes immediate affect, removes existing functionality from current users, and doubles the price of the hardware isn't how I'd suggest you give it to them.
To set the record straight: the advertising panel wasn't optional yesterday in the pro plan. There is no doubt about that. Here's your communication on that matter:
Yesterday:
Can I disable the Community Messaging & Advertising Platform in the Pro edition?
No. The platform is always on for users on a Standard or Pro network. However, Network Operators on their own Private Access Tier will not see the community messaging toolbar.
Can I disable the Messaging & Advertising Platform in the Pro edition?
Yes, in the Pro Edition, the Network Operator has the ability to disable the messaging toolbar in both the Private and Public access tiers. For the Standard edition, the messaging toolbar will always be on in the public network, however Network Operators can disable the messaging toolbar in their own Private Access Tier.
I applaud the changes you've made, but I wish you'd go a bit further and add premium plans for premium features. Don't charge differently for the same hardware, it won't work. The added value does not reside in the hardware, it's in the services.
Kind regards, Kristof
PS: I still can't see the switch on/off button in my dashboard panel for the advertising platform 😉
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Lew Wilson says:
I don't know if I missed this or not. But I suggest that Meraki offer us operators a share in the revenue generated from Meraki/Google advertising plus the ability to sell shared local advertising. I think that this would eliminate complaints about the advertising. To take 20% of our billings revenue and to ask us to implement non-revenue Meraki/Google ads is unacceptable.
Lew Wilson
Pingback: Meraki Seeks Money Making Outlet for Free Wi-Fi - GigaOM
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Terrängen på Aíparssuaq är platt. Öns högsta punkt är  meter över havet. Den sträcker sig 1,1 kilometer i nord-sydlig riktning, och 1,5 kilometer i öst-västlig riktning.  Trakten runt Aíparssuaq består i huvudsak av gräsmarker.

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Öar i Grönland större än 1 kvadratkilometer


Lunch Bunch is an optional fee-based one hour extension of St. Johns' preschool program for students attending 9:00 to 12:00 schedule. Offered on Mondays through Thursdays, it provides an opportunity for your child to socialize with their peers, enjoy fun indoor/outdoor activities and to become accustomed to eating lunch in a school setting. The Lunch Bunch hour follows the same routine each day: play, bathroom & wash up, lunch together, clean up and more play time. In warm weather we may play outside on the playground, but in cold/rainy weather we play indoors with the large collection of creative indoor toys and art supplies we have available.
The cost is $8.00 per session. Please sign your child up for the dates you plan on using in the three ring binder in the office. We will bill you at the end of the month for the days used.
You will need to pack a lunch for your child. Label the lunch box with their name and put it in the baskets outside of your child's classroom. Students are picked up from their classrooms by the Lunch Bunch staff at 12:00 and escorted to the gym. Parents can pick up their children at 1:00 pm in the gym or playground outside (weather permitting).
Who: Students attending the 9:00-12:00 schedule.


I was given this book, Riverside Drive (Michael Januska) a few years ago when I visited the book publisher, Dundurn.
I could not wait to finish this book so I could finally read another. I'm sure that on another day this book might have captured my attention. But, alas, it did not. Mr. Januska failed to activate my imagination. And this is one of the things I look for in a fiction book.
You might like it though.


Skyline Music has named Pat May and Becky Warn as part of a new three agent team headed by Bruce Houghton to cover the Northeast for the growing booking agency. "This is a new concept designed to continue our outstanding level of service for our exclusive roster," says Skyline president Houghton.
Prior to the promotion, May and Warn were respectively an assistant and the director Of Tour Marketing at Skyline Music.
publicists and labels to help ensure more successful engagements.
Barron Ruth Skyline Music 's Midwest and Southern agent.
Entertainment industry tour veteran Nick Cua has joined TBA Entertainment, where he will work to develop entertainment marketing projects similar to TBA-produced events such as Rockfest, Countryfest, Nescafe Java Jam and the various other entertainment-based programs the company has created and produced. He will divide his time between TBA's Nashville and Los Angeles offices.
In tandem with working with TBA, Cua will continue his tour managerial responsibilities on Cher's current farewell tour.
Cua's more than 20 years in the entertainment industry includes artist management, event production, concert promotions and national touring. He began his career in the late 1970s with Phoenix Management Group where he worked with such artists as Rod Stewart, Deep Purple, Motley Crue, Ozzy Osbourne and Bon Jovi.
"We are fortunate to have Nick join the TBA team," said Steve Moore, executive vice president and head of TBA's Entertainment Marketing group. "His vast experience and knowledge will strengthen our expanding organization."
Most recently Cua has overseen touring operations for such artists as Ozzy Osbourne's OZZfest, Limp Bizkit's Family Values Tour, Metallica, Courtney Love and many others. Formerly, Cua served as president of Speer Entertainment. Prior to joining Speer, he was president of Magnatone Artist Management and was a partner with Doc McGhee and Roy M. Speer, chairman of the Home Shopping Network, where he implemented a joint venture project to develop original programming centered on the sale of recorded music and related merchandise.


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Breah Hicks Bio, Net Worth, Age, Height, Religion, Education, Family
Chukwuka Ubani Social Stars 0
Breah Hicks Biography and Early Life
Breah Hicks is an American Instagram star, model and social media personality. She was born on December 24, 1998 in Los Angeles, California, United States and she was raised there by her parents.
Breah Hicks Net Worth
Breah Hicks net worth is estimated to be $1 million. She earns over $100 thousand as salary annually.
Breah Hicks Age
Breah Hicks was born on December 24, 1998.
Breah Hicks Height and Weight
Breah Hicks stands at a height of 193 cm. She weighs 67 kg.
Breah Hicks Education (High School and College)
Breah Hicks is a High School and College graduate.
Breah Hicks Religion
Breah Hicks practices Christianity as religion.
Breah Hicks Family
Hicks maintains a very privacy-oriented life and that is why over the years, she hasn't revealed information regarding her family members.
Breah Hicks Career
Breah Hicks is famously known for being the girlfriend of Christian Combs. Christian Combs is the son of famous American singer and entrepreneur Sean Combs also known as Diddy. Hicks started her social media career while in High School and she has been able to amass over 1 million Instagram followers, over 500,000 Twitter followers and she is also active on Snapchat and other social media networks. Her boyfriend Christian Combs also known as King Combs is an American model, singer, rapper and social media star. He is the son of Sean Combs and Kimberly Porter. At the beginning of her social media career, all Hicks did was post random modelling photos of her on Instagram but as time went on she began to gain popularity and soon had thousands of followers. She is loved by most of her followers and fans because of her beauty and creativity. She also owns a YouTube channel which has amassed over 100 thousand active channel subscribers. Some of Hick's hobbies include; Listening to music, playing video games and singing and her favourite food is Italian dish.
Breah Hicks Boyfriend
Breah Hicks' boyfriend is Christian Combs. Christian Combs is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, model and social media star who rose to limelight as the son of famous singer, rapper and entrepreneur Puff Daddy. Breah and Christian began dating while they were attending a Christian High School in Los Angeles. They met through a mutual friend.
Breah Hicks Residence
Breah Hicks resides in Los Angeles, California, United States.
Breah Hicks Hometown
Breah Hicks hometown is Los Angeles, California, United States.
Breah Hicks Nationality and Ethnicity
Breah Hicks is of American nationality. She is of African-American ethnicity.
Facts about Breah Hicks
Income Source: Instagram star, model and social media personality
Age: December 24, 1998
Education (High School and College): High School and College graduate
Boyfriend: Christian Combs
Hometown: Los Angeles, California, United States
Bob Dylan Net Worth, Bio, Age, Height, Religion, Education, Family
Chloe Schnapp Bio, Age, Height, Religion, Education, Family, Career