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Thailand promotes southern economic development scheme
The National Economic and Social Development Council (NESDC) plans to propose developing a Southern economic corridor (SEC) to the new government in a similar scenario to the ongoing Eastern economic corridor (EEC) scheme.
VNA Friday, July 05, 2019 19:38
Thailand adjusts alternative energy development plan
Friday, July 05, 2019 15:27
Thailand plans compulsory insurance for foreign visitors
Thursday, July 04, 2019 10:29
Thailand hosts ASEAN Ombudsman Forum
Wednesday, July 03, 2019 20:13
Thailand works to ban plastic products
The coastal road and the dual-track rail will be linked to the EEC, a site of oleochemical plants that add value to palm oil (Illustrative image - Spiegel online)
Bangkok (VNA) - The National Economic and Social Development Council (NESDC) plans to propose developing a Southern economic corridor (SEC) to the new government in a similar scenario to the ongoing Eastern economic corridor (EEC) scheme.
Local media on July 5 quoted Thosaporn Sirisamphand, secretary-general of NESDC, saying that Thailand should develop its utmost potential, especially its outstanding geography, which is a strong point of the nation.
He said that NESDC plans to propose development projects for the southern corridor in tandem with the EEC, focusing on developing agricultural and tourism products - the two core strength s of the country.
The main project of the proposed corridor is a highway along the coast of the Gulf of Thailand to link with provinces along the Andaman Sea such as Krabi, Ranong and Trang.
Thosaporn said the government has also planned to develop a dual-track rail to connect Chumphon province to Ranong province, which has a deep-sea port. The rail route will serve as a gateway to the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (Bimstec).
Beside, the high-speed rail between Bangkok and Hua Hin province will be extended to Chumphon and Surat Thani.
The coastal road and the dual-track rail will be linked to the EEC, a site of oleochemical plants that add value to palm oil, a key product of the southern provinces, he said.
The Thai cabinet approved a framework for the southern corridor in August last year, in an attempt to boost development in the South and increase the value of raw materials such as rubber and palm.-VNA
Southern economic corridor NESDC Thosaporn Sirisamphand development projects tourism product Bimstec). palm oil Thailand Vietnamplus Vietnam News Vietnam News Agency Related stories Thailand
Malaysia flood-caused losses estimated at nearly 1.5 billion USD
Floods that had devastated much of Malaysia in recent weeks have caused an estimated 6.1 billion ringgit (1.46 billion USD) in damage, a report by the country's government said on January 28.
Philippines lifts entry ban on vaccinated foreigners
The Philippines has lifted the ban on entry for foreigners who are fully vaccinated against COVID-19 in a bid to recover its struggling tourism sector.
Malaysia leads Southest Asia in FDI attraction in 2022
Malaysia has outpaced other emerging Southeast Asia peers as the most attractive country for foreign direct investment in the 2022 Milken Institute Global Opportunity Index released on January 27, said the Malaysian Ministry of International Trade and Industry on January 28.
Singapore to charge shoppers for plastic bags in 2023
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Indonesia imposes mandatory domestic sales for palm oil
Indonesia has imposed a rule starting on January 27 for a mandatory portion of palm oil to be sold domestically at a maximum price of 9,300 rupiah (0.6465 USD) per kg for crude palm oil and 10,300 rupiah per kg for olein, according to Indonesian Trade Minister Muhammad Lutfi.


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Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1961 var det femte Danske Melodi Grand Prix, og fandt sted 19. februar 1961 i Fredericia Teater i Fredericia. Værten var Sejr Volmer-Sørensen.

Vinderen blev "Angelique" sunget af Dario Campeotto, som blev nummer 5 i Eurovision Song Contest 1961.

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger
Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1961

1961
Begivenheder i 1961
Musik i 1961
Musik i Fredericia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


So, I designed a logo in CMYK color and printed it using EPSON printer. The colors match perfectly what I see in print and on monitor.
Then I convert the logo color to PMS using Illustrator's automatic conversion tool, the colors on screen pretty much stay the same, but then when I take out my Pantone color swatch book and compare the colors, there is significant difference in hue and shade between what I see on screen and print, with the Pantone swatch book in my hands.
How do I deal with this issue? Should I just manually grab my swatch book, and try to closely match the colors to the printed logo and apply those numbers to the logo on screen? Here is the rub, if I do that, the logo on screen changes in hue and shade and looks nothing close to the CMYK logo on screen and print.
So the question is, when I provide logos to the client should I provide one in CMYK color, and one in PMS color? And when the client asks "why do they look a little different in hue and shade?" I tell them "Don't worry, once that PMS logo is printed on a press it will closely resembles this CMYK logo that you see."
Yes. You provide both a CMYK and Pantone color build of a logo, as well as an RGB/Hex build, to the client. Whether a client asks for it or not a professional's job should be to provide everything the client needs, even if the client is unaware they need it.
When I start adjusting the color of a logo I am designing I use Pantone colors. The reason being that, in practice, a Pantone color is always going to be that color when reproduced professionally. So, I want to design with the most common denominator.
After I settle on coloring, I look at conversions. I never trust any software to convert the colors for me.
Software can be pretty accurate most of the time. But there are cases when it isn't. Software can be wildly inaccurate in some cases. I mean wildly. I've seen a yellow become a green when allowing software to automatically pick a closest CMYK color referencing a Pantone color.
So I start with something like Pantone 248... allow software to convert it to CMYK.. then adjust the CMYK values to better suit my personal preference.
In this case I see the software conversion wants to use 2% of black. But no commercial press is going to hold a 2% screen very well. At a minimum a 2% screen is going to be difficult to maintain. So, I personally adjust to remove that 2% black screen, adding a touch more cyan to compensate.
I then allow software to automatically convert my CMYK choice to an RGB choice. CMYK to RGB conversion is generally more accurate than spot to process or process to spot conversions.
This all may seem like it's being too meticulous. However, when you see colors next to each other, there are subtle variations.
There are differences visible in the image above, but they are exceptionally minute. A poorly calibrated monitor may not show them.
For me, these subtle variations are a great deal of WHY I'm picking colors. And I need to ensure that, given the variations, my client has access to the color I feel works best. So, to that end, I provide clients with CMYK, Pantone, and RGB files for their logo in every instance whether they know they need them or not.
If a client mentions something about why colors look slightly different, I then explain to them the various color builds and why some colors are not absolutely achievable in some color models. And I explain the efforts I take to ensure they get as close as possible in every use case and how it's just not possible to use Pantone colors on the web and for every print production run, largely due to costs. I also tend to only provide RGB color files if the client is approving digitally and only provide CMYK colors if the client is approving physically. Sending a client a CMYK PDF to view on their monitor is going to inevitably bring up the color issue. And sending spot color proofs will result in other issues depending upon what software they use to view the spot color proof (Apple's Preview application, and many web browser plug ins, won't render spot colors at all accurately in a PDF).
As for you printing Pantone colors to an Epson printer... well you aren't. Pantone is an ink system. Epson printers don't have Pantone ink cartridges. If you print a Pantone color to your Epson printer, it's being converted by the printer driver to CcMmYyK for printing, or even converted to RGB then converted a second time to CcYyMmK for printing.
PMS is an ink. It is one color. If you print a PMS color, and the print provider is actually using the Pantone ink system and they mixed the ink correctly, it will match the swatch from your book.
If you are picking a CMYK process of a PMS book swatch, you are not printing a PMS color. If you are not running (and paying for) a separate plate and ink for that PMS color, you are running a job with 4 color process and there are no PMS colors (all spot colors have been converted to process). If your logo will never be printed using a separate spot color, it will never be a PMS color.
If the second paragraph (above) describes what will happen, then do not specify a PMS color for your client, since you are simply trying to match a swatch to a CMYK color, this is the opposite of the intention behind Pantone PMS to begin with.
One thing that gives me pause in your question: you say your (consumer-grade?) Epson matches your screen. You should be calibrating your systems to match what an actual paid commercial print job result will be, otherwise you might be in for a rude awakening when your purple is mud brown and your greys are pink. You should be getting a proof of your stuff from an actual print provider from a calibrated output device. It is worth it to spend 25-50$ to ensure your workflow is "trusty" enough to pick colors on-screen.
You should never send PMS colors to anything other than an offset press. You use the CMYK breakdowns for each PMS when proofing and sending to clients.
The same goes for spot colors.
That being said here are some steps you can take to ensure you get the closest possible match.
Keep in mind that it's normal that your printer will not render the color exactly the same. There's a few things along the way that will make it almost impossible for you to match perfectly your logo on every printer you'll use; sometimes the Pantone color recipe will be respected/matched, sometimes converted by the software and printer, sometime to something RGB, etc. That's why you need to stick to one version and the most reliable for printing and most offset projects is CMYK on projects in full colors.
I'm not really sure why you are converting the whole logo to PMS. Most press operators don't print PMS if they can avoid it. It's a lot of work and is usually only done when you 100% NEED too hit a color; take Coke Red or Pepsi Blue for example.
I am afraid you did this backward.
It is a happy coincidence that your settings on your monitor and your combination of paper and Epson inks gave the same result, or probably this is simply because of a localized settings on your computer.
Unless you calibrated your monitor there is nothing on the planet that assures you that the logo will look the same on another monitor, or another printer.
This is evident because the patches do not correspond to a standardized print, aka Pantone book. So you have faced your first problem. The combination of colors only match your initial print, but failed on the second test. If you send this values to your client they will fail again and again.
A CMYK has NO meaning regarding on what color is that. The actual color depends on the color profile used, the type of inks, the paper used. That is why you need to use a standardized color and then adapt your monitor and print to that standardized color... calibrating your equipment.
I do not love Pantone system, but in this case is one of the best standardization of colors, so your logo should be in this case first defined as a Pantone and then converted to CMYK using a specific color profile.
But the good news is that you can arbitrarily choose a new PMS color. Grab your Epson print, grab a Pantone color guide and choose one you like most.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged print-design logo color-conversion pantone color-reproduction or ask your own question.
How do I identify text layers as individual PMS colors?
Is there a way to get a spot color that's not in my Pantone book?


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PERSPECTIVES BUDAPEST
Observations from Hungary and Central Europe
OT Ramblings
Tales of a Teenage Spy
KesterTester
Kester Eddy
Chapter 35 - Washington Not Impressed
Tales of a Teenage Spy - The Life and Times of Gábor Rimner
After my 'high' at the Soviet base and the subsequent report, I suppose I should have braced myself for some disappointment in advance. But I was young, enthusiastic and, yes, naïve.
The Americans had to question my report, of course, and I should have been expecting some scepticism. But I was totally unprepared for the scolding, indifferent, initial response, and the follow-up questions left me angry.
First of all, they berated me for even going on the trip: it was not my duty, they said. I couldn't believe it! What? I've volunteered to work for the United States, I then get an invitation to go to a Soviet military base, am I supposed to turn it down?
Second, they cast doubt on my whole story: they said they couldn't find the place on a map. The base was up in the mountains, maybe 5-6 km from the village, but they couldn't even find that. Of course, the village was tiny, and wouldn't appear on regular maps, but a hiker's detailed map, with all the forest paths and tracks drawn in, would have it – and the US embassy surely had military maps with even more detail.
Then, in later messages, they began to show more interest in the military aspects – but kept asking about details I'd already provided in my first report.
What, they asked, was the colour of the insignia of the corps stationed there? I'd already told them it was red. They replied: we can't really believe it was red. Are you sure it wasn't black? Well, if I'd already told them the insignia was red, did they think I was colour blind or what?
Why did I think there were intercontinental ballistic missiles at the base? Again, I'd already written the length of the vehicle I saw, and it was their books which had specified this was needed for such rockets.
Why did I think there were nuclear weapons at this base? Well, if you see a steel door, which has a nuclear sign on it, warning you radioactivity is a potential danger, what do you think? And at a Soviet army base, what is this radioactivity? It's not a power station or a hospital X-ray room.
Now, nearly half a century later, I wonder if they already knew about the base, and my report was just a confirmation of facts, but perhaps not in every detail, and that might have disturbed them. At the time I had the feeling that they didn't want to endanger my long-term tasks with such initiatives.
It's also possible they thought I had been turned by the Hungarians or Russians and was feeding them disinformation on behalf of the enemy. There is also the chance that they wanted me to think the information was unimportant. There are many possible scenarios I turned over in my mind.
But at the time, it all left me baffled, frustrated and very disappointed.
My Short, Sweet Banking Career Leads to An Unexpected Intelligence Opportunity
OTP Hungarian Savings Bank & Me – My New Career Ends Almost As Soon as it Begins
Chapter 40 - My Interior Ministry Connections Pay off in Unexpected Ways
©2020 by Perspectives Budapest. Proudly created with Wix.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Michael Hardt (Washington DC, 1960), es un teórico literario y filósofo político estadounidense, conocido sobre todo por ser autor, junto a Antonio Negri, de Imperio publicado en 2000. Esta obra fue considerada como el "Manifiesto Comunista del siglo XXI".

Hardt y Negri sostienen que las fuerzas de opresión de clases contemporáneas, globalización y mercantilización de servicios (o producción de afectos), tienen el potencial de producir un cambio social de dimensiones sin precedentes. Una secuela, Multitud: Guerra y Democracia en la era del imperio, publicada en agosto de 2004, amplía la noción, ya propugnada en Imperio,  de la multitud como posible locus de un movimiento democrático de proporciones globales.

La parte tercera y final de la trilogía, Commonwealth, apareció en el otoño de 2009. En esta obra, Hardt y Negri ofrecen un marco de referencia a partir del cual restaurar el significado de conceptos corrompidos del vocabulario político. Además, elaboran sus sugerencias previas de que el cambio social puede conseguirse a partir de las formas actuales de opresión, junto a la necesidad de repensar lo común en el comunismo para que el cambio realmente tenga lugar.

Biografía

Nacido en Bethesda, Maryland, asistió a la Winston Churchill High School en Potomac, Maryland. Hardt estudió ingeniería en el Swarthmore College, Pennsylvania de 1978 a 1983. Durante la crisis energética de los años setenta, empezó a interesarse por fuentes de energía alternativas.

Después de la universidad, trabajó para varías compañías de energía solar. También colaboró con organizaciones no gubernamentales en Centroamérica llevando ordenadores donados en EE. UU. y reciclándolos para la Universidad de El Salvador. Afirma que su actividad política hizo más por él que lo que él hizo por los salvadoreños.

En 1983, se trasladó a Seattle para estudiar literatura comparada. En 1990 terminó su doctorado en la Universidad de Washington en Olympia, Washington, desarrollando su disertación bajo la dirección de Antonio Negri. En la actualidad es profesor de Literatura e Italiano en la Duke University en Carolina del Norte. También ejerce de miembro de la asociación intelectual del European Graduate School, un consorcio de pensadores de izquierda radicado en París.

Ideas

Una de las preocupaciones de la obra de Hardt es la del goce (joy) de la vida política. "Hay que extender el concepto de amor más allá de los límites de la pareja". La política de la multitud no solo trata del dominio de los medios de producción o la liberación de la subjetividad individual. También está relacionada con la vida política y la realización de fines políticos.

Hardt no considera la enseñanza una actividad revolucionaria, ni considera a la universidad una institución política. "Si se piensa en la política como un proyecto de transformación social a gran escala, no creo en absoluto que la actividad política dependa de la universidad".

Hardt afirma que la idea de una educación pública e igual y el libre acceso a la universidad están desapareciendo gradualmente: la "guerra contra el terror" ha fomentado solo los conocimientos tecnológicos y militares, mientras las capacidades necesarias de la economía biopolítica, "la creación de ideas, imágenes, códigos, afectos, y otros bienes inmateriales" no son considerados como la clave principal de la innovación económica.

Su obra recoge influencias diversas: una apropiación contemporánea del marxismo, una recontextualización de los escritos de Deleuze y Guattari y en la actualidad el diálogo indirecto y a veces directo con otros pensadores como Slavoj Žižek, Alain Badiou o Ernesto Laclau.

Colaboración con Antonio Negri
Hardt es conocido por sus colaboraciones con Antonio Negri, siendo las más destacada  Imperio, un análisis de lo que denominan el nuevo orden biopolítico del mundo, el cambio en la noción del moderno Estado-Nación y las posibles resistencias al sistema global, y Multitud: Guerra y democracia en la era del imperio, secuela del primer libro. La tercera parte de la trilogía, Commonwealth, apareció en 2009.

Movimientos de ocupación de 2011-2012

En mayo de 2012, Michael Hardt, junto al filósofo Antonio Negri, publicó un folleto electrónico sobre los movimientos de ocupación y campamentos de 2011 a 2012, la denominada Declaración, que sostiene que el movimiento explora nuevas formas de democracia. La introducción fue publicada en el sitio de investigación sociológica y divulgación científica Jacobin, con el título "tomar el relevo".

Bibliografía

Libros
Gilles Deleuze: Un aprendizaje filosófico (1993). ISBN 978-84-460-1292-4.
El trabajo de Dionisos: Una crítica de la forma-estado, con Antonio Negri (1994). ISBN 978-84-460-1292-4.
Imperio, con Antonio Negri (2000). ISBN 978-84-493-1754-5.
Multitud: Guerra y Democracia en la era del imperio, con Antonio Negri (2004). ISBN 978-84-830-6598-3.
Commonwealth: El proyecto de una revolución en común, con Antonio Negri (2009). ISBN 978-84-460-3230-4.
La declaración de independencia (2009). ISBN 978-84-460-2876-5.

Artículos
Introducción a Declaration con Antonio Negri en Jacobin.
"The Withering of Civil Society". Social Text (Duke University Press) (45): 27–44. 1995.
"Prison Time". Yale French Studies (Yale University Press) (91): 64–79. 1997.
"Affective Labor". boundary 2 (Duke University Press) 26 (2): 89–100. 1999.
Hardt, Michael; Antonio Negri (1999). "Value and Affect". boundary 2 (Duke University Press) 26 (2): 77–88.
Hardt, Michael; Antonio Negri (2003). "The Rod of the Forest Warden: A Response to Timothy Brennan". Critical Inquiry (The University of Chicago Press) 29 (2): 368–373.

Véase también

 Social Movements Lab. Con Sandro Mezzadra.

Referencias

Comunistas de Estados Unidos
Críticos literarios de Estados Unidos
Marxistas de Estados Unidos
Profesores de la Universidad Duke
Alumnado de la Universidad de Washington
Personas de Maryland
Profesores de Estados Unidos
Nacidos en Bethesda (Maryland)


text:
Channel: Travel
Budapest International Airport Handles 4.7 M Passengers In Q3
10 Oct 2019 8:47 AM
Hungary Matters
Passenger numbers at Liszt Ferenc International airport rose by an annual 6.8% to 4.7 million in the third quarter of the year, airport operator Budapest Airport said.
The airport handled more than 1.6 million passengers in July and in August, respectively, and more than 1.5 million in September.
The number of take-offs and landings per month was around 11,570, higher than before but still lower than the 12,000 record in 2006.
Most passengers travelled between Budapest and London, followed by passengers travelling between Frankfurt, Paris, Brussels and Tel Aviv.
Photo courtesy of Budapest Airport
Budapest Airport Passengers
Launched in January 2014, this twice-daily newsletter covers 'everything you need to know about what's going on in Hungary and beyond', according to its publisher the state media agency MTI. Click the title above for more info, and to subscribe.
Liszt Ferenc International operator Budapest Airport inaugurated a pier to serve low-fare airline passengers that will gradually be expanded in an 8.5 billion forint (EUR 25.5m) investment.
New Record: 16 Million Passengers Used Budapest's Ferenc Liszt International Airport In 2019
Another record has been reached; for the first time in its history, more than 16 million passengers used Ferenc Liszt International Airport in 2019.
Passengers Escape Wizz Plane Via Emergency Chutes In Hungary
6 Jan 2020 9:21 AM
Passengers on board a Wizz Air flight waiting to leave Debrecen for Paris had to flee the plane via emergency chutes at Debrecen airport Saturday evening as it appeared that a supplementary engine of the plane had caught fire, the website Airportal reports.
Debrecen Airport To Undergo Major Developments
Eastern Hungary's biggest airport in Debrecen will see major developments in 2020, including the building of a new firehouse, revamping the terminal building and procurement of passenger safety equipment, Mayor László Papp told a press conference.
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LATEST NEWS IN travel


text:
New Zealand (Mixed Open)
Australia Trans Tasman (2017 Opens) Trans Tasman (2017 Opens) May 14, 2017 22.500
Australia Trans Tasman (2016) Trans Tasman (2016) May 1, 2016 19.688 (22.500)
Australia Trans Tasman (2016) Trans Tasman (2016) April 30, 2016 19.688 (22.500)
Australia World Cup (2015) World Cup (2015) May 3, 2015 15.625 (25.000)
France World Cup (2015) World Cup (2015) May 2, 2015 70.312 (112.500)
Papua New Guinea World Cup (2015) World Cup (2015) May 2, 2015 46.875 (75.000)
Samoa World Cup (2015) World Cup (2015) May 2, 2015 70.312 (112.500)
England World Cup (2015) World Cup (2015) May 2, 2015 70.312 (112.500)
Scotland World Cup (2015) World Cup (2015) April 30, 2015 70.312 (112.500)
Japan World Cup (2015) World Cup (2015) April 30, 2015 70.312 (112.500)
Chile World Cup (2015) World Cup (2015) April 29, 2015 140.625 (225.000)
Singapore World Cup (2015) World Cup (2015) April 29, 2015 70.312 (112.500)
Fiji World Cup (2015) World Cup (2015) April 29, 2015 93.750 (150.000)
New Zealand 49.761
The FIT World Ranking Policy is due for review.
We have suspended generating further monthly tables while we determine our future needs as it directly relates to the FIT Event Structure & Seeding Policy.


Apple, Google, Agree To Drop Patent Infringement Dispute : The Two-Way The highest-profile suit between the two companies involved one patent essential to the way cellphones operate on a 3G network.
Apple and Google have agreed to settle a patent infringement suit over smartphone technology.
Apple and Google have agreed to drop perhaps the highest-profile lawsuit in high-tech, ending litigation over smartphone patents.
"Apple and Google have agreed to dismiss all the current lawsuits that exist directly between the two companies," the tech giants said in a joint statement on Friday. The two firms added that they "have also agreed to work together in some areas of patent reform."
"The dismissed suits involve patent disputes regarding Google's Motorola Mobility handset unit. The deal doesn't include Apple's ongoing patent battles with Samsung Electronics Co., which uses Google's Android software for mobile devices."
"The most high-profile case between Apple and Motorola began in 2010. Motorola accused Apple of infringing several patents, including one essential to how cell phones operate on a 3G network, while Apple said Motorola violated its patents to certain smartphone features.
"The cases were consolidated in a Chicago federal court. However, Judge Richard Posner dismissed it in 2012 shortly before trial, saying neither company had sufficient evidence to prove its case."


The Great Library has been hosting a student from the Library and Information Technology program at Red River College for the past two weeks. Artemis Hedrich is in the final few months of the program, and this was an opportunity for her to see how a law library works. With help from legal information professional Allyssa McFadyen, she put together a display on the many resources of Manitoba law that are available both here at the Great Library and online.
This collection of papers dedicates itself to the legacy of The Honourable Justice Marshall Rothstein, who became a judge of the Supreme Court of Canada in 2006 and retired in 2015.
On November 1, 2018, amendments to the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA) came into force which impose mandatory breach reporting, notification and record-keeping requirements on organizations subject to PIPEDA. This includes law firms.
This webinar presentation is designed to provide practitioners who do not specialize in privacy law with a primer on the new PIPEDA requirements as well as an update on other cutting edge privacy law topics.
Includes 1 hour of CPD activity, including 0.5 hours of EPPM.
Includes 1 hour of CPD activity.
The CPLED Program has been the Manitoba bar admission course for the past 15 years. It has been delivered through three provincial organizations, the Legal Education Society of Alberta, the Law Society of Saskatchewan-Bar Admission Office and the Law Society of Manitoba. While the past 15 years have successfully launched many law graduates into rewarding careers, it is a program that is due for a refresh to bring it in line with the changing nature of the profession and the practice of law. Technology, diversity, increased cultural and gender awareness and changes in the way legal services are delivered have called out for changes in how we bridge law graduates from being students to being professionals. As a result, CPLED hired a new CEO last spring and significant strides have been taken to redevelop our Bar Admission program into what we are calling CPLED 2.0.
The student cannot start CPLED before September 2019 (e.g. still awaiting a Certificate of Qualification from the National Committee on Accreditation).
The CEO of CPLED, Dr. Kara Mitchelmore, will be in Winnipeg during the first week of March and would like to meet with as many employers and principals as possible. Dr. Mitchelmore would like to share with the profession what changes will be forthcoming with CPLED 2.0 and what impact that might have on articling students and their relationships within their workplaces. Larger employers will be contacted directly to set up meetings with Dr. Mitchelmore. If you are a smaller workplace that routinely takes on articling students or if you anticipate taking on an articling student in 2020 or beyond, please contact Joan Holmstrom, the Director of Manitoba CPLED, at 204-926-2017 to attend one of the presentations given by Dr. Mitchelmore on March 4th or on March 8th, 2019.
Experience as a mentor or principal.
This will be an enriching experience for lawyers who have a passion for teaching and mentoring. We hope to hear from you.


The Professional Achievement Award recognizes outstanding achievement in any professional field. This award honors alumni whose achievements in their fields have brought distinction to themselves as well as credit to the university.
Rath has been head of the Materials Science and Component Technology Directorate, Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) since 1986 and in this role supervises the work of nearly 800 scientists, covering the entire spectrum of materials science and engineering. He has held several positions spanning more than five decades, including serving as head of the Materials Science Division, NRL. He also was a senior research scientist at Bain Laboratory, in Pittsburgh, and McDonnell Douglas Research Lab, in St. Louis. In addition, Rath has served as an educator at Washington State University, Carnegie Mellon University, and the University of Maryland.
He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and has served as president of the American Society for Materials. Rath has been honored with a number of prestigious awards for his work, three of which are particularly meaningful—two Presidential Rank Awards from presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush and the Padma Bhushan, one of the highest civilian awards, awarded by the president of India.


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EXPRESSIONS OF CLEOPATRA
Cleopatra - the last of the pharaohs, the first of the women - politicians, I dream of the Egyptian-Roman Empire. Empire has become a real fact, after the death of Cleopatra with a difference only in the fact that the rulers of the empire were descended from Octavian, Caesar's nephew and not of Caesarion, his son. Cleopatra story of life, love and her tragic death is still not solved until the end. More than two thousand years, the image of Cleopatra is shrouded in a romantic aura of mystery. Historians agree that Cleopatra was a woman of exceptional intelligence, power-loving, charming, daring, ambitious, unscrupulous, insightful. She spoke seven languages, was the author of books on philosophy, units of weight, measurement and monetary system, as well as books about the hairstyles and cosmetics. Cleopatra expression now acquire interesting meaning.
Cleopatra revived the ancient rites of the religion of Egypt, adopted the symbol of the goddess Hathor - the daughter of the God Ra, and felt that a representative of God - the Sun on the Earth, the mediator between man and the gods.
On the walls of Egyptian temples (Dendera, Hermonthis) are reliefs depicting the Cleopatra, talking with God Amon. In the later years of the reign of Cleopatra dated events, leading the countdown "on (or after) Cleopatra alliance with Ammon."
The myth of Cleopatra's divine connection was not something surprising or original. Mythological fiction of this kind was used in ancient Egypt in respect of births Hatshepsut and Amenhotep III.
Cleopatra sought the desired result your brilliant mind, courage and boundless optimism, with the help of tricks, games, tricks, intrigues.
As esoteric saying, "Run thought forms or mental images to the materialisation" and then "let go of the situation" and achieved desired.
For the Roman poet Horace Cleopatra was a woman of "crazy enough to bear the most fantastic hopes of being the darling of destiny".
Cleopatra was the last queen of ancient Egypt, one of the daughters of King Ptolemy XII. She became queen at age 18 and remained until his death a person, which tell the most beautiful and most mysterious stories. Here are some of them:
* Cleopatra was identified with Isis, Venus - Hathor, Venus - Aphrodite. There is a legend that one of her famous pearl earrings was cut into two pieces and Venus statues graced the ears of the Roman pantheon. coins have been found, which depicts Cleopatra as Aphrodite with the baby Caesarion, who represented Eros.
See also: General Abrams
* In the ancient city of Ephesus (modern Turkey) it was discovered the tomb of the sister of Cleopatra - Arsenault. Analysis of the remains suggests that the mother was an African Arsenault. Scientists suggest that the mother of Cleopatra and Arsenault had a concubine of Ptolemy XII. Perhaps in Cleopatra African blood flowing.
However, according to Arthur Weygand in his book "Cleopatra. Last Queen of Egypt "," Cleopatra in the veins, probably flowed and the proportion of the Syrian blood, as her grandmother, her grandfather's mistress Latira Ptolemy, was out of the nation. Cleopatra, of course, was Macedonian, Greek and Iranian genes. "
* From the story of the ancient Greek philosopher Plutarch known that Julius Caesar "conquered proof courageous mind Cleopatra" when she told Apollodorus from Sicily to roll her in blankets, tie a rope, and so carry through the palace gates to meet with Caesar.
* Julian calendar, which is based on our present calendar system has been developed by a group of Alexandrian astronomers headed by Sozigenom and introduced by Julius Caesar from January 1, 45 BC. e. by offering to invite Cleopatra to Rome her court astronomers, who introduced a new calendar system, based on the Egyptian calendar.
* When Mark Antony Cleopatra called the first meeting, it postponed it several times. At this time, Cleopatra secretly threw up a huge ship - surprise. The huge vessel of precious wood under crimson sails, exuding a fantastic fragrance, sailed to Antony at dusk to the sound of soft music. When Anthony came to his senses from the shock, the twilight deepened, and the ship was lighted grand illumination.
* In the historical chronicles mentioned bet Cleopatra with Antony, the essence of which was the fact that she can easily spend an amount equal to several hundred thousand sesterces per meal. When the end of the feast Anthony calculated the total cost, Cleopatra said: "Now I will try to spend a specified amount on myself." The queen took off her earrings with two huge pearls, each of which cost more than half of the amount stated in the bet, he took one of the pearls, threw it into a bowl of vinegar and drank the contents.
* According to Plutarch, after the feasts that Cleopatra organized for Anthony, the queen gave each guest a sofa on which he was lying, goblets, standing in front of him on the table, and the most important guests - palanquins with slaves porters. Less important guests it provided a golden horses in harness.
See also: The property of Donald Trump's 12 most expensive things
* To commemorate the marriage of Antony and Cleopatra were minted coins, which depict their heads, and their names are written. In honor of this event Cleopatra beginning of a new chronology of his reign, and on the coins, issued six years later, next to the head of Anthony and the queen is the inscription: "In the reign of Queen Cleopatra, in 21 minutes, which is also the 6th year of the Goddess."
* For the entertainment of the Romans at the feast, Cleopatra once ordered to strew the floor of the banquet hall rose two feet in height. Flowers form a continuous carpet through nets that were stretched over them and attached to the walls, and the guests went to their lodges for fragrant carpet.
* Waste of Cleopatra knew no bounds, and it seemed an inexhaustible wealth. The alchemists of those times believed that the queen held the philosopher's stone, which gave her the opportunity to turn base metals into gold.
About Cleopatra said that the queen does not get drunk because of the magic ring with amethyst, which has the ability to expel fumes from the head of the one who carries it.
* Galen (ancient physician) remained a curious recipe of Cleopatra for the treatment of baldness. Perhaps this was the recipe that it was Caesar who hides his bald pate under a laurel wreath Emperor. As treatment advised Cleopatra "Pound red sulfur and arsenic mixed with oak resin. Putting the mixture on the cloth, and applying pre-lathered well bald spot. "
* Cleopatra gather a collection of various poisonous potions and often went to prison, there to conduct their experiments on convicted criminals.
* Of all the stories told about the huge scientific curiosity of Cleopatra, the most unusual is the story set forth in the Talmud (Nidda). It tells about the experiments conducted by the queen with her maids, was sentenced to death. Experiments were conducted to determine the point at which the fetus takes shape, becomes an embryo. I am trying to establish when really born persons by entering into his soul.
* The historian Christopher Schaefer believes that Cleopatra did not die from a snake bite, and from the deadly cocktail of opium and hemlock plants. After studying ancient medical texts, the scientist said that the death of a cobra bite occurs within a few days and appear spots on the body of the victim. Cleopatra wanted to remain beautiful even after death, so use a mixture of opium with poisonous plants.
Interesting facts about Cleopatra
However, they are all writers of antiquity issue of lethal force snakebite and the intended use of his Cleopatra, allowed Eliane Claudius - Roman writer and philosopher. He wrote, "it is extremely difficult to detect symptoms or signs of snake bites and snake venom surprising speed. When the court Octavian noticed two tiny puncture and trail snakes in the sand, they realized that without the serpent there has not been. "
See also: HEINRICH HOFFMAN ARTIST
Cleopatra's death was a kind of ritual acts with deep meaning, ritual, subordinates strict canon. Cleopatra, Octavian asked to resolve to bury Mark Antony in Egypt. She wanted to be buried next to her husband, wanted to play as the myth of Osiris and Isis.
Tomb of Cleopatra was part of the temple buildings, the remains of Queen rested on the shrine of the Goddess Isis, with which it was identified. Mausoleum hit its height and was built of precious marbles. Plutarch reports that on the orders of Octavian, the last queen of Egypt was buried beside his defeated wife - Roman.
The Roman historian Dio Cassius asserts that the body of Cleopatra as Antony was embalmed. But that's where the tomb of Cleopatra and Antony, nobody knows.
Earthquake, tsunami, armed conflicts erased from the face of the earth the ancient quarter, where generations of families have lived Cleopatra 300 years. Now the greatness and glory of ancient Alexandria buried deep in the seabed.
In April 2009, the Minister of Antiquities Zahi Hawass of Egypt said that a radar survey of the temple Taposiris Magna (modern Abusir) showed three important anomalies. One of which may be the tomb of Cleopatra and Mark Antony.
Osiris Temple is located 45 kilometers west of Alexandria and was built during the reign of King Ptolemy II. This sacred place - one of those where the legend has been buried body Osiris (or one of its fragments).
120-meter tunnel filled with sand was found under the ruins of the temple. After cleaning it, scientists have found a death mask of Anthony, the statue of Cleopatra and 20 coins with her image minted in Egypt during the reign of Queen.
Cleopatra pre-plan everything - how to live it, how to die and how should find her sarcophagus. It remains only to wait for the completion of excavation.
expression of Cleopatra
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What are Rachel Grey's facial marks?
Rachel Grey has some unusual facial markings that are almost cat-like. Where did they come from (looking online at pictures, not all have them on her), and what do they mean? AFAIK she's a normal human/mutant.
comics marvel x-men
dlanoddlanod
They are tattoos given to her when she was brainwashed into being a mutant-hunting "Hound". This is mentioned on her Marvel Universe page. Sometimes she uses her powers to hide them.
cjmcjm
Ah - those markings didn't strike me as "a grotesque pattern of tattoos". – dlanod May 12 '12 at 7:24
@dlanod, I guess that depends on your definition of grotesque. They certainly aren't something common. – cjm May 12 '12 at 8:39
The marks on her face are a tattoo to indicate her ownership by the mutant-hunter Ahab. They are, in part, an indication of her being psychologically conditioned and used as a psychic tracker. She was a member of a cadre called Hounds, used to hunt down, imprison or destroy other uncooperative mutants.
Rachel Summers (Rachel Grey) is a time traveler from an alternative future timeline in which the war of humans against mutants ends badly for all involved. She comes from an alternate future Earth known as Earth-811, as seen in the "Days of Future Past" storyline from The Uncanny X-Men #141-142.
Rachel is the daughter of that timeline's Scott Summers and Jean Grey-Summers and inherits her mother's incredible psychic potential and her connection to the Phoenix Force.
In the above picture, we see her in a variety of incarnations, one of them being a starving mutant hiding from oppressive government agents (far left). In the next image she has been marked to work with the mutant hunter Ahab who marks her with a strange set of facial tattoos to let it be known she is "owned" by the Hounds. Her psychic powers have been harnessed by Ahab to allow her to find other potential mutants.
In her later images, she has used her Phoenix powers to travel physically in time to the past. From that point onward, as long as she has sufficient energy from the Phoenix, she uses her psychic powers to hide the marks of the Hound. There have been times when her powers were so low, she could no longer disguise the marks.
In the fourth image she is catapulted into another timeline's future and enslaved again by Gaunt (her connection to the Phoenix is severed). Cable (her half-brother) travels to the future to retrieve her after killing Gaunt. She and Cable return to the past.
In her last incarnation, she has taken on the name of Marvel Girl and embodies the Phoenix force again. When she does, she is surrounded by flame. This empowered version of Rachel does not last long as she begins to lose her connection to the Phoenix force.
After losing her connection to the Phoenix force, she has a residual echo of the power which manifests under times of stress. During this time she is off-world and working with the Starjammers. When the fragment of the Phoenix force manifested during this time it was blue colored and wasn't nearly as powerful as before.
As a result of her interaction with the Shi'ar Empire's Death Commandos, Rachel now has a Phoenix tattoo on her back.
This particular character has had a difficult time due to the number of writers, editors, and designs she has been through during her career. As a result her history has been rewritten, retconned, reversed and even erased. Adding to the mix is her convoluted time travel, her connection to the Phoenix force which varies from being capable of stopping Galactus, to not being able to defeat Psylocke in psychic combat. As much as I love the idea of the Phoenix Force, Jean Grey as the Phoenix, Rachel is a part of the Days of Future Past, I wish had stayed in the future she belonged in.
Great answer. Especially that last bit; alternate-future characters get a lot less interesting with the modern Marvel habit of importing all of them into 616. – Tynam May 29 '12 at 13:35
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Q: iPhone X bug when posting on instagram stories Following this thread URL Scheme to post to Instagram Stories I could post a video directly to Instagram from my iOS app.
The video generated from my app is 1080x1920 (Instagram Stories full-screen size), but for some reason Instagram is transforming the size of it (it makes it wider) only on iPhone X. I have tested iPhone 7, 8Plus and SE.
Is anyone having the same problem?
I have tried to report this bug to instagram through their developer site but they only let me report API issues (not iOS issues).
Thanks!
PS: On iPhone X, if I save the video to the camera roll, and manually navigate to instagram, post new story, and select the video, everything works as expected. The problem is only when sending it through URL Scheme.

A: Good news. I got connected with someone at Instagram and they reproduced the bug. They are fixing it and it's going out in their app update next week.

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30-Yr-Old Bottle Washes Up On A Florida Beach, Message Inside Triggers Phone Call to Scotland
By Erin Coates February 7, 2018 at 3:25pm
While a couple was surveying the damage left behind by Hurricane Irma, they stumbled across a message in a bottle from 30 years ago.
Ruth and Lee Huenniger found the bottle lying next to a chain-link fence near the ocean on Sept. 29 and pulled out a note, the Miami Herald reported.
"We're learning all about pirates," the note read. "We would like to see how far this message goes. Please write and tell us where you found this bottle."
According to the signature, the bottle came from a class at Chapelpark School, Forfar, Angus, Scotland.
The Huennigers wrote back to tell them where the bottle was found and about the Sept. 10 hurricane.
"Your message was found in Key Largo, Florida, USA, on Sept. 29, 2017," the couple responded. "Hope this was a fun experience for your class."
The Huennigers requested that the recipients of their letter write back and let them know when the bottle was sent.
Little did they know that Chapelpark Primary School had closed in 2008 and that the bottle was sent sometime in the 1980s.
Fiona Cargill, the teacher of the class who sent the bottle, is now retired, but the postman found a way to get it to the former school teacher.
Do you think the other bottles will be found?
No: 13% (4 Votes)
"We forgot to put a date on the letter, but would you believe it, that bottle was sent on its journey more than 30 years ago," Cargill responded to the couple in a letter on Oct. 23. "The pupils who took part in this will now be in their mid-thirties!"
Cargill led the activity with her students while they were studying pirates, according to WSNV.
"We decided that perhaps pirates would send messages in bottles," she told reporters over the phone.
The class had covered bottles with "sticky plastic to keep them from getting wet" and then had a fisherman take them to the North Sea.
Ruth Huenniger was surprised at how long the bottle had been in the sea.
"It looked too new to be 30 years old," she said. "It looked like a Coke bottle, and it had no barnacles on it."
"It's just amazing how things happen and how it could get all the way here from all the way over there."
According to Cargill, there are at least three more bottles in the sea waiting to be discovered by the next passerby.
education, Florida, Scotland, world news


Spaceflight poses unusual stressors to the human body. Microgravity, confined spaces, radiation exposure, and restricted diets are among the challenges faced by astronauts. To ensure that astronauts can perform under these daunting conditions, NASA investigators have been studying the effect of long-duration spaceflight on crew members.
One such investigation is the NASA Twins Study, which is an integrated, multi-omic, molecular, physiological, and cognitive portrait of a pair of identical twin astronauts—one who spent a year in space while his co-twin stayed on Earth to provide ground-control measures. In this talk, Brinda Rana will present the findings of the NASA Twins Study and discuss additional findings from our simulated microgravity studies.
This event is part of The Undiscovered Science Lecture Series.
This event took place on February 4, 2019.
Brinda Rana—member of a NASA-sponsored research team examining what happens to astronauts during prolonged space flights—shared how zero gravity affects the body.
SETI astronomer Jill Tarter—who was among the speakers at this year's Radcliffe science symposium, "The Undiscovered"—on the search for intelligent life.
Three Barnstable High School students, whose collaborative project was featured at Radcliffe's "The Undiscovered" science symposium, impress local school committee with their work.
Composer, musicologist, and theremin player Dorit Chrysler set history to sound, without the slightest touch, in a presentation with physicist John Huth.
The Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University announces its science symposium—"The Undiscovered"—to be held on October 26, 2018.
Nicole C. Nelson RI '19 delves into the scientific reproducibility crisis, a recent phenomenon in which subsequent scientific investigation has found many supposedly stable findings to be difficult to replicate.


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filter your search All contentAll journalsJournal of Experimental Biology
About JEB
Outstanding paper prize
Acid-Base Regulation in the Atlantic Hagfish Myxine Glutinosa
D. G. Mcdonald,
D. G. Mcdonald *
V. Cavdek,
V. Cavdek *
L. Calvert,
L. Calvert *
C. L. Milligan
C. L. Milligan †
Present address: Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4K1.
Present address: Department of Zoology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
Accepted: 10 Jul 1991
© 1991 by Company of Biologists
J Exp Biol (1991) 161 (1): 201–215.
https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.161.1.201
Version of Record 01 November 1991
D. G. Mcdonald, V. Cavdek, L. Calvert, C. L. Milligan; Acid-Base Regulation in the Atlantic Hagfish Myxine Glutinosa. J Exp Biol 1 November 1991; 161 (1): 201–215. doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.161.1.201
Blood acid-base status and net transfers of acidic equivalents to the external environment were studied in hagfish, Myxine glutinosa, infused with ammonium sulphate (4mequivkg−1 NFL+) or with sulphuric acid (3mequivkg−1 H+). Hagfish extracellular fluids (ECF) play a greater role in acid-base regulation than in teleosts. This is because hagfish have a much larger blood volume relative to teleosts, despite a relatively low blood buffering capacity. Consequently, infusion of ammonium sulphate produced only half of the acidosis produced in marine teleosts in comparable studies, and hagfish readily tolerated a threefold greater direct H+ load. Furthermore, the H+ load was largely retained and buffered in the extracellular space. Despite smaller acid-base disturbances, rates of net H+ excretion to the external environment were, nonetheless, comparable to those of marine teleosts, and net acid excretion persisted until blood acid-base disturbances were corrected. We conclude that the gills of the hagfish are at least as competent for acid-base regulation as those of marine teleosts. The nature of the H+ excretion mechanism is discussed.
acid-base regulation, gills, hagfish, Myxine glutinosa.
In 1984, Evans found evidence for Na+/H+ and C1−/HCO3− exchanges in the primitive osmoconforming hagfish Myxine glutinosa L., and was the first to suggest that acid-base regulation by the gills preceded osmoregulation in the evolution of the vertebrates. The evidence for these exchanges came from ion substitution experiments where transfer of hagfish to Na+-free sea water sharply reduced net H+ efflux while transfer to Cl−-free sea water reduced base efflux. Both effects were reversible. However, hagfish seemed to be unable to respond rapidly to an internal acidosis, for Evans (1984) found that branchial net H+ fluxes failed to respond to hypercapnic exposure. More recently, histological and biochemical studies (Mallatt et al. 1987; Bartels, 1988) have demonstrated the presence of mitochondria-rich cells in the gills (i.e. 'chloride cells') containing Na+/K+-ATPase and carbonic anhydrase, features consistent with a cell type specialized for ion/acid-base exchanges. However, the tissue has a relatively low microsomal ATPase activity, only half to one-third of that of marine teleosts (Mallatt et al. 1987).
These observations led us to question the competence of the gills of the hagfish for acid-base regulation. Our objective, therefore, was to establish whether the gills of the hagfish can, in fact, respond rapidly to an internal acid-base disturbance and, if so, whether the capacity of the gills for acid-base regulation is comparable to that of marine teleosts. To this end, we have purposely chosen experimental acid-base disturbances directly comparable to our previous work on freshwater and marine species; rainbow trout Onchorhynchus my kiss (McDonald and Prior, 1988), coho salmon Onchorhychus kisutch and starry flounder Pla-tichthys stellatus (Milligan et al. 1991) and lemon sole Parophyrs vetulus (McDonald et al. 1982).
Experimental acid-base disturbances were produced by infusion with ammonium sulphate and with sulphuric acid. Ammonium sulphate produces an acid-base disturbance by virtue of a rapid clearance of NH3 from plasma, leaving H2SO4 behind. The advantage of ammonium sulphate as a treatment is that it can be infused as a neutral solution and thus large loads are readily tolerated. Sulphuric acid is less well tolerated but its advantage is that its removal from the blood, either to the water or to the intracellular compartment, can be quantified more readily.
Experimental animals
Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa, 29–85 g, A=91) were obtained from baited traps in Passamaquoddy Bay and transported to the Huntsman Marine Sciences Centre, St Andrews, NB. After transportation, the animals were allowed to acclimatize for up to 1 week in a large tank supplied with aerated sea water at 13 °C. Animals were not fed while in the holding facility and all fish were used within 2 weeks of capture.
Experimental protocol
Ammonium and acid infusions
Ammonium sulphate and sulphuric acid loads, radioactively labelled with 35SO42−, were administered by injection, from the ventral surface, into the subcutaneous sinus at the midpoint of the animal. The whole procedure was accomplished within 30 s. Following injection, fish were returned to their holding chambers and examined either for effects upon blood acid-base status or for net fluxes to the external environment of ammonia, H+ and 35SO42−. The ammonium sulphate load consisted of 0.6 ml 100 g−1 of a 0.33 mmol ml−1 solution of (NH4)235SO4 neutralized to pH 7.5 (New England Nuclear; specific activity: 10μCimmol−1), yielding a final load of 4mequivkg−1 NH4+. The sulphuric acid load consisted of 1.0ml 100g−1 of a 0.15 mmol ml−1 solution of H235SO4, pH<1.0 (specific activity: 20μCi mmol−1), yielding a final load of 3mequivkg−1 H+.
For measurements of blood acid-base status, hagfish were held individually in darkened 101 rectangular containers supplied with flowing aerated sea water at the experimental temperature. For blood collection, a method similar to that described by Germain and Gagnon (1968) was employed, although anaesthesia was found to be unnecessary. Animals were taken from the water and briefly suspended by the head, which caused blood to pool in the caudal subcutaneous sinus. The sinus was then penetrated with a 1.0 ml heparinized Hamilton gas-tight syringe. Volumes of up to 1ml could routinely be withdrawn by this method, within 30 s and with little apparent disturbance to the animal. Nonetheless, to limit any trauma associated with this method of blood collection, each hagfish was sampled only once. Hagfish infused with ammonium or acid loads were sampled at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 or 6h post-infusion (N=6 for each treatment at each time period). An additional 12 fish were sampled without any infusion to provide data for resting blood acid-base status.
For flux measurements, hagfish were transferred to individual cylindrical flux chambers (length 30 cm, internal diameter, 5 cm) supplied with an airline that provided aeration and mixing of chamber contents and, prior to the start of flux measurements, with flowing sea water at the experimental temperature. Animals were typically allowed to acclimate to the experimental chamber for at least 4 h prior to experimentation. For flux measurements, the flow to the chambers was stopped, about 100 ml was removed to adjust the chamber volume to 400 ml, and the chambers were bathed in flowing sea water to maintain the experimental temperature. On each animal a 1 h flux measurement was made prior to injection of the acid or ammonium load. Water samples (15 ml) were taken at the beginning and end of each flux period for analysis of ammonia, titratable alkalinity and 35SO42−. Each flux period was preceded by a 10min flush period, during which the boxes were flushed with fresh sea water and any mucus produced by the animal was removed. Mucus production typically occurred for only a brief period (<10min) immediately following the injection of the loads.
Blood buffering capacity in vitro
Blood was collected from 12 fish (0.3–1.0ml per fish, total volume=9.6ml), pooled and then centrifuged. 3.5 ml of plasma was withdrawn and the remainder reconstituted to give haematocrits of 17, 24 and 33%. Plasma and blood samples (1.5–2.7 ml) were placed in tonometer flasks and equilibrated with humidified CO2 mixtures (0.25, 0.5, 1 or 2%) in air. Each sample was allowed to equilibrate for 0.5 h with each CO2 mixture. Following equilibration, 150 μl samples were withdrawn for measurements of pH, total CO2 and haemoglobin concentration.
Blood pH was measured on 40μ1 samples injected into a Radiometer pH micro-electrode (type G297/G7) maintained at experimental temperature and linked to a Radiometer PHM72 acid-base analyzer. Total CO2 (in mmol 1−1) was determined on 40–60μ1 blood samples injected into a Coming 965 CO2 analyzer. Haemoglobin was measured on 10μl samples added to 2.5 ml of Drabkin's reagent (Sigma Chemical Co.). Haematocrit was determined on 50μl of blood transferred to heparinized capillary tubes and centrifuged at 3000g for 5 min. Plasma 35SO42− activity was determined on 50 μl samples mixed with 5 ml of water and 10 ml of fluor (ACS; Amersham) and counted on an LKB Rackbeta liquid scintillation counter. Plasma ammonia concentration was measured enzymatically using the glutamate dehydrogenase reaction (Kun and Kearney, 1971) with Sigma reagents.
Activity of 35SO42 − in water was determined on 5 ml samples added to 10 ml of fluor and counted as described above. Water ammonia was measured with a micro-modification of the salicylate-hypochlorite method (Verdouw et al. 1978). Titratable alkalinity was determined by titration of water samples (5 ml) to a fixed end point (pH 4.0) with 0.02 mol 1−1 HO, using methods detailed in McDonald and Wood (1981). The samples were aerated during titration to mix the contents and remove CO2. As McDonald et al. (1982) point out, any mucus secreted by the fish can lead to overestimates of the apparent base loss. This is potentially a serious problem with hagfish as they produce copious amounts of a viscous mucus when handled or stressed. Fortunately, we found that after an initial secretion (almost always evoked by handling and/or injection) the hagfish did not again produce any mucus over the course of the experiment.
Blood PCO2 and [HCO3−] were calculated from pH and total CO2 measurements using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation with αCO2 and pK′ values calculated from equations given by Heisler (1984).
The quantity of fixed acid added to the blood, the mineral acid load, ΔHm+ in mequivl−1, was calculated from the equation of McDonald et al. (1980):
where 'i' and 'f'refer to plasma pH and whole-blood [HCO3−] measured at the beginning and end of the sample interval. The bicarbonate buffer capacity, β in mequivl−1 pH unit−1, of hagfish blood was determined from the following equation:
determined from the in vitro CO2 titration of hagfish blood described above [Hb] is haemoglobin concentration. For the calculation of ΔHm+, a β value of 6.51 was used, calculated from the average [Hb] in hagfish of 2.64 gdl−1 (see Table 1).
Blood acid-base status and haematology in resting Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa, present study), Pacific hagish (Eptatretus stellatus, Wells et al. 1986*, Wells and Forster, 1989†) and starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus, Milligan and Wood, 1987)
Total mineral acid load to the extracellular fluid (ECF) was calculated as:
where BV and PV are blood and plasma volumes of 0.187 and 0.1641kg−1, respectively (from Forster et al. 1989), ECFV is the extracellular fluid volume of 0.271kg−1 (from Hardisty, 1979) and ΔHm+WB (whole blood) is calculated from equation 1. To estimate the mineral acid load to the interstitial fluid (ΔHm+ISF) the βvalue of ISF was taken to be the same as that for separated plasma, 4.94mequivl−1pHunit−1 (Table 1) and interstitial [HCO3−] was assumed to be the same as that of whole blood.
Net fluxes of ammonia and titratable alkalinity were calculated from changes in their respective concentrations in water with time and were expressed as μequivkg−1h−1, with negative values indicating net loss or efflux and positive values indicating net gain or influx. The rate of net acid-base transfer (JnetH) was calculated from the difference between ammonia (JnetAmm) and titratable alkalinity fluxes, signs considered. Excretion of 35SO42− was determined from the appearance of 35SO42− in the water. Plasma [35SO42−] was determined from plasma counts and the specific activity of the infusate (in cts min−1 mmol−1).
Means±1 S.E.M. are reported throughout. Within-group comparisons were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) (P<0.05). If significant, pairwise comparisons were made using Fisher's PLSD (protected least significant difference).
Suitability of blood sampling procedure
In this study, blood samples were obtained by an acute procedure not usually considered adequate for measurements of blood acid-base status (Holeton et al. 1980). Consequently, it is necessary first to consider the validity of our blood sampling technique.
Routine acid-base status and haematology for Myxine are shown in Table 1 and, for comparative purposes, for the Pacific hagfish Eptatretus cirrhatus (Wells et al. 1986) and for a benthic marine teleost, the starry flounder Platichthys stellatus (Milligan and Wood, 1987). For both the latter, the blood acid-base status was determined on blood collected from indwelling catheters in well-rested fish. Despite the differences in sampling methodology, there is a close similarity in pH and [HCO3−] amongst the three groups. This tends to confirm that the sampling protocol for hagfish in the present study had relatively little immediate disturbing effect upon blood acid-base status. Any longer-term effect was eliminated by sampling each animal only once.
Forster et al. (1989) describe another potential problem with blood sampling in hagfish, especially from the subcutaneous sinuses. These authors showed that sinus blood had a much lower haematocrit than central vessel blood (approx. 4.0% vs 13.5%) suggesting that the two compartments were slow to equilibrate with one another and that red blood cells (RBCs) are restricted from entering the subcutaneous sinuses. However, the haematocrits we report are, in fact, higher than that of central blood reported by Forster et al. 1989 (Table 1). This suggests that our sampling method, where blood was forced by gravity into the caudal sinus, was responsible for expressing plasma with RBCs into the sinus much more rapidly than it would normally exchange. Furthermore, the very rapid development of acid-base disturbances following the infusion of the H2SO4 load (see Fig. 2A) suggests that our subcutaneous injection rapidly circulated with central vascular fluids.
Ammonium sulphate infusion
Ammonium sulphate levels rose in the blood following infusion, but the levels fluctuated with time (Fig. 1E). The peak plasma ammonium concentration was 1.2mequivl−1 greater than the resting level and was reached at 0.5 h, whereas the peak plasma [35SO42−] was 2.9mequivl−1 and was reached at 1 h. The greater elevation of [35SO42−] than of [NH4+] reflects the more rapid removal of the latter from the extracellular compartment. The fluctuations suggest that ammonium sulphate was relatively slow to equilibrate in hagfish blood.
Blood acid-base status prior to and following (NH4)2SO4 infusion (2 mmol kg−1 injected into the subcutaneous sinus) in the hagfish Myxine glutinosa at 13°C. Blood was withdrawn from the caudal subcutaneous sinus. Each animal was sampled only once, total N=42. Data are means (N=12 for controls, N=6 for post-infusion samples) ±1S.E.M. (A) Plasma pH; (B) whole-blood [HCO3−]; (C) plasma PCO2 (D) mineral acid load buffered in plasma (ΔHm+) (E) plasma total ammonium and 35SO42− concentrations. Asterisks indicate means significantly different from control values (P<0.05). For comparison, data from starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus, are shown in D. Flounder were infused with 2 mmol kg−1 (NH4)2SO4via a catheter implanted in the caudal artery, N=6, data from Milligan et al. (1991).
Blood acid-base status prior to and following H2SO4 infusion (1.5 mmol kg−1 injected into the subcutaneous sinus) in the hagfish Myxine glutinosa at 13°C. Blood was withdrawn from the caudal subcutaneous sinus. Each animal was sampled only once, total N=42. Data are means (N=12 for controls, N=6 for post-infusion samples) ±1S.E.M. (A) Plasma pH; (B) whole-blood [HCO3−]; (C) plasma PCO2 (D) mineral acid load buffered in plasma (ΔHm+) (E) plasma 35SO42− concentration. For comparison, data from lemon sole, Parophyrs vetulus, is shown in D. Sole were infused with 1 mmol kg−1 HC1 via a catheter implanted in the caudal vein, N=6, data from McDonald et al. (1982). Asterisks indicate means significantly different from control values (P<0.05).
Although slow to equilibrate, ammonium sulphate still produced a typical 'mineral acidosis' characterized by a depression of pH and [HCO3−] (Fig. 1A,B). There was no significant change in PCO2 until 6h post-infusion (Fig. 1C). The acidosis (ΔHm+) developed slowly (Fig. 1D), did not reach a peak until 2h post infusion, and thereafter slowly abated until fully corrected at 6h post-infusion.
Despite the fact that the acidosis developed slowly, the branchial response was immediate (see Fig. 3A) with a sevenfold increase in ammonium excretion and an immediate reversal of JnetH from a net H+ uptake under resting conditions to a net H+ excretion. The net acid excretion persisted for 6h post-infusion but gradually declined. By 2h the hagfish had cleared 39% of the ammonium load and by 6h, 61% of the load. The sulphate load was cleared much more slowly, 7.1% by 2h and 11.2% by 6h.
Effect of a 2 mmol kg−1 ammonium sulphate infusion (A) and a 1.5 mmol kg−1 sulphuric acid infusion (B) on net ammonium flux (JnetAmm) and net H+ flux (JnetH)in hagfish. Data are means±l S.E.M. (A=10 or 9). A negative value is a net excretion, a positive value is a net uptake. Asterisks indicate means significantly different from control values (F<0.05).
Sulphuric acid infusion
The 1.5 mmol kg−1 H2SO4 load (3mequivkg−1 H+) was tolerated well by hagfish and no mortalities occurred. With this load there was a significant titration of bicarbonate stores (Fig. 2B), compared to the (NH4)2SO4 load, as indicated by the pronounced elevation in PCO2 (Fig. 2C). PCO2 increased by about fivefold and remained elevated for at least 2 h. Compared to ammonium sulphate infusion, the peak acidosis was about 50% larger and developed much more rapidly (Fig. 2D vs Fig. 1D). Furthermore, the sulphate component appeared to distribute quite differently. While blood sulphate levels fluctuated as before (compare Fig. 2E to Fig. 1E), the peak [35SO42−] in blood was about three times higher, despite the fact that the 35SO42− load was lower (3 vs 4mequivkg−1). The blood acidosis remained relatively stable for the first 2h post-infusion at about 6.5mequivl−1, but by 6h had nearly disappeared (Fig. 2D).
Again, the branchial response to the acid load (3mequivkg−1 H+) was immediate; an immediate reversal of JnetH from net uptake to net excretion, which persisted relatively unchanged for the 6h post-infusion period. By 2h the fish had excreted 0.9±0.2mequivkg−1 or 30% of the load, by 6h the fish had excreted 2.1±0.7mequivkg−1 H+ or 70% of the load. In contrast, the 35SO42− clearance was quite low, only 1.4% was cleared by 2h [vs 7% for (NH4)2SO4] and only 4.4% by 6h.
As the amount of acid infused is known, it is possible to calculate the distribution of the load between extracellular and intracellular compartments.
This involves a calculation of the load to extracellular fluids; that portion not accounted for must either have entered the intracellular fluid (ICF) or have been excreted (equation 3, Materials and methods). At 2h post-infusion, the amount buffered in extracellular fluids is estimated to be 2.2mequivkg−1. Since 0.9mequiv kg−1 had been excreted by this time (and 3mequivkg−1 infused), no H+ would have entered the intracellular compartment. By 6h, 0.44mequivkg−1 was buffered in blood and 2.1 mequivkg−1 had been been excreted. This means that only 15.3% of the infused acid load had entered the intracellular compartment. These calculations suggest that intracellular buffering played a relatively minor role in dealing with this acidosis.
In this study we have demonstrated that hagfish, the most primitive of vertebrates, have, in fact, a substantial capacity to regulate the acid-base balance of their body fluids. They corrected rather severe experimental acid-base disturbances within 6 h of induction, largely by the transfer of acidic equivalents to the external medium. Given their low urine flow rates (0.1–1.0ml 100 g−1 day−1; Hardisty, 1979) and therefore little, if any, renal capacity for acid-base regulation, the transfer probably took place at the gills. This is assuming that the skin with its mucous secretion plays no role in this transfer. While mucous secretion has been implicated in some ionoregulatory function (mostly divalent cation secretion, McFarland and Munz, 1965) hagfish typically do not release mucus unless disturbed. In the present study, hagfish produced mucus only when handled (a large-volume viscous mass) but this did not occur during the periods when net H+ transfers were being measured.
One of the main objectives of this study was to compare the capacity for acid-base regulation of the hagfish with that of more advanced fishes and for that reason we infused, into extracellular fluids, acid loads similar or identical to that employed in our previous studies on marine teleosts. However, this comparison is complicated by the fact that hagfish have a much larger blood volume than other fishes (187 vs 20–60 ml kg−1; Forster et al. 1989). This means that infused acid loads will be distributed in a much larger space and therefore produce smaller acid-base disturbances. While this effect is, in part, diminished by the lower buffering capacity of hagfish haemoglobin (less than half that of flounder, Table 1), the larger blood volume together with the greater contribution of plasma protein to buffering (4.94 vs 3.04mequivl−1Ph unit−1, Table 1) means that the buffering capacity of the blood space in hagfish is still about 2.5 times greater than that of the flounder (Table 1). The effect of this greater buffering is best illustrated by the sulphuric acid infusion, where 3 mequiv kg−1 was well tolerated by hagfish. In comparison, the maximum direct acid load routinely tolerated by the lemon sole (McDonald et al. 1982) was only 1 mequiv kg−1 and this only if infused over about a 1 h period. Higher loads or more rapid infusion rates produced acid-base disturbances from which lemon sole could not recover. Indeed, the peak acid-base disturbance in the hagfish was only slightly greater than that of lemon sole despite the three times greater H+ load (see Fig. 2D).
Despite smaller acid-base disturbances in hagfish, the peak JnetH values are well within the range reported for various 'mineral' acidoses in various species (Table 2). Overall, there is a trend of higher acid excretion rates in marine species compared to freshwater species. Particularly noteworthy are the salmonids, where, in freshwater-adapted forms, peak acid excretion rates (in adult animals) rarely exceed 300μequivkg−1h−1 while, in marine species, peak rates of up to 1600μequivkg−1h−1 have been reported. Nonetheless, within marine species there are important interspecific differences in peak JnetH In bottom-dwelling, sluggish flatfish JnetH values are generally lower than in active pelagic salmonids; a phenomenon we have related to the less active lifestyle of the former (lower V˙O2max greater hypoxic tolerance; Milligan et al. 1991).
Peak branchial net H+ excretion rates JnetH, in marine and freshwater-adapted fish following various treatments
Acid excretion in hagfish following infusion of (NH4)2SO4 (4 mequiv kg−1 NH4+) approaches that of starry flounder similarly treated (−523 vs −757μequivkg−1h−1; Table 2), even though the infusion produced a much smaller acute acidosis in hagfish; ΔHm+ was less than one-third of that produced in the flounder (Fig. 1D). Infusion of H2SO4, in contrast, produced an H+ excretion rate almost double that of lemon sole infused with HC1 (608 vs 350μequivkgh−1, Table 2). In part, the higher rate of excretion can be attributed to the higher load (3 vs μequivkg−1 H+), but the acute acidosis in lemon sole was, nonetheless, almost two-thirds of that in the hagfish (Fig. 2D). These observations suggest that the hagfish is at least as competent at acid-base regulation as are benthic marine teleosts, assuming that flatfish (flounder and sole) are typical of the latter.
Nature of the H+ excretion mechanism in the hagfish
How are hagfish able to match or surpass benthic teleosts in H+ excretion with an epithelium that is apparently incapable of performing an ionoregulatory function and has a much lower Na+/K+-ATPase activity? The simplest expianation is that the gill ATPase activity in the hagfish is devoted solely to H+ transfers (as suggested by Mallatt et al. 1987) either via Na+/H+ exchange or directly as an H+-ATPase, while in hypo-osmoregulating marine teleosts much of the ATPase activity must be devoted to NaCl excretion. Thus, according to Evans (1984), the branchial ATPase in the hagfish would operate similarly to that in freshwater teleosts by producing the electrochemical gradients necessary for apical Na+/H+ exchange and/or C1−/HCO3− exchange. While the operation of the former in H+ excretion would lead to the accumulation of Na+, the gain in Na+, even at maximum H+ excretion rates (Table 2), would be inconsequential, adding only about 0.2% h−1 to the total body Na+ pool. It is worth noting in this regard that branchial ATPase levels of hagfish are similar to those of freshwater salmonids (Mallatt et al. 1987), but the peak net H+ excretion rates in hagfish are 2–3 times higher (Table 2). Again, the simple explanation may be the abundance of counterions (i.e. Na+ and Cl−) in sea water. In freshwater teleosts, recent studies have shown that the rate of branchial H+ transfer is limited by external NaCl, with elevation of external [Na+] promoting H+ excretion and elevation of [Cl−] promoting base excretion (McDonald et al. 1989; Goss and Wood, 1990). Certainly, the very much higher JnetH in seawater-compared to freshwater-adapted rainbow trout for a similar acid-base disturbance (exhaustive exercise, Table 2) could be explained on this basis.
An additional possibility is that the gills of hagfish are simply more permeable to acid-base equivalents than are the gills of benthic teleosts. It is possible that passive diffusion of HCO3−, OH−, NH4+ or H+ through fairly non-selective pathways, such as paracellular channels, could play an important role in acid-base regulation. Indeed, we recently proposed that transfers via the paracellular pathway in freshwater rainbow trout could explain up to one-third of the total net H+ transfer following an acidosis induced by ammonium sulphate infusion (McDonald and Prior, 1988). While we have no direct evidence for this pathway in hagfish, one highly suggestive observation is the much greater apparent sulphate permeability of the gills in hagfish compared to that in flounder. This is based on the observation that hagfish cleared over 7% of the 35SO42− load by 2 h compared to only 0.3% in the flounder, even though the peak blood 35SO42− levels were much lower in the hagfish (2.9 vs 6.9 mequivl−1). Furthermore, the even higher H+ excretion rate in the coho salmon (Table 2) in response to a 2 mmol kg−1 (NH4)2SO4 load, compared to hagfish, is accompanied by an even higher sulphate clearance rate, 15.3% by 2h (Milligan et al. 1991). Sulphate probably crosses the gills via a paracellular route. Therefore, these observations from three different marine species tend to argue for a close correlation between paracellular permeability, as measured by sulphate loss, and branchial capacity for net H+ transfer.
Whether the mechanism for H+ excretion in the hagfish is apical Na+/H+ exchange, paracellular H+ diffusion or a combination of both, it is clear that a substantial capacity for acid-base regulation exists in this primitive osmocon-former, supporting the conclusion of Evans (1984) that acid-base regulation developed before osmoregulation in the evolution of the vertebrates.
We wish to thank the Director and staff of the Huntsman Marine Sciences Centre, St Andrews, NB, for their assistance and hospitality. Financial support was provided by Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada grants to D.G.M. and C.L.M.
Intercellular junctions in the gill epithelium of the Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa
Cell Tissue Res
Gill Na+/H+ and Cr/HCO3− exchange systems evolved before the vertebrates entered fresh water
J. exp. Biol
Satchell
H. H.
The subcutaneous sinus of the hagfish, Eptatretus cirrhatus, and its relation to the central circulating blood volume
Comp. Biochem. Physiol
Gagnon
A simple and reliable method for obtaining large blood samples from the anaethetized hagfish
https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-406X(68)90344-7
G. G.
Na+ and Cl− uptake kinetics, diffusive effluxes and acidic equivalent fluxes across the gills of rainbow trout, n. Responses to bicarbonate infusion
Hardisty
Biology of the Cyclostomes
Chapman and Hall
Heisler
Acid-base regulation in fishes
In Fish Physiology
(ed.
W. S.
Hoar
Holeton
Contribution of net ion transfer mechanisms to acid-base regulation after exhausting activity in the larger spotted dogfish (Scyliorhinus stellaris)
https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.103.1.31
Blaxter
J. H. S.
Lahlou
Sundnes
In Environmental Physiology of Fishes
. Advanced Study Institute Series A: Life Sciences, vol.
Plenum Press
In Methods of Enzymatic Analysis
H. U.
Bergemeyer
Mallatt
Why do hagfish have gill 'chloride cells' when they need not regulate plasma NaCl concentration?
Can. J. Zool
https://doi.org/10.1139/z87-298
Höbe
The influences of calcium on the physiological responses of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, to low environmental pH
https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.88.1.109
Branchial mechanisms of acid-base and ion regulation in the freshwater rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri
The role of β-adrenoreceptors in the recovery from exhaustive exercise of freshwater-adapted rainbow trout
P. R. H.
H+ excretion in the marine teleost, Parophyrs vetulus
Branchial and renal acid and ion fluxes in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, at low environmental pH
F. W.
Regulation of body weight and serum composition by hagfish in various media
Branchial acid and ammonia fluxes in response to alkalosis and acidosis in two marine teleosts: coho salmon (Onchorhynchus kisutch) and starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus)
Physiol. Zool
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Effects of strenuous activity on intracellular and extracellular acid-base status and H+ exchange with the environment in the inactive benthia starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus
Acid-base regulation following exhaustive exercise: a comparison between freshwater- and seawater-adapted rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Verdouw
Van Echteld
C. J. A.
Dekkers
E. M. J.
Ammonia determination based on indophenol formation with sodium salicylate
Water Res
R. M. G.
Dependence of blood viscosity on haematocrit and shear rate in a primitive vertebrate
Blood oxygen transport in the free-swimming hagfish, Eptatretus cirrhatus
Acid-base and ionic exchanges at gills and kidney after exhaustive exercise in the rainbow trout
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Celebrating 100 years of discovery
We are proud to be celebrating 100 years of discovery in Journal of Experimental Biology. Visit our centenary webpage to find out more about how we are marking this historic milestone.
Craig Franklin launches our centenary celebrations
Editor-in-Chief Craig Franklin reflects on 100 years of JEB and looks forward to our centenary celebrations, including a supplementary special issue, a new early-career researcher interview series and the launch of our latest funding initiatives.
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Journal of Experimental Biology launched in 1923 as The British Journal of Experimental Biology. As we celebrate our centenary, we look back at that first issue and the zoologists publishing their work in the new journal.
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Mexican fruit flies wave for distraction
Dinesh Rao and colleagues have discovered that Mexican fruit flies vanish in a blur in the eyes of predatory spiders when they wave their wings at the arachnids, buying the flies time to make their escape.


text:
Q: Pipreqs: SyntaxError: invalid non-printable character U+FEFF When I try to run pipreqs /path/to/project it comes back with
  File "<unknown>", line 1
    # !/usr/bin/env python3
    ^
SyntaxError: invalid non-printable character U+FEFF

my project contains a number of files and all of them contain their own imports. I read somewhere that it could be an issue to create a requirements.txt for a number of files so I tried to move the main file into a new dir and run pipreqs on there but again no success.
my imports look like so:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#######################################################
# Initialise Wikipedia agent
#######################################################
import requests
import json
import aiml
import wikipedia
import numpy as np
from nltk.sem.logic import *
from nltk.inference.resolution import *
from nltk.inference import ResolutionProver
from nltk.inference.nonmonotonic import *
from nltk import *
from nltk.sem import logic
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer
from sklearn.metrics.pairwise import cosine_similarity
import pandas as pd
from fuzzywuzzy import fuzz
import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import filedialog
from azure.cognitiveservices.vision.computervision import ComputerVisionClient
from msrest.authentication import CognitiveServicesCredentials
import tensorflow_hub as hub

Anyone has any ideas on what it could be? Any help would be much appreciated :)
Edit:
Forgot to specify: Running Python 3.9.10 and pipreqs was installed using pip3

A: The character U+FEFF is the byte order marker, or BOM.
You can save a text file in UTF encoding with or without BOM, and the error message seems to suggest your system can deal with UTF, but doesn't like the BOM, so you should try rewriting the file without BOM.
Alternatively, there's ways to tell Python to expect a different encoding on the command line with environment variables, but I wouldn't go there unless you absolutely must and have no control over the encoding of the file yourself.

A: Are you on Windows? Your file contains a Unicode byte-order mark. Some services don't like that.  If you remove the BOM, it should work.


text:
Q: how to do two groupBy query in single aggregation based on the lookup I have two collections and I need to group documents from both using a single query using $lookup and $group.
Here is my db data and the expected output:
currentBills table
const currentBills = [
  {
    memberId: 1,
    name: 'Mark',
    status: 'paid'
  },
  {
    memberId: 2,
    name: 'Steve',
    status: 'unpaid'
  },
  {
    memberId: 3,
    name: 'William',
    status: 'paid'
  }
];

pastBills table
const pastBills = [
  {
    memberId: 5,
    name: 'Joe',
    status: 'paid'
  },
  {
    memberId: 8,
    name: 'Carlos',
    status: 'paid'
  },
  {
    memberId: 25,
    name: 'ben',
    status: 'unpaid'
  }
];

expected output

const result = {
  CurrentBill: {
    paid: [
      {
        memberId: 1,
        name: 'Mark',
        status: 'paid'
      },

      {
        memberId: 3,
        name: 'William',
        status: 'paid'
      }
    ],
    unpaid: [
      {
        memberId: 2,
        name: 'Steve',
        status: 'unpaid'
      }
    ]
  },
  pastBill: {
    paid: [
      {
        memberId: 5,
        name: 'Joe',
        status: 'paid'
      },
      {
        memberId: 8,
        name: 'Carlos',
        status: 'paid'
      }
    ],
    unpaid: [
      {
        memberId: 25,
        name: 'ben',
        status: 'unpaid'
      }
    ]
  }
};

my query
db.getCollection('currentBills').aggregate([
{
   $lookup:
     {
       from: "pastBills",
       localField: "memberId",
       foreignField: "memberId",
       as: "bill"
     }
},{
    $unwind : "$bill"
    },
    {
        $group : {
            _id : "$status"
            }
        }
        ])

How to group each collections by the status and return a single result? Is this possible using a single aggregation query?
Thanks in advance!

A: Demo - https://mongoplayground.net/p/qyA1QsjfAsT
Note - This is overkill if you don't have limited set of records
db.currentBills.aggregate([
  {
    $group: { // group by status
      _id: "$status",
      currentBills: { $push: "$$ROOT" }
    }
  },
  {
    $lookup: { // add pastBills to for the status paid in paid doc and unpaid in unpaid doc
      from: "pastBills",
      let: { status: "$_id" },
      pipeline: [
        { $match: { $expr: { $eq: ["$$status", "$status" ] } } }
      ],
      as: "pastBills"
    }
  },
  {
    $set: { // reshape docs with paid and unpaid keys
      currentBills: {
        $cond: [
          { $eq: [ "$_id", "paid" ] }, // condition
          { paid: "$currentBills" }, // true
          { unpaid: "$currentBills" } // false
        ]
      },
      pastBills: {
        $cond: [
          { $eq: [ "$_id", "paid" ] },
          { paid: "$currentBills" },
          { unpaid: "$currentBills" }
        ]
      }
    }
  },
  {
    $group: {
      _id: null, // group all documents
      currentBills: { $push: "$currentBills" },
      pastBills: { $push: "$pastBills" }
    }
  },
  { $project: { _id: 0 } }
])

A:
Is this possible using a single aggregation query?

Its possible in single query but really bad idea, it may cause the performance issues, it would be better if you do 2 separate queries first for currentBills and second for pastBills and merge both the result in your programming language, because both the collections are different. see playground solution for single collection.
For single query you can try,

*

*$addFields to add coll field to identify this is currentBills document

*$unionWith to union pastBills documents and also $addFields to add coll field  to identify pastBills document

*$group by coll and status and construct the root members array

*$group by only coll and construct the array of coll in key-value format

*$group by null and construct the root document array in key-value format after converting coll from array to object

*$replaceRoot to replace documents in root after converting it from array to object using $arrayToObject
db.currentBills.aggregate([
  { $addFields: { coll: "currentBills" } },
  {
    $unionWith: {
      coll: "pastBills",
      pipeline: [{ $addFields: { coll: "pastBills" } }]
    }
  },
  {
    $group: {
      _id: { coll: "$coll", status: "$status" },
      members: { $push: "$$ROOT" }
    }
  },
  {
    $group: {
      _id: "$_id.coll",
      coll: { $push: { k: "$_id.status", v: "$members" } }
    }
  },
  {
    $group: {
      _id: null,
      root: {
        $push: {
          k: "$_id",
          v: { $arrayToObject: "$coll" }
        }
      }
    }
  },
  { $replaceRoot: { newRoot: { $arrayToObject: "$root" } } }
])

Playground

READ THIS BEFORE USE THIS QUERY:

*

*MongoDB Limits and Thresholds The maximum BSON document size is 16 megabytes.

*See question How could I write aggregation without exceeds maximum document size?