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Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood – 04
Posted by Omni on April 26, 2009	 April 28, 2009 First Impressions / Fullmetal Alchemist
Home First Impressions Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood – 04
Training With Hinako! OVA – 01
A Couple of All-Nighters Later…
Somewhere in Central one night, the Iron Blood Alchemist Basque Gran gets attacked by a man with a scar on his forehead. Gran manages to trap the man inside a metal enclosure by using alchemy, but he gets too close to it and is killed when the man breaks free. Hughes and Armstrong are part of the team that finds Gran's body afterward, and they're eventually joined by King Bradley who makes it clear that any rebels must be taken down. Ed and Al meanwhile return to headquarters and tell Mustang about what happened in Lior. They're interested in the chimera that Cornello created, so Mustang sends them to Shou Tucker, the Sewing-Life Alchemist. Tucker became a State Alchemist after creating a chimera two years ago that understood human speech, however the only thing that chimera said was that it wanted to die. It died shortly thereafter of self-starvation.
At Tucker's house, Ed gets ambushed by Tucker's dog Alexander and daughter Nina, and it turns out that Tucker's wife had left him. Tucker wants to know why Ed and Al interested in transmuting living things, so Ed tells him the story of their past. Tucker decides to give them access to his lab and library, and the two brothers spend the entire day reading. The only break they take is to play with Nina and Alexander, and soon it's time to go. Jean Havoc comes to pick them up, and before leaving, he reminds Tucker that assessment day is coming up soon. This means that Tucker will have to report the results of his research, and it weighs heavily on him because he already did poorly last year. Failing again this year would mean losing his State Alchemist title.
The next day, Ed and Al learn from Nina that Tucker's wife left him two years ago. Nina's loneliness reminds the brothers of the distance they had with their own father, so they opt to play with her some more. Tucker reveals later that life before he took the State Alchemist exam was hard, and his wife couldn't put up with it, so she left him. He doesn't want to return to those days ever again, and he offers to play with his daughter, making her quite happy. When Ed and Al arrive the next day, they find that Tucker has successfully created another talking chimera. Ed is at first amazed, but after it calls him onii-chan (brother), he realizes that this chimera is actually a transmutation of Nina and Alexander. What's more, it now makes sense that Tucker transmuted his wife two years ago in order to pass his exam.
Ed is furious at Tucker, but Tucker tries to defend his actions by claiming that mankind's advancements come from human experimentation. When Ed tries to lecture him on playing with a person's life, Tucker points out that Ed once did the same thing. This leads to Ed punching Tucker, and he keeps doing so because Tucker keeps saying that they're the same. Al eventually stops his brother, and since they can't do anything for Nina and Alexander, Al apologizes to the chimera that wants to play. The two report back to Mustang, and Mustang thinks that as State Alchemists, there will be times when they have to take lives, so what Tucker did isn't too different from their position. He feels that, since something like this will likely happen again where Ed will have to get his own hands dirty, Ed can't let it get to him like this. What frustrates Ed is that he's just a human who couldn't even save a single girl.
With Tucker's house now under guard, Tucker is stuck inside with the chimera form of Nina. He is soon paid a visit, however, by the man with the scar on his forehead who has already killed the guards and is now after him. After killing Tucker, the man observes the crying chimera and decides to kill it as well since it can't be changed back. As he leaves the house, he says a prayer for the two souls.
So a lot of the basic elements are the same as the first series, but the context of story is quite different. Here, Ed and Al aren't preparing for the exam anymore and are instead doing research, and that allowed them to keep it all in one episode. Basque Gran also shows up at the beginning and is promptly killed off by Scar, which I guess served as Scar's introduction. The fact that Tucker is killed by Scar at the end is different as well, but it's probably for the better since I never really liked Tucker's character anyway. Overall, they set this episode up to have plenty of emotional impact with everything that Nina says/does after the transmutation and all of Ed's frustrations, but having seen the original series and knowing what would happen kind of took away some of that away. It might be nostalgia talking, but I remember the first series having more impact. That doesn't mean though that this episode isn't worth watching. If nothing else, it's interesting to see how the manga story was developed differently compared to the first anime, and it looks like next week will have a battle between the Elric brothers and Scar.
YAY full metal rocks!!!
flappy
April 26, 2009 at 5:31 am	12 years ago
oh shit..epic
7updnL
Hmm it's the best that they made this ep this way
the other series made me feel awkward that tucker didn't die
Is it me or it seems that the whole series seems "squeezed"?
@Skye
Its just you.
Overall, great episode.
Unknown Voice
Best episode of the 4 that aired till now.
Definitely the best episode of the series thus far. Almost an ABSOLUTE adaptation of chapter 5 of the manga, with some added material with Scar and Basque Gran. I was very impressed.
Still, I sort of liked the first show's take on this material. Especially Tucker's fate. Show Spoiler ▼
Death is too good for Shou Tucker. Making him a pathetic chimera who endlessly fails at ressurecting his daughter was fitting for him.
I'm starting to like the soundtrack a little better now, though.
penguintruth
@Skye – unless they wanted to make this 200 episodes series, they have to do things fast. however, they are doing something that seems to be a standard when making manga adaptations – one chapter into one episode. only difference is that FMA chapters are twice as long as many of the mangas out there. in my opinion it's good, because this series won't be so slow. also, from that i see – they included everything that was there to be included in this episode. maybe it seems squuzed compared to first series, since tucker arc was broken down into two episodes there.
bgi
Tucker die in the manga.
The fifth labo is very VERY different you will see.
Angous
agrees with bgi
Wow I think I am going to have to start reading the manga along with watching this. Just so I can keep pace with whats going on. Alot of changes vs the first series.
Hmmm, they mentioned Yoki in the beginning. Guess that means they wont add a youswell episode later, as its already 'happened' now. Not a terrible loss I guess, but will just mentioning him and showing his file for a split second work as an introduction for his character to new viewers?
Regardless, excellent episode, the best one so far. Liked the addition the showdown between Scar and Gran. Looking forward to the next episode.
Yufan-kun
Wow looks awesome! Thanks for blogging.
Good Luck for your exams too!
VinceC9
@bgi
yes, they still have at 3-4+ episodes to go before the diversion I reckon. But heck, they spared us the flashback childhood stuff.
vin-nii
@Ryan
This definetly is sticking to the manga. If you want to know more of this storyline I suggest to read it if you hadn't. For me it was better than the original anime, it's more complex storyline with good characters that didn't showed up in the anime (ling yao it's the best fma character for me)
This episode… T__T It's here~ Oh well. I can't wait to watch it!
http://heysayanime.kokidokom.net
It'll only feel squeezed if you are still nostalgic of all the filler the first series added to these arcs along with their own adjustments to the story. There's a lot of new material to be animated so they can't afford to do that anymore.
@Yufan-kun – there is a possibility that they will show short flashbacks of Youswell when Yoki will be properly introduced later. for now, just mentioning Yoki is good enough, he's not important enough to have full episode about him.
@vin-nii – i think that childhood flashbacks will be shown later, when Show Spoiler ▼
Ed and Al will go see Izumi. The part where they are alone on that island is too important to be scrapped
so tucker is definitely dead?
he won't appear as a chimera?
that's a big change!
DOES ANYONE KNOW HOW MANY EPISODES FMA:B WILL HAVE?! D:
desho?
@desho?
Given that the ones making it supposedly don't even know that yet: no.
I'd wager it ought to be longer than the last one.
@Yufan
Yep, most probably it'll be longer, and longer than 51+ eps… BONES said it themselves, even considering that the manga might be closing off in the next 12 months or so. Thus, they would have ample time to plan it and finish the anime as the manga (in contrast with what had happened in the first anime version).
@CS – that means, around 100 episodes.
Honestly, after watching first 4 episodes, all i can say: i liked old anime much more. First FMA was epic and brilliant, and i hope i would fell much better about new one, when they cross the line, where story gets different.
Schmell
FIX: fell -> feel, and sorry for other possible errors, english is not my native language
@bgi: Most probably yes… especially if the pace slows down.
April 26, 2009 at 10:21 am	12 years ago
Good luck with your exams 😉
well, at least they're following the manga. : D
Liinae
According to BONES, until the manga is done. According to FMA Mangaka, manga will not go over 100 chapters. Current chapter is 94.
April 26, 2009 at 12:33 pm	12 years ago
@Schmell – actually, it's just like the manga, it starts more quietly than the first series. epicness however, is going to ensue soon enough. and from what i think it's actually going to be more epic than the first series if they won't fail somewhere along the road. just one word – Show Spoiler ▼
April 26, 2009 at 1:00 pm	12 years ago
personally i think this part was the saddest in the whole series, even mo sad than…well.. "that's a spoiler i guess". poor girl..looked so pitiful as a dog-thing.
BROOKLYN otaku
BTW- good luck on those exams, i'm blasting off Too ,right NOW!
oh i remember this… it's really sad… i was almost gonna cry when i watched this in the first season…. *snif*
Yeah. Once again Nina is the best character.
There really doing a rush job on this series.
@Azar
This episode covered only one chapter from the manga and actually expanded upon it, hardly rushed. It's only "rushed" compared to the first anime.
dammit these are man tears!
Kuro-rin
Poor Nina… so heartwrenching.
J-cat
Haha! Yoki! Honorary mention goes to you.
Good luck with your exam!!!
This is probably the one arc in FMA that I can't bring myself to watch. ;_;
mangaka-chan
Stupid Tucker, why use his own daughter and dog when he could have just as easily "adopted" a few orphans and stray dogs?
I'm really looking forward to the later parts of the series. Seeing Show Spoiler ▼
(Greed)Ling and the likes animated will be all kinds of awesome 😀
Kamion
@Snap: Don't cha know? Paperwork is a ***** (still doesn't diminish the sadness I felt watching what happened to Nina for th efirst time…)
Gah, I feel this really strong urge to dig out all my volumes of FMA and go on a binge read…
Acerbus
What the hell? Its the same thing all over agan.I thought new seasons are suppost to have diff epi's. And how in the world are the characters that dyed coming back to life?
@Taki: Um, not new season, dood. It's a REBOOT of the anime, not a new season.
Well, I was grotesquely disgusted the first time I watched this, and this time around, I still feel that awful feeling.
Now that is the sign of some fckng good manganime.
invAZN
@Taki
How is it the same if Ed's already a state alchemist, 15 years old, and Tucker actually dies this time? Not to mention Ed has never met Grand and never will unlike the first anime?
Seriously, I think a lot of people need to go back and rewatch the first anime and note the differences.
How come Scar's alchemy is blue now?! I want it to be red damn it!
Well, its very different from the original anime's set up of this part but its pretty much in line with the manga from what I remember so no surprises there and I assume it'll continue that way but we'll see as the series continues.
@TJ – because alchemy generally is blue, it's red only when someone Show Spoiler ▼
uses a philosopher's stone. and Scar's arm is not even related to it.
Is it just me or did this ep seem to have slightly better animation than the previous ones?
macostarz
@Skye,
It's not just you. The first series was MUCH better. Nina's murder was robbed of most of its emotional impact because we've only seen her in this episode. In the first series, Ed and Al were living with Tucker and Nina was in multiple episodes, so you had time to grow to love her before she was transmuted and killed.
I'm not loving it.
LJ at 5:32 am on April 26th, 2009
That always bothered me greatly about the original anime version. I really liked Nina (how cold you not) and what happen to here was truly horrible and the fact that Tucker was allowed to live just left me with a very sick feeling.
but we all know she's going to die since we all know this is a more faithful adaptation, right? so what is the point lingering on nina if that is already diminished in the first place?
anyway, im trying to look for 2 blogs for this anime. one that neither watched the first anime nor read the manga past this episode. and/or second, one that did watch the first anime but writes as someone who did not watch it and write his impressions as though having an alter ego.
gpq
Man, I alays cried during the Nina episode. I feel like now BONES is making every manga chapter or book into one ep. I just feel like they left you with to many things waiting. MAN NOW I HAVE TO WAIT ANOTHER WEEK!!! (really want to see the Elric vs. Scar showdown).
I have always hated this episode, it's just so sinister.
Masiro
Hm, they managed to adequately fit in all of the manga material, and even managed to add a few things. Not bad. The mention of Yoki being exposed by the Elric brothers was a bit odd considering we didn't see it though.
When I first heard that Kenta Miyake was voicing Scar I was a bit wary, since I'm used ot him playing wackjobs like Count Elec, but I was pleasantly surprised. He actually sounded a lot like his old seiyuu. I was kinda glad that his dispatch of Grand wasn't as nasty as it was in the first series.
Anyway, grim, sad episode. I remember getting depressed after I first read this in the manga, and I still felt lousy after watching this.
The Nina part in the first series was too disturbing, especially how they showed the remains and blood stains on the wall. I remember not liking that part as it was too confrontational.
I like how this one handled it, it's still confrontational but not as disturbing. Of course, the emotional impact is lessened since I know was going to happen.
Next will be Mr.H.
And yea, it seems that Xing's people are badass fighters.
This Ep was OK. Once again they made a 2-long-episode-event fit in 1 episode, but still it was very well done. The episode had very funny moments and also sad ones. Still i feel like they rushed things up. It took me for surprise that Shou Tucker was killed by Scar.
I feel that the 1ºseason is far superior that this one in any field at the moment, but I think it's too soon to speak.
Lelouchsama
Is that young Hohenheim in the first scene of the op
Oh new episode is out. I got to watch it. I love FMA ^_^
bah, that's why i didn't like the idea of redoing FMA. it's only obvious that people would try to compare the new series with the first one, treating the latter as canon (when it's certainly not). just one thing – yes, this episode packs some emotional charge, but remember, Ed and Al went through hell when they were young, why would something like that have greater effect on them? i know that it did in the first series, but the circumstances were completely different (and irrational at the same time – why would they let the 12 years old kid join the army and why the hell would Ed need to study for the exam, even being 12? he's a genious alchemist, he's seen the truth, he simply doesn't have to study for a simple exam) and they were much younger. and yet here it even does have an effect – we have Ed realize that he's only human. that's why i think that the first series is much inferior to the manga – they concetrated too much on excessive drama which was not needed and made Ed look like an Emo kid without any resolve to do anything. bah
This episode was great. It went down JUST like the manga does.
Originally it did happen at this point in the timeline, not when Ed was younger and in training for the exam. The imagry when Ed realizes what Tucker's done and their fight is lifted shot for shot from the manga, which is great, because even reading it as text and still pictures that particular scenes has always struck me as extremely intense and suspenseful.
And even though I already knew what happened, I was still pretty relieved to see Scar kill Tucker like he was supposed to, leaving no chance for a second upsidedown-head-bear-sloth incident. Auugh.. oh god I hate the first anime.
Also Basque Grand was killed off-screen and only showed up in flashbacks to the Ishbal war in the manga, so hell even getting a little fight scene was lucky for him.
I don't know why everyone's so obsessed with having the anime play out EXACTLY like the manga. Your all too caught up in that to realize how much better the original anime actually was!
The only reason why their rushing this season is to get it over and done with to satisfy the fans who only care that it finally plays along to the manga.
since i haven't watched the first series, that epi was disturbing….
ahelo
@kota – because manga version is, well, better. more complicated, absolutely logical, darker, more epic. and gives You great amount of entertainment, especially when You start seeing things that point to some secrets that are not yet revealed or remembering that there were earlier some premises of things that happen. first anime is just much simplier and have much less content. this would be the reason this one may seem "rushed".
and well, it's somehow a trend that manga adaptations are worse than the manga.
God damned Tucker….
GATAI!
BEASTLY COMBINATION, NINA ALEXANDER
WHO THE HELL DO YOU THINK WE ARE?
Pickapok
i wish i didn't read 14 volumes of the managa now…i had no clue they were gonna come out with a new original anime…sigh~~~~(-_-)
keizou
@Kota:
You probably never read the manga then. The pacing, plot, and character development are far superior to the first anime series. You have no idea how different the plot of the first anime series is from the original story and probably can't recognize the excellent foreshadowing thats being set up right now in the second anime series.
And for that matter first anime couldn't even keep it's own continuity straight, it was full of gaping plotholes, contrived melodrama, weak filler, and a muddled, anti-climatic conclusion that abolished any mystery to the Doors of Truth and rushed over the one thing the brothers had been working towards the entire time. It was a mess.
I'm gonna go watch this now! aah! exited! have read the comments, read the manga and seen the first series, so no surprises here. But I liked the manga better than the anime (not just this chapter but the whole series), cause..well the anime was…so…very….eumm… much. Like they wanted to drag this part out, and I must agree with a lot of people here, really disturbing that Tucker didn't die in the first anime…grr…and that this one is funnier and more lighthearted, and less depressing…anyway…I'm going now..see ya!
(I just realised something, spoiler for the manga: Show Spoiler ▼
they don't say one shit about an other world in the manga this far…The whole other world seems so…farfetched now that I've finally read the whole manga, all 94 chaptres..although it wasn't an all bad idea…(but where did the other Ed go? wait, he died when they got an zeppelin on their head, right? yeah…) and it was fun to see all the dead again! Hughes! And again now in Brotherhood!! YEY!!
(oh, I have a favorite part in the manga, and I can't wait to get it animated!)
*I've never really understand what Scar is doing…like, practically. does he blow them up from inside? to me it looks like in the manga, he like implode the heads…it looks freakishly scary in the volymes…
*hah! first time I heard Bradley's voice, first ep I think, I thought, wow! what a good vioce, fits perfectly! then I realised it's probably 'cause it's the same from the first series! 😛
*OHH!! it's so like the manga!! I love every second!! and I love Alexander!!
*Half way through the episode, about to cry…at 15:08 they're all like 'Oh, what a great dad! Not like ours!' and it's the opposite!
Sorry about the unnecessary long comment, but I have to "discuss" with someone…nobody of my friends watch this…they're retarded…..no sorry K, H, R & R!!! sorry! you are not retardes, you're funminded!!(as in "I'm not short, I'm funsized!")
i think the first season version of this ep was better….this wasn't too sad for me xD
It doesn't aim to make you 'sad' this time. If you want to see Nina who was like a sister to Ed and Al and then cried when she died, you can go back to watch the first version anytime. This time it aims to make a point that Alchemist can be very twist. And to make Ed realized that how little he can actually do, and that he's only human. In a manga she's just one innocent kid who met a disturbing fate by her Alchemist father.
As much as I hate Tucker I still don't think they should've killed him afterall Show Spoiler ▼
if they are going to follow the manga shouldn't they let him live cuz as I remember he reappears later in the story.
Yup this episode in the first series was better.
ConfusedGirl29
@ConfusedGirl29 – Tucker dies the same way in the manga, and besides few minor things this episode follows original pretty closely.
Although I love the manga much more than the first series, I also thought this had much less emotional impact than the first run through. It might be because the shock value for that is already spent. If I remember correctly, the voice acting was much more emotional the first time. I think most commenters here are correct, this chapter wasn't aimed to be emotionally charged to Ed and Al as opposed to showing how down and dirty State Alchemists can get.
For everyone who is adamant that the first series is better, I encourage you to keep watching until the series doesn't diverge from the original story. I find that the manga's story is much more rich with new characters as well as interaction. I thought the first series did an excellent job, but the way Arakawa has expanded the story obviously got Bones to reanimate it to follow her storyline as a retelling (I never thought I'd see the original story get animated).
Have faith and keep watching.
I think creators want to be done with manga storyline we've already seen in first series (until episode 38) as soon as possible, I guess it will take them 13-20 episodes maybe – and when proceed to something we haven't seen yet=)
@ Kota: I am guessing you never read the manga, or gave up before it splits.
Charred Knight
Ah..Finally..Dis episode is probably the 1st in the new series that made quite a solid impact..But i gotta say i have mixed feelings about it..To b frank in the manga dis was done in such away dat its something u cannot screw up..It defenately followed the manga wit little tweaks here and there but that can b 4given as in da manga u can visualize and in the anime many ppl expect to be spoon feed..I kinda wish the directing would be better(no offence but the guy kinda sucks)…The 1st had so many memorable pockets for the viewers to hold on to although many claims there was alota dramarama and also i am not an animation expert but i gotta say the colour in the 1st anime had a better mix of warm and cool colours than this..Since they are already done animating the show its possible they more money(yes… using brighter tones, tints and shade does suck up alota money) on the later episode which many(ppl who didnt read the manga)..The sound tracks are decent but not that great so far..The orchestra composed of piano and violine in the 1st was defenately superb..Still there are always room for improvement and this episode is a sign that it can..
Pie eating inNocent bystanderED
May 1, 2009 at 12:14 pm	12 years ago
I think the entire series seems squeezed, I mean, this was one of the most touching arcs in fma storyline, i don't complain, this was the best episode of all that have aired, but it didn't have the emotional impact of the first series, somehow it seems rushed. They don't give you enough time to process the characters, to look around to find that nina's missing, like he did the first time around, she practically screamed i am nina, look what happened to me. So i think overall, this time around things are done this way, since the pace is way faster, you don't have time to cry before you're moving onto the next scene. This isn't to say this series isn't good in its own merit, but i'm a little parcial, since i was such a fan of the first one.
albymej
May 1, 2009 at 5:19 pm	12 years ago
Great episode. But I'm going to say that the first series had more of an emotional impact. One because we already know what happens to Nina (so it's not new). Two, that arc was stretched over two episodes and Ed and Al became closer to Nina. I mean the part about Tucker burning all of Nina's letters to her mom, Hughes' daughter being born, and the very eerie atmosphere as Ed pieced everything together felt more powerful in the first series. And it's a bit harsh of people to call that extra stuff filler, it was emotional stuff.
silver_huskey
ditto your review


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Edison Research: Share of ear in the car
Posted on November 11, 2014 by Brad Hill
Edison Research released a new piece of its landmark Share of Ear research, a large-scale survey first introduced in June. The latest component is shown as an infographic detailing the percentage of listening to audio sources in the car:
Share of Ear respondents indicate that AM/FM listening still dominates in the car, followed by satellite radio. The "Owned Music" category includes CDs and downloaded music files. Streaming audio claims only 3% of earshare in the car, far lower than the 11.6% in the study's broadest context. In fact, the disparity between AM/FM (which claimed 52% of total share) and streaming audio was widened in the car — radio's traditional stronghold.
The in-car listening piece is the latest of incremental releases from Edison, based on its milestone study of what Americans listen to, among all audio sources. A previous Share of Ear release was a dive into Internet radio, breaking out sources within that category of listening (presented at RAIN Summit Indy).
AM/FM/HD/Satellite, Connected Car, Metrics & Research Edison Research, Share of Ear
adStream: Grand Marnier "mixes" with SoundHound in original branding campaign
YouTube reaches deal with Merlin, paving way for new subscription service

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Home - Uni Reviews - University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
About University of Minnesota-Twin Cities:
The University of Minnesota, Twin Cities is a top-10 public research institution, offering a comprehensive range of 150 undergraduate programs and 200 graduate and professional degree programs. Our campus in Minneapolis/St. Paul is both beautiful and metropolitan, providing opportunities to experience the arts, the outdoors, and internships.
6,400 international students from 130+ countries.
Faculty includes many inventors, Nobel Prize winners, and business leaders.
More than 485,000 alumni worldwide. Sixty-three percent live in Minnesota and more than a third hold doctoral or master's degrees.
Member of the American Association of Universities and receive over $955 million in research funding each year.
Study in USAUni Reviews
Heriot-Watt University is a public university based in Edinburgh, established in 1821 as the world's first mechanics' institute. It has been a university by Royal Charter since 1966. …
Founded in 1867, Laval University ranks among the largest Canadian universities. It has some 43,000 students, some 4,150 professors, lecturers …
The University of Exeter offers a friendly and cosmopolitan student experience. Its three campuses provide a safe and convenient learning …


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text:
The Prince Edward Island Railway (PEIR) was a historic Canadian railway in Prince Edward Island (PEI). The railway ran tip-to-tip on the island, from Tignish in the west to Elmira in the east, with major spurs serving Borden-Carleton's train ferry dock, the capital in Charlottetown, Montague and Georgetown and the original eastern terminus at Souris. A major spur from Charlottetown served Murray Harbour on the south coast.

Construction began in 1871 but costs almost bankrupted the government by the next year, a problem that helped pave PEI's entrance into Confederation. The work was picked up by the Canadian Government Railways and largely completed by the mid-1880s. The PEIR saw heavy use, especially during World War II, but like many railways saw declining use through the 1970s. The line officially closed on 31 December 1989 and the rails removed between 1990 and 1992, with the provincial government receiving a one-time payment of $200 million to upgrade the road network in exchange for not opposing the closure.

The provincial government purchased the properties in 1994, and 75 per cent of the route now forms the basis of the Confederation Trail rail trail system. The station in Elmira at the eastern end of the line is now used as the Elmira Railway Museum.

History

Construction
Located wholly within the province of Prince Edward Island, construction of the PEIR started in 1871, eventually financed by Canada.  The line was initially built to  gauge, under the supervision of Chief Engineer John Edward Boyd a native of Saint John, New Brunswick who first advocated the use of narrow gauge for the New Brunswick Railway in the 1860s, and was responsible for the first surveys of the Toronto, Grey and Bruce Railway and the Toronto and Nipissing Railway in Ontario. The PEIR was frequently criticized for its meandering path, reputedly caused by construction contractors who were paid by the mile; this may also be accounted for in economies taken by reducing the amount of grading and trenching required by going around hills and obstacles. At one point there was on average one railway station for every  of track. The main line connected the northwestern port of Alberton (later extended to Tignish) with the Northumberland Strait ports of Summerside, Charlottetown, Georgetown, and Souris. By 1872, construction debts threatened to bankrupt the colony.

Confederation
The United Kingdom had consistently encouraged the small colony to enter into Canadian Confederation, something which it had been avoiding since playing host to the Charlottetown Conference a decade earlier.  The railway construction debts pushed the colony into reconsidering Confederation, and following further negotiations, Prince Edward Island became a province of Canada on July 1, 1873.

The understated provision in the Prince Edward Island Terms of Union reads as follows:

That the railways under contract and in course of construction for the Government of the Island, shall be the property of Canada;

Canadian Government Railways
Thus the Government of Canada came to inherit the PEIR in 1874 at the same time as construction was progressing on the Intercolonial Railway (IRC), which would link the strategic winter ports of the Canadian Maritimes with Central Canada. New locomotives were purchased from the United Kingdom and from Canadian manufacturers along with new rail cars.

In 1885, a new line was built connecting the Charlottetown-Summerside main line at Emerald Junction with another Northumberland Strait port at Cape Traverse. From Cape Traverse, iceboats would cross the Abegweit Passage to Cape Tormentine, New Brunswick during the winter months.

Another new line was built east from Charlottetown to Murray Harbour, part of which included building the Hillsborough River Bridge, using a former IRC bridge over the Miramichi River at Newcastle, New Brunswick. Branches were also constructed at this time off PEIR lines to Vernon Bridge, Montague, and Elmira.

From 1915–1918, PEIR and IRC would come to be known collectively as the Canadian Government Railways (CGR), although each company would maintain its separate corporate identity and management.

The most revolutionary change to the PEIR occurred in 1915 when a new icebreaking railcar ferry called Prince Edward Island was ordered by the federal government, arriving from the United Kingdom with a capacity of 12 rail cars, however it would not be until 1917 that the port facilities at Port Borden and Cape Tormentine would be ready to handle the vessel. In the meantime, the Prince Edward Island continued to operate the service to the port of Pictou, Nova Scotia from Georgetown and Charlottetown for the next two years.

The new ferry port at Borden required the Cape Traverse-Emerald Junction line be modified, and a line was constructed to Borden, along with marshalling yards and other facilities. The Cape Traverse line would only last a few more years before being abandoned following the move to Borden.  Up until this point, the PEIR was a completely captive system, having no need for interchange with mainland North American railways.  Following the start of railcar service in 1917, the lines to Charlottetown and Summerside from Borden were dual-gauged, capable of handling mainland cars with the standard gauge of  and the PEIR's narrow gauge of .

Canadian National Railways

In September 1918, management of CGR (including PEIR) was transferred to the newly nationalized Canadian Northern Railway (CNoR). These companies were assumed by a new Crown corporation established by the federal government in December 1918, called Canadian National Railways (CNR). By 1923 all corporate entities ceased to exist under CNR.

Soon after CNR took over, it was decided to standard gauge all narrow gauge trackage on Prince Edward Island.  This was completed from Tignish to Charlottetown by 1924, and remaining lines in the east end of the province were completed by 1926 except for the Murray Harbour line which was standard gauged by September 1930.

The last significant railway construction on Prince Edward Island occurred during the early 1930s when the Hillsborough River Bridge carrying the Murray Harbour line over the Hillsborough River was unable to handle the heavier standard gauge cars, thus a  connecting track called the Short Line was built from a point at Maple Hill Junction on the Mount Stewart Jct.-Georgetown line, to connect with the Murray Harbour track at Lake Verde Junction. In 1951, the Hillsborough River bridge was deemed too weak to carry even the lightest engines and cars, thus the trackage was removed and trains trying to reach Southport on the opposite side of Charlottetown Harbour would have to run over  via Mount Stewart Junction and the Short Line.

CNR was busy on Prince Edward Island during the Second World War when a  spur line was built from St. Eleanors, west of Summerside, to service a new air force base (CFB Summerside), and the railway was pressed into service to supply a radar base in Tignish, as well as a flight training school in Mount Pleasant, midway between Summerside and Tignish.

Increased use of diesel locomotives in North America during and after the Second World War saw CNR completely dieselize its operations on Prince Edward Island by the late 1940s as a means to save money on hauling bulk coal to the province. This meant that Prince Edward Island rail lines had diesel locomotives fully one decade before the rest of Canada saw the last of steam, giving the province a prominent place in Canadian railway history as one of the first regional dieselization projects.

Rise of automobiles and trucks
The rising popularity of automobiles travelling on government-funded all-weather highways saw passenger rail traffic decline sharply during the 1950s and into the 1960s.  The last passenger train on Prince Edward Island operated in 1968, being replaced by buses thereafter.

CN (name change to Canadian National Railway or acronym CN in 1960) was a major presence in Prince Edward Island's economy, from operating the freight and passenger railway (and later bus) services, to a large fleet of company owned and operated ferries.  The ferry system was noteworthy by the fact that it was mandated by Prince Edward Island's "Terms of Union" under the British North America Act of Canadian Confederation, to provide "efficient steamship service." This required the use of icebreakers, some of which were the largest of their kind in the world at one time.

Decline
Trucks soon began to take traffic away from freight operations on Prince Edward Island, particularly as CNR improved the ferry system to accept more road vehicles.  By the 1970s, critical agricultural cargo such as the potato harvests were increasingly transferring to trucks with each successive season. As a result, CN increasingly began to avoid investing capital into improving railway infrastructure in the province.  In a classic "demarketing" strategy, CN's deteriorating track conditions resulted in further loss of service to trucks.

By the early 1980s CN made it clear the days of its railway operations on Prince Edward Island were numbered, but Island politicians at the provincial and federal level managed to dissuade CN from abandoning. The renewed talk of a fixed link in 1985–1986, following aborted attempts at building a highway/railway causeway across Abegweit Passage in 1957 and 1965–1969, saw CN accelerate its attempts to withdraw railway service on Prince Edward Island.

Preservation
In 1975 the railway station in Elmira was re-opened to become the Island's first railway museum. The museum is housed in the actual Elmira railway station. The museum originally included two former Canadian National Railway passenger cars: one former wood sided baggage car and a steel railway post office (RPO) car. In the 1990s arson claimed the baggage car. Approximately a decade later, RPO was scrapped having succumbed to age and a lack of preservation activities. The trucks from the baggage car are still on the property. Several railway cars were on display at the provincially operated railway museum at Elmira until the mid-2000s but have since been scrapped due to neglect on the part of the PEI Museum & Heritage Foundation. A ex-CN caboose 78431 was acquired and moved to museum in 2009.

In 1990, a diesel locomotive (class MLW RSC-14 number 1767) donated to Summerside several years earlier, needed to be moved to nearby Kensington.  Although now abandoned, the railway's tracks were still intact between both locations, except for several grade crossings at local roads where rails had been removed.  The locomotive was towed by construction machinery across temporary tracks built over these roads to its new location, where it remains on display as part of a community-operated railway museum.  The former Kensington Railway Station was designated a National Historic Site of Canada.

Another railway car is currently undergoing preservation at Borden-Carleton. This car is a plywood sided, former CNR, caboose and is located adjacent to a replica railway station. Both can be seen from the Confederation Bridge.

Two former railway tank cars reside beside the railway on the property of Island Construction on the Sherwood Road in Charlottetown. Both tank cars are adjacent to the railway trail can be easily seen and photographed from the trail. These tank cars are 36' long each. During the final years of railway operation on PEI these tank cars could be seen parked in the Borden railway yard and were used to store fuel oil for the ferry boats. Both tank cars are painted a light blue colour (the same paint scheme they featured during their railway service).

Route
The western end of the PEIR starts in Tignish, abutting Church Street which forms the downtown axis. A wye-junction just west of the end serves as a turnaround, running north to Maple Street. The line initially runs west-southwest out of town but soon turns south towards the northern edge of the original western terminus of the line at Alberton. Here the line folds back on itself, leaving town west-northwest almost parallel to the incoming line, an artifact of its later extension. The line originally bent south to run through town to the docks at Northport. The line to Northport was turned into a spur by building a large wye junction at the sharp curve that developed when the extension was added.

The line continues westward, avoiding Cascumpec Bay, which extends inland to the west for some distance. This takes the line through Elmsdale and O'Leary, where it starts bending back toward the east and south, running through Wellington (and forming Wellington Station). Here it turns east to Summerside. Just west of Summerside a wye was built to provide a spur line to service Summerside Airport, running along the eastern side of the airport.

The line continues eastward out of Summerside to the New Annan area, where several large potato processing factories were built. Today this is the site of major factories for Cavendish Farms, which runs two dozen factories in this area. The line runs through Kensington and then turns south to Emerald Junction, where a wye junction splits off a spur leading southwest to Borden-Carleton, serving the former ferry docks. The line continues east from the junction, running east and south to Royalty Junction, just north of Charlottetown. Here a wye formed a spur serving the downtown area.

The line continues away from Charlottetown running east-northeast to Mount Stewart, where it splits in a wye just west of town. The mainline continues northeast, while a major spur bends south and then southwest for the run to Montague Junction. Here a wye forms a spur running southwest to Montague and southeast and Georgetown. The mainline continues out of Mount Stewart and passes through Morell, and, on the eastern side of town, begins to parallel the northern coast of the island as far as Saint Peter's Bay. Here it leaves the coast and continues eastward to a wye at Harmony Junction, where it originally looped back westward and then south for the short run to Souris. The Harmony wye made the Souris line a spur, with the mainline continuing east to its ultimate end in Elmira. Like the western end, a wye junction and spur just west of Elmira allowed the trains to turn around.

The Murray Harbour Line started at the end of the mainline spur in Charlottetown, crossing the Hillsborough River Bridge (the original pilings can still be seen) before bending sharply to the northeast through Bunbury. From here it runs roughly eastward to Lake Verde, where a wye provides a spur running south a short distance to a large turning loop at Vernon Bridge. With the closing of the Hillsborough bridge, a second wye was added just to the east of the first, spurring off the Short Line that runs northward to meet the Montague/Georgetown spur just south of Mount Stewart, near Maple Hill. The mainline of the Murray Harbour Line continues eastward a short distance before turning south at Hermitage, and then eastward again when it meets the Belle River on the south coast, running the remaining distance to Murray Harbour. A spur was later added in the Belle River area to Wood Islands. This collection of spurs on the PEIR is the only area that has not been fully converted to rail trail use, with several sections currently undeveloped.

Like many lines of the era, small whistle-stop towns sprang up all along the line, typically where the railway crossed an existing road. These often bear the terms "Junction", "Crossing" or "Station" as part of their names. Many of these exist only as names on a map today, the dwellings long since gone.

Due to its relatively recent abandonment, and especially due to maintenance as part of the rail trail conversion, the route of PEIR remains easily visible in aerial and satellite photos.

Rolling stock

Narrow-Gauge Locomotives

Diesel Locomotives

Railcars
Steven Boyko notes on his blogSide note: RDC D302 was tested on PEI in March 1958 but "it proved unsuitable because of difficulties it encountered crossing the ferry ramp, and negotiating the sharp turns between Borden and Charlottetown".

Ferry service

The following vessels were owned and operated by CNR/CN (1918–1977), CN Marine (CN subsidiary, 1977–1986) or by successor Marine Atlantic (post-1986) on the Northumberland Strait ferry service:

 Prince Edward Island (1915–1968)*
 Scotia I (various times 1901-1955)*
 Charlottetown (1931–1941)*
 Abegweit (1947–1982)*
 Scotia II (various times 1915-1968)*
 Confederation (1962–1975)
 John Hamilton Gray (1968–1997)*
 Lucy Maude Montgomery (1969–1973)
 Holiday Island (1971–1997)
 Vacationland (1971–1997)
 Abegweit (1982–1997)*

* denotes combination train ferry/ferry

See also
Canadian Government Railways
Canadian National Railway
Confederation Trail
Marine Atlantic

References

External links
Elmira Railway Museum
Elmira Museum, Prince Edward Island Museum & Heritage Foundation
National Transportation Agency (NTA) Decision No. 348-R-1989 Note that NTA was succeeded by the Canadian Transportation Agency (CTA) in 1995.
 Confessions of a Train Geek Steve Boyko's railfanning in Atlantic Canada blog

Defunct Prince Edward Island railways
3 ft 6 in gauge railways in Canada
Narrow gauge railways in Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island Railway
Prince Edward Island Railway
Predecessors of the Canadian Government Railways
1871 establishments in Prince Edward Island
1918 disestablishments in Prince Edward Island
Canadian companies established in 1871
Railway companies established in 1871
Railway companies disestablished in 1918
Standard gauge railways in Canada

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
\section{Weak coloring number and augmentations}\label{sec:wca}

Let us start by showing the properties of the graphs $H^{(r)}$ declared in Lemma~\ref{lemma-constr}.
Let us fix the notation as in the construction of the graph.  For a vertex $v\in V(H^{(r)})\setminus (V(H)\cup E(H)\cup \{u\})$,
let $R_v$ denote the set of vertices reachable from $v$ by paths in $H^{(r)}$ not containing vertices of $V(H)\cup E(H)\cup \{u\}$,
and for the unique $e\in R_v\cap E(H)$, let $R'_v=R_v\cup e$.
We have $|R_v|\le r^2-r+3$ and $|R'_v|\le r^2-r+|e|+2$.

\begin{proof}[Proof of Lemma~\ref{lemma-constr}]
Consider the ordering of the vertices of $H^{(r)}$ where $u$ is the smallest vertex, followed by vertices of $V(H)$ in
any order, vertices of $E(H)$ in any order, and finally all other vertices of $H^{(r)}$ in any order.
Clearly $Q_{r'}(u)=\{u\}$ for every $r'$.  If $v\in V(H)$, then $Q_{r'}(v)\subseteq \{u,v\}$ when $r'\le 2r-1$.
If $e\in E(H)$, then $Q_{r'}(e)=\{e\}$ when $r'\le r-1$ and $Q_{r'}(e)\subseteq e\cup \{e,u\}$ when $r'\le 2r-1$.
For any other vertex $v\in V(H^{(r)})$, we have $Q_{r'}(v)\subseteq R_v$ when $r'\le r$
and $Q_{r'}(v)\subseteq R'_v$ when $r'\le 2r$.  We conclude that $\text{wcol}_{r-1}(H^{(r)})\le r^2-r+3$
and $\text{wcol}_{2r-1}(H^{(r)})\le r^2-r+t+2$.

Note that any two vertices of $V(H^{(r)})\setminus V(H)$ are at distance at most $2r$ from one another, as shown by a path
through $u$.  If $u,v\in e$ for some $e\in E(H)$, then the distance between $u$ and $v$ in $H^{(r)}$ is $2r$, as shown
by a path through $e$.  Hence, if each two vertices of $H$ are contained in a common edge, then any $2r$-independent set
in $H^{(r)}$ has at most two vertices (one in $V(H)$ and one in $V(H^{(r)})\setminus V(H)$), and thus $\alpha_{2r}(H^{(r)})\le 2$.

No vertex of $V(H)$ is at distance at most $r$ from $u$ in $H^{(r)}$. If $v\in V(H)$, then no vertex of $V(H)\setminus\{v\}$ is
at distance at most $r$ from $v$ in $H^{(r)}$.  If $v=e\in E(H)$, or $v\in V(H^{(r)})\setminus (V(H)\cup E(H)\cup \{u\})$
and $e$ is the unique element of $R_v\cap E(H)$, then no vertices of $V(H)\setminus e$ are at distance at most $r$ from $u$.
Hence, for each $v\in V(H^{(r)})$, there exists $e_v\in E(H)$ such that all vertices of $V(H)$ at distance at most $r$ from $v$
in $H^{(r)}$ belong to $e_v$.  If $D$ is a dominating set in $H^{(r)}$, it follows that $\bigcup_{v\in D} e_v=V(H)$.
If no $p$ edges of $H$ cover all vertices of $H$, then we conclude that $\gamma_r(H^{(r)})>p$.

Finally, setting $x_u=1$, $x_e=1/\delta$ for all $e\in E(H)$, and $x_v=0$ for all $v\in V(H^{(r)})$ gives a feasible solution
to the program defining $\gamma_r^\star(G)$, which implies that $\gamma_r^\star(G)\le |E(H)|/\delta+1$.
\end{proof}

In the rest of the paper, it is convenient to perform the arguments in terms of certain directed graphs rather than weak coloring numbers; this also makes
the connection to the result of Bansal and Umboh~\cite{BANSAL201721} more transparent.

For a positive integer $r$, an \emph{$r$-augmentation} $\widehat{G}$ of a graph $G$ is an orientation of a supergraph of $G$ with $V\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)=V(G)$
such that each edge $e\in E\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)$ is assigned \emph{length} $\rho(e)\in\{0,1,\ldots,r\}$ with the following properties:
\begin{itemize}
\item[(LOOP)] Each vertex of $\widehat{G}$ is incident with a loop of length $0$.
\item[(DIST)] For any non-negative integer $r'\le r$ and vertices $u,v\in V(G)$, the distance between $u$ and $v$ in $G$ is at most
$r'$ if and only if there exists a common inneighbor $x$ of $u$ and $v$ in $\widehat{G}$ and $\rho(xu)+\rho(xv)\le r'$.
\end{itemize}
Because of (LOOP), if $uv\in E\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)$, then (DIST) applied with $x=u$ shows that the distance between $u$ and $v$ in $G$ is at most $\rho(uv)$.
Essentially, we augment $G$ by adding (directed) edges $uv$ representing certain paths in $G$, with $\rho(uv)$ being the length of the
corresponding path between $u$ and $v$.  It follows that $\rho(uv)>0$ for all $uv\in E\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)$ with $u\neq v$,
and that if $x$ and $y$ are adjacent vertices of $G$, then at least one of the directed edges $xy$ or $yx$
appears in $\widehat{G}$ with length $1$.

For a non-negative integer $r'\le r$ and $v\in V(G)$, let $\deg_{r',\widehat{G}}(v)$ be the number of
inneighbors $u$ of $v$ with $\rho(uv)\le r'$, and let $\Delta_{r'}\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)$
be the maximum of $\deg_{r',\widehat{G}}(v)$ over all vertices of $G$.
Let us note a connection between weak coloring numbers and augmentations.
\begin{observation}\label{obs-wcol}
Consider any ordering of vertices of a graph $G$ and a non-negative integer $r$.  Let $\widehat{G}$ be the directed graph in which
$uv\in E\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)$ iff $u\in Q_r(v)$, and let $\rho(uv)$ be the minimum $r'$ such that $u\in Q_{r'}(v)$.  Then
$\widehat{G}$ is an $r$-augmentation of $G$ and $\Delta_{r'}\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)$ is equal to the
weak $r'$-coloring number of the ordering for any non-negative $r'\le r$.
\end{observation}
\begin{proof}
Note that $\Delta_{r'}\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)$ is equal to the weak $r'$-coloring number of the ordering for every $r'\le r$ by the choice of $\rho$, and thus it suffices
to argue that $\widehat{G}$ is an $r$-augmentation.

Since $v\in Q_0(v)$ for all $v\in V(G)$, (LOOP) is satisfied by $\widehat{G}$.  If vertices $u,v\in V(G)$ have a common inneighbor $x$ in $\widehat{G}$,
then their distance in $G$ is at most the sum of distances from $x$ to $u$ and $v$, which is at most $\rho(xu)+\rho(xv)$.
Conversely, suppose that the distance between $u$ and $v$ is $r'\le r$.  Let $P$ be a path of length $r'$ from $u$ to $v$,
and let $x$ be the smallest vertex of $P$ in the considered ordering.  Then $x\in Q_{r_1}(u)\cap Q_{r_2}(v)$,
where $r_1$ and $r_2$ are the lengths of the subpaths of $P$ from $x$ to $u$ and $v$, and $r'=r_1+r_2\ge \rho(xu)+\rho(xv)$.
We conclude that (DIST) holds.
\end{proof}
Note that it is possible to obtain $r$-augmentations in other ways, e.g., using the transitive fraternal augmentation
procedure of Nešetřil and Ossona de Mendez~\cite{grad1}.

\section{Domination}

We are now ready to give the approximation argument for $\gamma_r$.

\begin{theorem}\label{thm-dom}
Let $r$ be a positive integer. If $\widehat{G}$ is an $r$-augmentation of a graph $G$, then
$$\gamma_r(G)/\gamma^\star_r(G)\le (\Delta_{r-1}\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)+1)\Delta_r\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)-\Delta_{r-1}\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr).$$
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
Let $a=(\Delta_{r-1}\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)+1)\Delta_r\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)-\Delta_{r-1}\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)$.
Consider any optimal solution to the linear program defining $\gamma^\star_r(G)$, and let
$X_0$ be the set of vertices $v\in V(G)$ such that $x_v\ge 1/a$ in this solution.
Let $v_1$, \ldots, $v_n$ be any ordering of vertices of $G$.  For $i=1, \ldots, n$,
if a vertex at distance at most $r$ from $v_i$ belongs to $X_{i-1}$, then let $X_i=X_{i-1}$;
otherwise, $X_i$ is obtained from $X_{i-1}$ by adding all inneighbors $x$ of $v_i$ such that $\rho(xv_i)\le r-1$.

Clearly, $X_n$ is an $r$-dominating set of $G$; hence, it suffices to bound its size.
We have
$$|X_0|\le a\sum_{u\in X_0} x_u.$$
To bound $|X_n\setminus X_0|$, we perform a charge redistribution
argument.  Vertices start with zero charge. For $i=1,\ldots, n$, if $X_i\neq X_{i-1}$, then we increase by $x_u$ the charge of each vertex
$u\in N_r[v_i]$ such that $uv_i\not\in E\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)$.
Let $\delta_i$ denote the total amount of charge added in this step.
Observe that since $X_i\neq X_{i-1}$,
none of vertices in $N_r[v_i]$ belongs to $X_{i-1}$.
In particular, no inneighbor of $v_i$ belongs to $X_0$, and thus $\sum_{uv_i\in E(\widehat{G})} x_u\le \Delta_r\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)/a$.
Since we are considering a solution to the linear program defining $\gamma^\star_r(G)$, we
have the following bound on the charge increase.
$$\delta_i=\sum_{u\in N_r[v_i],uv_i\not\in E\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)} x_u\ge 1-\sum_{uv_i\in E\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)} x_u\ge 1-\Delta_r\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)/a=\Delta_{r-1}\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)(\Delta_r\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)-1)/a.$$
Consequently,
$$|X_i\setminus X_{i-1}|\le \Delta_{r-1}\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)\le \delta_i\frac{a}{\Delta_r\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)-1},$$
and letting $\delta=\sum_{i=1}^n \delta_i$ be the total amount of charge created, we have
$$|X_n\setminus X_0|\le \delta\frac{a}{\Delta_r\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)-1}.$$
On the other hand, by (DIST), when $u\in N_r[v_i]$ and $uv_i\not\in E\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)$, then $u$ and $v_i$ have a common inneighbor $x$
and $r\ge \rho(xu)+\rho(xv_i)\ge 1+\rho(xv_i)$.  Consequently, whenever the charge of $u$ is increased, some inneighbor of $u$ (distinct from $u$)
is added to the $r$-dominating set, and thus the final charge of $u$ is at most $(\Delta_r\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)-1)x_u$.  Furthermore, as we observed before, charge is only added
to vertices not belonging to $X_0$.  Summing over all vertices of $G$, we obtain
$$\delta\le (\Delta_r\bigl(\widehat{G})-1\bigr)\sum_{u\not\in X_0} x_u.$$
Combining these bounds, we obtain
$$|X_n\setminus X_0|\le a\sum_{u\not\in X_0}x_u,$$
and thus
$$\gamma_r(G)\le |X_0|+|X_n\setminus X_0|\le a\sum_{u\in V(G)} x_u=a\gamma_r^\star(G),$$
as required.
\end{proof}

Note that $(x+1)y-x=y^2-(y-x)(y-1)$, and thus if $1\le x\le y$, then
$(x+1)y\le y^2$.  Hence,
$(\Delta_{r-1}\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)+1)\Delta_r\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)-\Delta_{r-1}\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)\le \Delta^2_r\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)$.
By Observation~\ref{obs-wcol}, Theorem~\ref{thm-dom} has the following consequence.
\begin{corollary}\label{cor-domincol}
For any positive integer $r$ and a graph $G$,
$$\gamma_r(G)/\gamma^\star_r(G)\le \text{wcol}^2_r(G).$$
\end{corollary}
On the other hand, the ratio cannot be bounded in terms of $\text{wcol}_{r-1}$, as shown by the following example.
Let $n$ be an odd integer and let
$H$ be the hypergraph with vertex sets consisting of all subsets of $\{1,\ldots,n\}$ of size $(n+1)/2$, with
edges $e_1$, \ldots, $e_n$ such that for $1\le i\le n$, the edge $e_i$ consists of the sets in $V(H)$ that contain $i$.
For any $I\subseteq \{1,\ldots,n\}$ of size $(n-1)/2$, the vertex $\{1,\ldots,n\}\setminus I$ is not incident with
any of the edges $e_i$ for $i\in I$; hence, Lemma~\ref{lemma-constr} implies $\gamma_r(H^{(r)})\ge (n+1)/2$.
Each vertex of $H$ is incident with $(n+1)/2$ edges and $|E(H)|=n$, and thus $\gamma_r^\star(H^{(r)})\le \frac{n}{(n+1)/2}+1\le 3$.
Also, Lemma~\ref{lemma-constr} implies $\text{wcol}_{r-1}(H^{(r)})\le r^2-r+3$.

Corollary~\ref{cor-domincol} implies that $\gamma_r(G)$ can be approximated in polynomial time within factor of $\text{wcol}^2_r(G)$.
This bound can be improved in the special case $r=1$.
If $G$ has an orientation with maximum indegree at most $d$, then giving each edge length $1$
and adding loops of length $0$ on all vertices results in a $1$-augmentation $\widehat{G}$ with $\Delta_1\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)\le d+1$
and $\Delta_0\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)=1$.  Hence, we have the following.
\begin{corollary}
If a graph $G$ has an orientation with maximum indegree at most $d$, then $\gamma(G)$ can be approximated in polynomial time
within factor of $2d+1$.
\end{corollary}
Note that Bansal and Umboh~\cite{BANSAL201721} give the approximation factor as $3d$, however this is just because
we are slightly more careful in the analysis---their algorithm is exactly the same as the one of Theorem~\ref{thm-dom} in the case $r=1$.

\section{Independence}

To prove a bound on the ratio $\alpha^\star_{2r}(G)/\alpha_{2r,b}(G)$,
we use a result of Parekh and Pritchard~\cite{Parekh2015} on generalized hypergraph matching.
Let $H$ be a hypergraph and let $b$ be a positive integer.
A \emph{$b$-matching} in $H$ is a set $M$ of edges of $H$ such that each vertex of $H$ is incident with at most
$b$ edges of $M$.  Let $\mu_b(H)$ denote the maximum size of a $b$-matching in $H$.
Let $\mu^\star_b(H)$ be the fractional relaxation of this parameter, defined as
\begin{align*}
\mu^\star_b(H)&=\max \sum_{e\in E(H)} m_e\\
\text{subject to}&\\
\sum_{e\ni v} m_e&\le b&\text{for all $v\in V(H)$}\\
0\le m_e&\le 1&\text{for all $e\in E(H)$}
\end{align*}
Clearly, $\mu^\star_b(H)\ge \mu_b(H)$.  Conversely, we have the following.

\begin{theorem}[Parekh and Pritchard~\cite{Parekh2015}]\label{thm-magap}
If $H$ is a hypergraph with all edges of size at most $k$ and $b$ is a positive integer,
then
$$\mu_b(H)\ge \frac{k}{k^2-k+1}\mu_b^\star(H).$$
Furthermore, a $b$-matching of size at least $\frac{k}{k^2-k+1}\mu_b^\star(H)$ can be found in polynomial time.
\end{theorem}

\begin{corollary}\label{cor-maga}
If $H$ is a hypergraph with all edges of size at most $k\ge 1$, then
then $\mu_k(H)\ge \mu_1^\star(H)/2$.
\end{corollary}
\begin{proof}
Consider an optimal solution to the linear program defining $\mu_1^\star(H)$.
Let $M_1=\{e\in E(H):m_e\ge 1/k\}$ and $s_1=\sum_{e\in M_1} m_e$.
Clearly, $M_1$ is a $k$-matching in $H$, and thus $\mu_k(H)\ge |M_1|\ge s_1$.
If $s_1\ge \mu_1^\star(H)/2$, the desired bound on $\mu_k(H)$ follows, and thus
assume that $s_1<\mu_1^\star(H)/2$.

Let $m'_e=km_e$ for all $e\in E(H)$ such that $m_e\le 1/k$ and $m'_e=0$ for all other
$e\in E(H)$.  This gives a feasible solution to the program defining $\mu^\star_k(H)$, and thus
$$\mu^\star_k(H)\ge k(\mu_1^\star(H)-s_1)>k\mu_1^\star(H)/2.$$
By Theorem~\ref{thm-magap}, we have
$$\mu_k(H)>\frac{k}{k^2-k+1}k\mu_1^\star(H)/2\ge \mu_1^\star(H)/2,$$
as required.
\end{proof}

We use this result to find sets intersecting outneighborhoods in $r$-augmentations only in a bounded
number of vertices.

\begin{lemma}\label{lemma-out}
Let $G$ be a graph, let $\widehat{G}$ be an $r$-augmentation of $G$, and let $k=\Delta_r\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)$.
There exists a set $Y\subseteq V(G)$ such that
each vertex of $\widehat{G}$ has at most $k$ outneighbors in $Y$ and
$$|Y|\ge \alpha_{2r}^\star(G)/2.$$
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
For a vertex $u\in V(G)$, let $e_u$ be the set of inneighbors of $u$ in $\widehat{G}$.
Let $H$ be the hypergraph with vertex set $V(G)$ and edge set $\{e_u:u\in V(G)\}$;
each edge of $H$ has size at most $k$.  Note that $M$ is a $k$-matching in
$H$ if and only if each vertex of $\widehat{G}$ has at most $k$ outneighbors
in $Y=\{u:e_u\in M\}$.  Hence, it suffices to prove that $\mu_k(H)\ge \alpha_{2r}^\star(G)/2$.

Consider an optimal solution to the linear program defining $\alpha_{2r}^\star(G)$,
and for every $u\in V(G)$, let $m_{e_u}=y_u$.  For each $v\in V(H)$, we have
$$\sum_{e_u\ni v} m_{e_u}=\sum_{vu\in V\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)} y_u\le \sum_{u\in N_r[v]} y_u\le 1,$$
and thus this gives a feasible solution to the program defining $\mu^\star_1(H)$.
We conclude that $\mu^\star_1(H)\ge \alpha_{2r}^\star(G)$, and thus the claim follows
from Corollary~\ref{cor-maga}.
\end{proof}

We are now ready to show existence of large $(2r,b)$-independent sets.
\begin{theorem}\label{thm-ind}
Let $G$ be a graph, let $\widehat{G}$ be an $r$-augmentation of $G$, and
let $b=(\Delta_{r-1}\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)+1)\Delta_r\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)-\Delta_{r-1}\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)$.
We have $$\alpha_{2r,b}\ge \alpha_{2r}^\star(G)/2.$$
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
Let $k=\Delta_r\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)$, and let $Y$ be the set obtained by applying Lemma~\ref{lemma-out},
such that every vertex of $\widehat{G}$ has at most $k$ outneighbors belonging to $Y$.
For any $v\in V(G)$ and $y\in N_r[v]\cap Y$, (DIST) implies that either $y$ is an inneighbor of $v$ in $\widehat{G}$
and $\rho(yv)=r$, or $y$ and $v$ have a common inneighbor $x$ with $\rho(xv)\le r-1$.  Hence,
we have
\begin{align*}
|N_r[v]\cap Y|&\le (\deg_{r,\widehat{G}}(v)-\deg_{r-1,\widehat{G}}(v))+\sum_{xv\in E\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr),\rho(xv)\le r-1} |\{y\in Y: xy\in E\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)|\\
&\le (\deg_{r,\widehat{G}}(v)-\deg_{r-1,\widehat{G}}(v))+\deg_{r-1,\widehat{G}}(v))\cdot k\\
&=\deg_{r,\widehat{G}}(v)+(k-1)\deg_{r-1,\widehat{G}}(v)\\
&\le \Delta_r\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)+(k-1)\Delta_{r-1}\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)=b,
\end{align*}
and thus $Y$ is a $(2r,b)$-independent set in $G$.
Consequently,
$$\alpha_{2r,b}(G)\ge |Y|\ge \alpha_{2r}^\star(G)/2,$$
as required.
\end{proof}

The following lemma clarifies the relationship with Theorem~\ref{thm-apxdomin}.
\begin{lemma}\label{lemma-makeindep}
If $\widehat{G}$ is a $2r$-augmentation of $G$,
then for every positive integer $b$,
$$\alpha_{2r}(G)\ge \frac{1}{2b\Delta_{2r}\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)}\alpha_{2r,b}(G).$$
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
Let $Y$ be a $(2r,b)$-independent set in $G$ of size $\alpha_{2r,b}(G)$.  Let $G_1$ be the graph with vertex set $Y$ and distinct vertices $y_1, y_2\in Y$
adjacent iff their distance in $G$ is at most $2r$.  Orient the edges of $G_1$ as follows: if $v$ is an inneighbor of $y_1$ in $\widehat{G}$
and $y_2\in N_r[v]$, then direct the edge from $y_2$ to $y_1$.
Since $Y$ is $(2r,b)$-independent, we have $|N_r[v]\cap (Y\setminus \{y_1\})|\le b$ for each inneighbor $v$ of $y_1$,
and the inequality is strict when $v=y_1$.  Hence, the maximum indegree of $G_1$ is less than $d=b\Delta_{2r}\bigl(\widehat{G}\bigr)$.
Furthermore, all edges of $G_1$ are directed in at least one direction by (DIST).
Consequently, each subgraph $F$ of $G_1$ has less than $d|V(F)|$ edges,
and thus $G_1$ is $(2d-1)$-degenerate.  Consequently, $\chi(G_1)\le 2d$, and thus
$G_1$ contains an independent set $Y_1$ of size at least $\frac{|Y|}{2d}=\frac{\alpha_{2r,b}(G)}{2b\Delta_{2r}(\widehat{G})}$.
Observe that $Y_1$ is a $2r$-independent in $G$, which gives the required lower bound on $\alpha_{2r}(G)$.
\end{proof}

Composing Theorems~\ref{thm-dom} and \ref{thm-ind} with Lemma~\ref{lemma-makeindep}, and using
Observation~\ref{obs-wcol}, we obtain the following inequalities, implying Theorem~\ref{thm-summary}.
\begin{corollary}\label{cor-summary}
Let $G$ be a graph, let $\widehat{G_1}$ be an $r$-augmentation of $G$
and let $\widehat{G_2}$ be a $2r$-augmentation of $G$.
Let $b=(\Delta_{r-1}\bigl(\widehat{G_1}\bigr)+1)\Delta_r\bigl(\widehat{G_1}\bigr)-\Delta_{r-1}\bigl(\widehat{G_1}\bigr)$.
Then
$$\frac{1}{b}\gamma_r(G)\le \gamma^\star_r(G)=\alpha^\star_{2r}(G)\le 2\alpha_{2r,b}(G)\le 4b\Delta_{2r}\bigl(\widehat{G_2}\bigr)\alpha_{2r}(G).$$
In particular,
$$\frac{1}{\text{wcol}^2_r(G)}\gamma_r(G)\le \gamma^\star_r(G)=\alpha^\star_{2r}(G)\le 2\alpha_{2r,\text{wcol}^2_r(G)}(G)\le 4\text{wcol}^2_r(G)\text{wcol}_{2r}(G)\alpha_{2r}(G),$$
and if $G$ has an orientation with maximum indegree at most $d$, then
$$\frac{1}{2d+1}\gamma(G)\le \gamma^\star_1(G)=\alpha^\star_2(G)\le 2\alpha_{2,2d+1}(G)\le 4(2d+1)\text{wcol}_2(G)\alpha_2(G).$$
\end{corollary}

\bibliographystyle{siam}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
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How BIG is Currency?
With the advent of online payment systems and the rise of debit cards, physical currency may seem like a relic of a bygone era. But right now, there's still a lot of it going around.
Let's examine how the total amount of United States, Euro, Yen, and total worldwide currency actually looks. Spoiler alert: it's big.
The Dollar
The Yen
The Euro
The United States dollar is the world's most traded currency, with 1.61 trillion dollars circulating in coinage and notes.1, 2
So, how big is a dollar?
Stacked together, the 39.8 billion notes currently in circulation would take up 1.8 million cubic feet of space.5, 6
That amount of currency would fill 20 Olympic-sized swimming pools...7
...and would overflow the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool in the US Capital.7
Keep exploring! Click on another currency below to discover its true size.
The euro is the second most popular traded currency in the world, and the most popular in Europe.8
There are 82.3 billion €50 notes in circulation.
So, how big is the Euro? At 16.5 square inches each, all the €50 notes could completely cover New York City...
or the city of Indianapolis...
...or blanket the entire landscape of Badlands National Park. 11-13
The Japanese yen is third most traded currency in the world, and the most popular in Asia.14
So, how big is the yen?
There are 12.4 million ¥1 coins in circulation. Stacked on top of each other, that many coins could line the Las Vegas strip two times... 17, 18
could climb Mt. Everest almost twice...18
...and that same stack of coins could run the Preakness Stakes race eight times. 18
Total Worldwide
There is a name for the total value of worldwide currency stuffed into pockets, lost in couch cushions, and stored in bank vaults. Economists call it "M0." 19
The M0 for the entire planet hovers around $5 trillion. Let's see what that looks like. 20
Turns out that $5 trillion, or M0, takes up a lot of space. But we have to do a bit of abstracting to properly visualize it.
Let's assume that $5 trillion comes to us in $100 bills.
That M0 stack of bills would weigh twice as much as the Statue of Liberty. 21
Spread out, those bills would cover the entire Grand Canyon... 22
...and laid end-to-end, that M0 measure of $100 bills would circle all of planet Earth 194 times. 23
Now that's a lot of dough.
Currency Exchange International Corp., 2018
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2018
United States Mint, 2018
Wikipedia.org, 2018
Quara.com, 2018
Bluebulbprojects.com, The Measure of Things, 2018
Statista.com, 2018
Wikipedia.org, 2018. Badlands National Park is in South Dakota.
Bank of Japan, 2018
Marketplace.org, 2018
Business Insider Inc., 2018
Grief and Finances: Communication to Financial Preparedness
The unpredictability of life can sometimes leave us feeling overwhelmed with grief. For some, that may be a monetary change brought about by the loss of a job or significant financial setback. While others may...
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Unless otherwise identified, registered associates on this website are registered representatives of Lincoln Financial Securities Corp. Securities and investment advisory services offered through Lincoln Financial Securities Corp., a broker/dealer (member SIPC) and a registered investment advisor. Securities are offered to residents of AL, CO, FL, IL, LA, NE, NC, OK, SC, SD, TX & VA. Advisory services are offered to residents of TX. Insurance offered through Lincoln affiliates and other fine companies and state variations thereof. Lincoln Financial Group is the marketing name for Lincoln National Corporation and its affiliates. Firm disclosure information available at www.LFG.com. Lincoln Financial Securities and its representatives do not offer tax or legal advice. Individuals should consult their tax or legal professionals regarding their specific circumstances. XEO Wealth is not an affiliate of Lincoln Financial Advisors Corp. LFS-3356058-120320
See Lincoln Financial Securities (LFS') Form CRS Customer Relationship Summary, available here, for succinct information about the relationships and services LFS offers to retail investors, related fees and costs, specified conflicts of interest, standards of conduct, and disciplinary history, among other things. LFS' Forms ADV, Part 2A, which describe LFS' investment advisory services, Regulation Best Interest Disclosure Document, which describes LFS' broker-dealer services, and other client disclosure documents can be found here.


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Home » Top 5 Video Game Console For TV
By Research Team10 Mins Read
Do not stop your child from playing Game Consoles as now such video games are on fire. They boost children's minds. Nowadays, video game console has evolved. They help in strengthening and boosting the mind of children. Moreover, the problem-solving skills of children increase with gaming devices. Thus we have brought the best gaming console for you. So are you guys ready to know about tv video game console? Let us start.
Video games help your children become good leaders, as some games build these traits. That helps develop leadership skills. Video games make the kids active. When they play games like basketball, cricket, football, etc.
They may also try playing them outdoors. Decision-making skills improve while playing video games. As the ability to react in any situation develops thus some people respond better.
Benefits of Game Consoles
Some gaming devices help relieve stress, as when you can free the stuck person. You feel stress-free. One of the benefits of playing a video game is children get a slight boost in their reading skills. Kids who are reluctant to open a traditional book may rush to read a website. Let us know about them further.
Game Consoles can improve manual mastery
Regulator-based games can be incredible for your hands. In a study including a gathering of specialists. Analysts found that the individuals who played games were quicker at performing tasks. And they committed 37% fewer errors than those who didn't. The best gaming console has utilized as a non-intrusive treatment. To help stroke casualties recapture control of their hands and wrists.
Game Consoles expand your mind's Grey matter
Gaming is an exercise for your brain camouflaged as fun. Studies have shown that computer games build grey matter and lift cerebrum network. (Gray matter relates to muscle control, recollections, discernment, and spatial route.
Better friendly abilities
The generalization of a modest individual who utilizes tv video game. To console as an approach to escape isn't what the typical gamer resembles. Past research found that the individuals who played more computer games. Bound to have significant social abilities, perform better. And have fabricated better associations with different understudies. Due to the social and cooperative segment of certain sports games. Even learn about e-sports here.
Encourage you to be a superior issue solver
Mission-based and staggered games plan complex tasks that need time to settle. Every so often, the arrangement shifts dependent on your activities in the game. Figuring out how to think and react. And plan in a speedy dream climate is an ability that can mean this present reality. Kids who played system based games showed an improvement in critical thinking abilities. And in this way, it would, in general, improve grades the following school year.
Option to be Dynamic as a gamer.
The most critical control centre currently has the foundation to get gamers off their feet. The eventual fate of gaming will take things to an unheard-of level. Versatile game software engineers have also begun to make games across actual space. Building an area of information. And motivating gamers to progress in the virtual world.
Improve your vision.
But long you're not gazing at the screen for 10 hours in a row (or sitting two feet away). Playing computer games can make for better vision. Ten male understudies who were not gamers prepare for 30 hours in activity games. And tried against ten non-gamers. The kids who played had the option to see protests more in jumbled spaces due to improved goals. They had the option to prepare their minds to see more modest subtleties. Because those subtleties ended up being significant in each game.
Psychological wellness benefits.
Some computer games can support disposition and make for better heart rhythms. A sign that they may likewise help assuage pressure. The connection between computer games and stress has reflected in various studies. That is why Game Consoles have utilized in treatment for longer than ten years.
An excellent method of learning
There are recordings games on pretty much everything. Designers understood that computer games could use to improve perusing and math abilities. Today, some games join world history. Different points you might not have present to in school.
Be more constant.
With Game Consoles, you either win. Or continue having a go at, gaining from your missteps as you progress until you arrive at the goal. Few specialists contend that computer games can help individuals to be more sure. And to pursue their objectives, abo every stumble as one more learning opportunity.
Workout by Tv video game console
A person playing Game Consoles should not underestimate as a couch potato. As gaming is a workout for your mind disguised as fun. It has proved that playing video console games may boost brain connectivity. Also, increase grey matter in the brain. Moreover, gamers have good social skills. Also, they built better relationships with everybody.
Children playing video games get more mental benefits. Also, they learn to try again and again. These are why video games are beneficial for children. If you want to buy the best games that will add fun to your child's life. And some skills like leadership, decision-making, etc.
Now you know everything benefits about Game Consoles. Let us show you the list of best Game Consoles.
More about gaming devices
What are the gaming devices?
One can play the best on computers but laptops, televisions are also good for playing games. It is to be said that one can play the best on their personal computers. Also, computers have the hardcore to help games enroll better. Lastly, we recommend that personal computers are the best gaming devices.
How many tv video game console are there?
Starting at 2020, there have been eight control center ages, with the current driving produces being Sony, Microsoft, and Nintendo; past console makers have included Atari, Fairchild, Intellivision Entertainment, Coleco, Sega, NEC, 3DO, and SNK. So. these are the best tv video game console.
List of Best Video Game Console in India
1. Microsoft Xbox Series X
Play hundreds of titles from 4 generations of consoles. All video games seem and play quality on Xbox Series X . Series X's coronary heart is the Xbox Velocity Architecture. It pairs a customized SSD with a built-in software program for faster. Moreover, Streamlined gameplay with decreased load times.
Also, Pass between a couple of video games in a flash with Quick Resume. Furthermore, Explore wealthy new worlds and experience the motion by no means. Earlier than with the unmatched 12 teraflops of raw photo processing power. Thus we can say Microsoft Xbox Series X is the best gaming console.
Also Read: What is XBOX?
2. Sony PlayStation5
Store your games, apps, screenshots and movies with 1TB mannequin â?? slimmer and lighter than the authentic PS4 mannequin and on hand in jet Black. Hdr-enabled PS4 video games burst into existence with top-notch colour. And readability on an HDR TV. Handing over a more tremendous vibrant, practical spectrum of colours.
Firstly, Play the best video games and PS4 exclusive. Moreover, Take your adventures online with PS plus and Stream. Or download TV indicates and films from Netflix. PS keep or anywhere you get your preferred amusement. lastly, Buy the video game console from Sony PlayStation5.
Also Read: Learn about PlayStation.
3. Nintendo Switch
Firstly, Get the gaming gadget that lets you play the video games you want, anywhere you are, on the other hand, you like. Includes the Nintendo Switch console. And moreover, Nintendo Switch docks in black. With contrasting left and proper Joy-Con controllers—one red, one blue. Also consists of all the extras you want to get started. Furthermore, The battery existence will rely on the video games you play. For instance, the battery will remain about 5.5 hours for The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild. Buy tv video game console from here.
4. Microsoft Series S
The technology of gaming brings our incredible launch library the smallest Xbox ever. With more dynamic worlds, quicker load times, and the addition of the Xbox Game Pass. (sold separate), the all-digital Xbox Series S is a reasonable cost in gaming.
Whether you are searching for a day one launch title. One of over a hundred favourites in the Xbox Game Pass library. Or any of lots of backward well-matched classics. There is something to play on the all-digital Xbox Series S. Choose the best gaming console and gaming devices from here.
5. Sega Genesis Mini
The iconic SEGA Genesis console. Described the technology of gaming returns in a slick. With a miniaturized unit. The SEGA Genesis Mini console loads with forty legendary video games. And is plug and play geared up proper out of the box! Games will introduce in 4 waves of 10 games. Get the video game console from Sega.
Get the Game Consoles from the places given above, and you will get the best gift for your child. As it not only provides entertainment but also adds many benefits. Furthermore, the best gaming console and gaming devices are also told to you. Thus buy the Game console to improve the thinking and decision making skills of your child. Also, game consoles help to develop cognitive and social skills among children.
So it would be best if you buy Game Consoles to add to your child skills. Additionally, your child will be able to make friends.
FAQs Regarding Game Consoles
What is the importance of a game console?
A video game console is an electronic or PC gadget that yields a video signal. Or visual picture to show a video game that at least one individual can play through some game regulator.
What is the utilization of the game console?
Since they are PCs, they store data along these lines. Numerous individuals utilize their gaming framework. To peruse the Internet and watch motion pictures, not only for messing around. This data put away on the hard drive inside the gaming console.
How does a game console work?
Video game consoles depend on CPUs to compute different game parts. And control how the game reacts to client input. It is preparing the game's guidelines. And handles game rationale as development or communication with objects.
Which is better, PC or console?
You can mess around with preferred designs over consoles. If you have a fantastic gaming PC. Games on PC can play with design settings set to more elevated levels. As play at higher, smoother outline rates than that on a console. So, gaming PCs that beat consoles can come at an exorbitant cost.
Editor's Note | Game Consoles
We have provided you with the Game Consoles to use and make your child wise. Also, We have provided you with the best gaming console and gaming devices. Furthermore, the best tv video game console will make you wiser. And indeed, they will develop better skills.
Now I guess no doubt would be in your mind. We have provided you with every single detail. Thus, it would be best to have the Game Consoles. Additionally, you can use them to improve your skills.
Stay tuned with us for more information.


When dyslexics are confused (or curious) they might mentally look at objects, words, or ideas from many angles. We call this disorientation. Disorientation is part of the natural thinking style of a dyslexic person. This disorientation contributes to creative thinking as well as distraction and distorted perception.
When people are disoriented, they can make mistakes.
still be able to tap into his or her gifts.


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Courts & Cops
Lake Style
7° Sunny
Laconia, NH (03246)
Clear to partly cloudy. Low around 0F. Winds WNW at 10 to 15 mph..
Clear to partly cloudy. Low around 0F. Winds WNW at 10 to 15 mph.
The top 10 graduating seniors of Laconia High School's Class of 2019, crouching, left to right: Zoran Boskovic, Renee Corriveau, Kaitlyn Brooks, Jason Sandifer. Standing: Bryden Wright, Kayleigh Thoroughgood, Jennifer Bateman, Gabrijela Djuric, Ryan Paiva, Jacob Miner. (Adam Drapcho/The Laconia Daily Sun)
Laconia High School's Top 10 have big plans for the future
By RICK GREEN, THE LACONIA DAILY SUN
LACONIA — Medicine, engineering, business, law, film — these are some of the industries that stand to benefit from Laconia High School's top 10 students.
The No. 1 student in the senior class is Kaitlyn Brooks, a competitive gymnast who skis and plays volleyball and lacrosse.
She'll be going to Sacred Heart University, where she plans to study nursing.
"I really like working with children and I want to go into pediatric nursing," she said in an interview. "I might work a few years and then get a master's degree and become a nurse practitioner."
Like other top students at the high school, she is involved in numerous extracurricular activities. She's president of the student council and is involved with Stand Up Sachems and the National Honor Society.
Brooks is looking forward to attending the picturesque university in Fairfield, Connecticut, but elements of her pending graduation are also bittersweet.
"I really enjoyed being here," said Brooks, who has been in the school district since elementary school. "I'm going to miss it a lot."
Three other members of the top 10 also want to go into the medical field.
Zoran Boskovic is going into an accelerated two-year degree program at NHTI that will qualify him to provide radiation therapy.
"I love medicine and want to practice medicine for the rest of my life," said Boskovic, who is on student council and participates in soccer, basketball and track. "Radiation therapy gives you a one-on-one with the patient that no other job in the field has. You see the patient five days a week for up to eight weeks, trying to eliminate the tumor."
Gabrijela Djuric will be studying neuroscience at the University of Vermont.
"I'm just excited for whatever is to come," she said. "I used to want to be a neurosurgeon, but now I want to focus more on the research aspect. There are so many things we don't know."
She likes to solve problems, but calculus was a challenge at first. With the help of a teacher, she succeeded in a difficult class.
"I found math as a way to really push myself to succeed and math is the most satisfying thing I can do. Once I get the feel of it and get the answer, it is so rewarding.
Ryan Paiva, a basketball player who had shoulder surgery last week, is well-acquainted with physical therapy, and that's the field he would like to pursue. He'll also be going to the University of Vermont.
He's doing an internship at Granite State Physical Therapy, where Kaitlyn Brooks' father, Joshua Brooks, is a physical therapist.
"I dislocated my shoulder twice during the basketball season and have had to rehabilitate from injuries before," he said. "I'd like to pursue exercise science."
He is looking forward to college life.
"I toured the campus," he said. "The dorms seem really nice, super laid back and chill and I like that."
Two of the top 10 want to pursue legal careers.
Bryden Wright said that before law school, he will study history and philosophy at Dartmouth College.
He likes the academic variety that college will offer.
"I like that I can take control of my education more," he said. "There will be a much broader course selection. I've tried to take advantage of what LHS has to offer, but it's nice that there will be hundreds of courses I can choose from."
Kayleigh Thoroughgood, who is interning at the county attorney's office, got interested in becoming a lawyer from watching legal dramas. She'll be going to Saint Anselm College as an undergrad and then plans to attend the University of New Hampshire School of Law.
Two students in the top 10 want to work in film production.
Renee Corriveau is excited about attending the Savannah College of Art and Design in Georgia and says she's "counting the days" until college life begins.
"It's in a historic town with cobblestone streets," she said. "It's beautiful."
She is in the digital media arts program at the Huot Career and Technical Center, where she has participated in making short films.
"It takes a ton of people to make a movie and if you can get your foot in the door, you can work your way up," she said.
Jennifer Bateman, who will be attending Clarkson University in upstate New York, is involved in the same Huot program and wants to be involved in film. She also likes English.
"I love writing and the creative aspect of being able to tell a story," she said.
Business and engineering are attractive to two students in the top 10.
Jason Sandifer plans to study sports management at Plymouth State University.
He is a soccer and basketball player.
"I like sports and I've been studying business and I'm pretty good at math, so I figured I might as well go for something I enjoy," he said. "My ultimate goal is to manage a professional sports team."
Jacob Miner has enjoyed science, technology, engineering and math curriculum, so his choice is clear.
"STEM classes really got me to like engineering, so I'm going to go to Wentworth and I want to be a mechanical engineer," he said.
Laconia's first football champs to be honored
LACONIA — Prior to 1908, Laconia High School, which was then located on Academy Street, was not known for fielding competitive football teams.…
Kaitlyn Brooks
Ryan Paiva
Joshua Brooks
Kayleigh Thoroughgood
Laconia High School
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