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Wilson Center Arctic Forum
The Wilson Center hosted its Arctic Circle Forum June 21 to 22, bringing together experts on the region to discuss the latest happenings and opportunities in the polar North.
Sea Technology attended the first day of the forum, which played up U.S.-Russia relations. Representatives from the Russian government emphasized that the bilateral bond is deteriorating with the sanctions having just been imposed by the U.S. Congress on Russia in retaliation for the alleged interference by Russia in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.
Others at the forum, however, were quick to point out that cooperation has been consistent for years in the Arctic. Ambassador David Balton, deputy assistant secretary for Oceans and Fisheries at the U.S. State Department, pointed out that the Arctic Council has made three formal agreements thus far, all of which have involved U.S.-Russia cooperation.
The Arctic holds great economic importance for Russia. The U.S. also has economic interests in the Arctic (i.e., oil and gas), as well as scientific interest in trying to understand regional changes in relation to the Earth as a whole. U.S. President Barack Obama traveled to the Arctic in the fall of 2015 and found that Arctic science is fragmented. He wanted to develop alignments in Arctic science, which led to the White House Science Ministerial, involving all countries invested in Arctic science, wanting collaboration to live beyond his administration. The EU will host the next Arctic Science Ministerial in 2018.
The Arctic is a barometer of climate change, and sea ice extent and duration is clearly changing with the warming climate. The Arctic has always been important in the global climate cycle, and it is now taking on new importance as commercial possibilities open up in the region for shipping, tourism and natural resources. Melting sea ice will lead to new Arctic sailing routes in the coming 10 years, said Gylfi Sigfússon, president and CEO of Eimskip. His company has linked ports in the Arctic, which increases trade. "Sometimes we think we're like AT&T. We're connecting people, seeing places others are not eager to serve." It is seeing these opportunities missed by others that has kept his business going strong and benefits the communities that require connections to survive in the harsh polar climate.
A highlight of the day was a Q&A with Commandant of the U.S. Coast Guard Admiral Paul F. Zukunft, who was interviewed by David Martin of CBS. He said that 33 percent of gas and 13 percent of oil sits in the Arctic, which makes it of strategic interest to the U.S. (and other countries). When he started his career, the U.S. had seven icebreakers; today, it has two—and only one of them is a heavy icebreaker, and both of them are aging. "The U.S. has not made investments in the Arctic," he said. The Coast Guard wants to connect Arctic strategy to U.S. policy. Only 5 percent of the Arctic is surveyed to modern methods, and Zukunft went to Google to put action behind this survey challenge. He brought up the fact that an "intermodal deepwater port is lacking if this becomes the next Suez Canal connecting Europe and Asia." While the Arctic Council is important for cooperation and reaching agreements, the Arctic Council sets policy, and implementation is done by the Arctic Coast Guard Forum, Zukunft emphasized.
Paul Fuhs, president of the Marine Exchange of Alaska, wrapped up the day by discussing the increase in vessel traffic in the Bering Strait. Real-time monitoring of vessel traffic via AIS enables dynamic resource protection in the harsh climate of the Arctic. He proposed a jointly managed seaway with Russia for navigation safety.
–Aileen Torres-Bennett
tagged with Arctic, climate change, DC, environment, events, politics, science, Sea Technology magazine


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Ursula Burns: No One is Immune to Living the American Dream
May 2 - Sarah Ashlock
FIRST THOUGHT: Change is Here
Today, we're talking about women of color, particularly black women. I decided to fill your weekend with a list of the top movies to watch featuring black actresses. (You're welcome).
Daughters of Dust came out in 1991 and was, if you can believe it, the first theatrical release to be led by a black woman director. Set It Off is another 90s movie, featuring the Queen Latifah. Be sure to add Akeelah and the Bee to the list and, of course, Sister Act. I dare you to not have the epic song "I Will Follow Him" stuck in your head. What are some of your favorite movies?
Women of color deserve more recognition in the media, because, you know, equality. But also, stories must reflect those who told them. By 2060, the majority of American women will be women of color. So, maybe we can hold off on another all-White time-period film. Mr. Darcy's overrated, anyway.
WOMAN TO WATCH: Ursula Burns, CEO of VEON
Ursula Burns agrees. She leads an international telecom company called VEON. Today's Woman to Watch is a true version of the American Dream. She grew up in a New York City housing project, and was raised by a single mother who emigrated from Panama. After going to an all-girls high school, Ursula earned degrees in mechanical engineering.
She started at Xerox in the summer of 1980 as an intern, and 29 years later, she became CEO. One of her major accomplishments has been an acquisition that transformed the company from a copy and printing company to what it's known for today. Over the course of those three decades, Ursula witnessed the course of technology, which went from virtually nonexistent, to a luxury, to a necessity.
As VEON embraces technology to become more advanced in the digital age, Ursula says that it's a time that embraces change. As a kid, Ursula recalls feeling like she had three strikes against her: she was a girl; she was black; and she was poor. But there's something that has stuck with Ursula after all these years. It's something her mother ingrained in her: If you have an opinion, you should speak up. You have a voice; use it.
Ursula used that voice during the Obama administration, when the former president appointed her to lead the national STEM program, and also chair his Export Council. NBD. Whether sitting in front of the first black president or leading a company with more than 200 million customers, Ursula makes her journey look easy-breezy.
Part of what Ursula has learned over the course of her career is that people are just people. When she was an assistant to executives, Ursula witnessed first-hand that the higher-ups didn't have some secret talent; they worked hard and had good outcomes. Why couldn't Ursula do the same? And, look: She has.
Beyonce said,
"We need to reshape our own perception of how we view ourselves. We have to step up as women and take the lead."
June 6 Adrienne Herbert:
Get to Know the Keys to Successful Entrepreneurship
September 22 Falon Fatemi: She's Connecting People With Opportunity
December 4 Anna Zornosa:
Helping Women Feel More Comfy While They Work
December 28 Melissa Joulwan: From "Melicious" to Nutritious
April 26 Sheila Vakharia:
Are You Spreading This Stigma?
April 19 Nicole Dorsey:
Women Behind the Camera are Changing the Narrative

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Last edited by jadusama on July 9th, 2008, 7:25 am, edited 1 time in total.
Can members say yay or nay to this so we may give tu bucks and/or premium. If you nay the submission remember to include as to why.
Im sure it works but, can you drive over terrain with this? aka trees/walls?
To others the vehicle will still be there and you would be just driving into the wall.
your changing the appearance of the speeder to an asteroid you're not changing the collision of the game.


Women tend to have more ________ interdependence, and men tend to have more ________ interdependence.
The authors of your text explain four components of the self. which of the following is not one of these four functions?
Some have speculated that people in rural areas are more likely to help than are people in urban areas because "trust" and "being neighborly" are more valued in rural than in urban settings. were this true, who would be most likely to help a stranger who needed assistance?


I've been in search of an antique tool caddy for a while now but haven't been able to find one the right size in my price range. So I decided to take a Walnut Hollow Rustic Tote and make it look old. I plan on using these two totes to corral all the tools, pens, pencils, markers, and paintbrushes in my studio. I'll use the Walnut Hollow Serving Tray to carry my projects from room to room.
Step One: I covered the entire surface with Primitive.
Step Two: I tested a different technique for the second coat, applying the paint with a piece of cardboard and scraping off all the excess. One tote got a coat of Escape, a turquoise blue color, and the other got Berry Red.
Step Three: One tote only got two coats of paint. I wanted the red to peek through a top layer of blue on the other so I applied some petroleum jelly along the edges.
Step Four: Then I layered on a thick coat of Escape.
Step Five: After it was dry the paint easily wiped off the places with the petroleum jelly.
Step Six: The paint colors were still a little bright for me so I added one more layer. I made this dark wash by mixing burnt umber acrylic paint and water. I brushed it on with a sponge brush and wiped it down with a rag.
Here's a close up of what it looked like after all the layers were dry.
I used one tote for my jewelry tools. The handle turned out to be the perfect shape to hold the tools I use most often. It's quick and easy to grab them. The other tote holds my pens, pencils, and markers. The handle makes it easy to take them downstairs when I want to spread out on my dining table.
The serving tray is holding beads in the photo below. I just laid a piece of red felt in the bottom. That keeps the beads from rolling around so much when I'm working out a new pattern.
Now I've just got the rest of my studio to organize! Thanks for reading my project. Leave a comment and let us know what needs to be organized in your house.
My craft room is always needing re-organization. I too love all kinds of crafts, so as my stash grows so does the need for organization because I outgrow them with time. Love how yours turned out!!
I love the layered paint finish on these totes and are so perfect for organizing craft supplies.


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Diamonds, Pearls and Jade
Round Cut Diamond
Square Cut Diamond
Oval Cut Diamond
Diamond and Gemstone Designs
Earrings and Pendants
Necklaces and Bracelets
Scarlet & Gray
Silver and Gold Jewelry
Jade Carvings
Emerald Education
Alexandrite Education
Opal Education
Ruby Education
Diamond Education Guide
This guide defines the most essential characteristics of a diamond along with tips for its care. By understanding these characteristics, you'll be able to shop with confidence.
Diamond Cut is the most important property to increase its beauty because a well-cut diamond reflects light to maximize the stone's brilliance. A diamond with perfect color and clarity could nevertheless have poor brilliance if it is not well cut.
After a proper cutting, size of the stone may reduce by half but its market value may increase more than four times for its brilliance and sparkle. Diamonds have a unique ability to manipulate light efficiently. This exceptional ability can be revealed and maximized only by cutting and polishing the diamond to an extremely high level of accuracy.
It is very essential to know Diamond Anatomy before understanding Cut.
Diamond Anatomy
Diameter: Width of a diamond measured through the Girdle.
Table: Largest facet of a gemstone.
Crown: Top portion of a diamond extending from the Girdle to the Table.
Girdle: Intersection of the Crown and Pavilion which defines the perimeter of the diamond.
Pavilion: Bottom portion of a diamond, extending from the Girdle to the Culet.
Culet: Facet at the tip of a gemstone. The preferred Culet is not visible with an unaided eye (graded "none" or "small").
Depth: Height of a gemstone measured from the Culet to the Table.
The cut of a diamond establishes how it reflects light, which is responsible for its sparkle or brilliance. Cut has following three components:
Diamond Cut by Shape
A Diamond Cut by Shape describes the outline of the stone and pattern of the facet arrangement. A stone can be cut in various Shapes like Round, Princess, Heart, Oval, Pear etc. We will understand various diamond shapes in Shape part.
Diamond Cut by Depth
A Diamond Cut by Depth is the ultimate feature for its brilliance and fire.
Shallow Cut: Shallow Cut will let light lost through a diamond's bottom causing it to appear dull.
Deep Cut: Deep Cut will allow light to be lost through a diamond's sides causing it to appear dark.
Ideal Cut: Ideal Cut is considered as the best cut and it will reflect most or all of the light that enters the diamond back to the eyes.
Quality of a diamond's cut can be determined on the basis of its power to reflect light. They can be broadly characterized as Ideal, excellent, Very Good, Good, Fair or Poor. Ideal or Excellent cuts release the inner brilliance of the stone and project maximum amount of fire and sparkle where as Very Good, Good and Fair cuts lose some light that enters the diamond. A poor cut loses most of its light from the diamond sides/bottom and it may even have some "dead" spots inside.
Diamond Polish and Symmetry
Polish and symmetry are two important aspects of the cutting process. The Diamond Polish expresses the smoothness of the diamond's facets where as the Symmetry refers to the alignment of the facets. A poor Diamond Polish, or rough facets, can diminish a diamond's brilliance, as well as its value.
Diamonds are found in all colors of the rainbow, from colorless and transparent stones to ink black ones. Varying degrees of yellow or brown color is common in most of the diamonds and a slight difference in color can make a substantial difference in value. A truly colorless diamond is extremely rare and considered the most valuable. It allows most light to pass through the stone and create the most brilliance.
During formation of Diamond from carbon, certain chemicals may have been drawn into the mix and result in an added tinge of color in the transparent stone.
Most diamonds appear white to the naked eye, but they all include trace amounts of yellow or brown color. The color scale goes from D to Z (no diamond of color grade A, B or C has ever been found), with D being the most white and Z being the most yellow. The best way to see the true color of a diamond is by looking at it against a white surface.
Diamond Color Grade Table
Color Grade Description On Unaided Eye Inspection
Colorless Stone looks absolutely clear and transparent, with no hint of color.
Near Colorless Stone looks clear and transparent. Color will be noticeable by experts = only when compared to diamonds of better grades.
Faint yellow Color slightly detectable and will be noticeable by experts only.
Very Light yellow Stone shows an increasing yellow tint, even to an untrained eye.
Light yellow Stone appears yellow, even to an untrained eye.
Fancy Bright, remarkable color - usually blue, pink, yellow, Red etc.
Although the majority of diamonds come in shades of white, there are also "Fancy" natural intensely colored diamonds available in colors like yellow, pink, greens, brown, red, orange, blue etc. These intensely colored diamonds are very rare, attractive and desirable. A deeply colored diamond can cost more than its colorless counterpart. These intensely colored diamonds are known as "Fancy" colored or "Fancies". Fancy colored diamonds are graded in two ways. The first factor is the basic hue, such as pink, yellow, blue, green, etc. The second is the intensity. Both color characteristics form the basis for determining a fancy colored diamond''s worth. In fancy colored diamonds, Z+ grade is used for their color grading. Usually, the more intense the color, the rarer and more expensive the diamond will be. For example, a fancy light pink diamond costs less than a fancy vivid pink diamond of equal size, shape, and clarity. Though fancy colored diamonds rarely occur in nature, laboratories can easily create them through irradiation and heating. This process can permanently turn a natural colorless diamond into a fancy colored diamond. Treatments have also been developed to make lower-color white diamonds whiter. Irradiated colored diamonds have a significantly lower value than natural fancy diamonds and can be detected in a gem laboratory.
Fluorescent Diamonds
Fluorescence is a form of illumination that is created when a diamond is exposed to low or high wave ultraviolet radiation. Fluorescence up to some extent is common in the majority of diamonds. Faint or medium fluorescence will rarely affect a diamond''s appearance. Usually, fluorescence remains unnoticed by human eyes in the ordinary light.
Clarity is a term used to describe the absence or presence of flaws inside or on the surface of a diamond. In other words, the clarity of a diamond refers to a diamond's clearness or purity.
When these flaws / marks occur internally, they are called inclusions and the most common types of inclusions include Crystals, Tiny Bubbles representing small minerals that were absorbed into the diamond while it was growing, Internal Graining, Needles, Knots, Chips, Cavities, Cleavage, Feathers, and Clouds. On the contrary, when these flaws / marks occur on the surface, they are known as blemishes and the most common types of blemishes include Polish lines, Naturals, Scratches, Nicks, Pits, transparent stress lines that appear on a diamond's surface, surface graining, and extra facets, that are usually cut to remove a near-surface inclusion to raise the clarity grade of a stone. Most diamonds have these imperfections in them. Although many of these flaws are not visible to the naked eye, but under magnification, tiny featherlike shapes, crystals, bubbles and dark flecks become noticeable. These slight flaws make every diamond quite unique but they also do affect the beauty and value of the diamond.
Diamond's clarity is based on the number, size, nature, and location of imperfections on the finished stone. Diamond with higher clarity is more valuable in comparison to diamond that contains numerous inclusions because it is less brilliant due to inclusions interfering with light passing through it.
Diamond's Carat Weight Scale
There is one significant fact about diamond's weight and price. When diamonds are mined, large diamonds are discovered rarely in comparison of small ones, which make large diamonds much more valuable. For that reason, the price of a diamond rises exponentially with its size. So, a 2 carat diamond of a given quality is always worth much more than two 1 carat diamonds of the equal quality. Although larger stones are often more highly valued, but size should not be the only consideration. High brilliance, which varies according to clarity, cut, and color grade, is highly desirable in a diamond.
Diamonds, Pearls & Jade
1456 London Drive
© 2019 Diamonds Pearls and Jade. All Rights Reserved.


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Román Arjona
Chief Economist, European Commission, DG RTD
Román Arjona is Chief Economist and Head of the Unit "Reforms and Economic Impact – Country Intelligence" at the Directorate-General for Research & Innovation of the European Commission.
He previously served in the Spanish government as Secretary-General for Science, Technology and Innovation. Before joining the Commission he was adviser to the Spanish State Secretary and the Spanish Minister for Science and Technology. Mr Arjona worked for the European Investment Bank and the International Monetary Fund as well as for the OECD as an economist. He was a member of the World Economic Forum's High-Level Advisory Group of the Europe Inclusive Growth and Competitiveness Lab, and of its Global Agenda Council on New Growth Models. Román holds a PhD in Economics from the European University Institute in Florence, a Masters' degree in European Economic Studies from the College of Europe in Bruges, and he studied Economics at the University of Valencia, where he graduated with a special distinction.
Román leads a team of economists and policy-makers that improve the evidence base in support of STI policies. He is active on three pillars. First, national STI reforms, with the formulation of policy recommendations for countries within the European Semester of economic policy coordination. Second, the analysis of Europe's STI performance against the backdrop of fast-changing innovation dynamics. Third, he heads the Horizon Policy Support Facility that provides support to countries to better design, implement and evaluate reforms that enhance the quality of STI investments, policies and systems.
Content related to Román Arjona


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Sea turtles (superfamily Chelonioidea), sometimes called marine turtles, are reptiles of the order Testudines and of the suborder Cryptodira. The seven existing species of sea turtles are the flatback, green, hawksbill, leatherback, loggerhead, Kemp's ridley, and olive ridley sea turtles.
All six of the sea turtle species present in US waters (all of those listed above except the flatback) are listed as endangered and/or threatened under the Endangered Species Act. The seventh sea turtle species is the flatback, which exists in the waters of Australia, Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. Sea turtles can be separated into the categories of hard-shelled (cheloniid) and leathery-shelled (dermochelyid). There is only one dermochelyid species which is the leatherback sea turtle.

Description

For each of the seven types of sea turtles, females and males are the same size; there is no sexual dimorphism.

In general, sea turtles have a more fusiform body plan than their terrestrial or freshwater counterparts. This tapering at both ends reduces volume and means that sea turtles cannot retract their head and limbs into their shells for protection, unlike many other turtles and tortoises. However, the streamlined body plan reduces friction and drag in the water and allows sea turtles to swim more easily and swiftly.

The leatherback sea turtle is the largest sea turtle, measuring 2–3 m (6–9 ft) in length, 1–1.5 m (3–5 ft) in width, and weighing up to 700 kg (1500 lb). Other sea turtle species are smaller, being mostly 60–120 cm (2–4 ft) long and proportionally narrower.

The skulls of sea turtles have cheek regions that are enclosed in bone. Although this condition appears to resemble that found in the earliest known fossil reptiles (anapsids), it is possible it is a more recently evolved trait in sea turtles, placing them outside the anapsids.

Taxonomy and evolution
Sea turtles, along with other turtles and tortoises, are part of the order Testudines. All species except the leatherback sea turtle are in the family Cheloniidae. The superfamily name Chelonioidea and family name Cheloniidae are based on the Ancient Greek word for tortoise:  (). The leatherback sea turtle is the only extant member of the family Dermochelyidae.

Fossil evidence of marine turtles goes back to the Late Jurassic (150 million years ago) with genera such as Plesiochelys, from Europe. In Africa, the first marine turtle is Angolachelys, from the Turonian of Angola. A lineage of unrelated marine testudines, the pleurodire (side-necked) bothremydids, also survived well into the Cenozoic. Other pleurodires are also thought to have lived at sea, such as Araripemys and extinct pelomedusids. Modern sea turtles are not descended from more than one of the groups of sea-going turtles that have existed in the past; they instead constitute a single radiation that became distinct from all other turtles at least 110 million years ago. Their closest extant relatives are in fact the snapping turtles (Chelydridae), musk turtles (Kinosternidae), and hickatee (Dermatemyidae) of the Americas, which alongside the sea turtles constitute the clade Americhelydia.

The oldest possible representative of the lineage (Panchelonioidea) leading to modern sea turtles was possibly Desmatochelys padillaifrom the Early Cretaceous. Desmatochelys was a protostegid, a lineage that would later give rise to some very large species but went extinct at the end of the Cretaceous. Presently thought to be outside the crown group that contains modern sea turtles (Chelonioidea), the exact relationships of protostegids to modern sea turtles are still debated due to their primitive morphology; they may be the sister group to the Chelonoidea, or an unrelated turtle lineage that convergently evolved similar adaptations. The earliest "true" sea turtle that is known from fossils is Nichollsemys from the Early Cretaceous (Albian) of Canada. In 2022, the giant fossil species Leviathanochelys was described from Spain. This species inhabited the oceans covering Europe in the Late Cretaceous and rivaled the concurrent giant protostegids such as Archelon and Protostega as one of the largest turtles to ever exist. Unlike the protostegids, which have an uncertain relationship to modern sea turtles, Leviathanochelys is thought to be a true sea turtle of the superfamily Chelonioidea.

Sea turtles' limbs and brains have evolved to adapt to their diets. Their limbs originally evolved for locomotion, but more recently evolved to aid them in feeding. They use their limbs to hold, swipe, and forage their food. This helps them eat more efficiently.

Cladogram
Below is a cladogram showing the phylogenetic relationships of living and extinct sea turtles in the Chelonioidea based on Evers et al. (2019):

An alternate phylogeny was proposed by Castillo-Visa et al. (2022):

Distribution and habitat
Sea turtles can be found in all oceans except for the polar regions. The flatback sea turtle is found solely on the northern coast of Australia. The Kemp's ridley sea turtle is found solely in the Gulf of Mexico and along the East Coast of the United States.

Sea turtles are generally found in the waters over continental shelves. During the first three to five years of life, sea turtles spend most of their time in the pelagic zone floating in seaweed mats. Green sea turtles in particular are often found in Sargassum mats, in which they find food, shelter and water. Once the sea turtle has reached adulthood it moves closer to the shore. Females will come ashore to lay their eggs on sandy beaches during the nesting season.

Sea turtles migrate to reach their spawning beaches, which are limited in numbers. Living in the ocean therefore means they usually migrate over large distances. All sea turtles have large body sizes, which is helpful for moving large distances. Large body sizes also offer good protection against the large predators (notably sharks) found in the ocean.

In 2020, diminished human activity resulting from the COVID-19 virus caused an increase in sea turtle nesting. Some areas in Thailand saw an abnormally high number of nests, and Florida experienced a similar phenomenon. Less plastic and light pollution could explain these observations.

Life cycle
It takes decades for sea turtles to reach sexual maturity. Mature sea turtles may migrate thousands of miles to reach breeding sites. After mating at sea, adult female sea turtles return to land to lay their eggs. Different species of sea turtles exhibit various levels of philopatry. In the extreme case, females return to the same beach where they hatched. This can take place every two to four years in maturity.

The mature nesting female hauls herself onto the beach, nearly always at night, and finds suitable sand in which to create a nest. Using her hind flippers, she digs a circular hole  deep. After the hole is dug, the female then starts filling the nest with her clutch of soft-shelled eggs. Depending on the species, a typical clutch may contain 50–350 eggs. After laying, she re-fills the nest with sand, re-sculpting and smoothing the surface, and then camouflaging the nest with vegetation until it is relatively undetectable visually. She may also dig decoy nests.  The whole process takes 30 to 60 minutes. She then returns to the ocean, leaving the eggs untended.

Females may lay 1–8 clutches in a single season. Female sea turtles alternate between mating in the water and laying their eggs on land. Most sea turtle species nest individually. But ridley sea turtles come ashore en masse, known as an arribada (arrival). With the Kemp's ridley sea turtle this occurs during the day.

Sea turtles have temperature-dependent sex determination, meaning the developing baby sea turtle's sex depends on the temperature it is exposed to. Warmer temperatures produce female hatchlings, while cooler temperatures produce male hatchlings. The eggs will incubate for 50–60 days. The eggs in one nest hatch together over a short period of time. The baby sea turtles break free of the egg shell, dig through the sand, and crawl into the sea. Most species of sea turtles hatch at night. However, the Kemp's ridley sea turtle commonly hatches during the day. Sea turtle nests that hatch during the day are more vulnerable to predators, and may encounter more human activity on the beach.

Larger hatchlings have a higher probability of survival than smaller individuals, which can be explained by the fact that larger offspring are faster and thus less exposed to predation. Predators can only functionally intake so much; larger individuals are not targeted as often. A study conducted on this topic shows that body size is positively correlated with speed, so larger baby sea turtles are exposed to predators for a shorter amount of time. The fact that there is size dependent predation on chelonians has led to the evolutionary development of large body sizes.

In 1987, Carr discovered that the young of green and loggerhead sea turtles spent a great deal of their pelagic lives in floating sargassum mats. Within these mats, they found ample shelter and food. In the absence of sargassum, young sea turtles feed in the vicinity of upwelling "fronts". In 2007, Reich determined that green sea turtle hatchlings spend the first three to five years of their lives in pelagic waters. In the open ocean, pre-juveniles of this particular species were found to feed on zooplankton and smaller nekton before they are recruited into inshore seagrass meadows as obligate herbivores.

Physiology

Osmoregulation

Sea turtles maintain an internal environment that is hypotonic to the ocean. To maintain hypotonicity they must excrete excess salt ions. Like other marine reptiles, sea turtles rely on a specialized gland to rid the body of excess salt, because reptilian kidneys cannot produce urine with a higher ion concentration than sea water. All species of sea turtles have a lachrymal gland in the orbital cavity, capable of producing tears with a higher salt concentration than sea water.

Leatherback sea turtles face an increased osmotic challenge compared to other species of sea turtle, since their primary prey are jellyfish and other gelatinous plankton, whose fluids have the same concentration of salts as sea water. The much larger lachrymal gland found in leatherback sea turtles may have evolved to cope with the higher intake of salts from their prey. A constant output of concentrated salty tears may be required to balance the input of salts from regular feeding, even considering leatherback sea turtle tears can have a salt ion concentration almost twice that of other species of sea turtle.

Hatchlings depend on drinking sea water immediately upon entering the ocean to replenish water lost during the hatching process.  Salt gland functioning begins quickly after hatching, so that the young sea turtles can establish ion and water balance soon after entering the ocean. Survival and physiological performance hinge on immediate and efficient hydration following emergence from the nest.

Thermoregulation
All sea turtles are poikilotherms. However, leatherback sea turtles (family Dermochelyidae) are able to maintain a body temperature  warmer than the ambient water by thermoregulation through the trait of gigantothermy.

Green sea turtles in the relatively cooler Pacific are known to haul themselves out of the water on remote islands to bask in the sun. This behavior has only been observed in a few locations, including the Galapagos, Hawaii, Europa Island, and parts of Australia.

Diving physiology

Sea turtles are air-breathing reptiles that have lungs, so they regularly surface to breathe. Sea turtles spend a majority of their time underwater, so they must be able to hold their breath for long periods. Dive duration largely depends on activity. A foraging sea turtle may typically spend 5–40 minutes underwater while a sleeping sea turtle can remain underwater for 4–7 hours. Remarkably, sea turtle respiration remains aerobic for the vast majority of voluntary dive time. When a sea turtle is forcibly submerged (e.g. entangled in a trawl net) its diving endurance is substantially reduced, so it is more susceptible to drowning.

When surfacing to breathe, a sea turtle can quickly refill its lungs with a single explosive exhalation and rapid inhalation. Their large lungs permit rapid exchange of oxygen and avoid trapping gases during deep dives.

Cold-stunning is a phenomenon that occurs when sea turtles enter cold ocean water (), which causes the turtles to float to the surface and therefore makes it impossible for them to swim.

Fluorescence

Gruber and Sparks (2015) have observed the first fluorescence in a marine tetrapod (four-limbed vertebrates). Sea turtles are the first biofluorescent reptile found in the wild.

According to Gruber and Sparks (2015), fluorescence is observed in an increasing number of marine creatures (cnidarians, ctenophores, annelids, arthropods, and chordates) and is now also considered to be widespread in cartilaginous and ray-finned fishes.

The two marine biologists accidentally made the observation in the Solomon Islands on a hawksbill sea turtle, one of the rarest and most endangered sea turtle species in the ocean, during a night dive aimed to film the biofluorescence emitted by small sharks and coral reefs. The role of biofluorescence in marine organisms is often attributed to a strategy for attracting prey or perhaps a way to communicate. It could also serve as a way of defense or camouflage for the sea turtle hiding during night amongst other fluorescent organisms like corals. Fluorescent corals and sea creatures are best observed during night dives with a blue LED light and with a camera equipped with an orange optical filter to capture only the fluorescence light.

Sensory modalities

Navigation

Below the surface, the sensory cues available for navigation change dramatically. Light availability decreases quickly with depth, and is refracted by the movement of water when present, celestial cues are often obscured, and ocean currents cause continuous drift. Most sea turtle species migrate over significant distances to nesting or foraging grounds, some even crossing entire ocean basins. Passive drifting within major current systems, such as those in the North Atlantic Gyre, can result in ejection well outside of the temperature tolerance range of a given species, causing heat stress, hypothermia, or death. In order to reliably navigate within strong gyre currents in the open ocean, migrating sea turtles possess both a bicoordinate magnetic map and magnetic compass sense, using a form of navigation termed Magnetoreception. Specific migratory routes have been shown to vary between individuals, making the possession of both a magnetic map and compass sense advantageous for sea turtles.

A bicoordinate magnetic map gives sea turtles the ability to determine their position relative to a goal with both latitudinal and longitudinal information, and requires the detection and interpretation of more than one magnetic parameter going in opposite directions to generate, such as Magnetic field intensity and Inclination angle. A magnetic compass sense allows sea turtles to determine and maintain a specific magnetic heading or orientation. These magnetic senses are thought to be inherited, as hatchling sea turtles swim in directions that would keep them on course when exposed to the magnetic field signatures of various locations along their species' migratory routes.

Natal homing behavior is well described in sea turtles, and genetic testing of turtle populations at different nesting sites has shown that magnetic field is a more reliable indicator of genetic similarity than physical distance between sites. Additionally, nesting sites have been recorded to "drift" along with isoline shifts in the magnetic field. Magnetoreception is thought to be the primary navigation tool used by nesting sea turtles in returning to natal beaches. There are three major theories explaining natal site learning: inherited magnetic information, socially facilitated migration, and geomagnetic imprinting. Some support has been found for geomagnetic imprinting, including successful experiments transplanting populations of sea turtles by relocating them prior to hatching, but the exact mechanism is still not known.

Ecology

Diet
The loggerhead, Kemp's ridley, olive ridley, and hawksbill sea turtles are omnivorous their entire life. Omnivorous turtles may eat a wide variety of plant and animal life including decapods, seagrasses, seaweed, sponges, mollusks, cnidarians, Echinoderms, worms and fish. However, some species specialize on certain prey.

The diet of green sea turtles changes with age. Juveniles are omnivorous, but as they mature they become exclusively herbivorous. This diet shift has an effect on the green sea turtle's morphology. Green sea turtles have a serrated jaw that is used to eat sea grass and algae.

Leatherback sea turtles feed almost exclusively on jellyfish and help control jellyfish populations.

Hawksbill sea turtles principally eat sponges, which constitute 70–95% of their diets in the Caribbean.

Larynx mechanisms
There was little information regarding the sea turtle's larynx. Sea turtles, like other turtle species, lack an epiglottis to cover the larynx entrance. Key findings from an experiment reveal the following in regards to the larynx morphology: a close apposition between the linguolaryngeal cleft's smooth mucosal walls and the laryngeal folds, a dorsal part of the glottis, the glottal mucosa attached to the arytenoid cartilage, and the way the hyoid sling is arranged and the relationship between the compressor laryngis muscle and cricoid cartilage. The glottal opening and closing mechanisms have been examined. During the opening stage, two abductor artytenoideae muscles swing arytenoid cartilages and the glottis walls. As a result, the glottis profile is transformed from a slit to a triangle. In the closing stage, the tongue is drawn posteriorly due to the close apposition of the glottis walls and linguolaryngeal cleft walls and hyoglossal sling contractions.

Relationship with humans

Sea turtles are caught worldwide, although it is illegal to hunt most species in many countries. A great deal of intentional sea turtle harvests worldwide are for food. Many parts of the world have long considered sea turtles to be fine dining. In England during the 1700s, Sea Turtles were consumed as a delicacy to near extinction, often as turtle soup. Ancient Chinese texts dating to the 5th century B.C.E. describe sea turtles as exotic delicacies. Many coastal communities around the world depend on sea turtles as a source of protein, often harvesting several sea turtles at once and keeping them alive on their backs until needed. Coastal peoples gather sea turtle eggs for consumption.

To a much lesser extent, some species are targeted for their shells. Tortoiseshell, a traditional decorative ornamental material used in Japan and China, comes from the carapace scutes of the hawksbill sea turtle. Ancient Greeks and ancient Romans processed sea turtle scutes (primarily from the hawksbill sea turtle) for various articles and ornaments used by their elites, such as combs and brushes. The skin of the flippers is prized for use as shoes and assorted leather goods. In various West African countries, sea turtles are harvested for traditional medicinal use.

The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped the sea and its animals. They often depicted sea turtles in their art. J. R. R. Tolkien's poem "Fastitocalon" echoes a second-century Latin tale in the Physiologus of the Aspidochelone ("round-shielded turtle"); it is so large that sailors mistakenly land and light a fire on its back, and are drowned when it dives.

Beach towns, such as Tortuguero, Costa Rica, have transitioned from a tourism industry that made profits from selling sea turtle meat and shells to an ecotourism-based economy. Tortuguero is considered to be the founding location of sea turtle conservation. In the 1960s the cultural demand for sea turtle meat, shells, and eggs was quickly killing the once-abundant sea turtle populations that nested on the beach. The Caribbean Conservation Corporation began working with villagers to promote ecotourism as a permanent substitute to sea turtle hunting. Sea turtle nesting grounds became sustainable. Tourists love to come and visit the nesting grounds, although it causes a lot of stress to the sea turtles because all of the eggs can get damaged or harmed. Since the creation of a sea turtle ecotourism-based economy, Tortugero annually houses thousands of tourists who visit the protected  beach that hosts sea turtle walks and nesting grounds. Walks to observe the nesting sea turtles require a certified guide and this controls and minimises disturbance of the beaches. It also gives the locals a financial interest in conservation and the guides now defend the sea turtles from threats such as poaching; efforts in Costa Rica's Pacific Coast are facilitated by a nonprofit organization, Sea Turtles Forever.  Thousands of people are involved in sea turtle walks, and substantial revenues accrue from the fees paid for the privilege.

In other parts of the world where sea turtle breeding sites are threatened by human activity, volunteers often patrol beaches as a part of conservation activities, which may include relocating sea turtle eggs to hatcheries, or assisting hatching sea turtles in reaching the ocean. Locations in which such efforts exist include the east coast of India, São Tomé and Príncipe, Sham Wan in Hong Kong, and the coast of Florida.

Importance to ecosystems

Sea turtles play key roles in two habitat types: oceans and beaches/dunes.

In the oceans, sea turtles, especially green sea turtles, are among the very few creatures (manatees are another) that eat sea grass. Sea grass needs to be constantly cut short to help it grow across the sea floor. Sea turtle grazing helps maintain the health of the sea grass beds. Sea grass beds provide breeding and developmental grounds for numerous marine animals. Without them, many marine species humans harvest would be lost, as would the lower levels of the food chain. The reactions could result in many more marine species eventually becoming endangered or extinct.

Sea turtles use beaches and sand dunes as to lay their eggs. Such coastal environments are nutrient-poor and depend on vegetation to protect against erosion. Eggs, hatched or unhatched, and hatchlings that fail to make it into the ocean are nutrient sources for dune vegetation and therefore protecting these nesting habitats for sea turtles, forming a positive feedback loop.

Sea turtles also maintain a symbiotic relationship with yellow tang, in which the fish will eat algae growing on the shell of a sea turtle.

Conservation status and threats

The IUCN Red List classifies three species of sea turtle as either "endangered" or "critically endangered". An additional three species are classified as "vulnerable". The flatback sea turtle is considered as "data deficient", meaning that its conservation status is unclear due to lack of data. All species of sea turtle are listed in CITES Appendix I, restricting international trade of sea turtles and sea turtle products. However, the usefulness of global assessments for sea turtles has been questioned, particularly due to the presence of distinct genetic stocks and spatially separated regional management units (RMUs). Each RMU is subject to a unique set of threats that generally cross jurisdictional boundaries, resulting in some sub-populations of the same species' showing recovery while others continue to decline. This has triggered the IUCN to conduct threat assessments at the sub-population level for some species recently. These new assessments have highlighted an unexpected mismatch between where conservation relevant science has been conducted on sea turtles, and where there is the greatest need for conservation. For example, as at August 2017, about 69% of studies using stable isotope analysis to understand the foraging distribution of sea turtles have been conducted in RMUs listed as "least concern" by the IUCN.
Additionally, all populations of sea turtles that occur in United States waters are listed as threatened or endangered by the US Endangered Species Act (ESA). The US listing status of the loggerhead sea turtle is under review as of 2012.

*The ESA manages sea turtles by population and not by species.

Management
In the Caribbean, researchers are having some success in assisting a comeback. In September 2007, Corpus Christi, Texas, wildlife officials found 128 Kemp's ridley sea turtle nests on Texas beaches, a record number, including 81 on North Padre Island (Padre Island National Seashore) and four on Mustang Island. Wildlife officials released 10,594 Kemp's ridley sea turtle hatchlings along the Texas coast in recent years.

The Philippines has had several initiatives dealing with the issue of sea turtle conservation. In 2007, the province of Batangas declared the catching and eating of sea turtles (locally referred to as Pawikans) illegal. However, the law seems to have had little effect as sea turtle eggs are still in demand in Batangan markets. In September 2007, several Chinese poachers were apprehended off the Turtle Islands in the country's southernmost province of Tawi-Tawi. The poachers had collected more than a hundred sea turtles, along with 10,000 sea turtle eggs.

Evaluating the progress of conservation programs is difficult, because many sea turtle populations have not been assessed adequately. Most information on sea turtle populations comes from counting nests on beaches, but this does not provide an accurate picture of the whole sea turtle population. A 2010 United States National Research Council report concluded that more detailed information on sea turtles' life cycles, such as birth rates and mortality, is needed.

Nest relocation may not be a useful conservation technique for sea turtles. In one study on the freshwater Arrau turtle (Podocnemis expansa) researchers examined the effects of nest relocation. They discovered that clutches of this freshwater turtle that were transplanted to a new location had higher mortality rates and more morphological abnormalities compared to non-transplanted clutches. However, in a study of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta), Dellert et al. found that relocating nests at risk of inundation increased the success of eggs and hatchlings and decreased the risk of inundation.

Predators and disease
Most sea turtle mortality happens early in life. Sea turtles usually lay around 100 eggs at a time, but on average only one of the eggs from the nest will survive to adulthood. Raccoons, foxes, and seabirds may raid nests or hatchlings may be eaten within minutes of hatching as they make their initial run for the ocean. Once in the water, they are susceptible to seabirds, large fish and even other sea turtles.

Adult sea turtles have few predators. Large aquatic carnivores such as sharks and crocodiles are their biggest threats; however, reports of terrestrial predators attacking nesting females are not uncommon. Jaguars have been reported to smash into sea turtle shells with their paws, and scoop out the flesh.

Fibropapillomatosis disease causes tumors in sea turtles.

While many of the things that endanger sea turtles are natural predators, increasingly many threats to the sea turtle species have arrived with the ever-growing presence of humans.

Bycatch
One of the most significant and contemporary threats to sea turtles comes from bycatch due to imprecise fishing methods. Long-lining has been identified as a major cause of accidental sea turtle deaths. There is also a black-market demand for tortoiseshell for both decoration and supposed health benefits.

Sea turtles must surface to breathe. Caught in a fisherman's net, they are unable to surface and thus drown. In early 2007, almost a thousand sea turtles were killed inadvertently in the Bay of Bengal over the course of a few months after netting.

However, some relatively inexpensive changes to fishing techniques, such as slightly larger hooks and traps from which sea turtles can escape, can dramatically cut the mortality rate. Turtle excluder devices (TEDs) have reduced sea turtle bycatch in shrimp nets by 97 percent.

Beach development
Light pollution from beach development is a threat to baby sea turtles; the glow from city sources can cause them to head into traffic instead of the ocean. There has been some movement to protect these areas. On the east coast of Florida, parts of the beach known to harbor sea turtle nests are protected by fences. Conservationists have monitored hatchings, relocating lost baby sea turtles to the beach.

Hatchlings find their way to the ocean by crawling towards the brightest horizon and can become disoriented along the coastline. Lighting restrictions can prevent lights from shining on the beach and confusing hatchlings. Sea turtle-safe lighting uses red or amber LED light, invisible to sea turtles, in place of white light.

Poaching

Another major threat to sea turtles is the black-market trade in eggs and meat. This is a problem throughout the world, but especially a concern in China, the Philippines, India, Indonesia and the coastal nations of Latin America. Estimates reach as high as 35,000 sea turtles killed a year in Mexico and the same number in Nicaragua. Conservationists in Mexico and the United States have launched "Don't Eat Sea Turtle" campaigns in order to reduce this trade in sea turtle products. These campaigns have involved figures such as Dorismar, Los Tigres del Norte and Maná. Sea turtles are often consumed during the Catholic season of Lent, even though they are reptiles, not fish. Consequently, conservation organizations have written letters to the Pope asking that he declare sea turtles meat.

Marine debris
Another danger to sea turtles comes from marine debris, especially plastics which may be mistaken for jellyfish, and abandoned fishing nets in which they can become entangled.

Sea turtles in all types are being endangered by the way humans use plastic. Recycling is known of and people recycle but not everyone does. The amount of plastic in the oceans and beaches is growing every day. The littering of plastic is 80% of the amount.

When turtles hatch from their eggs on the beach, they are already endangered with plastic. Turtles have to find the ocean by themselves and on their journey from land to sea, they encounter a lot of plastic. Some even get trapped in the plastic and die from lack of resources and from the sun being too hot.

Sea turtles eat plastic bags because they confuse them with their actual diet, jellyfish, algae and other components. The consumption of plastic is different for every breed of sea turtle, but when they ingest the plastic, it can clog their intestines and cause internal bleeding which will eventually kill them.

In 2015, an olive ridley sea turtle was found with a plastic drinking straw lodged inside its nose. The video of Nathan J. Robinson has helped raise considerable awareness about the threat posed by plastic pollution to sea turtles.

The research into turtle consumption of plastic is growing. A laboratory of Exeter and Plymouth Marine tested 102 turtles and found plastic in every one of their stomachs. The researchers found more than 800 pieces of plastic in those 102 turtles. That was 20 times more than what was found in the last research. Those researchers stated that the most common things found were cigarette buds, tire, plastic in many forms and fishing material.

The chemicals in the plastic that sea life eats damages their internal organs and can also clog their airway. The chemicals in the plastic that they eat is also a leading cause of the death of the turtles. If the turtles are close to laying eggs, the chemicals that they ingested from the plastic can seep into their eggs and affect their offspring. It is unlikely for the baby sea turtles to survive with those chemicals in their system.

There is a large quantity of plastic in the ocean, 80% of which comes from landfills; the ratio of plankton to plastic in the ocean is one to six. The "Great Pacific Garbage Patch" is a swirl of garbage in the Pacific Ocean that is  deep and contains 3.5 million tons of garbage. This is also known as the "plastic island".

Climate change
Climate change may also cause a threat to sea turtles. Since sand temperature at nesting beaches defines the sex of a sea turtle while developing in the egg, there is concern that rising temperatures may produce too many females. However, more research is needed to understand how climate change might affect sea turtle gender distribution and what other possible threats it may pose.

Studies have shown that climate change in the world is making sea turtles gender change. The study that was in January 2018 Current Biology "Environmental Warning and Feminization of One of the Largest Sea Turtle Populations in the World", showed how baby sea turtles were being born female a lot more than being born male. Scientists took blood samples from many baby sea turtles near the Great Barrier Reef. Prior to this study, the ratio of male to female was pretty normal. There was a little more female than there was male but it was enough to keep reproduction and life cycle normal. The study showed that there was 99% more female sea turtles then male.

The temperature of the sand has a big impact on the sex of the sea turtle. This is not common with other animals but it is with sea turtles. Warmer or hot sand usually makes the sea turtle female and the cooler the sand usually makes male. Climate change has made the temperatures much hotter than they should be. The temperature of the sand gets hotter every time it is time for sea turtles to lay their eggs. With that, adaption to the sand should occur but it would take generations for them to adapt to that one temperature. It would be hard because the temperature of the sand is always changing.

The sand temperature is not the only thing that impacts sea turtles. The rise of the sea levels messes with their memory. They have an imprinted map in their memory that shows where they usually give birth and go after they do. With the rise in water levels, that map is getting messed up and is hard for them to get back to where they started. It is also taking away their beaches that they lay their eggs on. Climate change also has an impact on the number of storms and the severity of them. Storms can wipe out the sea turtles nesting ground and take out the eggs that already laid. The rising level of water is also a way for the nesting grounds to disappear. Sea turtles maps and their nesting grounds getting destroyed is harmful to them. That is because with their maps being messed up and not being able to lay eggs where they usually do makes it hard for them to find a new place to nest. They usually stick to a schedule and the messing up of a schedule messes them up.

The temperature of the ocean is also rising. This impacts their diet and what they can eat. Coral reefs are majorly impacted by the rising temperatures and a lot of sea turtles diet is coral reefs or in the coral reef. Most animals that live in coral reefs need the reefs to survive. With the reefs dying, the sea life around it also does, impacting many animals.

Oil spills
Sea turtles are very vulnerable to oil pollution, both because of the oil's tendency to linger on the water's surface, and because oil can affect them at every stage of their life cycle.  Oil can poison the sea turtles upon entering their digestive system.

Sea turtles have a cycle that they follow from birth. The cycle depends on the sex of the turtle but they follow it all the way through life. They start by hatching on the beach, they reach the water then move out to find food. They then start their breeding migration and then mate with another turtle. For females, they make their way to the beach to start it all over again. With males, they go back to feeding after mating and doing that over again. Oil spills can affect this cycle majorly. If the female was to go and lay eggs and ingest oil, the chemicals from the oil can get passed on to the offspring and will be hard for them to survive. The diet of the sea turtles can also be impacted by oil. If the things that they eat has oil on it or has ingested oil, it can get into their system and start attacking the insides of the turtle.

Rehabilitation
Injured sea turtles are rescued and rehabilitated (and, if possible, released back to the ocean) by professional organizations, such as the Gumbo Limbo Nature Center in Boca Raton, Florida, the Karen Beasley Sea Turtle Rescue and Rehabilitation Center in Surf City, North Carolina, and Sea Turtles 911 in Hainan, China.

One rescued sea turtle, named Nickel for the coin that was found lodged in her throat, lives at the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago.

Symbiosis with barnacles
Sea turtles are believed to have a commensal relationship with some barnacles, in which the barnacles benefit from growing on sea turtles without harming them. Barnacles are small, hard-shelled crustaceans found attached to multiple different substrates below or just above the ocean. The adult barnacle is a sessile organism, however in its larval stage it is planktonic and can move about the water column. The larval stage chooses where to settle and ultimately the habitat for its full adult life, which is typically between 5 and 10 years. However, estimates of age for a common sea turtle barnacle species, Chelonibia testudinaria, suggest that this species lives for at least 21 months, with individuals older than this uncommon. Chelonibia barnacles have also been used to distinguish between the foraging areas of sea turtle hosts. By analyzing stable isotope ratios in barnacle shell material, scientist can identify differences in the water (temperature and salinity) that different hosts have been swimming through, and thus differentiate between the home areas of host sea turtles.

A favorite settlement for barnacle larvae is the shell or skin around the neck of sea turtles. The larvae glue themselves to the chosen spot, a thin layer of flesh is wrapped around them and a shell is secreted. Many species of barnacles can settle on any substrate, however some species of barnacles have an obligatory commensal relationship with specific animals, which makes finding a suitable location harder. Around 29 species of "turtle barnacles" have been recorded. However it is not solely on sea turtles that barnacles can be found; other organisms also serve as a barnacle's settlements. These organisms include mollusks, whales, decapod crustaceans, manatees and several other groups related to these species.

Sea turtle shells are an ideal habitat for adult barnacles for three reasons. Sea turtles tend to live long lives, greater than 70 years, so barnacles do not have to worry about host death. However, mortality in sea turtle barnacles is often driven by their host shedding the scutes on which the barnacle is attached, rather than the death of the sea turtle itself. Secondly, barnacles are suspension feeders. Sea turtles spend most of their lives swimming and following ocean currents and as water runs along the back of the sea turtle's shell it passes over the barnacles, providing an almost constant water flow and influx of food particles. Lastly, the long distances and inter-ocean travel these sea turtles swim throughout their lifetime offers the perfect mechanism for dispersal of barnacle larvae. Allowing the barnacle species to distribute themselves throughout global waters is a high fitness advantage of this commensalism.

This relationship, however, is not truly commensal. While the barnacles are not directly parasitic to their hosts, they have negative effects to the sea turtles on which they choose to reside. The barnacles add extra weight and drag to the sea turtle, increasing the energy it needs for swimming and affecting its ability to capture prey, with the effect increasing with the quantity of barnacles affixed to its back.

See also
 Cultural depictions of turtles
 Kélonia—sea turtle observatory in Réunion
 Memorandum of Understanding concerning Conservation Measures for Marine Turtles of the Atlantic Coast of Africa
 Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation and Management of Marine Turtles and their Habitats of the Indian Ocean and South-East Asia
 Sandwatch
 Sea Turtle Association of Japan, Kuroshima Research Station
 Sea Turtle Conservancy
 Sea turtle migration
 Sea Turtles 911
 Shrimp-Turtle Case
 Threats to sea turtles
Use of sea turtles in West African traditional medicine

References

Further reading

External links

Sea Turtle Research and Conservation – Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History

Endangered animals
Extant Albian first appearances
Chelonioidea

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Mean pink chords
Pink - Mean Tuning; Standard tabbed by; jere_1916 Chords used; E = 022100 B = 799877 A = 577655 Am/F# = x02212 or 577575 C#m = x46654 G#m = 466444 Intro; E, B, A, Am/F# E B You used to hol Intro: E B A E B A You used to hold the door for me, now you can?t wait to leave E B A You used to send me flowers if you fucked up in my dreams E B A I used to make you laugh with all the silly shit I did E B A But now you roll your eyes and walk away and shake your head C#m When the spark has gone, and the candles are out G#m When the song is done and there?s no more sound A B Whispers turn to yellin and I?m thinkin {Chorus:} E How did we get so mean
MEAN CHORDS (ver 2) by P!nk @ Ultimate-Guitar
Pink - Mean Chords. Pink. -. Mean Chords. E = 022100. B = 799877. A = 577655. Am/F♯ = x02212 or 577575. C♯m = x46654 Chords for Mean by Pink. Find the best version for your choice. Chords and tablature aggregator - Tabstabs.com Choose and determine which version of Mean chords and tabs by Pink you can play. Last updated on 02.04.201
Tabs for Pink - Mean. Hey guys I know this aint 10/10 correct but sounds pretty similar so if you have any suggestions on improvement let me know :) Standard tuning. Pink Carousel Chords by Mean Mary. Learn to play guitar by chord / tabs using chord diagrams, transpose the key, watch video lessons and much more Chords used in this song: Em, G, C, DEmGCD. You can also check out some easy songs by Bruno Mars. The same chord progression throughout the song. Check for similar songs. This song only uses four chords. Check for similar songs
MEAN Chords - Pink E-Chord
Mean Mary tabs, chords, guitar, bass, ukulele chords, power tabs and guitar pro tabs including thank you very much, walk a little ways with me, pink carousel, rose tattoo, rough road ahea Ultimate tabs has a huge archive of guitar tabs and chords also containing, ukulele tabs, bass tabs, guitar pro files and many other instruments. fresh tabs top tabs lessons submit videos . Ultimate tabs and chords for guitar . Guitar Chords 295346 chords Guitar Pro 74023 tabs Guitar Tabs 100842 tabs Drums 6558 tabs Bass Tabs 33083 tabs Ukelele Tabs 295346 tabs Keyboards 295346 tabs Harmonica. [Intro] Am F C G 4x [Verse] Am F C G Ever wonder about what he's doing Am F C G How it all turned to lies Am F C G Sometimes I think that it's better Am F C G To never ask why [Pre-chorus] Am F C G [Chorus] Am F Where there is desire C There is gonna be a flame G Where there is a flame Am Someone's bound to get burned F But just because it burns C Doesn't mean you're gonna die You've gotta get G Am up and try try try F C Gotta get up and try try try G You gotta get up and try try Am F C G Am. Dbm B You, with your swithching sides and A Your wild fire lies and your humiliation Dbm B A You, have pointed out my flaws again -stop As if I don't already see them Dbm B I walk with my head down A Tryin' to block you out A 'Cause I never impress you Dbm B A I just wanna feel okay again B I bet you got pushed around E A B Somebody made you cold - B - But the cycle ends right now 'cause A You can't lead me down that road A-stop And you don't know what you don't know E B A Someday I'll be. Top Popular Songs Guitar And Ukulele Chords. 29 tabs . Updates view all. Vintage Trouble. Nobody Told Me chords. 18 Apr, 2020 . Jeremy Zucker. Hell Or Flying chords. 18 Apr, 2020 . The Kid LAROI. Fade Away chords. 18 Apr, 2020 . Brett Eldredge. Gabrielle chords. 18 Apr, 2020.
Mean Chords by Pink Songsterr Tabs with Rhyth
or. A Major Chord Progressions. A major, E major, F#
Intro - x2 -: Bm G D A Bm G Ever wonder about what he's doing D A How it all turned to lies Bm G Sometimes I think that it's better D A To never ask why Interlude: Bm G D A G Where there is desire D There is gonna be a flame A Where there is a flame Bm Someone's bound to get burned G But just because it burns D Doesn't mean you're gonna die A Bm You've gotta get up and try try try G D Gotta get up and try try try A You gotta get up and try try Bm G D A Try Bm G Funny how the heart can be.
ute to review how they are laid out and what each chart element is intended to represent
Good 4 U Chords by Olivia Rodrigo, Cant Help Falling In Love Chords by Elvis Presley, Perfect Chords by Ed Sheeran and other tabs filtered by chords @ Ultimate-Guitar.Co
Mean by Pink @ 19 Chords total : Tabstabs
Graduation cords in different colors from Honors Graduation are available in a variety to best match your school's colors or the colors of your club, honor society, or organization. Customization is available upon request with advance notice of at least several months. Unfortunately, we cannot accommodate or fulfill last minute custom color requests, and are not aware of any competitor who. Learn how to play guitar with the best free online guitar lessons available. For both beginner guitar and advanced, our 11,000 video lessons will have you playing easy guitar songs in no time! Learn guitar chords, how to change chords quickly, and guitar exercises perfect for both electric and acoustic guitar
Song by Pink.....with lyric and chord for all of us who want to learn this nice song...Enjoy it.... �� This chords is contributed by Bui Nhu Sy.If you like Chords Easy and would like to contribute, you can also create a new song/chords HERE.See your chords appearing on the Chords Easy main page and help other guitar players Great job, now you understand how to turn a minor chord into a major chord and you have gained three new chords in the process. That means you now know ten chords on the keyboard! Turn the major chords into minor chords. Now you will transform these major chords you have just learned into minor chords. You will use the reverse method to accomplish this. By lowering the middle note of C major, F major, and G major you will gain C minor, F minor, and G minor. After that, you will know thirteen.
Mean chords & tabs by Pink @ 911Tab
Capo on the 2nd fret. Intro: Am F C G x4 Am F C G Ever wonder about what he's doing Am F C G How it all turned to lies Am F C G Sometimes I think that it's better Am F C G To never ask why Am F C G x2. F Where there is desire C There is gonna be a flame G Where there is a flame Am Someone's bound to get burned F But just because it burns C Doesn't mean you're gonna die G Am You've gotta get up.
Bob Dylan Chords and lyrics. Loading. DYLANCHORDS.COM UNOFFICIAL MIRROR. Loading... 8 Feb 2015: OK, OK - it's time for a new update, I guess. I'm working on Shadows in the Night. Not quite done yet, but they're trickling in, so stay tuned. What you are looking at is an unofficial mirror of Eyolf Østrem's dylanchords.com, much of which is temporarily unavailable due to the American Music.
g Mean. (C) 2011 Big Machine Records, LLC. Exclusive Merch: https://store.taylorswift.com Follow Taylor Swift OnlineIn..
Pink is one of the original hues included in the academic dress standard tradition, and the pink graduation cords we provide can bring a sense of honor and historical connection, in addition to pride and achievement, to your graduation exercises. Acknowledge your students' particular talents with our pink honor cords, and encourage them to continue developing their creativity as they move.
The main difference between D major and D Mixolydian is the flat seven chord, C. Since major and Mixolydian are two popular major key types, you sometimes see composers mix them together. This means that you get a total of four major chords: I-IV-V from the major and bVII from Mixolydian. In the key of D this becomes D-G-A-C, or I-IV-V-bVII. Another way to think of this is that you're borrowing the C chord from the parallel scale of D Mixolydian. Borrowed chords and modal.
3fr. ×. ×. 3fr. ×. ×. 3fr. 1 of 25. [Verse 1] C F C There's something in the way you roll your eyes C F C Takes me back to a better time Am F G When I saw everything is good Am F G But now you're the only thing that's good C F C Trying to stand up on my own two feet C F C This conversation ain't coming easily Am F G And darling I know it's getting. JGuitar's handy chord search utility allows you to quickly draw chord diagrams for virtually any chord symbol. Just enter one or more chord symbols separated by commas into the search box and hit Go and JGuitar will draw chord diagrams for each of the chord symbols entered Play the chord with your pinky, middle, and thumb to play a C major chord. With time, you will memorize how to position your hands for different chords to develop muscle memory, but you can follow this method if you're learning how to play a new major chord. Minor Chords . Root Note; Minor 3rd; Perfect 5th; Minor chords work similarly to major chords because all minor chords use the same. A red color means that the key is part of the chord that is in focus. To play the actual chord on a piano, press down all keys marked in red (if needed, see a diagram compared to a realistic picture). Since the pattern of keys repeat itself on the keyboard, you can place your hand in many positions. You will notice, however, that there is more bass on the left part of the keyboard and more. Ninth Chords on Guitar | Guitar Chords Chart How To Create and Play 9th Chords all Along the Freboard In this tutorial, we're going to learn how to create and play 9th chords , a family of chords that can introduce interesting variations and feelings in your music. Before diving in 9th chords, you should be familiar with your major and minor triads and many of the chords we build on them
Open chords (chords that have at least one open string sound) are usually easier to play and they are recommended for beginners (see how to play chord). To find additional information about the chord, like it's steps and it's notes, click on the info button. Click the audio play button to hear how this particular chord variation sounds when played on a guitar.. An honor cord is a token consisting of twisted cords with tassels on either end awarded to members of honor societies or for various academic and non-academic achievements, awards, or honors. Usually, cords come in pairs with a knot in the middle to hold them together. Sometimes sashes, stoles, or medallions are given in place of cords.They are most often worn at academic ceremonies and functions If the chord doesn't sound as good as you would like to, check out 10 Vital Tips to Get Your Chords Sound Clean and Clear. Numeric Chord Notation Another way of chord notation is via a numeric way. The C major chord will be notated like this: x32010. What you see is actually the frets you need to press. Reading from left to right you start. Pink Floyd. Jimi Hendrix. Iron Maiden. Scorpions. Red Hot Chili Peppers. Cranberries. Weezer. Pearl Jam. U2. Jeff Buckley. Led Zeppelin. Adele. Passenger. Jason Mraz. Coldplay. Last updates Californian Soil Chords (ver.1) by London Grammar . Lullaby For Grown Ups Chords (ver.1) by Ane Brun . Calpol Chords (ver.1) by cavetown . I Can Transform Ya Chords (ver.1) by Chris Brown . Livin For You. Pink Floyd. view top 20 . Country & Western. todays top 5. 1. Ghost Riders in the Sky. Johnny Cash. 2. Look at Us. Vince Gill. 3. Little Sister. Elvis Presley. 4. Under Your Spell Again. Buck Owens . 5. It Ain't Me Babe. Johnny Cash. view top 20 . Forum posts. Chordie has one most inspiring guitar forums on the Internet. A great source for all kind of guitar related issues. Everyone can read.
These thumb chords can free up your pinky finger (and ring finger), so you can add extra note to the chord or play little embellishments. Here's how these Hendrix chords work. Instead of barring your index finger across all six strings, you wrap your thumb around the guitar neck and play play the note on the low E string with your thumb Chord vi, D minor consists of the notes, D - F - A. D minor seventh consists of the note, D - F - A - C. Lastly, chord vii °, E diminished consists of the notes, E - G - Bb, while E minor seventh flat five consists of the notes, E - G - Bb - D. Here are some common chord progressions to practice. They are as follows: I - IV - V (F - Bb- C) I - vi - IV - V (F.
Print and download Queen of Mean sheet music from Descendants 3. Sheet music arranged for Piano/Vocal/Chords, and Singer Pro in G Minor (transposable). SKU: MN019978 G Chord. index finger (1) on the B note of the low A string on the 2nd fret; pinky finger (4) on the G note of the low D string on the 5th fret; play the middle D and G strings open; mute the high A and D strings; G7 Chord. ring finger (3) on the F note of the G string on the 10th fret; pinky finger (4) on the G note of the high A string on the.
Pink - Mean Tab
The best online tool for chords and tabs. Music archive with over 1 million guitar chords, guitar tabs, ukulele chords, bass tabs, guitar lessons and more
Print and download Mean sheet music by Taylor Swift. Sheet music arranged for Piano/Vocal/Chords, and Singer Pro in E Major (transposable). SKU: MN008803
You only need to learn 3 or 4 chords to play thousands of songs, so if you know how to read chord diagrams, you can start playing popular songs almost immediately. For more advanced guitar playing, you'll still need to understand at least some music theory, but knowing how to play a few of your favorite songs is great motivation to start learning more about your instrument. Chord diagrams aren.
Do your hands HURT after playing barre (bar) chords on your guitar? They do not have to! Here are 5 AWESOME tips that will make your time on the guitar easie..
The Am7 chord can also be used to build a cheerful sounding tune, such as Wouldn't It Be Nice by The Beach Boys. It can also be relied on to provide some gritty funk flavoring on songs like Super Fly by Curtis Mayfield. Country Songs. The legendary Patsy Cline had her own unique sound that was instantly evident in so many of her songs. Slow, dream-like, and dripping with.
Like many Pink Floyd songs, Welcome to the Machine features some variations in its meter and time signatures. Each bass throb of the VCS synthesizer is notated as a quarter note in the sheet music, and each note switches from one side of the stereo spread to the next (this effect is particularly prominent when listened to on headphones) Viewing pink guitar tabs - guitar pro - bass tabs - drum tabs - pdf tabs - guitar chords & lyrics @ TabCrawler.Co Pink Lyrics Try Oh oh Ever wonder about what he's doing? How it all turned to lies? Sometimes I think that it's better to never ask why Where there is desire There is gonna be a flame Where there is a flame Someone's bound to get burned But just because it burns Doesn't mean you're gonna die You've gotta get up and try, and try, and try Gotta get up and try, and try, and try You gotta get up. Try è il secondo singolo estratto da The Truth About Love, il sesto album studio della cantautrice americana Pink, pubblicato nel 2012. È un inno al rischio in amore, a prescindere dalle conseguenze che questo può portare composto nella forma standard di una rock ballad, con una strofa quieta ed un ritornello più incisivo.In qualità di singolo è stato un grande successo commerciale. Pinky finger: set it on the 4th (D) string and the same fret as the ring finger; To play the below chords, you will place your index finger on the indicated fret and set the rest of your fingers in the above positioning. C - barre the 8th fret; C# - barre the 9th fret; D - barre the 10th fret; D# - barre the 11th fret; E - barre the.
PINK CAROUSEL Chords - Mean Mary E-Chord
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Print and download It Means Beautiful sheet music from Everybody's Talking About Jamie. Sheet music arranged for Piano/Vocal/Guitar, and Singer Pro in A Major (transposable). SKU: MN019060
A complete Guitar tutorials for Guitar Chords, Tabs, and Lesson. Search for: Songs. Lil Nas X - SUN GOES DOWN CHORDS . English . brutal Chords by Olivia Rodrigo . English . Dream - Mask Chords . English . Anne-Marie & Niall Horan - Our Song chords . English . Olivia Rodrigo - Jealousy Jealousy chords . English . Favorite Crime chords by Olivia Rodrigo . English . Olivia Rodrigo - 1.
Pink Floyd were an English rock band formed in London in 1965. Gaining an early following as one of the first British psychedelic groups, they were distinguished for their extended compositions, sonic experimentation, philosophical lyrics and elaborate live shows , and became a leading band of the progressive rock genre, cited by some as the greatest progressive rock band of all time
Welcome to the machine wish you were here Chords by Pink Floyd. Learn to play guitar by chord / tabs using chord diagrams, transpose the key, watch video lessons and much more
Free printable and easy chords ver. 2 for song by Pink - Try. Chords ratings, diagrams and lyrics. capo 2 Am Em Ever wonder about what he's doing C G How it all turned to lies Am Em C G Sometimes I t Free printable and easy chords for song by Pink - Walk Me Home. Chords ratings, diagrams and lyrics. [Verse 1] C F C There's something in the way you roll your eyes C F C Takes me back to a better ti Welcome to Ukulele School! This is the Ukulele Chord Tutorials for Beginners Video Series! In today's video, we are learning how to play G chord with the pro.. Pink. Capo None. Favorite 0. Bm x24432 G 320033 D xx0232 A x02220. My Favorites. Bm Someone's bound to get burned G But just because it burns D Doesn't mean you're gonna die A Bm You've gotta get up and try try try G D Gotta get up and try try try A You gotta get up and try try Bm G D A Try..... [Verse II] Bm G Funny how the heart can be deceiving D A More than just a couple times Bm G Why.
Try. Pink. Chords. GuitarPlayerBo
Conversations With My 13 Year Old Self chords . Walk Away tab Waiting For Love tab . Home / P / Pink / Please Dont Leave Me tab. Pink - Please Dont Leave Me tab . Chords:. He sings / Geek in the Pink / about prejudices about him and his nerdy look, and how / Mr. A-Z / this girl shouldn't judge him because of that. She doesn't /_____/ know what she's actually missing. Chords: Right below I've written some chords if you were to play the whole thing on guitar. In the small tab chart in the right side I've indicated the chords that the funky guitar actually plays in.
Mean Mary Chords & Tabs : 41 Total @ Ultimate-Guitar
or scale, moving backward from Bm to A to.
Place your fourth (pinky) finger on the fourth fret of the third string; Place your second (middle) finger on the third fret of the second string; Strum the guitar chord, making sure you don't play the sixth string; Your first finger needs to hold down the second fret of both the fifth and first strings — this will be a challenge at first. If.
Free printable and easy chords for song by Pink - Trouble. Chords ratings, diagrams and lyrics. Trouble by Pink INTRO: G x 2 measures VERSE 1 G D No attorneys to plead my case Cadd9 G no orbits to se
Find your ukulele chords and alternative fingerings here! The very first version of the Ukulele Chord Finder was launched in 1998! on the website of Sheep-Entertainment. An on-line Ukulele tool in a time when nobody ever heard of the word web-app. Through a graphic interface you can find chords for the most popular tunings (and for all sizes) of the uke
The chord arrangement shown above is the author's own work as an interpretation of the song, along with related interactive content. This work may only be used for educational purposes. Songs by Other Artists. Sunday Morning. Maroon 5. Meet Virginia. Train. idontwannabeyouanymore. Billie Eilish. Lay Me Down. Sam Smith. Hide beginner diagrams . Transpose-0 + Am chord. G chord. C chord. Original.
another vi
The A chord on guitar is very common. It's one of those chords that pops up again and again, in all styles of music. In this free lesson you will learn: How to play the A chord on guitar correctly; The best A chord for beginner guitarists to use; The 2 Most Important Tips For Mastering An A Chord on Guitar; 2 bonus tricks you can use to make your A chords sound better ; Over 100,000 guitar. If the song were to just mean Pink's mental state, it wont be a universal song. The fact this song is universal is cuz it touches you personally with its lyrics. Roger Waters might not admit it, but he knew where he was going with this song. Pink Floyd's work penetrates you with their lyrics more than it does with their music. With Pink Floyd, I learnt how lyrics can lure you into liking the.
ULTIMATE TABS 1 Million songs with Guitar Tabs, Chords
Wish You Were Here is a song by the English rock band Pink Floyd. It was released as the title track of their 1975 album Wish You Were Here. David Gilmour and Roger Waters collaborated to write the music, and Gilmour sang the lead vocal.. In 2011, the song was ranked No. 324 on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time Time is a song by English progressive rock band Pink Floyd. It is included as the fourth track on The Dark Side of the Moon (1973) and was released as a single in the United States. Bassist Roger Waters wrote the lyrics, and the music is credited to all four band members. Keyboardist Richard Wright shares lead vocals (his last until Wearing the Inside Out on The Division Bell) alongside.
Download Pink What About Us sheet music notes, chords. Pop composition arrangement for Piano, Vocal & Guitar (Right-Hand Melody). Sheet music includes 7 page(s). SKU: 187743. Check if transposable Our free guitar chord chart makes looking up how to play a guitar chord very easy
Major Open Guitar Chords If you need help understand the diagrams below, check the How to read chord diagrams tutorial C Major A major chord is made up of three notes from the major scale , the first or root, the third, and the fifth.Usually we use the C major scale as an example because it is an easy scale with no sharps or flats Learning to play easy songs with guitar chords is great for beginners who want to level up their guitar skills. It gives you a way to practice chords, chord changes and strumming in a fun way: through making real music by the songs you love. As you advance to an intermediate level, you can learn songs with more chords (even barre chords) and more complex strumming patterns. This post will give. The x means you shouldn't play the string under the symbol for the given chord, and the o means you need to play the string open. So with the A minor, the x above the low E string indicates we shouldn't play that string at all, and the o shapes above the A and high E strings mean that we need to play those strings open. The big filled dots smacked on the strings mean that you have to fret the. If you reduce a song down to a simple bass line or chord progression, most of them are between three and five total chords. This means even songs that sound more complex are actually quite simple and easy for the acoustic guitar to handle. If you know just a few basic chords, you're good to go. We have some more song resources as well, if you don't find something that interests you here. 201. This site provides more than 800.000 of free quality chords or tabs for guitar, bass and drums
Mean Ukulele Tabs by Taylor Swift • UkuTab
This means when you strum all the strings Open they make a chord. Thus any Barre across all the frets will be a chord as well. Thus any Barre across all the frets will be a chord as well. There is also Drop tunings, which make 3 or more of the Strings a chord when you Barre them all Exploring the meaning of songs from every genre of music. From whom Carly Simon thought was so vain to why, exactly, the walrus was Paul, we strive to leave no lyric uninterpreted
A-Z Guitar Tabs - ( 200,000 TAB ARCHIVE
Use Your Pinky. Like I say in the video, I really recommend that you get used to playing this chord with your left index and pinky finger. If you're new to the instrument it might be tempting to ignore your pinky finger, but there is a huge payoff if you stick with it and make it as strong as your other fingers An augmented chord means to raise the fifth by a half step, creating two major thirds stacked on top of each other. The C augmented chord is very similar to the C major chord, except the fifth is one half step higher, so it's spelled C-E-G#. Similarly, a diminished chord means to lower both the third and fifth by a half step, creating two minor thirds stacked on top of each other. The C. Country music lyrics, guitar tabs/tablatures, chords source #1
13 Basic Piano Chords for Beginners (EASY) - Music Grott
Share, download and print free sheet music with the world's largest community of sheet music creators, composers, performers, music teachers, students, beginners, artists and other musicians with over 1,000,000 sheet digital music to play, practice, learn and enjoy Mastering power chords doesn't mean you don't need to learn to play real chords - you do. About The Author Founded in 1998, Guitar Tricks is the Web's first multimedia guitar lesson site. 16 years later, Guitartricks.com features over 40 guitar instructors continuously creating a massive library of online video guitar lessons (8000+) covering every musical style, technique, and level. In major keys, major chords are found on the I, IV and V (1st, 4th and 5th) degrees of the scale. In Eb major, that means Eb, Ab and Bb. These three chords form the basis of a huge number of popular songs. Eb. Ab. Bb. In a minor key, a major chord is found on the III, V and VI (3rd, 5th and 6th) degrees of the scale. For example, in Ab minor, there are major chords on B, E and Eb. Abm. B. E. Pink Peg Slacks Chords - Eddie Cochran, Version (1). Play Pink Peg Slacks Chords using simple video lesson
Pink. Capo None. Favorite 0. Bm x24432 G 320033 D xx0232 A x02220. My Favorites. Bm Someone's bound to get burned G But just because it burns D Doesn't mean you're gonna die A Bm You've gotta get up and try try try G D Gotta get up and try try try A You gotta get up and try try Bm G D A Try..... [Verse II] Bm G Funny how the heart can be deceiving D A More than just a couple times Bm G Why. How to Play a C7 Chord. In the C7 example, we see Finger 1 holds down string 2 at fret 1.; Finger 2 holds down string 4 at fret 2.; Finger 3 holds down string 5 at fret 3.; Finger 4 (the pinky) holds down string 3 also at fret 3.; We do not play string 6.; We play string 1 open.; For a guided course that explains step-by-step how to play guitar, check out eMedia Guitar Method In terms of chords and melody, by Pink Floyd. a hard day's night. by the beatles. A Kind Of Magic. by Queen. A Saucerful of Secrets. by Pink Floyd. Across the Universe. by The Beatles. Airbag . by Radiohead. All Apologies. by Nirvana. All I've Got To Do. by The Beatles. All My Loving. by The Beatles. All Together Now. by The Beatles. All You Need Is Love. by The Beatles. And I Love Her. by. To play whats up chords and strumming correctly so you can sing and play along with the song. We've included strumming pattern below as well as the audio playing both the chords and strumming patterns G Major - A Minor - C Major. Whats Up Chords/Lyrics/Verse. G Twenty-five years and my life is still Am Trying to get up that great big hill C G Of hope for a destination G I realized.
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Q: How to put the greatest value from others columns in another column - oracle sql I'm working with Oracle SQL.
i need to stock the greatest value of multiple columns, in a new total column. I know that i can do it with function "GREATEST", but when i execute my UPDATE, i get errors like 'the request get multiple row' and even if i add "rownum <= 1", i get nothing !
What i have to do on my update? Thank you !!

col_1
col_2
col_3
total

5
0
4
5

3
1
1
3

and this is my request (that not working)
    UPDATE my_table set total=
(
select greatest(col_1, col_2, col_3) from mytable
);

A: Don't use a sub-query:
UPDATE my_table
SET total = GREATEST(col_1, col_2, col_3);

Then, for the sample data:
CREATE TABLE my_table (col_1, col_2, col_3, total) AS
SELECT 5, 0, 4, -1 FROM DUAL UNION ALL
SELECT 3, 1, 1, -1 FROM DUAL;

After updating, then:
SELECT * FROM my_table;

Outputs:

COL_1
COL_2
COL_3
TOTAL

5
0
4
5

3
1
1
3

If you really want to use a sub-query (I don't see why you would) then you can correlate on the ROWID pseudo-column:
UPDATE my_table t
SET total = ( SELECT GREATEST(col_1, col_2, col_3)
              FROM   my_table m
              WHERE  t.ROWID = m.ROWID );

sqlfiddle here

A: We can achieve the exact above requirement:
CREATE TABLE my_table
(col_1 NUMBER,
col_2     NUMBER,
col_3 NUMBER);

INSERT INTO my_table (col_1,col_2,col_3) VALUES(5,0,4);
INSERT INTO my_table (col_1,col_2,col_3) VALUES(3,1,1);
COMMIT;

ALTER TABLE  my_table  ADD total  NUMBER;

UPDATE my_table  SET total=greatest(col_1, col_2, col_3);
--2 rows updated.
COMMIT;

SELECT * FROM my_table ;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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