text:
Happy Ending Massage for Women26 comments
Chances are you've heard the story: an unmarked door leads to a dimly-lit massage parlor where women with strong hands and tolerant smiles await a train of libidinous male patrons.
| by Melissa Lafsky |
The "happy ending" tale is all too common, a mixture of truth and urban legend that captivates male imaginations even in an age of casual sex and unlimited Internet porn.
"It's always a certain type of place," said Brian, a 41-year-old screenwriter who admits to visiting the odd "men's spa" or two (though never, of course, for that). "You go for a reason, and you know what you're getting when you walk in the door."
The rest of spa culture, meanwhile, is dominated by women. There are more than 14,000 spas in the U.S. bringing in around $10 billion in annual revenue, and their predominantly female clientele average more than 100 million visits per year. With all that time spent around low lighting, soft music, and heavy rubbing, it can be tough not to think of sex. But until recently, the female version of "happy endings" has remained doggedly taboo.
Luckily, any "rules" restricting female sexuality are dying as fast as Sex and the City repeats can slay them, and it was only a matter of time before women embraced the notion that "quick releases" aren't just for men. And with competition among spas getting ever more intense, customers are starting to demand more than just Enya and free herbal tea with their Shiatsu, according to massage therapists. "It's such a well-known thing for guys, and women are finally getting more comfortable asking for it," said Anna, a self-described "massage healer" who has worked at several upscale spas and performed happy endings on female customers. (Names have been changed to protect the less-than-innocent.) "Women are finally getting comfortable with the idea that it's ok to feel erotic in what's already a really erotic setting."
The bottom line: We like massages and we like orgasms, so why shouldn't the two sometimes, er, come hand in hand? Read: The Hands-Free Orgasm
The answer is that they can and do, though the logistics can get complicated. "With men, there's no subtle approach when it comes to a happy ending," said Tyler, a 6'4″ hunk of tattooed muscle who has worked as a masseur at several New York City spas. "Some will ask outright, plus they have this appendage that's obvious, and gives you a clear idea of where they want to go. But with women, it's so subtle. There's really no way to know if they want sexual contact, even if there's moaning and heavy breathing."
For many women (myself included) the idea of point blank asking a hot masseur to "finish me off" sounds about as appealing as a full-body exfoliation with Brillo pads. And as Samantha learned in the now-notorious SATC Episode 33, making demands can result in humiliation. So if you're into it, how do you avoid embarrassment and still come out fully satisfied?
The key, according to veterans like Amy, a 32-year-old model/actress who has had happy ending massages in two different states, is clear but subtle communication: "It's all about giving the right signals." She first discovered erotic massage during an in-room rubdown at an upscale Miami hotel. "Initially the masseur kept it very clean, but I was really turned on, and I let him know it by moaning and saying how good it felt. He started slowly touching my thigh, then going higher, and it turned into a game of how far each of us would take it. One thing led to another and he ended up finishing me off, which was great."
Occasionally, a spa's reputation for sensual goings-on will precede it, as with New York City's famed 10th Street Russian Baths. An East Village fixture famous for its massive steam rooms and "women only" days, it once drew celebrities from John Belushi to Frank Sinatra and now attracts a cross section of New Yorkers from Russian sexagenarians to downtown fashionistas.
"At first you're on your stomach, so they're just massaging your back," said Trish, a 29-year-old marketing manager who frequents the Baths. "Then they turn you over, and my masseur started massaging my breasts. My nipples got erect, so that must have sent him a signal. He started rubbing me on the pressure points around my hips. I was wearing bikini bottoms, and he never actually touched my clitoris or vagina; it was just all around the area. I did have an orgasm; afterwards, people kept stopping me on the street to say, 'Oh my God, you're glowing.'"
Chemistry with your masseur is a key factor, and one that can't always be controlled. But if it's present, the possibilities are endless. "I was going through a divorce and feeling like hell," said Alexa, a 30-year-old attorney. "So I went to a high-end spa for a massage, and the only person available was a guy— I was nervous, I'd never had a man massage me before. He ended up being so hot. I was turned on the whole time, but nothing happened. Then I went back two weeks later. I was on my stomach while he massaged my back, and when I turned around, topless, we started making out. He said, 'I can't do this, it's unprofessional,' so we stopped. But when I went back a third time, we ended up having sex in the massage room. After that, we started dating."
Nonetheless, it's important to remember that the risks can be high for massage therapists. Every state (save Nevada and Rhode Island) considers prostitution illegal, and in some states it can lead to months of jail time. Also upping the ante is the gray area surrounding sexual assault, generally defined as nonconsensual touching of the genital area.
So how hard is it to find that perfect massage combination of chemistry, timing, setting, and mood? I hit the massage tables to find out. Stop No. 1 was Cornelia Day Spa on Fifth Avenue, known for its Chanel-clad clientele and handsome male staff. I booked a Swedish massage and showed up with high expectations. But after 60-minutes of awkwardness peppered with a few moans that provoked no response besides "Is the pressure OK?" I decided to call in reinforcements. So I dispatched a sexy and adventurous friend, Joanna, on a spa mini-marathon, with instructions to request a male massage therapist and, if possible, end each massage with a big finish.
Her first stop was Great Jones Spa, a relaxation Mecca for the downtown set. "It was definitely a 'my husband is a venture capitalist, I eat vegan and live in a loft' kind of crowd," said Joanna, who made sure to request "the best man you have" for her Swedish massage. The result was Andy, a pony-tailed Adonis with bicep tattoos and a winning smile. As he massaged her thighs, she flirted with comments like, "That feels sooo good" and "Feel free to keep going." At first, her advances brought no response, but after a while he treated her to a polite, non-judgmental lecture about how "going there" was against the rules, and he loved his job too much to put it at risk.
"I was feeling a little rejected," Joanna said. "But after it was over, he rushed out to the waiting room to introduce me to his girlfriend—apparently she was nearby—and asked if I wanted to 'hang out' with the two of them sometime. So I felt better—though I said no."
Next was the ultra-opulent Mandarin Oriental Spa, known for its lavish views and obsequious service. "I felt like I could throw a fit over the temperature of my Pellegrino, and it wouldn't be out of the ordinary," Joanna observed. This time, her method consisted of suggestive moaning and pulling the strategically placed towel away during the "inner thigh" portion of her deep tissue massage. Her masseur, immaculately groomed and very clearly gay, resisted her advances, saying simply, "I love my job here, and I'd do anything to keep it." Afterwards, he pulled her aside and said, "Honey, I think what you need is to visit the Vitality Pool."
"I couldn't figure out what he meant," she said. "Then I saw the Vitality Pool." Located in the ladies-only "Heat Experience Room," it consists of a tub filled with room-temperature water, a bench made of metal bars, and intense water jets that shoot up straight from the floor. "As soon as I sat down, I realized what he was getting at," said Joanna. "There's no point of having an open bench in a hot tub where jets shoot up between your legs other than to have an orgasm. It took me all of two minutes of sitting there to climax, then the woman who went in after me looked like she took 30 seconds."
While the experience was refreshing ("I definitely left with a glow") we still had two spas down and no results. Then Joanna got a tip in the Mandarin's plush relaxation room. "I started chatting with this woman in her mid-thirties, who looked like she went to spas all the time," she said. "When I mentioned I was going to another spa tomorrow, she told me 'Oh, you have to go to Cornelia. You should ask for Tron definitely not his real name; he's fantastic.' Her voice did not sound like she was describing a massage."
The next day, Joanna arrived at Cornelia primed for victory. "The second I saw Tron, we had instant chemistry," she said. "He was definitely hot. I flirted with him all the way from the waiting room to the massage room, and we chatted about our lives. When we got inside, I talked about how I hated having underwear and towels constricting me during massages, and he said, 'I'm comfortable with you having them off.' About 15 minutes into the massage, I let my hand graze his thigh and I could see his erection. Finally, he turned me over, and it was on."
Kissing turned to heavy petting with a strong dose of grinding, until he was on top of her on the massage table. Joanna recalls the make-out session as being totally comfortable—at one point, they both started laughing—but after the first few minutes, she broke away, saying, "I'm sorry, this is so inappropriate." His response: "Sweetie, you are my reward for the two men who asked me for happy endings earlier today. I told them no—but for you, I won't tell if you won't." When she coyly asked if she was the first woman who'd expressed interest in more than a massage, he sidestepped with, "Well, you know how it is."
The impromptu liaison went on for the rest of the hour, and another 30 minutes beyond. "It was very romantic and totally mutual—it didnâ't feel like I was just being serviced," she recalls. "He asked after a while if I wanted to have sex, but neither of us had a condom," said Joanna. "I considered giving him a blow job, but then I was like, 'I'm paying for this!'"
Her advice after a successful venture? "You have to be open to having that kind of experience. And not exactly be subtle about what you want." When it comes to massage sex, the chances are high that you'll encounter fuzzy boundaries and ephemeral guidelines, and one woman's violation may be another's fantasy. But just as with a female presidential candidate, whether you think happy endings are the pinnacle of bliss or the apex of vileness, it's still nice to have the option.
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| Tagged with: Massage, Melissa Lafsky
I found this article very interesting because it shows something I experience quite often from my clients perspective. I'm a licensed masseur in NYC and I have had more than a few female clients who have made it clear to me that they desired more than just massage…and I was more than happy to give it to them. The problem is the trust. It's sometimes difficult for me to know whether what they want is a full on happy ending or if they just want me to tease their bodies and get them worked up so they can take that home to their significant others. I enjoy doing it either way and have done so in Spa's I have worked at and also clients homes.
I never ask for any type of compensation or mutual touching (although the mutual touching is welcomed and has happened) its something I love to do, I give a fantastic massage and if it is desired, an incredible orgasm to go with it. I wish I had more straightforward clients like Joanna who make their desires clear.
Posted on 03/02/2013 at 9:17 pm
How does one get your contact info Antilles?
Having been tipped off to Her Private Pleasures by a woman in my yoga class, I feel like I'm privy to something that I should really keep under wraps. But something that feels this amazing is hard to keep a secret. "M" has magic fingers and he cares about your climax. Trust me on this one, ladies.
Posted on 03/08/2013 at 9:29 am
Have you heard of the experience project emily? It's a social website that people share stories. I'm on there as "Slate6" you can google it. You can read my stories and leave me a message if you are interested.
Having been tipped off to HerPrivatePleasures by a woman in my yoga class, I feel like I'm privy to something that I should really keep under wraps. But something that feels this amazing is hard to keep a secret. "M" has magic fingers and he cares about your climax. If you're in New York City and seeking a very sensual happy ending massage, trust me on this one, ladies.
Antilles can you tell me where I can get a massage from you?
I think something here prevents me from leaving my email
antillesmaxim @ gmail . com
well I would love to give you my info but everytime i post it this site deletes it.
To Jane and Emily, I do that kind of massage via house call or hotel suite call only. If you are in the NYC area you can email me at: antillesmaxim at gmail.
We can work out the details there.
On a side note I love how I see the SAME comment twice touting the wonders of "herprivatepleasures" if you are going to shamelessly plug yourself my friend at least TRY to make it look like different people are saying different things. Obviously business must be bad for you.
It seems since posting here I've had a few women in NYC contact me. I'm glad, several have had appointments with me and it has been a wonderful bunch of experiences, I hope many more send me an email.
Hello readers! If you have been reading my stories before you know who I am and what I do by now, I am offering for the month of June and into July 6 free massages (one per person) to the first 6 lucky ladies who respond to me via email.
Stipulations:
Understand that this is a sensual massage, yes I am a real massage therapist and licensed here in NYC. I normally charge 100$ for an hour of my time. So this is a rare and special treat. I'm feeling generous.
Expect a massage and happy ending, expect them to be amazing!
Respond to me via my email: Antillesmaxim@gmail.com with FREE SENSUAL MASSAGE in the subject line.
This is only for women. And only in Manhattan, I won't be traveling to the other boroughs for this.
I love working on all types of women so don't be shy. Would absolutely love to work on an Indian woman especially. But any and all are welcome to my skilled hands and this free offer.
Hope to hear from you all soon!
I am a massage therapist that offers these services in the Boston area. I am discreet and have a screening process. Most of my clients are by word of mouth but I can be reached at: sensualchoiceofboston AT gmail DOT com
susun
Hi , i am trying to reach antilles … your email bounces back . any update info ?
Does anyone know of such a masseur in the Miami,FL area?
Ron Vee
Sensual massage services available by Ron Vee for ladies of South Florida. For info check my website at SensualMassageServices.yolasite.com
I travel to my clients with a table on Staten Island and Brooklyn. You can contact me: mastalexmobile AT gmail DOT com
I travel to my clients with a table in Staten island and Brooklyn. You can contact me at mastalexmobile AT gmail DOT com
Ferhat Sirin
Massage for Females ( Single Ladies and Married Women ) by Turkish Guy !
http://massageistanbul.com/massages/for-ladies/
Certified Pro Tantric Masseur
. Best Tantra Massage in Istanbul / Turkey.
nbrown
Just reading this article. I'm a male massage therapist in southern california. I rent space in a chiropractors office. Most of my clients are female, and there have been several who have wanted more than a massage. I had one ask if I give happy endings. Most don't though. If they want a little more then usually move and squirm on the table. However, I never assume. I always ask if they'd like a little more, and usually they reply yes. I tell them, at any point, if you want me to stop, just say so, and I will. What I provide is all about the client, never me. Although I do enjoy it, I can stop at any second if they become uncomfortable. I think having control is very important. My clients are 95% female. They trust me, and refer me. It's actually a nice little secret in my area. I don't have sex with them, and there have been a few who did leave me happy as well. I also make house calls.
This article is interesting as I'm also a male massage therapist. I rent space from a chiropractor's office in southern California. 95% of my clients are white or Hispanic females. I've had some of them ask, but most don't. What they do is say it feels good, or they may squirm on the table. One thing I'll say to any male massage therapist reading this, never, never assume they want anything. I always ask if they would like anything else, and if they ever want things to stop, I stop. For me, it's most important to have repeat clients, rather than have them come in one time only. It's amazing which women are the ones who like a little more too. I've had young women in their 20s up to women in their 60s. I don't discriminate at all.
Boston?seems impossible.
What is a Female Happy Ending Massage and Is a Happy Ending Massage Desirable?
Craigy
My wife would love to experience this in our hotel. Where can we find someone these days?
As a women who has fantasized about this for as long as I can remember. After exhausting searches and safety concerns I gave on my fantasy of finding the elusive happy ending until a friend told me about massage4her.com I can say I finally found exactly what I've been looking for 😉 and it was every bit as good as my imagination had led me to believe
My website is offline. But still offering sensual massage services in south Florida. Call or text Sensual Massage by Ron Vee 561-320-3385
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Pictured Above: Introducing technology into your hoof-care business will help you efficiently keep track of appointments, provide reminders, invoice clients and more.
Farriery is a centuries old profession that hasn't changed much at its core. However, in this day and age, technology can help take your hoof-care business to the next level.
Technology is underutilized in farriery, though. While 67% of farriers carry a smartphone, only 51% use computers in their footcare business, according to the most recent American Farriers Journal Farrier Business Practices Survey. Approximately 31% use them for accounting. Another 18% schedule their clients' next appointments on them, while 20% use them for invoicing. Just 39% of farriers use tablets and predominately utilize them for photographic (74%) and video (54%) purposes.
Whether you're looking for a low-cost advertising outlet or a way to streamline your bookkeeping, one or more of the solutions highlighted here can help.
Focus on areas that are "pain points" for your business and choose a solution that alleviates those first.
Technology is here to make things a lot easier. If you're hesitant, try one or two solutions at a time and don't jump into the deep end.
Test a bookkeeping solution with a handful of clients and add clients to the database over a 6- to 8-week visitation period.
What it is: A mobile directory that connects horse owners and equine professionals.
Katie Navarra is a freelance writer who draws from her experiences owning and showing horses, and interviewing the industry's leading professionals.


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Lathrop Gage Welcomes Reid Day to Business Litigation Team in Kansas City
Kansas City, MO (October 31, 2018) –Lathrop Gage is pleased to welcome Reid K. Day to the firm's Kansas City, Missouri office. Day joins the firm as an Associate in the Business Litigation group.
Day previously served for two years as a law clerk for the Hon. Judge Ortrie Smith of the U.S. District Court, Western District of Missouri. In that role, he managed a docket of substantively diverse cases from initial filling through post-trial motion practice and drafted judicial opinions on every aspect of federal district trial court litigation. In addition, Day worked as a Summer Associate for Lathrop Gage during law school, and gained experience drafting memoranda on range of substantive and procedural civil litigation matters, and also assisted in pre-suit investigation of potential product liability claims.
Day received his Juris Doctor from the University of Kansas School of Law, 2016, where he received five CALI Excellence for the Future Awards, a Payne & Jones Lawyering Program Award and was Articles Editor for Kansas Law Review. Prior to law school, Day worked in Washington D.C. for two U.S. Representatives and for the Center for Democracy & Technology, an international non-profit focused on data privacy and technology issues. Day received his B.A. in Psychology from the University of Kansas (2009).
About Lathrop Gage
Lathrop Gage is a law firm whose clients form the backbone of our economy. Our attorneys provide strategic guidance in litigation, business and intellectual property law, with deep knowledge and experience in the industries we serve. We work as one integrated team from offices across the country to help our clients see beyond immediate challenges to achieve their most important objectives. For more information, visit www.lathropgage.com.
Reid K. Day
© 2021 Lathrop GPM

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I have a domain with a subdomain set up like the following in my vhost.conf file.
The main site loads index.jsp but I would like the subdomain to load up a different JSP file (index2.jsp).
I've tried using Redirect but it just goes to index.jsp on the subdomain.
The following is wrong due to the presence of ProxyPassMatch.
The problem is that your index2.jsp will never be served by Apache as the server's already matched the ProxyPass /, and so it's already been passed to ajp://localhost:8084.
You should then manage serving index.jsp or index2.jsp on ajp://localhost:8084.
How to serve robots.txt for all my own subdomains but not other hosts on Apache?


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Truckin' into 2021
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The Amusement in Hauling Freight
Just keep reading, you'll see what I did there… When most people think of freight and shipping they probably think of the solid color shipping
Hurricane Season and How to Handle it
…Dorian was just the beginning. In the wake of Hurricane Dorian, it's not hard to forget that we are in the middle of hurricane season
Moving Freight and the Shipper of Choice
…how to become The Chosen One. If you talk to anyone about moving freight right now, you're bound to hear the phrase "capacity crunch," and
What this Summer Weather Means for Freight
…teamwork makes the dreamwork. Summertime brings about some of my favorite things; the pool, the heat, and strawberries. But two of these things, plus a
What the Tariffs on China Mean for Freight
…prepare and adapt. Tariffs have been a part of US history since 1789, so like all presidents before him, once elected, Donald Trump began imposing
How Carriers Can Get the Most from Freight Brokers
…because anything less won't do. Moving freight is difficult. No one knows this better than carriers. Working with a freight brokerage can make this challenging
How to Best Move Freight in 2019
…because it's going to be a doozy. Remember the good ol' days when moving freight was simple? Oh that's right. That was never a thing.
Blockchain: the Buzzword the Lives Up to the Hype
…at least when it comes to moving freight. Bitcoin. Amiright? Remember when it was going to bring down the banks and completely transform society as
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Our lab strives to make all research products readily available. This includes publishing of online lab notebooks, presentations, data, and more. This is an effective means to openly share our activities with the public.
Does DNA Methylation Facilitate Phenotypic Plasticity? CNRS Amphitheatre (Moltpellier, France). February 2, 2016.


Fritz And Andre › Utah's first Solar Park Tour, held at T.R.A-MAGE, huge success!
Utah's first Solar Park Tour, held at T.R.A-MAGE, huge success!
September 23rd – 25th T.R.A-MAGE hosted the Solar Tour in American Fork at their Solar Education Park. The event was a tremendous success, with the general public, Alpine School District, and the Media all attending in abundance. The various stations that were set up to inform the public about the many ways in which alternative energy can be used to save money on one's utility bills were of particular interest to those in attendance.
This park was designed as an educational resource for those that are interested in learning more about the latest trends in solar technology; including solar tracking, solar racking and solar mounting systems. TRA – MAGE is dedicated to helping the public understand the basics of solar energy, with a vision of increased education and adoption of solar energy throughout the state of Utah. The opening of the Solar Education Park is a major step toward achieving that goal.
"This solar park is an incredible opportunity for Utahns to learn about renewable energy. It's really a unique location where you can come and see all different types of technology in one spot." says Levi Belnap, executive director of Utah Solar Energy Association. The park has now been officially opened to the public and everyone is welcome to visit anytime during business hours to see what the park has to offer. Having been equipped with 19 mock-roof areas, 2 solar tracking systems, and a host of solar mounting systems (including those for metal roof installations) the solar park is truly a unique solar education experience.
Advances in solar technology have led to vastly more efficient solar panels on the market and have helped them to become more affordable as well. The Europeans have made it a goal to gaining up to 20% of their power from renewable energy sources by the year 2020. Companies like TRA-MAGE are making some of the same goals possible for the USA. By encouraging young people to get involved in careers within the renewable energy industry and allowing the public to experience the benefits and potential of solar power, including the latest in solar mounting and solar tracking systems, the Solar Education Park is paving the way towards our own renewable energy pursuits.
Students from the Alpine school district were particularly fortunate to be able to speak with a variety of engineers in a one on one environment and ask as many questions as they liked while on their guided tour. However, the goal of TRA-MAGE, located just South of the solar park, is to expand beyond students and educators and is hoping to attract the general public as well. We invite anyone that is interested in the latest in solar tracking and solar mounting technology to visit us, and our staff is happy to answer any questions that might pop up while walking through the park.


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    }
    return pushSection;
  }

  $scope.createExercise = function(exercise, section) {
    if (!exercise.sets) {
      exercise.sets = 6;
    }
    if (!exercise.reps) {
      exercise.reps = 10;
    }
    if (!exercise.weight) {
      exercise.weight = 30;
      exercise.units = "pounds";
    }

    var pushSection = $scope.setPushSection(section);

    pushSection.push({
      name: exercise.name,
      sets: exercise.sets,
      reps: exercise.reps,
      weight: exercise.weight,
      units: exercise.units,
      done: false
    });

    $scope.saveData();

    $ionicNavBarDelegate.back();
    exercise.name = "";
    exercise.sets = "";
    exercise.reps = "";
    exercise.weight = "";
    exercise.units = "";
  };

  $scope.weightRange = [];
  for (var i = 1; i <= 500; i++) {
    $scope.weightRange.push(i);
  };

  $scope.repsRange = [];
  for (var i = 1; i <= 20; i++) {
    $scope.repsRange.push(i);
  };

  $scope.setsRange = [];
  for (var i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
    $scope.setsRange.push(i);
  };

  $scope.data = {
    value: 'kilograms'
  };

  $scope.units = [
    "kilograms",
    "pounds"
  ];

  $scope.setCounter = 0;

  $scope.exerciseAreas = ["ARMS", "LEGS", "CHEST", "ABS", "BACK", "SETS"];

  $scope.saveData = function() {
    window.localStorage['armExercises'] = JSON.stringify($scope.armExercises);
    window.localStorage['legExercises'] = JSON.stringify($scope.legExercises);
    window.localStorage['chestExercises'] = JSON.stringify($scope.chestExercises);
    window.localStorage['absExercises'] = JSON.stringify($scope.absExercises);
    window.localStorage['backExercises'] = JSON.stringify($scope.backExercises);
  };

  //load stored user exercises from window.localStorage if they exist. fallback to defaults
  $scope.loadData = function() {
    $scope.armExercises = JSON.parse(window.localStorage['armExercises'] || '{}');
    $scope.legExercises = JSON.parse(window.localStorage['legExercises'] || '{}');
    $scope.chestExercises = JSON.parse(window.localStorage['chestExercises'] || '{}');
    $scope.absExercises = JSON.parse(window.localStorage['absExercises'] || '{}');
    $scope.backExercises = JSON.parse(window.localStorage['backExercises'] || '{}');
  };

  $scope.setDefaultExercises = function() {
    $scope.armExercises = [
      {name: "seated dumbell curls", sets: 6, reps: 10, weight: 15, units: "kilograms", done: false},
      {name: "barbell curls", sets: 6, reps: 10, weight: 30, units: "kilograms", done: false},
      {name: "preacher curls", sets: 6, reps: 10, weight: 30, units: "kilograms", done: false},
      {name: "EZ bar curls", sets: 6, reps: 10, weight: 30, units: "kilograms", done: false},
      {name: "concentration curls", sets: 6, reps: 10, weight: 15, units: "kilograms", done: false},
      {name: "hammer curls", sets: 6, reps: 10, weight: 15, units: "kilograms", done: false}
    ];

    $scope.legExercises = [
      {name: "squats", sets: 6, reps: 10, weight: 100, units: "kilograms", done: false}
    ];

    $scope.chestExercises = [
      {name: "bench press", sets: 6, reps: 10, weight: 100, units: "kilograms", done: false}
    ];

    $scope.absExercises = [
      {name: "crunches", sets: 6, reps: 10, weight: 5, units: "kilograms", done: false}
    ];

    $scope.backExercises = [
      {name: "deadlifts", sets: 6, reps: 10, weight: 100, units: "kilograms", done: false}
    ];

    window.localStorage['armExercises'] = JSON.stringify($scope.armExercises);
    window.localStorage['legExercises'] = JSON.stringify($scope.legExercises);
    window.localStorage['chestExercises'] = JSON.stringify($scope.chestExercises);
    window.localStorage['absExercises'] = JSON.stringify($scope.absExercises);
    window.localStorage['backExercises'] = JSON.stringify($scope.backExercises);

    window.localStorage['firstLaunch'] = 'no';
  };

  $scope.setCounterTutorial = function() {
    //only display on first viewing
    if (!window.localStorage['tutorial']) {
      window.localStorage['tutorial'] = 'no';
      $ionicPopup.alert({
        title: 'TUTORIAL',
        template: "Tap the circle to increment the set counter. Tap the minus to decrement. Tap the arrow to reset."
      });
    }
  };

  $scope.defaultExerciseDetails = function() {
    //only display on first viewing
    if (!window.localStorage['exerciseDefaults']) {
      window.localStorage['exerciseDefaults'] = 'no';
      $ionicPopup.alert({
        title: 'BE A MAN',
        template: "All exercises default to 6 sets of 10 reps at 30 pounds unless otherwise specified."
      });
    }
  };

  $scope.listTutorial = function() {
    //only display on first section viewing
    if (!window.localStorage['firstListView']) {
      window.localStorage['firstListView'] = 'no';
      $ionicPopup.alert({
        title: 'TUTORIAL',
        template: "In each section you'll find a list of exercises. Swipe left on an exercise to edit or delete it."
      });
    }
  };

  $scope.displaySetsAndReps = function(exercise) {
    if (exercise.sets > 1) {
      var sets = "SETS";
    } else {
      var sets = "SET";
    }
    if (exercise.reps > 1) {
      var reps = "REPS";
    } else {
      var reps = "REP";
    }
    return exercise.sets + " " + sets + ", " + exercise.reps + " " + reps;
  }

  $scope.displayWeight = function(exercise) {
    if (exercise.weight) {
      if (exercise.weight == 1) {
        return exercise.weight + " " + exercise.units.substring(0,exercise.units.length-1).toUpperCase();
      }
      return exercise.weight + " " + exercise.units.toUpperCase();
    }
  }

  $scope.setDone = function(exercise) {
    exercise.done = !exercise.done;
  };

  $scope.iconSelector = function(input) {
    if (!input.done) {
      return "ion-android-checkbox-outline-blank"
    } else {
      return "ion-android-checkbox-outline"
    }
  };

  $scope.addSet = function() {
    if ($scope.setCounter < 9) {
      $scope.setCounter++;
    }
  }

  $scope.subtractSet = function() {
    if ($scope.setCounter > 0) {
      $scope.setCounter--;
    }
  }

  $scope.resetSet = function() {
    $scope.setCounter = 0;
  }

  //temporary until I find a better solution
  $scope.getItemHeight = function() {
    return 92;
  };

  $scope.getButtonHeight = function() {
    //need to account for the status bar being counted in the window height on iOS
    if (ionic.Platform.isIOS()) {
      return (window.innerHeight - 64) / 6;
    } else {
      return (window.innerHeight - 44) / 6;
    }
  };

  $scope.log = function(input) {
    $ionicPopup.alert({
      title: 'DEBUG ALERT',
      template: input
    });
  };

});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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the social meaning of facts. What is truth? What is meaning? What does it mean for something to be right? Why do I feel a debate on jurisprudence coming on?
Open Source puts down roots in Finland.
"We began using Linux at the beginning of 1998," Brother Viktor explained. "We run the usual stuff like firewall/router, web server (including a web store) and email, with the main infrastructure, and then also your typical disk and print sharing for Windows clients, and of course the centralized backups."
"My smmr hols wr CWOT. B4, we used 2go2 NY 2C my bro, his GF & thr 3 : kids FTF. ILNY, it's a gr8 plc."
The above phrase translated here occured in an English school essay in the UK.
What does it mean 'to talk'?
In the ITWorld archives What does it mean for one enterprise application to 'talk' to another?.
Business types and geek types have, for the most part, diametrically opposing models of what it means for one application to 'talk' to another.
This is the source of considerable confusion at best. At worst, it is at the root of why computing has such an awful ROI now that we have got passed WP and spreadsheets.
The full piece is here: http://www.pcw.co.uk/Analysis/1139183.
I've added some punctuation and line breaksin what follows, but doesn't it read well?
in a mental state of complete tedium."
Worthy of Sir John Betchman!
Bill Venners: What didn't you like about the DOM API?
Guido van Rossum: There are too many things that look different than what they are.
Wow. Posts to my blog from ages ago have popped up as new entries in my RSS agregator feedreader. Weird.
Okay, so nothing much happens these days where I live in Collooney. But if this was the fifteenth century again, I'd be doing some serious reportage blogging from the Castle down the road with the Battle of the Curlew Mountains raging all around me.


Nationwide Conference South outfit Carshalton Athletic are the visitors to Hartsdown Park on Saturday and Margate manager Chris Kinnear is looking for a victory to bring much needed revenue into the club's coffers, writes Stephen McCartney.
However, his side, who opened their Ryman Premier League campaign with a 1-0 win over Maldon Town on their Hartsdown Park return, then lost 2-1 at Staines Town, have now drawn against Harrow Borough, Redbridge, Worthing, Fisher Athletic, Slough Town and last night, at Bromley, having found themselves 2-0 down thanks to headed goals from highly-rated Tutu Henriques and Des Boateng.
But a Daniel Sacha free kick with 17 minutes left and a goal from former Bromley midfielder Gavin McGowan - 24 seconds into stoppage time - salvaged a point.
Margate comfortably beat Cowes Sports in their FA Cup first qualifying round tie by four goals to nil, and Kinnear recalls their recent FA Cup runs - and wants more of the same.
"I can even remember when we went to Orient (in the first round proper in season 2002-03) got a draw there and won (the replay) at Dover - and deservedly so (then went on to lose 3-0 at home to Cardiff City in the second round proper).
"We do want to win it (against the Robins). It's important to win if we can. But again with a few injuries, we've got to see what happens."
Kinnear, however, admits he's finding signing new players from higher league clubs difficult because the transfer window - which is firmly shut - operates from the Nationwide Conference upwards.
"We need to sign a few quality players," he said.
"We've got the numbers but (we need) just that little experience that used to playing at the standard above.
"As I say the directors have said we can strengthen. It's a matter of going out there and finding them.
"The problem is with the transfer window, a lot of clubs aren't prepared to let a lot of players out as they can't get any in themselves.
"So hopefully we can start getting a few in, maybe fringe players but maybe (from) a bit higher up.
"We are on the lookout for players to add to the squad."


Jabba has grown tired of all the happiness in the galaxy, so he has announced the scariest event of the year! He has sent the Undead to infest the major hubs in the galaxy and they may show up at anytime. Stories have been circulating of strange spirits and a nasty vampire called Z'ozpheratu. Please show caution when traveling the Galaxy!
There is also someone in the Scavenger Starport talking about a strange base that he will take you to. There seems to be some sort of battle between Jabba's forces and pirates going on out there.
Finally, the imperial architects have stumbled upon new ways to move objects and you can now use the Pitch, Roll and Yaw commands.


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Adjusting the rear axle toe of a Mercedes vehicle can be quite a bit of work. Trying to remove the plastic underbody while avoiding damage to the plastic fasteners is no easy task. Mueller-Kueps has come out with the Mercedes Alignment Wrench to help combat this problem.
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May 25 to June 1, 2013
The Day of the Lord (Zephaniah)
 Download Audio  Download PDF
Host: Alden Thompson
Guests: Jon Dybdahl and David Thomas
Theme: The Day of the Lord
Leading Question: What was happening in Jerusalem that made Zephaniah's warning of the coming "Day of the Lord" so urgent?
Zephaniah's Day. The first verse of Zephaniah identifies the reign of Josiah as the time when Zephaniah ministered to the Kingdom of Judah. Josiah was the king who initiated the great reform of 621 during which the book of the law was re-discovered in the temple.Some 80 years before Josiah, King Hezekiah had celebrated a great Passover in Jerusalem. But now, as described in 2 Chronicles 34, the temple had been virtually abandoned and Josiah set about a great reform, part of which involved discovering the book of the law. Note the chronology:
He was 8 years old when he began to reign (34:1) but did not begin to seek the Lord until he was 16 years old (34:3).
After taking Bible studies for 4 years, he finally decides to clean out the signs of Canaanite worship in the city. He was now 20 (34:3).
After six more years when he would have been 26, he decided it was time to clean out the temple. And that's when they found the book of the law, probably a copy of Deuteronomy. Everyone, including the king was horrified.
Question: What does all this tell us about the status of true religion in the land of Judah?
Day of the Lord. Zephaniah is part of this potentially discouraging religious scene and delivers a fiery, passionate warning about the coming "Day of the Lord." Does Zephaniah give us any clue about the timing of the "Day of the Lord?" Note these clues:
It is described as being "very near" (1:7, 14).
It is described in universal terms: "I will sweep away everything from the face of the earth" (1:2); "when I destroy all mankind on the face of the earth" (1:3); "distress on all people" (1:17); "the whole world will be consumed (3:8).
It focuses on Judah and her contemporaries: Judah and Jerusalem (2:1-3; 3:1-8); Philistia (2:4-7); Moab and Ammon (2:8-11); Cush (2:12); Assyria (2:13-15).
The day of the Lord is followed by the restoration of Judah and Jerusalem (3:9-20).
Question: If the day of the Lord is local and focused on Jerusalem in Zephaniah's day, how can it also refer to the end of the world when Jesus returns?
Note: The answer to that question arises a knowledge of how "Day of the Lord" is used throughout the prophetic books of the Old Testament. In short, it always refers to a local event in the very near future. And the heavenly signs that were so prominent in the book of Joel are almost always part of that "Day of the Lord" with an immediate local application.
Conclusion: These local events (judgments) prefigure a larger final judgment, but a judgment that is rarely glimpsed in the books of the Old Testament.
A Survey of the "Day of the Lord" in the Prophetic Books and in the New Testament
Key biblical passages: "Day of the Lord" (and related terms)
Isaiah 2:12; 13:6, 9
Ezekiel 30:3, 18
Joel 1:15; 2:1, 11, 31; 3:14
Obadiah 15
Zephaniah 1:7, 14-15
Key biblical passages involving celestial signs (sun, moon, stars, darkness):
Isaiah 13:10 (Babylon)
Isaiah 24:23 (earth)
Jeremiah 15:9 (Jerusalem)
Ezekiel 32:7 (Egypt)
Joel 2:10, 31 (Zion)
Joel 3:15 (all nations)
Amos 8:9-10 (Israel)
Habakkuk 3:10-11 (earth)
Matthew 24:29-30 (Jerusalem/Advent)
Mark 13:24 (Jerusalem/Advent)
Luke 21:25-28 (Jerusalem/Advent)
Acts 2:20 (Pentecost)
Rev. 6:12 (Advent)
The view from the New Testament: In Matthew 24-25, Jesus warns us not to be focused too much on events because the coming will be a surprise. Do the passages in Zephaniah (and elsewhere in the prophets) make it sound like the "Day of the Lord" is some distant event, or is it very near?
The view from Adventist history. In the context of Adventist history, the Great Disappointment of 1844 taught Adventists the great danger of predicting the time of the Advent. In 1883, nearly forty years after the Disappointment, Ellen White, penned these striking words for those who thought the long wait was a problem:
"The angels of God in their messages to men represent time as very short. Thus it has always been presented to me. It is true that time has continued longer than we expected in the early days of this message. Our Saviour did not appear as soon as we hoped. But has the Word of the Lord failed? Never! It should be remembered that the promises and the threatenings of God are alike conditional." – MS 4, 1883, 1SM 73 [Evangelism, 695]
C. S. Lewis, with reference to the Advent hope in the New Testament sounds a similar warning about the dangers of trying to predict just when the advent might be:
"We must never speak to simple, excitable people about 'the day' without emphasizing again and again the utter impossibility of prediction. We must try to show them that the impossibility is an essential part of the doctrine. If you do not believe our Lord's words, why do you believe in his return at all? And if you do believe them must you not put away from you, utterly and forever, any hope of dating that return? His teaching on the subject quite clearly consisted of three propositions. (1) That he will certainly return. (2) That we cannot possibly find out when. (3) And that therefore we must always be ready for him." – "The World's Last Night" in The World's Last Night and Other Essays,107
In the same essay, Lewis also has something to say about the role of fear in our waiting:
"Perfect love, we know casteth out fear. But so do several others things – ignorance, alcohol, passion, presumption, and stupidity. It is very desirable that we should all advance to that perfection of love in which we shall fear no longer; but it is very undesirable, until we have reached that stage, that we should allow any inferior agent to cast out our fear." – WLN, 109
The role of "fear" motivation in our day. So what role should fear play in our preparation for the return of Jesus?
Categories: Lessons
# 2nd Quarter 2013
#Alden Thompson
#Dave Thomas
#Jon Dybdahl
Trusting God's Goodness (Habakkuk) →
← First Things First (Haggai)
Alden Thompson
Professor of Biblical Studies at Walla Walla University
The Last Five Kings of Judah
Elijah's and Elisha's Mantle
Jesus Mingled with People
The Priority of the Promise
Jesus in the Writings of Peter
The Curse Causeless
The Character of Job
The Church Militant
The Cosmic Controversy
Josiah's Reforms
Symbolic Acts
Lessons from Jeremiah
The Holy Spirit, the Word, and Prayer
Sabbath a Day of Freedom
Blueprint for a Better World
God Created…
Turning Hearts in the End Time
What Have they Seen in Your House?
Families of Faith
Little Times of Trouble
Times of Loss
Season of Parenting
Keys to Family Unity
The Royal Love Song
Wise Words for Families
When Alone
Among the Lampstands
The Choices We Make
Appendix B: The Worst Story in the Old Testament: Judges 19-21
"All Things to All Men": Paul Preaches to the World
The Authority of the Prophets
Rest and Restoration
Gehazi: Missing the Mark
Worship and Song and Praise
God as Artist
Salvation: The Only Solution
Trusting God's Goodness (Habakkuk)
For more information about GOOD WORD contact the School of Theology at Walla Walla University by phone (509-527-2194), fax (509-527-2253), email (email us) or regular mail (Walla Walla University, 204 S. College Ave., College Place WA 99324).
Good Word © 2018


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text:
\section{\label{sec:level1}Introduction}
The discovery of graphene \cite{Geim.Novoselov:2007:NM} with its unique physical and chemical properties has triggered the research on other two-dimensional (2D) inorganic materials, like transition metal dichalcogenides and transition metal oxides \cite{Miro.Audiffred.ea:2014:CSR,Niu.Li:2015:PiSS}. Several three-dimensional (3D) van der Waals (vdW) solids have been shown to be exfoliable down to atomic monolayers (MLs), giving rise to fabrication of several 2D crystals \cite{Koski.Cui:2013:AN}. Stable single layer or few layers of 2D compounds can be produced via chemical exfoliation or mechanical cleavage starting from the corresponding III-VI layered crystal counterparts \cite{Ashton.Paul.ea:2017:PRL,Bandurin.Tyurnina.ea:2016:NN,Hu.Wen.ea:2012:AN}. In parallel, the interesting research field of heterostructures fabrication by stacking different 2D crystals on top of each other has flourished \cite{Geim.Grigorieva:2013:N,Cannuccia2012,Prete2017,Prete2018}.

\begin{comment}
Indeed, high-quality few-layer InSe and GaSe nanosheets have been prepared \cite{Bandurin.Tyurnina.ea:2016:NN,Hu.Wen.ea:2012:AN}.
\end{comment}

Among the transition-metal monochalcogenides MX with M = Ga, In and X = S, Se, Te, GaSe is a prototypical example. It consists of covalently bonded Ga and Se atoms, vertically stacked in four-atom Se-Ga-Ga-Se layers (here on named tetralayers, TL) held together by vdW forces. The single tetralayer thickness is 0.93~nm \cite{Hu.Wen.ea:2012:AN}. There are four possible stacking arrangements for bulk GaSe, designated as $\beta$, $\varepsilon$, $\gamma$, and $\delta$ \cite{Kuhn.Chevy.ea:1975:pssa}. The $\beta$, $\varepsilon$ polytypes have two-tetralayer hexagonal stacking sequences (2H), i.e., eight atoms, in the unit cell, and they crystallize respectively into $P_{3}/mmc$ and $P\overline{6}m2$ space groups. The $\delta$ polytype is 4H, while the $\gamma$ polytype crystallizes in a rhombic or trigonal lattice (3R). With a band gap of about 2~eV \cite{LeToullec.Balkanski.ea:1975:PLA} and a strong optical oscillator strength, bulk GaSe polytypes have potential optoelectronic applications in the visible spectral  range. Electronic confinement effects in GaSe nanosheets may shift the optical absorption edge toward higher energies and increase the oscillator strength \cite{Lei.Ge.ea:2013:NL}.

The $\varepsilon$-GaSe is among the polytypes the most common and the most studied one.
First-principles calculations \cite{Rybkovskiy.Arutyunyan.ea:2011:PRB,Ma.Dai.ea:2013:PCCP} predict the valence band maximum (VBM) to be situated at $\Gamma$ point, and the conduction band minimum (CBM) close to point M of the hexagonal Brillouin zone (BZ) whereas the direct gap is only slightly different from the indirect one.
Similar investigations have been performed for GaSe layered structures with respect to the slab thickness~\cite{Rybkovskiy.Arutyunyan.ea:2011:PRB,Ma.Dai.ea:2013:PCCP,Zolyomi.Drummond.ea:2013:PRB,Zhuang.Hennig:2013:CM,Li.Li:2015:NR} with the inclusion in some cases of the quasi-particle effects within Hedin's GW approximation \cite{Rybkovskiy.Arutyunyan.ea:2011:PRB,Zhuang.Hennig:2013:CM}. The increase of the fundamental gap with a decreasing thickness of the slab has been demonstrated. It is accompanied by the formation of a Mexican-hat or camel-back dispersion of the uppermost valence band near the $\Gamma$ point, making the few-tetralayer systems indirect semiconductors.

In contrast to the electronic structure, the phonons of GaSe are less investigated. Since Raman spectroscopy is employed to determine the thickness (and thus, the number of unit layers) of ultrathin flakes in a non-destructive, and unambiguous manner, Raman studies are available now for bulk and a-few-tetralayer systems \cite{Lei.Ge.ea:2013:NL,Ibragimov1989,Late.Liu.ea:2012:AFM,Zhou.Nie.ea:2014:AN,Rodriguez.Mueller.ea:2014:JoVS&TB,Rahaman2018}.
Theoretical investigations of phonon modes have been only performed for a tetralayer of GaSe \cite{Zolyomi.Drummond.ea:2013:PRB,Pandey.Parker.ea:2017:N}. For that reason, in this paper we investigate the vibrational properties of $\varepsilon$-GaSe and layered GaSe by varying the slab thickness from bulk, 3 TL down to 1 TL.
The methods are described in Sec.~\ref{sec2}. In section~\ref{sec3} the results on electronic and dynamical properties are discussed. Finally, a summary and conclusions are given in Sec.~\ref{sec4}.

\section{\label{sec2}Computational methods}

The \emph{ab initio} calculations are based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) using different exchange-correlation (xc) functionals as implemented in the {\tt Quantum Espresso} (QE) package \cite{quantum:espresso}. The electron-ion interaction is described by pseudopotentials for Ga and Se cores. Thereby the semicore Ga 3$d$ electrons are treated as valence electrons. Both the local density approximation (LDA) \cite{Kohn.Sham:1965} and the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) as proposed by Perdew, Burke, and Ernzerhof (PBE) \cite{Perdew.Burke.ea:1996} are applied. The influence of the vdW interaction between the covalently bonded Se-Ga-Ga-Se tetralayers  is studied by adding a semiempirical  dispersion (D) potential to the DFT total energy, through a pairwise force field according to Grimme's DFT-D2 method \cite{Grimme.Antony.ea:2010:TJoCP}.

For all considered GaSe structures the calculations of electronic properties are performed using periodic boundary conditions and plane-wave expansion of the electronic eigenfunctions. The bulk unit cell is represented in Fig.~\ref{fig1} with its side and top view. The nanosheets with two and three tetralayers are stacked using the single tetralayer (see Fig.~\ref{fig1} (b)) as building block and respecting the $z$-stacking of the bulk \cite{Bechstedt:2003:Book:PSP}. A vacuum spacing of 28~{\AA} between the periodic images of mono-, bi-, and tri-tetralayers is chosen in order to diminish the electronic interaction between the nanosheets. To sample the Brillouin Zone (BZ) in the total energy and self-consistent electronic structure calculations, a Monkhorst-Pack (MP) special point mesh \cite{Monkhorst.Pack:1976:PRB} of 12$\times$12$\times$1 (6$\times$6$\times$1, 6$\times$6$\times$1, 6$\times$6$\times$6) is applied in the case of a GaSe 1TL, (2TL, 3TL, bulk $\varepsilon$ polytype). The structural optimizations are performed by relaxing the atomic geometries till forces are less than $10^{-6}$ a.u. The plane-wave energy cutoff and the total energy threshold are set to 300~Ry and $10^{-8}$~Ry, respectively. All DFT approaches lead to a significant underestimation of fundamental energy gaps \cite{Bechstedt:2015:Book}. Since GW self-energy calculations would be too expensive, we investigate the band structures of the GaSe geometries within an approximated quasiparticle approach. Explicitly, we apply the hybrid xc-functional HSE06 \cite{Heyd.Scuseria.ea:2003}.

Dynamical properties, i.e., the phonon dispersions as well as Raman frequencies, are calculated within Density Functional Perturbation Theory (DFPT) \cite{Baroni.Gironcoli.ea:2001:RMP} as implemented in the QE package. In particular, we use the {\tt  qe-6.3} version because it implements a truncated Coulomb interaction in the direction parallel to the layered-system stacking orientation ($z$-direction for structures periodic in the $x$-$y$ plane). The implementation of the cutoff guarantees the correct treatment of the LO-TO splitting breakdown in polar two-dimensional materials~\cite{Sohier-2Dcutoff}.

As a compromise for a reasonable simulation of strong intrasheet and weak intersheet interactions we also apply here the LDA xc-functional~\cite{Kohn.Sham:1965}. A plane-wave cutoff of 90~Ry and robust convergence criteria (total energy/forces for the ionic minimization and
self-consistence criteria) are necessary to get the correct interatomic force constants to be used in the phonons calculations. A mesh of 21$\times$21$\times$1 k-points is used for the BZ integration and sampling of the reciprocal space for 1TL-GaSe. For 2TL and 3TL cases, given the increasing number of atoms and the volume of the simulation cell, we adopted a less dense q-grid (12$\times$12$\times$1) to keep the calculations reasonable in terms of cpu time. The length of the unit cell along the $z$ direction was chosen to be larger than twice the thickness of the slab  (including electrons) \cite{Sohier-2Dcutoff}. For bulk $\varepsilon$-GaSe we used a mesh of 18$\times$18$\times$6 k-points and 9$\times$9$\times$3 mesh for the sampling of the reciprocal space.
\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Fig1.png}
\caption{\label{fig1} Side (a) and top view (c) of the $\varepsilon$-GaSe bulk unit cell, (b) GaSe bulk and single tetralayer perspective view. $d$ is the interlayer distance.}
\end{figure}

\section{\label{sec3}Results and Discussion}
\subsection{\label{sec3a}Atomic geometries}

\begin{table*}[t]
\caption{Parameters of atomic geometry (in {\AA}) such as lattice constants $a$, $c$ and atomic distances. Electronic band gaps (in eV)  are also listed.}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|} \hline
xc-functional & $a$ & $c$ & Se-Se   & Ga-Ga   & Ga-Se   & Se-Se   & Indirect & Direct   & Fundamental \\
         &     &     & (intra) & (intra) & (inter) & (inter) & band gap & band gap & gap (in HSE) \\
\hline
bulk     &     &     &         &         &         &         &          &          & \\
LDA-D2   & 3.651 & 15.336 & 4.727 & 2.370 & 2.415 & 3.618 &   & 0.97 &       \\
LDA      & 3.72  & 15.56  & 4.73  & 2.41  & 2.44  & 3.73  &   & 0.97 &       \\
GGA-D2   & 3.662 & 15.587 & 4.812 & 2.432 & 2.470 & 3.826 &   & 0.92 & 1.75 \\
Exp. \cite{Kuhn.Chevy.ea:1975:pssa,Li.Li:2015:NR} & 3.735 & 15.887 & 4.766 & 2.383 & 2.485 & -- &   & 2.12 & \\ \hline
trilayer &     &     &         &         &         &         &          &          & \\
LDA-D2   & 3.704 &        & 4.749 & 2.409 & 2.437 & 3.804 & 1.30 & 1.34 &       \\
LDA      & 3.71 & & 4.74 & 2.41 & 2.44 & 3.82 & 1.30 & 1.34 & \\
GGA-D2   & 3.753 &        & 4.834 & 2.446 & 2.472 & 3.835 & 1.31 & 1.35 & 2.25 \\ \hline
bilayer  &     &     &         &         &         &         &          &          & \\
LDA-D2   & 3.704 &        & 4.742 & 2.405 & 2.437 & 3.812 & 1.54 & 1.63 &  \\
LDA      & 3.71 & & 4.73 & 2.41 & 2.44 & 3.75 & 1.54 & 1.63 & \\
GGA-D2   & 3.748 &        & 4.818 & 2.428 & 2.472 & 3.845 & 1.60 & 1.67 & 2.58 \\\hline
monolayer &     &     &         &         &         &         &          &          & \\
LDA      & 3.73  &    & 4.72    & 2.41  &      &      & 2.16 & 2.30   & \\
GGA-D2   & 3.745 &    & 4.821   & 2.429 &      &      & 2.20 & 2.32 & 3.24 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\label{tab1}
\end{table*}

The results of the atomic geometry optimization of bulk GaSe and few-tetralayer systems are summarized in Table~\ref{tab1}. Bulk $\varepsilon$-GaSe (hexagonal space group $P\bar{6}m2$ $(D^1_{3h})$ with point group $\bar{6}m2$ $(D_{3h})$) contains in the unit cell two Se-Ga-Ga-Se layers rotated against each other (Fig.~\ref{fig1}a). The nanosheets with one and three tetralayers crystallize to the same space group as the bulk $\varepsilon$-GaSe, while the 2TL exhibits a reduced symmetry. It belongs to the trigonal space group $P3m1(C^1_{3v})$ with the point group $3m$ $(C_{3v})$.

The $a$ and $c$ lattice constants of $\varepsilon$-GaSe are underestimated with respect to the experimental values independently of the xc-functional employed. Surprisingly, the LDA bulk lattice constants are on the average the closest ones to the experimental data. Differences are less than 0.01~{\AA}. For what concerns the dependence of in-plane lattice constants with the layer thickness we observe that with the vdW functionals, the $a$ value tends to increase. An homogeneity of the $a$ values with respect to the xc-functional is found in few-tetralayer systems. Going from LDA-D2 to LDA and finally to GGA-D2 the intra- and interatomic distances exhibit the average trend to increase. However, for a given xc-functional the trend with the number of layers is not unique. For LDA a decrease of both intralayer and interatomic distances with the decrease of the system thickness is observed. With vdW interaction the intratomic distances decrease whereas the Se-Se interlayer distances increase with decreasing material thickness. Independently of the xc-functional the Ga-Se interlayer distances remain the same. The found atomic geometries are reasonably well described also in LDA, in agreement with the literature \cite{Rybkovskiy.Arutyunyan.ea:2011:PRB,Zolyomi.Drummond.ea:2013:PRB}.

\subsection{\label{sec3b}Electronic structures}

\begin{figure*}[t]
\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{Fig2_final.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig2}Electronic band structure of bulk $\varepsilon$-GaSe, 3TL, 2TL, and 1TL GaSe as derived from Kohn-Sham eigenvalues calculated by means of two different xc-functionals, (a) GGA-PBE and (b) LDA. The bands are plotted versus high-symmetry lines $M-\Gamma-K-M$ in the 2D hexagonal BZ. In the bulk case also lines A$\Gamma$ and KH along the hexagonal axis and HL and LA on the boundary of the 3D hexagonal BZ are included. Direct (indirect) gaps are illustrated by blue (red) lines. }
\end{figure*}

In order to illustrate the electronic structure of the GaSe systems,  we display their band structures  in Fig.~\ref{fig2} for two different xc-functionals, GGA-PBE and LDA. Despite the neglect of quasiparticle corrections, all the studied systems represent semiconductors, whose gaps increase from bulk to a single tetralayer by more than 50~\% (see Table~\ref{tab1}) because of the electronic confinement effects. Within the HSE06 functional the gap gets increased by about 0.9~eV (also see Table~\ref{tab1}), independent of the confinement. Comparing with the measured gap of $\varepsilon$-GaSe a gap increase of about 1.15~eV should be expected instead. A quasiparticle gap at $\Gamma$ of about 2.34 eV for bulk GaSe, and of  $3.89$~eV for a GaSe 1TL, are predicted  within  GW calculations \cite{Rybkovskiy.Arutyunyan.ea:2011:PRB}. The optical gaps, however, may be significantly smaller especially in the 1TL case, due to the large binding energies of the  excitons in 2D systems\cite{Pulci.Marsili.ea:2015:PSSB,Pulci2012}. This is in agreement with the value of 2.58 eV experimentally obtained from optical-absorption spectroscopy \cite{Rybkovskiy.Arutyunyan.ea:2011:PRB}. A larger optical gap of 3.3~eV as derived from the photocurrent spectrum has been explained by optical transitions from the second valence band to the conduction band minimum \cite{Lei.Ge.ea:2013:NL}.

Bulk $\varepsilon$-GaSe comes out in our calculations  to be a direct gap semiconductor with the lowest optical transitions at the $\Gamma$ point between parabolic conduction and valence bands (see Fig.~\ref{fig2}). The top of the valence band at $\Gamma$ possesses different masses along and perpendicular to the hexagonal axis. All the few-tetralayer systems are indirect semiconductors with gap values in agreement with previous calculations \cite{Rybkovskiy.Arutyunyan.ea:2011:PRB,Ma.Dai.ea:2013:PCCP,Zolyomi.Drummond.ea:2013:PRB}. The uppermost valence band forms a Mexican-hat or camel-back dispersion near the $\Gamma$ point. As a consequence of the strong Rashba contribution to the spin-orbit interaction  the indirect $\Gamma$K $\rightarrow$ $\Gamma$ gap is smaller than the direct $\Gamma$ $\rightarrow$ $\Gamma$ gap (see Table~\ref{tab1}).

\subsection{\label{sec3c}Phonon dispersions}

\begin{figure*}[t]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{cc}
\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{PHfrequency_1ML_LDA_ASRsimple_HighVol.png}&
\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{PHfrequency_2ML_ASRcrystal.png}\\
\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{PHfrequency_3ML_ASRcrystal.png}&
\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{PHfrequency_Bulk_SS.png}\\
\end{tabular}
\caption{\label{fig3}Phonon branches of 1TL, 2TL, 3TL, and bulk GaSe calculated with the LDA xc-functional. The branches are plotted versus high-symmetry lines in the 2D or 3D BZ (see caption of Fig.~\ref{fig2}). }
\end{figure*}

The dispersion of the phonon branches, obtained by means of the DFPT and the LDA xc-functional for LDA-optimized atomic equilibrium geometries, are plotted along the wave-vector path connecting $\Gamma$-$K$-$M$-$\Gamma$ high symmetry points in Fig.~\ref{fig3}, from single tetralayer to three tetralayers, and finally the bulk.

The phonon modes of bulk $\varepsilon$-GaSe can be classified by means of the symmetry of the zone-center modes. The 24 $\Gamma$-modes can be decomposed into four groups $(A^{'}_1 \oplus A^{''}_2 \oplus E^{'} \oplus E^{''})$. Among these, $A^{''}_2 \oplus E^{'}$ are acoustic and $4 A^{'}_1 \oplus 3 A^{''}_2 \oplus 3 E^{'} \oplus 4 E^{''}$ are optical modes. Except for $A^{''}_2$ modes which are only infrared active, all the others are Raman active modes. Out of them, $E^{'}$ modes around 212 cm$^{-1}$ are also infrared active. The corresponding displacement patterns are displayed in Fig.~\ref{fig4}.

1TL and 3TL have the same space group as the bulk, with 12 symmetry operations, while 2TL has a $C_{3v}$ $(3m)$ symmetry with six symmetry operations. Since it is not centrosymmetric, all optical modes are simultaneously Raman- and IR-active \cite{Allakhverdiev.Baykara.ea:2006:MRB}.

The bulk phonon dispersion has three acoustic modes $A^{''}_2 \oplus E^{'}$. The $E^{'}$ mode vibrating in-plane (longitudinal and transverse acoustic) is two-fold degenerate and has a linear dispersion for vanishing wave vector. The $A^{''}_2$ mode is a flexural phonon mode (out-of-plane acoustic mode) which exhibits a peculiar quadratic dispersion near the zone center, typical of layered crystals \cite{Zabel2001} and which can be explained as a consequence of the point group symmetry \cite{Saito1998}. It is the easiest mode to be excited, because of its lowest frequency among all phonon modes and it may be then affected by numerical instabilities \cite{Zolyomi2014PRB}.
Here the three acoustic branches converge smoothly to zero frequency for vanishing wave vector, demonstrating that numerical instabilities have been safely controlled: no soft modes or negative energies appear in the phonon branches of bulk and GaSe nanosheets. We conclude  that not only the bulk $\varepsilon$-GaSe but also the layered systems are dynamically stable, at least, considering small 2D hexagonal unit cells.

Table~\ref{tab3:GaSe_Omega} shows the bulk modes at $\Gamma$ together with their symmetry character. Modes of 1TL to 3TL are also listed, establishing the correspondence of few-tetralayer modes with bulk phonon symmetry representations. For each representation the number of phonon modes reflects the number of tetralayers. From 1TL to 3TL the phonon frequencies only vary of few cm$^{-1}$ because of the weak bonding between tetralayers.

GaSe is a polar material, hence the behavior of the longitudinal optical (LO) modes depends on dimensionality. The dipoles generated by the LO displacements interact with each other through long-range Coulomb interaction. This additional dipole-dipole interacting term causes the splitting between the LO and transverse optical (TO) phonon modes. In  bulk this splitting is independent of the phonon wavevector $\vec{q}$, in particular in the limit of $\vec{q} \rightarrow 0$, we find the LO mode at 242.6~cm$^{-1}$ and the TO mode at 212~cm$^{-1}$. In the isolated single tetralayer this splitting vanishes for $\vec{q} \rightarrow 0$ and in this limit the derivative of the LO phonon dispersion is discontinuous. Here the breakdown of the LO-TO splitting occurs at 213~cm$^{-1}$. Increasing the number of tetralayers the slope of the highest LO mode becomes large and the LO frequency smoothly approaches the bulk limit lifting the degeneracy \cite{Sohier2017NL}.

Turning to the analysis of 1TL phonon band structures, two linear branches, related to in-plane vibrations, a transversal acoustic (TA) and a longitudinal acoustic (LA) one, can be seen in Fig.~\ref{fig3}(a). In addition, a flexural acoustic (ZA) branch is visible for out-of-plane vibrations. The two linear branches have large sound velocities of $\sim$2600~m/s (TA) and $\sim$4300~m/s (LA) in agreement with the experimental values~\cite{Abutalybov1995}. Approaching the $\Gamma$ point the ZA branch has the quadratic dispersion already discussed for the bulk case~\cite{Carrete.Li.ea:2016:MRL}. Immediately above the acoustic branches
low-frequency $E'$ optical modes are present in the bulk (13.6 cm$^{-1}$), 2TL (22.4 cm$^{-1}$)  and 3TL (25.5 cm$^{-1}$). These modes are interlayer shear modes, typical of layered materials, corresponding to the sliding of two adjacent tetralayers (see Fig.~\ref{fig4} upper panel). No shear modes are obviously present in the 1TL case.

\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{Fig4_PHmodes.png}
\caption{\label{fig4} In plane $E'$ and $E''$, out-of-plane $A'_1$ and $A''_2$ normal modes of $\Gamma$ phonons in bulk $\varepsilon$-GaSe illustrated by atomic displacements of two tetralayers per unit cell. For each mode the antisymmetric and the symmetric displacements are shown, except for the first two modes ($E'$, $A''_2$ in the upper panels) where all the atoms belonging to one tetralayer move in the same direction. }
\end{figure}

\subsection{\label{sec3d}Raman and IR spectra}

In the lower frequency range of bulk phonon band structure (see Fig.~\ref{fig3}(d) and Table~\ref{tab3:GaSe_Omega}) at the zone-center of the hexagonal BZ, a bunch of optical modes are found at 13.6~cm$^{-1}$ ($E^{'}$, the shear mode), 54.7 and 55.7~cm$^{-1}$ ($E^{''}$) as in-plane modes and 26.8~cm$^{-1}$ ($A^{''}_2$) as an out-of-plane mode. An in-plane mode in the lower frequency region is experimentally found around 59~cm$^{-1}$ (E'') in Raman spectrum \cite{Lei.Ge.ea:2013:NL}. In the intermediate frequency range we find two Raman active $A^{'}_1$ modes at 127.2 and 129.8~cm$^{-1}$ which correspond to a $A_1'$ dominant peak in the measured Raman spectra at 132~cm$^{-1}$ \cite{Lei.Ge.ea:2013:NL,Rahaman2018} - 134.4~cm$^{-1}$ \cite{Rodriguez.Mueller.ea:2014:JoVS&TB}.
In the high energy region we find eight modes, two of them are $A_1'$ modes at 306.3 and 306.8 cm$^{-1}$, two Raman forbidden modes at 242.9 and 243.6~cm$^{-1}$ (LO modes) and 2 $E^{''}$, 2 $E^{'}$ modes around 206 and 212~cm$^{-1}$ (the latter is a TO mode) respectively. The consequent LO-TO splitting amounts to 30~cm$^{-1}$. Raman measurements reveal an intense peak at 305.2~\cite{Lei.Ge.ea:2013:NL} - 306~\cite{Rahaman2018} - 307.8~cm$^{-1}$~\cite{Rodriguez.Mueller.ea:2014:JoVS&TB} ($A_1'$) and an $E^{'}$ mode at 211~cm$^{-1}$~\cite{Rahaman2018} - 213~cm$^{-1}$~\cite{Rodriguez.Mueller.ea:2014:JoVS&TB}. A peak for $E^{''}$ mode around 208~cm$^{-1}$ appears in experimental Raman spectrum~\cite{Lei.Ge.ea:2013:NL} just for the bulk sample, while a peak at 230~cm$^{-1}$ is measured in single or double tetralayer samples accompained by a shift of about 3~cm$^{-1}$ to lower frequencies in thicker, few-tetralayer samples. The fact that we do not find this mode at such a frequency in few-tetralayer samples supports the hypothesis~\cite{Lei.Ge.ea:2013:NL} that this mode is due to the interaction of few-tetralayer samples with the substrate, i.e. it does not exist in the bulk.

Calculated one-phonon Raman and IR spectra are displayed in Fig.~\ref{fig5} for bulk GaSe and varying the nanosheet thickness. Only zone-center phonons contribute to the spectra.
In the 1TL case only the two $A_1'$ modes are clearly visible. As expected from group symmetry analysis, the twofold-degenerate $E'$ mode at about 213~cm$^{-1}$ shows a finite IR strength.

\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{Fig5a.jpg}\\
\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{Fig5b.jpg}
\caption{\label{fig5}Calculated (a) Raman and (b) IR spectra using the frequencies and intensities from Table~\ref{tab3:GaSe_Omega}. The bulk (red), trilayer (blue), bilayer (green), and monolayer (purple) spectra are illustrated by different colors.}
\end{figure}

Frequencies of Raman and IR modes at zone-center  of the same symmetry are grouped in blocks in Table~\ref{tab3:GaSe_Omega}. The average of the frequencies weighted by the Raman intensities leads to the position of the Raman peaks in Fig.~\ref{fig5}(a).
Independently of the number of tetralayers two strong Raman peaks of $A_1/A_1'$ symmetry appear in the range of $306-309$~cm$^{-1}$ and $127-132$~cm$^{-1}$.
The highest frequency mode is hardly layer-thickness-dependent, while the lowest one slightly decreases with decreasing  layer thickness. Both trends are confirmed by recent Raman measurements~\cite{Rahaman2018}. For what concerns the Raman intensities, in both cases the intensity increases with increasing  layer thickness. In particular, a really intense peak is visible in the bulk Raman spectrum  around 130~cm$^{-1}$. The Raman peak position  around $207-209$~cm$^{-1}$ related to $E''$ modes does hardly vary with the material thickness, in agreement with the fact that they are in-plane modes. The $A^{'}_1$ mode as well as the
IR-active $A^{''}_2$ mode are out-of-plane vibrations and, therefore, more influenced by the interlayer interaction.
Thereby, the highest $A^{''}_2$ mode frequency increases with reduced slab thickness, while its IR intensity decreases.
Whereas the absolute peak positions, in particular for bulk, agree well with measurements, e.g. in Ref.~\cite{Rahaman2018} with deviations of about 1~cm$^{-1}$, and the thickness variation of the lowest $A^{'}_1$ mode are in agreement with the experimental findings, we report some discrepancies for the highest $A^{''}_2$ mode.
We trace back the small differences between measurements \cite{Lei.Ge.ea:2013:NL,Rodriguez.Mueller.ea:2014:JoVS&TB,Rahaman2018} and our calculations to the presence  of a substrate in experimental setups, whereas only freestanding nanosheets are  theoretically investigated.

The IR spectra in Fig.~\ref{fig5}b are less complex compared to the Raman ones in Fig.~\ref{fig5}a. Only a strong in-plane $E'$ peak is visible in the range of $213-215$~cm$^{-1}$. In the bulk case this peak is slightly shifted toward $212$~cm$^{-1}$ close to the peak found in experimental GaSe spectra \cite{Giorgianni.Mondio.ea:1977:JPF}. Interestingly, we also predict a peak related to the out-of-plane $A_2''$ mode close to 243~cm$^{-1}$. However, the observability of the two peaks have to be carefully discussed in terms of ordinary or extraordinary light polarization.

\section{\label{sec4}Summary and Conclusions}

We have performed a theoretical study of 1TL, 2TL and 3TL GaSe nanosheets by means
of density functional theory. For the purpose of comparison the same computations have been done for the bulk $\varepsilon$-GaSe crystal polytype. Three different exchange-correlation functionals have been applied in the ground-state calculations. We found the typical underestimation (overestimation) of the chemical bonding using GGA-(LDA-)based functionals. We demonstrated that the LDA functional delivers the lattice constants in a sufficiently good quality. It can therefore be applied also for DFPT studies of the lattice vibrations. The investigations of the electronic structures clearly demonstrate that the GaSe nanosheets are indirect semiconductors because of a Mexican-hat dispersion of the uppermost valence band, while the bulk system is a direct semiconductor. Quasiparticle effects, in general, and confinement effects in the nanosheets increase the fundamental gaps toward values, which are comparable with experimental ones.

The lattice-vibrational properties are dominated by twofold degenerate in-plane $E$-type modes and non-degenerate out-of-plane $A$-type modes. The phonon band dispersion versus high-symmetry lines in the 2D hexagonal BZ shows that the few-tetralayer nanosheets are also dynamically stable and that the phonon band dispersion of 1TL, 2TL and 3TL exhibits the LO-TO splitting breakdown typical of polar two-dimensional systems. The frequencies, Raman intensities, and IR oscillator strengths allow the construction of Raman and IR spectra in qualitative but also quantitative agreement with available experimental data. This holds for the most intense peaks, in general, but also for the thickness dependence of their peak positions.

\begin{acknowledgments}
E.C.\ acknowledges support by the Programma per Giovani Ricercatori - 2014 ``Rita Levi Montalcini''.   O.P.   acknowledges  financial  support  from the EU MSCA HORIZON2020 project 'CoExAN' (GA644076). CPU time was granted by CINECA HPC center. We thank T. Sohier and C. Attaccalite for useful discussions, A. Zappelli for the
management of the computer cluster \emph{Rosa}.

\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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