310 Fourth Street, Niagara Falls, New York [view mapview map] Book your room now.
Seneca Niagara Casino & Hotel is located at 310 Fourth Street and is the only AAA 4-Diamond Award-winning Hotel in Niagara Falls, NY. The hotel offers over 600 well-appointed rooms and luxurious suites and is the largest hotel in New York outside of Manhattan. Amenities include a spa, salon, and fitness center, indoor pool, golf course, three entertainment venues, three bars and lounges, seven restaurants and three quick bites options.
Before remodeling and opening as a casino hotel in 2002, the 23-floor building was the Niagara Falls Convention and Civic Center. The facility still offers about 36,000 square feet of meeting, event, and banquet space and features a Conference Center and multiple large conference rooms.
There are a multitude of gaming options at the casino including over 3,300 reel and video slot machines and electronic table games and video poker; nearly 100 table games featuring casino staples such as Blackjack, Craps, and Roulette as well as more exotic options like Pai Gow Poker, Let it Ride, and Spanish 21; a 16-table poker room offering cash games and tournament play, and a keno lounge. Other gaming amenities include the new Pulse Arena, a combination nightclub and interactive casino with a blackjack party pit, live DJ, low-limit electronic gaming and more. And The Mezz, a specially created gaming area on the 2nd-floor mezzanine for guests 18 and older featuring some of the latest slots.
Seneca Niagara Casino has over 3,300 reel and video slot machines including player favorites such as Game of Thrones and Orange is the New Black as well as newer titles like Big Bang Theory, Sons of Anarchy, and Lord of the Rings. Additionally, the nearly 100 table games that will keep you entertained 24 hours a day feature Blackjack, Craps, Roulette, Mini-Baccarat, Caribbean Stud, Let it Ride Bonus, Pai Gow Poker and a slew of other exciting table games.
If you want to go for a lottery-like win without playing VLT's at other New York casinos try the keno lounge where you can win up to a hundred grand on a single ticket, and know the odds! Play in the comfortable lounge or check your numbers from the casino floor.
Those visitors looking for an elevated gaming experience need look no farther than the new Pulse Arena. Located on the casino floor in the space once known as Stir, Pulse Arena features electronic and live gaming with low buy-ins including 39 inter-connected play stations offering roulette, sic bo and craps, blackjack and baccarat. There is a blackjack party pit, luxurious booths, live DJ, a dance floor, giant screen, and seven "StarBar" bar tops with an interactive chat feature.
Slot players have the non-smoking Turtle Island Casino as well to try their luck for as little as a penny, and the high limit areas take bets from $5 to $100. Progressive slots pay big jackpots.
Table players have all day and all night to bring down the house with classics like roulette, craps, and blackjack as well as exotic games like Pai Gow poker and new favorites such as Mississippi Stud and many others.
Guests 18 and older can visit The Mezz, located on the 2nd-floor mezzanine area of the casino, which features the hottest slot machines in the industry in an alcohol-free gaming zone specially created for those ages 18 and up.
Located on the first floor next to the Bus Lobby, the 16-table Poker Room at Seneca Niagara runs 24/7 and is the only poker room of it's kind in the area. Tournaments and cash games with up to 23 tables in action at any given time mean you will find just the right competition for your level of play. New to the game? Clueless? No problem. Devote an hour and fifty bucks for a one on one poker lesson and start on the table of your liking. Tried and true skills? Scout the room and room and play.
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Morrie's Express - Open 7 days a week from 7 am to midnight - serves Artisan sandwiches, pizza, salads, coffee, desserts and baked goods as well as a selection of domestic and imported beer and both wine and red wines.
Tim Hortons Cafe & Bake Shop - Open 24/7 - serves hot and cold coffee, donuts and freshly-baked muffins, cakes, pies, croissants, cookies, savory sandwiches, bagels, wraps, hearty soups, and chili.
Cold Stone Creamery - open 24/7 - serves fresh ice cream, ice cream cakes, shakes and smoothies just they way you want them!
Western Door Steakhouse offers a prime fine dining experience at Seneca Niagara Casino. Chops and steaks are of the highest quality and the fresh seafood is flown in on a daily basis to ensure sparkling firm fish and live shellfish. Please feel free to peruse the menu here to get an indication of the top quality cuisine offered.
Age old techniques and ingredients are fused with modern preparations and presentations at Koi, offering diners authentic Asian cuisine with a freshness and vitality unique to Koi. SImple dishes such as steamed sea bass and Dungeness crab are served alongside elegant choices such as Gui Hua Clam for a decadent feast of briny delight - all accented with the special touch of seeing your repast prepared on the central cooking line.
The property invested over $8 million renovating and upgrading the new Thunder Falls Buffet, and it shows in every aspect of this all you can eat paradise of international fare and home style cooking. There is ample exhibition style cooking with live action and made to order culinary stations, and plenty of seating so you are never turned away. Card holders can get quicker seating by going through the kiosk.
Phone in for fast take out or enjoy a leisure meal of hand-crafted gourmet burgers made with premium beef and grilled to perfection at Blues Burger Bar where a small burger comes with a half pound patty. Every burger is made to order and the are some of the most delicious juicy creations you will ever come across. Top it the way you want it, choose your bun and choose your cheese or order one off the menu.
The menu at Three Sisters is extensive and offers plentiful options 24 hours a da. From simple fare and appetizers to Italian, Asian, and seafood specialties and steaks grilled to perfection, you will be amazed at the rich choices offered as well as the reasonable prices and friendly service with a smile. From Montreal Style Poutine, Chicken Souvlaki, and Beef on Weck to omelets and desserts any time you want them, Three sisters has it all.
You will always find the best in entertainment at the Seneca Niagara Events Center. The 2,400 seat venue has been the host of some of the world's greatest entertainers from yesterday and today. Be sure to check the current listings. You could find anything from the most popular new country acts to Smokey Robinson or the comedy of George Lopez. The Event Center is also a flexible space capable of handling your private event for 100 or more guests.
If you prefer a more intimate venue to enjoy your favorite performers, then the Bear's Den Showroom is the place for you and your date. This 440 seat theater offers plush seating with no seat more than 40 feet from the stage. Catch legendary performers in the atmosphere they love best and enjoy the show in a way you may never have before - up close and personal.
The 40 foot by 20 foot high definition screen at Stir will draw you in from the casino floor if you gravitate to stunning visual effects, high tech dance vibes, and the kid f crowd that is slightly unpredictable. Your night could start at Stir but where it ends up is completely up to you with high energy night-life, plush booths, live performers and top DJs and a drink menu featuring signature drinks like the Seneca Sweetheart, Midnight Millionair, and Lava Lamp. You can see some of the sizzling action form the stage dancers in the videos to the right of this page.
At Pulse Arena, a new venue which has taken over the space on the casino's game floor formerly known as Stir. guests can experience live entertainment, a blackjack party pit, several automated games, and 39 inter-connected play stations which offer roulette, sic bo and craps, blackjack and baccarat. Pulse Arena is a complete party destination with exciting new gaming, with lower buy-ins than traditional table games - play $2 blackjack electronic table games - and a giant video screen. Enjoy the live DJ and a nightclub-type atmosphere where you can relax in luxurious booths, sip on tasty cocktails from the drinks menu, and dance the night away.
Additionally, the seven "StarBar" bar tops that are set around the bar, which is situated in the center of the arena, allows players to continue gaming even while they stop to grab a drink. The system is enabled with a chat feature that lets players communicate with each other.
Seneca Niagara Resort & Casino offers over 36,000 feet of flexible event facilities and meeting space and can accommodate everything from private meetings to special occasions to a full-sized convention. Whether its a small group of 50 or a large group of 1000, the flexible meeting space at Seneca Niagara Resort & Casino is ideal for meetings, banquets, conventions, weddings and more.
The Lobby Bar is the perfect place to start the day or nights activities. Enjoy a refreshing beverage of your choice and let the games begin!
Aces lounge is an ideal place to start your night, with a laid-back vibe and cool, infused cocktails, its the first stop on your journey to fun!
A perk reserved for Social Club by Seneca Advantage members, Advantage Lounge features a special menu and cocktails.
The mighty Niagara Falls, subject of lore and history, flows in the State Park at a rate of about 750,000 gallons each second - that is millions of gallons per minute. Find your perfect place to feel the power from a deck, boat, trail, or scenic vista point in America's oldest State Park. The entire venue is full of wonder and discovery.
Seneca Niagara Resort & Casino's state-of-the-art video arcade is jam-packed with all of your kid's favorite games! Open 24/7, the arcade provides around-the-clock entertainment with a wide selection of games such as bubble hockey, dance machines, racing games and more!
Created especially for guests 18 and older, The Mezz is an alcohol-free gaming zone located on the 2nd floor mezzanine area of the casino. The 18 and older gaming area features some of the hottest slots in the industry!
No meaningful trip to a destination resort like Seneca Niagara would truly be complete without an indulgence in the pampering and healthful nurturing available at the Spa & Salon. Whether you just want to look and feel your best before a night out, or wish to completely leave the stress of day to day life behind - you can treat yourself to a manicure and beauty services, or surrender yourself to a specialty treatment such as a Caviar & Pearls Facial or a Swedish massage. It's your time, you deserve this.
Designed by Robert Trent Jones II, New York's premier Seneca Hickory Stick golf course is located just minutes from the casino. The 18-hole Par championship layout features bent grass throughout the greens, tees, and fairways; 5 sets of tee boxes; complete practice facility; 5 lakes; state-of-the-art clubhouse and more!


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Self-expanding defect closure device and method of making and using
The present invention relates to a self-expanding device for sealing a defect in a wall, such as a septal defect. The device of the present invention has a helical shaped periphery formed from an elastic wire and at least one eyelet. The eyelet has a non-circular ("asymmetric") shape which allows the eyelet to slide along a guiding mandrel. The non-circular shaped eyelet and mandrel prevent rotation of the eyelet relative to the mandrel thereby ensuring a consistent deployed shape. The present invention also incorporates a self-articulating catheter tip which can be bent to a variety of angles to enhance the ease of delivery. The tip is articulated by varying the position of the closure device within the articulated portion of the catheter.
Shaw, Edward E. (Flagstaff, AZ)
Farnan, Robert C. (Flagstaff, AZ)
Gore Enterprise Holdings, Inc. (Newark, DE)
606/78, 606/151
A61B17/00; A61M31/00; (IPC1-7): A61B17/00
606/213, 606/78, 606/215, 606/151, 606/157, 606/158
5879366 Self-expanding defect closure device and method of making and using 1999-03-09 Shaw et al. 606/213
5626599 Method for the percutaneous transluminal front-end loading delivery of a prosthetic occluder 1997-05-06 Bourne et al. 606/194
5607465 Percutaneous implantable valve for the use in blood vessels 1997-03-04 Camilli 623/1
5540701 Passive fixation anastomosis method and device 1996-07-30 Sharkey et al. 606/153
5536274 Spiral implant for organ pathways 1996-07-16 Neuss 623/1
5433727 Centering buttoned device for the occlusion of large defects for occluding 1995-07-18 Sideris 606/213
5334217 Septal defect closure device 1994-08-02 Das 606/213
5192301 Closing plug of a defect for medical use and a closing plug device utilizing it 1993-03-09 Kamiya et al. 606/213
5108420 Aperture occlusion device 1992-04-28 Marks 606/213
4994077 Artificial heart valve for implantation in a blood vessel 1991-02-19 Dobben 623/2
4917089 Buttoned device for the transvenous occlusion of intracardiac defects 1990-04-17 Sideris 606/215
4007743 Opening mechanism for umbrella-like intravascular shunt defect closure device 1977-02-15 Blake
3874388 SHUNT DEFECT CLOSURE SYSTEM 1975-04-01 King et al.
3124136 N/A 1964-03-10 Usher
SU1468511A1 1989-03-30
WO1998008462A2 1998-03-05 DAISY OCCLUDER AND METHOD FOR SEPTAL DEFECT REPAIR
WO1990014796A1 1990-12-13 OCCLUSION ASSEMBLY FOR SEALING OPENINGS IN BLOOD VESSELS AND A METHOD FOR SEALING OPENINGS IN BLOOD VESSELS
WO1994007560A1 1994-04-14 VASOOCCLUSION COIL WITH ATTACHED FIBROUS ELEMENT(S)
WO1995027448A1 1995-10-19 A MEDICAL ARTICLE FOR IMPLANTATION INTO THE VASCULAR SYSTEM OF A PATIENT
WO1997028744A1 1997-08-14 DEVICE FOR CLOSURE OF BODY DEFECT OPENINGS
WO1997041779A1 1997-11-13 A DEVICE FOR PLUGGING AN OPENING IN A WALL OF A HOLLOW OR TUBULAR ORGAN
Article--A Small Interventional Device to Occlude Persistently Patent Ductus Arteriousus in Neonates: Evaluation in Piglets. J. Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 28:1024-30.
Jackson, Gary
Johns, David J.
The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/995,097, filed Dec. 19, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,182, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/771,718, filed Dec. 20, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,879,366.
1. A sealing device comprising:
an elastic member forming a periphery and supporting a sealing membrane;
the elastic member having at least one eyelet; and
a guiding mandrel;
wherein the eyelet is adapted to slide over the guiding mandrel.
2. The sealing device according to claim 1, wherein the periphery is helical shaped.
3. The sealing device according to claim 1, wherein the at least one eyelet is integrally formed from the elastic member.
4. The sealing device according to claim 1 wherein the eyelet and guiding mandrel are adapted to prevent eyelet rotation relative to the guiding mandrel.
5. The sealing device according to claim 4, wherein the eyelet and guiding mandrel are non-circular in shape as to prevent eyelet rotation on the mandrel.
6. The sealing device according to claim 1 wherein the guiding mandrel comprises a polymer.
7. The sealing device according to claim 1 wherein the guiding mandrel comprises a metal.
8. The sealing device according to claim 7, wherein the metal is nitinol.
9. The sealing device according to claim 1, wherein the elastic support is a wire.
10. The sealing device according to claim 9, wherein the wire has a non-circular form.
11. The sealing device according to claim 9, wherein the wire is super-elastic.
12. The sealing device according to claim 9, wherein the wire has shape memory.
13. The sealing device according to claim 9, wherein the wire is nitinol.
14. The sealing device according to claim 1, wherein the sealing membrane is formed from a polymer.
15. The sealing device according to claim 14, wherein the polymer is a fluoropolymer.
16. The sealing device according to claim 15, wherein the fluoropolymer is polytetrafluoroethylene.
17. The sealing device according to claim 16, wherein the polytetrafluoroethylene is expanded polytetrafluoroethylene having a node and fibril structure.
18. A sealing device comprising:
the elastic member having at least one eyelet;
wherein the periphery is helical shaped.
19. The sealing device according to claim 18 wherein the at least one eyelet is integrally formed from the elastic member.
20. The sealing device according to claim 18 which further includes a guiding mandrel and the eyelet is adapted to slide over the guiding mandrel.
21. The sealing device according to claim 20 wherein the eyelet and guiding mandrel are adapted to prevent eyelet rotation relative to the guiding mandrel.
22. The sealing device according to claim 21 wherein the eyelet and guiding mandrel are non-circular in shape as to prevent eyelet rotation on the mandrel.
23. The sealing device according to claim 20 wherein the guiding mandrel comprises a polymer.
24. The sealing device according to claim 20 wherein the guiding mandrel comprises a metal.
25. The sealing device according to claim 24 wherein the metal comprises nitinol.
26. The sealing device according to claim 18 wherein the elastic membrane is a wire.
27. The sealing device according to claim 26 wherein the wire has a non-circular form.
28. The sealing device according to claim 26 wherein the wire is nitinol.
29. The sealing device according to claim 26 wherein the sealing membrane is formed from a polymer.
30. The sealing device according to claim 29 wherein the polymer is a fluoropolymer.
The present invention relates to closure devices, their manufacture and use to occlude a defect in a tissue or muscle of a animal, such as a human being, or a defect in a wall of a structure, such as a container or filter. More specifically, the present invention relates to a self-expanding closure device having a membrane that is supported by a structure having elastic properties, which is capable of being compacted and inserted through a defect, and thereafter returned to an enlarged configuration to cover or seal the defect.
A wall defect is generally a hole in the wall of the tissue of an animal, such as humans, or a hole in the wall of a container, tank, bag filter, or planar filter, tent, inflatable device, etc. In muscles or tissues of animals, repairs have been accomplished by inserting an occlusion or septal closure device into the aperture or defect. Such devices include those taught by U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,334,217 to Das and 5,108,420 to Marks.
The Das patent describes a septal defect closure device, its use and method of assembly, where individual disks of a thin flexible material are supported by a super-elastic material and are used to occlude a wall defect. The disks are conjointly attached to one another at the center of the disk. The thin flexible material used in the Das patent can include nylon, polyester, polypropylene and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) polymers. The super-elastic material is a NiTi alloy (or "nitinol".)
The super-elastic material of the Das patent is formed into a frame having several legs and can assume geometrical configurations such as triangles, hexagons, circles, and stars. A membrane is wrapped around the legs of the frame. The loops between adjacent legs bias the legs outwardly, to form a concave membrane surface, which is maintained in a highly tensioned fashion.
The Marks patent describes an occlusion device that can be transported via a catheter in a compressed state. Once through an aperture to be occluded, the device is released and wires supporting two membranes are positioned on each side of the aperture. A domed or umbrella shaped configuration is formed and the support wires urge the membranes towards one another and the wall where the aperture is located.
These prior devices have numerous drawbacks. The support frames of the Das patent include resilient wire loops where leg ends of the frame meet and are attached to one another. The loops generally extend beyond the periphery of the membrane and can irritate or damage adjacent muscle or tissue.
Similarly, the exposed wires of the Marks device act as an irritant to tissue or muscle adjacent the aperture or septum. Here the bare sharp ends of the wire structure can further cause tissue erosion.
The Das and Marks patent devices use a membrane of conventional thickness that when folded over a wire add undesired thickness to the device. Additionally, the patents rely on peripheral membrane support which leaves the central occlusion covering portion of the membrane vulnerable.
In the Das patent design, each leg is provided with a bend at the middle of its length. This bend may tend to fold the device when the frame is sitting against a very flexible tissue and the membrane is pressurized by the blood. This may be the potential mechanism of failure as reported in Agarwal, S. K., Ghosh, P. K. and Mittal, P. K., "Failure of Devices Used for Closure of Atrial Septal Defects: Mechanisms and Management," The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Vol. 112, No. 1, 1996.
Finally, it is believed that none of the previously available devices have provided a sufficiently small enough insertion diameter and/or collapsed flexibility. This limitation has restricted the utility and ease of use of such devices.
Thus, in view of the above, it is desirable to provide a closure device that eliminates or significantly minimizes the traumatizing effect of existing closure devices. Further, it is desirable to provide such a device to be stable under physiological loading conditions when situated against the anatomical tissue structure. It is additionally desirable to provide a defect closure device that is collapsible or compressible so that it may fit into a 9F (9 French), preferably 5F or 4F or smaller catheter for deployment in a defect.
These drawbacks and disadvantages of the prior devices have been addressed and overcome by the inventions described in the two co-pending patent applications. These prior inventive devices employ unique nitinol frames combined with thin expanded PTFE membranes to create defect closure devices that function better than any previous defect closure devices. Of particular benefit of these devices is the fact that they are capable of being compacted into very small delivery tools and then deploy to fully operational diameters. Additionally, unlike some previous defect closure devices, these inventive devices provide excellent protection of tissue from damage by the frame, which is protected under the expanded PTFE cover. Further, these inventive devices also are capable of being relatively easily withdrawn remotely from the defect site in the case they need to be retrieved.
Despite the excellent properties of the defect closure devices disclosed in the parent applications, on-going development work has revealed that further improvements may be possible on these devices. First, it has been discovered that with devices with helical frames the device must be carefully deployed to assure that the helical frame initially starts to expand with the correct spiral. If the helix starts unwrapping in the wrong direction, the operator must withdraw the device back into the delivery tool and attempt deployment a second time to assure that the device expands correctly. Accordingly, a frame which consistently deploys with the correct bias in the helical frame is believed desirable.
Second, the use of the parent devices within tortuous anatomy generally requires the use of separate guidewire catheters or similar devices to help negotiate the device delivery apparatus to the deployment site. This requires both the use of additional equipment and often taxes space limitations at a surgical site. Thus, it is further believed desirable to incorporate a simpler and more compact system that can assist in negotiating the deployment apparatus to the defect site.
The present invention provides significant improvements to deployment and use of the self-expanding defect closure device described in the co-pending parent applications. The defect closure device of the present invention comprises a helical shape periphery supporting a membrane. The helical shape periphery is formed from an elastic wire. Specific improvements have been made to the elastic wire frame and the delivery apparatus to assure consistent correct delivery of the device at the operative site. Additionally, the deployment apparatus has been modified to aid in the negotiation of the device to the site of deployment.
Specifically, the wire frame now includes at least one eyelet having a non-circular or "asymmetric" shape. A guiding mandrel is similarly shaped to have a complimentary non-circular or asymmetric shape which allows the eyelet to slide linearly along the mandrel. The asymmetric shapes of the wire eyelet and the guiding mandrel prevent rotation of the eyelet relative to the mandrel. This anti-rotation feature of the present invention provides a bias or constraint to the formed elastic support, particularly for a helix shaped support. Without this applied bias, a helical wire might assume various deployed shapes. The addition of the bias means of the present invention insures a consistent deployed state or configuration.
Additionally, to deliver and place a septal defect closure device intravenously, the delivery catheter often must be guided through a tortuous path. It is thus another aspect of the present invention to provide a self-articulating catheter tip which facilitates and enhances the ease of delivery. To this end, the catheter is provided with a hooked end adapted to assist in guiding the catheter tube through passageways in a body, much in the same way that a guidewire catheter can be "snaked" through tortuous anatomy using its hooked end to "steer" the guidewire into place.
In the present invention, the hooked tip is integrally incorporated into the deployment apparatus to assist in steering the deployment apparatus to the deployment site. Once in place, however, the deployment apparatus is adapted to eliminate the hooked tip to provide accurate defect closure device placement. This is accomplished by providing a self-articulating catheter tip that can be bent to a variety of angles by advancing or retracting the closure device from the proximal end of the delivery catheter. In other words, as the defect closure device is advanced through the tip of the catheter, the tip will straighten out to provide linear deployment of the defect closure device. Thus, the catheter tip is adapted to assume at least two different positions, an angular or bent guiding position and a straightened device deployment position. The catheter tip actuates from the guiding position to the device deployment position when the defect closure device is moved through the distal tip of the catheter. To accomplish this, the catheter tube comprises a flexible material adapted both to maintain a bent orientation while being negotiated into position and to flex so as to straighten the hooked end when a device is deployed through the tube.
These and other aspects and advantages will become more apparent when considered with the following detailed description, drawings and appended claims.
FIG. 1(A) shows the helical shaped elastic wire of the present invention.
FIG. 1(B) shows a cross section of the helical shaped wire with the bonding adhesive on the outer diameter of the wire.
FIG. 1(C) shows a cross section of the helical shaped wire with the bonding adhesive on the perimeter of a non-circular wire or ribbon.
FIGS. 2(A) through (C) show a multi-ply laminate being folded over a heat resistant tube during the helical device fabrication process.
FIGS. 2(D) and (E) shows the final laminate sheet, cutting pattern and guiding mandrel hole pattern for the helical closure device.
FIGS. 3(A) through (C) show an alternate wrapped film tube process for fabricating the multi-ply film laminate.
FIGS. 4(A) through (C) show the process for threading the guiding mandrel through the eyelets and pre-cut mandrel holes.
FIGS. 5(A) through (C) show a helical defect closure device according to the present invention being positioned and deployed in a heart defect.
FIGS. 5(D) and (E) show a helical defect closure device according to the present invention with and integral latch and sealing membrane to sealing membrane securing means.
FIGS. 6(A) and (B) show detailed shapes of the helical formed wire in a linearly constrained and in a unconstrained state.
FIGS. 7(A) and (B) show details and alternate configurations of the integral latching and securing means.
FIGS. 8(A) and (B) show details of a biasing or anti-rotation feature of the wire eyelets and guiding mandrel.
FIGS. 9(A) and (B) show the helical shaped wire, the integral biasing anti-rotation feature, with the wire in relaxed and linearly constrained states.
FIG. 10 shows a low friction coating on the guiding mandrel.
FIGS. 11(A) through (G) show the delivery and deployment sequence of a helical closure device of the present invention along with an integral latch and securing means for sealing member securing and sealing member to sealing member securing. Also shown is a guiding mandrel sealing member central edge converging means.
FIGS. 12(A) through (C) show a suture retrieval means.
FIG. 13 shows the proximal end of the delivery catheter with the coaxial arrangement of the guiding mandrel, the push tube and the delivery catheter. Also shown is the proximal end of the retrieval suture.
FIGS. 14(A) through (C) show the articulating tip of the distal end of the delivery catheter.
FIG. 15(A) shows a side view of a closure device of the present invention in a deployed or large diameter state.
FIG. 15(B) shows a side view of the closure device, in a fully collapsed or small diameter state.
The defect closure devices of the present invention are composite assemblies of support structures and membranes. For biological applications, the membranes may be made from biocompatible materials such as expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Such membranes block the defect, for example a septal defect, in an animal and occlude the blood flow. This device can also be used to repair a variety of wall defects, either by remote or direct deployment.
A wall defect can be remotely repaired in a fluid containing vessel without draining the fluid. Other wall defects in contact with hazardous materials or environments can be remotely repaired. In addition, those defects where access is limited due to confined spaces or submersion, can also be remotely repaired. Direct deployment can be used to repair wall defects in those cases where access is non-restricted or limited by the immediate environment.
The supporting wire structures that are used in the devices according to the present invention have elastic properties that allow for them to be collapsed for catheter based delivery or thoracoscopic delivery, and self-expand to a "memory" induced configuration once positioned in a wall defect. The elastic wire may be a spring wire, or a shape memory NiTi alloy wire or a super-elastic NiTi alloy wire (generally referred to herein as "nitinol"). Upon deployment, the wire structure resumes its deployed shape without permanent deformation.
The supporting structures of the present invention are formed from elastic wire materials that have diameters between about 0.12 and 0.4 mm. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the wire is about 0.3 mm in diameter and formed from nitinol metal.
The membrane that is used in the defect closure devices to occlude the flow of blood can be manufactured from a variety of materials, such as DACRON® polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene, fluoropolymers, polyurethane foamed films, silicone, nylon, silk, thin sheets of super-elastic materials, woven materials, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), collagen, pericardium tissue or any other biocompatible material. In one embodiment of the present invention, the membrane material is a fluoropolymer, in particular, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) having a node-fibril structure, such as that described in U.S. Pat Nos. 3,953,566, 4,962,153, 4,096,227, 4,187,390, and 4,902,423, all incorporated by reference. The membrane used in the present invention is manufactured from thin films of expanded PTFE that are each approximately 0.0025 to 0.025 mm thick. Thus, the films could be about 0.0025, 0.005, 0.0075, 0.01, 0.0125, 0.015, 0.175, 0.02, 0.0225 and 0.025 mm or more thick.
From 1 to about 200 plys (layers) of expanded PTFE film are stacked up and laminated to one another to obtain a membrane with the desired mechanical and structural properties. An even number of layers are preferably stacked together (e.g., 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, etc.), with approximately 2 to 20 layers being desirable. Cross-lamination occurs by placing superimposed sheets on one another such that the film drawing direction, or stretching direction, of each sheet is angularly offset by angles between 0 and 180 degrees from adjacent layers or plies. Because the base expanded PTFE is thin, as thin as about 0.0025 mm or less in thickness, superimposed films can be rotated relative to one another to improve the mechanical properties of the membrane. In one embodiment of the present invention the membrane is manufactured by laminating together 8 plies of expanded PTFE film, each film ply being about 0.0125 mm thick. In another embodiment of the present invention the membrane is manufactured by laminating together 4 plies of expanded PTFE film, each film ply being about 0.0125 mm thick. The laminated expanded PTFE sheets are then sintered together at temperatures of about 370° C., for about 15 minutes under vacuum to adhere the film layers to one another. The resultant 8 ply laminate structure is typically about 0.04 mm thick.
The invention will now be described by reference to the figures and non-limiting embodiments. One embodiment for closing an aperture or defect according to the present invention is a helical design. As shown in FIG. 1(A), a helical shaped wire frame 2 for a defect closure device is prepared from a super-elastic wire material 4. A wire 4 of nitinol is fixtured in a jig (not shown) into a shape of a helix 2, eyelets 44, 46, 48, and latching and securing portions 50. As is explained in greater detail below, one or more of the eyelets 44, 46, and 48 are preferably formed in a non-circular shape.
The helix 2 shape can include any shape that forms at least a partial outer periphery and has a longitudinal length. For example, a helical shape can include a coil with varying or consistent diameters and angles. The outer periphery of the helical shape can include straight as well as arced segments. Each helix shape 2 is preferably formed from a single wire that is configured to be helical in shape, although multiple wires may be used.
The helical shaped wire 2 is constrained in a jig (not shown) and the combination is placed into an oven, heated for at least two minutes, up to about one-half hour, at about 400° to 600° C., e.g., about 500° C. The helical shaped wire 2 is cooled by immersing in approximately 25° C. water, and removed from the restraining jig. As the result of the 500° C., 30 minute heat treatment, the nitinol wire 4 obtains a memory induced configuration, which in this case is the shape of a helix. The helical shaped wire 2 exhibits super-elastic properties, which act to return the wire to the helical shape even after extreme deformation, such as the straightened orientation shown in FIGS. 4(A) through 4(C).
As shown in cross section FIG. 1(B), the helical shaped wire 2 is coated with a bonding agent 6, for example fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) or other suitable adhesive. The adhesive may be applied through contact coating, powder coating, dip coating, spray coating, or any other appropriate means. As shown in FIG. 1(C), the cross section of the wire 2 is not limited to circular forms and may include rectangular shaped ribbons, square forms, other polygones, or other shapes.
In a preferred embodiment, the FEP adhesive is applied by electrostatic powder coating per the following process. The formed helical shaped wire is first pre-cleaned with isopropyl alcohol and de-ionized water. The formed wire is then placed onto a spreading and holding fixture to avoid wire to wire contact in the formed periphery area. The fixtured wire is then grounded and placed, for approximately 10 seconds, into the electrostatically charged FEP cloud. The FEP powder can be procured from Daikin Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan, as part number NCX-1. The FEP powder is then removed from the eyelets 44, 46, 48 and the latching and securing portions 50, by brushing or by the use of vacuum. The FEP coated wire frame and support fixture is then placed into a convection oven and heated to approximately 330° C. for approximately 1 to 2 minutes, in order to melt and adhere the FEP powder to the formed wire. The FEP coating can also be applied by dipping, spraying, laminating between sheets, wrapping FEP film, fitting FEP tubes over the formed wires, or any other means. If more than one wire is used to form the helical shape the two ends of the formed wire are attached together at a termination point, by welding, by crimping a sleeve onto the wire ends, or any other means.
FIG. 2(A) shows a multi-ply laminate 8 prepared from, for example, four film layers (plies) of expanded PTFE. The film layers are placed onto a porous vacuum chuck (not shown) with each film layer being rotated about 90 degrees relative to one another. The four ply laminate 8 can be disk shaped or any other shape. A high temperature tube 10 is placed on the center line of the four ply laminate 8.
FIG. 2(B) shows the multi-ply laminate 8 being folded over the high temperature tube 10, forming a folded laminate which surrounds the tube.
FIG. 2(C) shows the folded laminate. Since the four ply laminate has been folded once, the membrane 12 now has formed an eight ply laminate. This laminate assembly, with the embedded tube, is capped with a KAPTON® sheet and placed into a sintering press. The edges of the laminate are constrained, vacuum is applied to the assembly through a porous chuck, and the assembly heated to sintering temperatures. The times and temperatures for this sintering process are as previously described. The sintered assembly is cooled and the KAPTON® sheet is removed and discarded.
FIG. 2(D) shows the laminate assembly, or membrane 12, high temperature tube 10, outline cutting 14 and mandrel hole patterns 16. The outline and mandrel holes are cut by laser, steel rule die, or any other means.
As shown in FIG. 2(E), after the cutting operation, a laminated assembly 18 is formed having membranes 12, mandrel holes 16 and a heat resistant tube 10.
In a preferred or alternate method, the cross laminated membranes may be manufactured by cross wrapping film around a mandrel, thereby creating a cross ply laminated film tube. As shown in FIG. 3(A), the film 20, as previously described, is wrapped around a mandrel 22. The film 20 is wrapped at an angle 26, referenced from a vertical or shortest circumference line 24 about the mandrel. A clockwise angle from the vertical reference is described as positive angle while a counterclockwise angle is described as a negative angle. Shown is a preferred angle 26 of positive 47 degrees from vertical. The film 20 is preferably wrapped with a pitch 28 of approximately 1.75" (44.45 mm), the film width 30 is preferably about 1.0" (25.4 mm) and the mandrel diameter 34 is preferably about 1.0" (25.4 mm). The film is wrapped accordingly to an approximate 24" (.about.610.0 mm) length, traversing from left to right, completing one pass. The second pass, traversing from right to left maintains the same pitch 28 and film width 30, but the wrap angle 26 is changed to negative 47 degrees from vertical. As shown in FIG. 3(B), a total of eight passes are used to produce a cross ply laminated film tube 32. While still on the wrapping mandrel, the film laminate is sintered at approximately 370° C. for approximately 45 minutes. The sintered film tube is then removed from the wrapping mandrel. The heat resistant tube 10 can then be inserted into the tube lumen as shown. This assembly, with the embedded tube, is then capped with a KAPTON® sheet and placed into a sintering press. The edges of the laminate are constrained, vacuum is applied to the assembly through a porous chuck, and the assembly heated to sintering temperatures. The times and temperatures for this sintering process are as previously described. The sintered assembly is cooled and the KAPTON® sheet is removed and discarded. Shown in FIG. 3(C) is an end view of the laminated assembly, showing the heat resistant tube 10 and the folded and laminated film tube 32. This assembly can then be fixtured onto a laser chuck to allow the cutting of the mandrel holes 16 (FIG. 2(D)) and device outline 14 (FIG. 2(D)). As previously shown in FIG. 2(E), after the cutting operation, a laminated assembly 18 is formed having membranes 12, mandrel holes 16 and a heat resistant tube 10.
The helical wire 2 (FIG. 1(B)), with the FEP coating 6 (FIG. 1(B)), is then tensioned into an approximate linear shape and inserted into the high temperature tube 10, such as one constructed from stainless steel. The high temperature tube 10 is removed from the laminated assembly 18, leaving the FEP coated wire captured within the laminated assembly. The latch and securing portion of the helical formed wire is threaded through the pre-cut mandrel holes to temporarily hold the device in the approximate deployed or expanded state. By threading the latch and securing portion of the helical formed wire through the pre-cut guiding mandrel holes, the central edges of the seal members or membranes are forced to radially converge in upon themselves, thus assuming the final deployed configuration. The device is then air heated at 330° C. for about 15 minutes causing the FEP coating on the wire to bond to the expanded PTFE laminate. The device is then allowed to cool. The resulting device, when linearly tensioned, is depicted in FIG. 4(A).
As shown in FIG. 4(A), the device is linearly tensioned by applying loads 40. The helical shaped wire 2 has been formed as previously described. Formed into the wire 2 is a proximal eyelet 44, an intermediate eyelet 46, a distal eyelet 48 and a latching and securing means 50. The sealing membranes 12 have pre-cut mandrel holes 16. As shown in FIG. 4(B) a guiding mandrel 42 is threaded through the proximal eyelet 44 and sequentially through the pre-cut mandrel holes 16. The guiding or gathering mandrel forces the pre-cut holes to be approximately aligned to a common axis thus gathering the inner edges of the sealing membranes. The guiding mandrel 42 is essentially straight or nearly linear, thus the sealing membranes 12 should be folded or compressed to feed the guiding mandrel sequentially through the pre-cut holes 16.
The guiding mandrel is essentially tubular and can have inner diameters ranging from about 0.005" to 0.300" (0.13 mm to 7.62 mm), with a preferred range of about 0.031" to 0.033" (0.79 mm to 0.83 mm). The guiding mandrel can have an outer diameter ranging from about 0.007" to 0.500" (0.18 mm to 12.7 mm), with a preferred range of about 0.039" to 0.041" (0.99 mm to 1.04 mm).
The guiding mandrel can be fabricated from any suitable bio-compatible material including polymers or metals. A preferred guiding mandrel material is nitinol, procured from Memry Corp., Melno Park, Calif. The guiding mandrel can be surface treated or coated to enhance the material's bio-compatibility or alter or enhance the surface friction.
As shown in FIG. 4(C), the guiding mandrel 42 is further threaded through the intermediate eyelet 46, through the remaining pre cut holes 16 and through the distal eyelet 48. The sealing membranes 12 are typically folded or wrinkled as depicted by wrinkles 56. The latching and securing means 50, which was pre formed into the helical shaped wire 2, is resiliently deformed and positioned into the open distal end of the guiding mandrel 42. The helical wire is then tensioned into a linear shape by sliding the proximal eyelet along the guiding mandrel away from the distal end of the guiding mandrel. The device is then loaded into a delivery catheter.
The general deployment of the completed helical closure device is shown in FIGS. 5(A)-(C). The delivery catheter 62 is initially positioned through a wall defect 60 in a heart. As shown in FIG. 5(A) the distal sealing membrane 64 of the helical closure device 68 is forced out of the delivery catheter 62, allowing the distal side 64 to expand to the deployed shape. As shown in FIG. 5(B), the catheter 62 is withdrawn out of the wall defect, the closure device is forced further out of the catheter, allowing the proximal sealing membrane 70 to expand to the deployed shape. As shown in FIG. 5(C), when the guiding mandrel and catheter 62 are withdrawn, the latch and securing portion of the formed wire captures and secures the distal eyelet to the proximal eyelet, thereby securing the distal sealing membrane 64 to the proximal sealing membrane 70. The latching and securing means is further clarified in FIGS. 5(D) and (E). As shown in FIG. 5D, the latching and securing means 50 is constrained within the inner lumen of the guiding mandrel 42. The guiding mandrel is also threaded through the three eyelets 44, 46 and 48 and through the pre-cut mandrel holes. When the proximal eyelet 44 is forced towards or forced to be in close proximity to the distal eyelet 48, the latching means will protrude through the proximal eyelet 44, the medial eyelet 46, and the distal eyelet 48. As shown in FIG. 5(E), when the guiding mandrel 42 is withdrawn, the latching and securing means 50 will be positioned within the three eyelets and will return to the deployed state on the proximal side of the closure device 68. Thus by securing the eyelets together, the proximal sealing membrane 70 is secured to the distal sealing membrane 64, completing the closure of the wall defect.
As shown in FIG. 6(A), the helical shaped wire can have more than one loop forming any eyelet. For example, the proximal eyelet 44 can have two loops as shown. The intermediate eyelets 46 and the proximal eyelets 48 can similarly have more than one loop, forming an eyelet. The number of loops forming any eyelet can include approximately 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more loops or approximate partial fractions thereof, for example 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5. A preferred method uses approximately two loops to form the eyelets 44, 46, and 48. FIG. 6(A) depicts the approximate configuration of the helical wire 2 while under light tension 72, applied along the longitudinal axis of the helical wire 2. The latch portion 50 of the helical wire 2 can also include multiple loops or any other suitable configuration. Shown is a preferred latch portion 50 configuration having approximately one loop.
As shown in FIG. 6(B), the helical wire 2 expands into the deployed shape when the longitudinal or linear tension (72, FIG. 6(A)) is removed. The approximate dimensions of the eyelets 44, 46 and 48 are maintained after removal of the longitudinal or linear tension. The latch portion 50 of the helical wire 2 is also approximately maintained after the longitudinal or linear tension is removed.
As shown in FIG. 7(A), a preferred embodiment or configuration of the latch portion 50 of the helical shaped wire 2, has at least one loop. The latch portion 50 may also be formed to deploy inward relative to the deployed device or towards the distal eyelet 48 to minimize the protrusion of the latch portion 50 after full deployment. FIG. 7(B) shows an alternate configuration of the latch portion 50 of the helical shaped wire 2, wherein the latch portion has approximately two full rotational loops. In addition the terminal end of the latch portion 50 can be formed into a small loop.
A bias may be applied to the wire to encourage the deployment rotational direction and the longitudinal deployment direction in order to assure a specific deployed configuration. A preferred method of applying this bias is shown in FIGS. 8(A) and (B). The helical shaped wire 2, is formed to create at least one eyelet, for example the proximal eyelet 44. This eyelet is formed into a non-circular or "asymmetric" shape. The guiding mandrel 42 is similarly formed into a corresponding non-circular or "asymmetric" shape. Thus the eyelet engages the mandrel. As the terms "asymmetric and "non-circular" are used herein, each is intended to encompass any non-circular shape that will prevent the eyelet from rotating on a correspondingly shaped guiding mandrel. Such shapes may include without limitation: ovals, squares/rectangles, triangles, and various random shapes, and other shapes that allow linear progression of the eyelet along the mandrel while preventing uncontrolled twisting of the eyelet on the mandrel.
The non-circular or asymmetric form of the eyelet 44, along with the non-circular or asymmetric form of the guiding mandrel 42, prevents rotation or twisting of the mandrel 42 relative to the eyelet 44. The bias applied to the wire is thus an anti-rotation constraint which can assure a specific shape or deployment configuration. FIG. 8(B) shows a side and end view of a preferred guiding mandrel 42 configuration, where the distal end 80 of the guiding mandrel has been formed into a non-circular or asymmetric shape. The asymmetric shape has a width 76 which is substantially greater (hereby defined as more than 10%) than the height 78. In a preferred embodiment all three eyelets (44, 46, 48 FIG. 6(B)) have non-circular or asymmetric forms, such as an oblate rectangle, and a similarly shaped mandrel which allows the eyelets to slide over the mandrel while also preventing relative rotation of the mandrel to the eyelets. With the incorporation of this anti-rotation feature, the eyelets should be, in a preferred embodiment, aligned and not rotated relative to each other after the guiding mandrel has been threaded through the eyelets and the pre-cut mandrel holes, as described in FIGS. 4(A) through (C).
As shown in FIG. 9(A) the eyelets are not rotated and are in a significantly relaxed and unconstrained state while in the deployed configuration. As shown in FIG. 9(B), the helical formed wire 2 is wrapped around the guiding mandrel 42, when the eyelets for example 48 and 46, are forced apart, as during the mandrel threading operation described in FIGS. 4(A) through (C). Thus during the mandrel threading operation, the eyelets should be properly aligned so they are configured as shown in FIG. 9(A) when in the expanded or deployed state. A preferred non-circular or asymmetric tube has a width between about 0.048" to 0.052" (1.22 mm to 1.32 mm), and a height of about 0.023" to 0.027" (0.58 mm to 0.69 mm). Preferred eyelet configurations are sized to allow the eyelets to slide along the asymmetric mandrel yet prevent rotation of the eyelets relative to the mandrel.
As shown in FIG. 10, a low friction coating 82 may, in a preferred embodiment, be applied to the anti-rotation segment of the distal end 80 of the guiding mandrel 42. This coating may be sprayed, vapor coated, or thermally applied. In a preferred embodiment this coating is Paralyne, applied by Specialty Coating Systems, Indianapolis, Ind.
Deployment of the helical closure device with the latch securing means and the guiding mandrel means is shown in FIGS. 11(A) through (G). As shown in FIG. 11(A), the catheter 62 is aligned to and pushed through the defect 60. The catheter 62 contains the helical closure device 68, a device push tube 90, the guiding mandrel 42 and the latch and securing means 50. The guiding mandrel and the latch and securing portion 50 of the helical shaped wire are then advanced out of the catheter as shown in FIG. 11(A).
As shown in FIG. 11(B), the pusher tube 90 is then advanced, driving the helical closure device 68 out of the catheter 62. The distal side 64 of the helical closure device 68 then assumes the memory induced shape.
As shown in FIG. 11(C), the catheter 62 is withdrawn away from the defect, forcing the distal side 64 of the closure device 68 against the defect 60. The pusher tube 90 is then advanced toward the defect, driving the helical closure device 68 further out of the catheter 62. The proximal side 70 of the helical closure device 68 then assumes the memory induced shape. The guiding mandrel 42 forces the pre-cut holes 16 (FIG. 2(E)) to become aligned to a common axis and thus provides a sealing member central edge convergence means.
The release of the latch and securing portion 50 is accomplished by advancing the catheter 62 and the pusher tube 90 toward the defect, as shown in FIG. 11(D). As shown in FIG. 11(E), the guiding mandrel 42 can then be drawn away from the helical closure device 68. The pre-cut holes 16 (FIG. 2(E)) are pre-threaded over the guiding mandrel 42 and are thus aligned to a common axis by the guiding mandrel 42. In this configuration the latch and securing portion 50 will spring open towards its memory induced shape, and conform the inner diameter 92 of the pusher tube 90.
As shown in FIG. 11(F), the pusher tube 90 may then be withdrawn away from the helical closure device 68, allowing the latch and securing portion 50 to further spring open towards the unconstrained memory induced shape and conform to the inner diameter 94 of the catheter 62.
As shown in FIG. 11(G), the catheter 62 can then be withdrawn from the helical closure device, fully releasing the latch and securing portion 50, which will then spring open to its memory induced shape. The latch and securing portion 50 now provides a means to secure the distal side membrane 64 to the proximal side membrane 70 of the helical closure device 68 and also provide a sealing member securing means. Alternate methods for deploying the latch include withdrawing the guiding mandrel 42 and the catheter 62 simultaneously away from the helical closure device 68, or withdrawing the guiding mandrel 42, the pusher tube 90 and the catheter 62 simultaneously away from the helical closure device 68.
A means for allowing device retrieval during the deployment is desirable. A device retrieval means is defined as a means to allow the defect closure device to be reinserted into the delivery catheter after partial deployment of the defect closure device. If the closure device is inadvertently mispositioned during deployment, a suture with one end embedded or attached to the pusher tube, allows retrieval of the partially deployed device. Thus the device can be withdrawn back into the delivery catheter and redeployed to correct the positioning error
FIGS. 12(A) through (C) show a preferred embodiment of a suture retrieval means. As shown in FIG. 12(A), a suture 96 is pre-threaded through the proximal eyelet 44. One end of the suture 96 is embedded or attached to the push tube 90 and the other end of the suture 96 is pre-threaded through the proximal eyelet 44 and pre-threaded through the inside lumen of the push tube 90. The suture 96 is pre-threaded or routed between the outside of the guiding mandrel 42 and the inside lumen of the push tube 90 and extends out of the proximal end of the delivery catheter 62. By tensioning the exposed end of the suture at the proximal end of the delivery catheter, the closure device can be drawn back into the delivery catheter 62 if re-deployment is required. As shown in FIG. 12(B), the push tube 90 has the suture 96 attached or embedded into the push tube 90. As shown in FIG. 12(C), deployment of the closure device 68 can be completed by releasing the suture from the proximal end of the delivery catheter 62 and as the catheter 62 is withdrawn, the suture 96 is allowed to slip through the proximal eyelet 44, thereby releasing the closure device 68.
Shown in FIG. 13 is the proximal end 100 of the delivery catheter 62. The guiding mandrel 42 and the push tube 90 are configured coaxially within the delivery catheter 62. The proximal end of the retrieval suture 96 is routed between the outside of the guiding mandrel 42 and the inside lumen of the push tube 90 and is removably secured to the push tube 90. In a preferred embodiment, the suture 96 can be removably secured to the push tube 90 by a pressure fit cap that pinches and holds the suture to the outside diameter of the push tube. To complete the device delivery, the pressure fit cap is removed, thereby freeing the suture 96 and allowing the suture to slip through the push tube lumen and through the proximal eyelet of the helical formed wire, which fully releases the device.
To allow the guiding of the delivery catheter through a defect without the need of a guide wire, the distal end of the delivery catheter has an articulated tip.
This hooked tip facilitates "steering" of the delivery system through passageways or "hooked" in a ----------, much like a bent tip on a guidewire catheter. As shown in FIGS. 14(A) through (C), the distal end of the catheter 62 has an articulated tip 102. As shown in FIG. 14(A), the distal end of the catheter assumes a bend or angle 112 of approximately 60 to 90 degrees when in the relaxed or unconstrained state. In this state, the distal end 104 of the device 68 is at the proximal position 106. Referring to FIG. 14(B), as the distal end 104 of the device 68 is advanced towards the medial position 108, the articulated tip 102 bends, approximating less of an angle. Shown is an approximate starting angle of 90 degrees (FIG. 14(A)) transitioning to an approximate angle of 45 degrees, as shown in FIG. 14(B). As the distal end 104 of the device 68 is further advanced to the distal position 110, the articulated tip assumes an approximate linear or straight configuration. Thus the distal tip is adapted to assume at least two different positions, a bent guiding position as shown in FIG. 14(A), and a straightened device deployment position as shown in FIG. 14(C). The distal tip actuates from the guiding position to the device deployment position when the defect closure device is moved through the distal tip. It should be appreciated that the tip is able to assume a variety of bent configurations between these two extreme positions simply by partially advancing or withdrawing the devices within the tip.
The catheter tube comprises a flexible material adapted to flex so as to straighten the hooked end as shown in FIG. 14(C) when a device is deployed through the tube. In a preferred embodiment, the delivery catheter is constructed from a wire braiding support with approximately 40 crossovers per inch, coated with hot melt Pebax, which can be procured from Elf Atochem North American, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa. Other stiffening materials may be substituted for the Pebax, such as FEP or other suitable materials. Alternatively, the catheter tube itself may be bowel from a material that will accept a heat-set or molded or other formed bend. The dimensions of the wire braiding are selected for the specific catheter size. Other materials may be substituted for the wire braiding, for example polymer fibers or filaments may be used for the catheter support. The catheter support can also be in the form of a spiral or coil. The support may be eliminated providing the catheter has adequate mechanical and flexural properties.
The pre-bent or hooked portion of the distal tip is formed by constraining the distal tip in the bent or hooked configuration as the hot melt Pebax is heated to its approximate melting or reflow temperture. The catheter is then allowed to cool while remaining in the constrained state. The articulated portion is, in a preferred embodiment, approximately 2.4" (61 mm) long and forms an approximate 90 degree angle. Radio-opaque rings, or tips may be incorporated into the distal catheter tip by forming a mixture of approximately 80% tungsten fine powder and 20% Pebax. The metal loaded mixture is then melted and molded onto the distal catheter tip. To lower the surface friction in the push tube inner lumen, a densified, thin wall PTFE liner may be optionally incorporated onto the inner lumen. In a preferred embodiment, the suture may be affixed to the push tube by melting the hot melt Pebax around the suture, thereby embedding the suture into the push tube wall.
FIG. 15(A) shows a side view of a closure device 68, with a longitudinal axis 120, in the deployed or large diameter state 124 having a diameter d1.
FIG. 15(B) shows a side view of a closure device 68, with a longitudinal axis 120, in the fully collapsed or small diameter state 122 having a diameter d2, where d2 is less than d1, the ratio of d1 :d2 being less than about 50:1, depending on the final deployed diameter d1 of the device. The ratio of d1 :d2 should be between about 5:1 and about 50:1, with a ratio of about 5:1 to about 50:1 being preferred (such as, 5:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 12:1, 15:1, 20:1, 25:1, 30:1, 35:1, 40:1, 45:1.) Once in the collapsed state, the device can be inserted along the longitudinal axis 120 into a delivery tube or catheter 62. Thus the device has a compressed insertion configuration and an enlarged deployed configuration.
Although, the present invention is preferred to close body defects like atrial septal defects and ventricular septal defects, it can be used in other applications where the undesired communication or passage in the body exists. One specific example is Patent Ductus Arteriosis (PDA). PDA is a vessel which shunts aorta and pulmonary artery. This shunt is supposed to close immediately after childbirth. However, in certain congenital disease conditions, this vessel stays open after childbirth and hence leads to subsequent complications. It is desired to have a catheter based or thoroscopic device to block PDA. The present invention can be used for the PDA closure. Similarly, it can be used to block the flow in any tubular structure in the body such as fallopian tubes, arteriovenous fistula, etc.
In this respect, it should be appreciated that the present invention can be introduced in a wide variety of manners, including by merely using a tube ("catheter"), through thoracoscopic delivery, or other means. For small applications, it may be desirable to use pediatric sized catheters.
It should be appreciated from the foregoing description that an important benefit of the present invention, particularly the helically deployed embodiment, is that it can be restrained to a very compact insertion diameter and yet still fully expand to assume a full barrier to cover or seal a wall defect. This dramatic change in size is achieved by the ability of the elastic support of the present invention to assume a substantially elongated configuration in its insertion configuration and then automatically bend into another periphery of the closure device in its deployed configuration.
As the term "substantially elongated" is used herein, it is intended to encompass any orientation of the elastic support that stretches the support out longitudinally within a delivery tube. Preferably a "substantially elongated" support assumes nearly a straight line within the delivery tube; however, the term is intended to encompass any longitudinally disposed orientation, such as a stretched wire having one or more loops or kinks therein or even a support that may include two or more lengths of wire along its length.
The advantage of this construction is that the closure device can be compressed into very small tubes for delivery into tightly confined spaces. For instance, the closure device of the present invention will readily compact into a 9 French (F) catheter tube, and even much smaller tubes such as 8F, 7.5F, 7F, 6.5F, 6F, 5.5F, 5F, 4.5F, 4F, 3.5F, 3F, 2.5F, 2F and even smaller.
A further advantage of this construction of the closure device of the present invention is that the device remains quite flexible in its compacted, insertion configuration. This is particularly true where the elastic support comprises only a single length of wire in its compacted state. This high degree of flexibility contributes to ease of manipulation of the device of the present invention, again assisting in deployment in tight confines.
Another way to express the advantages of the present invention is in the length of the insertion configuration of the present invention relative to the total length of the periphery of the device in its deployed configuration.
This ratio is generally about 0.7 or more, and may include ratios of 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5 or more. Preferably the ratio is 0.7 or more.
Although the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments, it is evident that many alternatives and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description and annexed drawings. Accordingly, the invention is intended to embrace all of the alternatives and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
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To celebrate fathers worldwide, international bestselling author Cheryl Kaye Tardif has put three of her bestsellers, THE RIVER, SUBMERGED and WHALE SONG, on SALE for only $1.99 from June 14-16.
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But now a familiar voice from her childhood sends Sarah, a talented mid-twenties ad exec, back to her past. A past that she had thought was long buried. Some things are meant to be buried.
Torn by nightmares and visions of a yellow-eyed wolf and aided by creatures of the Earth and killer whales that call to her in the night, Sarah must face her fears and recover her memories―even if it destroys her. Some things are meant to be remembered―at all cost.
Cheryl Kaye Tardif is the bestselling author of Submerged, Children of the Fog, Whale Song, Divine Intervention, Divine Justice, The River, Skeletons in the Closet & Other Creepy Stories, Remote Control and Lancelot's Lady (written under the pen name of Cherish D'Angelo), and her marketing book How I Made Over $42,000 in 1 Month Selling My Kindle eBooks. She is now working on her next thriller.


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Posted on August 1, 2013 January 27, 2018 by Sarah Wallin Huff — 3 Comments
My Recent Adventures in SoundFonts
UPDATE (10/1/2016): I am always experimenting with new technology to improve my demo-rendering experience. I am still fully hooked on the notation software Notion for both iPad and desktop and fully enjoy using it for the ease of my process of composing as well as the ease and beauty of rendering the digital demo recordings — thanks to their beautiful playback sampled from recordings of the London Philharmonic! But both MuseScore and GarageBand have come out with incredible updates!! So, as of late, I use GarageBand as my DAW (it does import tempos now! And the "live drummer" option is phenomenal to work with!) and I use my Notion playback as my base then play with the sounds in the MuseScore SSO collection to overlay and enhance certain families, like the strings. Finally, I've also been using the free Audacity to create really amazing sounding finishing touches… It all helps to give a much fuller and more realistic sound. ^_^
In the midst of working on my latest composition "Of Roses and Lilies" with my current favored music notation program, MuseScore (which is FREE, btw!!), the SoundFont I had been nonchalantly working with — without any further thought about it until now — decided to go a little wonky on me….. 😕
I'm usually not phased one bit by what sounds do or don't come out of my computer's speakers while I'm writing… When I ultimately started composing (in the truest sense of the term, I guess) at the tender age of 13, I didn't have a computer! So, everything I did was by hand, with only a miniature keyboard and my own mind to guide my sense of the resulting sound. So, to this day, when I compose, I'm always more concerned with the artistry and construction of the writing itself, knowing that the final result with live instruments will always come out the way I want it (erm, that is, after the whole rehearsal-thing… lol…)
But, the way the current SoundFont (I was using TimGM6mb.sf2 at the time, decent but definitely MIDI-esque; like I said, I didn't care…until…) was behaving as my score got bigger and more complex finally caused it to revert to some weirdness with the violins at one point in the middle of the score. I couldn't figure out what was going on to make it do that — and, quite frankly, I didn't really want to spend all my time figuring it out for sounds that I didn't pay much attention to anyway. So, I decided, maybe it was time to move on and explore various other free SoundFont options that were available online….
I started googling around for free SoundFont options, and eventually I stumbled upon this HIGHLY recommended creative commons project, Sonatina Symphonic Orchestra:
Sonatina Symphonic Orchestra is a free orchestral sample library. While not as advanced or ambitious in scope as commercial offerings, SSO contains all the basic building blocks for creating real virtual orchestrations. It's primarily aimed at beginners, but also more experienced composers looking for something lightweight and/or portable might find it useful.
I listened to the mp3 sample of what this library could do, and I was greatly impressed! This was for me, man!
So I downloaded it… and discovered that the format of the SSO library — .sfz — is NOT compatible with the format that MuseScore can read — .sf2 or .sf — DOH!
Ok… Round 2… I googled about, looking for anyone who may have converted these same .sfz files to .sf2's… and my search took me to myriad forums, whose links then led to dead-ends. At last, I came across one link that hadn't been taken down!
Find the SSO library in .sf2 format HERE!
Ok! I was in business! I ran MuseScore and told it to find the folder in which I had downloaded the .sf2 version of SSO… only to come to the realization that MuseScore only reads ONE file at a time… and this package contained 57….
I read more in MuseScore's online handbook about editing SoundFonts. And I found there a list of tools created to edit and combine SoundFont files — just what I needed!
Unfortunately, I'm not entirely brilliant when it comes to working with some of these tools, and the one and only free option for Mac (WHY???) had me jump through some hoops to donate first and then receive the download. I can understand, and I did… and I downloaded a file of gobbledygook… 😡
Yah, I could have asked hubby to help, but I didn't want to bother him — this was my project, and I just wanted to find something that would pop up an editor on my screen and let me go to work, darnit! So I explored the other non-free options….
I found PolyPhontics to be promising — they'd let me download a free trial version — YES! But, after downloading and learning how to use the editor, I found the free trial version only lets you combine up to eight files… not 57…. To do that, I'd have to purchase the $60 actual program.
Not that I'm above doing so. But, I honestly couldn't see myself needing to do this more than this one single time. And if I did come across a second instance of needing to edit SoundFonts, well, then I'd consider it… But until then….
So… I was left with some Windows versions… and we are not a PC family, lol.
I did more googling about, just to see what else I could possibly find before I pestered my friends and family who have Windows, and — while this was still PC only — I came across a program that was billed as functioning only as a sf2 combiner — EXACTLY what I was trying to do!! So I downloaded it….
Find the Sf2Patcher HERE!
Ok… on to pestering friends with PCs….
After one attempt pestering a friend that didn't go so well… well, I went on to pester my little brother, hahaha!
Kudos to Billy Wallin for figuring this out for me!!!!!
So, Billy downloaded the Windows-only Sf2Patcher program, and downloaded the 57 SoundFont files of the .sf2 version of the SSO library, and worked it!
We ran into a minor snag the first time he sent me the finished combined sf2 file; it was missing 6 of the original files. Billy reports that he was reasonably sure he didn't leave those 6 out; but he has said "Program isn't very good at adding a mass of files… gotta do it one by one."
Apparently, the Sf2Patcher program isn't exact, and to add in those 6 missing files, Billy had to start all over and just make sure that all 57 had been added. But the second time around it did its job! Billy sent me the final combined SSO .sf2 library as a single file, readable by MuseScore!
Download the combined .sf2 SoundFont for the entire SSO library HERE! (460 MB zipped ; 541.6 MB unzipped)
It took some monkeying around with the new SoundFont in MuseScore to get it to sound reasonable, which is to be expected. And, to be sure, there's more experimenting to be done.
Now, there is another free Windows-only downloadable SoundFont editor that looked mighty promising: Polyphone. Simply based upon the presentation and care of their site, this looks like a great option, perhaps (and probably) better than the Sf2Patcher. Billy said he might be willing to play around with Polyphone later and give a report on its functionality. If anyone else has experience with it, feel free to post your experiences here!
One more thing I learned in my adventures. I had considered during the course of all this that, if I couldn't get MuseScore to playback using SSO, perhaps I could get GarageBand to do that very thing. What I have been doing recently in creating my nicer MIDI demo recordings of my works is importing my MuseScore files as standard MIDI into GarageBand, then using the soundbanks in GarageBand to spruce things up. So this option made sense. And, wouldn't you know it, I stumbled across this article detailing exactly how to do this, using a free download of the Alchemy player. So I tried it myself. It worked all right, but at various times, various tracks would suddenly revert back to some different MIDI bank. I'm sure I could play around with it some more, and probably will, and figure this out. But, again, in the realm of writing, I just have to prioritize.
My thinking is that if I can get the MuseScore file itself to sound extraordinarily decent using the SSO SoundFont, I can export the entire thing as a .wav — with all tempo changes, etc., intact — into GarageBand, and just add the final touches of reverb, etc in GarageBand…. WAY easier, way less steps….
And, yes, I know, probably Logic can do all this without these extra steps and sound amazing. I'm sure I'll eventually fold and purchase the sucker — many of my composition students already have. But at this point, I'm still a bit old-school, it's all free (I'm spending my money on live recordings and production with PARMA!), and I'm only using my demo recordings to give an idea of what my works can sound like LIVE!
You see, right now, I'm just too busy writing….
Categories: A Day in the Life, Composition, General, History, Humor, Inspiration, Noteworthy, Performance, Photographs, Reviews, Strange Findings, Teaching, Thought for the Day, Uncategorized, Violin, Writing
Tags: live, MIDI, modern music, MuseScore, SoundFont, Studio recording, Windows
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© Copyright Sarah Wallin Huff and SarahWallinHuff.com, 2004 – 2021. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this site's author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Sarah Wallin Huff and SarahWallinHuff.com with appropriate and specific direction to the original content.
The Dark Glass Sinfonia
Sarah Wallin Huff's "The Dark Glass Sinfonia" follows with a moving and mysterious delivery that builds into soaring highs of cascading beauty while also retreating to low ebbs of calm.
Take Effect
Soul of the Machine
Sometimes the idea behind the music is just as interesting as the music itself…the music on this album "…explores the relationships between mechanical structures, organic beauty, and identity." …Wallin Huff presents three unusual compositions that tackle some intriguing ideas and topics… Her music is quite complex and unusual and yet…very easy to absorb and appreciate. There's a lot to take in here… Our favorite is the wonderfully moody and subtle "Gypsy Wanderer"…nothing short of breathtaking.
Baby Sue
Sonata Moderna
Sarah Wallin Huff works with a palette of sounds in a way that mere humans can only distantly discern – this single is an ambient instrumental masterpiece of classical and modern moods.
Akademia Awards
The Akademia
Sarah Wallin Huff's orchestral piece "The Dark Glass Sinfonia" is featured on the new release "Prisma 3," a compilation of new orchestral compositions. From its truncated, questioning gestures of the introduction, to the artful handling of instrumental density, to its closing drama, her piece is a standout on the disc, an offering that does Cal Poly proud.
Dr. Peter Yates
Chair, Music Dept., Cal Poly Pomona
Music for The Book of I
…the [Book of I] soundtrack composed by Sarah Wallin Huff stands out as both a powerful album, taking its listener on an emotional journey of beauty, despair, and hope, as well as a fascinating study of the composer's visceral and intellectual connection to the source material. Featuring the stellar work of musicians Darrell Peries, Caleb Barnes, Cathy Alonzo, Jenna Ford, Lainey Elizabeth White, Brett Bird, Jonatas Mostacato, Ayla Draper, and [Wallin] Huff herself, the album is a stunning collection of gorgeous, orchestral selections comprised mostly of string instruments that are, at times, vividly haunting but always entirely engrossing. [Wallin] Huff, who previously released her own album, Soul of the Machine, earlier this year, clearly has a passion and a gift for sharing every ounce of her mind, body, and soul with the listener, as if providing a warm invitation for the listener to share the same in response.
Barbra Dillon
Fanboy Comics
Wallin-Huff's brooding The Dark Glass Sinfonia is as mysterious as its title, the composer here melding atonality with modal harmony in a dramatic tone poem that recalls at certain moments Bartok and Shostakovich… The quality level is high throughout [the album], but the release earns its recommendation for the pieces by Alabaca, Wallin-Huff, and Vassdal in particular. Of all the album's settings, one imagines these three would most stop an audience in its collective tracks upon encountering them in a concert set-list.
www.textura.org/archives/v/va_prisma3.htm
It is the third piece "The Oracle" that is the crème de la for me with its incredible depth and creative complexity. Dynamics take deep hold here with sudden bursts and calming moments. I really hear the room when flute and clarinet parts elevate along with the brilliant staccato keyboard hits. There are moments when time seems to fall apart and then strings back together in a wonderful interplay among the musicians.
Wesley Derbyshire
Hi-Res Edition
Memories & The Gray
'Memories & The Gray' is aptly named – its varying moods convey a rich insight into the creative mind behind the work; sometimes joyous of temperament, elsewise wistful, but always inventive.
ArtistRack: Legend Seekers
Sarah's music has a classy, understated sound, yet it is baroque and ornate, tipping the hat off to genius composers like Debussy, but also tipping the hat off experimental ideas and cinematic scores. Opening number "Intrepid" is a very dynamic composition with a unique color, almost echoing the work of modern composers like Yann Tiersen.
Weeping Willow, featuring "Michael Jung," is one of our favorite tracks on this release. I love the romantic, dramatic high notes of the string section, as well as the timeless sound of the sparse piano melodies, almost flirting with shades of Tango, in the vein of Astor Piazzolla. A true masterpiece, with so many nuances. The album is also home to a suite extending over 3 tracks, "Leviathan of the Ancient Deep." These songs also features ambient samples, as well as electronic elements and ornate percussions, making for a really diverse set of colors.
ArtistRack
© Sarah Wallin Huff 2021


text:
Litsea bombaiensis är en lagerväxtart som beskrevs av Marselein Rusario Almeida. Litsea bombaiensis ingår i släktet Litsea och familjen lagerväxter. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Lagerväxter
bombaiensis

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Click on play button to listen high quality(320 Kbps) mp3 of "Ed Sheeran How Would You Feel (Paean) (Sub español - ingles)". This audio song duration is 4:46 minutes. This song is sing by Ed Sheeran How Would You Feel (Paean) (Sub español. You can download Ed Sheeran How Would You Feel (Paean) (Sub español - ingles) high quality audio by clicking on "Download Mp3" button.


The Fretz MKR-401 Maker® Planishing Hammer has one slightly domed end and one flat working end. The light touch of this hammer is excellent for forming bezels and other delicate tasks. The MKR-401 is also a good choice for imparting subtle textures to small components.


text:
Q: NSMutableURLRequest to post data to URL I am currently using the following code to attempt at a NSMutableURLRequest.
NSMutableURLRequest *postRequest = [NSMutableURLRequest requestWithURL:[NSURL URLWithString:allStrings]];
[postRequest setHTTPMethod:@"POST"];
NSURLConnection *conn = [[NSURLConnection alloc] initWithRequest:postRequest delegate:self];

I do not know how to actually initiate the post. What actually fires it off at the URL? I have everything setup but *conn is not being used yet, so how do I use *conn?

A: Creating the NSURLConnection will fire the connection.
Now you have to implement the callbacks, esp. connectionDidFinishLoading to get the results.
Here are the methods for the NSURLConnectionDataDelegate. From the NSURLConnection initWithRequest:delegate: docs:

Discussion
  This is equivalent to calling initWithRequest:delegate:startImmediately: and passing YES for startImmediately.

A: NSURL *url = [NSURL URLWithString:urlString];
NSMutableURLRequest *request = [NSMutableURLRequest requestWithURL:url];
[request setHTTPMethod:@"POST"];
[request setValue:@"application/json" forHTTPHeaderField:@"Accept"];
[request setValue:@"application/json" forHTTPHeaderField:@"Content-Type"];

A: You have many way to start an NSURLConnection.
[NSURLConnection initWithRequest:postRequest delegate:self];

Returns an initialized URL connection and begins to load the data for
  the URL request.

So it's weird to have an unused variable you can start it manually :
NSURLConnection *conn = [[NSURLConnection alloc] initWithRequest:postRequest delegate:self startImmediatly:NO];
[conn start];

Or not get the result
[[NSURLConnection alloc] initWithRequest:postRequest delegate:self];

Or even better to retain the NSURLConnection, store it in a property :
self.URLConnection = [[NSURLConnection alloc] initWithRequest:postRequest delegate:self];

Note there are now two convenient helpers methods :
[NSURLConnection sendSynchronousRequest:returningResponse:error:];

Which returns a NSData
or
[NSURLConnection sendAsynchronousRequest:queue:completionHandler:];

You can directly use block as a callback.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The new distributor of DNAStar sequencing analysis software in Japan is a longtime partner of the Wisconsin software company.
The I-TASSER software is a multi-year winner of the Critical Assessment of Protein Structure Prediction challenge.
Enzymatics has launched version 3.0 of its Archer Analysis Pipeline. It's the latest incarnation of the company's next-generation sequence analysis platform for detecting and characterizing cancer-causing gene fusions and mutations from clinical samples.
CollabRx has launched CancerRx, a new oncology application that runs on Apple's operating system. The app provides oncologists and pathologists with treatment options that are based on their patients' tumors and also offers a daily newsfeed from MedPage Today.
DNAStar said this week that the National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB) in Hyderabad, India, has licensed its Lasergene software for sequence assembly and analysis.
DNAStar said this week that Northwestern University has signed an agreement that will allow the company to provide its Lasergene software suite to all faculty, staff, and students at the institution.
DNAStar said this week that ShrimpEX Biotech Services, an Indian biotechnology company, has selected its Lasergene software for sequence assembly and analysis.
DNAStar said this week that the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute has licensed its Lasergene software for primary sequence assembly and analysis.
The financial details of the arrangement were not disclosed.


The current MYR/SGD exchange rate is 0.330. (Last updated on April 25, 2019 19:30:02 UTC).
It means you will get SGD 0.3297 for 1 MYR or MYR 3.0322 for 1 SGD.
SGD exchange rate was last updated on April 25, 2019 19:30:02 UTC.


text:
Кастроподаме () — муніципалітет в Іспанії, у складі автономної спільноти Кастилія-і-Леон, у провінції Леон. Населення —  осіб (2010).

Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 330 км на північний захід від Мадрида, 75 км на захід від Леона.

На території муніципалітету розташовані такі населені пункти: (дані про населення за 2010 рік)
 Каламокос: 259 осіб
 Кастроподаме: 236 осіб
 Матачана: 576 осіб
 Сан-Педро-Кастаньєро: 106 осіб
 Тур'єнсо-Кастаньєро: 202 особи
 Вілорія: 187 осіб
 Вільяверде-де-лос-Сестос: 246 осіб

Демографія

Галерея зображень

Посилання

Примітки

Муніципалітети провінції Леон


text:
Physical Address Extension (PAE) – rozszerzenie umożliwiające procesorom x86 (32-bitowym) dostęp do fizycznej przestrzeni adresowej (w tym pamięci o dostępie swobodnym RAM) o rozmiarze większym niż 4 gigabajty.

Obsługa w systemach operacyjnych

FreeBSD
FreeBSD obsługuje PAE od wersji 4.9 gałęzi 4.x i 5.1 gałęzi 5.x.

Linux
Jądro Linuksa obsługuje PAE od wersji 2.3.23, pozwalając na wykorzystanie do 64 GB pamięci RAM przez 32 bitowe jądro. Część dystrybucji Linuksa ma domyślnie włączone PAE, ponieważ dodaje ono obsługę NX-bit.

Mac OS X
OS X obsługuje PAE i NX bit na wszystkich procesorach obsługiwanych przez Apple (od 10.4.4, pierwszej dystrybucji na Intela). Mac Pro i Xserve mogą obsługiwać do 32 GB RAM-u, choć jądro Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard pozostaje 32-bitowe.

Microsoft Windows
Następujące 32-bitowe wersje Microsoft Windows obsługują PAE

Poniższa tabela pokazuje maksymalną ilość pamięci RAM, jaka może być dostępna w poszczególnych wersjach systemu Windows:

*4GT (ang. 4-Gigabyte Tuning) – opcja zwiększająca z 2 GB do 3 GB wirtualną przestrzeń adresową dla aplikacji w trybie użytkownika. W systemie musi być zainstalowane co najmniej 16 GB RAM i włączona funkcja PAE procesora.

Solaris
Solaris obsługuje PAE od wersji 7.

Haiku
Haiku obsługuje PAE w wersjach rozwojowych od czerwca 2010. W wersji Alpha 3 jest domyślna.

Zobacz też
 PSE-36
 Page Size Extension

Przypisy

Architektura komputerów
Zarządzanie pamięcią


text:
Bishop Seitz has Tested
Negative for the Coronavirus
After having been released from quarantine yesterday, Bishop Seitz has tested negative for the Coronavirus.
"I would like to take this opportunity to thank the El Paso community for all of their prayers for my recovery," Bishop Seitz said. "I would like to offer up my prayers for all those in our El Paso community and throughout the world currently afflicted with this virus, especially for those who are hospitalized," he added. "I continue to pray for our local, state and national governments as well as all health officials on the front lines they continue to address this pandemic," he ended.


text:
AbleGamers & Rainbow Six Siege Charity Bundle Now Live
Rainbow Six Extraction Charges Into GeForce NOW
The best technologies for your business in 2022
Ubisoft announced the launch of the Sixth Guardian Program, a new series of charity bundles in Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege. Starting in Year 5 Season 4, the game will feature a special charity bundle, with new bundles added in future Seasons to support different non-profit organisations. With this bundle, Rainbow Six Siege players will have the opportunity to access unique in-game items and donate to great causes.
To kick off the initiative, Ubisoft is partnering with The AbleGamers Charity, a U.S. based non-profit organisation that aims to support players with disabilities by providing gamers with the tools they need to enjoy their playing experience and by promoting inclusion in the video game industry. Beginning at the launch of Year 5 Season 4, Rainbow Six Siege players will be able to purchase a bundle with a uniform, weapon skin, charm, and headgear. One hundred percent of net proceeds, with a minimum of $6 USD per bundle sold, will be donated to The AbleGamers Charity.
"We decided to launch the Sixth Guardian because we recognized an opportunity to mobilise the Rainbow Six Siege community around important issues," said Karen Lee, Lead Community Developer for the game and creator of the Sixth Guardian Program. "Our players are so passionate, and we wanted to give them an easy, effective way to support incredible organizations, like AbleGamers."
"AbleGamers is honoured to partner with Ubisoft to support players with disabilities with this amazing Sixth Guardian bundle," said Steve Spohn, AbleGamers Director of Peer Support. "With more than 46 million players with disabilities in America alone and even more worldwide, we couldn't be more thrilled to have the ranks of the Rainbow Six community joining our quest to combat social isolation and improve the quality of life for people with disabilities by providing the equipment and knowledge they need to play in the virtual worlds we love so much."
The Doc Sixth Guardian bundle is available for purchase in Rainbow Six Siege beginning with the launch of Year 5 Season 4.
If you enjoy games and gaming and want more NEWS from the Gaming World Click Here
Tags AbleGamers Charity charity bundle Rainbow Six Siege Sixth Guardian Program Ubisoft
Bio Inc.Redemption Launches for iOS, Android on Dec. 8
Hotshot Racing Free Big Boss DLC Out Now
Kappa X Rainbow 6 Collection Announced
Assassins Creed Crossover Stories Now Live
Rainbow Six Siege Snow Brawl Returns
Assassins Creed Valhalla Dawn of Ragnarök expansion Revealed


text:
Li Ka Shing-Backed Cancer Drug Developer Delays Launch of Hong Kong Listing
Crystal Tse and Manuel Baigorri
Bloomberg June 18, 2019
(Bloomberg) -- Hutchison China MediTech Ltd., a cancer drug developer backed by billionaire Li Ka-shing, is delaying the launch of its Hong Kong share sale that could raise about $500 million, people with knowledge of the matter said.The company is looking for an appropriate window to kick off the deal amid recent market uncertainties, the people said, asking not to be identified because the information is private. The massive protests in Hong Kong against an unpopular China-backed extradition legislation also contributed to investor unease, one of the people said. The company had initially planned to sell shares in June, according to another person.Hutchison Chi-Med, already listed in London and the U.S., has a market value of $3.5 billion. A representative for the company declined to comment on the delay.CK Hutchison Holdings Ltd. had planned to cut its stake in the drugmaker to less than 50% from 60.2%, according to a statement to the London stock exchange on April 15. The listing would help improve liquidity and strengthen the company's access to capital, it said.Hong Kong equities market has been in turmoil as an escalating trade war between China and the U.S. casts a shadow over the city's economic outlook. The benchmark Hang Seng Index has fallen about 9% in the past two months, among the worst in Asia Pacific.Protesters in Hong Kong marched for two consecutive weekends, demanding the withdrawal of a bill, which would allow extradition to jurisdictions in mainland China for the first time. Organizers said almost 2 million people took part in the rally on June 16, one of the biggest in the former British colony, while police said 340,000 participated at peak time on the pre-agreed route.Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam issued a formal apology and pledged to adopt a more sincere and humble attitude to accept criticisms, after announcing the suspension of the bill.\--With assistance from Daniela Wei.To contact the reporters on this story: Crystal Tse in Hong Kong at ctse44@bloomberg.net;Manuel Baigorri in Hong Kong at mbaigorri@bloomberg.netTo contact the editors responsible for this story: Fion Li at fli59@bloomberg.net, Sam NagarajanFor more articles like this, please visit us at bloomberg.com©2019 Bloomberg L.P.
(Bloomberg) -- Hutchison China MediTech Ltd., a cancer drug developer backed by billionaire Li Ka-shing, is delaying the launch of its Hong Kong share sale that could raise about $500 million, people with knowledge of the matter said.
The company is looking for an appropriate window to kick off the deal amid recent market uncertainties, the people said, asking not to be identified because the information is private. The massive protests in Hong Kong against an unpopular China-backed extradition legislation also contributed to investor unease, one of the people said. The company had initially planned to sell shares in June, according to another person.
Hutchison Chi-Med, already listed in London and the U.S., has a market value of $3.5 billion. A representative for the company declined to comment on the delay.
CK Hutchison Holdings Ltd. had planned to cut its stake in the drugmaker to less than 50% from 60.2%, according to a statement to the London stock exchange on April 15. The listing would help improve liquidity and strengthen the company's access to capital, it said.
Hong Kong equities market has been in turmoil as an escalating trade war between China and the U.S. casts a shadow over the city's economic outlook. The benchmark Hang Seng Index has fallen about 9% in the past two months, among the worst in Asia Pacific.
Protesters in Hong Kong marched for two consecutive weekends, demanding the withdrawal of a bill, which would allow extradition to jurisdictions in mainland China for the first time. Organizers said almost 2 million people took part in the rally on June 16, one of the biggest in the former British colony, while police said 340,000 participated at peak time on the pre-agreed route.
Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam issued a formal apology and pledged to adopt a more sincere and humble attitude to accept criticisms, after announcing the suspension of the bill.
--With assistance from Daniela Wei.
To contact the reporters on this story: Crystal Tse in Hong Kong at ctse44@bloomberg.net;Manuel Baigorri in Hong Kong at mbaigorri@bloomberg.net
To contact the editors responsible for this story: Fion Li at fli59@bloomberg.net, Sam Nagarajan
For more articles like this, please visit us at bloomberg.com
©2019 Bloomberg L.P.
Qualcomm Gets U.S. Support to Pause FTC Antitrust Ruling
Trump is bluffing on more China tariffs: Morning Brief
Nestle Creates New Chocolate—With No Added Sugar
Johnson, Brexit and the Pound


'Remote' regions tend to be defined by: significant distance (across land or water) from host national communities and therefore major political and administrative centres, mainstream lifeline, educational and social services and substantive economic markets; they are also characterised small settlements, low population densities and by long, complicated and inconvenient journeys to key destinations.
'Peripheral' regions are typically less geographically remote and may have slightly higher population densities associated with small towns or cities which are less common in truly remote regions; but the ability of these regions to access specialist lifeline, educational business services, major administrative and political centres and core economic markets is nevertheless adversely affected by distance and inadequate surface transport alternatives, putting them at a material disadvantage compared to less peripheral regions.
Please view the following online presentation (below) – allow a few seconds for loading and it can be viewed in full screen.
Northpoint are proud to be founder members of the emergent Transport in Peripheral Region Research Network.


Your support helps bring this festival together; securing bands, paying for travel & accommodations and many other necessary festival expenses. We couldn't do it without you and we appreciate each and every contribution!
THANK YOU for supporting independent artists and musicians.


SQL Injection occurs when a web application allows for malicious SQL commands. Not only is it possible for these attacks to destroy data, but it also allows for a malicious attacker to exfiltrate data through those SQL commands. This is particularly dangerous for public facing web applications with SQL interfaces that allow for easily modified inputs such as GET or POST requests. SQL injection works on SQL interpreters that take unsanitized outside input since the attacker has control over the input and can pass dangerous commands, such as dropping tables or printing passwords.
Switching from taking direct input in a web app to using a safe API is probably the safest way to deal with SQL injection. This will usually avoid calling upon the SQL interpreter and will instead use premade calls instead. Creating a parameterized API is the best method for mitigating SQL injection attacks.
Alternatively, the web application itself can attempt to escape queries, but depending on how requests are handled, it becomes even more difficult to escape. The best way to defend against injection remains parametrized API calls, since it operates on the principle of white-, not black-listing commands and calls.


Sort of niceish place to have a game of pool and a drink. European drinks and coctails available (though priced accordingly!). Good security, nobody would disturb you and taxi awaiting at the entrance. Open all night. Better quality people, too.
Dress Code: No particular dress code, though appearing in sports suit or pajams might not be smiled upon.