text:
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РАКТ L FAMOUS LEGAL DOCUMENTS THEOUGHOUT HISTORY (EXTRACTS)
Hammurabi's Code of Laws (1758 B.C.)
Here is what the inscription on the sacred pillar says:
".Hammurabi, the protecting king am I. The great gods have called me... I am here to reign so that the strong might not injure the weak, in order to protect the widows and orphans, to bespeak justice in the land, to settle all disputes, and heal all injuries, set up these my precious words, written upon my memorial stone, before the image of me, as king of righteousness.
My words are well considered; there is no wisdom like unto mine. Let my name be ever repeated; let the oppressed, who has a case at law, come and stand before this my image as king of righteousness; let him read the inscription, and understand my precious words: the inscription will explain his case to him; he will find out what is just, and his heart will be glad, so that he will say: "Hammurabi is a ruler, who is as a father to his subjects, who holds the words of Marduk in reverence, who has bestowed benefits for ever and ever on his subjects, and has established order in the land."
2. If any one brings an accusation against a man, and the accused goes to the river and leaps into the river, if he sinks in the river his accuser shall take possession of his house. But if the river proves that the accused is not guilty, and he escapes unhurt, then he who had brought the accusation shall be put to death, while he who leaped into the river shall take possession of the house that had belonged to his accuser. j".j
5. If a judge trying a case, reaches a decision, and presents his judgment in writing; if later error shall appear in his decision, and it be through his own fault, then he shall pay twelve times the fine set by him in the case, and he shall be publicly removed from the judge's bench, and never again shall he sit there to render judgement,
6. И any one steals the property of a temple or of the court, he shall be put to death, and also the one who receives the stolen thing from him shall be put to death. [...]
16. If any one receives into his house a runaway male or female slave, and does not bring it out at the public proclamation, the master of the house shall be put to death. [,..]
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2L If any one breaks a hole into a house (break in to steal), he shall be put to death before that hole and be buried,
22. If any one is committing a robbery and is caught, then he shall be put to death, [".]
25. If fire breaks out in a house, and some one who comes to put it out casts his eye upon the property of the owner of the house, and takes the property of the master of the house, he shall be thrown into that self-same lire. [...]
109. If conspirators meet in the house of a tavern-keeper, and these conspirators are not captured and delivered to the court, the tavern-keeper shall be put to death,
112. If any one be on a journey and entrusts silver, gold, precious stones, or any movable property to another, and wishes to recover it from him; if the latter does not bring all of the property to the appointed place, but appropriate it to his own usu, then shall this man, who did not bring the property to hand it over, be convicted, and he shall pay fivefold for all that had been entrusted to him. [.. j
117. If any one fails to meet a claim for debt, and sells himself, his wife, his son» and daughter for money or gives them away to forced labor, they shall work for three years in the house of the man who bought them, or the proprietor, and in the fourth year they shall be set free. [...]
122. If any one gives another silver, gold, or anything else to keep, he shall show everything to some witness, draw up a contract, and then hand it over for safe keeping. [...}
125. If any one places his property with another for safe keeping, and there» either through thieves or robbers, his property and the property of the other man be lost, the owner of the house, through whose neglect the loss took place, shall compensate the owner for all that was given to him in charge. But the owner of the house shall try to follow up and recover his property, and take it away from the thief. [...]
129. If a man's wife is surprised with another man, both shall be tied and thrown into the water, but the husband may pardon his wife. [.-.]
145, If a man takes a wife, and she bears him no children, and he intends to take another wife, if he takes this second wife, and brings her into the house, this second wife shall not. be allowed equality with his wife, [...]
148. If a man takes a wife, and she be seized by disease, if he then desires to take a second wife he shall not put away his wife, who has been attacked by disease, but he shall keep her in the house which he has built and support her so long as she lives. [...]
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165. If a man gives to one of his sons whom he prefers a field, garden, and house and if later the father dies, and the brothers divide the estate, then they shall first give him the present of his father, and he shall accept it; and the rest of the paternal property shall they divide. [.,.]
175, If a State slave or the slave of a freed man marries the daughter of a free man, and children are born, the master of the slave shall have no right to enslave the children of the free, [...]
185. If a man adopts a child as his son, and rears him, this grown son cannot be demanded back again. [..J
192. If a son of a paramour or a prostitute says to his adoptive father or mother: "You are not my father, or my mother/' his tongue shall be cut off. [...]
195. If a son strikes his father, his hands shall be hewn off.
196. If a man puts out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out.
197. If he breaks another man's bone, his bone shall be broken.
198. If he puts out the eye of a freed man, or breaks the bone of a freed man, he shall pay one gold mina.
lf)9. If he puts out the eye of a man's slave, or breaks the bone of a man's slave, he shall pay one-half of its value.
200, If a man knocks out the teeth of his equal, his teeth shall be knocked out. [...]
202. tf any one strikes the body of a man higher in rank than he, he shall receive sixty blows with an ox-whip in public. [...]
205. If the slave of a freed man strikes the body of a freed man, his ear shall be cut off. [."]
229 If a builder builds a house for some one, and does not construct it properly, and the house which he built falls in and kills its owner, then that builder shall be put to death. [...]
232. If a slave says to his master: "You are not my master/' if they convict him his master shall cut off his ear.
The Laws of William the Conqueror (1066—1087)
Here is set down what William, king of the Englishn establishedin consultation withhis magnates after the conquest of England:
1. First that above all things he wishes one God to be revered throughout his whole realm, one faith in Christ to be kept ever inviolate, and peace and security to be preserved between English and Normans.
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2. Wc decree also that every freeman shall affirm by oath and compact that he will be loyal to king William both within and outside England, that he will preserve with him his lands and honor with all fidelity and defend him against his enemies.
3,1 will, moreover, that all the men I have brought with me, or who have come after me, shall be protected by my peace and shall dwell in quiet. And if any one of them shall be slain, let the lord of his murderer seize him within five days, if he can; but if he cannot, let him pay me 46 marks of silver so long as his substance avails [..,]
5. We forbid also that any live cattle shall be bought or sold for money except within cities, and this shall be done before three faithful witnesses [...]
6. It was decreed there that if a Frenchman shall charge an Englishman with perjury or murder or theft or homicide, the Englishman may defend himself, as he shall prefer, either by the ordeal of hot iron or by wager of battle. But if the Englishman be unfirm, let him find another who will take his place. If one of them shall be vanquished, he shall pay a fine of 40 shillings to the king, If an Englishman shall charge a Frenchman and be unwilling to prove his accusation either by ordeal or by wager of battle, the Frenchman shall acquit himself by a valid oath.
7. All shall have and hold the law of the king Edward in respect of their lands and all their possessions, with the addition of those decrees I have ordained for the welfare of the English people. [...]
9.1 prohibit the sale of any man by another outside the country on pain of a fine to be paid in full to me.
10. I also forbid that anyone shall be slain or hanged for any fault, but let his eyes be put out and let him be castrated. And this command shall not be violated under pain of a fine in full to me.
The Magna Carta (1215)
John, by the grace of God King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine, and Count of Anjou, to his archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, barons, justices, foresters, sheriffs, stewards, servants, and to all his officials and loyal subjects, Greeting,
KNOW THAT BEFORE GOD, for the health of our soul and those of our ancestors and hen's, to the honour of GodT the exaltation of the holy Church, and the better ordering of our kingdom, at the
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advice of our reverend fathers Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, primate of all England, and cardinal of the holy Roman Church, Henry archbishop of Dublin, William bishop of London, [,..] and other loyal subjects:
{1) FIRST, THAT WE HAVE GRANTED TO GOD, and by this present charter have confirmed foi' us and our heirs in perpetuity, that the English Church shall be free, and shall have its rights undiminished, and its liberties unimpaired. That we wish this so to be observed, appears from the fact that of our own free will, before the outbreak of the present dispute between us and our barons, we granted and confirmed by charter the freedom of the Church's elections — a right reckoned to be of the greatest necessity and importance to it — and caused this to be confirmed by Pope Innocent III. This freedom we shall observe ourselves, and desire to be observed in good faith by our heirs in perpetuity.
TO ALL FREE MEN OF OUR KINGDOM wc have also granted. for us and our heirs forever, all the liberties written out below, to have and to keep for them and their heirs, of us and our heirs:
(2) If any earl, baron, or other person that holds lands directly of the Crown, for military service, shall die, and at his death his heir shall be of full age and owe a 'relief, the heir shall have his inheritance on payment of the ancient scale of 'relief1, [...]
(3) But if the heir of such a person is under age and a ward, when he comes of age he shall have his inheritance without 'relief or fine.
(4) The guardian of the land of an heir who is under age shall take from it only reasonable revenues, customary dues, and feudal services. He shall do this without destruction or damage to men or property. If we have given the guardianship of the land to a sheriff, or to any person answerable to us for the revenues, and he commits destruction or damage, we wiil exact compensation from him, and the land shall be entrusted to two worthy and prudent men of the same 'fee', who shall be answerable to us for the revenues, or to the person to whom we have assigned them. If we have given or sold to anyone the guardianship of such land, and he causes destruction or damage, he shall lose the guardianship of it, and it shall be handed over to two worthy and prudent men of the same ftfee\ who shall be similarly answerable to us. [...]
(7) At her husband's death, a widow may have her marriage portion and inheritance at once and without trouble. She shall pay nothing for her dower, marriage portion, or any inheritance that she and her husband held jointly on the day of his death. She may
remain in her husband's house for forty days after his death, and within this period her dower shall be assigned to her,
(8) No widow shall be compelled to many, so lung as she wishes to remain without a husband. But she must give security that she will not marry without royal consent, if she holds her lands of the Crown, or without the consent of whatever other lord she may hold them of.
(9) Neither we nor our officials will seize any land ur rent in payment of a debt, so long as the debtor has movable goods sufficienl to discharge the debt. A debtor's sureties shall not be distrained upon so long as the debtor himself can discharge his debt If, fur luck of means, the debtor is unable to discharge his debt, his sureties shall be answerable for it. If they so desire, they may have the debtor's lands and rents until they have received satisfaction for the debt that they paid for him, unless the debtor can show that he has settled his obligations to them- [,..]
(12) No 'scutage' or 'aid' may be levied in our kingdom without its general consent, unless it is for the ransom of our person, to make our eldest son a knight, and (once) to marry our eldest daughter. For these purposes only a reasonable 'aid* may be levied 'Aids1 from the city of London are to be treated similarly.
(13) The city of London shall enjoy all its ancient liberties and free customs, both by land and by water. We also will and grant that all other cities, boroughs, towns, and ports shall enjoy all their liberties and free customs.
(14) To obtain the general consent of the realm for the
assessment of an 'aid' — except in the three cases specified above
— or a 'scutage1, we will cause the archbishops, bishops, abbots,
earls, and greater barons to be summoned individually by letter. To
those who hold lands directly of us we will cause a general
summons to be issued, through the sheriffs and other officials, to
come together on a fixed day (of which at least forty days notice
shall be given) and at a fixed place. Гп all letters of summons, the
cause of the summons will be stated When a summons has been
issued, the business appointed for the day shall go forward in
accordance with the resolution of those present, even if not all those
who were summoned have appeared. [...]
(17) Ordinary lawsuits shall not follow the royal court around, but shall be held in a fixed place.
(18) Inquests of novel disseisin, mart (Tancestor, and darrein presentment shall be taken only in their proper county court. We ourselves, or in our absence abroad our chief justice, will send two
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justices to each county four times a year, and these justices, with four knights of the county elected by the county itself, shall hold the assizes in the county court» on the day and in the place where the court meets.
(19) If any assizes cannot be taken on the day of the county court, as many knights and freeholders shall afterwards remain behind, of those who have attended the court, as will suffice for the administration of justice, having regard to the volume of business to be done.
(20) For a trivial offence, a free man shall be fined only in proportion to the degree of his offence, and for a serious offence correspondingly, but not so heavily as to deprive him of his livelihood. In. the same way, a merchant shall be spared his merchandise, and a husbandman the implements of his husbandry, if they fall upon the mercy of a royal court. None of these fines shall be imposed except by the assessment on oath of reputable men of the neighbourhood.
(21) Earls and barons shall be fined only by their equals, and in proportion to the gravity of their offence. [..,]
(23) Ко town or person shall be forced to build bridges over rivers except those with an ancient obligation to do so.
(24) No sheriff, constable, coroners, or other royal officials are to hold lawsuits that should be held by the royal justices. [...]
(28) No constable or other royal official shall take corn or other movable goods from any man without immediate payment, unless the seller voluntarily offers postponement of this.
(29) No constable may compel a knight to pay money for castle-guard if the knight is willing to undertake the guard in person, or with reasonable excuse to supply some other fit man to do it. A knight taken or sent on military service shall be excused from castle-guard for the period of this service. [...]
(31) Neither we nor any royal official will take wood for our castle, or for any other purpose, without the consent of the owner.
(32) We will not keep the lands of people convicted of felony in our hand for longer than a year and a day, after which they shall be returned to the lords of the 'fees' concerned. [...]
(35) There shall be standard measures of wine, ale, and corn (the London quarter), throughout the kingdom. [.,.]
(38) In future no official shall place a man. on trial upon his own unsupported statement, without producing credible witnesses to the truth of it,
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(39) No free man shall be seized or imprisoned, or stripped of his rights or possessions, or outlawed or exiled, or deprived of his standing in any other way, nor will we proceed with force against him, or send others to do so, except by the lawful judgement of his equals or by the law of the land.
(40) To no one will we sell, to no one deny or delay right or justice,
(41) All merchants may enter or leave England unharmed and without fear, and may stay or travel within it, by land or water, for purposes of trade, free from all illegal exactions, in accordance with ancient and lawful customs. This, however, does not apply in time of war to merchants from a country that is at war with us. Any such merchants found in our country at the outbreak of war shall be detained without injury to their persons or property, until we or our chief justice have discovered how our own merchants are being treated in the country at war with us. If our own merchants are safe they shall be safe too.
(42) In future it shall be lawful for any man to leave and return to our kingdom unharmed and without fear, by land or water, preserving his allegiance to us, except in time of war, for some short period, for the common benefit of the realm. People that have been imprisoned or outlawed in accordance with the law of the tend, people from a country that is at war with us, and merchants — who shall be dealt with as stated above — are excepted from this provision. [...]
(45) We will appoint as justices, constables, sheriffs, or other officials, only men that know the law of the realm and are minded to keep it well. [."J
(52) To any man whom we have deprived or dispossessed of lands, castles, liberties, or rights, without the lawful judgement of his equals, we will at once restore these. In cases of dispute the matter shall be resolved by the judgement of the twenty-five barons referred to below in the clause for securing the peace. In esses, however, where a man was deprived or dispossessed of something without the lawful judgement of his equals by our father King Henry or our brother King Richard, and it remains in our hands or is held by others under our warranty, we shall have respite for the period commonly allowed to Crusaders, unless a lawsuit had been begun, or an enquiry had been made at our order, before we took the Cross as a Crusader On our return from the Crusade, or if we abandon it, we will at once render justice in full [,..j
(54) No one shall be arrested or imprisoned on the appeal of a woman for the death of any person except her husband. [...]
(56) If we have deprived or dispossessed any Welshmen of lands, liberties, or anything else in England or in Wales, without the lawful judgement of their equals, these are at once to be returned to them. [...]
(57) In cases where a Welshman was deprived or dispossessed of anything, without the lawful judgement of his equals, by our father King Henry or our brother King Richard, and it remains in our hands or is held by others under our warranty, we shall have respite for the period commonly allowed to Crusaders, unless a lawsuit had been begun, or an enquiry had been made at our order, before we took the Cross as a Crusader. But on our return from the Crusade, or if we abandon it, we will at once do full justice according to the laws of Wales and the said regions, [".J
(60) All these customs and liberties that we have granted shall be observed in our kingdom in so far as concerns our own relations with our subjects- Let all men of our kingdom, whether clergy or laymen, observe them similarly in their relations with their own men.
(61) SINCE WE HAVE GRANTED ALL THESE THINGS for God, for the better ordering of our kingdom, and to allay the discord that has arisen between us and our barons, and since we desire that they shall be enjoyed in their entirety, with lasting strength, for ever, we give and grant to the barons the following security:
The barons shall elect twenty-five of their number to keep, and cause to be observed with all their might, the peace and liberties granted and confirmed to them by this charter.
If we, our chief justice, our officials, or any of our servants offend in any respect against any man, or transgress any of the articles of the peace or of this security, and the offence is made known to four of the said twenty-five barons, they shall come to us — or in our absence from the kingdom to the chief justice — to declare it and claim immediate redress. If we, or in our absence abroad the chief justice, make no redress within forty days, reckoning from the day on which the offence was declared to us or to him, the four barons shall refer the matter to the rest of the twenty-five barons» who may distrain upon and assail us in every way possible, with the support of the whole community of the land, by seizing our castles, lands, possessions, or anything else saving only our own person and those of the queen and our children, until they have secured such redress as they have determined upon.
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Having secured the redress, they may then resume their normal obedience to us<
[...] If one of the twenty-five barons dies or leaves the country, or is prevented in any other way from discharging his duties, the rest of them shall choose another baron in his place, at their discretion, who shall be duly sworn in as they were.
In the event of disagreement among the twenty-five barons on any matter referred to them for decision, the verdict of the majority present shall have the same validity as a unanimous verdict of the whole twenty-five, whether these were all present or some of those summoned were unwilling or unable to appear.
The twenty-five barons shall swear to obey all the above articles faithfully, and shall cause them to be obeyed by others to the best of their power,
[...] (62) We have remitted and pardoned fully to all men any ill-will, hurt, or grudges that have arisen between us and our subjects, whether clergy or laymen, since the beginning of the dispute. We have in addition remitted fully, and for our own part have also pardoned, to all clergy and laymen any offences committed as a result of the said dispute between Easter in the sixteenth year of our reign (i.e. 1215) and the restoration of peace*
[..,] (63) IT IS ACCORDINGLY OUR WISH AND COMMAND that the English Church shall be free, and that men in uur kingdom shall have and keep all these liberties, rights, and concessions, well and peaceably in their fullness and entirety for them and their heirs, of us and our heirs, in all things and all places for ever.
Both we and the barons have sworn that all this shall be observed in good faith and without deceit. Witness the above mentioned people and many others.
Given by our hand in the meadow that is called Runnymede, between Windsor and Staines, on the fifteenth day of June in the seventeenth year of our reign (ie. 1215: the new regnai year began on 28 May).
-The Petition of Right (1628)
To the King's most excellent majesty
HUMBLY shew unto our sovereign lord the King, the lords Spiritual and temporal, and commons in parliament assembled, That whereas it is declared and enacted by a statute made in the time
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of the reign of King Edward the First commonly called Statutum de tallagio поп concedendo, That no tallage or aid shall be laid or levied by the King or his heirs in this realm, without the good will and assent of the archbishops, bishops, earls, barons, knights, burgesses, and other freemen of the commonalty of this realm; (2) and by authority of parliament holden in the five and twentieth year of the reign of King Edward the Third, it is declared and enacted, That from thenceforth no person should be compelled to make any loans to the King against his will, because such loans were against reason and the franchise of the land; (3) and by other laws of this realm it is provided, That none should be charged by any charge or imposition called a benevolence, nor by such like charge; (4) by which the statutes before mentioned, and other the good laws and statutes of this realm, your subjects have inherited this freedom, That they should not be compelled to contribute to any tax, tallage, aid or other like charge not set by common consent in parliament
II. Yet nevertheless, of late divers commissions directed to sundry commissioners in several counties, with instructions, have issued; by means whereof your people have been in divers places assembled, and required to lend certain sums of money unto your Majesty, and many of them, upon their refusal so to do, have had an oath administered unto them not warrantable by the laws or statutes of this realm, and have been constrained to become bound to make appearance and give attendance before your privy council and in other places, and others of them have been therefore imprisoned, confined, and sundry other ways molested and disquieted; (2) and divers other charges have been laid and levied upon your people in several counties by lord lieutenants, deputy lieutenants, commissioners for musters, justices of peace and others, by command or direction from your Majesty, or your privy council, against the laws and free customs of the realm.
III. And where also by the statute called The Great Charter of the liberties of England, it is declared and enacted, That no freeman may be taken or imprisoned, or be diseased of his freehold or liberties, or his free customs, or be outlawed or exiled, or in manner destroyed, but by the lawful judgment of his peers, or by the law of the land.
IV. And in the eight and twentieth year of the reign of King Edward the Third, it was declared and enacted by authority of parliament, That no man of what estate or condition that he be, should be put out of his land or tenements, nor taken, nor
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imprisoned, nor disherited, nor put to death without being brought to answer by due process of law;
V- Nevertheless against the tenor of the said statutes, and other the good laws and statutes of yc?ur realm to that end provided, divers of your subjects have of late been imprisoned without any cause shewed; (2) and when for their'deliverance they were brought before your justices by your Majesty's writs of Habeas Corpus, there to undergo and receive as the court should order, and their keepers commanded to certify the causes of their detainer, no cause was certified, but that they were detained by your Majesty's special command, signified by the lords of your privy council, and yet were returned back to several prisons, without being charged with any tiling to which they might make answer according to the law:
VI. And whereas of late great companies of soldiers and mariners have been dispersed into divers counties of the realm, and the inhabitants against their wills have been compelled to receive them into their houses, and there to suffer them to sojourn, against the laws and customs of this realm, and to the great grievance and vexation of the people:
VII And whereas also by authority of parliament, in the five and twentieth year of the reign o£ King Edward the Third, it is declared and enacted, That no man should be forejudged of life or limb against the form of the great charter and the law of the land; (2) and by the said great charter and other the laws and statutes of this your realm, no man ought to be adjudged to death but by the laws established in this your realm, either by the customs of the same realm, or by acts of parliament: (3) and whereas no offender of what kind soever is exempted from the proceedings to be used, and punishments to be inflicted by the laws and statutes of this your realm: nevertheless of late time divers commissions under your Majesty's great seal have issued forth, by which certain persons have been assigned and appointed commissioners with power and authority to proceed within the land, according to the justice of martial law, against such soldiers or mariners, or other dissolute persons joining with them, as should commit ^ny murder, robbery, felony, mutiny or other outrage or misdemeanor whatsoever, and by such summary course and order as is agreeable to martial law, and as is used in armies in time of war, to proceed to the trial and condemnation of such offenders, and them to cause to be executed and put to death according to the law martial:
VIH By pretext whereof some of your Majesty's subjects have been by some of the said commissioners put to death, when and
where, it by the laws and statutes of the land they had deserved death, by the same laws and statutes also they might, and by no other ought to have been judged and executed:
IX. And also sundry grievous offenders, by colour thereof claiming an exemption, have escaped the punishments due to them by the laws and statutes of this your realm, by reason that divers of your officers and ministers of justice have unjustly refused ur forborn to proceed against such offenders according to the same laws and statutes, upon pretence that the said offenders were punishable only by martial law, and by authority of such commissions as aforesaid: (2} which commissions, and all other of like nature, are wholly and directly contrary to the said laws and statutes of this your realm:
X- They do therefore humbly pray your most excellent Majesty, That no man hereafter be compelled to make or yield any gift, loan, benevolence, tax, or such-like charge, without common consent by act of parliament; (2) and that none be called to make answer, or take such oath, or to give attendance, or be confined, or otherwise molested or disquieted concerning the same, or for refusal thereof; (3) and that no freeman, in any such manner as is before-mentioned, be imprisoned or detained; (4) and that your Majesty would be pleased to remove the said soldiers and manners, and that your people may not be so burdened in time to come; (5) and that the aforesaid commissions, for proceeding by martial law, may be revoked and annulled; and that hereafter no commissions of like nature may issue forth to any person or persons whatsoever to be executed as aforesaid, lest by colour of them any of your Majesty's subjects be destroyed, or put to death contrary to the laws and franchise of the land.
XL All which they most humbly pray of your most excellent Majesty as their rights and liberties, according to the laws and statutes of this realm; and that your Majesty would also vouchsafe to declare, That the awards, doings and proceedings, to the prejudice of your people in any of the premises, shall not be drawn hereafter into consequence or example; (2) and that your Majesty would be also graciously pleased, for the further comfort and safety of your people, to declare your royal will and pleasure, That in the things aforesaid all your officers and ministers shall serve you according to the laws and statutes of this realm, as they tender the honour of your Majesty, and the prosperity of this kingdom. Qua quidem petitione lecta & plenius intellecta per dictum dominion regem talitei' est respoTisum in pleno parliamento, viz. Soit droit fait come est desire.
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The English BUI of Rights (1689)
An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown
Whereas the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons assembled at Westminster, lawfully, fully and freely representing all the estates of the people of this realm, did upon the thirteenth day of February in the year of our Lord one thousand six hundred eighty-nine present Link) their Majesties, then called and known by the names and style of William and Mary, prince and princess of Orange, being present in their proper persons, a certain declaration in writing made by the said Lords and Commons in the words following:
Whereas the late King James the Second, by the assistance of diverse evil counsellors, judges and ministers employed by him, did endeavour to subvert and extirpate the Protestant religion and the laws and liberties of this kingdom;
By assuming and exercising a power of dispensing with and suspending of laws and the execution of laws without consent of Parliament;
By levying money for and to the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative for other time and in other manner than the same was granted by Parliament;
By raising and keeping a standing army within this kingdom in time of peace without consent of Parliament, and quartering soldiers contrary to law;
By causing several good subjects being Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when papists were both armed and employed contrary to law;
By violating the freedom of election of members to serve in Parliament;
And whereas of late years partial corrupt and unqualified persons have been returned and served on juries in trials, and particularly diverse jurors in trials for high treason which were not freeholders;
And excessive bail hath been required of persons committed in criminal cases to elude the benefit of the laws made for the liberty of the subjects;
And excessive fines have been imposed; And illegal and cruel punishments inflicted;
All which are utterly and directly contrary to the known laws and statutes and freedom of this realm;
And whereas the said late King James the Second having abdicated the government and the throne being thereby vacant, his
200 <Fust English* Английски» дли юристов
Highness the prince of Orange1 (whom it hath pleased Almighty God to make the glorious instrument of delivering this kingdom from popery and arbitrary power) did {by the advice of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and divers principal persons of the Commons) cause letters to be written to the Lords Spiritual and Temporal being Protestants, and other letters to the several counties, cities, universities, boroughs- and cinque ports, for the choosing of such persons to represent them as were of right to be sent to Parliament, to meet and sit at Westminster upon the two and twentieth day nf January in this year one thousand six hundred eighty and eight [old style datej, in order to such an establishment as that their religion, laws and liberties might not again be in danger of being subverted, upon which letters elections having been accordingly made [,..]
And thereupon the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons, pursuant to their respective letters and elections, being now assembled in a full and free representative of this nation, taking into their most serious consideration the best means for attaining the ends aforesaid, do in the first place (as their ancestors in like case have usually done) for the vindicating and asserting their ancient rights and liberties declare:
That the pretended power of suspending the laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal;
That levying money for or to the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative, without grant of Parliament, for longer time, or in other manner than the same is or shall be granted, is illegal;
That it is the right of the subjects to petition the king, and all commitments and prosecutions lor such petitioning are illegal;
That the raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with consent of Parliament, is against law;
That the subjects which are Protestants may have arms for their defence suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law;
That election of members of Parliament ought to be free;
That the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court .or place out of Parliament;
That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted;
And that for redress of all grievances, and for the amending, strengthening and preserving of the laws, Parliaments ought to be held frequently.
Header. Part I
And they do claim, demand and insist upon all and singular the premises as their undoubted rights and liberties, and that no declarations, judgments, doings or proceedings to the prejudice of the people in any of the said premises ought in any wise to be drawn hereafter into consequence or example; to which demand of their rights they are particularly encouraged by the declaration of his Highness the prince of Orange as being the only means for obtaining a full redress and remedy therein. Having therefore an entire confidence that his said Highness the prince of Orange will perfect the deliverance so far advanced by him, and will still preserve them from the violation of their rights which they have here asserted, and from all other attempts upon their religion, rights and liberties, the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons assembled at Westminster do resolve that William and Mary, prince and princess of Orange, be and be declared king and queen of England, France and Ireland and the dominions thereunto belonging, to hold the crown and royal dignity of the said kingdoms and dominions to them, the said prince and princess, during their lives and the life of the survivor to them, and that the sole and full exercise of the regal power be only in and executed by the said prince of Orange in the names of th^ said prince and princess during their joint lives, and after their deceases the said crown and royal dignity of the same kingdoms and dominions to be to the heirs of the body of the said princess, and for default of such issue to the Princess Anne of Denmark and the heirs of her body, and for default of such issue to the heirs of the body of the said prince of Orange. And the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons do pray the said prince and princess to accept the same accordingly.
"Upon which then4 said Majesties did accept the crown and royal dignity of the kingdoms of England, Franrp zr\d Ireland, and the dominions thereunto belonging, according to the resolution and desire of the said Lords and Commons contained in the said declaration,
And thereupon their Majesties were pleased that the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons, being the two Houses of Parliament, should continue to sits and with their Majesties3 royal concurrence make effectual provision for the settlement of the religion, laws and liberties of this kingdom, so that the same for the future might not be in danger again of being subverted, to which the said Lords Spii'itual and Temporal and Commons did agree, and proceed to act accordingly.
And the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons, seriously considering how it hath pleased Almighty God in his
marvellous providence and merciful goodness to this nation to provide and preserve their said Majesties' royal persons most happily to reign over us upon the throne of their ancestors, for which they render unto him from the bottom of their hearts their humblest thanks and praises, do truly, firmly, assuredly and in the sincerity of their hearts think, and do hereby recognize, acknowledge and declare, that King James the Second having abdicated the government, and their Majesties having accepted the crown and royal dignity as aforesaid, their said Majesties did become, were, are and of right ought to be by the laws of this realm our sovereign liege lord and lady, king and queen of England, France and Ireland and the dominions thereunto belonging in and to whose princely persons the royal state, crown and dignity of the said realms with all honours, stylos, titles, regalities, prerogatives, powers, jurisdictions and authorities to the same belonging and appertaining are most fully, rightfully and entirely invested and incorporated, united and annexed.
And for preventing all questions and divisions in this realm by reason of any pretended titles to the crown, and for preserving a certainty in the succession thereof, in and upon which the unity, peace, tranquility and safety of this nation doth under God wholly consist and depend, the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons do beseech their Majesties that it may be enacted, established and declared, that the crown and regal government of the said kingdoms and dominions, with all and singular the premises thereunto belonging and appertaining, shall be and continue to their said Majesties and the survivor of them during their lives and the life of the survivor of them, and that the entire, perfect and full exercise of the regal power and government be only in and executed by his Majesty in the names of both their Majesties during their joint lives; and after their deceases the said crown and premises shall be and remain to the heirs of the body of her Majesty, and for default of such issue to her Royal Highness the Princess Anne of Denmark and the heirs of the body of his said Majesty; and thereunto the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons do in the name of all the people aforesaid most humbly and faithfully submit themselves, their heirs and posterities for ever, and do faithfully promise that they will stand to, maintain and defend their said Majesties, and also the limitation and succession of the crown herein specified and contained, to the utmost of their powers with their lives and estates against all persons whatsoever that shall attempt anything to the contrary.
Reader. Part]
And whereas it hath been found by experience that it is inconsistent with the safety and welfare of this Protestant kingdom to be governed by a popish prince, or by any king or queen marrying a papist, the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons do further pray that it may be enacted, that all and every person and persons that is, are or shall be reconciled to or shall hold communion with the see or Church of Rome, or shall profess the popish religion, or shall marry a papist, shall be excluded and be for ever incapable to inherit, possess or enjoy the crown and government of this realm and Ireland and the dominions thereunto belonging or any part of the same, or to have, use or exercise any regal power, authority or jurisdiction within the same; and in all and every such case or cases the people of these realms shall be and are hereby absolved of their allegiance; and the said crown and government shall from time to time descend to and be enjoyed by such person or persons being Protestants as should have inherited and enjoyed the same in case the said person or persons so reconciled, holding communion or professing or marrying as aforesaid were naturally dead;
And that every king and queen of this realm who at any time hereafter shall come to and succeed in the imperial crown of this kingdom shall on the first day of the meeting of the first Parliament next after his or her corning to the crown, sitting in his or her throne in the House of Peers in the presence of the Lords and Commons therein assembled, or at his or her coronation before such person or persons who shall administer the coronation oath to him or her at the time of his or her taking the said oath (which shall first happen), make, subscribe and audibly repeat the declaration mentioned in the statute made in the thirtieth year of the reign of King Charles the Second entitled, "An Act for the more effectual preserving the king's person and government by disabling papists from sitting in either House of Parliament"
But if it shall happen that such king or queen upon his or her succession to the crown of this realm shall be under the age of twelve years, then every such king or queen shall make, subscribe and audibly repeat the same declaration at his or her coronation or the first day of the meeting of the first Parliament as aforesaid which shall first happen after such king or queen shall have attained the said age of twelve years- All which their Majesties are contented and pleased shall be declared, enacted and established by authority of this present Parliament, and shall stand, remain and be the law of this realm for ever; and the same are by their said Majesties, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual
and Temporal and Commons in Parliament assembled and by the authority of the same, declared, enacted and established accordingly
It And be it further declared and enacted by the authority aforesaid, that from and after this present session of Parliament no dispensation by non obstante of or to any statute or any part thereof shall be allowed, but that the same shall be held void and of no effect, except a dispensation be allowed of in such statute, and except in such cases as shall be specially provided for by one or more bill or bills to be passed during this present session of Parliament.
III. Provided that no charter or grant or pardon granted before the three and twentieth day of October in the year of our Lord one thousand six hundred eighty-nine shall be any ways impeached or invalidated by this Act, but that the same shall be and remain of the same force and effect in law and no other than as if this Act had never been made.
The US. Declaration of Independence (1776)
When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.—-We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness,—That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,—That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.
Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed.
Reader, Part T 2U5
But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.—Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government, The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States.
To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world,—He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good,—He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of'immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them—He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.-—He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures,—He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the lights of the people.—He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large tor their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within,— He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands-—
He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers-—He has made judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.—He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harrass our people, and eat out their substance.—He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies, without the Consent of our legislatures-—He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.—He has combined with others
to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts nf pretended Legislation:—For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:—For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:—For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:—For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent;—For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:—For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences:— For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies:—For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:—For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.—
He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.—He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.—He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.—He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.—He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions. In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury, A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people,
Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and
Reader, Part I
magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of uur common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind. Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.—
We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of AmtTtca, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Стоит, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Ivxdependeni States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do,— And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on ihe p-otection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honour.
The US. Bill of Bights (1791)
Amendment I. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right, of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
Amendment IL A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.
Amendment Ш No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law,
Amendment IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized
Just English. Английский для юристок
Amendment V- No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall ^ny person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation-Amendment VI- In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed; which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining Witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense-Amendment VII In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.
Amendment VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments infilcted,
Amendment IX. The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
Amendment X- The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
European Prison Rules (1990s)
1, The deprivation of liberty shall be effected in material and
moral conditions which ensure respect fur human dignity and are
in conformity with these rules.
2. The rules shall be applied impartially. There shall be no
discrimination on the grounds of race, colour, sex, language, religion,
political or other opinion, national or social origin, birth, economic
or other status. The religious beliefs and moral precepts of the group
to which a prisoner belongs shall be respected.
Reader. Fart I
3. The purposes of the treatment of persons in custody shall be such as to sustain their health and self-respect and, so far as the length of sentence permits, to develop their sense of responsibility and encourage those attitudes and skills that will assist them to return to society with the best chance of leading law-abiding and self-supporting lives after their release. [T..]
8. In every place where persons are imprisoned a complete and secure record of the following information shall be kept concerning each prisoner received:
(a) information concerning the identity of the prisoner;
(b) the reasons for commitment and the authority therefore;
(c) the day and hour of admission and release. [...J
ILL In allocating prisoners to different institutions or regimes, due account shall be taken of their judicial and legal situation (untried or convicted prisoner, first offender or habitual offender, short sentence or long sentence), of the special requirements of their treatment, of their medical needs, their sex and age.
11.2. Males and females shall in principle be detained separately, although they may participate together in organised activities as part of an established treatment programme.
И.З. In principle, untried prisoners shall be detained separately from convicted prisoners unless they consent to being accommodated or involved together in organised activities beneficial to them.
11.4. Young prisoners shall be detained under conditions which as far as possible protect them from harmful influences and which take account of the needs peculiar to their age. [...)
14.1. Prisoners shall normally be lodged during the night in individual cells except in cases where it is considered that there are advantages insharing accommodation with other prisoners.
15. The accommodation provided for prisoners, and in particular all sleeping accommodation, shall meet the requirements of health and hygiene, due regard being paid to climatic conditions and especially the cubic content of air, a reasonable amount of space, lighting, heating and ventilation. [.,,]
19. All parts of an institution shall be properly maintained and kept clean at all times. [..J
21. For reasons of health and in order that prisoners may maintain a good appearance and preserve their self-respect, facilities shall be provided for the proper care of the hair and beard, and men shall be enabled to shave regularly.
22.1. Prisoners who are not allowed to wear their own clothing shall be provided with an outfit of clothing suitable for the climate
and adequate to keep them in good health. Such clothing shall in no manner be degrading or humiliating.
26.L At every iastitution there shall be available the services of at least one qualified general practitioner. The medical services should be organised in close relation with the general health administration of the community or nation. They shall include a psychiatric service for the diagnosis and, in proper cases, the treatment of states of mental abnormality.
26.2, Sick prisoners who require specialist treatment shall be transferred to specialised institutions or to civil hospitals.
27. Prisoners may not be submitted to any experiments which may result in physical or moral injury.
281. Arrangements shall be made wherever practicable for children to be born in a hospital outside the institution. However, unless special arrangements are made, there shall in penal institutions be the necessary staff and accommodation for the confinement and postnatal care of pregnant women If a child is born in prison, this fact shall not be mentioned in the birth certificate.
28.2. Where infants are allowed to remain in the institution with their mothers, special provision shall be made for a nursery staffed by qualified persons, where the infants shall be placed when they are not in th^ care of their mothers. [...]
33. Discipline and order shall be maintained in the interests of safe custody, ordered community life and the treatment objectives of the institution. [...]
36.L No prisoner shall be punished except in accordance with the terms of such law or regulation, and never twice for the same act.


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Home » Lifestyle » Chic or shocking? Meghan's £4k floaty wrap dress gets mixed reactions
Chic or shocking? Meghan's £4k floaty wrap dress gets mixed reactions
The Duke and Duchess of Sussex at the wedding of Celia McCorquodale on Sunday
She teamed it with a fascinator and high white heels which saw her almost slip over as she walked through the grassy churchyard.
Luckily she had a firm hold of Harry's hand and managed to stay on her feet.
The dress received mixed reviews among royal watchers, with some likening it to a baggy dressing gown or a pair of curtains.
For Harper's Bazaar, however, it was the 'perfect outfit for the summer nuptials'.
Newlywed Meghan looked stylish in a draped blue and white dress for the occasion
The couple held hands as they walked into the church ceremony in Linolnshire yesterday
Meghan looked at ease as she greeted Harry's cousin Louis, Viscount Althorp, at the wedding
Another guest catching the eye was Earl Spencer's daughter Lady Kitty Spencer, 27, a model.
She wore a £3,850 peony-print chiffon dress with a pie-crust collar from Dolce & Gabbana's pre-fall range.
She added a diamante belt and a berry-coloured hat by milliner Philip Treacy, with purple trim and a birdcage veil, teamed with jewellery by Bulgari for which she is a brand ambassador.
Celia, daughter of Lady Sarah McCorquodale tied the knot with George Woodhouse, pictured
Celia wore the Spencer tiara, which was worn by Princess Diana when she married Prince Charles in 1981
The occasion was the marriage of Celia McCorquodale, younger daughter of Princess Diana's sister Lady Sarah McCorquodale.
The bride wore the tiara that Diana wore for her wedding to Prince Charles in 1981 as she married George Woodhouse at St Andrew and St Mary's church in Stoke Rochford, Lincolnshire.
She was among a number of members of Diana's family who attended Harry and Meghan's wedding last month after he expressed his wish to involve his mother's side, and she returned the favour by inviting the duke and duchess to hers.
Also in attendance were Diana's siblings Lady Jane Fellowes and Earl Spencer, along with his son Viscount Althorp and Lady Kitty.
The bride, 29, arrived at the church in a vintage 1910 Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost. Her husband is a sales negotiator at Savills estate agents.
D&G model and muse Lady Kitty Spencer, pictured, also attended the family wedding
Princess Diana's brother, Earl Spencer, attended with his wife Karen Gordon
Mother-of-the-bride Lady Sarah McCorquodale, right, sister of Princess Diana at the wedding
Princess Diana's sister Lady Jane Fellowes, pictured, opted for a playful coat for the event
Newlyweds Celia and George, centre, with parents Sarah and Neil McCorquodale, right, sister Emily, far right, and members of the wedding party outside St Andrew and St Mary's Church
The new Duchess of Sussex stunned in a long-sleeved blue-and-white shirt dress and white fascinator
Harry and Meghan arrived alongside his cousin, George McCorquondale, far left
The newlyweds arrived hand-in-hand for the wedding in Lincolnshire yesterday
Prince Harry's wedding band was on show as he arrived for the church service on Saturday
The bride and groom beamed at the entrance to the church after exchanging vows
Celia, cousin of Prince William and Harry, was the picture of happiness on her wedding day
The bride and groom kissed at the entrance to the church after the short service
The Spencer Tiara: Diana's heirloom wedding piece
The Spencer Tiara was worn by Princess Diana at her wedding to Prince Charles in 1981, and worn by her on numerous occasions after her big day.
The tiara is a family heirloom that was also worn by all of Diana's sisters on their wedding days.
The headpiece, which was made by Garrads, has an elaborate design of stylised flowers decorated with diamonds in silver settings.
Said to date back to the 18th century, it was given to Diana's grandmother, Cynthia, Viscountess Althorp, by a distant relative called Lady Sarah Spencer as a wedding gift in 1919.
Heirloom: Princess Diana of Wales chose the Spencer tiara for her July 1981 wedding day and numerous times since then
Diana wears the Spencer Tiara on tour in Australia and New Zealand in 1983 (left) and again in Australia in 1985 (right)
The tiara was remounted and sections were added in the Thirties, with the oldest pieces said to be at either end. It features large gold scrolling foliage adorned with tulips, stars and a central heart, each decorated with diamonds and set in silver. Its curved shape and whimsical design make it different to the more formal style of royal headpieces.
Reportedly Diana's favourite, it was worn by her older sisters, Jane and Sarah, on their wedding days (in 1978 and 1980 respectively). Diana, as bridesmaid to both, had longed for the day she might wear the sparkling headpiece as a bride, and on her wedding day it served as a fitting 'something borrowed'.
The tiara's value is unknown, but earlier this year the Spencer family sold another headpiece, set with more than 800 diamonds, for £185,000 to a mystery bidder at auction.
The tiara is now owned by Diana's brother, Earl Spencer, and has been in the Spencer family in various guises for more than 90 years.
George McCorquondale appeared to make a joke as the group made their way inside
The smiling duchess navigated the grass in a pair of white pointed heels
The prince looked back to make sure his wife was managing to walk on the grass
Harry looked proud to have his new wife on his arm as they made their way into the church
The couple, pictured at the wedding, tied the knot themselves four weeks ago yesterday
The duchess opted for a draped blue and white shirt-style dress for the wedding
The colour of the royal's relaxed maxi dress matched her husband's blue tie
Viscount Althorp, son of Earl Spencer, greeted Harry and Meghan outside the church
The duchess beamed as she was kissed on the cheek by Louis, Prince Harry's cousin
Louis was a guest at the wedding of the Duke and Duchess of Sussex in Windsor last month
Viscount Althrorp appeared relaxed as he chatted with the duchess, making them both smile
Louis then greeted his cousin Prince Harry with a warm embrace outside the church, pictured
The Canadian-born Countess Spencer opted for a flattering blue dress and white hat
Earl and Countess Spencer spoke to Lady Jane Fellowes, right, outside the church
Lady Kitty, 27, donned a floaty floral-printed dress, believed to be by Dolce & Gabbana
The society beauty styled the dress with a burgundy hat embellished with purple and gold
The beautiful bride was escorted to the church by her father Neil McCorquodale
The father-of-the bride held his daughter's hand as they made their way into the church
The family looked delighted as they emerged from the church following the ceremony
Lady Sarah McCorquodale was every inch the proud mother at her daughter's wedding
Newlywed Celia beamed as she waved to waiting crowds outside the village church
The bride showed off her million-dollar smile as they left the church on Saturday
Well-wishers and local residents gathered to take photos of the newlyweds' big day
Who's who in the Spencer clan?
The McCorquodales
Sarah and Neil McCorquodale
Lady Sarah McCorquodale, 63, is the eldest of the Spencer children. She dated Prince Charles in 1977 and introduced the royal to her youngest sister. She married Neil McCorquodale, a farmer and former officer with the Coldstream Guards, in May 1980.
The couple have three children and two grandchildren.
Close: Sarah McCorquodale, pictured, used to accompany her sister to royal events
Emily McCorquodale
Emily McCorquodale, 34, is the eldest of the McCorquodale brood. In 2003, aged 19, she was diagnosed with cancer while studying at Leeds Metropolitan University but was later given the all-clear.
In 2012 she married husband James Hutt, whom she met on a blind date, in a ceremony in Lincolnshire, which was attended by Prince Harry and the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge. The couple have two children, Isabella, three, and Henry, two.
Returning the invite: Prince Harry and the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge all attended the wedding of their cousin, Emily McCorquodale and James Hutt in 2012, pictured
George McCorquodale
Like Harry, George McCorquodale, 33, inherited the ginger Spencer curls. He is said to enjoy a close relationship with his cousins after joining them for family holidays on Necker, Sir Richard Branson's private island.
Prince Harry was guest of honour when George married Bianca Moore, at Netherwood in KwaZulu-Nata, South Africa, in August 2016.
Celia McCorquodale
Bride-to-be: Celia, in her late 20s, announced her own engagement last November
Celia, believed to be 28, made headlines in 2012 with an album of photos that showed her partying with friends at Leeds University.
Celia will soon be following her cousin down the aisle. She announced her engagement to George Woodhouse on 13 November 2017.
The Fellowes
Family ties: Lady Jane Fellowes, 61, is Diana's elder sister. One of her godparents is the Queen's cousin, the Duke of Kent
Lady Jane and Lord Robert Fellowes
Lady Jane Fellowes, 61, is Diana's elder sister. One of her godparents is the Queen's cousin, the Duke of Kent.
She is married to Robert Fellowes, a former Private Secretary to the Queen and first cousin of Ronald Ferguson, the father of Sarah, Duchess of York.
In June 1999, Robert Fellowes was granted a life peerage as Baron Fellowes, of Shotesham in the County of Norfolk, after first being knighted as Sir Robert Fellowes. The couple have three children and four grandchildren.
Laura Fellowes
Laura, 37, is very close to William and Harry and is one of Princess Charlotte's godparents.
She married equity analyst Nick Pettman in 2009 in Snettisham, west Norfolk, where her parents live in an old rectory. William and Kate were both guests.
Laura writes fiction under the name Mave Fellowes — her nickname is Mavis — and has sons.
Alexander Fellowes
Alexander — known as Beetle to friends — is a 35-year-old investment banker. He married Alexandra Finlay at the Chapel of St Mary Undercroft in the Palace of Westminster in September 2013. Prince Harry attended the wedding.
Alexander and Alexandra have two children, Robert, three, named after his grandfather, and 18-month-old Rose.
Guest of honour: Harry was among the congregation when his cousin Alexander Fellowes married Alexandra Finlay in London in September 2013, pictured
Eleanor Fellowes
Eleanor Fellowes, 32, keeps a relatively low profile and is rarely seen at public events. She is believed to work as a probation officer and has published articles on issues relating to her profession.
The Spencers
Charles Spencer and Karen Gordon
Charles, 53, the 9th Earl Spencer, is the most high profile of Princess Diana's siblings. In his eulogy at Diana's funeral, the journalist and broadcaster criticised the Royal Family and the Press on their treatment of his sister.
In 1989 Spencer, then known by the courtesy title of Viscount Althorp, married his first wife, Victoria Lockwood, in Great Brington, Northamptonshire. The couple, who divorced in 1997, had three daughters and a son.
Father-of-seven: Earl Spencer with wife Karen, with whom he has a daughter, five
In December 2001 he married Caroline Freud, former wife of Matthew Freud. The couple had two children together, Edmund and Caroline. They divorced in 2007.
Spencer married his current wife, Canadian-born philanthropist Karen Gordon, in June 2011 at the family seat of Althorp House. They have one child together, Lady Charlotte Diana Spencer, named after his sister.
The couple reside at the Spencer ancestral seat, Althorp House, which he inherited on his father's death in 1992.
Lady Kitty Spencer
High-profile: Lady Kitty, pictured at an event last week, is an established fashion model
Lady Kitty Spencer, 27, has forged a successful career as a model, most notably appearing in campaigns for Italian fashion house Dolce & Gabbana.
The socialite, who is signed with Kate Moss's former modelling agency Storm, is a regular fixture at the world's hottest parties and is sure to cause a stir at the Royal Wedding.
She is regarded as one of the most eligible young women on London's social scene, having split from her property tycoon boyfriend at the start of the summer. Lady Kitty grew up in South Africa and is now based in Fulham.
Lady Eliza and Lady Amelia Spencer
Lookalikes: Ladies Amelia and Eliza, 25, with their elder sister Kitty, 27, at the wedding of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge in 2011. All three are expected to attend
Twins Lady Eliza and Lady Amelia, 25, share their elder sister's good looks but keep a much lower profile.
Like their sister, the twins were raised in South Africa and attended university in Cape Town.
In 2011 Lady Amelia appeared in a South African court accused of assaulting a man on crutches in McDonald's. She was cleared of all charges.
Louis Spencer
Louis, 24, is the fourth child and eldest son of Earl Spencer and will therefore inherit his father's estates and title ahead of his elder sisters.
He studied at Diocesan College in Cape Town and later enrolled at the University of Edinburgh.
Heir: Louis Spencer, 24, pictured in 2014, will inherit his father's estates and title
Edmund and Caroline Spencer
The Vanity Fair report makes no mention of Edmund and Caroline Spencer, Charles' children from his second marriage, receiving an invite to the royal wedding.
As Edmund, 14, and Caroline, 12, are still young, they perhaps wouldn't attend the late-night after-party.
Lady Charlotte Spencer
Lady Charlotte Diana, five, is Earl Spencer's youngest child and his only one with third wife Karen.
Like her half-siblings Edmund and Caroline, Lady Charlotte is not named in the Vanity Fair report and would be unlikely to receive a late-night party invite because of her age.
I love the 1940s so much I live a totally vintage lifestyle
'I lost my hair during chemo – but found way to get confidence back
Major supermarket is giving drivers 5p a litre fuel discount – how to get it | The Sun
Full list of Wetherspoons price increases – how much more will you pay? | The Sun
50-year-old mistaken for 40' thanks to Aldis age-defying cream

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Below you will find information on LMYA affiliated yacht and boating clubs in Illinois as well as contact information so you can learn more about a club that is in your local area. Many of our affiliate clubs have links to pages with more information on that specific club. Please click a link below to learn more.
Below you will find information on LMYA affiliated yacht and boating clubs in Indiana as well as contact information so you can learn more about a club that is in your local area. Many of our affiliate clubs have links to pages with more information on that specific club. Please click a link below to learn more.
Below you will find information on LMYA affiliated yacht and boating clubs in Michigan as well as contact information so you can learn more about a club that is in your local area. Many of our affiliate clubs have links to pages with more information on that specific club. Please click a link below to learn more.


It's gotten pretty late. She's probably asleep by now.
Yeah. I'm home. I planned on finishing work earlier than this though. Sorry for coming home so late.
I used the spare key because I thought you were asleep. But I actually didn't want to have to use it. You would've opened the door if I'd come when I promised to, right?
I like having you welcome me home and let me in with a smile on your face.
I'm sorry for always breaking my promises.
You're really kind. It's okay for you to be a little more selfish.
Eh? You know that I'm doing my best?
I often tell my students at the cram school that whether you're trying hard isn't something you can judge by yourself. When someone else tells you that you're trying hard, you feel as if your efforts have been recognised for the first time. Anyone who tells themselves that they're trying their best is just being soft on themselves.
Ah… Work is over, but I'm still acting like I'm giving a lecture. Anyway, I'm trying to say that I'm happy you think that I'm trying my best. I know you're doing your best too.
Thanks for everything you do for me. I'm really grateful.
I feel calm when I'm holding you like this and feeling your warmth.
Hey. Can you say "Welcome home" one more time? I want to hear your voice when I'm right beside you.
Ah, so you took a bath just now. That's why you feel so warm.
Hmm? Ah! You made dinner.
And they're all my favourite things too. It's gotten completely cold though.
I'm sorry. It must have been tough to make this much food.
It was fun? Was that because you thought of me while you made it?
Just kidding. Don't look like that and laugh.
Can we eat what you made for breakfast tomorrow?
Okay. Let's eat breakfast together after we wake up.
Let me stay like this a little longer.
I'll take a bath. I've worked up a sweat anyway.
It's gotten late, so you can go to sleep before me.
It's okay. Don't worry about it. I like watching your face while you sleep anyway.
Haha. Isn't it a bit late for you to be embarrassed? We've seen what each other's faces look like while we're sleeping plenty of times before, right?
Alright, I'm going to take a bath. Don't wait up for me.
I can finally take a break.
Oh? You're still up? I said you could go to sleep before me.
I wanted to see your face for a little longer too.
Aren't you tired though? Don't push yourself too hard. We're going to spend the day together tomorrow.
Hmm… A book of landscape photographs and a picture book… They're both unusual things for you to be looking at.
Ah… These photos look really beautiful. Looking at the blue sea and the blue sky makes you feel relaxed.
Looking at the photos is fun because it feels like you're on holiday? I guess you could say that.
I see. It'd be fun if we went together.
Ah… So it was first published more than twenty years ago?
Picture books feel kind of nostalgic.
Huh? I've never read a book out loud before!
Jeez. Don't expect too much then.
What's with that happy look on your face?
Alright, get under the duvet. Come closer.
Are you warm? It's easier to see the book like this, right?
Alright, let's start. Don't force yourself to stay up if you start feeling tired. Even my students tell me that my voice makes them sleepy.
This is the tale of a far away country. There was a small country, in a green and fertile land where the sun shone warmly. The residents of that country were always smiling, and the country was filled with great happiness.
One day, a girl was born to the king and queen. The girl received many blessings from the residents of the country and grew into a beautiful princess.
Everyday, there was a boy who would visit the castle where the princess lived. The boy was pulling a large cart and came to deliver milk. The princess always saw the boy from her window and called out to him one day.
The boy noticed the princess and smiled, then bowed his head. The princess greeted the boy again the next day, but the boy only smiled and bowed his head again. She did the same again on the next day, but all the boy did was to smile and bow his head like he usually did.
The princess wondered why the boy didn't say anything. The princess was still determined to talk to the boy and thank him, so she called out to him everyday. However, the boy would only smile.
When the princess asked her butler about the boy, he told her that the boy was unable to hear or speak. When the princess heard about that, on the next morning, she greeted the boy who came to deliver the milk in a different way. She gave him a piece of paper with "Hello. Thank you for the delicious milk." written on it.
Then the boy began to cry and wrote "I carry the milk everyday to make you happy. I can't hear or speak, but I'm very glad that you understood my feelings and felt happy." When she read the words the boy had written on the paper, the princess smiled even more.
From then on the two of them continued to write their feelings down on paper. They often spoke to each other and spent a lot of time together. They became very important to each other. With the blessing of the people, they married. Even after that, they would write down their words on paper and thank each other for the love that they had received everyday. When they went out, they would hold each other's hands tightly and walk together.
That warm love was very peaceful and gentle. Just like their love, the country they lived in was filled with warmth. They would always share their words of love with each other, and together with their gentle smiles, they lived happily. The End.
I haven't read a picture book since elementary school. Were you okay with me reading it to you?
What's with that look on your face? You seem really happy.
Huh? I'm like the boy? Really?
I'm not pure like that boy and I'm not good at saying my feelings either.
Just like the boy's honest feelings were understood by the princess, my feelings are understood by the students I teach?
I see. I'm glad then.
You're overestimating me though. Facing my students and their parents is just part of my job.
But you're right. I want to make sure I do my job well. It's my job to give all my students new possibilities and the ability to move forward. What I can tell them in a limited amount of time everyday is important. Even though studying is just one word, there are different ways of doing it.
Even as a cram school teacher, there are still a lot of different things for me to study too. But right now, I want to tell my students everything I can manage. But if I'm the boy in this story, then you're the princess.
You're embarrassed even though you said the same thing to me?
The princess thought it was only natural that the boy would have been able to talk. That's why she didn't hesitate to say hello to the boy everyday. But when she found out that the boy was unable to hear or speak, she communicated with him in a different way, right?
That's right, she used a pen and paper to tell him how thankful she was, right? The princess didn't just judge his outward appearance, but saw his true nature and tried to face him with her honest feelings. She wondered how to speak to the boy. She was a considerate girl who tried to imagine herself in someone else's position.
That's a lot like you. I know that you don't realise it. That's why your words are truthful.
I'm no good at thinking about feelings. I rationalise everything and prioritise the end result. I've hurt you because of that sometimes, haven't I? But you always waited with me so I could be able to put my feelings into words. That's why we can understand each other.
Do you remember the day I confessed to you? I'd made up my mind to do it that day, but when it came to it, I couldn't say the words.
I didn't have the confidence to say it. I thought you might not accept it even if I did.
You quietly waited for me when I was hesitant to say something. When I finally told you that I loved you, you smiled in return. I realised that I could make you smile with my words and I was really happy.
If you say I'm the boy from this picture book, then I would be pulling the cart to make you happy. No matter how long the road is and no matter how heavy my load is, I can keep on going if I'm making you happy.
When I see your smile, my tiredness disappears and I can overcome anything. I'm not good at saying how I feel, but you understand what my feelings are. But I thought it'd be no good if I didn't say the feelings I have to tell you out loud. That's because feelings aren't something you can see with your own eyes. If you don't put them into words, the person who's precious to you won't understand. From now on, I'm going to tell you my feelings and I want you to tell me if you're ever lonely.
It's okay to say something selfish. You should depend on me. That's because you're my princess.
You're right. I'm sorry, you felt all alone until I came home. Sorry I made you wait. I wish I could be with you more often too. I really missed you.
I want to fall asleep with you in my arms tonight. I want to feel you lying in my arms.
You're tired too, aren't you? You should go to sleep soon.
I see. I'm warm because you're here too.
I'm going to turn out the light.
We're together right now, aren't we? Why are you looking at me like that?
Ah, I'm sorry. It was me who made you worry like that, wasn't it?
It's okay, I'm not going anywhere. I'll be here while you fall asleep, when you're asleep and after you wake up.
See. Can you hear the sound of my heart beating?
I'm happy we're finally able to talk like this now and I'm kind of excited.
You are too? I see. I'm glad.
Doesn't it make you relieved to hear the sound of someone's heart beating? It reminds you that person is close to you. I can feel your heart beating when I hold you like this. I'm relieved to know that you're in my arms. Once again, I know for sure that this is my home.
Let's spend the whole day together tomorrow.
You're asleep, huh? You've got a relaxed look on your face.
Don't look so defenceless in front of anyone else.
Just kidding. You can't hear me.
I couldn't keep my promise today either. I told you to tell me when you're lonely, but I know that I'm the reason for you being lonely. Even though I know that… I'm always making you feel sad, aren't I?
I can't even reply to your messages because I'm busy. I've taken advantage of you saying that you don't need a reply from me. I keep on taking advantage of your kindness. I'm a pathetic man, aren't I? I feel as if I'm not taking care of the person who's most precious to me.
But you never complain and you support my work. You say that you like me working hard. You're about the only person who says that. You're the only one who understands and knows my true self.
My heart felt painful when I saw you looking at the landscape photographs earlier.
I wish we could go on holiday together. We've been dating for a long time, but our dates are always in the park nearby, a movie theatre or a restaurant.
You probably don't know just how much your smile has helped me.
I wish I could take you to different places. I'm sorry I can't make time for that. I can at least give you all my time right now. I belong to you completely.
I hope we're together in your dreams too.
Hmm? It's so bright… Is it already morning?
I haven't slept so well for a long time.
Huh? My sleeping face? You were looking at it?
There's nothing interesting about seeing that, is there?
I guess it might be because we were sleeping close together, but I was together with you in my dreams too.
It was a good dream. You were by my side and smiling happily.
You always were close enough for me to hold when I reached out my hand. You had a sweet and gentle scent when I held you.
Yes, that's right. You were no different from how you are now. You're always in my arms like this, whether it's in a dream or reality.
If only it was like this everyday. You'd welcome me home with a smile, then we'd have dinner together and talk about our day.
We'd sleep close together and wake up in the morning. I'd feel happy because of your smile again.
I want to spend everyday like that. Thanks to you, the world I see is always a brilliant one.
You're going to make breakfast? No, you don't have to do that yet. Let's stay together.
Ah. Could it be that you were embarrassed?
Wait a minute. See. Even your ears are red.
I haven't had a day off for a while. Let's spend the whole day together for once. Let's stay together in bed for a little longer. Spending the day off in bed isn't so bad either, right?
And then let's eat the food you made yesterday together.
Hey… Let's go on holiday together soon.
I wasn't saying it without thinking. I'm serious.
You're like a child when you're excited.
No, it won't be just an overnight stay. It'll be a little longer than that.
Don't worry about me getting time off. I'll sort it out somehow.
It'll be our honeymoon, you see.
Don't stay quiet. Say something!
From now on, I want to be closer to you than anyone else and tell you that I love you.
Let's take our time thinking about where we'll go.
Yes, anywhere is fine! We'll go to your favourite place. I'm sure I'll have fun, no matter where I go with you.


After having recently finished our review of Sports Predictor Horse Racing, which passed with flying colours, it is the turn of their football service to come under the spotlight.
Sports Predictor Football is run by a guy called Josh, who is apparently a professional football gambler with over 10 years' experience betting for a living on the European game.
The results published on the Sports Predictor website showed the tips having made a profit of over 100 points during the 2016-17 season, so we were quite hopeful coming into the trial.
However, as is often the case, the results during our review haven't lived up to the pre-trial billing and we have ended up 17 points down.
As you can see from the graph below, things were actually a good deal worse earlier on in the trial but picked up considerably in the latter half.
Using a 100 point bank that would equate to a 17% loss of the bank, which is a little disappointing.
Whilst the trial hasn't been a disaster by any means, we feel a negative ROI of 5% is worthy of a narrow FAILED rating here.
It is one we will keep an eye on though and if results can pick up to the levels seen during the previous season then an upgrade could be on the cards.
Ease of use: A pretty easy service to follow, with an average of two bets per day, normally sent out early in the morning.
Availability of prices: We didn't have any trouble getting the advised prices and by using the exchanges there is plenty of scope for matching the published results.
Strike rate: The strike rate during the trial was 41%, a little lower than the 50% achieved during the 2016-17 season.
Advised Betting Bank: We used a 100 point bank for the trial which looked like it might be a little thin when we were 46 points down at one stage. A 150 point bank might be more advisable here.
Subscription costs: The costs to sign up £17 per month or £167 per year. The service comes with a profit guarantee, so if they don't make a profit during your subscription period, you will get the same period again for free.
Sports Predictor Football has completed a three month trial and finished with a loss of 17 points.
Although that was no disaster, it was a little disappointing to have had a negative return on investment of 5%, so it's a narrow FAILED rating for this one unfortunately.
We will keep an eye on things though and if results pick up in future then an upgrade could be warranted.
Not much change for Sports Predictor Football since our last update, with just one point of profit gained in that time.
That means we are now 27 points down for the trial overall.
Unfortunately this isn't doing as well as their horse racing service which has been flying along, but then football does tend to be harder to make money in than the geegeez.
Anyway, let's hope for some improvement from the football service by the time of our next update.
It's been a tough run lately for football tipping service Sports Predictor Football, with 22 points lost since our last update.
That means they are now 28 points down for the trial overall.
There have been a lot more bets since our last update, with sometimes 9 or 10 in one day after the quiet start to the season.
Hopefully the recent form is just a blip and we will see things pick up soon.
It almost feels too early for an update on Sports Predictor Football. Not in terms of time, because we are three weeks into the trial, but more because of the low quantity of bets.
With the international break having just been and gone and with them not tipping in those international fixtures, there have only been 8 bets so far since we started proofing the tips.
So it is a little early to really be saying much about the results.
However, for the record they are 6 points down to date at advised prices.
Now that the international break is out of the way, hopefully we can settle down to see a higher bet volume and plenty of winners.
After recently commencing a trial of Sports Predictor's Horse Racing service, we thought it would be a good time to launch a trial of their football service given that the footy season has just kicked off.
Their football tipping service is run by a guy called Josh, who is apparently a professional football gambler with over 10 years' experience betting for a living on the European game.
Since starting in October 2016, the bets have apparently made a very respectable 98 points profit at a return on investment of 8% and at a healthy strike rate of 49%.
The service comes with the same profit guarantee as the horse racing service, so that if they don't make a profit during your subscription period, they will double your membership period for free. You can't say fairer than that really!
The tips are priced at a very reasonable £17 per month, so it won't break the bank to join up either.
We will run our standard three month trial and will report here on how things are going regularly during the trial.
In the meantime you can check out Sports Predictor Football here.