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Home » Context of 'April 4, 2008: Evidence Mounting that US Using Mind-Altering Drugs on Detainees'
Context of 'April 4, 2008: Evidence Mounting that US Using Mind-Altering Drugs on Detainees'
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January 9, 2002: Yoo Memo Says US Not Bound by International Laws in War on Terror
John Yoo, a neoconservative lawyer in the Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel serving as deputy assistant attorney general, writes a classified memo to senior Pentagon counsel William J. Haynes, titled "Application of Treaties and Law to al-Qaeda and Taliban Detainees." [New York Times, 5/21/2004]
Yoo: Geneva Conventions Do Not Apply in War on Terror - Yoo's memo, written in conjunction with fellow Justice Department lawyer Robert Delahunty, echoes arguments by another Justice Department lawyer, Patrick Philbin, two months earlier (see November 6, 2001). Yoo states that, in his view, the laws of war, including the Geneva Conventions, do not apply to captured Taliban or al-Qaeda prisoners, nor do they apply to the military commissions set up to try such prisoners.
Geneva Superseded by Presidential Authority - Yoo's memo goes even farther, arguing that no international laws apply to the US whatsoever, because they do not have any status under US federal law. "As a result," Yoo and Delahunty write, "any customary international law of armed conflict in no way binds, as a legal matter, the president or the US armed forces concerning the detention or trial of members of al-Qaeda and the Taliban." In essence, Yoo and Delahunty argue that President Bush and the US military have carte blanche to conduct the global war on terrorism in any manner they see fit, without the restrictions of law or treaty. However, the memo says that while the US need not follow the rules of war, it can and should prosecute al-Qaeda and Taliban detainees for violating those same laws—a legal double standard that provokes sharp criticism when the memo comes to light in May 2004 (see May 21, 2004). Yoo and Delahunty write that while this double standard may seem "at first glance, counter-intuitive," such expansive legal powers are a product of the president's constitutional authority "to prosecute the war effectively." The memo continues, "Restricting the president's plenary power over military operations (including the treatment of prisoners)" would be "constitutionally dubious." [Mother Jones, 1/9/2002; US Department of Justice, 6/9/2002 ; Newsweek, 5/21/2004; New York Times, 5/21/2004]
Overriding International Legal Concerns - Yoo warns in the memo that international law experts may not accept his reasoning, as there is no legal precedent giving any country the right to unilaterally ignore its commitment to Geneva or any other such treaty, but Yoo writes that Bush, by invoking "the president's commander in chief and chief executive powers to prosecute the war effectively," can simply override any objections. "Importing customary international law notions concerning armed conflict would represent a direct infringement on the president's discretion as commander in chief and chief executive to determine how best to conduct the nation's military affairs." [Savage, 2007, pp. 146] The essence of Yoo's argument, a Bush official later says, is that the law "applies to them, but it doesn't apply to us." [Newsweek, 5/21/2004] Navy general counsel Alberto Mora later says of the memo that it "espoused an extreme and virtually unlimited theory of the extent of the president's commander-in-chief authority." [Savage, 2007, pp. 181]
White House Approval - White House counsel and future Attorney General Alberto Gonzales agrees (see January 25, 2002), saying, "In my judgment, this new paradigm renders obsolete Geneva's strict limitations on questioning of enemy prisoners and renders quaint some of its provisions." [Mother Jones, 1/9/2002]
Spark for Prisoner Abuses - Many observers believe that Yoo's memo is the spark for the torture and prisoner abuses later reported from Iraq's Abu Ghraib prison (see Evening November 7, 2003), Guantanamo Bay (see December 28, 2001), and other clandestine prisoner detention centers (see March 2, 2007). The rationale is that since Afghanistan is what Yoo considers a "failed state," with no recognizable sovereignity, its militias do not have any status under any international treaties. [Newsweek, 5/21/2004; Newsweek, 5/24/2004]
Resistance from Inside, Outside Government - Within days, the State Department will vehemently protest the memo, but to no practical effect (see January 25, 2002).
Entity Tags: Patrick F. Philbin, Robert J. Delahunty, US Department of Justice, Office of Legal Counsel (DOJ), Taliban, John C. Yoo, Colin Powell, Geneva Conventions, Al-Qaeda, George W. Bush, Alberto Mora, US Department of State, Alberto R. Gonzales, William J. Haynes
Timeline Tags: Torture of US Captives, Complete 911 Timeline, Civil Liberties
May 8, 2002: Padilla Arrested by FBI at Chicago Airport, Held as Material Witness in 9/11 Attacks
Coming from Pakistan, Jose Padilla steps off the plane at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport and is arrested by FBI agents. Padilla is carrying $10,526, a cell phone, the names and phone numbers of his al-Qaeda training camp sponsor and recruiter, and e-mail addresses of other al-Qaeda operatives. The FBI takes him to New York and holds him in federal criminal custody on the basis of a material witness warrant in connection to a grand jury investigation into the 9/11 attacks. Padilla is a Muslim convert and also goes by the name of Abdullah Al-Muhajir. [Associated Press, 6/2004; Supreme Court opinion on writ of certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Donald Rumsfeld v. Jose Padilla, 6/28/2004]
Entity Tags: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Al-Qaeda, Jose Padilla
August 1, 2002: Justice Department's 'Golden Shield' Memo Approves Torture of Terrorism Suspects
Jay Bybee. [Source: Public domain]The Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) sends a non-classified memo to White House Counsel Alberto Gonzales, offering the opinion that a policy allowing suspected al-Qaeda members to be tortured abroad "may be justified." [US Department of Justice, 8/1/2002 ] This memo will later be nicknamed the "Golden Shield" by insiders in the hopes that it will protect government officials from later being charged with war crimes (see April 2002 and After). [ABC News, 4/9/2008]
Multiple Authors - The 50-page "torture memo" is signed and authored by Jay S. Bybee, head of OLC, and co-authored by John Yoo, a deputy assistant attorney general. It is later revealed that Yoo authored the memo himself, in close consultation with Vice President Cheney's chief adviser David Addington, and Bybee just signed off on it (see December 2003-June 2004). [Washington Post, 6/9/2004] Deputy White House counsel Timothy Flanigan also contributed to the memo. Addington contributed the claim that the president may authorize any interrogation method, even if it is plainly torture. Addington's reasoning: US and treaty law "do not apply" to the commander in chief, because Congress "may no more regulate the president's ability to detain and interrogate enemy combatants than it may regulate his ability to direct troop movements on the battlefield." [Washington Post, 6/25/2007]
Statute Only Prohibits 'Extreme Acts' - Gonzales had formally asked for the OLC's legal opinion in response to a request by the CIA for legal guidance. A former administration official, quoted by the Washington Post, says the CIA "was prepared to get more aggressive and re-learn old skills, but only with explicit assurances from the top that they were doing so with the full legal authority the president could confer on them." [Washington Post, 6/9/2004] "We conclude that the statute, taken as a whole," Bybee and Yoo write, "makes plain that it prohibits only extreme acts." Addressing the question of what exactly constitute such acts of an extreme nature, the authors proceed to define torture as the infliction of "physical pain" that is "equivalent in intensity to the pain accompanying serious physical injury, such as organ failure, impairment of bodily function, or even death." Purely mental pain or suffering can also amount to "torture under Section 2340," but only if it results "in significant psychological harm of significant duration, e.g. lasting for months or even years." [Washington Post, 6/9/2004]
Torture Legal and Defensible - Bybee and Yoo appear to conclude that any act short of torture, even though it may be cruel, inhuman or degrading, would be permissible. They examine, for example, "international decisions regarding the use of sensory deprivation techniques." These cases, they notice, "make clear that while many of these techniques may amount to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, they do not produce pain or suffering of the necessary intensity to meet the definition of torture. From these decisions, we conclude that there is a wide range of such techniques that will not rise to the level of torture." More astounding is Bybee and Yoo's view that even torture can be defensible. "We conclude," they write, "that, under the current circumstances, necessity or self-defense may justify interrogation methods that might violate Section 2340A." Inflicting physical or mental pain might be justified, Bybee and Yoo argue, "in order to prevent further attacks on the United States by the al-Qaeda terrorist network." In other words, necessity or self-defense may justify torture. Moreover, "necessity and self-defense could provide justifications that would eliminate any criminal liability." [Washington Post, 6/8/2004] International anti-torture rules, furthermore, "may be unconstitutional if applied to interrogations" of suspected terrorists. [US News and World Report, 6/21/2004] Laws prohibiting torture would "not apply to the president's detention and interrogation of enemy combatants" in the "war on terror," because the president has constitutional authority to conduct a military campaign. [Washington Post, 6/27/2004]
Protecting US Officials from Prosecution - In 2007, author and reporter Charlie Savage will write: "In case an interrogator was ever prosecuted for violating the antitorture law (see October 21, 1994 and January 26, 1998, Yoo laid out page after page of legal defenses he could mount to get the charges dismissed. And should someone balk at this strained interpretation of the law, Yoo offered his usual trump card: Applying the antitorture law to interrogations authorized by the president would be unconstitutional, since only the commander in chief could set standards for questioning prisoners." [Savage, 2007, pp. 155-156]
Virtually Unrestricted Authority of President - "As commander in chief," the memo argues, "the president has the constitutional authority to order interrogations of enemy combatants to gain intelligence information concerning the military plans of the enemy." [Washington Post, 6/9/2004] According to some critics, this judgment—which will be echoed in a March 2003 draft Pentagon report (see March 6, 2003)—ignores important past rulings such as the 1952 Supreme Court decision in Youngstown Steel and Tube Co v. Sawyer, which determined that the president, even in wartime, is subject to US laws. [Washington Post, 6/9/2004] The memo also says that US Congress "may no more regulate the president's ability to detain and interrogate enemy combatants than it may regulate his ability to direct troop movements on the battlefield." [Washington Post, 6/27/2004]
Ashcroft Refuses to Release Memo - After the memo's existence is revealed, Attorney General John Ashcroft denies senators' requests to release it, and refuses to say if or how the president was involved in the discussion. "The president has a right to hear advice from his attorney general, in confidence," he says. [New York Times, 6/8/2004; Bloomberg, 6/8/2004; Washington Post, 6/9/2004] Privately, Ashcroft is so irritated by Yoo's hand-in-glove work with the White House that he begins disparagingly referring to him as "Dr. Yes." [New York Times, 10/4/2007]
Only 'Analytical' - Responding to questions about the memo, White House press secretary Scott McClellan will claim that the memo "was not prepared to provide advice on specific methods or techniques," but was "analytical." But the 50-page memo seems to have been considered immensely important, given its length and the fact that it was signed by Bybee. "Given the topic and length of opinion, it had to get pretty high-level attention," Beth Nolan, a former White House counsel from 1999-2001, will tell reporters. This view is confirmed by another former Office of Legal Counsel lawyer who says that unlike documents signed by deputies in the Office of Legal Counsel, memorandums signed by the Office's head are considered legally binding. [Washington Post, 6/9/2004]
Memo Will be Withdrawn - Almost two years later, the OLC's new head, Jack Goldsmith, will withdraw the torture memos, fearing that they go far beyond anything countenanced by US law (see December 2003-June 2004).
Memo Addresses CIA Concerns - The administration, particularly the axis of neoconservatives centered around Cheney's office, has enthusiastically advocated the use of violent, abusive, and sometimes tortuous interrogation techniques, though the US has never endorsed such tactics before, and many experts say such techniques are counterproductive. The CIA, responding to the desires from the White House, hastily put together a rough program after consulting with intelligence officials from Egypt and Saudi Arabia, where detainees are routinely tortured and killed in captivity, and after studying methods used by former Soviet Union interrogators. The legal questions were continuous. The former deputy legal counsel for the CIA's Counterterrorist Center, Paul Kelbaugh, recalls in 2007: "We were getting asked about combinations—'Can we do this and this at the same time?… These approved techniques, say, withholding food, and 50-degree temperature—can they be combined?' Or 'Do I have to do the less extreme before the more extreme?'" The "torture memo" is designed to address these concerns. [New York Times, 10/4/2007]
Entity Tags: John C. Yoo, Paul Kelbaugh, Timothy E. Flanigan, Scott McClellan, John Ashcroft, Richard ("Dick") Cheney, Jay S. Bybee, Office of Legal Counsel (DOJ), David S. Addington, Alberto R. Gonzales, Beth Nolan, Al-Qaeda, Charlie Savage, Central Intelligence Agency, Jack Goldsmith
March 14, 2003: Justice Department Claims Military Can Ignore Laws against Torture, Assault, Maiming, and Drugging Detainees
The Justice Department sends a legal memorandum to the Pentagon that claims federal laws prohibiting torture, assault, maiming, and other crimes do not apply to military interrogators questioning al-Qaeda captives because the president's authority as commander in chief overrides the law. The 81-page memo, written by the Office of Legal Counsel's John Yoo, is not publicly revealed for over five years (see April 1, 2008).
President Can Order Maiming, Disfigurement of Prisoners - Yoo writes that infractions such as slapping, shoving, and poking detainees do not warrant criminal liability. Yoo goes even farther, saying that the use of mind-altering drugs can be used on detainees as long as they do not produce "an extreme effect" calculated to "cause a profound disruption of the senses or personality." [John C. Yoo, 3/14/2003 ; Washington Post, 4/2/2008] Yoo asks if the president can order a prisoner's eyes poked out, or if the president could order "scalding water, corrosive acid or caustic substance" thrown on a prisoner. Can the president have a prisoner disfigured by slitting an ear or nose? Can the president order a prisoner's tongue torn out or a limb permanently disabled? All of these assaults are noted in a US law prohibiting maiming. Yoo decides that no such restrictions exist for the president in a time of war; that law does not apply if the president deems it inapplicable. The memo contains numerous other discussions of various harsh and tortuous techniques, all parsed in dry legal terms. Those tactics are all permissible, Yoo writes, unless they result in "death, organ failure, or serious impairment of bodily functions." Some of the techniques are proscribed by the Geneva Conventions, but Yoo writes that Geneva does not apply to detainees captured and accused of terrorism. [Washington Post, 4/6/2008]
'National Self-Defense' - Yoo asserts that the president's powers as commander in chief supersede almost all other laws, even Constitutional provisions. "If a government defendant were to harm an enemy combatant during an interrogation in a manner that might arguably violate a criminal prohibition, he would be doing so in order to prevent further attacks on the United States by the al-Qaeda terrorist network," Yoo writes. "In that case, we believe that he could argue that the executive branch's constitutional authority to protect the nation from attack justified his actions.… Even if an interrogation method arguably were to violate a criminal statute, the Justice Department could not bring a prosecution because the statute would be unconstitutional as applied in this context." Interrogators who harmed a prisoner are protected by a "national and international version of the right to self-defense." He notes that for conduct during interrogations to be illegal, that conduct must "shock the conscience," an ill-defined rationale that will be used by Bush officials for years to justify the use of waterboarding and other extreme interrogation methods. Yoo writes, "Whether conduct is conscience-shocking turns in part on whether it is without any justification," explaining that that it would have to be inspired by malice or sadism before it could be prosecuted.
Memo Buttresses Administration's Justifications of Torture - The Justice Department will tell the Defense Department not to use the memo nine months later (see December 2003-June 2004), but Yoo's reasoning will be used to provide a legal foundation for the Defense Department's use of aggressive and potentially illegal interrogation tactics. The Yoo memo is a follow-up and expansion to a similar, though more narrow, August 2002 memo also written by Yoo (see August 1, 2002). Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld will suspend a list of aggressive interrogation techniques he had approved, in part because of Yoo's memo, after an internal revolt by Justice Department and military lawyers (see February 6, 2003, Late 2003-2005 and December 2003-June 2004). However, in April 2003, a Pentagon working group will use Yoo's memo to endorse the continued use of extreme tactics. [John C. Yoo, 3/14/2003 ; Washington Post, 4/2/2008; New York Times, 4/2/2008]
Justice Department Claims Attorney General Knows Nothing of Memo - Yoo sends the memo to the Pentagon without the knowledge of Attorney General John Ashcroft or Ashcroft's deputy, Larry Thompson, senior department officials will say in 2008. [Washington Post, 4/4/2008]
Entity Tags: US Department of Justice, John C. Yoo, Larry D. Thompson, Al-Qaeda, Office of Legal Counsel (DOJ), Donald Rumsfeld, John Ashcroft, Geneva Conventions, US Department of Defense
June 17-18, 2003: CIA, RAND, Psychological Association Explore Use of Drugs on Interrogation Subjects
The CIA, the RAND Corporation, and the American Psychological Association host a two-day workshop entitled, "Science of Deception: Integration of Practice and Theory." One session, "Law Enforcement Interrogation and Debriefing," explores the question, "What pharmacological agents are known to affect apparent truth-telling behavior?" [American Psychological Association, 6/18/2003; Congressional Quarterly, 4/4/2008] This question becomes more relevant in light of evidence that mind-altering drugs may be used by US interrogators against terror suspects (see April 4, 2008).
Entity Tags: Central Intelligence Agency, RAND Corporation, American Psychological Association
Fall 2006: Former Judge Advocate at Guantanamo Says Interrogators Took Ideas from Survival Training, Television Show '24'
Actor Kiefer Sutherland as 'Jack Bauer.' [Source: Stuff.co.nz]Law professor Phillippe Sands begins a series of interviews with the former staff judge advocate for the US Army in Guantanamo, Lieutenant Colonel Diane Beaver. She is the author of a legal analysis that was used by the Bush administration to justify its extreme interrogation techniques (see October 11, 2002). Sands describes her as "coiled up—mistreated, hung out to dry." She is unhappy with the way the administration used her analysis, and notes that she was guided in her work at Guantanamo by personnel from the CIA and Defense Intelligence Agency. She believes that some of the interrogation techniques were "reverse-engineered" from a training program called SERE—Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape—though administration officials have denied this. Several Guantanamo personnel were sent to Fort Bragg, SERE's home, for a briefing on the program (see December 2001, January 2002 and After, Mid-April 2002, Between Mid-April and Mid-May 2002, July 2002, July 2002, July 2002, and August 1, 2002). Military training was not the only source of inspiration. Fox's television drama 24 came to a conclusion in the spring of 2002, Beaver recalls. One of the overriding messages of that show is that torture works. "We saw it on cable," Beaver remembers. "People had already seen the first series. It was hugely popular." The story's hero, Jack Bauer, had many friends at Guantanamo, Beaver adds. "He gave people lots of ideas." She recalls in graphic terms how excited many of the male personnel became when extreme interrogation methods were discussed. "You could almost see their d_cks getting hard as they got new ideas," she will say. "And I said to myself, You know what? I don't have a d_ck to get hard—I can stay detached." The FBI and the Naval Criminal Investigative Service refused to become involved in aggressive interrogations, she says (see Late March through Early June, 2002 and December 17, 2002). [Vanity Fair, 5/2008]
Entity Tags: Naval Criminal Investigative Service, Diane E. Beaver, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Fox Broadcasting Company, Phillippe Sands, Georgetown University
December 2006: Study Finds that US Interrogators 'Made Up' Harsh Interrogation Tactics 'On the Fly'
National Defense Intelligence College logo. [Source: National Defense Intelligence College]A study just released by the Intelligence Science Board, a wing of the National Defense Intelligence College, suggests that after the 9/11 attacks, when US military and intelligence agency interrogators were asked to use harsher tactics on suspected terrorists to find out information about upcoming attacks, the interrogators were not sure how to implement such tactics. Therefore, they began "mak[ing] it up on the fly," the study finds. It continues, "Th[e] shortfall in advanced, research-based interrogation methods at a time of intense pressure from operational commanders to produce actionable intelligence from high-value targets may have contributed significantly to the unfortunate cases of abuse that have recently come to light." [Congressional Quarterly, 4/4/2008]
Entity Tags: Intelligence Science Board, National Defense Intelligence College
Timeline Tags: Torture of US Captives, Civil Liberties
April 4, 2008: Evidence Mounting that US Using Mind-Altering Drugs on Detainees
The Congressional Quarterly reports on a growing body of evidence that indicates US interrogators are using mind-altering drugs on prisoners suspected of terrorist ties. The evidence is not yet conclusive, but reporter Jeff Stein writes: "There can be little doubt now that the government has used drugs on terrorist suspects that are designed to weaken their resistance to interrogation. All that's missing is the syringes and videotapes."
Connection to Yoo Memo - The idea that the US might be using hallucinogenic or other drugs on detainees in Guantanamo and other US detention facilities was bolstered by the recent revelation of another "torture memo," this one written in 2003 by then-Justice Department lawyer John Yoo (see March 14, 2003). Yoo wrote that US interrogators could use mind-altering drugs on terror suspects as long as the drugs did not produce "an extreme effect" calculated to "cause a profound disruption of the senses or personality." Yoo first rationalized the use of drugs on prisoners in earlier "torture memos" (see January 9, 2002 and August 1, 2002).
Criticism - Stephen Miles, a bioethicist and author of a recent book detailing medical complicity in US torture of suspected terrorists, notes: "The new Yoo memo, along with other White House legal memoranda, shows clearly that the policy foundation for the use of interrogational drugs was being laid. The recent memo on mood-altering drugs does not extend previous work on this area. The use of these drugs was anticipated and discussed in the memos of January and February 2002 by [Defense Department, Justice Department], and White House counsel using the same language and rationale. The executive branch memos laid a comprehensive and reiterated policy foundation for the use of interrogational drugs." Jeffrey Kaye, a clinical psychologist who works with torture victims through Survivors International, says plainly: "Yes, I believe [drugs] have been used. I came across some evidence that they were using mind-altering drugs, to regress the prisoners, to ascertain if they were using deception techniques, to break them down."
Varieties of Drugs and Placebos Being Used? - It is well known that US military personnel often use sedatives on shackled and hooded prisoners on "rendition" flights from Middle Eastern countries to Guantanamo. There is no hard evidence to support claims that US interrogators are using hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD on detainees. However, Michael Caruso, who represents suspected al-Qaeda operative Jose Padilla (see May 8, 2002), filed a motion last year asserting that his client "was given drugs against his will, believed to be some form of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) or phencyclidine (PCP), to act as a sort of truth serum during his interrogations." Caruso had no proof to back up his claim.
KUBARK - Stein notes that a 1963 CIA interrogation manual, code-named KUBARK, advocated the use of placebos as well as real drugs on prisoners. And Michael Gelles, a psychologist with the Naval Criminal Investigative Institute who has spoken out against the abuse of prisoners at Guantanamo, says that he never saw anything related to drugs. "I never saw that raised as an issue," he says. Hallucinogens such as LSD do not make subjects tell the truth. According to KUBARK, "Their function is to cause capitulation, to aid in the shift from resistance to cooperation."
Winging It - In July 2003, the CIA, the RAND Corporation, and the American Psychological Association hosted a workshop that explored the question of using drugs to "affect apparent truth-telling behavior" (see June 17-18, 2003). After 9/11, top Bush administration officials pushed military commanders for quick intelligence but, according to a recent study, the interrogators unsure how to use harsher methodologies (see December 2006) and began "mak[ing] it up on the fly."
Guantanamo - Guantanamo staff judge advocate Lieutenant Colonel Diane Beaver says that some of the interrogators drew inspiration from the popular TV drama 24 (see Fall 2006). Beaver makes no mention of drugs being used, but Ewe Jacobs, the director of Survivors International, says she may not have seen or heard about their use. "The Guantanamo camps were isolated from one another," he says. What happened in one part of the facility may not have been known in other areas. Miles adds, "I suspect that most of the use of interrogational drugs was by CIA and Special Ops interrogators, and thus still remains classified."
Credibility Issues - As with victims of the CIA's MK-ULTRA program from the 1960s and 70s, when unwitting subjects were dosed with hallucinogenic drugs and their reactions catalogued and observed, the detainees who may have been forcibly given such drugs will likely not be believed by many. Absent hard evidence, many will consider the detainees either "looney," in Stein's words, or liars. Few believe that Padilla was drugged. And, Stein concludes, "Even fewer will believe the other prisoners, a number of whom are deranged from prolonged interrogation—if they ever get out." [Congressional Quarterly, 4/4/2008]
Entity Tags: Jose Padilla, Ewe Jacobs, Diane E. Beaver, Central Intelligence Agency, Bush administration (43), American Psychological Association, Jeff Stein, John C. Yoo, Richard ("Dick") Cheney, US Department of the Army, Jeffrey Kaye, Stephen Miles, RAND Corporation, Michael Caruso, Michael Gelles, Survivors International


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text:
New CYBER MAVEN Column: Why the US is More Vulnerable to CyberAttack
by Warrior Maven
In January of this year there was significant press about how the Department of Defense was considering nuclear retaliation for a cyber attack. The Joint Chiefs of Staff pushed back against this idea stating that the new posture review spoke about strategic level attacks beyond a nuclear scenario and that cyber wasn't even mentioned. This entire conversation side stepped perhaps the most important point being punctuated by this line of thinking. The United States' geography has fundamentally shifted. No other country in the world can claim that their continuous territory has remained free from foreign adversaries in the last 200 years while actively engaging in multiple conflicts.[1] Yet today, the United States is further constrained than at any point previously in its history. A nuclear Armageddon is no long the only thing the U.S. military and population need to worry about. Today, cyber attacks are a very real way to bring the war to the home front in a way that noone in two centuries has experienced.
The United States asymmetric dependence on the Internet makes cross domain escalation the only recourse for the military. There are very few potential adversaries of the United States that are as dependent on information networks as the United States is. This makes the normal approach of offensive superiority largely an inept tactic when it comes to in domain conflict. Simply put, the United States cannot exact the same toll on its adversaries in cyber space that they can on it. This means there is no way for an offensive cyber program to create escalation dominance which is fundamental for a conventional deterrence posture.
This asymmetric vulnerability can be mitigated in a couple of ways. First, the United States can seek to limit the acceptable use of destructive cyber attacks through treaties, international agreements, and norm building. Second, it can seek a technological solution to the vulnerability to change the fundamental nature of the risk calculation we are currently experiencing. Third, it can demonstrate through proclamation and action that cyber attacks will always be responded to in a cross-domain fashion moving from the virtual to kinetic world where the United States enjoys escalation dominance.
Unfortunately, the United States appears to be pursuing none of these options and instead is applying traditional military conventions to a domain where the underlying assumptions are false. U.S. Cyber Command has spent the last half decade building offensive capabilities and executing attacks on the battlefields in Iraq, Syria, and Afghanistan.
Additionally, news reports claim that have acted directly against North Korea and laid the ground work for a retaliation against Russia in 2016. Rather than limiting the use of these tools and focusing on defensive measures to reduce our vulnerability, the Department of Defense (DoD) has been gearing up for the strongest possible offensive strikes they can muster. It wasn't until 2018 that DoD's Network Defense Headquarters achieved full operational capability.
Until the DoD views the Internet as the critical weakness of the U.S. military dreadnaught, policy makers and senior officials will continue to focus on offensive capabilities and the need for in domain tit for tat exchanges that only serve to codify permissive action in a domain where defeat is the only option for the U.S. military. Policy needs to consider what makes the US systemically vulnerable, where current defensive authorities exist, and finally how to mitigate exposure given the inability to contain the use and spread of cyber weapons.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


NDB made childrens' wish to see Santa Claus bring gifts during the festive season come true.
NDB officials accompanied by Santa Claus, visited the homes of over 800 children, islandwide, presenting gifts during the Christmas week.
During the NDB Santa Promotion, parents deposited Rs. 50,000 or more in their children's NDB Children's Savings Accounts, including – Children's Savings, NDB Shilpa, Islamic Banking Minor Savings account and selected among a variety of gifts, including a remote controlled helicopter, scooter, a melodica, a monopoly set, and a kitchen play set.
Santa visited Anuradhapura, Jaffna, Mahiyanganaya, Ampara, Hambantota and Colombo. The response from Kandy, Kilinochchi, Vavuniya and Kuliyapitiya was significant.
NDB strives to instill the joy of saving in the younger generation. The NDB Children's Savings is designed to cater to each parent's unique needs while making savings more rewarding and exciting for the children.


Butler, Party of 4: Beau's 7th & 8th Weeks!
Week 7 began on 4/13 & week 8 began on 4/20.
Can't believe you're already 2 months old, Baby Beau!
Weight/Height: 12 lbs when I weighed him at home & around 23.5". Sweet boy is GROWING!
Health: Healthy & growing! We are excited for his next checkup and really loving our new pediatrician. He had his first chiropractor appointment also. I've been meaning to take him sooner. Thankfully he is sleeping, nursing, turning his head to nurse, pooping and peeing well though, so it was just more of a 'maintenance' and to make sure everything is good from delivery. (I know that can be a lot on the little ones.) I They are so very gentle and I didn't even realize she "adjusted" him because it was so gentle.
Sleep: Beau is the best sleeper yet (so far) of any of the babies. He goes down for the night around 10-10:30 and sleeps till about 4 am. Then I nurse him and he goes back to sleep till about 8ish. He also takes great naps several times a day. Most of the time he takes them in the pack n play upstairs in our room, but if I can sneak in a nap too I let him sleep on my chest for one of the naps.
We are still swaddling but need to find the bigger ones because he's starting to bust out of the newborn ones since he is so long.
There are dark curtains and we have a box fan & air purifier (to keep it cool and for white noise) and a pink Himalayan salt lamp in the room.
What Beau is up to: He would pretty much be the PERFECT baby if he didn't cry in his car seat when we are driving somewhere! Ha!! Definitely not complaining because I'm super thankful he's such an easy going little guy. I just feel so bad for him & there's nothing really you can do when you're driving. Thankfully it's not every time we are in the car, and he's getting better.
He is very alert! Everyone comments on his big eyes.
He likes to be held up, not like a baby. All of his brothers were that way too.
Doing great with tummy time for about 15 minutes, & then he starts to fuss.
Smiling & cooing ALL the time!! SO precious! He especially lights up for me, Jonathan, Jase, Kade, & my mom. My mom and Jase have both made him laugh.
Still has a tiny bit of thrush on his tongue only. I would really think it was just a milk tongue and it's definitely worse after he nurses, but it doesn't go away completely & didn't scrape off the one time I tried. It isn't anywhere else in his mouth, hasn't affected me, and doesn't bother him so I'm just letting it ride. I am still doing vit D drops & probiotics.
Nursing: Nursing is going really well. I get around 5 oz combined when I pump, which is only every once in a while. (I need to start pumping after our morning feeding so I can store up.) He definitely has a favorite side, so sometimes I let him nurse on that side for just a minute to trigger the letdown on the other side and then I swap him over. That's working. Still have to wear nursing pads. Taking coconut oil supplements in addition to my normal supplement routine.
Post-Partum: I finally started working out again. I took it slowly at first but now I'm trying to work a little harder since I haven't seen much of a change yet, which means I've had to increase my water intake. My sweat is still stinky. I know that sounds gross, but I've just never really been a stinky sweater so this is new to me. (Don't get me wrong- I have always been a sweater when I'm working out, it just never really smelled. Hormones do crazy things I guess!) Other than that I feel good. Probably not getting quite enough sleep since I wake up at 4:30ish to get ready to go workout (& I'm a night owl so I stay up too late), but I am more productive for sure waking up so early. I am really loving my skin right now. And this is random, but I'm noticing that I don't seem to e craving sweets at all! Score!
Big Brothers Jase & Kade: We all have a cough (from when the pollen went from like 50 to 4000 a couple weeks ago, and we can't kick it!), so we are praying he doesn't get it. So far, so good!
These boys are all crazy about each other! They are very sweet with Beau & protective over him. Watching the three of them together is seriously the sweeeeetest. Melts my heart!
These faces had me cracking up!
Thoughts: Baby Beau, you make life even sweeter!! We are so grateful you're here and part of our family. You are such a sweet, happy little guy and we all love your snuggles, coos, and cute smiles. Whew- that 2 months sure went by fast! I know from your brothers that I need to soak it up because you'll be running around with the big boys before I know it! Love, love, love you with my whole heart sweet thang. SO very grateful I get to be your mom.
P.S. You are really spoiled with the BEST family who all love you so very much.
SO cute! Sounds like things are going well and big brothers just adore him. Really love you sharing your family!
All of those boys Danielle. Just precious!


Row house apartment situated 40 km north of Kolari. Combined living room kitchen, 2 bedrooms downstairs - one with doublebed and the other with two seperate beds. In loft (22m2) alcove with two seperate beds and in lofts hall two seperate beds. Sauna, washing room and seperate toilet, toilet also in loft. Wireless internet connection. Skiwaxing room and storage room. Good quality and unique row house apartment made of silver grey kelo wood in Nilivaara area in Äkäslompolo. Apartment is situated near services and ski tracks. No pets allowed. Final cleaning is included in price, linen available on order.


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A qualitative evaluation of an Australian public health nutrition workforce development intervention involving mentoring circles
Palermo, C., Hughes, R. & McCall, L., Aug 2011, In: Public Health Nutrition. 14, 8, p. 1458-1465 8 p.
A qualitative analysis of women who have undergone a multi-stage psychotherapy and hypnotherapy intervention to manage psychological stress while undergoing in-vitro fertilisation: What were their experiences and outcomes?
Patching, A., Jan 2015, In: International Journal of Psychotherapy, Counseling & Psychiatry: Theory, Research and Clinical Practice. 2
A pulmonologist's guide to understanding network meta-analysis
Dobler, C. C., Wilson, M. E. & Murad, M. H., 4 Jul 2018, In: European Respiratory Journal. 52, 1, 1800525.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › Research › peer-review
A psychometric comparison of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and the Observer Alexithymia Scale (OAS) in an alcohol-dependent sample
Thorberg, F. A., Young, R. M., Sullivan, K. A., Lyvers, M., Connor, J. P. & Feeney, G. F. X., Jul 2010, In: Personality and Individual Differences. 49, 2, p. 119-123 5 p.
A prototype system dynamic model for assessing the sustainability of construction projects
Zhang, X., Wu, Y., Shen, L. & Skitmore, M., Jan 2014, In: International Journal of Project Management. 32, 1, p. 66-76 11 p.
A protocol for growing human orbital fibroblast cultures in vitro
Andrew, N., Wood, J., Mammone, T., Chen, A., Pirbhai, A., Casson, R. & Selva, D., Nov 2013, In: Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 41, S1, p. 86-86 1 p.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Meeting Abstract › Research › peer-review
A prospective study of shoulder pain in primary care: Prevalence of imaged pathology and response to guided diagnostic blocks
Cadogan, A., Laslett, M., Hing, W. A., McNair, P. J. & Coates, M. H., 2011, In: BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 12, p. 119
A prospective quasi-experimental controlled study evaluating the use of defo to manage common postpartum ailments during postnatal care
Szkwara, J., Milne, N. & Rathbone, E., 17 Oct 2019, p. 282-283. 2 p.
Research output: Contribution to conference › Abstract › Research › peer-review
A prospective evaluation of missed injuries in trauma patients, before and after formalising the trauma tertiary survey
Keijzers, G. B., Campbell, D., Hooper, J., Bost, N., Crilly, J., Steele, M. C., Del Mar, C. & Geeraedts, L. M. G., Jan 2014, In: World Journal of Surgery. 38, 1, p. 222-232 11 p.
A proposed framework for measuring future construction industry performance
Chandler, D., Hardie, M., Perera, S. & Langston, C. A., 11 Apr 2019, Accounting for construction: Frameworks, productivity, cost and performance. Best, R. & Meikle, J. (eds.). Abingdon: Routledge, p. 215-234 20 p.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Research › peer-review
A proposed benchmark for testing implementations of crossword puzzle algorithms
Spring, J., Harris, G., Forster, J. & Berghel, H., 1992, SAC '92 Proceedings of the 1992 ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied computing: technological challenges of the 1990's . Berghel, H., Deaton, E., Hedrick, G., Roach, D. & Wainwright, R. (eds.). New York: Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), p. 99-101
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › Research › peer-review
A proposed benchmark for shift roster generation algorithms
Harris, G. & Bohle, P., 1996, St. Lucia: University of Queensland , (GSM Business Papers Series).
A Proposal for the Improvement of Mental Health Service Delivery to Barrators, Contemnors and the Courts That Have to Deal with Them
O'Toole, S., Nov 2012, In: Psychiatry, Psychology and Law. 19, 5, p. 720-734 15 p.
A prompt to the web: The media and health information seeking behaviour: The media and health information seeking behaviour
Hogue, M. C. B., Doran, E. & Henry, D. A., 3 Apr 2012, In: PLoS One. 7, 4, e34314.
A prognostic model predicted deterioration in health-related quality of life in older patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy
González-González, A. I., Meid, A. D., Dinh, T. S., Blom, J. W., van den Akker, M., Elders, P. J., Thiem, U., De Gaudry, D. K., Ma Swart, K., Rudolf, H., Bosch-Lenders, D., Trampisch, H-J., Meerpohl, J. J., Gerlach, F. M., Flaig, B., Kom, G., Snell, K. I., Perera, R., Haefeli, W. E., Glasziou, P. P. & 1 others, Muth, C., Feb 2021, In: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 130, p. 1-12 12 p.
A Profile of Knee Injuries Suffered by Australian Army Reserve Soldiers
Schram, B., Orr, R. M. & Pope, R. R., 1 Jan 2019, In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16, 1, 10 p., 12.
Schram, B., Orr, R. M. & Pope, R., 19 Oct 2019, p. 257. 1 p.
A profile of injuries sustained by law enforcement officers: A critical review
Lyons, K., Radburn, C., Orr, R. & Pope, R., 3 Feb 2017, In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 14, 2, 21 p., 142.
A Profile of Injuries Sustained by Firefighters: A Critical Review
Simas, V., Orr, R. M., Canetti, E. & Schram, B., 9 Apr 2021.
Orr, R., Simas, V., Canetti, E. & Schram, B., 16 Oct 2019, In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16, 20, 20 p., 3931.
A profile of health, lifestyle and training habits of 4720 Australian recreational runners-The case for promoting running for health benefits
Kozlovskaia, M., Vlahovich, N., Rathbone, E., Manzanero, S., Keogh, J. & Hughes, D. C., 1 Apr 2019, In: Health Promotion Journal of Australia. 30, 2, p. 172-179 8 p.
A Profile of Ankle Injuries in Australian Army Soldiers
Schram, B., Orr, R. M. & Canetti, E., 11 Feb 2020, p. 34.
A process for developing a student led programme in an acute mental health setting
Lloyd, C., Williams, P. L. & Machingura, T., 2015, In: New Zealand Journal of Occupational Therapy. 62, 2, p. 67-70 4 p.
A Pro Bono Teaching Clinic: Preparing Law Students for Legal Practice and Promoting Community Service
Cantatore, F., 2017.
Research output: Contribution to conference › Presentation › Research
A principal component analysis of facial expressions
Calder, A. J., Burton, A. M., Miller, P., Young, A. W. & Akamatsu, S., 2001, In: Vision Research. 41, 9, p. 1179-1208 30 p.
A preprocessing tool for removing artifact from cardiac RR interval recordings using three-dimensional spatial distribution mapping
Stapelberg, N. J. C., Neumann, D. L., Shum, D. H. K., Mcconnell, H. & Hamilton-Craig, I., 11 Jan 2016, In: Psychophysiology. 53, 4, p. 482-492 11 p.
A pre-post evaluation of a knowledge translation capacity-building intervention
Eames, S., Bennett, S., Whitehead, M., Fleming, J., Low, S. O., Mickan, S. & Caldwell, E., 1 Dec 2018, In: Australian Occupational Therapy Journal. 65, 6, p. 479-493 15 p.
A preliminary study on building demolition engineering and management
Liu, C., Pun, S. K. & Langston, C., 2005, In: World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education. 4, 2, p. 201-207 7 p.
A preliminary kinematic gait analysis of a strongman event: The farmers walk
Keogh, J. W. L., Kattan, A., Logan, S., Bensley, J., Muller, C. & Powell, L., 2014, In: Sports. 2, 1, p. 24-33 10 p.
Keogh, J. W. L., Kattan, A., Taylor, S., Bensley, J., Muller, C. & Powell, L., 2012, 30 International Conference on Biomechanics in Sports (2012) . Bradshaw, E. J., Burnett, A. & Hume, P. A. (eds.). International Society of Biomechanics in Sports (ISBS) , p. 299-302 4 p.
A Preliminary Analysis of Health and Fitness Characteristics for Custody Assistant Recruits in a Law Enforcement Agency Prior to Academy
Cesario, K. A., Moreno, M. R., Munoz, A. M., Dulla, J., Stierli, M., Bloodgood, A. M., Orr, R. M., Dawes, J. & Lockie, R. G., 2018.
A pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial of early intervention for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by practice nurse-general practitioner teams: Study Protocol
Bunker, J. M., Reddel, H. K., Dennis, S. M., Middleton, S., Van Schayck, C. P., Crockett, A. J., Hasan, I., Hermiz, O., Vagholkar, S., Marks, G. B. & Zwar, N. A., 7 Sep 2012, In: Implementation Science. 7, 1, 83.
A practice mining system for the delivery of sustainable retirement villages
Hu, X., Xia, B., Chen, Q., Skitmore, M., Buys, L. & Wu, P., 1 Dec 2018, In: Journal of Cleaner Production. 203, p. 943-956 14 p.
A Practice-Based Approach: Improving Law Student Employability Skills in the Context of a Pro Bono Teaching Clinic
A practical toolkit of strategies for building research capacity in allied health
Matus, J., Wenke, R. & Mickan, S., 2019, In: Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management. 14, 2, i261.
A practical guide to molecular docking and homology modelling for medicinal chemists
Lohning, A. E., Levonis, S. M., Williams-Noonan, B. & Schweiker, S. S., 30 Jan 2017, (E-pub ahead of print) In: Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 17, 18, p. 2023-2040 18 p.
A Practical Guide to Gold as an Investment Asset
Cai, C. X., Clacher, I., Faff, R. & Hillier, D., 29 Nov 2011, The Handbook of Commodity Investing. Fabozzi, F. J., Fuss, R. & Kaiser, D. G. (eds.). John Wiley & Sons, p. 712-735 24 p.
A practical, distribution-free approach to the classical newsboy inventory stocking problem for highly right-skewed but otherwise unknown demand distributions
Bhattacharya, S., Martins, R. A. & Kumar, K., Jun 2011, In: Journal of Interdisciplinary Mathematics. 14, 3, p. 291-302 12 p.
Approximate integration by best fit
Kumar, K., 1985, In: Mathematical Gazette. 69, 447, p. 25-29 5 p.
Appropriate primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: Does this mean more or less statin use?
Smith, J., 2011, In: Australian Prescriber. 34, 6, p. 169-172 4 p.
Appropriateness of intensive care treatments near the end of life during the COVID-19 pandemic
Cardona, M., Anstey, M., Lewis, E. T., Shanmugam, S., Hillman, K. & Psirides, A., 25 Sep 2020, In: Breathe. 16, 2, 10 p., 200062.
Appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing in the Emergency Department
Denny, K. J., Gartside, J. G., Alcorn, K., Cross, J. W., Maloney, S. & Keijzers, G., 1 Feb 2019, In: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 74, 2, p. 515-520 6 p.
Approaching reward: feedback-related negativity and anger
Angus, DJ., Kemkes, K. & Harmon-Jones, E., Oct 2014, In: Psychophysiology. 51, S1, p. S19 Poster 1-31.
Approaches to student support in the first year of law school
Galloway, K., Bradshaw, R., Dunbar, N. & Fellows, J., 2011, In: Legal Education Review. 21, 2
Approaches to economic evaluations of stroke rehabilitation
Craig, L. E., Wu, O., Bernhardt, J. & Langhorne, P., 1 Jan 2014, In: International Journal of Stroke. 9, 1, p. 88-100 13 p.
Approaches for Transitions Towards Sustainable Development: Status Quo and Challenges
Chang, R. D., Zuo, J., Zhao, Z. Y., Soebarto, V., Zillante, G. & Gan, X. L., 10 Oct 2017, In: Sustainable Development. 25, 5, p. 359-371 13 p.
Appraising the quality of randomized controlled trials: Inter-rater reliability for the OTseeker evidence database
Tooth, L., Bennett, S., McCluskey, A., Hoffmann, T., McKenna, K. & Lovarini, M., Dec 2005, In: Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. 11, 6, p. 547-555 9 p.
Appraisals, goal orientations, and emotions while working
Fisher, C., Minbashian, A., Wood, R. E. & Beckmann, N., 2011, West meets East: Enlightening, Balancing, and Transcending . Chen, M-J. (ed.). New York: Academy of Management, p. 1-40 40 p.
Applying user-centred research design and evidence to develop and guide the use of technologies, including robots, in aged care
Moyle, W., Jones, C., Pu, L. & Chen, S. C., 2 Jan 2018, In: Contemporary Nurse. 54, 1, p. 1-3 3 p.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Editorial › Research › peer-review
Applying the Principle of Fairness
Field, R. M., Sep 2019, In: Proctor. 39, 8, p. 34 1 p.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Magazine Article › Professional


SANDEFJORD, Norway (June 11, 2017) – The U.S. Women's National Team earned a second consecutive 1-0 shutout win, this time against historic rival Norway, in front of 3,866 fans at Komplett Arena. Christen Press scored the lone goal in the 60th minute of the 50th match between the countries.
In a similar game to the clash with Sweden three days ago in Gothenburg, the USA started slow and weathered a strong Norway team before growing into the game and finding its groove in the second half. The USA had just two shots in the first half, but nine in the second as it dictated play for most of the second frame until Norway made a push for the unfulfilled equalizer at the end.
Norway created several early chances, particularly from proficient striker Ada Hegerberg, but the U.S. defense, led by captain Becky Sauerbrunn, stood tall while U.S. goalkeeper Alyssa Naeher put in another extremely tidy performanc to keep the ball out of the net. Norway registered just one shot on goal in the match, and it came late in the game. The USA scored its goal on its only shot on frame.
Similar to the winner against Sweden, the USA created the game-winning goal a few minutes into the second period when Sauerbrunn lofted a long pass from the USA's defensive third over the Norway defense and to the streaking Press. Press did well to control the skidding ball, carried it into the left side of the box and quickly slotted it home with her left boot just past the foot of the charging goalkeeper.
Up Next: The U.S. WNT will now go into a break from National Team play and return to their NWSL clubs to resume the 2017 season on June 17. The USA will get together again in late July before kicking off the inaugural Tournament of Nations in Seattle on July 27 against Australia. The U.S. then travels to San Diego to face Brazil on July 31 and closes out the competition against Japan on Aug. 3 in Carson, California.
Today's match was the 50th between the two countries. The USA has now won the last six games, outscoring Norway 10-3. Only Canada and China PR have played the USA more times.
The USA is 29-19-2 all-time against Norway and has scored 93 goals in the series while the Norwegians have scored 61, by far the most of any country against the USA.
Christen Press and Becky Sauebrunn combined for today's game-winning goal. The two were also in the starting lineup the last time the USA faced Norway at the 2015 Algarve Cup.
Press made her fourth start and seventh appearance of the year. She has 42 international goals in 87 caps.
Casey Short entered double digits in appearances, making 10th start in her 10th cap. In 2015, Short played club soccer in Norway for Avladsnes IL.
Samantha Mewis made her 13th career start and earned her 24th cap. Alongside Sauerbrunn, she is the only other player to be in the starting lineup of every game the WNT has played in 2017.
Sauerbrunn captained the USA today. She made her seventh start, and played all 90 minutes. She remains the only player to have played all 630 minutes of the WNT's 2017 schedule so far. She earned her 126th cap and her sixth career assist on the goal for Press. Sauerbrunn played pro briefly in Norway eight years ago.
Alyssa Naeher made her 15th appearance for the USA and 14th start. She entered double digits in shutouts today, earning her 10th career clean sheet.
Abby Dahlkemper earned her first career start in her fourth cap. She played all 90 minutes for the USA today and made some crucial clearances during the match.
Mallory Pugh, who was initially scheduled to start the game, hurt her ankle during pre-game warms-ups and had to be replaced in the starting lineup by Meghan Klingenberg.


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TheBoyEllis Blog
Dog bore, independent worker and piano-fiddler.
A history of bedroom production – Part 2
Posted on January 26, 2011 Categories Home studio, Music
1996: Discovery of Logic
Kit list: PC, Logic 4, Korg Triton
Alone in a York hotel, I put down a simple gated pad melody. Realising it wasn't quite biting through, I treated it to a dose of compression. The standard logic unit was grabbed, as always, and my favourite 'Acoustic Guitar 1' preset did wonders.
A dash of stereo delay made it stand out yet further over the bed of bit-crushed, arpeggiated strings I'd bounced to audio moments before.
I would have gladly handed over an important body part to have been able to do that back in 1996. But to do it with such ease? On a laptop? In a hotel room? Without spaghetti cabling? Well, said body part would have come with a free member of the Ellis family.
It's a boring cliche, but it is astounding just how quickly technology moves on, particularly in the world of audio and midi production. I can do anything I need to on my laptop. Aside from a tiny contoller keyboard, I don't need anything else. Samples, synths and effects are all a few clicks away and putting them all together is an unbridled joy.
I'm in York on business, yet I've been able to bring my studio with me, hidden safely between tomorrow's suit trousers and pants.
Such portability wasn't really present back in the mid-nineties when I made my first significant jump into what could be described as 'serious' gear. Living at home and working a well paid weekend job with dad's band, I had plenty of disposable income. It was therefore only natural that I started what was to be a long-running addiction to buying studio equipment with my first big purchase: the Korg Triton.
I've never been as excited as I was in the days leading up to it's delivery. Having played it's predecessor, the Trinity, at a trade show a year or so previous, I knew very well what this thing would be capable of. And I wasn't dissapointed.
The flagship workstation sounded like nothing else I'd experienced. A world away from the TG300, it offered a lush sound palette and complex onboard effects. Add to that a sampler and a little ribbon you could rub to make everything sound even more wonderful and I was quite literally in geek heaven. It's also worth highlighting its continued presence today both in commercial studios and, more predominantly, on the road, where its workhorse capabilities are still relied upon by some of the most skilled professional keyboard players in the world.
One moment stands out for me during my early days with the Triton. I had finally mastered the art of sampling and had successfully captured a beautifully played Gilmour solo from Pink Floyd's live album, Pulse. Then I found the reverse button. Within a day or so, I'd built a track around the now ethereal sound which resembled anything but an electric guitar. I clearly remember saying to myself, "wow, I can do anything now…"; there was finally sense of the freedom I'd yearned for which would allow me to create the music I had in my head. As much as I still hold an affection for the days of the Atari and TG300, they were limited and as I reached my teens, I became increasingly frustrated with what I wasn't able to do.
It wasn't all down to the Triton, however. It was around the same time that I made the switch to Logic, developed as it was back then by Emagic. It wasn't love at first sight, but as I was to find out, it would become something of a staple…
Tagged bedroom studio, David Gilmour, Emagic, Korg Triton, music production, Pink Floyd, postaweek2011, yamaha tg300
Published by theboyellis
Mark Ellis is a writer and director who specialises in copywriting, blogging and content marketing for businesses of all sizes. Mark's considerable experience at director level and deep interest in personal and business success means he's ready to comment on anything from freelance writing to workplace dynamics, technology and personal improvement.	View all posts by theboyellis
Any excuse would have done, Sky
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Tasso K. Tasso K Tasso, Kay.CHIARI MALFORMATION. In: Shamus E. Shamus E Ed. Eric Shamus.eds. The Color Atlas of Physical Therapy New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; . http://accessphysiotherapy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1491&sectionid=90327986. Accessed April 22, 2019.
Tasso K. Tasso K Tasso, Kay.. "CHIARI MALFORMATION." The Color Atlas of Physical Therapy Shamus E. Shamus E Ed. Eric Shamus. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, , http://accessphysiotherapy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1491&sectionid=90327986.


Nicholas Cueva, born 1983 in Dana Point, California, is an artist currently living in Brooklyn. His casual but specific approach to painting is conceptually bound into the physicality of space in image.
Receiving his MFA in Painting and Drawing at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, he moved to New York in 2011, where his constant approach to the current languages of construction and loss have gone on to influence and dialogue with the Bushwick scene.
Born with a rare and lethal heart condition, and undergoing frequent life saving heart surgeries, all starting at 6 months, he has dealt with mortality his whole life. His early philosophical approach was initially sated within a religious and academic context, but after some consessions and re-evaluating, he has fallen onto using art to wordlessly unpack his and others frail and damaged psychologies.
Join us for an artist talk and meet the artist, our curator, Jesse Greenberg, and founder of One River School, Matt Ross. Light refreshments will be served.


Win 8 very short review..
...It depends what you want from the software if you want a great improvement to windows 7 your going to be very very disappointed ... If you want a touch-screen mobile phone look alike on you desktop, you got it! ... my view its crap! I removed it after 45mins waste of my time and trouble installing it.


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GM Goes Back to the Drawing Board on Quality
Chris Haak/20 Nov, 09/624/0
After years of insisting to journalists and the general public that its vehicles had quality on par with its rivals, and that the problem was, instead, just a matter of "perception gap," two top executives made remarkable statements today that threw all of that out the window.
GM Chairman Ed Whitacre has instructed the company's Vice President of Global Product Engineering, Mark Reuss, to contact all of the roughly 200 individuals who bought and returned vehicles during GM's 60-day money back guarantee program to get some unfiltered customer feedback. Of approximately 200,000 GM vehicles sold during the promotion, only 653 opted for the money back guarantee in lieu of an additional $500 cash incentive. This means, of course, that almost a third of the 653 people returned the cars that they bought between 31 and 60 days of their purchase date. According to the company, the majority of the 200 people who returned the vehicles they bought ended up purchasing a different GM vehicle, so they weren't necessarily lost sales.
The company needs to focus more on customer satisfaction – which goes a long way toward improving its performance on the JD Power surveys – as well as quantitative reliability measures such as those tracked by Consumer Reports or the upstart TrueDelta site. During an hourlong roundtable interview with reporters (which you can download here if you're so inclined), Whitacre said last week that the Consumer Reports results, released at the end of October, were "very disappointing." Last week, Whitacre said that he expects a more favorable review from Consumer Reports in 2010. Left unsaid was whether his expectation is based on improvements he knows already in the works, or was more of a threat to Mr. Reuss and others who have responsibility for product quality.
It's really difficult for the company to claim quality superiority (or even parity) when a publication as widely-read as Consumer Reports is showing so many black marks (literally) on many GM products. The Cadillac CTS and STS, Chevrolet Aveo, Colorado, and Suburban, GMC Canyon and Yukon, and Saturn Vue all have worse than average predicted reliability, according to Consumer Reports. There are also several other GM models with slightly below average predicted reliability, such as the Cadillac DTS, Buick Lucerne V6, Corvette, and Silverado.
GM shouldn't be surprised by these results, as upstart TrueDelta, through its different methodology yet smaller sample sizes, has been able to document vehicle reliability far faster than Consumer Reports has been able to. TrueDelta noticed over a year ago that the 2008 Cadillac CTS was having reliability problems that were worse than average. Heck, I noticed this myself when I had to take my 2008 CTS to the dealer for warranty work on the interior trim, navigation and OnStar numerous times earlier this year. According to TrueDelta, the 2008 CTS was much worse than average, but recently has been showing closer to average reliability. Meanwhile, the 2009 CTS is doing even better than average – and CR hasn't yet picked up on either of those trends, and won't until next year.
TrueDelta, as a startup site, has very small sample sizes for most car models, and this makes some buyers nervous about trusting the data, but there has been a correlation between TrueDelta's findings and Consumer Reports' findings time after time, except that TrueDelta's quarterly reliability result updates beat CR to market by months, and sometimes by nearly a year. Perhaps Mr. Whitacre is aware of TrueDelta's data showing that reliability has been improving somewhat, and therefore expects that CR's 2010 results will be better than 2009's because TrueDelta is pointing toward that happening. Kind of like a statistical crystal ball – or a statistical canary in the mineshaft, whichever you prefer.
Mr. Reuss saying that reliability remains an Achilles' heel for the company (note that he said it remains one, not that it had been one in the past) is remarkably frank talk from the guy whose job it is to improve it. But such straight talk, while much appreciated, seems to be contrary to statements made by executives such as Bob Lutz, who claim that GM makes some of the best cars in the world.
Further, if GM hopes to boost customer satisfaction, I can only hope that managers will be measured on sales results and not the ridiculous customer satisfaction surveys where customers are strongly encouraged to mark "completely satisfied." It will be interesting to see how the company claims to be working on quality improvement while at the same time trying to convince potential customers that it already has good quality.
Consumer ReportsCTS reliabilityGM money back guaranteehow does GM's quality compare?TrueDeltaWhitacre hands on chairman
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The 32L4R9IDISCOVERY kit is a complete demonstration and development platform for STMicroelectronics Arm® Cortex®-M4 core-based STM32L4R9AI microcontroller. Leveraging the innovative ultra-low-power oriented features, 640 Kbytes of embedded RAM, graphics performance (Chrom-ART Accelerator™), and DSI controller offered by the STM32L4R9AI, the 32L4R9IDISCOVERY kit enables users to easily prototype applications with state-of-the-art energy efficiency, as well as stunning audio and graphics rendering with direct support for AMOLED DSI round LCD display. For even more user-friendliness, the on-board ST-LINK/V2-1 debugger provides out-of-the-box programming and debugging capabilities.
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Recent Comments "Place: A Short Introduction"
I guess if you're interested at all in place theory, this is a fantastic overview. I want to show this to all my non-geography-inclined friends and prove to them all the ways that spatiality puts a verve on our daily lives. It's a bit of an informational barrage, but a very good one.
Definitely some fascinating ideas in here but as a well read college freshmen this was not a very easily interpreted book. Be sure to have a dictionary and an up to date encyclopedia on current philosophies on humanist geography. The one thing that was really disappointing about the book was the atrocious editing. I would think that a book of this scholastic stature would have the decency to go through and correct at least the blatantly obvious grammatical errors.
This book is best read either during or after a course regarding humanist/human geography. It isn't dense or overly academic, but you'll get more out of it that way. That said, this is an excellent overview of some of the most salient and influential topics in the field.There are also some really shockingly atrocious typos. But I'll put that on the editor, not Cresswell.
Total textbook, but I'm loving it as I introduce myself into the world of Human/Cultural Geography and space/place as really rich concepts when thinking about people work such as education, advocacy and activism.
As an introduction on Place Theory this small book is great. Reading it made me really rethink the spaces and places around me and how value is imbued into such innocuous entities. Informative but dry at times I enjoyed reading this just for the new theory and ideas it outlined for me.
Cresswell offers a great introduction to spatial theory in relation to place. Anyone interested in starting out in this field, should read this book just to get his or her feet wet. The bibliography was extensive.
A very insightful introduction to the concept of place and the conceptual problems of thinking about place through the history of human geography.
well-written, clear, and informative. Good bibliography too.


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Former MP Ram Shakal, RSS ideologue Rakesh Sinha, classical dancer Sonal Mansingh and stone artist Raghunath Mohapatra were on Saturday nominated to the Rajya Sabha.
The nominations were made by President Ram Nath Kovind on the advice of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister's Office (PMO) said.
"Ram Shakal is an eminent people's leader and a public representative from Uttar Pradesh, who has devoted his life for the welfare and well-being of the Dalit community. A farmer leader, he is widely respected for championing the cause of farmers, labourers and migrants," it said.
He has also been a three-time member of the Lok Sabha, representing the Robertsganj constituency of Uttar Pradesh.
RSS ideologue Sinha is the founder and honorary director of the Delhi-based think-tank India Policy Foundation.
A professor at the Motilal Nehru College of the Delhi University, he is also a member of the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR).
Mohapatra is an internationally renowned authority on stone carving.
Practising since 1959, he has trained over 2,000 students. Mohapatra has contributed to the preservation of traditional sculpture and ancient monuments and has worked on the beautification of the Sri Jagannath Temple, Puri.
His famous works include a 6-feet-high statue of the Sun God carved in grey sandstone, in the Central Hall of Parliament; and the Wooden Buddha, Buddha Temple, Paris.
Mansingh is among India's foremost exponents of Indian classical dance.
She has been performing Bharatnatyam and Odissi for over six decades. She is also a well-known choreographer, teacher, orator and social activist.
Mansingh founded the Centre for Indian Classical Dances in Delhi in 1977.
Article 80(1)(a) of the Constitution provides that the president can nominate to the Rajya Sabha 12 persons having special knowledge, or practical experience in respect of literature, science, art and social service.
There were eight nominated members in the Rajya Sabha and four vacancies, which were left, were filled on Saturday.


Just left Seattle yesterday on the way to Alaska. We were there for essentially a day and a half and did a few touristy things like hit Pike Place Market... and then took a tour bus out to Mount Rainier for the day. The sights, sounds, (& tastes) in each stop were amazing. It was sensory overload. And that was before we hopped on the cruise ship on Friday afternoon, where sensory overload is by design... Next stop Ketchikan!
I think I took far too many pictures, so I'll save you from sharing them all. But here's a taste of a few I didn't already share on Instagram. (Sorry for all the family selfies, it's rare I can get Lilly to pose for a picture with her parents these days (tween angst) so I take advantage of it when I can).
Any encounters with any of the homeless there? Thankfully KC still doesn't mind posing with you. Enjoy Alaska my friend.
Nope, that one isn't camera shy.
No encounters with the homeless. I mean they were there, but no encounters.
Alaska tomorrow... already saw some whales from the ship today.
Oh, if you're food addicts, Pike Place would have definitely been for you. And if you & your wife enjoy flowers... I have never seen more beautiful cut flowers in one place in my life!


For 17 years, my mother and father bundled me, my brother and my sister into an old station wagon and hitched a caravan's worth of camping gear and canned food to the back of the car before spending the better part of 20 hours, spread over two days driving to a spot on the beach just north of East London. We'd stop at Bloemfontein (supper at a cheap hamburger joint), Aliwal North (hot springs) or Queenstown (gum trees and red sand; not much else) on the way, depending on what time we'd managed to leave and how long the breaks for boiled eggs or polony sandwiches had taken. The caravan park we'd eventually arrive at was (is still) called Yellow Sands, and it was the kind of idyll – with a long, golden beach, a fish-ridden estuary, rolling waves and campsites hacked out of virgin bush – that a boy could (and did) consider a kind of heaven.
The phrase "Dead Yellow Sands" thus, unsurprisingly, caused a measure of emotional conflict when I saw it on a theatre poster, but Graham Weir's stirring one-man performance piece does nothing to evaporate my nostalgia. His yellow sand is the cyanide-bearing dust that blew off the mine dumps in Benoni, coating the home in which he spent part of his childhood, and the play is a collection of disconnected but vaguely associated (in that they involve people Weir knew or has observed) vignettes, memories and imaginings mashed together in a moving melange, celebrating the minutia of his experiences and helping me to re-engage with mine.
Weir gives a consummate performance, hardly moving for just over an hour and letting his resonant voice, pitched at different volumes and emotional intensities and coloured with delicate, finely observed accents, do most of the acting. His most significant prop is his hair – long silver strands framing his face and a magnificent, dense beard helping to give his words physical shape. These tresses give him the appearance of whichever sage generally catches your fancy, from Father time to Oom Schalk Lourens, which contributes a mystical air to his tales of one man losing his sight; or another tiring of his job cleaning an oil rig; a third dying of cancer; or another – Weir himself, this time – growing up to the east of Johannesburg before the place became infested with faux-Tuscan housing developments and shrines to Charlize Theron.
Darron Araujo's lighting is the other great star of the piece. Set up in a tight circle around Weir rather than delivered via a traditional rig in the flies, it enables the actor, seated on a wooden chair throughout, to simply fade from view before re-emerging seconds later as a different character. It's almost awkwardly intimate and entirely in keeping with the intimacy of the production, in which the audience is brought right into Weir's personal space by his delivery and writing.
Dead Yellow Sands requires focus and concentration if you are to wring maximum value from its intricate script, but your efforts will be instantly rewarded, and Weir's craft certainly deserves your commitment.


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: Things to Do in Denver When You're Dead
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: Andy García, Christopher Lloyd, William Forsythe, Bill Nunn, Treat Williams, Jack Warden
Five different criminals face imminent death after botching a job quite badly.
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What is considered "wealthy" in America? Depends on who you ask ... and where you live ... and what you like to do ... and other things. According to a recent study from Charles Schwab, to be wealthy in America means making $2.4 million a year, and about $1.4 million to be considered well off (1). That benchmark for wealth likely seems high for most, but seems low to others, like the millionaires in Aspen, Colorado who can't find a home because all the billionaires are hiking up prices (2). Damn billionaires.
Technically speaking, anyone who makes $9 million a year has reserved seating at the 0.1% country club, so what does this say about the average American's ability to gauge personal wealth? Despite the numbers cited in these surveys, the reality is most Americans don't make north of $100,000 a year. In fact the average salary in the United States is closer to $47,000. Though many people surveyed wouldn't consider a person making $1 million a year rich, anyone making $100,000 a year is wealthier than 87.9% of Americans (4).
According to the surveys, money is not the only sign of wealth. While 18% defined wealth as "being able to afford anything I want," 17% defined wealth as having "loving relationships with family and friends" (5).
So What Does Rich Mean, Anyway?
Inflation - To live like the millionaires of 1930 you would need upwards of $14 million in net worth today (6). Back in 1994, $3 million was considered a significantly high net worth, according to Peter Charrington, global head of Citi Private Bank. Today, the billionaire is the new millionaire. Inflation has done some serious damage to the U.S. dollar, making the exact number for wealth harder to pin down.
Cost of Living / Location - Wealth also varies by region or state. New York and Hawaii, which have the highest costs of living in the country, defined wealth as making $500,000 a year. Those surveyed in West Virginia had the lowest answer pertaining to what they consider a wealthy salary--$100,000 a year. Surprisingly, the state with the highest answer at $10 million per year is not a state with a notably high cost of living. It's Maine, which has a median salary and cost of living. So, cost of living does not directly determine a person's definition of wealth (7). Even the lowest answer is outrageously high compared to other areas around the world, like sub-saharan Africa, where people still live off less than $2 a day (8).
Priorities - When asked what defines a wealthy life, 41% said ability to dine out or get meals delivered. Another 33% said having subscriptions like Spotify or Netflix. Some people might consider these conveniences as part of their lifestyle budget, while others consider them necessities, and others still see them as luxuries. Still, 62% of Americans surveyed include spending time with family and friends in their definition of wealth. However, that time spent with loved ones often costs money, whether that's going to the movies, dining out or taking a vacation. According to these numbers, absolute bliss for the average American would look like ordering gourmet pizza for delivery while binging the latest Netflix special with friends and eating an extra slice because you've got your weekly appointment with your personal trainer in the morning.
Savings Strategy - You can be making $5 million a year and spend it all on luxuries with nothing left in savings or for investment, and by all accounts you could be considered poor. On the other hand, you could make a cozy $60,000 with investments and live modestly with a retirement fund and pension lined up, and you could be considered rich. In this sense, wealth is less about what you earn and more about what you burn (or don't burn). Money (or lack thereof) can fuel your lifestyle. If you're always running on fumes, it doesn't matter how much you're earning.
For many banks, you have to make $50 million to receive custom financial advisement, so anyone who is below that mark (i.e. pretty much everyone) misses out on valuable financial services (10), services that used to be available to those with lower net worths.
Once you've got that $25 million, elite wealth managers might invite you to the next ultra-wealthy networking event (maybe). We're talking philanthropic events where the rich and famous get together, swap exaggerated stories, give talks and mingle (they probably meet at the 0.1% country club).


High school teacher Faith Williams finds herself running for her life after she walks in on a group of hooded, masked thugs that have just shot three students. She runs straight into the arms of Detective Thomas Everhart, the man she's been dating for almost nine months.
Tommy Everhart will do whatever it takes to keep Faith safe. He'll risk his job and his life in the process. But will she ever come to care about him the same way he cares for her? Will either of them live long enough to find out?
Click the button below to add the A Shot In The Dark to your wish list.


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Local I-Team: How concerned should you be about flesh-eating bacteria?
by: Jeni Diprizio
Posted: Jul 19, 2019 / 07:50 PM CDT / Updated: Jul 19, 2019 / 10:14 PM CDT
MEMPHIS, Tenn. (localmemphis.com) – Fears about flesh-eating bacteria around Pickwick Lake have boaters worried about getting in the water.
Last week, a kayaker came down with a serious infection after being in the water near Waterloo, Alabama. And a Memphis Man died after swimming in the Gulf. Despite the recent incidents, one Memphis doctor says don't panic.
The man from Alabama who kayaked at Pickwick and the Memphis man who died after swimming in the Gulf in Destin both had two different types of bacterial infections, and both types are commonly referred to as flesh-eating bacteria, though the name is deceiving.
"There is no such thing as the flesh-eating bacteria. Flesh-eating bacteria is a term that applies to the medical term, is necrotizing fasciitis, and that's just a very severe infection of the skin and soft tissue," said infectious disease specialist Dr. Stephen Threlkeld.
Bacteria called Vibrio, which is known to live in warm seawater, is what infected the Memphis man.
The Alabama kayaker was in freshwater, his wife said his was a streptococcus infection, which is common bacteria that is everywhere.
"It can happen to anybody really at any time, and not necessarily related to going to the lake or the ocean or anything like that," said Dr. Threlkeld.
Dr. Threlkeld said yes, during warm summer months, lakes and rivers likely have larger bacterial loads of organisms, but he says there is no connection between swimming and catching an infection.
"Statistically speaking, it doesn't happen to many people. When it does happen, it's very severe and it gets our attention as it should," said Dr. Threlkeld.
He says infections are most often associated with open wounds or people with a compromised immune system.
"It can be small wounds. It can enter thru small wounds we can't even see," he said.
Dr. Threlkeld says the bottom line; don't cancel your trip to the lake this weekend. Statistically you are more likely to get in a car accident driving to the lake than you are getting an infection while swimming in one.
Man kayaking in Tennessee River contracts flesh-eating bacteria
Flesh-eating bacteria found in the gulf kills Memphis man
Man contracts flesh-eating bacteria in Florida
Man dies from flesh-eating bacteria at Virginia coast
More Local I-Team Stories
TN Department of Children's Services responds to deadly case of child abuse
MEMPHIS, Tenn. (localmemphis.com) – The Local I-Team has new information on a 2-year-old beaten to death Christmas Eve.
The Tennessee Department of Children's Service confirms it opened investigations twice into the possible abuse of the child, but never actually made contact with the family.
Family members say they reported father's abuse 10 times before 2-year-old died
by Jeni Diprizio / Jan 3, 2020
MEMPHIS, Tenn. (localmemphis.com) UPDATED: - Family members of a murdered 2-year-old boy are pointing fingers at the State of Tennessee, saying not enough was done to protect the child.
19-year-old Jarrod Wright is charged with first degree murder in perpetration of aggravated child neglect, first degree murder in perpetration of aggravated child abuse, aggravated child abuse, and aggravated child neglect.
Oakhaven Elementary teacher on leave, charged with statutory rape of 14-year-old boy
by Jeni Diprizio / Dec 20, 2019
MEMPHIS, Tenn. (localmemphis.com) - UPDATED: An Oakhaven Elementary School teacher is on leave, after being charged with aggravated statutory rape.
According to court documents, 53-year-old Marvin Straughter had sexual relations with a 14-year-old boy. Straughter is in jail on $25,000 bond. Straughter is a Shelby County Schools 5th grade teacher.
150 new American citizens take the Oath of Allegiance at naturalization ceremonies Friday in Memphis
Cloudy skies with periods of rain late. Low 51F. Winds S at 15 to 25 mph. Chance of rain 80%. Precip: 80%
Periods of rain early Precip: 100%
Reports: Woman says agents seized $82,000 in cash at Pittsburgh airport – now she's suing
Nestle's introduces edible cookie dough
Local Biz / 2 days ago


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Yahoo – AFP, Hwang Sunghee, September 12, 2017
North Korea has shrugged off numerous sets of sanctions aimed at crimping
its nuclear and missile programmes, and this month unveiled what it said was a
working hydrogen bomb (AFP Photo/STR)
Seoul (AFP) - The UN Security Council has unanimously adopted new sanctions on North Korea, including restrictions on oil shipments, to punish Pyongyang for its sixth and largest nuclear test.
But Washington toned down its initial proposals to secure backing from China and Russia.
Here are some key questions on UNSC resolution 2375, and its attempt to end the North's nuclear weapons and missile programmes.
What impact will the oil measures have?
The new resolution ends natural gas shipments to North Korea, caps crude oil shipments at their current levels, and puts a ceiling on refined oil products such as petrol and diesel.
North Korea has little oil of its own, relying on imports to keep its citizens and soldiers moving.
The US initially sought an oil embargo, which China -- North Korea's sole ally and main trading partner -- strongly opposed.
Instead the resolution limits crude oil shipments from any country to the amount sent to the North in the last 12 months.
Beijing does not publish statistics for crude oil shipments to the North, shrouding the issue in secrecy, but is believed to supply around 4 million barrels a year.
Chart showing the value of North Korea's refined oil imports 2012 to 2016,
with China and Russia's share of the yearly total. Non-photo version. (AFP
Photo/John SAEKI)
The resolution also limits the North to importing 2 million barrels a year of refined oil products -- representing a 15 percent cut based on UN-WTO International Trade Centre estimates, although some analysts put the effect as high as 56 percent.
"It's a red light for the growth of the North Korean economy," said Cheong Seong-Chang of Seoul's Sejong Institute, "but will not have huge impact on North Korea's military because the crude oil supply remains the same".
Crucially, the resolution includes an exemption for "livelihood purposes" -- similar to clauses in past resolutions that have been used as loopholes.
Kim Hyun-Wook, professor at the Korea National Diplomatic Academy, warned there are "no means to check how much crude oil is delivered through the pipeline" between China and North Korea.
Koo Kab-Woo of the University of North Korean Studies in Seoul said the measures carried symbolic value as the "first US attempt at touching North Korea's economic lifeline".
How significant is the textiles ban?
The resolution bans the import and export of textiles -- both fabric and clothing -- by the North.
Textiles are one of North Korea's major exports, estimated to be worth around
$750 million a year (AFP Photo/KNS)
Textiles are one of North Korea's major exports, estimated by Rajiv Biswas of IHS Markit to value $750 million.
Analysts say the move could cut off a major source of foreign currency for Pyongyang.
China supplies materials to the North, where they are made into clothing in factories using cheap labour, and re-exported to China.
Most go to China and Russia, so the effects will depend on enforcement by Beijing and Moscow, said Koo.
"It all depends on China and Russia's willingness."
A UN report published at the weekend said Pyongyang collected at least $270 million over a six month-period this year by exporting "almost all of the commodities prohibited" by existing sanctions.
What about overseas workers?
The resolution bars countries from issuing new permits to the roughly 93,000 North Korean labourers working abroad.
Map showing countries which host North Korean labourers, according to
reports by UN and academics. (AFP Photo/Gal ROMA)
Their toil, mainly at construction sites in Middle Eastern countries as well as Russia and China, earns revenue for Pyongyang.
There is an exemption for existing contracts. Analysts are sceptical about any immediate effects of the ban, but say it could increase pressure on Pyongyang over time.
Will cargo inspections increase?
Under the measure, countries are authorised to inspect ships suspected of carrying banned North Korean cargo -- but must first seek the consent of the vessel's flag state, limiting the impact.
Washington had sought authorisation for searches by force, which Koo said China and Russia "strongly opposed".
North Korea is suspected of engaging in arms trade with countries in Africa and the Middle East.
The UN report said it was investigating "chemical, ballistic missile and conventional arms cooperation" between North Korea and Syria.
UN member states had interdicted shipments destined for Syria believed to be from the North's state-owned arms dealer, the Korea Mining and Development Trading Corporation (KOMID), it said.
North Korea is already under multiple UN sanctions but has still made rapid
progress in its nuclear and missile programmes (AFP Photo/STR)
Will the sanctions curb Pyongyang's ambitions?
Analysts say the sanctions were significantly watered down from the initial draft proposal to get China and Russia on board and are sceptical about whether they will curb Pyongyang's nuclear ambitions.
North Korea is already under multiple UN sanctions but has still made rapid progress in its nuclear and missile programmes.
"It is not enough to cause pain," said Go Myong-Hyun at the Asan Institute of Policy Studies.
Instead, said Koh of Dongguk University, the new sanctions will drive Pyongyang to accelerate its programmes.
"North Korea will try to become a nuclear state as quickly as possible to negotiate with the US as an equal before the effect of the sanctions fully kicks in," he said.
Pyongyang habitually attributes UN measures to the "hostile" US, which it blames for the body's actions.
And Kim Hyun-Wook of the Korea National Diplomatic Academy, predicted: "The sanctions will only provide North Korea with an excuse for further provocations, such as an ICBM launch."
Posted by Cempaka at 4:03 AM
Labels: China, North Korea, Nuclear Weapons, Russia, UN, US
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