text:
Soviet republics
Note: Although the U.S.S.R. was "Soviet Socialist" from its founding, all the republics began as "Socialist Soviet" and did not change to the other order until various dates in 1937. In addition, in the national languages of several republics the word "Council/Conciliar" in the respective language was only quite late changed to an adaptation of the Russian "Soviet" - and never in others, e.g., Ukraine.
Armenian S.S.R.
13 Dec 1922 -  5 Dec 1936  part of the Transcaucasian S.F.S.R.
(see under Georgian S.S.R.)
First secretaries of the Communist Party
19 May 1921 - 29 Apr 1922  Sergey Lukashin                    (b. 1885 - d. 1937)
(executive secretary; from 7 Feb 1922 general secretary)
29 Apr 1922 -    Mar 1923  Askanaz Mravyan                    (b. 1886 - d. 1929)
(general secretary)
Mar 1923 -  6 Jul 1927  Ashot Hovhannisyan                 (b. 1887 - d. 1972)
6 Jul 1927 -  5 Apr 1928  Haik Ovsepyan                      (b. 1891 - d. 1937)
5 Apr 1928 -  7 May 1930  Aykaz Kostanyan                    (b. 1898 - d. 1938)
7 May 1930 - 10 Jul 1936  Agasi Khandzhan                    (b. 1901 - d. 1936)
21 Sep 1936 - 23 Sep 1937  Amatuni Vartapetyan                (b. 1900 - d. 1938)
23 Sep 1937 - 12 Mar 1953  Grigory Arutyunov                  (b. 1900 - d. 1957)
(acting to 6 Jun 1938)
12 Mar 1953 - 28 Dec 1960  Suren Tovmasyan                    (b. 1910 - d. 1980)
28 Dec 1960 -  5 Feb 1966  Yakov Zarobyan                     (b. 1908 - d. 1980)
5 Feb 1966 - 24 Nov 1974  Anton Kochinyan                    (b. 1913 - d. 1989)
24 Nov 1974 - 21 May 1988  Karen Demirchyan                   (b. 1932 - d. 1999)
21 May 1988 -  6 Apr 1990  Suren Arutyunyan                   (b. 1939 - d. 2019)
6 Apr 1990 - 30 Nov 1990  Vladimir Movsisyan                 (b. 1933 - d. 2014)
30 Nov 1990 - 14 May 1991  Stepan Pogosyan                    (b. 1932 - d. 2012)
14 May 1991 -  7 Sep 1991  Aram Sarkisyan                     (b. 1949)
Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee
2 Feb 1922 - 23 Jun 1925  Sarkis Ambartsumyan                (b. 1880 - d. 1944)
23 Jun 1925 -  7 Jul 1928  Artashes Karinyan                  (b. 1886 - d. 1982)
7 Jul 1928 - 14 Feb 1931  Sergey Kasyan                      (b. 1876 - d. 1937)
18 Feb 1931 - 23 Apr 1933  Armenek Ananyan                    (b. 1896 - d. 1958)
23 Apr 1933 - 17 Nov 1936  Sergo Martikyan                    (b. 1874 - d. 1957)
17 Nov 1936 - 29 Jul 1937  Gevorg Anesoglyan                  (b. 1891 - d. 1938)
29 Jul 1937 -  6 Oct 1937  Bakhshi Nersesyan (acting)         (b. 1898 - d. ...)
6 Oct 1937 - 12 Jul 1938  Matsak Papyan (acting)             (b. 1901 - d. 1962)
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
12 Jul 1938 - 14 Jul 1938  Khachik Akopdzhanyan               (b. 1902 - d. 1944)
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
14 Jul 1938 -  1 Apr 1954  Matsak Papyan                      (s.a.)
1 Apr 1954 -  4 Apr 1963  Shmavon Arushanyan                 (b. 1903 - d. 1982)
4 Apr 1963 -  3 Jul 1975  Nagush Arutyunyan                  (b. 1912 - d. 1993)
3 Jul 1975 -  3 Dec 1985  Babken Sarkisov                    (b. 1913 - d. 1999)
6 Dec 1985 -  4 Aug 1990  Grant Voskanyan                    (b. 1924 - d. 2005)
4 Aug 1990 - 11 Nov 1991  Levon Ter-Petrosyan                (b. 1945)
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
(from 1946, chairmen of the Council of Ministers)
21 May 1922 - 23 Jun 1925  Sergey Lukashin                    (s.a.)
23 Jun 1925 - 22 Mar 1928  Sarkis Ambartsumyan                (s.a.)
22 Mar 1928 - 10 Feb 1935  Saak Ter-Gabrielyan                (b. 1886 - d. 1937)
10 Feb 1935 -    Feb 1937  Aram Guloyan                       (b. 1893 - d. 1938)
May 1937 - 21 Sep 1937  Stepan Akopov                      (b. 1897 - d. 1938)
23 Nov 1937 -  8 Nov 1943  Aram Piruzyan                      (b. 1907 - d. 1996)
8 Nov 1943 - 31 Mar 1947  Agasi Sarkisyan                    (b. 1905 - d. 1985)
31 Mar 1947 -        1949  Saak Karapetyan (1st time)         (b. 1906 - d. 1987)
1949 -        1950  Shmavon Arushanyan                 (s.a.)
1950 -    Nov 1952  Saak Karapetyan (2nd time)         (s.a.)
20 Nov 1952 -  5 Feb 1966  Anton Kochinyan                    (s.a.)
5 Feb 1966 - 21 Nov 1972  Badal Muradyan                     (b. 1915 - d. 1991)
21 Nov 1972 - 28 Nov 1976  Grigory Arzumanyan                 (b. 1919 - d. 1976)
17 Jan 1977 - 16 Jan 1989  Fadey Sarkisyan                    (b. 1923 - d. 2010)
16 Jan 1989 - 13 Aug 1990  Vladimir Markaryants               (b. 1934 - d. 2000)
13 Aug 1990 - 25 Sep 1991  Vazgen Manukyan                    (b. 1946)
Azerbaijan S.S.R.
12 Feb 1920 - 23 Oct 1920  Mirza Davud Husseynov              (b. 1894 - d. 1938)
23 Oct 1920 -    Jul 1921  Grigory Kaminsky                   (b. 1895 - d. 1938)
Jul 1921 -    Jan 1926  Sergey Kirov                       (b. 1886 - d. 1934)
Jan 1926 -    Aug 1929  Levon Mirzoyan                     (b. 1897 - d. 1939)
Aug 1929 -    Jun 1930  Nikolay Gikalo                     (b. 1897 - d. 1938)
Jun 1930 -    Feb 1933  Vladimir Polonsky                  (b. 1893 - d. 1939)
Feb 1933 -    Dec 1933  Ruben Rubenov                      (b. 1894 - d. 1937)
Dec 1933 -    Jul 1953  Mir Dzhafar Bagirov                (b. 1896 - d. 1956)
Jul 1953 -    Feb 1954  Mir Teimur Yakubov                 (b. 1904 - d. 1970)
7 Feb 1954 - 12 Jun 1959  Imam Mustafayev                    (b. 1910 - d. 1997)
11 Jul 1959 - 14 Jul 1969  Veli Akhundov                      (b. 1916 - d. 1986)
14 Jul 1969 -  3 Dec 1982  Heydar Aliyev                      (b. 1923 - d. 2003)
3 Dec 1982 - 21 May 1988  Kyamran Bagirov                    (b. 1933 - d. 2000)
21 May 1988 - 20 Jan 1990  Abdurakhman Vezirov                (b. 1930 - d. 2022)
24 Jan 1990 - 14 Sep 1991  Ayaz Mutalibov                     (b. 1938 - d. 2022)
28 Apr 1922 -    Sep 1929  Samed Aga Aliyev                   (b. 1867 - d. 1930)
Sep 1929 - 15 Dec 1931  Gazanfar Musabekov                 (b. 1888 - d. 1938)
15 Dec 1931 -    Jun 1937  Sultan Medzhid Efendiyev           (b. 1887 - d. 1938)
Jun 1937 - 19 Jul 1938  Mir Bashir Kasumov (acting)        (b. 1879 - d. 1949)
19 Jul 1938 - 21 Jul 1938  Mir Teimur Yakubov                 (s.a.)
21 Jul 1938 - 23 Apr 1949  Mir Bashir Kasumov                 (s.a.)
May 1949 -  9 Mar 1954  Nazar Geydarov                     (b. 1896 - d. 1968)
9 Mar 1954 - 23 Jan 1958  Mirza Ibragimov                    (b. 1911 - d. 1993)
23 Jan 1958 -  7 Nov 1959  Ilyas Abdullayev                   (b. 1913 - d. 1985)
7 Nov 1959 - 18 Nov 1961  Saftar Dzhafarov                   (b. 1900 - d. 1961)
Dec 1961 - 25 Dec 1969  Mamed Iskenderov                   (b. 1915 - d. 1985)
25 Dec 1969 - 30 Dec 1985  Kurban Khalilov                    (b. 1906 - d. 2000)
30 Dec 1985 - 22 Jun 1989  Suleiman Tatliyev                  (b. 1925 - d. 2014)
22 Jun 1989 - 18 May 1990  Elmira Kafarova (f)                (b. 1934 - d. 1993)
Apr 1922 -    Oct 1928  Gazanfar Musabekov                 (s.a.)
Oct 1928 -    Feb 1932  Dadash Buniatzade                  (b. 1888 - d. 1938)
Feb 1932 -    Dec 1933  Mir Dzhafar Bagirov (1st time)     (s.a.)
Dec 1933 -    Jun 1937  Usain Rakhmanov                    (b. 1902 - d. 1938)
Jun 1937 -    Apr 1953  Teimur Kuliyev (1st time)          (b. 1888 - d. 1965)
Apr 1953 -  7 Jul 1953  Mir Dzhafar Bagirov (2nd time)     (s.a.)
Jul 1953 -    Mar 1954  Teimur Kuliyev (2nd time)          (s.a.)
Mar 1954 -  8 Jul 1958  Sadykh Ragimov                     (b. 1914 - d. 1975)
8 Jul 1958 - 10 Jul 1959  Veli Akhundov                      (s.a.)
10 Jul 1959 - 29 Dec 1961  Mamed Iskenderov                   (s.a.)
29 Dec 1961 - 10 Apr 1970  Enver Alikhanov                    (b. 1917 - d. 1992)
10 Apr 1970 - 28 Jan 1981  Ali Ibragimov                      (b. 1913 - d. 1990)
28 Jan 1981 - 27 Jan 1989  Gasan Seidov                       (b. 1932 - d. 2004)
27 Jan 1989 - 25 Jan 1990  Ayaz Mutalibov                     (s.a.)
Belorussian S.S.R.
Jun 1941 -    Jul 1944    German occupation; part of Ostland (see Latvian S.S.R.)
Executive secretaries (from 12 Dec 1925, first secretaries) of the Communist Party
9 Aug 1920 - 11 Nov 1920  Vilgelm Knorinsh (1st time)        (b. 1890 - d. 1938)
10 May 1921 - 11 May 1922  Vilgelm Knorinsh (2nd time)        (s.a.)
11 May 1922 - 10 Feb 1924  Vatslav Bogutsky                   (b. 1884 - d. 1937)
12 Feb 1924 - 29 Sep 1924  Aleksandr Asatkin-Vladimirsky      (b. 1885 - d. 1937)
29 Sep 1924 -  5 May 1927  Aleksandr Krinitsky                (b. 1894 - d. 1937)
5 May 1927 -  1 Dec 1928  Vilgelm Knorinsh (3rd time)        (s.a.)
1 Dec 1928 -  5 Nov 1929  Yan Gamarnik                       (b. 1894 - d. 1937)
8 Jan 1930 - 23 Jan 1932  Konstantin Gey                     (b. 1896 - d. 1939)
23 Jan 1932 - 18 Mar 1937  Nikolay Gikalo                     (b. 1897 - d. 1938)
18 Mar 1937 - 29 Jul 1937  Vasily Sharangovich                (b. 1897 - d. 1938)
29 Jul 1937 - 11 Aug 1937  Yakov Yakovlev (acting)            (b. 1896 - d. 1938)
11 Aug 1937 - 19 Jun 1938  Aleksey Volkov                     (b. 1890 - d. 1942)
19 Jun 1938 -  7 Mar 1947  Panteleimon Ponomarenko            (b. 1902 - d. 1984)
7 Mar 1947 -  3 Jun 1950  Nikolay Gusarov                    (b. 1905 - d. 1985)
3 Jun 1950 - 28 Jul 1956  Nikolay Patolichev                 (b. 1908 - d. 1989)
28 Jul 1956 - 30 Mar 1965  Kirill Mazurov                     (b. 1914 - d. 1989)
30 Mar 1965 -  4 Oct 1980  Pyotr Masherov                     (b. 1918 - d. 1980)
16 Oct 1980 - 11 Jan 1983  Tikhon Kiselyov                    (b. 1917 - d. 1983)
13 Jan 1983 -  6 Feb 1987  Nikolay Slyunkov                   (b. 1929 - d. 2022)
6 Feb 1987 - 30 Nov 1990  Yefrem Sokolov                     (b. 1926 - d. 2022)
30 Nov 1990 -    Aug 1991  Anatoly Malofeyev                  (b. 1933 - d. 2022)
1 Aug 1920 - 16 Jun 1937  Aleksandr Chervyakov               (b. 1892 - d. 1937)
7 Jul 1937 - 14 Nov 1937  Mikhail Stakun                     (b. 1893 - d. 1943)
14 Nov 1937 - 25 Jul 1938  Nikifor Natalevich                 (b. 1900 - d. 1964)
(acting to 4 Jul 1938)
25 Jul 1938 - 27 Jul 1938  Nadezhda Grekova (f)               (b. 1910 - d. 2001)
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (from 18 May 1990, chairmen of the
Supreme Soviet)
27 Jul 1938 - 17 Mar 1948  Nikifor Natalevich                 (s.a.)
1 Sep 1941 - 22 Sep 1943    Wilhelm Kube (Generalkommissar)  (b. 1887 - d. 1943)
Sep 1943 -    Jul 1944    Curt von Gottberg                (b. 1896 - d. 1945)
(Generalkommissar)
17 Mar 1948 -  2 Dec 1967  Vasily Kozlov                      (b. 1903 - d. 1967)
2 Dec 1967 - 22 Jan 1968  Fyodor Surganov (1st time)         (b. 1911 - d. 1976)
+ Valentina Klochkova (f)
(1st time)                       (b. 1924)
(acting)
22 Jan 1968 - 13 Jun 1971  Sergey Pritytsky                   (b. 1913 - d. 1971)
13 Jun 1971 - 16 Jul 1971  Fyodor Surganov (2nd time)         (s.a.)
(2nd time)                       (s.a.)
+ Ivan Klimov                      (b. 1903 - d. 1991)
16 Jul 1971 - 26 Dec 1976  Fyodor Surganov (3rd time)         (s.a.)
26 Dec 1976 - 28 Feb 1977  Vladimir Lobanok                   (b. 1907 - d. 1984)
+ Zinaida Bychkovskaya (f)         (b. 1941)
28 Feb 1977 - 29 Nov 1985  Ivan Polyakov                      (b. 1914 - d. 2004)
29 Nov 1985 - 28 Jul 1989  Georgy Tarazevich                  (b. 1937 - d. 2003)
28 Jul 1989 - 25 Aug 1991  Nikolay Dementyey                  (b. 1930 - d. 2018)
25 Aug 1991 - 18 Sep 1991  Stanislav Shushkevich (acting)     (b. 1934 - d. 2022)
1 Aug 1920 - 17 Mar 1924  Aleksandr Chervyakov               (s.a.)
17 Mar 1924 -  7 May 1927  Iosif Adamovich                    (b. 1896 - d. 1937)
7 May 1927 - 30 May 1937  Nikolay Goloded                    (b. 1894 - d. 1937)
30 May 1937 -  8 Sep 1937  Daniil Volkovich                   (b. 1900 - d. 1937)
10 Sep 1937 - 28 Jul 1938  Afanasy Kovalev                    (b. 1903 - d. 1993)
28 Jul 1938 - 28 Jun 1940  Kuzma Kiselyov                     (b. 1903 - d. 1977)
28 Jun 1940 -  7 Feb 1944  Ivan Bylinsky                      (b. 1903 - d. 1976)
7 Feb 1944 - 15 Mar 1948  Panteleimon Ponomarenko            (s.a.)
15 Mar 1948 - 25 Jun 1953  Aleksey Kleshchov                  (b. 1905 - d. 1968)
25 Jun 1953 - 28 Jul 1956  Kirill Mazurov                     (s.a.)
28 Jul 1956 -  9 Apr 1959  Nikolay Avkhimovich                (b. 1907 - d. 1996)
9 Apr 1959 - 11 Dec 1978  Tikhon Kiselyov                    (s.a.)
11 Dec 1978 -  8 Jul 1983  Aleksandr Aksyonov                 (b. 1924 - d. 2009)
8 Jul 1983 - 10 Jan 1986  Vladimir Brovikov                  (b. 1931 - d. 1992)
10 Jan 1986 -  7 Apr 1990  Mikhail Kovalev                    (b. 1925 - d. 2007)
7 Apr 1990 - 21 Jul 1994  Vyacheslav Kebich                  (b. 1936 - d. 2020)
Estonian S.S.R.
6 Aug 1940                accession to the Soviet Union
7 Jul 1941 - 24 Nov 1944    German occupation; part of Ostland (see Latvian S.S.R.)
28 Aug 1940 -        1943  Karl Säre                          (b. 1903 - d. 1945)
1943 -    Apr 1950  Nikolai Karotamm                   (b. 1901 - d. 1969)
(acting to 28 Sep 1944)
Apr 1950 - 26 Jul 1978  Johannes Käbin                     (b. 1905 - d. 1999)
26 Jul 1978 - 16 Jun 1988  Karl Vaino                         (b. 1923 - d. 2022)
16 Jun 1988 -    Aug 1991  Vaino Väljas                       (b. 1931)
(from Mar 1990, chairman)
24 Mar 1990 -    Aug 1991  Enn-Arno Sillari                   (b. 1944)
Dec 1990 -    Aug 1991  Lembit Annus                       (b. 1941 - d. 2018)
(Communist Party on CPSU Platform)
25 Aug 1940 - 29 Nov 1946  Johannes Vares                     (b. 1890 - d. 1946)
5 Dec 1941 - 17 Sep 1944    Karl Sigismund Litzmann          (b. 1893 - d. 1945)
29 Nov 1946 -  5 Mar 1947  Nigol Andresen (acting)            (b. 1899 - d. 1985)
5 Mar 1947 -  4 Jul 1950  Eduard Päll                        (b. 1903 - d. 1989)
4 Jul 1950 -  4 Feb 1958  August Jakobson                    (b. 1904 - d. 1963)
4 Feb 1958 - 12 Oct 1961  Johan Eichfeld                     (b. 1893 - d. 1989)
12 Oct 1961 -  7 Oct 1970  Aleksei Müürisepp                  (b. 1902 - d. 1970)
7 Oct 1970 - 22 Dec 1970  Aleksander Ansberg (acting)        (b. 1909 - d. 1975)
22 Dec 1970 - 25 May 1978  Artur Vader                        (b. 1920 - d. 1978)
25 May 1978 - 26 Jul 1978  Meta Vannas (f) (acting)           (b. 1924 - d. 2002)
26 Jul 1978 -  8 Apr 1983  Johannes Käbin                     (s.a.)
8 Apr 1983 - 29 Mar 1990  Arnold Rüütel                      (b. 1928)
(from 25 Mar 1946, chairmen of the Council of Ministers)
25 Aug 1940 - 28 Aug 1941  Johannes Lauristin                 (b. 1899 - d. 1941)
15 Sep 1941 - 17 Sep 1944    Hjalmar Mäe                      (b. 1901 - d. 1978)
(Erster Landesdirektor)
17 Jun 1942 - 26 Sep 1944  Oskar Sepre (acting)               (b. 1900 - d. 1965)
28 Sep 1944 - 29 Mar 1951  Arnold Veimer                      (b. 1903 - d. 1977)
29 Mar 1951 - 12 Oct 1961  Aleksei Müürisepp                  (s.a.)
12 Oct 1961 - 18 Jan 1984  Valter Klauson                     (b. 1914 - d. 1988)
18 Jan 1984 - 16 Nov 1988  Bruno Saul                         (b. 1932 - d. 2022)
16 Nov 1988 -  3 Apr 1990  Indrek Toome                       (b. 1943)
Georgian S.S.R.
13 Dec 1922 -  5 Dec 1936  part of the Transcaucasian S.F.S.R. (see below)
Executive secretaries (from 20 Nov 1927, first secretaries) of the Communist Party
1 Feb 1922 -    Apr 1922  Mamia Orakhelashvili               (b. 1881 - d. 1937)
Apr 1922 -    Oct 1922  Mikhail Okudzhava                  (b. 1887 - d. 1937)
Oct 1922 -        1924  Vissarion Lominadze                (b. 1897 - d. 1935)
1924 -  6 May 1930  Mikhail Kakhiani                   (b. 1896 - d. 1937)
6 May 1930 - 20 Nov 1930  Levan Gogoberidze                  (b. 1896 - d. 1937)
20 Nov 1930 - 13 Oct 1931  Samson Mamulia                     (b. 1892 - d. 1937)
13 Oct 1931 - 14 Nov 1931  Lavrenty Kartvelishvili            (b. 1890 - d. 1938)
14 Nov 1931 - 31 Aug 1938  Lavrenty Beria                     (b. 1899 - d. 1953)
31 Aug 1938 -  2 Apr 1952  Kandid Charkviani                  (b. 1907 - d. 1994)
2 Apr 1952 - 14 Apr 1953  Akaki Mgeladze                     (b. 1910 - d. 1980)
14 Apr 1953 - 20 Sep 1953  Aleksandr Mirtskhulava             (b. 1911 - d. 2009)
20 Sep 1953 - 28 Sep 1972  Vasily Mzhavanadze                 (b. 1902 - d. 1988)
28 Sep 1972 -  2 Jul 1985  Eduard Shevardnadze                (b. 1928 - d. 2014)
6 Jul 1985 - 14 Apr 1989  Dzhumber Patiashvili               (b. 1940)
14 Apr 1989 -  7 Dec 1990  Givi Gumbaridze                    (b. 1945)
7 Dec 1990 - 19 Feb 1991  Avtandil Margiani                  (b. 1945)
19 Feb 1991 -    Aug 1991  Jemal Mikeladze                    (b. 1936 - d. 2014)
25 Feb 1922 -  4 Jan 1924  Filipp Makharadze (1st time)       (b. 1868 - d. 1941)
4 Jan 1924 -    Mar 1925  Mikhail Tskhakaya (1st time)       (b. 1865 - d. 1950)
Mar 1925 - 14 Jun 1927  Filipp Makharadze (2nd time)       (s.a.)
14 Jun 1927 -    Apr 1928  Lavrenty Kartvelishvili            (s.a.)
Apr 1928 -    Jun 1929  Filipp Makharadze (3rd time)       (s.a.)
Jun 1929 -    Dec 1930  Mikhail Tskhakaya (2nd time)       (s.a.)
Jan 1931 -    Jul 1938  Filipp Makharadze (4th time)       (s.a.)
10 Jul 1938 - 10 Dec 1941  Filipp Makharadze                  (s.a.)
14 Dec 1941 - 26 Mar 1948  Georgy Sturua                      (b. 1884 - d. 1956)
26 Mar 1948 -  5 Apr 1952  Vasily Gogua                       (b. 1908 - d. 1967)
5 Apr 1952 - 15 Apr 1953  Zakhary Chkhubianishvili           (b. 1903 - d. ...)
15 Apr 1953 - 29 Oct 1953  Vladimir Tskhovrebashvili          (b. 1905 - d. 1977)
29 Oct 1953 - 18 Apr 1959  Miron Chubinidze                   (b. 1905 - d. ...)
18 Apr 1959 -  6 Jan 1976  Georgy Dzotsenidze                 (b. 1910 - d. 1976)
9 Jan 1976 - 29 Mar 1989  Pavel Gilashvili                   (b. 1918 - d. 1994)
29 Mar 1989 - 17 Nov 1989  Otar Cherkeziya                    (b. 1933)
17 Nov 1989 - 14 Nov 1990  Givi Gumbaridze                    (s.a.)
Chairman of the Supreme Council
14 Nov 1990 - 14 Apr 1991  Zviad Gamsakhurdia                 (b. 1939 - d. 1993)
(from 15 Apr 1946, chairmen of the Council of Ministers)
25 Feb 1922 -    Apr 1923  Sergey Kavtaradze                  (b. 1885 - d. 1971)
Apr 1923 -    Jan 1924  Polikarp Mdivani                   (b. 1877 - d. 1937)
5 Jan 1924 -    Jun 1929  Shalva Eliava                      (b. 1883 - d. 1937)
Jun 1929 -        1930  Filipp Makharadze                  (s.a.)
1930 -    Jan 1931  Levan Sukhishvili (1st time)
Jan 1931 -    Jun 1937  German Mgaloblishvili              (b. ... - d. 1937)
Jun 1937 -    Sep 1937  Levan Sukhishvili (2nd time)
Sep 1937 -  2 Aug 1946  Valerian Bakradze (1st time)       (b. 1901 - d. 1971)
4 Aug 1946 - 29 Mar 1952  Zakhary Chkhubianishvili           (s.a.)
29 Mar 1952 -  7 May 1953  Zakhary Ketskhoveli                (b. 1902 - d. 1970)
9 May 1953 - 21 Sep 1953  Valerian Bakradze (2nd time)       (s.a.)
21 Sep 1953 - 17 Dec 1975  Givi Dzhavakhishvili               (b. 1912 - d. 1985)
17 Dec 1975 -  5 Jun 1982  Zurab Pataridze                    (b. 1928 - d. 1982)
2 Jul 1982 - 12 Apr 1986  Dmitry Kartvelishvili              (b. 1927)
12 Apr 1986 - 29 Mar 1989  Otar Cherkeziya                    (s.a.)
29 Mar 1989 - 14 Apr 1989  Zurab Chkheidze                    (b. 1930 - d. 2007)
14 Apr 1989 - 15 Nov 1990  Nodari Chitanava                   (b. 1935)
15 Nov 1990 - 18 Aug 1991  Tengiz Sigua                       (b. 1934 - d. 2020)
Transcaucasian S.F.S.R.
30 Dec 1922                accession to the Soviet Union
3 Nov 1922 - 11 Dec 1924  Aleksandr Myasnikyan               (b. 1886 - d. 1925)
11 Dec 1924 -  8 Dec 1926  Sergo Ordzhonikidze                (b. 1886 - d. 1937)
8 Dec 1926 - 27 Nov 1929  Mamia Orakhelashvili (1st time)    (b. 1881 - d. 1937)
27 Nov 1929 -  8 May 1930  Aleksandr Krinitsky                (b. 1894 - d. 1937)
8 May 1930 - 19 Nov 1930  Vissarion Lominadze                (b. 1897 - d. 1935)
19 Nov 1930 - 31 Oct 1931  Lavrenty Kartvelishvili            (b. 1890 - d. 1938)
31 Oct 1931 - 17 Oct 1932  Mamia Orakhelashvili (2nd time)    (s.a.)
17 Oct 1932 -  4 Dec 1936  Lavrenty Beria                     (b. 1899 - d. 1953)
Co-chairmen of the Central Executive Committee
- Line 1 (Armenian) -
16 Jan 1923 -    Jun 1925  Sarkis Ambartsumyan                (b. 1880 - d. 1944)
Jun 1925 -    Jul 1927  Sarkis Khanoyan                    (b. 1877 - d. 1937)
Jul 1927 -    Feb 1931  Sergey Kasyan                      (b. 1876 - d. 1937)
Feb 1931 -    Jan 1935  Armenek Ananyan
Jan 1935 -  5 Dec 1936  Sergo Martikyan                    (b. 1874 - d. 1957)
- Line 2 (Azerbaijani) -
16 Jan 1923 - 26 Jan 1930  Samed Aga Aliyev                   (b. 1867 - d. 1930)
26 Jan 1930 - 18 Jan 1931  vacant
18 Jan 1931 - 28 Jan 1932  Gazanfar Musabekov                 (b. 1888 - d. 1938)
28 Jan 1932 -  5 Dec 1936  Sultan Medzhid Efendiyev           (b. 1887 - d. 1938)
- Line 3 (Georgian) -
16 Jan 1923 -        1927  Mikhail Tskhakaya (1st time)       (b. 1865 - d. 1950)
1927 -        1928  Filipp Makharadze (1st time)       (b. 1868 - d. 1941)
1928 -    Jan 1931  Mikhail Tskhakaya (2nd time)       (s.a.)
Jan 1931 -    Mar 1935  Filipp Makharadze (2nd time)       (s.a.)
Mar 1935 - 27 May 1935  Avel Yenukidze                     (b. 1877 - d. 1937)
27 May 1935 -  5 Dec 1936  Filipp Makharadze (3rd time)       (s.a.)
13 Dec 1922 -  9 Jun 1927  Mamia Orakhelashvili (1st time)    (s.a.)
9 Jun 1927 - 29 Jan 1931  Shalva Eliava                      (b. 1883 - d. 1937)
29 Jan 1931 - 28 Jan 1932  Mamia Orakhelashvili (2nd time)    (s.a.)
28 Jan 1932 -  5 Dec 1936  Gazanfar Musabekov                 (s.a.)
Kazakh S.S.R.
26 Aug 1920                Kirgiz A.S.S.R. within Russian S.F.S.R.
19 Apr 1925                renamed Kazak A.S.S.R.
5 Feb 1936                re-spelled Kazakh A.S.S.R.
5 Dec 1936                becomes Kazakh S.S.R.
5 Dec 1936 -  3 May 1938  Levon Mirzoyan                     (b. 1897 - d. 1939)
3 May 1938 -        1945  Nikolay Skvortsov                  (b. 1899 - d. 1974)
1945 - 22 Jun 1946  Gennady Borkov                     (b. 1905 - d. 1983)
22 Jun 1946 -  6 Mar 1954  Zhumabay Shayakhmetov              (b. 1902 - d. 1966)
6 Mar 1954 -  7 May 1955  Panteleimon Ponomarenko            (b. 1902 - d. 1984)
7 May 1955 -  6 Mar 1956  Leonid Brezhnev                    (b. 1906 - d. 1982)
6 Mar 1956 - 26 Dec 1957  Ivan Yakovlev                      (b. 1910 - d. 1999)
26 Dec 1957 - 19 Jan 1960  Nikolay Belyayev                   (b. 1903 - d. 1966)
19 Jan 1960 - 26 Dec 1962  Dinmukhamed Kunayev (1st time)     (b. 1912 - d. 1993)
26 Dec 1962 -  7 Dec 1964  Ismail Yusupov                     (b. 1914 - d. 2005)
7 Dec 1964 - 16 Dec 1986  Dinmukhamed Kunayev (2nd time)     (s.a.)
16 Dec 1986 - 22 Jun 1989  Gennady Kolbin                     (b. 1927 - d. 1998)
22 Jun 1989 - 28 Aug 1991  Nursultan Nazarbayev               (b. 1940)
11 Oct 1933 -    Jun 1937  Uzakbay Kulumbetov                 (b. 1891 - d. 1938)
Jun 1937 -    Jul 1937  Ismail Salvafeka (acting)
Jul 1937 - 28 Oct 1937  Alibi Dzhangildin (acting)         (b. 1884 - d. 1953)
28 Oct 1937 - 15 Jul 1938  Nurbapa Umirzakov                  (b. 1907 - d. 1947)
15 Jul 1938 - 17 Jul 1938  Salken Daulenov                    (b. 1907 - d. 1984)
17 Jul 1938 -    Jan 1947  Abdisamet Kazakpayev               (b. 1898 - d. 1959)
Jan 1947 - 20 Mar 1947  Ivan Lukyanets (acting)            (b. 1902 - d. 1994)
20 Mar 1947 - 23 Jan 1954  Daniyal Kerimbayev                 (b. 1909 - d. 1982)
23 Jan 1954 - 19 Apr 1955  Nurtas Undasynov                   (b. 1904 - d. 1989)
19 Apr 1955 - 20 Jan 1960  Zhumabek Tashenev                  (b. 1915 - d. 1986)
20 Jan 1960 - 25 Aug 1960  Fazyl Karibzhanov                  (b. 1912 - d. 1960)
25 Aug 1960 -  3 Jan 1961  Kapitolina Kryukova (f) (acting)   (b. 1914 - d. 2002)
3 Jan 1961 -  5 Apr 1965  Isagali Sharipov                   (b. 1905 - d. 1976)
5 Apr 1965 - 20 Dec 1978  Sabir Niyazbekov                   (b. 1912 - d. 1989)
20 Dec 1978 - 14 Dec 1979  Isatay Abdukarimov                 (b. 1923 - d. 2001)
14 Dec 1979 - 22 Feb 1984  Sattar Imashev                     (b. 1925 - d. 1984)
22 Feb 1984 - 22 Mar 1984  Andrey Plotnikov (acting)          (b. 1912 - d. 1991)
22 Mar 1984 - 27 Sep 1985  Bayken Ashimov                     (b. 1917 - d. 2010)
27 Sep 1985 -  9 Feb 1988  Salamat Mukashev                   (b. 1927 - d. 2004)
9 Feb 1988 -    Dec 1988  Zakash Kamalidenov                 (b. 1936 - d. 2017)
Dec 1988 - 10 Mar 1989  Vera Sidorova (f) (acting)         (b. 1934)
10 Mar 1989 - 22 Feb 1990  Makhtay Sagdiyev                   (b. 1929 - d. 2012)
22 Feb 1990 - 24 Apr 1990  Nursultan Nazarbayev               (s.a.)
May 1928 -    May 1938  Uraz Isayev                        (b. 1899 - d. 1938)
May 1938 - 17 Jul 1938  Ibragim Tazhiyev (acting)          (b. 1904 - d. 1960)
17 Jul 1938 - 24 Mar 1954  Nurtas Undasynov                   (s.a.)
24 Mar 1954 - 31 Mar 1955  Elubay Taybekov                    (b. 1901 - d. 1991)
31 Mar 1955 - 20 Jan 1960  Dinmukhamed Kunayev (1st time)     (s.a.)
20 Jan 1960 -  6 Jan 1961  Zhumabek Tashenev                  (s.a.)
6 Jan 1961 - 13 Sep 1962  Salken Daulenov                    (s.a.)
13 Sep 1962 - 26 Dec 1962  Masymkhan Beysembayev (1st time)   (b. 1908 - d. 1987)
26 Dec 1962 -  7 Dec 1964  Dinmukhamed Kunayev (2nd time)     (s.a.)
7 Dec 1964 - 31 Mar 1970  Masymkhan Beysembayev (2nd time)   (s.a.)
31 Mar 1970 - 22 Mar 1984  Bayken Ashimov                     (s.a.)
22 Mar 1984 - 27 Jul 1989  Nursultan Nazarbayev               (s.a.)
27 Jul 1989 - 14 Oct 1991  Uzakbay Karamanov                  (b. 1937 - d. 2017)
Kirgiz S.S.R.
14 Oct 1924                Kara-Kirgiz autonomous oblast within Russian S.F.S.R.
25 May 1925                Kirgiz autonomous oblast
1 Feb 1926                Autonomous Kirgiz Socialist Soviet Republic
5 Dec 1936                separated from Russian S.F.S.R. as Kirgiz S.S.R.
First secretaries of the Communist Party committee
18 Oct 1924 - 17 Aug 1925  Mikhail Kamensky                   (b. 1889 - d. 19...)
17 Aug 1925 - 27 Jun 1927  Nikolay Uzyukov                    (b. 1897 - d. 1937)
27 Jun 1927 - 29 Aug 1929  Vladimir Shubrikov                 (b. 1895 - d. 1937)
29 Aug 1929 -  8 Jun 1930  Mikhail Kulkov                     (b. 1891 - d. 1939)
10 Jun 1930 -    Sep 1933  Aleksandr Shakhray                 (b. 1898 - d. 1949)
Sep 1933 - 22 Mar 1937  Moris Belotsky                     (b. 1895 - d. 1944)
23 Apr 1937 -  7 Nov 1937  Maksim Ammosov                     (b. 1897 - d. 1938)
(acting to 16/17 Jun 1937)
20 Feb 1938 -  3 Jun 1945  Aleksey Vagov                      (b. 1905 - d. 1971)
(acting to 16 Jul 1938)
3 Jun 1945 -  7 Jul 1950  Nikolay Bogolyubov                 (b. 1905 - d. 1975)
7 Jul 1950 -  9 May 1961  Iskhak Razzakov                    (b. 1910 - d. 1979)
9 May 1961 -  2 Nov 1985  Turdakun Usubaliyev                (b. 1919 - d. 2015)
2 Nov 1985 -  6 Apr 1991  Absamat Masaliyev                  (b. 1933 - d. 2004)
6 Apr 1991 - 29 Aug 1991  Jumgalbek Amanbayev                (b. 1946 - d. 2005)
Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee
12 Nov 1924 - 27 Mar 1925  Imanali Aydarbekov                 (b. 1884 - d. 1938)
Chairmen of the Executive Committee (from 12 Mar 1927 Central Executive Committee)
31 Mar 1925 - 16 Sep 1937  Abdukadyr Urazbekov                (b. 1889 - d. 1938)
16 Sep 1937 -  4 Oct 1937  Mikhail Us                         (b. 1896 - d. 1961)
+ Maryam Tugambayeva (f)           (b. 1907 - d. 1986)
4 Oct 1937 - 16 Dec 1937  Sultankul Shamurzin (acting)       (b. 1906 - d. 1938)
16 Dec 1937 - 15 Feb 1938  Ivan Sokolov (acting)              (b. 1897 - d. 19...)
15 Feb 1938 - 15 May 1938  Murat Salikhov (acting)            (b. 1905 - d. 1938)
15 May 1938 - 18 Jul 1938  Kalima Amankulova (f) (acting)     (b. 1915)
18 Jul 1938 - 19 Jul 1938  Ivan Boryak                        (b. 1904 - d. 1941?)
19 Jul 1938 - 22 Mar 1943  Asanaly Tolubayev                  (b. 1896 - d. 1962)
22 Mar 1943 - 14 Nov 1945  Moldogazy Tokobayev                (b. 1905 - d. 1974)
14 Nov 1945 - 25 Aug 1978  Turabay Kulatov                    (b. 1908 - d. 1984)
25 Aug 1978 - 22 Dec 1978  Sultan Ibraimov                    (b. 1927 - d. 1980)
22 Dec 1978 - 10 Jan 1979  Andrey Buss (acting)               (b. 1911 - d. 1980)
10 Jan 1979 - 14 Jan 1981  Arstanbek Duysheyev                (b. 1932 - d. 2003)
14 Jan 1981 -  8 Aug 1987  Temirbek Koshoyev                  (b. 1931 - d. 2009)
8 Aug 1987 - 10 Apr 1990  Tashtanbek Akmatov                 (b. 1938)
10 Apr 1990 - 27 Oct 1990  Absamat Masaliyev                  (s.a.)
12 Mar 1927 - 27 Sep 1933  Yusup Abdrakhmanov                 (b. 1901 - d. 1938)
27 Sep 1933 -  8 Sep 1937  Bayaly Isakeyev                    (b. 1897 - d. 1938)
8 Sep 1937 - 15 Feb 1938  Murat Salikhov                     (s.a.)
15 Feb 1938 - 27 Apr 1938  Ismail Abuzyarov (acting)          (b. 1904 - d. 1938?)
27 Apr 1938 - 19 Jul 1938  Ivan Rebrov (acting)               (b. 1890 - d. 19...)
20 Jul 1938 - 14 Nov 1945  Turabay Kulatov                    (s.a.)
14 Nov 1945 - 10 Jul 1950  Iskhak Razzakov                    (s.a.)
10 Jul 1950 -  6 Mar 1958  Abdy Suyerkulov                    (b. 1912 - d. 1992)
6 Mar 1958 - 10 May 1961  Kazy Dikambayev                    (b. 1913 - d. 2010)
10 May 1961 - 23 Jan 1968  Bolot Mambetov                     (b. 1907 - d. 1990)
23 Jan 1968 - 22 Dec 1978  Akhmatbek Suyumbayev               (b. 1920 - d. 1993)
22 Dec 1978 -  4 Dec 1980  Sultan Ibraimov                    (s.a.)
4 Dec 1980 - 14 Jan 1981  Pyotr Khodos (acting)              (b. 1928 - d. 1989)
14 Jan 1981 - 20 May 1986  Arstanbek Duysheyev                (s.a.)
20 May 1986 - 21 Jan 1991  Apas Jumagulov                     (b. 1934)
Latvian S.S.R.
1 Jul 1941 - 13 Oct 1944    German occupation; occupied Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,
and Belorussia form the Ostland territory (formally
abolished 2 Feb 1945)
25 Aug 1940 - 25 Nov 1959  Janis Kalnberzins                  (b. 1893 - d. 1986)
25 Nov 1959 - 15 Apr 1966  Arvids Pelse                       (b. 1899 - d. 1983)
15 Apr 1966 - 14 Apr 1984  Augusts Voss                       (b. 1916 - d. 1994)
14 Apr 1984 -  4 Oct 1988  Boriss Pugo                        (b. 1937 - d. 1991)
4 Oct 1988 -  7 Apr 1990  Janis Vagris                       (b. 1930)
7 Apr 1990 - 24 Aug 1991  Alfreds Rubiks                     (b. 1935)
25 Aug 1940 - 11 Apr 1952  Augusts Kirhensteins               (b. 1872 - d. 1963)
1 Sep 1941 - 12 Aug 1944    Otto Heinrich Drechsler          (b. 1895 - d. 1945)
12 Aug 1944 -  2 Feb 1945    W. von Borke
(acting Generalkommissar)
11 Apr 1952 - 27 Nov 1959  Karlis Ozolins                     (b. 1905 - d. 1987)
27 Nov 1959 -  5 May 1970  Janis Kalnberzins                  (s.a.)
5 May 1970 - 20 Aug 1974  Vitalijs Rubenis                   (b. 1914 - d. 1994)
20 Aug 1974 - 22 Jun 1985  Peteris Strautmanis                (b. 1919 - d. 2007)
22 Jun 1985 -  6 Oct 1988  Janis Vagris                       (s.a.)
6 Oct 1988 -  6 Jul 1993  Anatolijs Gorbunovs                (b. 1942)
(chairman Supreme Council from 3 May 1990)
(from Aug 1946, chairmen of the Council of Ministers)
25 Aug 1940 - 27 Nov 1959  Vilis Lacis                        (b. 1904 - d. 1966)
27 Nov 1959 - 23 Apr 1962  Janis Peive                        (b. 1906 - d. 1976)
23 Apr 1962 -  5 May 1970  Vitalijs Rubenis                   (s.a.)
5 May 1970 -  6 Oct 1988  Jurijs Rubenis                     (b. 1925 - d. 2004)
6 Oct 1988 -  7 May 1990  Vilnis Edvins Bresis               (b. 1938 - d. 2017)
Ostland
Reichskommissare
17 Jul 1941 - 26 Sep 1944  Hinrich Lohse                      (b. 1896 - d. 1964)
26 Sep 1944 - 13 Oct 1944  Erich Koch                         (b. 1896 - d. 1986)
(nominally to 2 Feb 1945)
Lithuanian S.S.R.
23 Jun 1941                  independence declared
Jul 1941 -    Oct 1944    German occupation; part of Ostland (see Latvian S.S.R.);
independent government allowed to function to 5 Aug 1941
15 Aug 1940 - 22 Jan 1974  Antanas Snieckus                   (b. 1903 - d. 1974)
18 Feb 1974 - 14 Nov 1987  Petras Griskevicius                (b. 1924 - d. 1987)
1 Dec 1987 - 20 Oct 1988  Ringaudas Bronislovas Songaila     (b. 1929 - d. 2019)
20 Oct 1988 -    Dec 1989  Algirdas Brazauskas                (b. 1932 - d. 2010)
(continues as first secretary of Independent Communist
Party to Dec 1990)
Dec 1989 -    Aug 1991  Mykolas Burokevicius               (b. 1927 - d. 2016)
25 Aug 1940 - 14 Apr 1967  Justas Paleckis                    (b. 1899 - d. 1980)
17 Jul 1941 -        1944    Theodor Adrian von Renteln       (b. 1897 - d. 1946)
14 Apr 1967 - 24 Dec 1975  Motiejus Sumauskas                 (b. 1905 - d. 1982)
24 Dec 1975 - 18 Nov 1985  Antanas Barkauskas                 (b. 1917 - d. 2008)
18 Nov 1985 -  7 Dec 1987  Ringaudas Bronislovas Songaila     (s.a.)
7 Dec 1987 - 15 Jan 1990  Vytautas Astrauskas                (b. 1930)
15 Jan 1990 - 11 Mar 1990  Algirdas Brazauskas                (s.a.)
(from 2 Apr 1946, chairmen of the Council of Ministers)
25 Aug 1940 - 16 Jan 1956  Mecislovas Gedvilas                (b. 1901 - d. 1981)
23 Jun 1941 -  5 Aug 1941    Juozas Ambrazevicius             (b. 1903 - d. 1974)
(prime minister, in rebellion)
16 Jan 1956 - 14 Apr 1967  Motiejus Sumauskas                 (s.a.)
14 Apr 1967 - 16 Jan 1981  Juozas Maniusis                    (b. 1910 - d. 1987)
16 Jan 1981 - 18 Nov 1985  Ringaudas Bronislovas Songaila     (s.a.)
18 Nov 1985 - 17 Mar 1990  Vytautas Sakalauskas               (b. 1933 - d. 2001)
Moldavian S.S.R.
2 Aug 1940                Moldavian A.S.S.R. within Ukrainian S.S.R. joined with
Bessarabia (previously part of Romania) to form
15 Aug 1940 - 11 Feb 1942  Pyotr Borodin                      (b. 1905 - d. 1986)
13 Feb 1942 -  5 Jan 1946  Nikita Salogor (acting)            (b. 1901 - d. 1981)
5 Jan 1946 -  3 Nov 1950  Nikolay Koval                      (b. 1904 - d. 1970)
3 Nov 1950 - 16 Apr 1952  Leonid Brezhnev                    (b. 1906 - d. 1982)
16 Apr 1952 -  8 Feb 1954  Dmitry Gladky                      (b. 1911 - d. 1959)
8 Feb 1954 - 29 May 1961  Zinovy Serdyuk                     (b. 1903 - d. 1982)
29 May 1961 - 31 Dec 1980  Ivan Bodyul                        (b. 1918 - d. 2013)
31 Dec 1980 - 16 Nov 1989  Semyon Grossu                      (b. 1934)
16 Nov 1989 -  4 Feb 1991  Pyotr Luchinsky                    (b. 1940)
4 Feb 1991 -    Aug 1991  Grigory Yeremy                     (b. 1935)
3 Aug 1940 - 29 Mar 1951  Fyodor Brovko                      (b. 1904 - d. 1960)
29 Mar 1951 -  5 Apr 1963  Ivan Koditsa                       (b. 1899 - d. 1980)
5 Apr 1963 - 10 Apr 1980  Kirill Ilyashenko                  (b. 1915 - d. 1980)
10 Apr 1980 - 24 Dec 1985  Ivan Kalin                         (b. 1935 - d. 2012)
24 Dec 1985 - 29 Jul 1989  Aleksandr Mokanu                   (b. 1934)
29 Jul 1989 -  3 Sep 1990  Mircha Snegur                      (b. 1940)
(from 27 Apr 1990, chairman Supreme Soviet)
2 Aug 1940 - 17 Apr 1945  Tikhon Konstantinov                (b. 1898 - d. 1957)
19 Apr 1945 -  5 Jan 1946  Nikolay Koval                      (s.a.)
5 Jan 1946 - 23 Jan 1958  Gerasim Rud                        (b. 1907 - d. 1982)
23 Jan 1958 - 15 Apr 1970  Aleksandr Diorditsa                (b. 1911 - d. 1996)
24 Apr 1970 -  1 Aug 1976  Pyotr Paskar (1st time)            (b. 1929)
1 Aug 1976 - 30 Dec 1980  Semyon Grossu                      (s.a.)
30 Dec 1980 - 25 Dec 1985  Ivan Ustiyan                       (b. 1939)
25 Dec 1985 - 10 Jan 1990  Ivan Kalin                         (s.a.)
10 Jan 1990 - 26 May 1990  Pyotr Paskar (2nd time)            (s.a.)
Russian S.F.S.R.
Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee
30 Mar 1919 - 15 Jul 1938  Mikhail Kalinin                    (b. 1875 - d. 1946)
15 Jul 1938 - 19 Jul 1938  Andrey Zhdanov                     (b. 1896 - d. 1948)
19 Jul 1938 -  4 Mar 1944  Aleksey Badayev                    (b. 1883 - d. 1951)
9 Apr 1943 -  4 Mar 1944    Ivan Vlasov                      (b. 1903 - d. 1969)
(acting for Badayev)
4 Mar 1944 - 25 Jun 1946  Nikolay Shvernik                   (b. 1888 - d. 1970)
25 Jun 1946 -  7 Jul 1950  Ivan Vlasov                        (s.a.)
7 Jul 1950 - 16 Apr 1959  Mikhail Tarasov                    (b. 1899 - d. 1970)
16 Apr 1959 - 26 Nov 1959  Nikolay Ignatov (1st time)         (b. 1901 - d. 1966)
26 Nov 1959 - 20 Dec 1962  Nikolay Organov                    (b. 1901 - d. 1982)
20 Dec 1962 - 14 Nov 1966  Nikolay Ignatov (2nd time)         (s.a.)
23 Dec 1966 - 26 Mar 1985  Mikhail Yasnov                     (b. 1906 - d. 1991)
26 Mar 1985 -  3 Oct 1988  Vladimir Orlov                     (b. 1921 - d. 1999)
3 Oct 1988 - 29 May 1990  Vitaly Vorotnikov                  (b. 1926 - d. 2012)
29 May 1990 - 10 Jul 1991  Boris Yeltsin                      (b. 1931 - d. 2007)
8 Nov 1917 - 21 Jan 1924  Vladimir Ilich Lenin               (b. 1870 - d. 1924)
2 Feb 1924 - 18 May 1929  Aleksey Rykov                      (b. 1881 - d. 1938)
18 May 1929 -  3 Nov 1930  Sergey Syrtsov                     (b. 1893 - d. 1937)
3 Nov 1930 - 22 Jul 1937  Danil Sulimov                      (b. 1890 - d. 1937)
22 Jul 1937 - 17 Sep 1938  Nikolay Bulganin                   (b. 1895 - d. 1975)
17 Sep 1938 -  2 Jun 1940  Vasily Vakhrushev                  (b. 1902 - d. 1947)
2 Jun 1940 - 23 Jun 1943  Ivan Khokhlov                      (b. 1895 - d. 1973)
5 May 1942 -  2 May 1943    Konstantin Pamfilov              (b. 1901 - d. 1943)
(acting for Khokhlov)
23 Jun 1943 - 23 Mar 1946  Aleksey Kosygin                    (b. 1904 - d. 1980)
23 Mar 1946 -  9 Mar 1949  Mikhail Rodionov                   (b. 1907 - d. 1950)
9 Mar 1949 - 20 Oct 1952  Boris Chernousov                   (b. 1908 - d. 1978)
20 Oct 1952 - 24 Jan 1956  Aleksandr Puzanov                  (b. 1906 - d. 1998)
24 Jan 1956 - 19 Dec 1957  Mikhail Yasnov                     (s.a.)
19 Dec 1957 - 27 Feb 1958  Frol Kozlov                        (b. 1908 - d. 1965)
31 Mar 1958 - 23 Nov 1962  Dmitry Polyansky                   (b. 1917 - d. 2001)
23 Nov 1962 - 23 Jul 1971  Gennady Voronov                    (b. 1910 - d. 1994)
23 Jul 1971 - 28 Jul 1971  Aleksey Shkolnikov                 (b. 1914 - d. 2003)
+ Nikolay Vasilyev                 (b. 1916 - d. 2011)
28 Jul 1971 - 24 Jun 1983  Mikhail Solomentsev                (b. 1913 - d. 2008)
24 Jun 1983 -  3 Oct 1988  Vitaly Vorotnikov                  (s.a.)
3 Oct 1988 - 15 Jun 1990  Aleksandr Vlasov                   (b. 1932 - d. 2002)
15 Jun 1990 - 26 Sep 1991  Ivan Silayev                       (b. 1930)
Karelo-Finnish S.S.R.
31 Mar 1940                Karelian A.S.S.R. becomes Karelo-Finnish S.S.R.
1941 -        1944  partially occupied by Finnish troops
16 Jul 1956                reincorporated into the Russian S.F.S.R. as Karelian A.S.S.R.
2 Apr 1940 - 25 Jan 1950  Gennady Kupriyanov                 (b. 1905 - d. 1979)
25 Jan 1950 - 27 Sep 1950  Aleksandr Kondakov                 (b. 1908 - d. 1954)
27 Sep 1950 - 16 Aug 1955  Aleksandr Yegorov                  (b. 1904 - d. 1988)
16 Aug 1955 - 16 Jul 1956  Leonid Lubennikov                  (b. 1910 - d. 1988)
31 Mar 1940 - 11 Jul 1940  Mark Gorbachev (acting)            (b. 1902 - d. 1964)
11 Jul 1940 - 16 Jul 1956  Otto Kuusinen                      (b. 1881 - d. 1964)
31 Mar 1940 -        1940  Ivan Babkin (acting)               (b. 1885 - d. 1940)
1940 -    Feb 1947  Pavel Prokkonen (1st time)         (b. 1909 - d. 1979)
Feb 1947 - 24 Feb 1950  Voldemar Virolainen                (b. 1901 - d. 1983)
1950 - 16 Jul 1956  Pavel Prokkonen (2nd time)         (s.a.)
Commandants of the Finnish military administration
15 Jul 1941 - 15 Jun 1942  Väinö Aleksanteri Kotilainen       (b. 1887 - d. 1959)
15 Jun 1942 - 19 Aug 1943  Johan Viktor Arajuuri              (b. 1894 - d. 1961)
19 Aug 1943 -    Sep 1944  Martti Olavi Paloheimo             (b. 1894 - d. 1974)
Tadzhik S.S.R.
5 Dec 1929                Tadzhik A.S.S.R. within Uzbek S.S.R. becomes Tadzhik S.S.R.
25 Nov 1929 -    Feb 1930  Shirinsho Shotemor                 (b. 1899 - d. 1937)
(executive secretary)
Feb 1930 -  3 Nov 1933  Mirza Davud Husseynov              (b. 1894 - d. 1938)
3 Nov 1933 -  3 Jan 1935  Grigory Broydo                     (b. 1883 - d. 1956)
3 Jan 1935 - 16 Jan 1937  Suren Shchadunts                   (b. 1898 - d. 1938)
16 Jan 1937 -  4 Oct 1937  Urumbay Ashurov                    (b. 1903 - d. 1938)
4 Oct 1937 -  5 Jun 1946  Dmitry Protopopov                  (b. 1897 - d. 1986)
5 Jun 1946 - 24 May 1956  Bobodzhan Gafurov                  (b. 1908 - d. 1977)
24 May 1956 - 12 Apr 1961  Tursun Uldzhabayev                 (b. 1916 - d. 1988)
12 Apr 1961 -  4 Apr 1982  Dzhabar Rasulov                    (b. 1913 - d. 1982)
20 Apr 1982 - 14 Dec 1985  Rakhman Nabiyev                    (b. 1930 - d. 1993)
14 Dec 1985 -  4 Sep 1991  Kakhar Makhkamov                   (b. 1932 - d. 2016)
16 Dec 1926 - 28 Dec 1933  Nusratulla Lutfullayev             (b. 1881 - d. 1937)
28 Dec 1933 -    Dec 1936  Shirinsho Shotemor                 (s.a.)
Dec 1936 -    Sep 1937  Abdullo Rakhimbayev                (b. 1896 - d. 1938)
Oct 1937 - 13 Jul 1938  Munavar Shagadayev                 (b. 1898 - d. 19...)
13 Jul 1938 - 15 Jul 1938  N. Ashurov
15 Jul 1938 - 29 Jul 1950  Munavar Shagadayev                 (s.a.)
29 Jul 1950 - 24 May 1956  Nazarsho Dodkhudoyev               (b. 1915 - d. 2000)
24 May 1956 - 28 Mar 1963  Mirzo Rakhmatov                    (b. 1914 - d. 1998)
28 Mar 1963 -    Jan 1984  Makhmadullo Kholov                 (b. 1920 - d. 19...)
Jan 1984 - 17 Feb 1984  Nizoramo Zaripova (f)              (b. 1923)
+ Vladimir Oplanchuk               (b. 1919 - d. 1991)
17 Feb 1984 - 12 Apr 1990  Gaibnazar Pallayev                 (b. 1929 - d. 2000)
12 Apr 1990 - 30 Nov 1990  Kakhar Makhkamov                   (s.a.)
30 Nov 1990 - 31 Aug 1991  Kakhar Makhkamov                   (s.a.)
Mar 1928 -    Dec 1929  Mumin Khodzhayev                   (b. 1897 - d. 19...)
Dec 1929 - 28 Dec 1933  Abdurakhim Khodzhibayev            (b. 1900 - d. 1938)
28 Dec 1933 -    Feb 1937  Abdullo Rakhimbayev                (s.a.)
Feb 1937 -    Sep 1937  Urumbay Ashurov                    (s.a.)
Sep 1937 -    Apr 1946  Mamadali Kurbanov                  (b. 1905 - d. 1976)
Apr 1946 - 29 Mar 1955  Dzhabar Rasulov                    (s.a.)
29 Mar 1955 - 25 May 1956  Tursun Uldzhabayev                 (s.a.)
25 May 1956 - 12 Apr 1961  Nazarsho Dodkhudoyev               (s.a.)
12 Apr 1961 - 24 Jul 1973  Abdulakhad Kakharov                (b. 1913 - d. 1984)
24 Jul 1973 - 20 Apr 1982  Rakhman Nabiyev                    (s.a.)
26 Apr 1982 - 26 Jan 1986  Kakhar Makhkamov                   (s.a.)
26 Jan 1986 -  6 Dec 1990  Izatullo Khayoyev                  (b. 1936 - d. 2015)
Turkmen S.S.R.
13 May 1925                accession to the Soviet Union
19 Nov 1924 -    Sep 1925  Ivan Mezhlauk                      (b. 1891 - d. 1938)
1925 -        1928  Khalmurad Sakhatmuradov            (b. 1898 - d. 1938)
11 May 1928 -    Aug 1930  Grigory Aronshtam                  (b. 1893 - d. 1938)
Aug 1930 - 15 Apr 1937  Yakov Popok                        (b. 1894 - d. 1938)
17 Apr 1937 -    Feb 1939  Yakov Chubin                       (b. 1893 - d. 1956)
Feb 1939 -    Mar 1947  Mikhail Fonin                      (b. 1905 - d. 1974)
Mar 1947 -    Jul 1951  Shadzha Batyrov                    (b. 1908 - d. 1965)
Jul 1951 - 14 Dec 1958  Sukhan Babayev                     (b. 1910 - d. 1995)
14 Dec 1958 -  4 May 1960  Dzhuma Karayev                     (b. 1910 - d. 1960)
13 Jun 1960 - 24 Dec 1969  Balysh Ovezov                      (b. 1915 - d. 1975)
24 Dec 1969 - 21 Dec 1985  Mukhamednazar Gapurov              (b. 1922 - d. 1999)
21 Dec 1985 - 16 Dec 1991  Saparmurad Niyazov                 (b. 1940 - d. 2006)
20 Feb 1925 -    Aug 1937  Nedirbay Aytakov                   (b. 1894 - d. 1938)
Aug 1937 -    Oct 1937  Batyr Atayev                       (b. 1901 - d. 1938)
Oct 1937 - 24 Jul 1938  Khivali Babayev                    (b. 1902 - d. 1942)
24 Jul 1938 - 27 Jul 1938  Allaberdy Berdiyev                 (b. 1904 - d. 1964)
27 Jul 1938 -    Sep 1941  Khivali Babayev                    (s.a.)
Oct 1941 -    Mar 1948  Allaberdy Berdiyev                 (s.a.)
Mar 1948 - 30 Mar 1959  Akmamed Sariyev                    (b. 1907 - d. ...)
30 Mar 1959 - 26 Mar 1963  Nurberdy Bairamov                  (b. 1912 - d. 1986)
26 Mar 1963 - 15 Dec 1978  Annamukhamed Klychev               (b. 1912 - d. ...)
15 Dec 1978 - 13 Aug 1988  Bally Yazkuliyev                   (b. 1930)
13 Aug 1988 - 19 Jan 1990  Roza Bazarova (f)                  (b. 1933)
19 Jan 1990 -  2 Nov 1990  Saparmurad Niyazov                 (s.a.)
20 Feb 1925 -  8 Jul 1937  Kaygisiz Atabayev                  (b. 1887 - d. 1938)
Aug 1937 - 17 Oct 1945  Aitbay Khudaybergenov              (b. 1909 - d. 19...)
17 Oct 1945 - 13 Oct 1951  Sukhan Babayev                     (s.a.)
13 Oct 1951 - 14 Jan 1958  Balysh Ovezov (1st time)           (s.a.)
14 Jan 1958 - 18 Jun 1959  Dzhuma Karayev                     (s.a.)
18 Jun 1959 - 13 Jun 1960  Balysh Ovezov (2nd time)           (s.a.)
13 Jun 1960 - 26 Mar 1963  Abdy Annaliyev                     (b. 1920 - d. 2007)
26 Mar 1963 - 24 Dec 1969  Mukhamednazar Gapurov              (s.a.)
25 Dec 1969 - 17 Dec 1975  Oraz Orazmukhamedov                (b. 1930)
17 Dec 1975 - 15 Dec 1978  Bally Yazkuliyev                   (s.a.)
15 Dec 1978 - 26 Mar 1985  Chary Karriyev                     (b. 1932)
26 Mar 1985 -  4 Dec 1985  Saparmurad Niyazov                 (s.a.)
18 Jan 1986 - 17 Nov 1989  Annamurad Khodzhamuradov           (b. 1935 - d. 2006)
6 Dec 1989 - 30 Oct 1990  Khan Akhmedov                      (b. 1936 - d. 2006)
Ukrainian S.S.R.
Jun 1941 -        1944    German occupation
First secretaries (20 Mar 1925 - 23 Jan 1934, general secretaries) of the Communist Party
15 Dec 1921 - 10 Apr 1923  Dmitry Manuilsky                   (b. 1883 - d. 1959)
10 Apr 1923 -  7 Apr 1925  Emmanuil Kviring                   (b. 1888 - d. 1937)
7 Apr 1925 - 14 Jul 1928  Lazar Kaganovich (1st time)        (b. 1893 - d. 1991)
14 Jul 1928 - 27 Jan 1938  Stanislav Kosior                   (b. 1889 - d. 1939)
27 Jan 1938 -  3 Mar 1947  Nikita Khrushchev (1st time)       (b. 1894 - d. 1971)
(acting to 18 Jun 1938)
3 Mar 1947 - 26 Dec 1947  Lazar Kaganovich (2nd time)        (s.a.)
26 Dec 1947 - 16 Dec 1949  Nikita Khrushchev (2nd time)       (s.a.)
16 Dec 1949 -  4 Jun 1953  Leonid Melnikov                    (b. 1906 - d. 1981)
4 Jun 1953 - 26 Dec 1957  Aleksey Kirichenko                 (b. 1908 - d. 1975)
26 Dec 1957 -  2 Jul 1963  Nikolay Podgorny                   (b. 1903 - d. 1983)
2 Jul 1963 - 25 May 1972  Pyotr Shelest                      (b. 1908 - d. 1996)
25 May 1972 - 28 Sep 1989  Vladimir Shcherbitsky              (b. 1918 - d. 1990)
28 Sep 1989 - 22 Jun 1990  Vladimir Ivashko                   (b. 1932 - d. 1994)
22 Jun 1990 -  1 Sep 1991  Stanislav Gurenko                  (b. 1936 - d. 2013)
10 Mar 1919 -    Mar 1938  Grigory Petrovsky                  (b. 1878 - d. 1958)
Mar 1938 - 25 Jul 1938  Leonid Korniyets                   (b. 1901 - d. 1969)
25 Jul 1938 - 27 Jul 1938  Mikhail Burmistenko                (b. 1902 - d. 1941)
27 Jul 1938 -    Jul 1939  Leonid Korniyets                   (s.a.)
Jul 1939 - 18 Jan 1954  Mikhail Grechukha                  (b. 1902 - d. 1976)
20 Aug 1941 -  6 Oct 1943    Erich Koch                       (b. 1896 - d. 1986)
(Reichskommissar)
Oct 1943 -        1944    Curt von Gottberg                (b. 1896 - d. 1945)
18 Jan 1954 -  7 Apr 1969  Demyan Korotchenko                 (b. 1894 - d. 1969)
10 Jun 1969 -    Jun 1972  Aleksandr Lyashko                  (b. 1915 - d. 2002)
28 Jul 1972 - 24 Jun 1976  Ivan Grushetsky                    (b. 1904 - d. 1982)
24 Jun 1976 - 22 Nov 1984  Aleksey Vatchenko                  (b. 1914 - d. 1984)
22 Nov 1984 -  4 Jun 1990  Valentina Shevchenko (f)           (b. 1935 - d. 2020)
(acting to 27 Mar 1985)
Chairmen of the Supreme Soviet
4 Jun 1990 - 23 Jul 1990  Vladimir Ivashko                   (s.a.)
23 Jul 1990 -  5 Dec 1991  Leonid Kravchuk                    (b. 1934 - d. 2022)
19 Feb 1920 - 15 Jul 1923  Khristian Rakovsky                 (b. 1873 - d. 1941)
15 Jul 1923 - 28 Apr 1934  Vlas Chubar                        (b. 1891 - d. 1939)
28 Apr 1934 - 30 Aug 1937  Panas Lyubchenko                   (b. 1897 - d. 1937)
1 Sep 1937 -    Oct 1937  Mikhail Bondarenko                 (b. 1903 - d. 1938)
Oct 1937 - 21 Feb 1938  Nikolay Marchak (acting)           (b. 1904 - d. 1938)
21 Feb 1938 -  6 Aug 1939  Demyan Korotchenko (1st time)      (s.a.)
6 Aug 1939 - 16 Feb 1944  Leonid Korniyets                   (s.a.)
16 Feb 1944 -  4 Mar 1947  Nikita Khrushchev                  (s.a.)
4 Mar 1947 - 15 Jan 1954  Demyan Korotchenko (2nd time)      (s.a.)
15 Jan 1954 - 28 Feb 1961  Nikifor Kalchenko                  (b. 1906 - d. 1989)
28 Feb 1961 - 28 Jun 1963  Vladimir Shcherbitsky (1st time)   (s.a.)
28 Jun 1963 - 22 Oct 1965  Ivan Kazanets                      (b. 1918 - d. 2013)
22 Oct 1965 -  8 Jun 1972  Vladimir Shcherbitsky (2nd time)   (s.a.)
8 Jun 1972 - 10 Jul 1987  Aleksandr Lyashko                  (s.a.)
10 Jul 1987 - 23 Oct 1990  Vitaly Masol                       (b. 1928 - d. 2018)
23 Oct 1990 -  2 Oct 1992  Vitold Fokin                       (b. 1932)
(acting to 14 Nov 1990)
Uzbek S.S.R.
13 Feb 1925 -        1927  Vladimir Ivanov                    (b. 1893 - d. 1938)
Feb 1927 -    Apr 1929  Kupriyan Kirkizh                   (b. 1888 - d. 1932)
1929 -    Aug 1929  Nikolay Gikalo                     (b. 1897 - d. 1938)
1929                Isaak Zelensky                     (b. 1890 - d. 1938)
1929 - 27 Sep 1937  Akmal Ikramov                      (b. 1898 - d. 1938)
27 Sep 1937 -    Apr 1950  Usman Yusupov                      (b. 1900 - d. 1966)
Apr 1950 - 22 Dec 1955  Amin Niyazov                       (b. 1903 - d. 1973)
22 Dec 1955 - 28 Dec 1957  Nuritdin Mukhitdinov               (b. 1917 - d. 2008)
28 Dec 1957 - 15 Mar 1959  Sabyr Kamalov                      (b. 1910 - d. 1990)
15 Mar 1959 - 31 Oct 1983  Sharaf Rashidov                    (b. 1917 - d. 1983)
3 Nov 1983 - 12 Jan 1988  Inamdzhan Usmankhodzhayev          (b. 1930 - d. 2017)
12 Jan 1988 - 23 Jun 1989  Rafik Nishanov                     (b. 1926 - d. 2023)
23 Jun 1989 -  3 Nov 1991  Islam Karimov                      (b. 1938 - d. 2016)
Chairman of the Central Executive Committee
17 Feb 1925 - 19 Jul 1938  Yuldash Akhunbabayev               (b. 1885 - d. 1943)
19 Jul 1938 - 21 Jul 1938  Usman Yusupov                      (s.a.)
21 Jul 1938 - 28 Feb 1943  Yuldash Akhunbabayev               (s.a.)
28 Feb 1943 - 21 Mar 1943  Poshcha Makhmudova (f)
[+ ...] (acting)
21 Mar 1943 - 17 Mar 1947  Abduvali Muminov
17 Mar 1947 - 21 Aug 1950  Amin Niyazov                       (s.a.)
21 Aug 1950 - 24 Mar 1959  Sharaf Rashidov                    (s.a.)
24 Mar 1959 - 25 Sep 1970  Yadgar Nasriddinova (f)            (b. 1920 - d. 2006)
25 Sep 1970 - 20 Dec 1978  Nazar Matchanov                    (b. 1923 - d. 2010)
20 Dec 1978 - 21 Dec 1983  Inamdzhan Usmankhodzhayev          (s.a.)
21 Dec 1983 -  9 Dec 1986  Akil Salimov                       (b. 1928)
9 Dec 1986 -  9 Apr 1988  Rafik Nishanov                     (s.a.)
9 Apr 1988 -  6 Mar 1989  Pulat Khabibullayev                (b. 1936 - d. 2010)
6 Mar 1989 - 24 Mar 1990  Mirzolim Ibragimov                 (b. 1928 - d. 2014)
17 Feb 1925 - 17 Jun 1937  Fayzulla Khodzhayev                (b. 1896 - d. 1938)
26 Jul 1937 -    Oct 1937  Abdulla Karimov                    (b. 1896 - d. 1940)
Oct 1937 -    Jul 1938  Sultan Segizbayev                  (b. 1899 - d. 1939)
23 Jul 1938 - 21 Aug 1950  Abdudzhabar Abdurakhmanov          (b. 1907 - d. 1975)
21 Aug 1950 - 18 May 1951  Abdurazak Mavlyanov                (b. 1908 - d. 1975)
18 May 1951 -  7 Apr 1953  Nuritdin Mukhitdinov (1st time)    (s.a.)
7 Apr 1953 - 18 Dec 1954  Usman Yusupov                      (s.a.)
18 Dec 1954 - 22 Dec 1955  Nuritdin Mukhitdinov (2nd time)    (s.a.)
22 Dec 1955 - 30 Dec 1957  Sabyr Kamalov                      (s.a.)
30 Dec 1957 - 16 Mar 1959  Mansur Mirza-Akhmedov              (b. 1909 - d. 1971)
16 Mar 1959 - 27 Sep 1961  Arif Alimov                        (b. 1912 - d. 2005)
27 Sep 1961 - 25 Feb 1971  Rakhmankul Kurbanov                (b. 1912 - d. 2012)
25 Feb 1971 -  3 Dec 1984  Narmakhonmadi Khudayberdyev        (b. 1928 - d. 2011)
3 Dec 1984 - 21 Oct 1989  Gayrat Kadyrov                     (b. 1939)
21 Oct 1989 - 24 Mar 1990  Mirakhmat Mirkasimov               (b. 1941)
24 Mar 1990 -  1 Nov 1990  Shukurulla Mirsaidov               (b. 1939 - d. 2012)


text:
Preschool & toddler
The Shape Of Me And Other Stuff
By Dr Seuss (Author)
About the Book :
A new edition of the classic illustrated storybook, ideal for children just beginning to read on their own.
Theodor Seuss Geisel – better known to millions of his fans as Dr. Seuss – was born the son of a park superintendent in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1904. After studying at Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, and later at Oxford University in England, he became a magazine humorist and cartoonist, and an advertising man. He soon turned his many talents to writing children's books, and his first book – And To Think That I Saw It On Mulberry Street – was published in 1937. His greatest claim to fame was the one and only The Cat in the Hat, published in 1957, the first of a hugely successful range of early learning books known as Beginner Books.
About the Book :A new edition of the classic illustrated storybook, ideal for children just beginning to read on their own.About the Author :Theodor Seuss Geisel – better known to millions of his fans as Dr. Seuss – was born the son of a park superintendent in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1904. After studying at Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, and later at Oxford University in England, he became a magazine humorist and cartoonist, and an advertising man. He soon turned his many talents to writing children's books, and his first book – And To Think That I Saw It On Mulberry Street – was published in 1937. His greatest claim to fame was the one and only The Cat in the Hat, published in 1957, the first of a hugely successful range of early learning books known as Beginner Books.
Title : The Shape Of Me And Other Stuff
Author : Dr Seuss
Publisher : Harpercollins
The Sneetches and Other Stories By Dr Seuss Rs.199
The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories (Dr. … By Dr Seuss Rs.199
Bartholomew and the Oobleck By Dr Seuss Rs.499
Discussion:The Shape Of Me And Other Stuff

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


An extensive array of research methods used with the intention of observing consumer interactions with products and services in their natural surroundings. The main advantage to conducting observational research in business is that the consumer are often unaware they are being monitored allowing the researcher to make an objective analysis.
He did a lot of observational research and it showed when he presented us with his findings for the day.
You should try and do a lot of observational research so that you can be as knowledgeable on a topic as you can be.
The focus group session contained two parts: the observational research, in which the specialists simply watched the participants' reactions, and the question/answer session with the participants.


Anonymous Surfing And Internet Security - How Does Anonymous Surfing Protect Me?
HomeAnonymousAnonymous Surfing And Internet Security - How Does Anonymous Surfing Protect Me?
Your URL ask for is then diverted through their intermediary server utilizing its IP deliver to recover the data. There are a few restrictions be that as it may, as the principle downside of this innovation is that the intermediary doesn't enable you to see all locales, all the more explicitly the safe destinations (like SSL). It keeps you from review destinations for saving money and shopping purposes. Further, these electronic redirectors can stop the working of treats or other huge highlights that are must for perusing sites. This innovation consequently enables you to surf the Internet with improved security and protection highlights, as all the non-secure substance can be naturally blocked. In any case, the innovation isn't intended for dynamic clients of the Internet.
Convention Dependent Proxies: introducing intermediary disjoins is another noteworthy method to complete an Anonymous surfing. There are truth be told, a wide scope of intermediaries that are utilized to complete changing exercises. For example, you can utilize web intermediary for perusing, for sending email you can utilize a re-mailer and some more. Be that as it may, the utilization of convention subordinate intermediaries is very normal nowadays. The different conventions - subordinate intermediaries incorporate web intermediary, socks intermediary and SSH burrowing. The principle disadvantage of utilizing this innovation is that they are totally convention subordinate, so the product introduced on your PC ought to have enough intermediary bolster.
A web intermediary is very simple to utilize, simply set your program settings in the IP address bar. It accordingly helps shroud your genuine IP and enables you to do the mysterious surfing. Utilizing these intermediaries doesn't guarantee that no programmer intermediary or government worked intermediaries have been introduced. In addition, it doesn't bolster information encryption approach, so there are generally potential outcomes that your information may get mysterious to some degree.
VPN Tunneling: The abbreviation VPN means 'Virtual Private Network'. It is a standout amongst the best arrangements that, aids unknown surfing. This web innovation is generally utilized by money related organizations, government offices and other expansive co-activities to give security and protection highlights to their information. Other than unknown surfing, these conventions additionally assist you with making a viable use of the Internet. This innovation supports information encryption approach.
Every one of these innovations are convention ward and utilizing them requires high data transmission highlights and costly system types of gear like switches. Basically it provides high security highlights while surfing on the web.


AEQUO advised Dragon Capital, one of the leading private equity investors in Ukraine, on acquisition of a stake in Ciklum.
Ciklum is a leading global IT-company, founded in 2002. Ciklum has 3,000+ developers, designers, product managers and data scientists around the world building tailored digital solutions that leverage emerging technologies.
AEQUO project team included partner Anna Babych, counsels Michael Lukashenko and Sergey Denisenko, senior associates Mykyta Polatayko and Mykhaylo Soroka, associates Anna Litvinova, Viktor Komziuk, Mariia Derechina, and Roman Onyshkevych who advised Dragon Capital on various corporate, antimonopoly, commercial, real estate, intellectual property matters in connection with the transaction.


text:
science + tech
DISCWOMAN: the collective reclaiming dance floors for POCs & women
Post date May 18, 2018
By jamyron goodwin moses
In social issues
If I say electro music you think Skrillex, Martin Garrix, Avicii, Calvin Harris, Diplo or Flume.
You'd be forgiven for thinking EDM is only produced by white men. Most of the time, there are very male lineups: female DJs get just 17% of the bookings, hence why this badass collective is reclaiming dancefloors for the POC and women, who actually represent more than a half of the industry.
Discwoman is a New York-based collective, booking agency, and event platform representing and showcasing female-identified (cis women, transwomen, and gender queer) talent in the electronic music community. The collective was founded in 2014 by Frankie Hutchinson, Emma Olson (aka DJ UMFANG), and Christine McCharen-Tran.
Discwoman highlights both emerging and established artists from around the world. The collective aims to highlight and correct the gender imbalance in EDM clubs and festival lineups.
It all started as a two-day festival in September 2014 at Bossa Nova Civic Club. Discwoman has since produced and curated events in more than fifteen cities and worked with over two hundred and fifty DJs and producers thus far. Since its first event, Discwoman has thrown events with all-female lineups in Boston, Philadelphia, Montreal, Detroit, San Juan, Puerto Rico…
I was booking women guests and my DJ partner is a woman, but I actually thought it was cheesy to market it as a 'women event', but I realized it's important to be outspoken about it instead of pretending we've moved on and that everything's fine–to talk about the fact that it's not.
– Emma Olson, DJ and co-founder of Discwoman
A culture created by queers and people of color now is dominated by the same people who run everything else: straight white males. When safe spaces are lost—as dance music was once was for people of color, women, and LGBT-identified fans—the essence of what dance music is and should be is lost too: a place for everyone.
"EDM, or Electronic Dance Music for short, has become a big and lucrative genre. The once nerdy and uncool phenomenon has become quite a profitable business. Superstars along the lines of Calvin Harris, David Guetta, Avicii, and Tiësto have become the rock stars of today, and for many, the role models for tomorrow. This is though not the case for females. The British magazine DJ Mag has an annual contest, where listeners and fans of EDM can vote for their favorite DJs. In 2016, the top 100-list only featured three women; Australian twin duo NERVO and Ukrainian hardcore DJ Miss K8. Nor is it easy to find female DJs and acts on the big electronic festival-lineups like EDC, Tomorrowland, and the Ultra Music Festival, thus being heavily outnumbered by the go-go dancers on stage. Furthermore, the commercial music released is almost always by the male demographic, creating the myth of EDM being an industry by, and for, men. Also, controversies on the new phenomenon of ghost production are heavily rumored among female EDM producers. It has become quite clear that the EDM industry has a big problem with the gender imbalance." wrote Daniel Lund Hansen in his thesis.*
The old-school conditioning of having to dress a certain way to be 'taken seriously' is still around, and there will always be some idiot claiming you're using your looks, or worse, sexual favours, to get places.
– Nightwave, Glasgow-based DJ
Indeed, not only festivals perpetuate misogynistic imagery but also toxic bro culture in order to attract crowds. Women in EDM are pushed to flaunt their youth, beauty, and sexiness instead of their musical talents. The genre's anti-woman traps are reflected in an undeniable absence of female DJs and producers from "Best Of" lists and lineups.
Hence why, filmmakers Nicole Sorochan and Ian MacKenzie directed Amplify Her, a documentary showcasing some of these up-and-coming women in the EDM scene and focuses on their experiences making and performing electronic music.
* The Underrepresentation of Female Personalities in EDM A Closer Look into the 'Boys Only'-Genre by Daniel Lund Hansen
TagsartfeminismLGBTQ+musicPOC
Nobody dies in Longyearbyen Misconceptions about self love
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The Anagram Of Calspie Is Special!
With the release of 2 Cocksparrer albums we are armed to the teeth this week with great songs from Cocksparrer, Julia K, Anti Nowhere League, The Setting Son and Berry Roll.
Cocksparrer and Luke, Paul is back being out of order, word of the week, those crazy Romans, Tony has your iTunes reviews, Paul has your Myspace comments, Kaylas song, Tony has your PodcastAlley votes!, Scott the Goth is loving the cheap DVD rental, Comedy Suburbs, a last minute Izzatwat saves Tonys day, who the fucks Jacqui Smith?, John Terrys mum, Ad Break: Don't forget to visit GoDaddy.com for all your internet and web hosting needs and quote code punky1 (or punky2 if you are in the UK) for your discount, Paul has some interesting news, buggery, Paul talks about his gigs from last week, Paul takes a call, the Mystery Assistant technically isn't a mystery assistant, Paul wins at drunk Chess, Pauls Game Stew, Pauls possible LA tour, the nightmare bus replacement journey, Tonys International Gig Guide Aaahhhhaahaaaaaa and was this the best show we've ever done?


text:
Trick Daddy Disses Jay-Z, Says Beyonce Can't Sing
Trent Fitzgerald Published: June 25, 2021
Robert Kamau / John Parra / Andrew D. Bernstein, Getty Images (3)
Trick Daddy is getting stung by the Beyhive for recent comments he made about Jay-Z and Beyoncé on the Clubhouse app.
According to Newsweek on Wednesday (June 22), Trick Daddy said that Bey can't sing and that her husband, Jay, is not the greatest rapper alive during a Clubhouse chat this week. Clubhouse is an invite-only audio app that features different rooms that people can join to have open dialogue. Rappers and celebrities often join the conversations as well.
"Beyoncé ain't trying to give back to music, and Beyoncé don't write music," Trick Daddy says before adding, "Beyoncé can't sing."
The Miami rapper-turned-radio personality also claimed that his godmother gave Bey vocal lessons throughout the singer's career. He then declares, "I'ma say my unpopular opinion, Beyoncé is to R&B what Jay-Z is to New York. That's why they together."
As for Hov, Trick said the Brooklyn MC's success is the result of New York City rap fans wanting a mega-superstar after the death of the late Notorious B.I.G.
"Jay-Z ain't never won the greatest rapper alive," Trick expresses. "Whoever put him on the level as that? New York lost Biggie and they needed a hero, they wanted a mega of hip-hop and they just handed it over to Jay-Z."
Earlier this morning, Trick went on his radio show on Miami's 99Jamz and repeated his "unpopular opinion" again about Beyoncé not being able to sing and Jay not being who many consider to be the GOAT of hip-hop.
"It's my unpopular opinion," Trick reiterates. "I said many times on the radio, they are wonderful businesspeople. Jigga made a lot of money. Did I say anything disrespectful? No. Did I call them out they name? No I didn't."
Trick concludes that if you have a problem with people speaking their minds then he feels sorry for those who are offended. But at this point, he's not going to change his viewpoints about the hip-hop couple.
In response to Trick's remarks, the Beyhive is flooding his comment section on his Instagram page with hundreds of the bumblebee emojis.
Meanwhile, fellow rapper Trina, who hosts the Miami radio morning show with Trick Daddy, wants no smoke from the Beyhive. The rap vet jumped on her IG account and shared a video of Beyoncé and Jay-Z slaying the concert stage. "ALL day, Everyday... The Queen," Trina wrote in the caption.
Trick Daddy is certainly feeling the wrath from fans on Twitter. Check their responses below.
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Source: Trick Daddy Disses Jay-Z, Says Beyonce Can't Sing
Filed Under: Beyonce, Jay Z, Trick Daddy
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text:
The dual aims of the Fort St. Helen Garrison are simple: To educate the public about the history of Canada and Quebec, and to instill a sense of duty and civic pride into today's youth.
We do this by preserving the memory of the 78th Fraser Highlanders Regiment (1757-1763). Our Regimental story is a window into our shared history; the student squad, proudly named the 78th, serves as a conduit that provides a link between our past and our present. Through living history displays — pipes and drums; muskets and cannons — we involve the public by inviting them to learn by experiencing history, rather than just reading or hearing about it. Our goals, and our activities, are all supported by the renowned research undertaken by members of the Garrison, whose academic work broadens our knowledge of 18th Century Military History.
Taken as a whole, our mandate is to educate the public, while simultaneously creating an environment that promotes discipline and respect among Montreal's youth. The Garrison supports these goals and programs through various profile and fundraising events. This has been the goal of the Fort St. Helen Garrison since its inception twenty-five years ago. Now, it has evolved into a tradition: One that we will proudly carry forward, year after year, for generations to come.


These day spas were constructed in retail centers in Montgomery County, MD and Pentagon Row, VA. The projects require intricate drywall and framing schemes, extensive plumbing and use of high end finish materials. Elaborate lighting is used to accent stainless steel and stone features throughout.


The way we use the internet is changing and you have to get on board the latest trends if you wish to survive. VPN's have grown in popularity because of this. They are an important tool for navigating it the web if you want to use it to its limit.
The internet has been flooded with malicious websites that try and infect your hardware. Another annoying thing is adverts and how they track your browsing to show you content that seems personalized – as if they were in your head. Everything that you do on the internet can be traced by someone if you are not properly protected. And while you may say you don't go on to these sites and don't download things off the internet and so on, you are always exposed to hackers and others trying to store your information.
I would recommend not to go for a free VPN. It totally destroys the point of using one, because they will substitute the loss of income by storing and selling your personal information (browsing history and credit card details if you have entered them while using the VPN, etc.). It also doesn't have to it you in the wallet if you opt for a paid VPN, it is a lot cheaper to pay for a year or to get a plan that enabled sharing then you can split the cost with friends.
VPN's can be different depending on what its designed for. It can be better for Netflix or has more secure lines, etc. The best overall VPN is Express VPN. They have a 30-day money back guarantee, has access to most countries of all the paid VPN's and it is great for Netflix – it will unlock any countries Netflix! It does not track your browsing and unblocks most torrent sites. It is available as an app on iPhone and tablet and on top of that has a very simplistic user interface. It is available for download from their website and is available on Mac and PC.
The second top VPN that comes to mind is Cyber Ghost. It is not as fast as others on the market, but it does offer a cheaper alternative for those who still want a top VPN. You can have up to 7 users with 7 simultaneous logins. It has access to most countries worldwide and allows you to unlock access to official sites. It also has a no logs policy when you are using their connections and ensures no DNS leaks. They have also been audited by bodies such as the EFF, so you know they are safe to use. lemigliorivpn is a great site to check out for information on VPN's, they have tons of reviews and advice.
Next articleWhy Should You Use Custom Business Signage?


text:
LW church plate is donation
WILLIAM BYGRAVE
LAKE WALES - The Lake Wales Depot Museum someday hopes to have a new collection of religious artifacts from the local area. And they can say it all started with a 10 1/2-inch diameter dinner plate.
Appropriately enough, the plate didn't have far to travel to get to the museum, as it came from the Episcopal Church of the Good Shepherd, just across the tracks from the depot.
The commemorative plate was presented on June 18 by Shirley Waring, on behalf of the church. The occasion for the plate is the church's 75th anniversary year, which was in 2001. And the church wanted to let the museum in on the occasion.
The white porcelain, gold-trimmed plate shows a photo of the church. On the back, the inscription summarizes the church's history.
The plate was a church anniversary project of the "Brown Bag Bunch," the church's senior citizen group. Under the direction of the church's pastor, the Rev. Tom Seitz, the group took up the project during 2000-01.
"The church is always looking for a good excuse for a party and we figured being a church for 75 years is as good an excuse as any," Seitz said. And group coordinator Waring wholeheartedly agreed -- as she presented the plate to museum director Mimi Reid Hardman and curator Lesley Nash.
As an entity that came into being only at the end of the first decade of the 20th century, the history of Lake Wales doesn't preceded the church's history by too many years.
"I know the congregation has been a part of the community from the very beginning," Seitz said. He added that a relative of City Commissioner Alex Wheeler had a hand in helping to start the church.
"She and other ladies of the church were responsible for getting a minister here," he added.
Seitz also noted the parish "is very proud of its deep roots in the history of the community."
The Church of the Good Shepherd encompasses 175 households and has 600 individuals on its mailing list. An average of 225 people come to the church on a typical Sunday.
Describing the makeup of the parish, Seitz won't say it's a liberal church per se, "but we're probably as liberal a congregation as you're apt to find in this community."
He said parishioners "tend to be well-educated folks," that includes "a lot of teachers, professional people and business people. It's a great group, and this is a great place to raise a family."
For those wondering about the inscription on back of the plate, it indicates the church began "at the initiative of a group of ladies in the early 1920's."
For Easter on April 4, 1926, the church welcomed 50 people for worship. A parish hall was added in 1939, and the existing church was finished in 1950. Since then, stained glass windows and a bell tower were added. By 1976, the fountain and courtyard were built. In 1986, the pipe organ was added.
Church facilities are enhanced by the Campbell Building, which is a youth outreach center, and the Kenney Youth Building for youth programs. A thrift shop is the "primary outreach program" for the parish.
Hardman hopes the museum's religious artifacts exhibit will ultimately include church quilts, church pictures, memorabilia from St. Ann's Shrine and commemorative plates from other churches.


"A data file did not close properly the last time it was used and is being checked for problems. Performance might be affected while check is in progress"
How do I stop this annoying message? I have tried repairing the "scan.pst" file. No luck. I have also read it may be a problem with Google Desktop, but I do not appear to have this installed.
Do you mean you ran scanpst to check it for errors? Where is the pst file stored? Are you closing Outlook before logging off of your computer?
Hi. Thanks for your response. Actually I thought I used scanpst.exe but it turns out I tried something else instead. After running scanpst, the problem appears to be resolved. Thanks.
It appears this issue was not resolved after all, even after running Scan.pst.
In answer to your previous question, Jennifer: I hardly ever logoff my computer, but when I do Outlook is always closed.
Any other ideas on this one? Thanks again.


In the past year two full time employees of Europlaz have completed an apprenticeship in Performing Manufacturing Operations.
Luke Gibson has worked at Europlaz for seven years and decided to take on the apprenticeship to expand his knowledge and learn new skills. Since finishing the course he has taken an interest in Injection Mould Setting and is currently completing an in house training programme along side our more experienced setters.
Steven Percival has worked at Europlaz for two years, he started in production before quickly being transfered to the tool room. Today he is an assistant tool technician and is a valued member of the team.
Through the apprenticship Steven discovered he has exceptional maths skills and could be a skilled engineer. This April Steven is going on to start his level two Diploma in Engineering at Chelmsford College. It is a day release course and will really test and expand the knowledge and skills needed in the tool room at Europlaz.
Both apprentices worked very hard during their course and Europlaz is extremely proud to have them on the team and to watch them both grow and develop in confidence as well as in practical knowledge.
We look forward to putting more young people through apprenticeship courses and wish Steven and Luke every success.
Latest news from Europlaz Technologies with articles on staff engagament, a new MRP system and our apprentices.
Europlaz, a fast growing company, requires a people focused and organised HR and Training Manager.
As a medical device manufacturer we are subject to FDA and ISO 13485 regulations which do influence how HR and training needs to be carried out and recorded. A manager with experience of engagement and getting the most for and from a work force would be an advantage.
Part time role with flexible hours to suit – This role has the potential to become full time as the company grows and the department develops. Hours of work can be negotiated to suit circumstances but will need to be at least 20-25 hours per week.
Call 01621773471 and speak to Katy or Emma if you would like further information.
The latest Europlaz Technologies staff newsletter provides information, our latest news and an insight into projects taking place within the company.
UK contract manufacturer of finished devices Europlaz has seen an increase in customers returning from China after the promise of Chinese outsourcing has not quite lived up to the reality.
Europlaz chief designer and project engineer develop products in partnership with the customer, taking into account end user satisfaction as well as efficient manufacturing.
As the Chinese economy grows wages are increasing and this has a huge impact on the cheap prices that once manufacturing in the UK could just not compete with. There is also the cost of visiting and 'checking up' on manufacturing processes in China as quality standards are not necessarily adhered to in the same way as here in the UK.
It is this uncertainty bringing customers back to the UK. Lead times are obviously high when you take into account the distance; a regular supply on a 4-6 week wait is manageable, unless of course there is a problem with stock. One mistake or oversight can mean obsolescent stock, wasting time and money throughout the entire supply chain.
The BPF has published a discussion document entitled 'The UK Plastics Industry: A Strategic Manufacturing Sector'.
The BPF are encouraging comment from the industry for use in further discussions.
Happy Birthday - we all hope you have a great day.
No Christmas cards from Europlaz this year..