Hindus believe that every aspect of life is sacred.That is why each significant stage, from conception to cremation, is celebrated as a reminder that life is a gift from God which should be duly respected and lived according to His wishes. This is the first installment describing the significance of the 16 Samskaras. Since eternity man has strived to improve his own self. This realisation, unique only to mankind, has led him to think deeper about his physical, mental and spiritual well being. Towards this end, the Vedic seers prescribed a set of observances, known as Samskaras. (Though pronounced Sanskaras in Gujarati, we shall use the original Sanskrit form.) The nearest English word for samskara is sacrament, related to the phrase 'rite of passage'. In the Oxford English Dictionary, sacrament is defined as a "religious ceremony or act regarded as an outward and visible sign of inward or spiritual grace." In classical Sanskrit literature texts, such as Raghuvamsha, Kumarsambhava, Abhijnan -Shakuntal, Hitopadesha and Manu Smruti, samskara is used to mean: education, cultivation, training, refinement, perfection, grammatical purity, polishing, embellishment, decoration, a purificatory rite, a sacred rite, consecration, sanctification, effect of past actions (karmas), merit of karmas, etc.
The variety of rites and rituals related to the samskar as help in the formation and development of personality. In the Parashar Smruti it is said, "Just as a picture is painted with various colors, so the character of a person is formed by undergoing various samskaras." Thus, the Hindu sages realised the need of consciously guiding and molding the character of individuals, instead of letting them grow in a haphazard manner.
In Gujarati this is known as Khodo bharavo. In this, the husband parts the wife's hair. The religious significance of this samskara is to bring prosperity to the mother and long life to the unborn c hild. It also wards off evil influence. The physiological significance is interesting and advanced. Sushrut (Sharirsthan, Ch.33) believed that the foetus's mind formed in the fifth month of pregnancy. Hence the mother is required to take the utmost care for delivering a healthy child. Stipulating the details, Sushrut enjoined the pregnant mother to avoid exertion of all kinds: refrain from sleeping during the day and keeping awake at night, and also avoid fear, purgatives, phlebotomy (blood letting by slicing veins) and postponing natural excretions. (Sharirsthan Ch.21). Besides samskaras which affect the physical health of the foetus, ancient scriptures contain examples of learning samskaras imprinted on it. From the Mahabharat, we know that Arjun's son, A bhimanyu, learnt the secrets of battle strategy while in his mother's, Subhadra's, womb. The child – devotee Prahlad of the Shrimad Bhagvatam, learnt about the glory of Lord Narayan while in his mother's, Kayadhu's, womb. Just as a foetus can grasp good spiritual samskaras from the external world, the opposite is also true. It can definitely be affected by certain undesirable habits of the mother.
Today we know that smoking, alcohol, certain medications and drugs have a detrimental effect on the foetus. The Varaha Smruti prohibits eating meat during pregnancy. Therefore, the Smrutis enjoined the husband to take every possible care to preserve the physical, mental and spiritual health of his pregnant wife. The Kalavidhan prohibits him from going abroad or to war, from building a new house and bathing in the sea.
These rituals are performed at the birth of the child. It is believed that the moon has a special effect on the newly born. In addition, the constellation of the planets -nakshatras-also determine the degree of auspiciousness. If birth occurs during an inauspicious arrangement, the jatakarmas are performed to ward off their detrimental effects on the child. The father would also request the Brahmanishtha Satpurush for blessings.
Based on the arrangement of the constellations at birth, the child is named on a day fixed by caste tradition. In the Hindu Dharma, the child is frequently named after an avatar, deity, sacred place or river, saint, etc., as a constant reminder of the sacred values for which that name represents. In the Swaminarayan Sampraday, the devotees approach Pramukh Swami Maharaj or the other senior sadhus to name their children.
Feeding the child with solid food is the next important samskara. For a son this is done in even months -the 6th, 8th, 10th or 12th months. For a daughter this is done in odd months -5th, 7th or 9th months. The food offered is cooked rice with ghee. Some sutras advocate honey to be mixed with this. By advocating this samskara, the wise sages accomplished two important considerations. First, the child is weaned away from the mother at a proper time. Second, it warns the mother to stop breast feeding the child. For, an uninformed mother, many out of love, continue breast feeding the child, without realising that she was not doing much good to herself or the child.
This samskara involves shaving the head (of a son) in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd or 5th year, or when initiating him with the janoi (Upanayan). According to Sushrut, the significance of this, together with nail cutting, is to give delight, lightness, prosperity,courage and happiness (Chikitsasthan. Ch. 24-72). Charak also voiced a similar opinion.
In the Swaminarayan Sampraday, the son is first taken to Pramukh Swami Maharaj, or senior sadhus, who clip a tuft of hair. The remaining hair is shaved off shortly afterwards.A tuft of hair (shikha, chotli) is left in place at the top of the head for longevity. Sushrut points out its significance, "Inside the head, near the top, is the joint of a shira (artery) and a sandhi (critical juncture). There, in the eddy of hairs, is a vital spot called the adhipati (overlord). Any injury to this part causes sudden death" (Sharirsthan Ch. VI, 83). In the course of time, the shikha was regarded as a symbol of the Hindu Dharma and its removal came to be regarded as a grave sin (Laghu Harita IV).
Ganesh, salutation to Sarasvati (goddess of knowledge), salutation to family deities and salutation to Narayan and Lakshmi." The child then writes, "Aum Namah Siddham". He then presents gifts to the acharya, such as a pagh and safo (head adornment of cloth). The acharya then blesses the child.
At the age of eight the son is initiated by the acharya with the sacred thread, known as janoi or yagnopavit. Amongst all the foregoing samskaras this is regarded as supreme. It is the dawn of a new life, hence dvija-twice born. The child enters studentship and a life of perfect discipline which involves brahmacharya (celibacy). He leaves the guardianship of his parents to be looked after by the acharya. This samskara is performed by Brahmins, Kshatriyas and Vaishyas, for both boys and girls. Therefore, both the boy and girl received training in discipline, truthful living and physical service. During the course of time this samskara ceased to be given to girls, who thus failed to be formally educated. Today, the tradition of education underlying this samskara has died out. Upanayan only functions to bestow dvijatva to the son. Upa means 'near.' Nayan means 'to take (him) to,' i.e. to take the son to the teacher. Like the parents, the acharya will mold the student with love and patience into a man of character. He will inculcate in him the invaluable knowledge of the Vedas. This is the second meaning of Upanayan. Among all the cultural systems of the world, none have advocated such a lofty and stringent ideal for studentship than this Hindu samskara. If a student sincerely observes this samskara, he will turn into a successful scholar. Added to this, during this period, he receives from the acharya, a strong background for the householder's life he will later enter. Today, it is obviously not feasible to stay at the acharya's house. But the next best equivalent is to enter a chhatralay -boarding school. The discipline involved infuses in the student a fortitude generally not possible at home. Whereas students wear one janoi, householders could wear two; one for himself and one for his wife.The three strings of the janoi denote the three gunas -sattva (reality), rajas (passion), and tamas (darkness). They also remind the wearer that he has to pay off the three debts he owes to the seers, ancestors and gods. The three strings are tied by a knot known as the brahmagranthi which symbolises Brahma (creator), Vishnu (sustainer) and Shiva (leveller). One important significance of wearing the janoi is that the we arer would be constantly aware of the different deities which the threads represented. Therefore, he would be vigilant prior to any action not in accordance with the Dharma Shastras.
This samskara was not mentioned in the earliest lists of the Dharma Sutras, which instead listed the four Vedic vows -Ved Vrats. It seemed that though upanayan marked the beginning of education, it did not coincide with Vedic study. Therefore a separate samskara was felt necessary to initiate Vedic study. In this samskara, each student, according to his lineage, masters his own branch of the Vedas.
This samskara is included as one of the four Ved Vrats. When the other three faded, keshant itself became a separate samskara. 'Kesh' means hair and 'ant' means end. This samskara involves the first shaving of the beard by the student at the age of sixteen. It is also called Godaan because it involves gifting a cow to the acharya and gifts to the barber. Since the student now enters manhood he is required to be more vigilant over his impulses of youth. To remind him of his vow of brahmacharya, he is required to take the vow anew; to live in strict continence and austere discipline for one year.
This samskara is performed at the end of the brahmacharya phase-the end of studentship. 'Sama vartan' meant 'returning home from the house of the acharya.' This involves a ritual sacrificial bath known as Awabhruth Snan. It is sacrificial because it marks the end of the long observance of brahmacharya. It is a ritual bath because it symbolises the crossing of the ocean of learning by the student -hence Vidyasnaatak -one who has crossed the ocean of learning. In Sanskrit literature, learning is compared to an ocean. Before the bath, the student has to obtain permission from the acharya to end his studentship and give him guru dakshina-tuition fees. Permission is necessary because it certifies the student as a person fit in learning, habit and character for a married life. Obviously the student is not in a position to pay fees. One Sutra describes the debt of the teacher as unpayable, "Even the earth containing the seven continents is not sufficient for the guru -dakshina." But the formality is a required courtesy and the acharya says, "My child, enough with money. I am satisfied with thy merits." He would elaborate with the impressive statements, known as Dikshant Pravachan, noted in the Taittiriya Upanishad (I.11). Those students who wished to remain as lifelong students observing brahmacharya would remain with the acharya. Today, this means accepting a spiritual guru -an Ekantik Satpurush and becoming a sadhu. The student thus bypasses the next two ashrams, to enter sannyas.
rest, one should take sannyas in the fourth, casting away every worldly tie." (Manu Smruti IV.1). By marriage an individual is able to achieve the four purusharths (endeavors) of life: dharma (righteousness), artha (wealth), kama (desire) and moksha (salvation). He is also able to pay off ancestral debt by having children. Procreation for children is also a primary purpose of marriage. In addition to being a religious sacrament, Hindu marriage is also regarded as an important social institution. For developing a stable and ideal society, marriage has been regarded as an essential element in all cultures of the world. A society without loyal marital ties tends to degrade. It is said that promiscuity was one reason for the downfall of the Romans. By marriage, both an individual and society, while remaining within the moral norms, can progress together. Simultaneously it does not cause harm to others nor infringe upon one's independence. This samskara boosts cultural values and dharma. It upholds and promotes moral righteousness and self control.
In the Hindu scriptures there are eight types mentioned. In the Manu Smruti (iii.21) they are divided into two groups: (i) the morally approved (prashasta) and (ii) the disapproved (aprashasta).
This is the purest type. It was so called because it was thought fit for Brahmins. In this the girl is given by the father, with such ornaments that he can afford, to a man of character and learning, whom he has invited voluntarily and received respectfully, without taking anything in exchange (Manu Smruti, iii.17). The Smrutis consider this type as the most honorable, as it is free from physical force, lust, imposition of conditions and lure of money. Social decency and religious considerations are fully taken into account.
This is the next type, inferior to the Braahm. In this, the girl is ornamented and given away by the father to a priest who officiates at a yagna (sacrifice). It is called Daiva since the gift is made on the occasion of a Daiva yagna. This method was prevalent among the first three Hindu classes. This type has faded, for it is considered improper to offer a girl to a priest.
In this method the father of the bride received a pair or two of kine -a cow and an ox or two cows and two oxen-from the bridegroom for the purpose of a yagna which formed a part of a religious ritual. The pair of kine was not the bride's price. This method was known as Aarsh because it was prevalent among the priestly families.Nonetheless, according to the Manu Smruti (iii.53) accepting a gift, small or large, amounts to a sale.
This involves the father giving away his daughter to a suitor with the specific understanding that they both perform their civic and religious duties together. The name Prajapatya suggests that the couple enter the bond for discharging their duties to Prajapati i.e. for procreating and raising children. From the Western point of view this type of marriage may be regarded satisfactory because the rights of the husband and wife are equally well secured. But from the view of the Hindu shastras, it is inferior to the first three. This is because the daughter is given subject to mundane conditions. Hence the 'gift' cannot truly be regarded as free. As a point of interest, Kautilya in his Arthashastra prohibited divorce for the four Prashasta marriages.Now we shall consider the four types of marriage which are not approved by the scriptures.
The Manu Smruti (iii.31) defines this as, "Where the husband having paid money to the relations of the bride and the bride herself, accepts her out of free will." The main consideration in this kind of marriage is money and it is, in reality, a purchase. Manu condemns it, "The learned father of the girl should not accept even the least amount of price. Accepting the price out of greed, he becomes the seller of children." (Manu Smruti, iii.51.) The Aitareya Brahmana (I.16) brands this type as pashuvivaha -animal marriage. Today this form of marriage is still prevalent in certain sections of Hindu society where a dowry is demanded by the bridegroom's father from the bride's father. Public opinion has begun to frown upon dowry. Religious and social leaders have been rallying against it. Pramukh Swami Maharaj has always condemned it. During the International Youth Festival at Vallabh Vidyanagar in 1990, he inspired 21,000 young men and women to take a vow of refusing dowry. To those who cannot afford the marriage costs, he arranges mass dowry -free marriages during grand festivals and yagnas.
According to Manu, "Where the bride and bridegroom meet each other of their own accord and the union is consummated in passion, that form is called Gandharva." (Manu Smruti, iii 32.) The name Gandharva is derived from a tribe of that name living in the Himalayas, in which it was a common occurrence. It was more prevalent among the Kshatriyas as they represented the freest element in society. The majority of the lawgivers discouraged it on religious and moral grounds. It was regarded as inferior to the first five forms because it was performed without sacred rituals and it originated from passion, a factor which seemed to be tenuous.
Manu says, "Capture of a girl by force while she is crying, having killed, scattered and injured her relatives, is called Rakshas Vivaha." (Manu Smruti, iii.21.) This usually occurred during war or political upheavals. The Kshatriyas usually practised this since they participated in war and obtained women as war booties. The word rakshas means demonic.
This is the least approved. Manu (iii.34) defines this as, "Cohabiting with a girl in loneliness when she is sleepy, mad or intoxicated." Obviously, this was the most uncivilize d and barbaric method. Paishach means 'of witches'.
goal, moksha, then 'I' and 'you' cease to exist. This is because 'I' and 'you' are empirically atma. And when 'I ' and 'you' are believed to be atma, where is the conflict that would otherwise arise from selfish motives and desires? Therefore, in a Hindu marriage when conflicts and differences arise, they can be easily resolved. The couple consider each other as the atma, for the atma is pure, genderless, ageless, and inherently divine. Vivaha itself means 'to lift, to support, to uphold, to sustain'. Admittedly, both spouses have to make sacrifices and efforts to imbibe this lofty philosophy. It is not an overnight process, more a lifelong, sacred commitment. It is this philosophy which has made the Vedic marriage a grand success for thousands of years. Only the recent rise in materialism, primarily based on superficial and mundane factors and body consciousness, have begun to ruin today's Hindu marriages. The aforementioned sentiments, and a few others, are symbolically depicted and verbally emphasized by mantras chanted during the actual marriage ceremony, whose steps we consider next.
On the day before the marriage, a creamy paste of turmeric and oil is smeared over the bride's body. This is known as pithi cholvi in Gujarati and haridralepan in Sanskrit. The symbolic sentiment is that if the bride is of a dark complexion, this cosmetic treatment will endow her a lighter hue. Prior to the marriage ceremony, Ganapati (Ganesh) is worshipped at the bride's home as an auspicious beginning of the rituals, since Ganapati is the deity of auspiciousness.
The bridegroom is welcomed at the entrance of the bride's house or marriage hall. The bride and the bridegroom place garlands over each other under the marriage canopy (mandap). A vow is then recited, "In following my duty, in our financial matters, in fulfilling my physical thirst, I will always consult you, take your consent and act upon it." This is known as the Pratijna Svikar.
The bride welcomes the bridegroom and gives him honey, yoghurt and ghee (clarified butter), suggesting that she will always please him with the sweetness of her behavior. There is also a sour tinge to the mixture, which symbolises the bitterness that life can sometimes bring.
The parents of the bride proffer her hand to the bridegroom and request him to accept their daughter as his wife. The bridegroom accepts the bride as his wife and presents her with clothing and jewellery.
The sacred fire is invoked and offerings are poured into it. Agni (fire) represents the mouth of Lord Vishnu and symbolises illumination of the mind, knowledge and happiness and Lord Vishnu serves as a divine witness.
The bride places her right foot on a stone. The bridegroom tells her to be as firm as the stone in his house so that they are able to face problems with ease.
Four offerings are made to the sacred fire. The brother of the bride places parched rice into the bride's hands, half of which is meant to fall into the bridegroom's hands. Mantras are chanted. The bride prays to Yama, the God of Death, that he grants long life, health, happiness and prosperity to the bridegroom.
1. Let us take this first step towards food and the necessities of life.
2. Let us take this second step towards strength and vigor.
3. Let us take this third step towards wealth and prosperity.
4. Let us take this fourth step towards obtaining happiness around the household.
5. Let us take this fifth step for progeny.
6. Let us take this sixth step to act according to the six seasons and time.
7. Let us take this seventh step to believe in the same religion and lifelong friendship.
The bride and the bridegroom move around the sacred fire four times. On the first three rounds the bride leads the bridegroom and on the fourth the bridegroom leads the bride. Before each round an offering is made. This part of the ceremony is known as the mangal phera in Gujarati.
The bridegroom blesses the bride by putting kumkum (vermillion powder) or sindur at the parting of her hair or on her forehead and by giving her a mangalsutra (sacred necklace).
The bridegroom accepts the bride as his wife in the presence of the sun deity. If the marriage is performed at night, he tells her to look at the Dhruva star (star of steadfastness) and at the star of Arundhati (star of devotion). The bridegroom tells her to be firm in her love and duty, and to be devoted to him like Arundhati was to Sage Vashishtha. The bride tells the bridegroom that she will follow their example and remain devoted.
The bridegroom and bride touch each other's hearts. The bride tells the bridegroom, "I touch thy heart unto mine. God has given thee as my husband. May thy heart be mine now. When I talk to thee, please listen to me with perfect attention." The bridegroom repeats the vow to the bride.
After the final offering is made to the sacred fire, the priest blesses the bride and bridegroom. Flower petals and rice are distributed to the guests, who shower the bride and the bridegroom. With their blessings the marriage ceremony is completed.The bride and the bridegroom are no longer separate entities but an integrated personality who will share their lives in every way.
In the Swaminarayan Sampraday there is a special ritual. Where possible the sadhus are called, who then do puja of the deceased with vermilion powder. A new kanthi and flower garlands are placed around the neck. The sadhus and the nearest relatives then do arti, followed by pradakshina. Everyone present chants the Swaminarayan mantra. The sadhus then leave after delivering a consolatory This rite performed by sadhus remains unique to the Swaminarayan Sampraday. It infuses spirit ual strength and thus considerably offsets the grief and hurt suffered by the relatives of the deceased.The family members then take the body to the cremation pyre, all the while chanting the Lord's name. 'Ram bolo bhai Ram' is the most commonly uttered phrase. In Bengal it is 'Hari bol, Hari bol.' In the Swaminarayan Sampradaya the Swaminarayan dhun is chanted. After the body is laid on the funeral pyre, ghee is poured over it and the fire kindled by the nearest relative. Sesame seeds are also sprinkled onto the fire as a form of puja. The latter two steps are obviously not possible where an electric kiln is used for cremation. The fire lighted in the vivaha ceremony was later, by tradition, taken to the house and kept kindled in an altar throughout life. This signified that married life was to be lived through life's vicissitudes, together. When one of the spouse died, the agni (fire) was taken in a crucible or pot to the crematorium, where it was used to light the pyre. This symbolized the end of vivaha and the beginning of agni (antyeshti) samskara.
The rituals and observances which then follow vary in different groups and parts of Gujarat. By cremation, the body's five basic components -known as panch bhuts -prithvi (earth), jal (water), tej (fire), vayu (wind) and akash (space) are returned to those of the universe, thus maintaining the cosmic equilibrium. All the samskaras are spiritually oriented. However, some directly benefit the environment in one way or another. Scientists in the past decade have begun to realize this. They have pointed out that cremation, for example, is the best, most effective and environmentally prudent method for disposing of the dead. Burial leads to enormous problems of space and groundwater contamination. Corpses infected with plague and slow virus diseases infect vectors which directly feed on them. This ultimately affects humans. Recently in England, the wisdom of cremating even diseased cattle has been realized, especially those afflicted with mad cow disease. Asthi San chayan After cremation, the ashes and residual bones (asthi) are collected in an urn. In some communities it is customary to wash them with milk and sanctified water. The urn is then taken to a sacred river such as Ganga, Narmada or to the sacred confluence of the three rivers Ganga, Yamuna and Saraswati in Allahabad, known as the Triveni Sangam. The Swaminarayan devotees also sprinkle the ashes in the sacred river Ghela, in Gadhada and the river Gondali in Gondal. During the ritual a Brahmin priest utters Vedic mantras and performs the final rites for the salvation of the deceased. The ashes are then sprinkled into the river.Sutak (Ashauch) -Impurity This is a period of ten to thirteen days during which the nearest family members do not perform their personal daily religious rituals such as puja, arti and thal. Their personal puja is given to a friend to perform on their behalf. The family members can visit the mandir for darshan. During this period, religious scriptures and devotional songs are recited and sung respectively, for the attainment of Akshardham by the deceased. On either the eleventh, twelfth or thirteenth day, the relatives offer thal (food) to the Lord in the local mandir to repay pitru (ancestral) debt. The general Hindu belief is that as soon as the soul leaves the body, it adopts another body whose limbs grow day by day. On the tenth day after death this 'interim' body grows completely. The son of the deceased offers the pindas -food balls made from wheat flour and water -to the growinglimbs, either day-to-day or all ten together on the tenth day. It is believed that, upto this day, the deceased still continues his relation with this world. Therefore the deceased is termed preta, which means one who has departed, but who has not yet reached the other world. On the eleventh day, Brahma, Vishnu, Rudra and Yama are invoked, with Vishnu as the special witness. In their presence the deceased is offered pindas. On the twelfth day the departed soul is given away to the other world, where he then resides with his forefathers. As soon as he reaches the other world he is released from his preta body. The relatives are then freed from the sutak and can then perform their daily puja. These rites are also samskaras on the soul to lead it to God. An associated rite after cremation, generally practiced in India, is for one or more male members of the deceased to shave their heads. This is rarely observed by Hindus abroad. Some communities eat only simple foods for a fixed number of days. Sajjaa In Gujarat the family members then perform the sajjaa ritual. In this, they offer a cow, a cot, utensils, food grains, a set of clothes and footwear and anything else that the deceased used to a Brahmin. The Brahmin performs a ritual and takes the objects, symbol ically to send them to the deceased for his use in the next world.
In the Swaminarayan Sampradaya the belief is that the atma, who is then termed akshar mukta, is received by Shriji Maharaj, Gunatitanand Swami and Pramukh Swami Maharaj and taken to Akshard ham. Therefore, this akshar mukta does not need any material offerings in his next life. But if it is a family or caste tradition to perform the sajjaa, this can be done at the nearest mandir and the objects are offered to the Lord Himself. Another alternative which is becoming popular is the jivitkriya. It is the same as the sajjaa, except it is performed by a person while alive -as the name implies. During this ritual the central sentiment uttered is, "I am performing this ritual to please Bhagwan Swaminarayan and Pramukh Swami Maharaj." The jivitkriya imbues a feeling of contentment in the individual since he/she witnesses it.
their spiritual import, holistically 'samskarize' (edify) all aspects of an individual's life. Since each samskara ritual makes the individual the focus of the occasion, he/she is psychologically boosted. This strengthens the individual's self-esteem and enriches interaction with those around. The samskaras bring together family members, close relatives and friends, hence increase the cohesiveness of the family unit. Therein the unit harmonizes and strengthens the social structure. The consequence of this is a healthy society with a strong cultural identity which easily refines, boosts and perpetuates its traditional beliefs, customs, morals and values. This has been one of the key reasons for the Hindu Dharma withstanding the rigors and onslaughts of foreign incursions and upheavals through the ages.The ancient rishis and sages enjoined the sixteen samskaras for the eternal benefit of mankind through their direct experience with the Divine. They wove them as into the fabric of daily life of the Hindu. They are 'outward acts,' from pre-birth to post-death, for inward or spiritual grace. Today, the key samskara which will determine the cohesion and perpetuation of Hindu traditions anywhere in the world is vivaha, if observed sincerely with its pristine and lofty sentiments.


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Q: Find Expression for Function Evaluated at Inverse In my textbook, the following example question was phrased:

The answer is provided as:

I am fairly familiar with the inverse of basic functions, however the terminology 'evaluated at it's inverse', I have never seen before.
The text has also not at all touched upon the algebraic notion of f(f^-1(x)) or any occurrence of f, beyond the syntax f(x)= or f^-1(x)=
What's more concerning is the solution does not follow any of the rules of algebra that have been explained thus far.
The transition from f(x+1) = (x+2) - 2 is somewhat understandable given the example calls for f(x) = x-2. However the following steps arbitrarily remove x from the brackets as well as the values +2 and -2.
To my understanding:
(x+2)-2 != x
By way of the distributive property:
(x+2)-2 = -2x -4
Without any further explanation of the rules being applied here (and there isn't any) this question makes no sense.
Could someone fill in the blanks for me?
I have an assignment which also refers to syntax:
g(x) = f(x-z) + q
Here as well, the occurrence of f on the right side g(x) has never been discussed.

A: First: $(x+2)-2$ is not a multiplication but an addition, so we cannot apply distributivity, but we can apply associativity and we have:
$$
(x+2)-2=x+(2-2)=x+0=x
$$
Second: $f^{-1}(f(x))=x$ is essentially the definition of inverse function.

Given $$f:X \to Y \qquad y=f(x)$$ if $f$ is one to one and $Y_1$ is its range, than the inverse function is defined as:
  $$
f^{-1}:Y_1 \to X \qquad  f^{-1}(y)=x \quad \mbox{such that}\quad f(x)=y
$$

I don't know if your book define the inverse function somewhere before the cited example, but, if yes, I suppose that it uses a similar definition.
So : $f^{-1}(y)=f^{-1}(f(x))=x$.

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Boeing CEO Rejects Nationalization of Company While Begging for Taxpayer Bailout
The CEO of the Boeing Company is rebuffing the premise of granting the federal government an ownership stake in his company, while asking for a taxpayer-funded bailout.
David Calhoun rejected any consideration of the company's nationalization during an interview with FOX Business' Maria Bartiromo.
"I don't have a need for an equity stake," said the aircraft manufacturer's CEO. ""I want them to support the credit markets, provide liquidity. Allow us to borrow against our future, which we all believe in very strongly and I think our creditors will too. It's really that simple."
Calhoun suggested that Boeing would altogether reject the premise of government aid if the federal government insisted on handing over an equity stake in the company.
The company only suspended a luxury stock buyback program intended to enrich its shareholders just last year. The Chinese coronavirus isn't the only factor harming the company's business prospects, with crashes of the Boeing 737 harming the firm's image and forcing the resignation of its previous CEO. If anything, a federal share in the company could actually prove to provide the oversight that it sorely needs.
It's somewhat confusing that a company which already garnishes 31% of its total revenue from the U.S. government is so vehemently opposed to allowing the taxpayer a share in the company in return for the short-term funds the company claims it needs to survive.
If receiving taxpayer aid isn't worth the additional scrutiny of federal ownership for Boeing's executives, the company should be allowed to walk on their way. That is, if their planned refusal of the bailout only proves to be a mere bluff, which they're ready to forsake as they humbly beg for the bailout they seek, under the federal government's conditions.

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Home » The Welsh Agenda » Politics and Policy » Breathing new life into old Wales
Breathing new life into old Wales
13th March 2011 (27th February 2020) Politics and Policyagriculture, Tourism, Welsh history
Ruth Williams says our heritage is a key economic drive in today's Wales
As the cutbacks in public spending start to bite, we're all thinking about 'money well spent' and 'time well spent'. How can our wealth of heritage create Welsh wealth in the future?
A new study Valuing the Welsh Historic Environment has revealed that our heritage already makes a significant contribution to the Welsh economy. It supports more than 30,000 full time equivalent jobs, contributing approximately £840 million to Wales' Gross Value Added and contributing over £1.8 billion of output.
Much of the share of the economic impacts relates to tourism expenditure attributable to the historic environment as many visitors are attracted to Wales because of its wealth of heritage attractions.
The need for comprehensive research to evaluate the economic and social significance of the Welsh historic environment was identified by the Heritage Minister's advisory Historic Environment Group of key stakeholder organisations which include the National Trust, the Countryside Council for Wales, Wales' National Park Authorities, and Cadw.
As well as the direct economic benefits provided by our historic assets, they also have significant indirect impacts on society. Heritage supports wider economic, social and environmental priorities by acting as a catalyst to investment and improving skills that enable more people to get work.
This wider importance has been evaluated through eleven case studies in our report, produced by the Ecotec consultance, which show that the public value of the Welsh historic environment is considerable:
Blaenafon: World Heritage Site status as a catalyst for holistic, heritage-led tourism.
Caernarfon Castle: Maximising the role of an historic asset to support the wider economy and raise the profile of Wales' national heritage.
Cardigan Townscape Heritage Initiative: Using a townscape heritage initiative as a stimulus for further investment in an historic town centre.
Castell Henllys Iron Age Fort, Pembrokeshire: Interpreting historic assets in ways that effectively engage and educate visitors, school children and students.
Erddig Country House & Gardens, Wrexham: Instilling a sense of civic pride and developing employability skills by involving local residents in the management of an historic asset.
Hidden Histories Television Series: Using a television series to increase awareness and understanding of Wales' heritage.
Monmouthshire & Brecon Canal: Improving a canal system to attract visitors and promote healthy lifestyles, whilst conserving biodiversity.
Morgans Hotel, Swansea: Converting a listed building to stimulate private investment in the visitor economy.
Tywi Afon yr Oesoedd / Tywi – a River Through Time, Carmarthenshire: Conserving an historic landscape by strengthening its links with the community and developing appropriate skills.
Regeneration is supported by adapting historic buildings for modern uses, and by providing high quality settings for new development. The historic environment provides a unique environment where people choose to live, work and play. For example the Townscape Heritage Initiatives, funded by the Heritage Lotter Fund, support the repair and regeneration of the historic environment in towns and cities. To date, 26 such initiatives have been awarded in Wales and for every £1 million funded, £620,000 is secured by partner organisations.
The environment benefits from a well protected historic environment by contributing to the conservation of landscapes and habitats as well as reducing carbon emissions by adapting historic buildings rather than building new concrete ones.
A range of volunteering and training opportunities are offered by the historic environment sector that enable local communities to participate in the conservation and promotion of the historic environment and also helps to equip young people and adults alike with the skills they need to fulfil their potential at work.
Access to, and learning about, the historic environment is also a priority which increases the feeling of belonging and pride in local and national heritage. The sector also offers great opportunities for people of all ages to learn more about their history and culture and supports the national curriculum in Wales. For example the Taking Flight theatre company performs outdoors at little-used Welsh historic sites with an integrated cast of disabled and able-bodied actors. It aims to make theatre and the Welsh historic environment more accessible to all people.
If historic buildings become run-down and derelict, they can be a magnet for anti-social behaviour and vandalism. In contrast, high quality historic buildings can be a powerful stimulus for generating confidence in a local area and promoting civic pride. In turn this can play a key role in reducing crime, as highlighted in the case study about the National Trust's Erddig Country House and Gardens on the edge of Wrexham.
The historic environment can act as a focal point for encouraging local communities to work together and take responsibility for the quality of their local historic environment. Building Preservation Trusts, which breathe new life into old buildings, are key examples of organisations that are driven by local communities, for local communities.
Our report concludes that the Welsh historic environment is a valuable asset which must be actively cared for and promoted. It also stresses that once these assets have been lost or forgotten they can rarely be recovered.
The breadth of the partnership involved in the study and the comprehensive nature of the research means that we now have concrete evidence of its importance. It is in the interest of everyone in Wales that, even in these times of austerity, the historic environment is enthusiastically cared for, and promoted, to increase the economic and social benefits it provides us. It needs to be a resource recognised not only by the heritage and tourism sectors, but also by the leaders in skills development, regeneration, learning, carbon reduction and communities.
More details on the report can be found at www.nationaltrust.org.uk/value-welsh-historic-environment
Dr Ruth Williams is Wales External Affairs Manager with Ymddiriedolaeth Genedlaethol / National Trust.


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The so-called Islamic State and the (slow but steady) radicalisation of Turkey
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This article is featured in the ORIENT III 2017
Turkey's journey towards one-man rule and a new political system without checks and balances turned a new corner with the disputed national referendum on 16 April 2017. President Recep Tayyip Erdogan won new powers from voters, which confirmed his consistent efforts over years to transform Turkey from a secular western democratic country into a political Islamist and authoritarian police state. Erdogan once said that democracy, for him, is not the objective but rather a tool, comparing it to a bus within a journey. "Once I get to my stop, I will get off." Apparently, after highly controversial elections, Erdogan has arrived at his stop, and he has gotten off the democracy bus. This article analyses how Turkey has come to this juncture, what this change means for Turkey's domestic and international politics, and how it will influence Turkey's foreign policy towards the west and the security of the region.
Ahmet S. Yayla, is Adjunct Professor of Criminology, law, and Society at George Mason University. He is also senior research fellow at the International Center for the Study of Violent Extremism (ICSVE). He formerly served as a professor and the chair of the sociology department at Harran University in Turkey. He also served as chief of the counterterrorism and operations department of the Turkish National Police in Sanliurfa between 2010 and 2013. He is the co-author of the newly released book ISIS Defectors: Inside Stories of the Terrorist Caliphate
Orient III 2017
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The best song-writing can transcend genres, and Minneapolis' Chastity Brown has proven this over her 10+ year career, as she has continued to release songs blending folk, soul, alternative, and jazz. She is a multi-instrumentalist singer-songwriter, and her talents coalesce beautifully on her fifth album, Silhouette of Sirens (2017).
Most of the songs on the album are built off Brown's soaring vocals and acoustic guitar, like opener "Drive Slow", the gorgeous coffee house ballad that opens the album. First single "Wake Up" brings in a full band for driven alt. rock number that could have made her a radio star in the days when Alanis Morissette and Sheryl Crowe ruled the airwaves. Older singles like banjo-driven "After You", from album Back-Road Highways (2012) highlight Brown's folk inspirations, while still crescendoing towards a big, soulful conclusion.
Now that we've finally come back to a time when artists like The Alabama Shakes and Valerie June can get radio play and sell-out venues, don't be surprised if Chastity Brown creates a deafening buzz in your neighborhood soon.


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Hundreds of immigrant kids transported far north of the border
The focus of the political, legal, and social fight over thousands of immigration children streaming north from Central America has been along the US-Mexico border.
Hastily prepared detention facilities there are filling up. Protesters on both sides of the immigration debate face off. Legal authorities try to sort through complicated cases involving family members on both sides of the border as well the many very young children in a kind of limbo.
But government agencies and private organizations far to the north are involved as well, according to reports from governors and other concerned officials.
Fox News reported Sunday that 748 unaccompanied minors have been transferred from areas near the border to the Chicago area.
Of the original group of 748 kids, 319 have been placed with family members or sponsors while they await an immigration hearing, according to Fox. The other 429 have been placed in facilities run by the Heartland Alliance, a nonprofit organization that receives grants from the US Department of Health and Human Services.
Sen. Mark Kirk (R) of Illinois complains that state officials don't have enough information about the situation. "These detention facilities should be completely open to the press and to the American people so that we know how what conditions are, we should be able to talk to the kids who are there," he told Fox.
Nebraska faces a similar situation.
"I found out in the last 48 hours that approximately 200 illegal individuals have been transported to Nebraska [by the federal government]," Nebraska Gov. Dave Heineman (R) told Politico, "The federal government is complicit in a secret operation to transfer illegal individuals to my state and they won't tell us who they are."
At Fort Sill in Oklahoma, 1,100 immigrant children are being housed.
Gov. Mary Fallin (R) tells Politico that there's been no guidance about how long the children will be housed, whether they're entitled to any taxpayer-funded benefits, from education to Medicaid to foster care. And she's unsure whether they might be "let loose in the United States" once they turn 18.
"Those are all the questions and concerns that governors like myself," she said. "They are children so we want to treat them very humanely, but we also have a lot of concerns."
Some of those concerns break down along partisan lines.
Republican governors and lawmakers emphasize border security and potential problems in dealing with an estimated 52,000 immigrants who have come to the US so far this year – double last year's rate, according to US Customs and Border Protection – which they blame on the Obama administration.
Democrats place the blame on the Republican-controlled US House of Representatives, which has refused to take up bipartisan immigration reform legislation passed by the Senate. They're also more inclined to emphasize what they see as a humanitarian crisis involving refugees from a part of the world that has grown increasingly violent.
"We are not a country that should turn children away and send them back to certain death," Maryland Gov. Martin O'Malley (D) told reporters Friday at a National Governors Association meeting in Nashville. "It is contrary to everything we stand for as a people to try to summarily send children back to death … in a place where drug gangs are the greatest threat to stability, rule of law and democratic institutions in this hemisphere."
Meanwhile, the immigration debate continued Sunday on the TV news programs.
"We are faced with an extraordinary situation where thousands of people, young people especially, are fleeing Central American for economic reasons, to get away from endemic violence in their countries," US Attorney General Eric Holder said on ABC's "This Week."
"Can you see where the critics are coming from when you see buses of people being brought inland after they come here illegally?" Mr. Holder was asked.
"Let me just say this: Our immigration laws are broken," he replied. "It's why we need comprehensive immigration reform."
Speaking on "Fox News Sunday," Texas Gov. Rick Perry (R) said that to "staunch this flow, you do not have to have a change in law." He says President Obama should order more National Guard troops along the border.
"They need to be right on the river," Gov. Perry said. "They need to be there as a show of force because that's the message that gets sent back very quickly back to Central America."
Source Article from http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2014/0713/Hundreds-of-immigrant-kids-transported-far-north-of-the-border
http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2014/0713/Hundreds-of-immigrant-kids-transported-far-north-of-the-border


Leah Kaufman is the only survivor of her family of nine. Born in Hertsa, then Moldova, Leah's childhood was ripped away from her by the evil Nazi regime. Forced out of their home, surviving a shooting squad, death marches and ghettos Leah's life is one of miracles.
This Legacy Live production is a unique window into the life of a child Holocaust survivor who implores everyone to do as her mother asked, "Live, remember and tell the world," to embrace their heritage and show others "the beauty of being a Jew". Leah's care and love for her family and all others, together with her desire to educate others is an inspiration to all who meet her. Leah's unwavering faith and life messages empowers people again and again, with her first hand testimony.
After the war the UNRRA sent Leah to a family in Canada. After 50 years in the Montreal community, Leah made Aliyah and now lives in Beitar Illit, Israel. She has three sons, 22 grandchildren and four great-grandchildren and continues to teach and pass on her message to others to "Choose Life". This film is an insight into the brutality of the Holocaust, the miracle of survival, faith and the wisdom of a remarkable lady who knows how to live.
You are so brave and spiritual.
I have never heard such a story. I am so proud of you for being so brave and honoring your family. God loves you and I do too. Your Mother was correct and so brave and honorable.
Thank you Mrs. Leah Kaufman. Your message is one of hope and of how miracles occur on this earth.
It is pivatol to never forget the plight of the Jewish people; to never allow this to happen again.
It was nevertheless, human beings which inflicted (and enacted) so much evil and vile acts of inhumanity.
Let us remember to enact love, education, peace, kindness, tolerance and Torah unto the world.
May HaShem bless you with his Divine Light Mrs. Leah Kaufman.
To an, Aishes Chayil Mrs. Kaufman.
Your message is so powerful and meaningful!
Yes indeed, millions of our fellow yiden died Al Kiddush Hashem.
However, Queen Kaufman - you area living example of how you are "Living Al Kiddush Hashem" by disseminating your message of Life, Hope, Faith and you Unshakeable Trust in Hashem.
May Hashem give you continued strength to spread your beautiful message to all Yidden. May Klal Yisroel zoche to rejoice in unison to greet our Ultimate Redemption with Mashiach Tzidkanu, Bimheira BeYamono!
Leah was my mother's name and she was very strong as well.
As I was listening to this story I couldn't help think of my family and how the HIAS helped us escape from Castro and immigrate to the US but nothing can compare to what our Jewish people went through the Holocaust, may all who perished not have perished in vain and we must not forget and we must not allow this to happen ever again!! Thank you Leah Kaufman for reminding us Thank Hashem for saving her!
Mrs. Kaufman, thank you for your bravery in sharing your life with others. A childhood filled with trauma, suffering, pain and evilness. To rise above it all and find the miracles, to move on, build a family and create a legacy of kindness and love is remarkable and truly inspirational. May Hashem grant you many years of good health and sweet happiness.
Thank you, Leah Kaufman, for the example you provide. May G-d grant you the power to continue as the role model you have been for many years to come.
You have made me feel strong enough to continue with greater peace of mind to face my personal challenges.
Thank you to all those who have participated in the creation and distribution of this video.
Mrs. Kaufman's courage, faith and love are an inspiration. It's always good to be reminded of what real tragedy is, compared with our daily worries. Thank you for posting this.
Thank you for sharing with us your unbelievable story of strength and yad Hashem. It's hard for us to relate to the horrors that took place, but your account took me with you... May you, Mrs. Kaufman only experience nachas, and may we see the geula very soon!
1life to live, much love to give.
From there she too came to Canada.
When i heared what the Jews went thought and what Lea saw and lived throught , I realise how easy it is to be a good Jew now days and how lucky we are to have everything we have. Very inspirational video that gave me strength to be a better Jew.
Leah is one very special woman. Such strenght of character... such a beautiful neshama. I am so happy for her that she merited to have many descendants. And she knows how to use her experiences to teach others what it means to be a Jew.
May Hashem continue to bless her and her family.
Having just watched this incredibly moving video, I've stopped crying in order to write a comment, but cannot find words great enough for this wonderful, inspiring woman. Only H-shem can adequately reward Mrs. Kaufman for the emunah and bitachon she has, and transmits to us, after going through the Gehennom of World War Two. From their elevated place in Gan Eden, may her parents and siblings have great nachas from their daughter and all her wonderful family here on earth.
What a beautiful lady ! Hashem has chosen her for a special purpose. Am Yisroel Chai !
There are no words, I have tears pouring down my cheeks.For a woman to go through all that suffering, and pain and to still act not only as a human being but as a righteous Jew is incredible.Mrs. Kaufman you are a walking kiddush Hashem.You have inspired me that whatever is going on in my personal life, or with the crazy world around us- I have to live as a Jew and help as many people that I can!May Hashem bentch you and all the other Holocaust survivors a thousandfold!
Just finished watching Leah Kaufman "Choose Life".


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Aluminum toxicity accumulates over time and can be difficult for the body to eliminate. Beware of your exposure from various sources!
Aluminum hydroxide is used in many antacid medications.
Aluminum phosphate and sodium aluminum sulfate are used as stabilizers in many processed foods.
Aluminum salts are found in many antiperspirants (aluminum chlorhydrate, aluminum chloride, aluminum hydroxybromide, aluminum zirconium) and can be absorbed through the skin.
In one study published in the Journal of Applied Toxicology, researchers found that women with breast cancer had a higher accumulation of aluminum in their breast tissue. Aluminum salts can also mimic estrogen, which has been shown to increase the risk for breast cancer.
There is growing evidence that chronic aluminum exposure can be a factor in many neurological diseases, including dementia, autism, ADHD, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's.
A study from Keele University in the UK shows high levels of aluminum in the brain of an individual exposed to aluminum at work, who later died from Alzheimer's disease. In 2004 high levels of aluminum were found in the tissues of a British woman who died from early-onset Alzheimer's.
Cooking with aluminum foil and/or aluminum cookware increases absorption of aluminum into food and beverages. This includes making coffee in an aluminum espresso maker.
Aluminum can be inhaled through cigarette smoke.
Read labels and avoid ingredients containing forms of aluminum.
A healthy digestive tract will help move most of ingested aluminum out of your system before it gets absorbed. This means that you need to eat in a way that doesn't leave you reaching for antacids or make you constipated for days.
Eat foods rich in fiber, especially vegetables, and avoid processed carbohydrates that are high in sugar and low in fiber.
To help restore a healthy balance of gut bacteria, eat some fermented foods like sauerkraut and apple cider vinegar. Add foods that contain live probiotic cultures like unsweetened yogurt and cottage cheese. Choose products from grass-fed cows and those not raised with antibiotics or growth hormones. If you don't consume dairy products, consider taking a probiotic supplement.
Consume bone broth to help repair the gut and to supply collagen, shown to reduce the loss of bone mass and the likelihood of hip fractures. There's a basic recipe on my website.
Eat foods high in sulfur like garlic, onions, kale, cabbage, cauliflower, asparagus, mustard greens, Brussels sprouts, tomatoes, broccoli, avocados, bok choy, sweet potatoes, nuts, turnips, and watermelon. Sulfur helps the body to produce the antioxidant glutathione, which is essential for protecting the body from damage caused by chemicals like aluminum.
Drink enough pure water (tap water can also be contaminated with aluminum).
Get enough daily exercise and practice deep breathing to help remove toxins through perspiration and respiration.
This information is for educational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease. It does not take the place of any medical care that you may need. Consult with your health care provider about making dietary and lifestyle changes that are right for you.
*Those who eat a diet high in fried foods, sugar, and processed foods.
*Those who take anti-coagulants, cortisone, large amounts of pain killers, aspirin, and birth control pills.
*Cigarette smokers and those affected by second-hand smoke.
*Those who chew tobacco and consume excessive amounts of alcohol.
*Those on long-term antibiotic therapy.
*Those who regularly use the microwave to heat or cook food.
*Those often exposed to x-rays and/or other forms of medical radiation.
*Those exposed to toxic chemicals in the workplace and/or home: tanning salons, dry cleaners, oil and gas refineries, gas stations, carpet and tile installers, flight attendants and airline pilots, furniture refinishers, farmers, carpet plants, nuclear waste disposal, miners, truck drivers, water/sewage treatment, battery plants, roofers, hair salons, plastic factories, road/asphalt workers, and cleaning and deodorizing chemicals we use in our homes and put on our bodies!
Many people think that they are getting the recommended daily amount of vitamin C by drinking commercial orange juice. This may not be the case. Cooking, pasteurization, long-term storage, and synthetic chemicals added to restore color and taste, may leave little to none of the original vitamin C.
Less than 5% of the American diet comes from fresh uncooked foods.
Fresh produce that is allowed to sun-ripen before it is picked contains the most vitamin C. Most citrus fruits (grapefruits, oranges, tangerines, lemons, etc.) are picked green and ripened in warehouses. Toxic gases are often used to finish the ripening process, and other chemicals may be used to keep them from spoiling before they reach the produce department of your local grocery store!
Storage, shipping, and chemicals all destroy vitamin C!
Other problems that could result from a vitamin C deficiency include frequent infections, easy bruising, bleeding gums, nosebleeds, tooth decay, belly fat, lack of energy, anxiety, and respiratory problems. A low intake of vitamin C has also been shown to double the risk of hip fractures!
Together, ascorbic acid and sodium benzoate produce benzene, a known carcinogen! Not the kind of vitamin C you're looking for!
The recommended daily amount of vitamin C is 90 mg. for adult males and 75 mg. for adult females, and your body only absorbs so much at one time. If you choose to supplement, one way to find out when your body reaches its saturation point is to start with the recommended daily amount, slowly add extra until your bowel movements are loose, and then take the last amount that didn't cause diarrhea.
Studies indicate that, when it comes to stroke prevention, vitamin C supplements don't offer the same protection as eating the whole citrus fruits. On the other hand, there have been indications that taking more than 350 to 400 mg. of supplemental vitamin C a day for a period of at least 10 years seems to help lower the risk of developing cataracts. Remember, it's the cumulative effects of nutrients and deficiencies that make the long-term difference in our health!
Your daily vitamin C intake depends upon your lifestyle factors: diet, stress, and chemical exposure!
The pulp (pith–white part between the peel and fruit) of citrus fruits contains 10 times more vitamin C than the juice, and frozen orange juice contains more vitamin C than those in cartons and bottles. Eat the pith and buy juice that contains pulp.
Get your daily intake of foods rich in vitamin C!
1 large yellow bell pepper contains an average of 341 mg.
1 large red bell pepper contains an average of 312 mg.
1 large orange bell pepper contains an average of 238 mg.
1 large green bell pepper contains an average of 132 mg.
1 cup raw chopped broccoli contains an average of 79 mg.
1 cup fresh sliced strawberries contains an average of 97 mg.
1 cup papaya cubes contains an average of 87 mg.
1 navel orange contains an average of 83 mg.
1 medium kiwi contains an average of 70 mg.
1 cup cubed cantaloupe contains an average of 59 mg.
1 cup fresh orange juice contains an average of 124 mg.
1 cup orange juice from concentrate contains an average of 97 mg.
Of course, nutrient content varies depending upon the condition of the soil the plant was grown in, chemicals used during growing and harvesting, and how much is lost from the farm to your table.
An easy way to add more vitamin C to your diet is to drink fresh lemon water every morning. Vitamin C can help fight cell damage, chronic inflammation, and strengthen the immune system, and lemons also contain limonin, a substance shown to help prevent cancer, strengthen blood vessel linings, elevate beneficial liver enzymes, and reduce artery-clogging cholesterol.
Add a dash of cayenne pepper to your lemon water for extra vitamin C and to help boost metabolism and circulation.
Note: Grapefruit increases the bioavailability of certain drugs. Consult with your health care provider if you are taking oral medication to make sure that grapefruit won't interfere with any medication.
While in outer space, astronauts are exposed to dangerously high levels of radiation from the sun. Exposure to these large amounts of ultraviolet light left them feeling sick and tired. NASA researchers discovered that high amounts of UV radiation were damaging their red blood cell membranes, resulting in anemia. When the astronauts' diets were supplemented with vitamin E, the fatigue syndrome disappeared!
Sunflower seeds–just 1/4 cup contains 60% of the RDA of 400 IUs of vitamin E, along with 7 grams of protein, 3 grams of fiber, 20 mg. of calcium, 10% of the RDA for iron, only 1 gram of sugar, and zero grams of sodium and cholesterol. They also contain 30% of the RDA for magnesium, a common nutrient deficiency, that helps relax muscles, including the heart. Eat them raw and unsalted.
Almonds, pumpkin seeds, hazelnuts, avocados, cold-pressed wheat germ oil and pumpkin seed oil, wild-caught salmon, spinach, and other dark green, leafy vegetables.
If you live in an industrialized area with high levels of pollution, are exposed to high levels of toxic chemicals in the workplace, or even second-hand cigarette smoke, make sure that you're getting sufficient vitamin E in your diet!
Ongoing radiation exposure can increase our need for vitamin E: television, video games, computers, cell phones, medical x-rays, etc.
A large number of American children are deficient in vitamin E! Their diets are usually high in refined grains like white flour, white rice, degerminated corn, etc., all of which have had the vitamin E removed.
Meats that contain nitrates like ham, bacon, salami, bologna, hot dogs, etc., are other common staples in children's diets, as well as sugar, deep-fried foods, and all kinds of artificial colors, preservatives, and flavors. Vitamin E is needed to help protect the body from the damaging effects of these toxic chemicals.
Food sources are always best, but if you need to supplement, beware that many vitamin E supplements are derived from genetically-modified soy, which could cause an allergic toxicity. Also, most synthetic supplements don't contain the full spectrum of vitamin E, as do food sources.
Remember, deficiencies are cumulative, doing their damage little by little, over time. A severe vitamin E deficiency could increase the risk for health problems, including heart disease, hardening of the arteries, anemia, infertility, and autoimmune disorders.
Consider adding a handful of unsalted sunflower seeds and almonds, along with an extra serving or two of dark leafy greens, to your daily diet!
The opposite of peace is stress. Stress can negatively impact our health, interfering with sleep, digestion, and blood flow. It can also keep us so distracted that we forget to pay attention to making healthy choices.
Stress is the number one acid producer in the body! Too much acid causes inflammation! Too much inflammation can lead to chronic health issues, including a weakened immune system and faulty digestion!
Practice positive thinking: "—Fix your thoughts on what is true, and honorable, and right, and pure, and lovely, and admirable. Think about things that are excellent and worthy of praise." Philippians 4:8. Add to this gratitude, forgiveness, and laughter (it really is the best medicine)!
Practice deep breathing several times throughout the day, especially when you feel tense or under pressure. Before you eat a meal, take a few deep breaths to prepare your body for digestion. Between bites, put your food or fork down, and take another deep breath before the next bite.
Stretch to help relieve muscle tension and to create more flexibility in your arteries and around your heart.
Drink enough water–dehydration can stress your body.
Exercise is a proven stress reliever. Make time in your daily schedule–at least 20 to 30 minutes.
Green tea contains theanine, an amino acid that has been found to have positive effects on anxiety. Chamomile tea has also been studied for its ability to relieve anxiety.
Sleep at least seven or eight hours a night to give your body time to repair and recharge, ready to handle the next day's stress!
Foods that contain omega-3 fatty acids are anti-inflammatory and can help reduce stress. Wild-caught fish, like mackerel, tuna, sardines, and salmon, are good sources, and grass-fed beef has more omega-3 fatty acids than corn-fed. Raw nuts and seeds also contain these good fats.
Some foods that help the brain produce the feel-good hormone, serotonin, are bananas, oatmeal, and turkey (raised without antibiotics and packaged without nitrates/nitrites).
Reduce or eliminate foods that promote inflammation and stress, like refined sugar, artificial sweeteners, trans fats, most refined vegetable oils, too much meat, dairy, and sodium, white flour, white rice, packaged foods that contain artificial colors, flavors, MSG, and preservatives. Eat more fresh and less processed!


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Japan Tobacco Kills People and Lies: (JT 2007: We don't believe smoking causes cancer. JT 2010: We never said that)
Recently Roger Pulvers wrote a piece criticizing JT saying that smoking does not cause cancer, followed by a rebuttal by JT claiming that it never said any such thing. Hideyuki Yamamoto of JT lled. In fact, the very same person quoted recently by Pulvers, a Toshimasa Kurita, said it in 2007, in this piece by Al Jazeera (Pulvers' article and the JT rebuttal afre below this):
By Tony Birtley in Tokyo
Forty-three per cent of all Japanese men
and 13 per cent of women smoke
Two Japanese men suffering from cancer are suing government-owned Japan Tobacco, saying cigarettes are to blame.
It is a battle which has been played out in court rooms around the world, often resulting in massive payouts by tobacco companies – but in Japan things are different.
There are few anti-smoking laws, many politicians have interests in Japan Tobacco, and the company insists cigarettes do not cause cancer.
Koreyoshi Takahashi contracted lung cancer after 20 years of heavy smoking, and has had one lung removed.
Masanobu Mizuno has emphysema and is slowly dying.
Both men say cigarette smoking is to blame and are suing Japan Tobacco for $100,000.
When the men began their case there were three of them, but one died of cancer in December.
"If the public really knew what smoking does to you they will start to move against it," says Takahashi. "They would be astonished if they knew of the danger."
Cheap and easy
Nearly 30 million people smoke in Japan, 43 per cent of all men and 13 per cent of women.
Masanobu Mizuno has emphysema and
is slowly dying, he says from cancer
But unlike the West where smoking is widely banned in restaurants, bars and public areas, in Japan smoking is cheap and you can do it almost anywhere.
Chiyoda ward in central Tokyo is one of the few place to have an anti smoking patrol.
Here smoking on the streets can get you a $20 fine. But the rules do not apply to the entire ward and it is hardly enforced anywhere else in the city.
Professor Manabu Sakuta of the Japan anti-smoking lobby, says the health ministry "should make regulations to prohibit smoking".
"But they are instead focusing on Japanese who are getting fatter instead of concentrating on smoking."
Japan's finance ministry refused to comment on smoking in Japan or the government involvement.
Vested interest
The ministry controls 50.2 per cent of Japan Tobacco, the world's third biggest tobacco company, turning over a profit of nearly $3 bn a year.
The anti-smoking lobby says the Japanese parliament is filled with MPs who have interests in the tobacco industry and that is why nothing is done.
Sakuta says implementing a national law against smoking is vital, "but with 300 MPs out of 500 with interests in the tobacco industry, it is impossible".
Toshimasa Kurita, a Japan Tabacco spokesman:
"We don't believe smoking causes cancer"
Toshimasa Kurita, Head of the Social Environment Creation Division at Japan Tobacco says the company is simply meeting a demand.
"We don't believe smoking causes cancer," he says.
"Cancer is caused by various risk factors. Smoking is one risk factor. There is also dietary conditions and hereditary conditions as well. So if one chooses to smoke we as a manufacturer provide services to our customers".
– – – – – – – article ends——-
About JT, read the Pulver article, then the rebuttal by the Media and Public Relations guy. And then go back and read the above. JT kills. Then they lie about it. At the same time, they are expanding to markets in other countries to hook people there as people in Japan wake up.
Reality check, 2010: 'Smoking doesn't cause cancer' (Japan Tobacco)
By ROGER PULVERS
Every generation has its theme song.
I was contemplating this quaint truism when trying to pinpoint a tune that would neatly sum up the mores of the men and women who grew to adulthood in Japan between 1960 and 1985, the era of rapid and spectacular economic expansion.
Was it 1961's jolly "Sukiyaki Song," with its uplifting lyric, "Let's walk with our eyes to the sky?" Or, conversely, could it be the sorrowful lament of Hibari Misora's 1966 hit, "Kanashii Sake" ("Sad Sake"): "Drinking all alone in a bar / I can taste the tears of parting?"
Actually, it was "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes," the 1933 American hit by Jerome Kern and Otto Harbach, that came to mind under the clear skies of Golden Week.
And not only in your eyes, but also in your nose, mouth and all over your clothing. This association of Japan with smoking rose up like a toxic cloud before my eyes thanks to something that happened this month far away from Japan, in Australia.
But first, why "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes"?
I am often asked about my first impression upon arriving in Japan in 1967. It is, hands down, cigarette smoke wherever you went. Mind you, the developed countries of the West could not take much of a healthier-than-thou attitude on that, since the consciousness there regarding the dangers to public health posed by tobacco was only in its formative stage at the time. I had spent the earlier part of 1967 in France, a country whose intellectuals identified much more profoundly with their Gauloises cigarettes than they did with de Gaulle, their leader.
Just look at the smoking rates for Japan, a place with no restrictions on where people could puff away. For Japanese males: 1965, 82 percent; 1976, 75 percent; 1980, 70 percent; 1985, 65 percent. The corresponding percentages for the United States, where, from the mid-'60s, the anti-smoking campaign began to take hold: 52, 41, 37, 33.
People in Japan generally lit up without asking those around if it might bother them. In addition, I cannot recall a single public place — be it a restaurant, business office or university common room — where it was possible to escape the effects of passive smoking. In the good old days, we were all smokers.
The anti-smoking campaign here started to pick up steam, if you will, in the 1980s. Japan Tobacco was, until 1985, a state-owned and state-controlled monopoly, with profits flowing into government coffers. When the tide finally started to turn in Japan, as well, in favor of restrictions — such as warnings on cigarette packets — the government opted for the ultra-mild: "For our health, let's try not to smoke too much."
The tobacco industry, newly privatized (in 1985), sought to smarten their game and polish their image with some catchy slogans. Two that spring to mind sound as ludicrous to our ear today as they did then. "Always Keep an Ashtray in Your Heart" . . . or, my absolute favorite, a classic of the adman's art . . . "The Ashtray is Sunday for Your Heart."
As for me, working in Tokyo during the heady 1980s, passive smoke affected not only my lungs but my wallet as well. Whenever I got home, my wife would make me strip and leave my clothes, reeking of smoke, at the door. Not only was this tricky when there were guests in the living room, but it also added tens of thousands of yen to the dry-cleaning bill.
So why Australia all of a sudden?
Well, two weeks ago, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd announced an increase of between A$2 and A$3 in the price of a standard pack of 25 cigarettes — effective immediately — so taking the cost up to approximately A$15 (about ¥1,200), which is more than three times the cost in Japan. Estimates are that this price hike will cut the smoking rate by 2 to 3 percent, and will generate an extra A$5 billion in government revenue — all of which is earmarked to fund health and hospital initiatives.
But an even more startling announcement by Mr. Rudd inaugurates a world's-first policy.
From Jan. 1, 2012, all brands will be sold in plain brown boxes with photos of cigarette damage to health and bold-face warnings on the front. Brand names will appear colorless in an identical font style and size at the bottom. This policy sounds the death knell for the stylish identifications made by advertisers — that Marlboro men are all John Waynes in disguise and Virginia Slims girls are snakelike Kate Mosses just waiting to shed. The government wants to cut the smoking rate — now 26.5 percent for men and 20 percent for women — to an overall 10 percent by 2018.
As for Japan Tobacco Inc., now known as JT for short, the company accounts for two-thirds of all cigarettes sold in Japan, contributing the equivalent of more than $3 billion to the government, which still owns a controlling share in the company. And although the smoking rate among Japanese males has now dropped to 43 percent, it still represents a huge number of addicted consumers.
JT's ad mavens are older and shrewder. Their advertising is greener than green, both in color and conceptual design. They are now emphasizing the manners surrounding smoking, both personal and public. This has two effects. It encourages smokers to be mindful of the comfort and rights of non-smokers. But more crucial for the tobacco industry, it gives smokers the impression that they have a choice of whether to smoke or not, thereby refuting the fact that tobacco is a highly addictive drug that, according to the United Nation's health agency, the World Health Organization, will account for 50 percent of the deaths of young people who take up the habit now.
JT's self-stated mission purports to emphasize "the diversity of societies and individuals." This is code for creating ads that target small groups of people, categorized by gender, age, ethnic bonds, etc. It is an advertising campaign that covers the wolf of profit in the soft fleece of consideration.
Certainly, public habits are changing in this country, with more and more locations becoming smoke free. But such regulations are not the biggest threat to the tobacco industry. That would come from a simple price rise. Surveys show that approximately half of Japanese smokers say they would try to quit if the price of a pack went to ¥500 or more.
JT is feeling the pinch of progress. Even though protected by their masters in government, they are on the defensive.
"Our customers are beginning to feel marginalized," says Toshimasa Kurita, head of the Environment Creation Division of JT.
But Kurita has also claimed — and I think it appropriate to give him the final word on the tenets of morality, and the statistics of mortality, linked to tobacco — "We don't believe smoking causes cancer."
THE DENIAL FROM JAPAN TOBACCO
READERS IN COUNCIL
Japan Tobacco working to cut risks
By HIDEYUKI YAMAMOTO
Media & Investor Relations, Japan Tobacco Inc.Tokyo
I would like to point out that Roger Pulvers' May 16 Counterpoint article, "Reality check, 2010: 'Smoking doesn't cause cancer' (Japan Tobacco)," misquotes Japan Tobacco as stating "we don't believe smoking causes cancer." We are disappointed to learn that The Japan Times ran an article with an inaccurate headline and content in direct reference to Japan Tobacco.
Public authorities have determined that smoking causes or is an important risk factor in a number of diseases. Japan Tobacco supports efforts to advise smokers accordingly. We are of the opinion that no one should smoke without knowledge about the risks of smoking.
As a matter of fact, we are endeavoring to reduce the risks of smoking. While we do not believe that smoking risks can be completely eliminated, there are ways in which we may be able to reduce the risks. We are committed to developing cigarettes that have the potential to reduce the risks. I would like to add that these points are openly shared in the public domain including on our Web site.
The opinions expressed in this letter to the editor are the writer's own and do not necessarily reflect the policies of The Japan Times.
———-extra stuff———-
JAPAN TOBACCO (2914 JP): EARNINGS GROWTH WILL COME FROM RUSSIA
Tobacco and the Developing World
JT Tries to Hide Effects of Second Hand Smoke
JT Smuggles Tobacco
Tobacco Companies Linked to Criminal Organizations in Lucrative Cigarette Smuggling
Japan Tobacco Taken to Court
Japan Tobacco kills people. My mother was killed by tobacco. I hope Japan Tobacco goes out of business before they kill more people.
Here is a site in Japanese and English that is part of the anti-smoling movement in Japan.
http://www.anti-smoke-jp.com/
Filed Under: Globalisation/グローバリゼーション, Japan and Asia/日本とアジア, Social Justice/社会正義 Tagged With: global economy, health care


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DWC strategy: Moving Forward Together
M-430 Strengthening Employment for Canadians with Disabilities gets unanimous support in House of Commons
MP's Motion wins all-party support
Published in Brantford Expositor , February 13, 2014
Lisa Hooper says the passage of Brant MP Phil McColeman's private member's motion will help more people with disabilities find jobs.
The motion, M-430, called Strengthening Employment for Canadians with Disabilities, received unanimous support Wednesday in the House of Commons.
"I'm ecstatic about the passing of this," said Hooper, president of Brantford-based L. Tara Hooper and Associates, which has been helping find employment for people with disabilities for the past 16 years.
"It contains so many actions that can be addressed. It encourages private sector businesses to realize there is untapped potential out there and a solid business case for hiring people with disabilities."
McColeman's motion calls for initiatives to improve the social and economic inclusion of those with disabilities. That includes a focus on young people through programs such as the Youth Employment Strategy, improvements to Labour Market Agreements for People with Disabilities, and new approaches to ensure government programs are "adaptable, flexible and able to capitalize on innovative strategies happening at the community level across Canada."
The motion also issues a call to the private sector to "break down barriers and eliminate myths and stigmas about disabled workers."
"One of the main impediments to participation is lack of awareness on the part of employers," said McColeman.
Evidence the government is listening came in the federal budget tabled last week, which McColeman said included commitments that respond directly to proposals contained in his motion.
"Phil McColeman deserves a great deal of credit for his hard work and commitment to improving job opportunities for Canadians living with disabilities," said Jason Kenney, Minister of Employment and Social Development Canada.
The budget includes a commitment of $222 million annually over the next four years, through a new generation of Labour Market Agreements of Persons with Disabilities; and $14 million over three years to the Canadian Association for Community Living's Ready, Willing and Able initiative, which encourages employers to hire and support youth and adults with developmental disabilities. The budget also included $11.4 million over four years to support training programs for those with Autism Spectrum Disorders.
"Most of the items put out in the motion are moving forward through the budget announcement," said McColeman. "I am overwhelmed by the support. It has been a great week for me in Parliament."
It was almost a year ago that McColeman unveiled his motion at the Brantford Volkswagen dealership. For two years prior to that, he said he travelled the country talking to advocacy groups for the disabled who shared their opinions about what's needed to help them find work.
It's estimated there are 800,000 working-aged Canadians who are unemployed but whose disability doesn't prevent them from working. Of this group, 340,000 people have a post-secondary education.
The MP has a personal connection to the issue as the father of a
27-year-old son with intellectual disabilities. He said he worked for years with local agencies including Lansdowne Children's Centre where he met families facing similar issues.
When given a private member's opportunity, McColeman said he decided on a motion rather than a bill because it would have more impact.
"Private member bills are very difficult to get through Parliament. Motions are calls for action but they aren't binding. But the goals are much more achievable and can be done in an expedited way."
michelle.ruby@sunmedia.ca
On February 18, 2014 / News & Media
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Job training for Canadians with intellectual disabilities gets boost in federal budget
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Anna Mae Oliver
Anna Mae Oliver, 88, Johnson City, died unexpectedly Thursday, June 18, 2015, at the Johnson City Medical Center Hospital. Mrs. Oliver was a Washington County native, where she lived most of her life. She was a daughter of the late Michael Wamp and Ola Pearl Crum. Mrs. Oliver was a homemaker and of the Baptist faith. In addition to her parents, she was preceded in death by her husband, Eugene Oliver, in 1998, one son, Michael Eugene Oliver, in 2012, one brother, Clifford Crum, three sisters, Irene Lunsford, Mildred Miller and Roberta Breeding, a great-grandson, Joshua King, and a great-granddaughter, Lia Marie Gouge. Mrs. Oliver is survived by three children, Bobby Crum, Johnson City, Patsy Mae Gouge, Crossville, and Jimmy R. Oliver, Jonesborough; eleven grandchildren; twenty-two great-grandchildren; nine great-great-grandchildren; several nieces and nephews. The funeral service will be conducted Saturday, June 20, 2015, at 7:00 P.M., from the East Chapel of Appalachian Funeral Home, with Pastor Brian Nulf, officiating. The family will receive friends Saturday prior to the service from 5:00-7:00 P.M. in the East Parlor of the funeral home. The graveside committal service will be held Sunday, June 21, 2015, at 2:00 P.M. in Monte Vista Memorial Park. Pallbearers will be Jody Miller, Jonathan Oliver, Teddy Gouge, Jamie McKinney, Mark Crum, Bryan Oliver and Rodney McLain. Those planning to attend are requested to meet at the funeral home Sunday by 1:30 P.M. to proceed to the cemetery. Order Flowers Service DetailsSaturday, June 20th, 2015 7:00pm, Appalachian Funeral Home- East Chapel Interment DetailsMonte Vista Memorial Park
Anna Mae Oliver, 88, Johnson City, died unexpectedly Thursday, June 18, 2015, at the Johnson City Medical Center Hospital. Mrs. Oliver was a Washington County native, where she lived most of her life. She was a daughter of the late Michael Wamp... View Obituary & Service Information
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