need KEY & LOCK CHANGE IN QUEENS?
If you are toying around the idea of changing your door/window locks on your house or business premises or simply needs new keys, then a reliable locksmith will and can assist you in looking for and fitting a new lock and keys. Key & Lock Change in Queens should be one of your priorities if you have just moved in your new house. Similarly, it also pays to change or upgrade those locks to ensure compliance with the industry and even insurance standards.
There are countless other reasons why you should better leave the key & lock change in Queens to the professionals. In terms of the key, it is vital to opt for professional re-keying rather than choosing any repair person whom you meet down town. Emergency lock change professional locksmith ensures that you will have a key that perfectly fit your old locks. Emergency lock change offers countless other lock/key services.
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WHY AVOID DO-IT-YOURSELF KEY & LOCK CHANGE IN QUEENS?
Lock Comes in Wide Variety. There are numerous different standard of lock such as SS312 Diamond, PAS3621, BS10621, and many more. You should know the meaning of those and its features when doing key & lock change in Queens. Through which you will be able to determine accurately what fits your need. Professional locksmiths know all these technical stuff and can guarantee that your new lock or key can provide you maximum protection against unauthorized entrance.
Locks come in numerous different sizes. No size fits all, so you have to know the precise size of the lock that fits your door.
Inaccurately fitted lock can lead into lock snapping. Lock snapping, also known as lock bumping, cylinder snapping is a common method that is used by intruders to break into properties with euro cylinder (euro cylinder is commonly used in properties with UPVC doors and even to composite and aluminium doors. These are commonly used in domestic and commercial environments).


Bet-Victor offers sports betting tips and infomation easily.
BetVictor makes it possible to place bets on football, horse racing and over 10,000 in-play events every single month. The site is simple to use and there are apps in the App store to make it possible to place bets on a tablet or smartphone for your convenience.
much like casinosonline-canada.ca, the site can be a little confusing at first, but offers an incredible amount of information. This includes live games that are updated by the minute. This includes the score as well as a countdown for periods, halves and quarters. All of the in-play games are listed as well as upcoming ones so that people can start planning future bets.
New customers get free money for their first bet when they create an account and there are promotions throughout the year where additional free money is earned based upon how much the initial deposit is when the account is set up.
Multiple languages are supported on BetVictor including English, German, Chinese, Japanese and Italian. The site is based in Gibraltar and has been recognized by the European Sports Security Association.
This gives betters the peace of mind knowing that their bets are legitimate.
Customer support is not as impressive as some of the other betting sites that are currently available across the Internet. It is possible to contact them 24/7 via email as well as telephone. The site is currently available to those in the UK, Ireland, and in various parts of Europe and Asia. It may eventually open up to the US.
Adding money into the account is possible with credit cards, debit cards, e-wallets and bank transfers. There are some bank charges when transfers are made, so it is not suggested that people take this round. Withdrawing money from the account is not instantaneous. Depending upon the method, it can take between 3 and 10 days to process, which is not the instant withdrawal method offered by some sites.
Recent payouts scroll across the website, demonstrating that many people have won big, including with the InstaBets that make it possible for people to place a bet quickly.
Overall, BetVictor is a betting site that makes it simple to place bets. It's not the best that's out there but it also offers poker, slots and other games, making it versatile to those who want to wager across multiple areas.


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Q: parse error in R while evaluating an expression I received the following error while running the below mentioned code in jupyter notebook
Error in parse(text = x, srcfile = src): <text>:6:12: unexpected input
5:
6: z <- (xbar <e2>
              ^
Traceback:

The code:
xbar <- 9900            # sample mean
mu <- 10000            # hypothesized value
sigma <- 120            # population standard deviation
n <- 30                 # sample size

z <- (xbar − mu)/(sigma/sqrt(n))

A: The − (minus sign) in your example looks like it might actually be the en dash character. Here is the character in your example, followed by the standard keyboard dash/hyphen character: −, -.
If you delete that character and type the standard dash character, does the code run as expected?
Here's a reproduction of your error in a regular R session. The first version is your original code. In the second, I've replaced the en dash with a standard dash. I haven't used code formatting below, because the two dashes look exactly the same after going through the code formatter.

(xbar − mu)/(sigma/sqrt(n))
  Error: unexpected input in "(xbar �"
(xbar - mu)/(sigma/sqrt(n))
  [1] -4.564355

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Capshaw & Associates has resolved and continues to pursue resolution of all types of civil disputes.
*Selected case summary and not a guarantee of future results.
Capshaw & Associates has represented owners both in prosecuting claims as Plaintiffs and defending claims as Defendants.
To get started today, contact Capshaw and Associates now.
The representation of contractors has included not only the defense and prosecution of claims, but also the avoidance of claims through pre-construction contract review and negotiations.
A case involved a claim asserted by a developer who was experiencing problems with the buckling of the floors and sidewalks of a shopping center. During the jury trial, it was shown that the civil engineer had performed its work properly and that the developer's own negligence was the cause of the problems with the shopping center. Accordingly, the jury found no liability against the civil engineer on the fourteen claims asserted by the owner against the civil engineer. Significantly, one of the nation's largest insurers of design professionals chose to utilize this case as an example of its service and commitment to clients in a national advertising campaign.
The Firm has responded to claim objections and has made claims on behalf of clients involved in or subjected to bankruptcy proceedings.


text:
Q: DAX Measure PowerPivot: Exclude groups based on subgroup values I am trying to create a measure based on summarizing variables (such as the average "Grams of Material") by Production Group (see data example below).

Production Groups contain Products, identified by the Product ID field.  When that Product is finished being produced, it is marked as "Complete" and the "Grams of Material" are entered.
I am able to use the GROUPBY and SUMX, AVERAGEX, CALCULATE and FILTER functions to summarize by groups and exclude certain rows.  However, I do NOT want to summarize any Production Groups that include Incomplete Products.
For instance, in the sample data below, I would not want to see any reporting on Production Group B, as some Products within that group are "Incomplete".
Please let me know how you might accomplish this.
Here is some sample code that summarizes by the group I want, but does not exclude the groups with incomplete products.
    averagex(
        GROUPBY(Table,[Production Group],"Production Group Yield",
        SUMX(CURRENTGROUP(),[Grams Material])),[Production Group Yield])

Best,
ML

A: I'd approach this very differently.
VAR Groups = VALUES ( 'Table'[Production Group] ) // all groups in context
VAR GroupsWithIncomplete =
  CALCULATETABLE (
    VALUES ( 'Table'[Production Group] ),
    'Table'[Processing Complete?] = "Incomplete"
  )
VAR GroupsWithoutIncomplete =
  EXCEPT ( Groups, GroupWithIncomplete ) // just a set difference
RETURN
  CALCULATE (
    SUM ( 'Table'[Value] ),
    GroupsWithoutIncomplete
  )
    / COUNTROWS ( GroupsWithoutIncomplete )

We can easily get a set of all groups in context, with VALUES. Then we find all groups in context that have an Incomplete. The set difference leaves us with only the groups in context without an incomplete. We can use that set as a filter to CALCULATE and the denominator for the average here is simply the number of groups in the set GroupsWithoutIncomplete.


"I'm a lover of what is, not because I'm a spiritual person, but because it hurts when I argue with reality."
I wish I could be brainwashed into full belief that what matters most is my inside Self; somehow undo the inculcation I have received from parents, society, and culture, that what I look like is so important. I want it bashed into my subconscious. I want to take it to heart. I want to believe it to the core of my being.
Clanging as loud as EMS lights.
"Fuckwits, you shall not pass!"
The result of sensory experiences.


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The fact that I ate one third of a package of Oreos in one sitting.
All the schools in our area have been out since last Tuesday because of the snow. Not including weekends, that's eight consecutive days without schools. Seriously?!
When you wave back at someone and then realize they were waving at a person behind you.
A song that my friend and I wrote when we were probably nine or ten. We just rediscovered it and I about died laughing. Are you ready for it's awkwardness? My personal favorite is the last verse..
Falling out of bed. Or rather, make that slipping out of bed. I was trying to be all cool (Actually, I was afraid something would grab my foot from under my bed. I know. Childish. But it's still something I fear.) last night and jumped onto my bed. My foot promptly slipped on my bedding and I crashed to the (hardwood) floor. Ouch.
On said leaving-the-house-for-the-first-time-in-over-a-week excursion, we went to both Target and the library. Love.
An impromptu French lesson while cleaning up the kitchen.
The Girl Scout cookies we bought today.
The fact that I'm writing this sitting by a roaring fire and watching My Big Fat Greek Wedding.
My new favorite photograph of Lilly.
How Lilly did a perfect imitation of Ken (i.e., Barbie and Ken) at the dinner table, complete with the arched eyebrows. Hilarious.
What's been awkward and/or awesome for you?


Biometric security systems that rely on fingerprint recognition have always had an easily exploited weakness in that they can be fooled by anything bearing a copy of the expected fingerprint. Now, a new development from Japan eliminates that flaw.
NTT's breakthrough allows fingerprint sensors to determine whether or not they are in contact with a real human finger by passing electricity across two electrodes [Subscription link].
The conductivity of a flesh and blood digit is easily recognised and can be distinguished from a plastic copy that contains the same fingerprint pattern.
NTT plans to add the relatively simple technology to its sensors with a view to regaining some of the market share lost to finger- and palm-vein readers over the last couple of years.
In Japan, many bank ATMs use a biometric scanner to verify account holders' identity, which goes a long way to creating a market that will be worth around ¥40 billion (£200 million) there in 2010.


text:
In an ongoing commitment to small businesses in Massachusetts, members of the House Republican Caucus joined their House colleagues in promoting "On Main Street," an event honoring National Small Business Week.
Caucus members visited a handful of Massachusetts' nearly 585,000 entrepreneurs and small business owners to thank them for their important contributions to the Commonwealth's economy and to promote this summer's movement to shop small and local.
Please see below for pictures of members of the House Republican Caucus at businesses within their communities.
Representative George N. Peterson, Jr. (R-Grafton) at All-Steel Fabricating in North Grafton
Representative Elizabeth Poirier (R-North Attleboro) at Sakura in South Attleboro
Representative Bradford R. Hill (R-Ipswich) at the Clam Box in Ipswich
Representative Steven Howitt (R-Seekonk) at Phoenix Inc. in Seekonk
Representative Shaunna O'Connell (R-Taunton) at Deanna Tobacco & Cigar in Taunton
Representative George T. Ross (R-Attleboro) at Jonathon's Cafe in Attleboro
Representatives Kevin Kuros (R-Uxbridge) and Ryan Fattman (R-Sutton) at Millville Gas in Millville
Representative Dan Winslow (R-Norfolk) at Bourque's Restaurant in Norfolk
Representative Donald H. Wong (R-Saugus) at the Saugus Deli in Saugus
Representative Geoff Diehl (R-Whitman) at the Mighty Tomato in East Bridgewater
Representative Vinny deMacedo (R-Plymouth) at the Water Street Cafe in Plymouth
George Orwell once said, "we sleep safely in our beds because rough men stand ready in the night to visit violence on those who would do us harm."
As Massachusetts and the nation observe Memorial Day, we pause to honor the many brave men and women who have made the ultimate sacrifice for our country. Throughout our nation's proud history, many have answered the call to serve, and many more continue to place themselves in harm's way in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Today, we honor all of our veterans for their service to our country, and for the sacrifices they have made to preserve the many freedoms we all too often take for granted.
House of Representatives Adopts The VALOR Act
In an ongoing commitment to providing jobs and expanding access to a range of services for veterans, active-duty military and their families, the House Republican Caucus joined their House Democratic colleagues in passing The Valor Act.
Passed in advance of Memorial Day, The Valor Act works on many fronts to assist veterans and active military members by improving business, educational, and housing opportunities.
"I am pleased that the House has come together in a bipartisan manner to ensure that we have the resources in place for the Commonwealth's servicemen and women when they return home from active military deployment," said Representative Jones. "By passing The Valor Act, the House and Senate have reaffirmed their commitment to creating jobs for military personnel while expanding benefits and services for veterans and their families."
Recognizing the pivotal role education plays in job creation and retention, the Valor Act includes Republican-led provisions – initially offered in the GOP Jobs Package – that require public institutions of higher learning to adopt new policies and procedures to award proper academic credit for a veteran's prior military training, coursework and experience.
Additionally, the state's boards of professional licensure will now consider military education, training, and service by an individual who is a member of the Armed Forces or the military reserves toward qualifications required to receive a license or certification.
Furthermore, the bill adds Massachusetts to the Interstate Compact on Educational Opportunity for Military Children, making it easier for the children of military personnel to transfer between school districts and states.
To address the 13.1% national unemployment rate for post 9/11 veterans, The Valor Act also includes provisions to help veterans transition into civilian employment by allowing for at least a 90-day license renewal extension for certain Department of Public Safety licenses for service members returning from active duty.
The proposals offered by House Republicans also dovetail with provisions of the Valor Act facilitating seed money for the start-up and expansion of veteran-owned businesses as well as promoting public/private partnerships and the participation of service-disabled veteran-owned small businesses in public construction and design projects.
Finally, in addition to requiring the Secretary of the Department of Veterans Affairs be a veteran, the legislation helps ease the costs of housing, utilities, medical services and food for Gold Star Families, and expands eligibility for the Massachusetts Military Family Relief Fund while eliminating the $2,500 Property Tax Exemption Cap for Gold Star Spouses.
The Valor Act will now be sent to Conference Committee.
Final Day of Public Hearings for GOP Jobs Package
In case you missed it, the final two bills in a 5 bill omnibus jobs package filed by the Republican Legislative Caucus received a public hearing yesterday.
The Joint Committee on Revenue heard testimony on House Bill 4036, An Act Incentivizing Job Creation and Reducing the Burdens on Small Businesses. The legislation, filed in response to the Republican Legislative Caucus' statewide Jobs Tour, seeks to address the central role Massachusetts' tax system plays in addressing the recovery gap and the continuing jobs crisis in the Commonwealth.
Furthermore, House Bill 4036 seeks to incentive job creation while reducing the burdens of small businesses by: (1) encouraging in-state business creation and providing predictability throughout the year for small businesses, (2) offering tax-free savings assistance to first-time homebuyers and ensuring that Massachusetts workers have access to affordable housing opportunities, (3) incentivizing the registration of commercial vehicles in Massachusetts as opposed to neighboring states while making the commercial vehicle registration process more accommodating, and (4) offering two new tax expenditures - Job Creation Tax Credit and Angel Investor Tax Credit.
Additionally, the Joint Committee on Health Care Financing conducted a public hearing regarding House Bill 4034, An Act Reducing the Health Care Burden on Businesses.
This comprehensive piece of legislation focuses on the central role healthcare plays as one of the greatest impediments to job growth in Massachusetts.
House Bill 4034 seeks to create jobs via Massachusetts' healthcare system by: (1) reforming fair share contributions, (2) increasing the Full Time Equivalent (FTE) threshold from 10 employees to 50, (3) reducing healthcare mandates, (4) suspending the prescription drug requirement from the minimum creditable coverage guidelines, and (5) reforming medical malpractice.
Below, you will find letters of testimony submitted to the aforementioned Committees by House Minority Leader Bradley H. Jones, Jr.
Additionally, Representative Vinny deMacedo appeared on the Jeff Katz show to provide listeners with a recap of Wednesday's public hearings on the business regulations component of the GOP Jobs Package and to give a brief preview of yesterday's public hearing on revenue and healthcare.
Click here to listen to the interview in its entirety.
H. 4036_Revenue
H.4034 Healthcare
Day Two of GOP Jobs Package Public Hearings
In case you missed it, the 3rd of 5 omnibus jobs bills filed by the Republican Legislative Caucus received a public hearing yesterday.
The Joint Committee on State Administration and Regulatory Oversight heard testimony on House Bill 4037, An Act Providing Regulatory Reform to Promote Job Growth . This legislation, filed in response to the Republican Legislative Caucus' statewide Jobs Tour, seeks to address government regulations as an impediment to job growth in Massachusetts.
House Bill 4037 seeks to alleviate burdensome regulations by: (1) reforming our regulatory process, (2) redefining the definition of Independent Contractor, (3) streamline and clarify local permitting, (4) update and reform our unemployment insurance program, and (5) repeal the Treble Damages law.
Below, you will find a letter of testimony submitted to the Committee by House Minority Leader Bradley H. Jones, Jr.
H. 4037_Business Regulations
Additionally, Representative Jones appeared on the Jeff Katz show to provide listeners with a recap of Tuesday's public hearings on the education and energy components of the GOP Jobs Package and to give a brief preview of yesterday's public hearing on business regulations.
Finally, the schedule of remaining public hearings on the GOP Jobs Package is as follows:
10:00am: House Bill 4036, An Act Incentivizing Job Creation and Reducing the Burdens on Small Businesses – Joint Committee on Revenue (located in A-2)
1:00pm: House bill 4034, An Act Reducing the Health Care Burden on Businesses – Joint Committee on Health Care Financing (located in A-2)
House Republicans Seek Stricter Hiring Practices at Gaming Commission
Led by House Minority Leader Bradley H. Jones, Jr. (R-North Reading) and members of the House Republican Leadership team, the House Republican Caucus successfully advocated for the adoption of an amendment to the Supplemental Budget requiring stricter candidate vetting procedures, including mandatory background checks, for all persons applying for employment with the Massachusetts Gaming Commission.
While the Gaming Law signed by Governor Patrick already outlines steps the Gaming Commission can take to thoroughly vet all applicants for employment, recent media reports have called into question the Commission's application and integrity relative to those hiring procedures.
"The original Gaming Law outlined a reasonable and appropriate vetting procedure, but apparently that wasn't enough. It is unfortunate that the House of Representatives now has to legislate common sense," said House Minority Leader Brad Jones. "The Commission's track record calls their judgment into question. By offering this amendment, we will require the Commission to conduct thorough vetting of applicants, and to maintain a level of integrity that is expected from the taxpayers of Massachusetts."
In addition to requiring background checks, which are standard in many application processes, this amendment will require that the Commission, shall at all times, strive to avoid impropriety and the appearance of impropriety in all matters under their jurisdiction and shall require all staff and personnel subject to their direction and control to observe the same standards of fidelity and diligence.
The amendment will be sent as part of the comprehensive Supplemental Budget to the Senate for consideration.
Public Hearings Held on GOP Jobs Package
In case you missed it, 2 of the 5 omnibus jobs bills filed by the Republican Legislative Caucus received a public hearing today.
The Joint Committee on Telecommunications, Utilities and Energy heard testimony on House Bill 4038, An Act Relative to Cost-Effective Energy Policies and Electricity Cost Reduction. The legislation, filed in response to the Republican Legislative Caucus' statewide Jobs Tour, seeks to address the staggering cost of electricity in the Commonwealth - one of the factors suppressing economic growth, discouraging job creation and driving businesses to relocate to other states.
Furthermore, House 4038 seeks to lower electricity costs and bring transparency to the ratepayers of the Commonwealth by: (1) requiring public utilities to competitively solicit long-term renewable energy contracts, (2) encouraging the incorporation of small and large hydroelectric generation in the Commonwealth's renewable energy portfolio, and (3) establishing a 10-year independent commission to annually evaluate the environmental benefits and economic costs associated with current and proposed energy and electricity policies.
Additionally, the Joint Committee on Higher Education conducted a public hearing regarding House Bill 4035, An Act Relative to Creating Job Opportunities Through Improving Access to Education, Empowering Vocational Schools, and Investment. This comprehensive piece of legislation focuses on the central role education plays in addressing the recovery gap and the continuing jobs crisis in Massachusetts.
House Bill 4035 seeks to create jobs via Massachusetts' educational system by: (1) renewing the focus on vocational-technical programs and vocational-technical school districts across Massachusetts, (2) lowering the unemployment rate for veterans by rewarding these men and women for the skills they gained while serving our country, (3) creating a program that will help our students become job-creators as they turn their ideas for products and businesses into a reality, and (4) proposing a Finish Line Scholarship Program to help students finish their degree by paying for fees and tuition of their final year of an associate's or bachelor's degree.
Finally, as you may remember, in February, House and Senate Republicans announced that they would be submitting a comprehensive and innovative jobs package. Filed as five omnibus bills, the jobs package targets five key areas – business regulations, education, energy, healthcare, and taxes – that are key to facilitating economic growth in Massachusetts.
Residents and business owners alike are welcome – and encouraged – to join members of the House Republican Caucus in either attending the hearings in person, or submitting letters of written testimony to the Chairs of the appropriate Joint Committees.
The schedule of remaining public hearings on the GOP Jobs Package is as follows:
Wednesday, May 9th
1:00 pm: House Bill 4037, An Act Providing Regulatory Reform to Promote Job Growth – Joint Committee on State Administration and Regulatory Oversight (located in B-1)
10:00am: House Bill 4036, An Act Incentivizing Job Creation and Reducing the Burdens on Small Businesses – Joint Committee on Revenue (located in B-2)
H4038TestimonyJobsBill Energy
H. 4035 Education
GOP Jobs Package to Receive Public Hearings
In case you missed it, 4 of the 5 omnibus jobs bills filed by the Republican Legislative Caucus will receive public hearings this week.
As you may remember, in February, House and Senate Republicans announced that they would be submitting a comprehensive and innovative jobs package. Filed as five omnibus bills, the jobs package targets five key areas – business regulations, education, energy, healthcare, and taxes – that are key to facilitating economic growth in Massachusetts.
The schedule of hearings is as follows:
Tuesday, May 8th
10:00am: House Bill 4038, An Act Relative to Cost-Effective Energy Policies and Electricity Cost Reduction – Joint Committee on Telecom, Energy and Cable (located in A-1)
10:30am: House Bill 4035, An Act Relative to Improving Employment Opportunities Through Access to Education – Joint Committee on Higher Education (located in A-2)
House Republicans Seek Stricter Hiring Practices a...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
La stagione 2009-10 dei Sioux Falls Skyforce fu la 4ª nella NBA D-League per la franchigia.

I Sioux Falls Skyforce arrivarono secondi nella East Conference con un record di 32-18. Nei play-off persero al primo turno con i Tulsa 66ers (2-1).

Roster

Staff tecnico
Allenatore: Tony Fritz
Vice-allenatore: Duane Ticknor
Preparatore atletico: Dustin Schramm

Collegamenti esterni

Stagione 2009-2010 delle squadre di pallacanestro
2009-2010

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
January 23, 1951 In Denmark, the Jutlandia – an ocean liner that had been recently reequipped as a hospital ship – left Copenhagen under the command of Commodore Kai Hammerich for use as a medical treatment facility in the Korean War. "Despite snow and cold," reported the New York Times, thousands of people showed up... Continue Reading →
October 24, 1891 A new railway station was officially opened along the Øresund strait at the city of Helsingør (best known in English as Elsinore) in eastern Demark. This building continues to serve as Helsingør's principal railway station, and it was constructed to replace a station that had been in existence elsewhere in the city... Continue Reading →
August 1, 1946 A major European airline was established to handle the intercontinental flights of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. This new entity was named Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS), and it specifically started out as a consortium pooling together the operations and resources of Swedish Intercontinental Airlines, Danish Air Lines and Norwegian Air Lines. Per A.... Continue Reading →
July 1, 2000 The Øresund Bridge, which spans across the Øresund strait and connects Denmark with Sweden, was officially opened. The structure encompasses both the double-track Øresund Railway and four lanes of the international highway European route E20. The bridge runs for about five miles (eight kilometers) from the Swedish coast to the artificial island... Continue Reading →
As World War II in Europe was fast approaching its end, an extensive operation known as "White Buses" began using a fleet of vehicles to rescue concentration camp inmates in Nazi Germany. White Buses was jointly conducted by the Swedish Red Cross and the Danish government. (Sweden was neutral throughout the war; Denmark, for its... Continue Reading →


I purchased Uncommon Type by Tom Hanks at Target. All opinions are my own. 🌟🌟🌟🌟If you are a short story person this is your book. It is a collection of short stories that are full of emotion. There is a common link in the stories which took me three or four to notice. Although the stories themselves are not to related to one another. The book begins and ends with the same set of characters in different parts if life. So there is a methos to the madness. Probably because I read every character in the voice of Forrest Gump and would have to remind myself Tom Hanks not Forrest. Haha! Review also posted on Instagram @jasonnstacie, Goodreads/StacieBoren, Library Thing.


Subscribe to the 'Grocery' topic to help and get support from people like you.
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Ambit: Jere Thompson built a multi-hundred million dollar business during the deregulation of telecom and sold it for nearly a billion dollars. Chris Chambless experienced the Excel phenomenon from a corporate upper level management position. John Burke is a techno phenom who regularly graces the pages of top technical and computer trade magazines. Read more about Ambit Energy's leadership.
AMA Nation: Scott Turner is the CEO/COO of AMA and has a background in the energy industry as the former COO and co-founder of Control Center, LLC which supplied technology to the electric utility industry and under his watch, the company grew from 6 million to over 70 million in less than 2 years. Peter Jensen is the founder of AMA. Peter was a pro football player that went on to write an extremely successful infomercial and then as VP of sales and marketing for an MLM software company he got a taste for the power of network marketing and went on to build a team in excess of 100,000 people. There is also Robert Gries who is the CEO of Public Power which has direct interest in AMA. Read more about AMA Nation's leadership.
AMA Nation's primary supplier is Public Power (PPU) which has a slightly larger footprint than Ambit if counting by states (6 for AMA to Ambit's 5 which includes PA opening 1st Quarter 2011) but not if counting by incumbent territories (12 for AMA to Ambit's 14). Public Power is the majority owner in AMA Nation so for the sake of this review I'll consider them to be one and the same and won't lump them in to the category of just another "reseller" like so many of the other bandwagon MLM energy companies these days.
AMA Nation does business mostly on a commercial basis in another 8 states but only via partnerships by reselling energy for various other companies and as such I don't even consider them (see my section on commercial below) in this review. As for the 3 states (Texas, Illinois & Rhode Island) where they resell energy on a residential basis, I also don't consider them for this review because reselling for another company means you don't control the pricing (won't be as competitive) nor do you control the commissions (won't make as much) nor do you control the customer itself. Talk to any experienced Zurvita distributor about the 2 year nightmare they had reselling for MX Energy and I think you will agree that reselling for another company simply does not work. It looks good on paper because you can tout more territory but that's about all it does.
The markup and margins in Texas are much larger so residuals paid out in Texas are almost 3x bigger than those in other states like Maryland, New York and Pennsylvania. Texas is a true, fully deregulated state… retail energy providers in Texas are required to handle all aspects of customer service, billing and collections which means it takes a lot more infrastructure and investment to do business in Texas, it's also why there is more money to be made. We are rapidly expanding to cover the entire north east but because Ambit is setup to do business in Texas means we have the infrastructure in place to open up future states/countries requiring companies to handle all aspects of the retail process.
It has not been until the last few years that most of the north eastern states have completed their deregulation process and because it takes much less infrastructure and investment to get going, you can see why there have been more MLM energy companies sprouting up lately that only do business in the north eastern parts of the country.
Commercial business is much more complicated than residential due to the credit checks and historical usage analysis often required to work up individual bids. Commissions are also much higher in commercial making it a heavily competitive segment of the energy industry and as such the domain of professional full time sales people. These sales people are rarely interested in doing commercial business through a network marketing structure primarily due to the fact that their direct commissions are lower since network marketing pays a significant portion of its commission through the multiple levels. It is for these reasons that commercial business is not very well suited for exclusive distribution through network marketing.
By contracting with upwards of 20 different energy companies, AMA offers commercial energy in all residential states plus OH, NH, IL, ME, D.C., and DE. I do not consider these extra commercial states in my review because I don't believe a true network marketing opportunity exists for the average person to succeed without residential. Commercial business is simply too complicated and competitive for the reasons mentioned above to make for a viable network marketing business where duplication is essential for leverage and growth.
I would prefer to have commercial in all the states we do business and as such I do have to give AMA the edge here on the commercial front because they do offer it in all the states they do residential business whereas Ambit currently only offers Commercial in NY & Texas and has not rolled it out yet in Illinois or Maryland. Do I feel this is hurting Ambit?… we might be leaving some money on the table in the short run, but there is no doubt that Ambit has the edge in residential and this is the most important area to take the lead in since it is what drives the network marketing business model. Ambit will expand into commercial eventually so the lack of commercial is only a temporary thing.
AMA Nation via Public Power offers variable and fixed rate plans where Ambit Energy only offers variable rate pricing (with the exception of Texas where fixed rates are just expected by the marketplace) and there are no credit checks or deposits with AMA Nation or Ambit Energy (with the exception of Texas & Illinois).
The area where Ambit takes the lead over AMA Nation is in their savings guarantee and since we've been offering this for more than 3 years now we have the history to back up the guarantee. This is also in writing in the terms of service so customers know that it is a zero lose proposition to choose Ambit for their energy supplier. The beautiful thing about the savings guarantee is it takes away the fear of change that every customer has. Customers know they can try us out and if they don't like it or don't see savings they can switch back without penalty. Since Ambit does not lock their customers into contracts they are forced to deliver savings.
Ambit: $99 one-time signup fee, no yearly renewal. This program is available for non-profits or any other entity/individual. Under this program, only personal customers can be enrolled, one cannot build an organization of consultants. Organizations earns $2 per month per customer ($4 per month per customer for Texas) for band one usage, amount goes up with higher usage.
AMA Nation: Signup fee is waived for non-profits, same compensation program as normal distributor.
I guess I have to give the edge here to AMA since it is free for non-profits to get in, but typically non-profits are weary of joining mlms as fundraisers due to the negative stigma of the industry. I kind of feel like having a specific program tailored to this industry is a better way to go that way the non-profits don't feel like they are just joining as a rank and file mlm distributor.
Fast Start Bonus (AMA Nation CAB Customer Acquisition Bonus): This aspect of the comp plan is how consultants get paid upfront to gather customers. In this area Ambit pays more initially but AMA has the potential to pay much more for consultants who enroll a lot of personal customers.
Team Builder (AMA Nation Energizer 1 & 2 Bonuses): This aspect of comp plan is how consultants get paid upfront for personally sponsoring consultants into the business. In this area Ambit pays more but the payment is tied to the action of acquiring real customers whereas AMA pays the commission immediately upon recruiting a new consultant. Please see "Legal Considerations" section below for additional important analysis on this topic.
AMA Nation: $20 EB1 Bonus every time you personally make an "Energy Pack Training Product" sale. For those of you as confused as I was by this terminology, this is essentially for recruiting a new consultant. Then every time one of your personally sponsored consultants makes an "Energy Pack Training Product" sale you get an EB2 bonus which is $15. In addition, $10 of the $40 monthly charge is paid out monthly through the uni-level plan.
Consultant Leadership Bonuses (AMA Nation Binary " Cycle" Bonuses): This aspect of the comp plan is how consultants get paid upfront on the growth of their team. Each side would probably argue their style of compensating (binary with AMA versus coding for Ambit) is superior, I'm going to stay out of that debate (even though I believe the coding is far superior, contact me for details if you like) and simply show you the facts.
Ambit: Up to $240 for every new consultant who triggers their Fast Start Bonus by gathering either 2 or 3 customers. These bonuses can be earned to unlimited depth. The amount of this bonus is dictated by rank in the marketing plan.
AMA Nation: $50 is paid for every "cycle" that occurs in your organization. A cycle occurs every six sales made in your binary structure with at least 2 of the 6 occurring in your "weak" leg.
Residual Income: Each company pays out residual income in a very different manner so this section is not going be an OpEd on which method of compensation is better but rather a comparison as to which company mathematically pays out more on a per customer basis.
The following chart shows the total combined residual payout on a per customer basis for various usage levels in both companies. Realize that this is the TOTAL COMBINED RESIDUAL PAYOUT! All aspects of each company's residual commission have been taken into effect. The only variable in this chart is the fact that the AMA "Longevity" bonus accounts for exactly ½ of their total potential payout but this aspect does not fully kick in until the customer has been on the books for 13 months so in reality the average residual commission paid out per customer through AMA is lower than the figures quoted.
AMA Nation Qualificaitons: To earn on all 5 levels of residual income, consultants must hit rank of National Director which requires 15 customers and must also have a personally enrolled consultant hit the rank of National Consultant which requires 10 customers.
The Big Customer Bubble: This is the biggest yet most easily missed reality that must be accounted for in comparing the residual payout of these two companies.
In the last section we determined that Ambit pays out more on customers below about 1600 KwH hours of usage and AMA pays out more on customer above 1600 KwH of usage. This then begs the question… "where is the big customer bubble"… or in other words where do most customer fall on a scale of KwH usage? To answer that question with real world figures I took a look at the stats from my residual check for the months of August & November. Each months figures are based on actual usage from the preceding month or two so November figures would be largely based on fall usage which is very light and August figures would be based largely on summer usage which is much heavier.
As you can see, even in the heavy usage summer months only 36% of my customers used more than 1000 KwH, how many of those used more than 1600 KwH?… well we don't know for certain but it would be my extremely conservative guess based on these figures no more than 15% even in the summer months would use more than 1600KwH.
We also then have to consider that AMA does pay more on the customers that use less than 200 KwH (because those fall into band zero for Ambit which does not trigger a residual) which is 25% or less depending on time of year.
So even in a best case scenario, AMA is only going to pay more residual income on about 40% (15% for 1600Kwh plus users and 25% for sub 200 Kwh users) of the average customer base… and remember this is with the most generous of number crunching (in AMA's favor) and in the most heavy usage time of year. I personally think it's less than 30% but I'll give the benefit of the doubt which still puts the numbers well in Ambit's advantage.
1% of 100 or 100% of 1? This is the basic concept behind the famous quote by J.Paul Getty and it's often used to point out the power of network marketing. This is also a concept we should look at in comparing AMA Nation to Ambit Energy.
The residual income figures above are combined totals but do not take into account the manner in which they get paid out. The simple truth of the matter is that AMA Nation pays out exactly ½ of their total potential residual commissions in the form of their "Longevity Bonus". This bonus is split 75% to the consultant that enrolled the customer and 25% to the sponsor of the consultant. The reason this is significant is people don't join a network marketing business to do a lot of selling. Network marketing is about creating leverage and I personally (and I think most people in mlm share my thoughts) would rather get paid more on customers in depth and not my personal customers. I have nearly 20k customers on my team right now and only 25 of them were enrolled by me personally. In addition, Ambit Energy has a 6th level in their unilevel plan versus AMA Nation's 5 levels. This 6th level holds the most per customer residual income. In both these areas Ambit Energy pays more on leverage than AMA Nation.
Leverage is the whole reason people get into network marketing, it's the secret of the wealthy and Ambit Energy's compensation plan is structured as such.
Additional Income Components: The above mentioned are the core aspects of both companies compensation plan. In addition to the core areas, both companies have additional promotions and bonuses beyond these areas that can add significant income.
Monthly promotions are run that have historically accounted for a significant increase over and above the normal comp plan. Past promotions include double and triple Fast Start & Consultant Leadership Bonuses by gathering a few more customers beyond the normal 5 points required to trigger bonuses.
Executive Consultant PowerSurge Bonus pays $50,000 to $100,000 for hitting customer growth targets over previous year's numbers.
Monthly Share Based Power Pool – America Approved Direct will pay you a monthly bonus based on the number of customers in your sales organization. For each customer you receive one share in the bonus pool. Total bonus pool share value is calculated monthly based on the sales of the company.
The Star Super Bonus – As a qualified one, two, or three star National Director, you can qualify for a bonus of up to $50,000.
There is also the ability to retail commissions from a variety of physical products that can be purchased and sold at retail or sold directly through replicated website. These products range from gas pills to air purifiers to energy drinks and kids toys. Some of the products make sense like the solar products and power savers but overall the products seem a bit hokey to me. Naturally I'm a bit biased but I'd rather focus on doing just one thing and dominate it than spread thin and not do anything well.
Free Energy… Yes we did!
Our Free Energy program is something that not just separates us from AMA Nation, but it also separates us from the entire network marketing industry. It's almost like cheating… except it's not! Having one of the largest companies on the globe as our energy supplier combined with Ambit's patented billing and customer care platform gives us the efficiencies to offer not only the finest compensation program and guaranteed customer savings, but also some even more exciting and game changing programs… namely our "Free Energy" program.
Since this is technically a customer rewards program and not a consultant program it does not fall under compensation. In addition the monetary reward shows up as a credit on your bill or a rebate check in the mail so the income is non-taxable!
The Free Energy program works like this… any Ambit customer (even if that customer is also a consultant) who refers 15 other customers will get a free energy credit or rebate check in the mail (depending on territory) every month equal to the average of the electricity bills or supply charges of the 15 or more customers they referred.
This program turns your customers in to walking billboards for your business. It gives affiliates/non-profits some serious marketing juice when their supporters can not only switch their service to support the cause but also help actively promote others to switch for the cause and they can get free energy for doing so.
In addition imagine how powerful it is to have your entire team of consultants earning free energy each and every month. Ambit already pays up to $400 in up-front "Fast Start" bonuses to new consultants just for gathering customers and these same customers count toward the Free Energy program as well! So just by joining as a consultant and gathering customers you need to earn your investment back and be qualified, you will earn Free Energy on top of it all!
Normally in network marketing people can't stay excited long enough and end up getting frustrated and quit long before the magic of exponential growth can kick in. With Ambit's Free Energy program, our consultants are getting reminded every month why Ambit works and their story gets stronger and more exciting every month!
This is a bit of a hot topic to approach considering the natural and usually incorrect association network marketing often gets with pyramids. To be clear I want you the reader to understand that I am a huge proponent of mlm / network marketing and I am not breaching this topic simply because AMA Nation is a competitor to Ambit Energy. To date this is the first "Ambit Energy Vs" review in which I have raised this topic. I do so because I believe there is one very major and valid point to be raised regarding AMA Nation's compensation plan.
The point I'd like to raise concerns 4 specific aspects of AMA Nation compensation (EB1, EB2, Binary Cycle Bonuses & the website charges getting paid out through the unilevel plan. These are four areas of the AMA Nation compensation plan that pay commissions on the sale of an "Energy Pack Training Product" and/or the monthy website charge that goes along with it. What does it mean to sell an "Energy Pack Training Product"? Essentially this is a creative way to describe the act of recruiting a new consultant.
Ironically the only place the terminology "Energy Pack Training Product" gets used is in the official comp plan pdf. On the public website when enrolling the term "Energy Consultant Success System" is used. Seems to me like this could fit the description of "wordsmithing" Mr. Nehra talked about.
So what do you really get with this "Energy Pack Training Product"? Included are your websites, some training downloads, a debit pay card, back office business center, etc. Based on the description of what you get, this sure sounds like only stuff that somebody interested in the business would want. I don't see any real retail customers purchasing an "Energy Pack Training Product" and unless it can be proved that this "Energy Pack Training Product" is a real retailable product, then it sure seems AMA Nation is at the least operating in an area colored some scary shade of gray.
Then there is the aspect of the AMA Nation compensation plan where they take a chunk of the $40 a month website fee and pay it out as commissions to distributors. I would have missed this aspect entirely if my research has relied solely on the official AMA Nation compensation plan document and recorded webinar presentation since it is never "directly" mentioned in either. In fact I had to work my way up to some pretty high ranking consultants in AMA to get a full explanation on this.
I'll leave it up for you to decide. My thoughts are really quite simple. I don't believe AMA Nation has any intent of wrongdoing nor do I think they are doing anybody wrong. They sell real products and services of real value. The problem is that a couple major components of their compensation plan violate a couple of the most fundamental MLM compensation rules. There is no reason their comp plan could not be altered to avoid this obvious flaw but as it stands I sure would not want to put effort into a company with such obvious structural flaws.
In addition, what kind of doubt does this cast on the leadership of AMA Nation? There is just no reason to take this kind of chance. Yes I know that Peter Jensen is no newcomer to MLM, but there is no denying that his primary home run was YTB which has been in a LOT OF REGULATORY HEAT & LAWSUITS for very similar issues. I personally believe YTB is a flat out illegal pyramid disguised as an MLM and that AMA Nation is a legit MLM with a comp plan that has components making it unnecessarily open to being seen as an illegal pyramid. For the sake of all the AMA consultants, I hope AMA Nation changes these areas before regulators bring the heat like they did with YTB & Burnelounge. To be fair, YTB is still in business but it is merely a fraction of the size it was before their myriad of lawsuits.
I do realize that AMA Nation claims to have retained one of the above referenced/quoted lawyers as their legal counsel but since I've worked with MLM lawyers on consulting deals in the past I also know that paying a lawyer for startup advice does not mean you have to take the advice and I would imagine this is what went down.
On the other side of the coin, Ambit Energy utilizes tried and true network marketing compensation plan structure that has been utilized by some of the largest and most successful companies in the industry. There is never a 100% guarantee that you are legally bulletproof but there is no reason to take unnecessary risks either.
So if you've been debating between Ambit Energy and AMA Nation and have spoken to anybody in AMA Nation about your debate more than likely they have brought up the fact that several "big names" in Ambit left and went over to AMA Nation because it was a better deal. Specifically they always mention an unnamed Executive Consultant (Manny Cintron). Our good friend Manny has been shouting off that he made 247k (the number varies slightly depending on who you talk to) in his last year with Ambit and had run the numbers and if he were in AMA he would have made $22,500 per month more. Wow, sounds pretty compelling right?
I can personally verify Manny Cintron never made even ½ of what he claims in Ambit Energy. I know this because he was never ranked above me as an income earner and yet he claims to have made about twice what I made in that same period. Adding insult to injury, conversation with his former upline revealed that he never even made a combined 100k his entire Ambit career. If you hear this lie being used against Ambit Energy ask for proof and that's as far as the conversation will go because there is none.
Because Ambit Energy is a coding based compensation plan and AMA Nation is a binary based compensation plan it is LITERALLY IMPOSSIBLE directly compare the two with the kind of precision he claims. Yes you can look at each plan and show which one pays out more money overall on a per customer basis which is what I've done in this review but actual income earned depends heavily on where your leaders are sponsored. In a coding plan it depends on what rank you are when you sponsor your producing consultants and in a binary plan it depends on the balance of your two teams as they grow. There are plenty of people in both companies that have huge teams but don't make as much as people with smaller teams because of how it can grow beyond where you get paid.
I certainly don't have any problem with anybody from Ambit heading over to AMA if they feel it's going to work out for them but there is no reason to bend the truth as far as it's being bent here. There is plenty of room for competition even if we just stick with the boring truth.
So often in network marketing it is tough to overcome the credibility factor and negative stigma of the industry. Ambit is only the second (apparently Herbalife did it back in the late 80s, but I've not been able to verify this, somebody please contact me if you know for sure) network marketing company in the history of INC.500 to be named #1 fastest growing. Ambit has a BBB A-Rating and is also is a member of the DSA (Direct Selling Association). I'm not implying AMA Nation or any other company that does not have some of these credibility factors behind them or that they are not credible but it sure is nice to be in a position of such strength as Ambit is where the question of legitimacy and credibility becomes a non-issue.
The only real plus for AMA Nation as I see it is they currently have more territory in which they operate. Even though this is only possible through partnerships with other energy companies and I don't think they will compete well in that scenario they do still have the ability to offer more territory on paper. This advantage won't last long so I hope AMA consultants enjoy it while it lasts. Ambit is in the middle of an epic expansion blitz and within 18 months I don't think AMA Nation will have the territory lead anymore.
In my opinion, the big negative is the major legal question marks (and that's putting it mildly) regarding compensation. There is just no reason to take the kind of risks they are taking with their compensation plan. I just don't get it, somebody please enlighten me here if I've completely missed the mark in my analysis.
As for Ambit Energy, you have a company with an unprecedented level of credibility, a free energy program with no rival but in the end it comes down to real residual income and the above analysis shows the vast majority of customers will fall in the usage level where Ambit pays much more than needed to compensate for the few customers where AMA will pay more.
Don't be afraid, it's an open forum so share your thoughts and if you're with AMA and reading this review please let me know if I've incorrectly represented anything. My goal is to be 100% factual and if I'm off the mark let me know.


Actress Caroline Quentin joined us at our brand new 21st century state of the art Inpatient Unit in Brentry on 22nd November 2018 in her role as Room to Care Appeal Patron. Caroline announced the success of our Room to Care Appeal in raising the £2.53 million needed to build the Inpatient Unit, with individuals, businesses and organisations across the city supporting the appeal.
Caroline said, "When we first started on this journey, it seemed like a really big ask and we knew we were doing something really important for Bristol. We asked the people of Bristol to step up and they have done that in the most extraordinary way."
"It's very hard to describe what an exceptional piece of work this is. I want to say a special thank you to the staff, the nurses, the doctors, the consultants and the patients who I come to see and spend my time with for being here today."
"And thank you for all the help from your wonderful local newspapers, and the great support from communities and businesses."
"And I want to say welcome home!"


text:
Manndzri bin Hj Nasib is a Malaysian politician, who is a member of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), a component party of the Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition. He has served as the Member of Parliament of Tenggara since November 2022.

Early life and education
Born and raised in Johor, Manndzri continued his studies at the University of Science Malaysia in Pulau Pinang, where he graduated with a bachelor's degree in management, with a concentration in marketing.

Early career
Manndzri worked within the Prime Minister's Office, where he was the chief assistant director in the Economic Planning Unit. Moreover, he was also the deputy strategic director within FELDA under the Prime Minister's Office.

Political career
Manndzri is currently the youth chief of the Division of Tenggara, where he was elected as a candidate for the Tenggara parliamentary seat, succeeding the former health minister Adham Baba, who is also the division chief of UMNO Tenggara.

Election result

References

Living people
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian Muslims
United Malays National Organisation politicians
21st-century Malaysian politicians
Universiti Sains Malaysia alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)


Unfortunately, this is actually not about the Son Jung Wan F/W 2012 Collection, since I couldn't get credentials for any MB Fashion Shows this spring.
But it's great when the designers puts enough creativity into their goodie bags that everybody who gets the bags (or in this case, boxes) acts as human advertisements for the designer long after the show has ended.
Having a box that's big enough so it wouldn't fit into many, if any bags.
Having a box in the first place as opposed to having a goodie bag, since people carry boxes a lot differently than they do bags.
Coloring the box bright red to attract immediate attention in a place where 95% of the people are wearing darker colors.
Making the box sturdy and expensive enough so that people won't just take the scarf inside, and throw the box into the first garbage can.
Lastly, printing his name in a very readable san-serif font and in the perfect size for just the right amount of attention without being obnoxious.
All in all, a very well-thought-out way of marketing via. goodie bags, and definitely something for a lot of other designers to think about for the September fashion week. Because out of all the designer goodie bags I saw over the two days that I was at Lincoln Center, Son Jung Wan's is the only one that I still remember (or rather, the only one that I even really noticed).


Pregnancy and delivery are a big deal. In recent years it has become more common for women to be prepared for the various changes that happen in the belly and pelvis after being pregnant. But there's still a lot of mystery around how to make sure you heal fully!
Whether your pregnancy ended in miscarriage, a vaginal birth, or a cesarean birth, there is a lot that can be done to help you feel comfortable in your body once the dust has settled. Too often, after women are released from a doctor's care at six weeks they are left feeling they just have to live with however their body feels at that time. Nothing could be farther from the truth.
While some women seem back to "normal" six weeks after their delivery or the end of their pregnancy, most women benefit from more specific care.
As you move from carrying your child inside your body to carrying and caring for your child outside your body, a lot of discomfort can arise. My work in-person and through my online programs here are meant to help.
Click through for more information related to recovering after a miscarriage.
Click through for more information about your cesarean scar or other complications.
Click here to read about recovering from a vaginal birth.


Wu, W.C. & Yang, Y.T. (2008). The Impact of Digital Storytelling and of Thinking Styles on Elementary School Students' Creative Thinking, Learning Motivation, and Academic Achievement. In K. McFerrin, R. Weber, R. Carlsen & D. Willis (Eds.), Proceedings of SITE 2008--Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 975-981). Las Vegas, Nevada, USA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). Retrieved April 22, 2019 from https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/27303/.


The top of Squire Way becomes a T-junction. The right-hand T is a cul-de-sac, and Henfield House is a large, white house in the T. This is fairly close to the site of the now demolished Broomfields.
Henfield House: A photo from a frosty January morning in 2017.


Apart from hydrogen, nonmetals are located in the p-block. Helium, although an s-block element, is normally placed above neon (in the p-block) on account of its noble gas property.
In chemistry, a nonmetal (or non-metal) is a chemical element that mostly lacks metallic attributes. Physically, nonmetals tend to be highly volatile (easily vaporized), have low elasticity, and are good insulators of heat and electricity; chemically, they tend to have high ionization energy and electronegativity values, and gain or share electrons when they react with other elements or compounds. Seventeen elements are generally classified as nonmetals; most are gases (hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, neon, chlorine, argon, krypton, xenon and radon); one is a liquid (bromine), and a few are solids (carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, and iodine).
Moving rightward across the standard form of the periodic table, nonmetals adopt structures that have progressively fewer nearest neighbours. Polyatomic nonmetals have structures with either three nearest neighbours, as is the case (for example) with carbon (in its standard state[n 1] of graphite), or two nearest neighbours (for example) in the case of sulfur. Diatomic nonmetals, such as hydrogen, have one nearest neighbour, and the monatomic noble gases, such as helium, have none. This gradual fall in the number of nearest neighbours is associated with a reduction in metallic character and an increase in nonmetallic character. The distinction between the three categories of nonmetals, in terms of receding metallicity is not absolute. Boundary overlaps occur as outlying elements in each category show (or begin to show) less-distinct, hybrid-like or atypical properties.
Although five times more elements are metals than nonmetals, two of the nonmetals—hydrogen and helium—make up over 99 per cent of the observable Universe, and one—oxygen—makes up close to half of the Earth's crust, oceans and atmosphere. Living organisms are also composed almost entirely of nonmetals, and nonmetals form many more compounds than metals.
The marvelous variety and infinite subtlety of the non-metallic elements, their compounds, structures and reactions, is not sufficiently acknowledged in the current teaching of chemistry.
There is not a rigorous definition of a nonmetal. They show more variability in their properties than do metals. The following are some of the chief characteristics of nonmetals. Physically, they largely exist as monatomic gases, with a few having more substantial (but still open-packed) diatomic or polyatomic forms, unlike metals, which are nearly all solid and close-packed; if solid, they generally have a submetallic or dull appearance and are brittle, as opposed to metals, which are lustrous, ductile or malleable; they usually have lower densities than metals; are poor conductors of heat and electricity when compared to metals; and have significantly lower melting points and boiling points than those of metals (with the exception of carbon). Chemically, the nonmetals have relatively high ionisation energy and high electronegativity; they usually exist as anions or oxyanions in aqueous solution; generally form ionic or interstitial compounds when mixed with metals, unlike metals, which form alloys; and have acidic oxides whereas the common oxides of the metals are basic.
Arsenic (here sealed in a container to prevent tarnishing) is commonly classified as a metalloid, or at other times as a nonmetal, or as a metal.
The elements generally classified as nonmetals include one element in group 1 (hydrogen); one in group 14 (carbon); two in group 15 (nitrogen and phosphorus); three in group 16 (oxygen, sulfur and selenium); most of group 17 (fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine); and all of group 18 (with the possible exception of oganesson).
The distinction between nonmetals and metals is by no means clear. The result is that a few borderline elements lacking a preponderance of either nonmetallic or metallic properties are classified as metalloids; and some elements classified as nonmetals are instead sometimes classified as metalloids, or vice versa. For example, selenium (Se), a nonmetal, is sometimes classified instead as a metalloid, particularly in environmental chemistry; and astatine (At), which is a metalloid and a halogen, is sometimes classified instead as a nonmetal.
Nonmetals have structures in which each atom usually forms (8 − N) bonds with (8 − N) nearest neighbours, where N is the number of valence electrons. Each atom is thereby able to complete its valence shell and attain a stable noble gas configuration. Exceptions to the (8 − N) rule occur with hydrogen (which only needs one bond to complete its valence shell), carbon, nitrogen and oxygen. Atoms of the latter three elements are sufficiently small such that they are able to form alternative (more stable) bonding structures, with fewer nearest neighbours. Thus, carbon is able to form its layered graphite structure, and nitrogen and oxygen are able to form diatomic molecules having triple and double bonds, respectively. The larger size of the remaining non-noble nonmetals weakens their capacity to form multiple bonds and they instead form two or more single bonds to two or more different atoms. Sulfur, for example, forms an eight-membered molecule in which the atoms are arranged in a ring, with each atom forming two single bonds to different atoms.
From left to right across the standard form of periodic table, as metallic character decreases, nonmetals therefore adopt structures that show a gradual reduction in the numbers of nearest neighbours—three or two for the polyatomic nonmetals, through one for the diatomic nonmetals, to zero for the monatomic noble gases. A similar pattern occurs more generally, at the level of the entire periodic table, in comparing metals and nonmetals. There is a transition from metallic bonding among the metals on the left of the table through to covalent or Van der Waals (electrostatic) bonding among the nonmetals on the right of the table. Metallic bonding tends to involve close-packed centrosymmetric structures with a high number of nearest neighbours. Post-transition metals and metalloids, sandwiched between the true metals[n 3] and the nonmetals, tend to have more complex structures with an intermediate number of nearest neighbours.[n 4] Nonmetallic bonding, towards the right of the table, features open-packed directional (or disordered) structures with fewer or zero nearest neighbours. As noted, this steady reduction in the number of nearest neighbours, as metallic character decreases and nonmetallic character increases, is mirrored among the nonmetals, the structures of which gradually change from polyatomic, to diatomic, to monatomic.
As is the case with the major categories of metals, metalloids and nonmetals, there is some variation and overlapping of properties within and across each category of nonmetal. Among the polyatomic nonmetals, carbon, phosphorus and selenium—which border the metalloids—begin to show some metallic character. Sulfur (which borders the diatomic nonmetals), is the least metallic of the polyatomic nonmetals but even here shows some discernible metal-like character (discussed below). Of the diatomic nonmetals, iodine is the most metallic. Its number of nearest neighbours is sometimes described as 1+2 hence it is almost a polyatomic nonmetal. Within the iodine molecule, significant electronic interactions occur with the two next nearest neighbours of each atom, and these interactions give rise, in bulk iodine, to a shiny appearance and semiconducting properties. Of the monatomic nonmetals, radon is the most metallic and begins to show some cationic behaviour, which is unusual for a nonmetal.
The polyatomic nonmetals are distinguished from the diatomic nonmetals by virtue of having higher coordination numbers, higher melting points (in their thermodynamically most stable forms), and higher boiling points; and having wider liquid ranges and lower room temperature volatility. More generally they show a marked tendency to exist in allotropic forms, and a stronger inclination to catenate; and have a weaker ability to form hydrogen bonds. The ability of carbon to catenate, in particular, is fundamental to the field of organic chemistry and life on Earth.[n 6] All of the polyatomic nonmetals are solids, and all are known in either malleable, pliable or ductile forms; most also have lower ionisation energies and electronegativities than those of the diatomic nonmetals.
Seven nonmetals exist as diatomic molecules in their standard states: hydrogen (H2); nitrogen (N2); oxygen (O2); fluorine (F2); chlorine (Cl2); bromine (Br2); and iodine (I2). They are generally highly insulating, highly electronegative, non-reflective gases, noting that bromine, a liquid, and iodine, a solid, are both volatile at room temperature. Exceptions to this generalised description occur at the boundaries of the category: hydrogen has a comparatively low electronegativity due to its unique atomic structure;[n 7] iodine, in crystalline form, is semi-lustrous, and a semiconductor in the direction of its layers,[n 8] both of these attributes being consistent with incipient metallic character.
The diatomic nonmetals are distinguished from the polyatomic nonmetals by virtue of having lower coordination numbers, lower melting points (compared to the polyatomic nonmetals in their thermodynamically most stable forms), and lower boiling points; and having narrower liquid ranges[n 9] and greater room temperature volatility. More generally, they show less inclination to exist in allotropic forms, and to catenate; and have a stronger ability to form hydrogen bonds. Most are also gases, and have higher ionisation energies and higher electronegativities than those of the polyatomic nonmetals.
Six nonmetals occur naturally as monatomic noble gases: helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and the radioactive radon (Rn). They comprise a group of chemical elements with very similar properties. In their standard states they are all colorless, odourless, nonflammable gases with characteristically very low chemical reactivity.
With their closed valence shells, the noble gases have the highest first ionization potentials in each of their periods, and feeble interatomic forces of attraction, with the latter property resulting in very low melting and boiling points. That is why they are all gases under standard conditions, even those with atomic masses larger than many normally solid elements.
The status of the period 7 congener of the noble gases, element 118 (oganesson) is not known—it may or may not be a noble gas. It was originally predicted to be a noble gas but may instead be a fairly reactive solid with an anomalously low first ionisation potential, due to relativistic effects. On the other hand, if relativistic effects peak in period 7 at element 112, copernicium (as is thought to be the case), oganesson may turn out to be a noble gas after all, albeit more reactive than either xenon or radon.
Hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, plus the noble gases are collectively referred to as the elemental gases. These elements are gaseous at standard temperature and pressure (STP). They are also distinguished by having the lowest densities, lowest melting and boiling points, strongest insulating properties, and highest electronegativity and ionization energy values in the periodic table.
It is not known if any synthetic elements with atomic number above 99 are gases. If it transpires that copernicium and flerovium are gaseous metals at or near room temperature, as some calculations have suggested, the category of elemental gases may need to be sub-divided into metallic and nonmetallic gases.
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur are sometimes referred to or categorised as organogens, CHONPS elements or biogens.[n 10] Collectively these six nonmetals are required for all life on Earth.[n 11] They are further distinguished—in comparison to the halogens (F, Cl, Br, I, At) and noble gases—by their general capacity (or potential) to form allotropes;[n 12] high atomisation energies; intermediate electron affinities;[n 13] reactivity combined with low toxicity;[n 14] ability to form alloys with metals; and the weak or neutral acid-base character of their group hydrides.
Selenium, and possibly boron, silicon, arsenic and tellurium, plus the organogen elements are sometimes categorized together as other nonmetals, as they fall outside the halogens and noble gases. The first five of these (Se; B, Si, As, Te) differ from the organogens: none are universally required for life; arsenic is notoriously poisonous; and tellurium hydride is a fairly strong, rather than weak, acidic hydride.
Characteristic and other properties of polyatomic nonmetals, diatomic nonmetals, and the monatomic noble gases are summarized in the following table. Physical properties are listed in loose order of ease of determination; chemical properties run from general to specific, and then to descriptive.
Many nonmetals have less stable allotropes, with either nonmetallic or metallic properties. Graphite, the standard state of carbon, has a lustrous appearance and is a fairly good electrical conductor. The diamond allotrope of carbon is clearly nonmetallic, however, being translucent and having a relatively poor electrical conductivity. Carbon is also known in several other allotropic forms, including semiconducting buckminsterfullerene (C60). Nitrogen can form gaseous tetranitrogen (N4), an unstable polyatomic molecule with a lifetime of about one microsecond. Oxygen is a diatomic molecule in its standard state; it also exists as ozone (O3), an unstable polyatomic nonmetallic allotrope with a half-life of around half an hour. Phosphorus, uniquely, exists in several allotropic forms that are more stable than that of its standard state as white phosphorus (P4).[n 16] The red and black allotropes are probably the best known; both are semiconductors; black phosphorus, in addition, has a lustrous appearance. Phosphorus is also known as diphosphorus (P2), an unstable diatomic allotrope. Sulfur has more allotropes than any other element; all of these, except plastic sulfur (a metastable ductile mixture of allotropes) have nonmetallic properties. Selenium has several nonmetallic allotropes, all of which are much less electrically conducting than its standard state of grey "metallic" selenium. Iodine is also known in a semiconducting amorphous form. Under sufficiently high pressures, just over half of the nonmetals, starting with phosphorus at 1.7 GPa, have been observed to form metallic allotropes.
Hydrogen and helium are estimated to make up approximately 99 per cent of all ordinary matter in the universe. Less than five per cent of the Universe is believed to be made of ordinary matter, represented by stars, planets and living beings. The balance is made of dark energy and dark matter, both of which are poorly understood at present.
Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen constitute the great bulk of the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, crust, and biosphere; the remaining nonmetals have abundances of 0.5 per cent or less. In comparison, 35 per cent of the crust is made up of the metals sodium, magnesium, aluminium, potassium and iron; together with a metalloid, silicon. All other metals and metalloids have abundances within the crust, oceans or biosphere of 0.2 per cent or less.
Nonmetals, in their elemental forms, are extracted from: brine: Cl, Br, I; liquid air: N, O, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe; minerals: C (coal; diamond; graphite); F (fluorite); P (phosphates); I (in sodium iodate NaIO3 and sodium iodide NaI); natural gas: H, He, S; and from ores, as processing byproducts: Se (especially copper ores); and Rn (uranium bearing ores).
For prevalent and speciality applications of individual nonmetals see the main article for each element.
Nonmetals do not have any universal or near-universal applications. This is not the case with metals, most of which have structural uses; nor the metalloids, the typical uses of which extend to (for example) oxide glasses, alloying components, and semiconductors.
Shared applications of different subsets of the nonmetals instead encompass their presence in, or specific uses in the fields of cryogenics and refrigerants: H, He, N, O, F and Ne; fertilisers: H, N, P, S, Cl (as a micronutrient) and Se; household accoutrements: H (primary constituent of water), He (party balloons), C (in pencils, as graphite), N (beer widgets), O (as peroxide, in detergents), F (as fluoride, in toothpaste), Ne (lighting), P (matches), S (garden treatments), Cl (bleach constituent), Ar (insulated windows), Se (glass; solar cells), Br (as bromide, for purification of spa water), Kr (energy saving fluorescent lamps), I (in antiseptic solutions), Xe (in plasma TV display cells) and Rn (as an unwanted, potentially hazardous indoor pollutant); industrial acids: C, N, F, P, S and Cl; inert air replacements: N, Ne, S (in sulfur hexafluoride SF6), Ar, Kr and Xe; lasers and lighting: He, C (in carbon dioxide lasers, CO2), N, O (in a chemical oxygen iodine laser), F (in a hydrogen fluoride laser, HF), Ne, S (in a sulfur lamp), Ar, Kr and Xe; and medicine and pharmaceuticals: He, O, F, Cl, Br, I, Xe and Rn.
The number of compounds formed by nonmetals is vast. The first nine places in a "top 20" table of elements most frequently encountered in 8,427,300 compounds, as listed in the Chemical Abstracts Service register for July 1987, were occupied by nonmetals. Hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen were found in the majority (greater than 64 per cent) of compounds. The highest rated metal, with an occurrence frequency of 2.3 per cent, was iron, in 11th place.
Sulfur and carbon were known in antiquity. The earliest known use of charcoal dates to around 3750 BCE. The Egyptians and Sumerians employed it for the reduction of copper, zinc, and tin ores in the manufacture of bronze. Diamonds were probably known from as early as 2500 BCE. The first true chemical analyses were made in the 18th century; Lavoisier recognized carbon as an element in 1789. Sulfur usage dates from before 2500 BCE; it was recognized as an element by Antoine Lavoisier in 1777.
Phosphorus was prepared from urine, by Hennig Brand, in 1669. It was the first element to be chemically discovered.
Cavendish, in 1766, was the first to distinguish hydrogen from other gases, although Paracelsus around 1500, Robert Boyle (1670), and Joseph Priestley (?) had observed its production by reacting strong acids with metals. Lavoisier named it in 1793. Carl Wilhelm Scheele obtained oxygen by heating mercuric oxide and nitrates in 1771, but did not publish his findings until 1777. Priestley also prepared this new "air" by 1774, but only Lavoisier recognized it as a true element; he named it in 1777. Rutherford discovered nitrogen while he was studying at the University of Edinburgh. He showed that the air in which animals breathed, after removal of exhaled carbon dioxide, was no longer able to burn a candle. Scheele, Henry Cavendish, and Priestley also studied this element at about the same time; Lavoisier named it in 1775-6. Scheele obtained chlorine from hydrochloric acid, but thought it was an oxide. Only in 1808 did Humphry Davy recognize it as an element.
Courtois, in 1811, discovered iodine in the ashes of seaweed. In 1817, when Berzelius and Johan Gottlieb Gahn were working with lead they discovered a substance that was similar to tellurium. After more investigation Berzelius concluded that it was a new element, related to sulfur and tellurium. Because tellurium had been named for the Earth, Berzelius named the new element "selenium", after the moon. Balard and Gmelin both discovered bromine in the autumn of 1825 and published their results in the following year.
In 1868, Janssen and Lockyer independently observed a yellow line in the solar spectrum that did not match that of any other element. In 1895, in each case at around the same time, Ramsay, Cleve, and Langlet independently observed helium trapped in cleveite. André-Marie Ampère predicted an element analogous to chlorine obtainable from hydrofluoric acid, and between 1812 and 1886 many researchers tried to obtain it. Fluorine was eventually isolated by Moissan, in 1886. In 1894, Lord Rayleigh and Ramsay discovered argon by comparing the molecular weights of nitrogen prepared by liquefaction from air and nitrogen prepared by chemical means. It was the first noble gas to be isolated. In 1898, within a period of three weeks, Ramsay and Travers successively separated krypton, neon and xenon from liquid argon by their differences in boiling points. In 1898, Dorn discovered a radioactive gas resulting from the radioactive decay of radium; Ramsay and Robert Whytlaw-Gray subsequently isolated radon in 1910.
↑ The standard state of an element (with one exception) is the most thermodynamically stable form of the element at ambient conditions. The exception is phosphorus, the standard state of which is the white allotrope, the most thermodynamically unstable, as well as the most volatile and reactive form. It is also the most common, industrially important, and easily reproducible allotrope. For those reasons white phosphorus (rather than the black allotrope, which is the most thermodynamically stable form) is the standard state of the element.
↑ Triple bonding is thought to represent the limit for main-group elements. Of the diatomic nonmetals only hydrogen has a shorter bond length, at 74 pm.
↑ True metals are the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, lanthanides, actinides, and d-block metals up to group 11.
↑ Structural complexity in the post-transition metals arises due to the influence of partially covalent bonding, the directionality of which dictates fewer nearest neighbours.
↑ Metallic or metalloidal character is further shown by sulfur, as follows. It is a solid, as are nearly all metals, and all metalloids, whereas the large majority of nonmetals are not. It has the highest superconducting transition phase critical temperature (10 K at 93 GPa) among the non-metallic elements. Its most stable oxidation state is +6. It has a well-established cationic chemistry in superacidic media, extending to the isolation of sulfur salts such as [S4]2+[SbF6]−2, a pale-yellow solid that is stable at room temperature. The lower electronegativity of sulfur compared to its lighter congenor, oxygen, largely means that transition metal sulfides are more likely to be alloy-like semiconductors or metallic conductors than the corresponding oxides, a trend also evident in lanthanide sulfides. Thus, cerium sulfide (CeS) has a metallic bronze lustre, exhibits high-level metallic electrical conductivity, and can be machined like a metal, and samarium sulfide (SmS), a black semiconductor, can reportedly adopt a golden metallic phase by way of pressure, polishing or simply scratching on single crystals. The diminished nonmetallic character of sulfur (and conversely its increased metallic character) is further shown by the fact that zinc sulfide does not dissolve in alkaline solution whereas zinc oxide does. Sulfur can be combined with carbon to form a disulfide (CS2), which, above 50 GPa, undergoes an insulator-to-metal transition. As yet this is puzzling behaviour given the most "metallic" organic polymers, other than compressed CS2, exhibit barely metallic conductivity. When sulfur is introduced as a doping agent, it causes silicon to exhibit metal-like conduction and associated enhanced light absorption characteristics (from low-frequency visible light through near- and short-wave-infrared wavelengths that would normally pass right through regular silicon). Sulfur is a photoconductor (sometimes described as a semiconductor), which means that its electrical conductivity increases by up to a million-fold when illuminated. The first photocopy was produced in 1938 using a photoconductive layer of fused sulfur on a zinc plate. Sulfur becomes a (liquid) semiconductor at 900 °C, with an electrical conductivity of 5 × 10−5 S•cm−1 (about a trillion times that of its room temperature conductivity, and twice that of boron, a metalloid). In 2013 researchers reported metallic conductivity in linear chains of sulfur atoms, isolated inside carbon nanotubes, at ambient conditions. Sulfur trioxide is a glass-former, as are oxides of phosphorus and selenium and, at 40 GPa, carbon dioxide.
↑ After carbon, phosphorus shows the next strongest ability to catenate.
↑ Hydrogen's single electron is not shielded from the single proton in its nucleus, resulting in hydrogen having an ionisation energy on par with that of oxygen. However, this configuration also means that a hydrogen atom's ability to attract another electron to itself is compromised by its single proton not being able to fully stabilise the electron-electron repulsion forces that arise between two valence shell electrons (resulting in the instability of the hydride H− ion).
↑ Iodine is an insulator in the direction perpendicular to its crystalline layers.
↑ The liquid range of an element is the difference between its melting point and boiling point.
↑ Selenium is counted as a metalloid in the last case, rather than a nonmetal.
↑ Carbon, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur exist in well known allotropic forms. Hydrogen is known in metastable monatomic and unstable triatomic forms, in addition to its stable diatomic form. Monatomic hydrogen has a lifetime of a few tenths of a second to hours depending on the production technique (heating, electric arc or discharge, UV or microwave irradiation, electron bombardment) and containment method. It can be used, via a Langmuir torch, to weld or melt high melting point metals or compounds. Triatomic hydrogen is unstable and breaks up in under a millionth of a second. Its fleeting lifetime makes it rare, but it is quite commonly formed and destroyed in the universe. For nitrogen, the as yet unsynthesized allotrope octaazacubane (N8) is predicted to be metastable.
↑ Phosphorus in its most thermodynamically stable black form is generally inert (although still reactive compared to the noble gases) and has a low toxicity. White phosphorus, the most commonly known and encountered form, is metastable, highly reactive, flammable and poisonous.
↑ Carbon as exfoliated (expanded) graphite, and as metre-long carbon nanotube wire; phosphorus as white phosphorus (soft as wax, pliable and can be cut with a knife, at room temperature); sulfur as plastic sulfur; and selenium as selenium wires.
↑ White phosphorus is the most common, industrially important, and easily reproducible allotrope. For those reasons it is the standard state of the element. Paradoxically, it is also thermodynamically the least stable, as well as the most volatile and reactive form.


text:
America: It's time to dump Trump
Think Donald Trump is a strong conservative alternative to President Obama? You might want to think again! Pat and Stu juxtaposed some of his recent, aggressive comments with ones he made not that long ago. He criticized Bush, praised Obama, and more!
What were some of the things he was saying just two years ago?
Trump right after 2008 election: "Bush has been so bad, maybe the worst president in the history of this country." "So incompetent, so bad, so evil."
For comparison, Trump now says: " [Obama]'s been a horrible president. I always said the worst president was Jimmy Carter."
Trump in 2008: "You can be enemies with people, whether it's Iran or Iraq or any other place, have dialogue. [Bush people] won't even talk to him. It's terrible."
Stu pointed out that Trump is essentially making a policy statement here. "Bush sucks because he won't talk to President Ahmadinejad. That was his point there: We should be meeting with these people; we can have a dialogue."
Trump in 2008 on Obama: "I think he has a chance to go down as a great president. Now, if he's not a great president, this country's in trouble. I think he's going to lead through consensus. It's not going to be a bull run like Bush did, he just did whatever the hell he wanted, go into a country, attack Iraq which had nothing to do with the World Trade Center, just do it because he wanted to do it."
"Now, this reminds me of why I thought Donald Trump was a liberal Democrat in the first place. And I was blown away when he announced he was a Republican and he was maybe going to run for the Republican nomination," Pat said.
"I mean, we were talking all the redistribution of wealth, we were talking about all the socialist policies, we were talking about how this guy wanted to completely reshape American foreign policy and has, by the way. We were talking about a guy who didn't really take Islamic extremism seriously; he didn't really believe that you couldn't negotiate with Ahmadinejad. All of those things. And Trump was okay with it all," Pat added
President Obama was more than eager to talk about The Donald's remarks in a recent interview because it makes conservatives look ridiculous.
"All of us have been struck by Donald rising to the top of the Republican field by feeding fantasies about your background. What do you make of that?" The President was asked.
"I think that over the past two and a half years there's been an effort to go at me in a way that is politically expedient in the short term for Republicans but creates I think a problem for them when they want to actually run in a general election when most people feel pretty confident the president was born where he says he was, in Hawaii," Obama responded.
Stu said, "It draws attention away from him raising taxes, from him trying to soak the rich, from him doing things that seem completely suicidal to our economy. Instead he could just be, he can just say, oh, well, that's people, they don't even think I was born here."
"The fact that someone's even talking about the Birther thing at this point, the guy's been president for two years. I mean, I don't know, I don't know at this point why it would even possibly be valid," Stu concluded.


James Gow is Professor of International Peace and Security and Co-Director of the War Crimes Research Group at King's College London. He is a non-resident scholar with the Liechtenstein Institute, Princeton University and previously lectured in European Studies at Hatfield Polytechnic (now the University of Hertfordshire). He has served as an expert adviser and an expert witness for the Office of the Prosecutor at the UN International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, where he was the first ever witness at an international criminal tribunal, and as an Expert Adviser to the UK Secretary of State for Defence. Gow has held visiting positions at the University of Sheffield, the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, Columbia University, and Princeton University. His numerous publications include War and War Crimes, Prosecuting War Crimes: Lessons and Legacies of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and Security, Democracy and War Crimes, all in 2013, and most recently, The Art of Creating Power: Freedman on Strategy, in 2017. In 2013, Gow won a Leverhulme Trust Major Research Fellowship to research and write on the trial of General Ratko Mladić and the legacy of the International Criminal Tribunal, and is presently engaged on a major collaborative project, funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council, 'Art and Reconciliation: Conflict, Culture and Community', with Dr. Rachel Kerr and colleagues at the University of the Arts and the London School of Economics.


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