This study was conducted from March 2011 to February 2013 in order to evaluate the ecosystem value by examining the organic carbon distribution and cycling in the Quercus glauca forest, evergreen oak community at Seonheul-Gotjawal, Jeju Island.
The amount of organic carbon distribution was 124.5 ton C ha− 1 in 2011 and 132.63 ton C ha− 1 in 2012 for aboveground biomass. And it was 31.13 ton C ha− 1 in 2011 and 33.16 ton C ha− 1 in 2012 for belowground biomass. In total, the amount of organic carbon distribution in plants was 155.63 and 165.79 ton C ha− 1 in 2011 and 2012, respectively. In 2011 and 2012 respectively, the amount of organic carbon distribution was 3.61 and 6.39 ton C ha− 1 in the forest floor and it was 78.89 and 100.71 ton C ha− 1 in the soil. As shown, most carbon was distributed in plants. Overall, the amount of organic carbon distribution of the Q. glauca forest was 238.13 ton C ha− 1 in 2011 and 272.89 ton C ha− 1 in 2012. In 2011, the amount of organic carbon fixed in plants through photosynthesis (NPP) was 14.22 ton C ha− 1 year− 1 and the amount of carbon emission of soil respiration was 16.77 ton C ha− 1 year− 1. The net ecosystem production (NEP) absorbed by the Q. glauca forest from the atmosphere was 5 ton C ha− 1 year− 1.
The carbon storage value based on such organic carbon distribution was estimated about 23.81 mil won ha− 1 in 2011 and 27.29 mil won ha− 1 in 2012, showing an annual increment of carbon storage value by 3.48 mil won ha− 1. The carbon absorption value based on such NEP was estimated about 500,000 won ha− 1 year− 1.
Over past decades, the environmental issues have reached an alarming level around the globe and the climate change has become one of the major problems (Lee 2013). It is widely known that carbon dioxide (CO2) plays a major role in the greenhouse effect. As result of acceleration in global warming, the global average temperature is expected to rise by approximately 3.7 °C and sea level by approximately 63 cm by the end of twenty-first century in relation to the level before the industrial revolution (Jin et al. 2000; IPCC 2013).
In 1992, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was established regulating carbon credit, low-carbon green growth, green technology, and energy reduction. Moreover, Kyoto Protocol, an extension to UNFCCC, was announced in 2005 to regulate the emission of greenhouse gases emitted by the developed countries. In 2013, South Korea enacted "Act on The Management and Improvement of Carbon Sink" and started various carbon reduction programs to maintain and improve the function of forests as carbon sinks. Based on the amount of CO2 absorbed by forests, the government is also operating 'Forest Carbon Offset Scheme' to counter the amount of CO2 released from industries (Kim 2015).
One of the ways that can be used to reduce the greenhouse gases is to increase the amount of carbon sequestration in forests and soil. Specifically, an effective forest management or a designation of conservation area through the government policy can contribute towards improving the carbon control function of the nature and, through this, mitigate the climate change because 65% of the landmass in South Korea is covered by forests (Roh et al. 2016). The advantage of utilizing the forest as carbon sinks is that its ability to absorb greenhouse gases is not limited like the emission reduction programs used in other industries and the amount of greenhouse gases absorbed is relatively consistent. Also, the forests ability to absorb greenhouse gases can be managed and be improved. Utilizing the forests as carbon sinks can not only prevent global warming through efficient management but also provide diverse public benefits, such as conservation of ecosystem, water resources conservation, atmospheric purification, prevention of soil erosion, and recreational environment (Malmsheimer et al. 2008). The public functions of forests cannot be valued easily because there is no reliable way to quantify their value. But, the value of ecosystem, which is generally undervalued, should be re-evaluated (Koo et al. 2012).
Recently, there were various researches under progress attempting to quantify the value of ecosystem considering the type and function of ecosystem services. Typical methods used to quantify ecosystem services are: RUBICODE project (Rationalising Biodiversity Conservation in Dynamic Ecosystems project; Vandewlle et al. 2009) that can assess regions in Europe and countries by using the information based on the ecosystem services—provisioning, regulating, cultural, supporting services—classified by MA(Millennium Ecosystem Assessment) (2005); GUMBO (Global Unified Model of the Biosphere; Boumans et al. 2002) that can provide multi-scale integrated assessment on ecosystem services; and InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Tradeoffs; Nelson et al. 2009) that can provide regional assessment. In the case of Korea, the public functions of forests were quantified by using the statistical data and onsite survey results (Busan development institute, 2011).
The studies on carbon cycling of forest ecosystem in Korea have been continuously conducted (Lee et al. 2013; Han 2014; Won 2015) but not many studies focused on the carbon stocks of each component, carbon flow between the components, and carbon cycling according to the type of forest vegetation in Korea (Han 2002; Pyo et al. 2003; Lee and Mun 2005). The evaluation of ecosystem services is still at its early stage as it is an extremely complex process (Gitay et al. 2001; Kremen 2005). Currently, there are no studies that have analyzed the social cost of natural resources in terms of ecosystem services although some researchers have conducted environmental-economic studies in an attempt to estimate the change in economic value of possible social costs resulting from the climate change (Wunder 2005; Wattage 2011; Brander et al. 2012). In Korea, the studies on ecosystem valuation can be found in the nonmarket forest resources (Kim et al. 2012) and wetland (Jeong et al. 2013), but the value assessment of carbon cycling is limited only to Quercus mongolica forest (Won et al. 2014) and Pinus densiflora forest in Mt. Worak National Park (Won et al. 2015).
The distribution of Quercus glauca forest is expanding towards higher latitude regions due to increase in temperature and Q. glauca is a dominant species in Dongbaekdongsan(Mt.) at Seonheul-Gotjawal, Jeju Island known for its largest warm-temperate evergreen forest in Korea (Yun et al. 2011). The purpose of this study was to analyze the social cost of natural resources, which could be caused by the climate change, by quantifying the organic carbon distribution and cycling in the Q. glauca forest in terms of ecosystem services.
The Gotjawal is unique and rare ecosystem. It is formed on rocky areas and has important hydrological function such as the high rainwater percolation and protecting rainwater. And the temperature stays pretty constant all year round due to the underlying ground being made up of lava rock. Also it is a habitat for a variety of plants and animals, including endangered species.
Seonheul-Gotjawal is located in the east of Seonheul-1ri, Jocheon-eup, Bukjeju-gun where about 10% of evergreen broad-leaved trees in Jeju Island are distributed (Kawk et al. 2013). Seonheul-Gotjawal is an unusual ecosystem that has a wetland and high species diversity. Also, Quercus glauca (dominant species), Quercus salicina, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii, Styrax japonica, Camellia japonica, and Eurya japonica, etc. coexist in this ecosystem (Han et al. 2007).
The Q. glauca forest selected as the study site is located 126 m above sea level by the north of Meonmulkkag wetland. The stand density and diameter at breast height (DBH) and height (H) of study site were 1700 tree ha− 1, 8.4 ± 3.2 cm, 9.0 ± 1.8 m, respectively. According to the Jeju Regional Meteorological Office located about 16 km away from the study site, the annual average temperature and the annual rainfall were 15.8 °C and 1497.6 mm, respectively, for the past 30 years (1981~ 2010). The annual average temperature and the annual rainfall over the study period (March 2011~February 2013) were 15.8 °C and 3757.2 mm. The annual average temperature over the study period was the same as that of the past 30 years, but the annual rainfall was double that of the past 30 years, showing a significant difference.
In August 2010, 10 m × 10 m permanent quadrat was installed in the Q. glauca forest and trees with DBH greater than 3 cm were measured every April. The biomass was calculated by substituting the measured DBH into the allometric equation and NPP (△W = W2–W1) of branches and stems was estimated by deducting the current year's biomass (W1) from the last year's biomass (W2).
Evergreen leaves of Q. glauca have different life cycle to those of deciduous trees as they fall every month. The annual production was calculated by collecting the leaves and reproductive organs in the litter trap installed in the study site and the result was converted into per unit area.
Rodin and Bazilevich (1967) reported that belowground biomass accounted for about 15~35% of aboveground biomass. Therefore, the belowground biomass was calculated by applying 25% to the aboveground biomass (Johnson and Risser 1974).
The amount of organic carbon of biomass and NPP was estimated at about 45% of the dry mass (Houghton et al. 1983). The annual organic carbon NPP (△C = C2 − C1) for each organ was calculated by deducting present year's organic carbon amount (C1) from the next year's organic carbon amount (C2).
Four square litter traps (1 m2) and a circular litter trap (0.785 m2) were installed in the study site to quantify the amount of organic carbon flowing into the forest floor. The leaves in litter traps were collected each season and they were divided into leaves, branch and bark, reproductive organs (flower and fruits), and miscellaneous. Then, they were weighed after drying them in the dryer for over 48 h at 65 °C. The litter production per unit area was calculated based on the dry mass of the collected litter.
Four 25 cm × 25 cm smaller quadrats were randomly installed outside the permanent quadrat to quantify the amount of litter and organic carbon in the forest floor. The litter layer was then divided into litter (L) layer and fermentation (F) layer for collection. L- and F-layers were distinguished according to the degree of decomposition. The collected leaves were weighed after drying them in the dryer for over 48 h at 65 °C. The amount of forest litter per unit area was calculated based on the dry mass of collected leaves on the forest floor.
The soil was collected from three different locations outside the permanent quadrat every season to quantify the amount of organic carbon in soil. According to Song and Yoon (2002), Gotjawal is characterized by thick layers of rocks in various sizes and by thin layer of soil. Thus, the average soil depth was calculated by considering the rock ratio and soil thickness. And the soil was collected every 10 cm in depth up to 20 cm at three different spots. The gravel content ratio of collected soil was calculated by drying the soil in the shade and filtering it with 2 mm net. The obtained value was used in the organic carbon analysis. 5 g of soil sample dried under the shade was weighed after drying it in the dryer for over 48 h at 105 °C. Then, it was baked at 600 °C in the electric furnace for about 4 h to calculate the organic matter content by subtracting the ash content from the dry weight. The organic matter content was divided by 1.724 to obtain the organic carbon content (Black 1965). The soil was collected at 10 cm intervals by using a core soil sampler (diameter = 5 cm, length = 10 cm) to measure the bulk density. The collected soil was weighed after drying it in the dryer at 105 °C until it reached constant weight. And the value was divided by the volume to calculate the bulk density. The bulk density and gravel content ratio was multiplied to the organic carbon content for each soil depth to calculate the amount of organic carbon per unit area by depth (ton C ha− 1 20 cm-depth− 1) (Wang et al. 2002).
The soil respiration was measured using the closed chamber method with a CO2 gas analyzer (IRGA; EGM-4 PP System, UK). The soil respiration was measured at 10 random points that have overlapping tree crowns to minimize the error between measuring points. In this calculation, the maximum and the minimum value was excluded in calculating the average. The soil temperature at 5 cm depth was automatically monitored hourly with a digital data thermometer (Thermo recorder TR-71UT&D Co., Japan) installed within the study site to examine the correlation between the soil respiration and the soil temperature. The regression equation was derived and soil respiration was calculated by performing regression analysis on the measured soil respiration and soil temperature.
According to existing studies, the contribution of root respiration towards the soil respiration was 49% in the Pinus densiflora forest (Nakane et al. 1983), 51% in the Quercus serrata forest (Nakane et al. 1996), 46% in the Pinus koraiensis plantation (Pyo et al. 2003), 31% in the Quercus dominant forest (Lee et al. 2010), and 34% in the Quercus acutissima forest (Lee et al. 2012). In this study, the root respiration was estimated at 45% of the soil respiration based on the study of Wang et al. (2012) who reported that the contribution of heterotrophic respiration towards the soil respiration of Q. glauca was 55%.
Assuming the worldwide emission trading scheme is in place, the market price of carbon credit has been reported ranged $13~ 80 (OECD 1998). The excess emission penalty for defaulte the greenhouse gas emission trading scheme is €100 per ton of CO2 in EU, $6 in Denmark, £30 in UK (Ministry of environment 2004). In 2013, Korea enacted "Act on The Allocation and Trading of Greenhouse Gas Emission Permits" which includes Chapter 6 Article 33 Penalty Surcharges. It states that if emission permits surrendered by a business entity eligible for allocation are less than greenhouse gas emissions certified, the competent authority may impose a penalty surcharge within the maximum 100,000 won per ton of CO2 for the shortfall. Thus, in alignment with the local law, 100,000 won per ton of CO2 was used to calculate the value of organic carbon in the Q. glauca forest.
The biomass and organic carbon distribution of the Q. glauca forest were 345.85 and 155.63 ton C ha− 1 in 2011, 368.43 and 165.79 ton C ha− 1 in 2012. The average was 357.14 ton ha− 1 in 2011 and 160.71 ton C ha− 1 in 2012 respectively over the study period. The net primary production of organic carbon over the study period was 14.22 ton C ha− 1 year− 1. The organic carbon distribution per organs were in following descending order: 46.82% for stem (75.25 ton C ha− 1), 31.24% for branch (50.21 ton C ha− 1), 20.00% for root (32.15 ton C ha− 1), and 1.94% for leaf and rep. organ (3.11 ton C ha− 1) (Table 1).
The biomass of the Q. glauca forest was more than to deciduous broad-leaved forest, such as which is 103.47 ton ha− 1 of Q. acutissima forest in Gongju (Kang 2010) and 161.26 ton ha− 1 of Q. variabilis forest in Mt. Worak (Namgung 2010) and 164.00 ton ha− 1 of Q. acutissima forest, 158.90 ton ha− 1 of Q. variabilis forest, 115.30 ton ha− 1 of Q. seratta forest, 118.80 ton ha− 1 of Q. mongolica forest in Mt. Mohu (Park and Moon 1994). And it was more than double the average biomass of Q. glauca plantation in Goseong-gun, which is 145.5 ton ha− 1(Choi et al. 2016). Moreover, the carbon stocks of the Q. glauca forest was greater than that of deciduous broad-leaved forest and evergreen broad-leaved forest in warm-temperate region, such as 325.6 ton ha− 1 in Quercus acuta forest (Lee et al. 2007) and 123.7 ton ha− 1 in Machilus thunbergii forest (Lee and Kim 1988), respectively. The net primary production of the Q. glauca forest was more than to deciduous broad-leaved forest, such as which is 99.69 ton C ha− 1 of Q. mongolica forest in Mt. Worak (Won et al. 2014) and 86.02 ton C ha− 1 of Q. mongolica forest, 46.10 ton C ha− 1 of Robinia pseudoacacia forest in Mt. Nam (Lee 2011) and 72.57 ton C ha− 1 of Q. variabilis forest in Mt. Worak (Namgung 2010). Based on the study conducted in the experimental Q. glauca forest managed by governmental research center, Son et al. (2014) reported organic carbon distribution and NPP as 278.91 ton C ha− 1 and 12.29 ton C ha− 1 year− 1 respectively. In comparison, the organic carbon distribution of the study site was lower but NPP was higher than the reported figure. It figured that such differences are caused by tree density, tree age, region, altitude, locational conditions, as well as climate, which could have affected the growth and production even within the same species.
The litter production of Q. glauca forest continued throughout the year. The amount of organic carbon flowing into the forest floor through litter production was 3.39 ton C ha− 1 year− 1 in 2011 and 3.45 ton C ha− 1 year− 1 in 2012, averaging at 3.42 ton C ha− 1 year− 1. The organic carbon distribution for the organs were in following descending order: 68.41% for leaves (2.34 ton C ha− 1 year− 1), 15.92% for branch and bark (0.54 ton C ha− 1 year− 1), 11.96% for rep. organ (0.41 ton C ha− 1 year− 1), and 3.71% for misc. (0.13 ton C ha− 1 year− 1) (Fig. 1).
The litter production did not show particular change in pattern with change in seasons. It is probably because the leaf cycle of the Q. glauca forest is different from that of deciduous trees which mostly shed their leaves in fall. In 2012, the litter production of the Q. glauca forest was similar to that of deciduous trees in fall but this was likely caused by the typhoon; no typhoons landed in 2011 but typhoon 'Bolaven' landed in 2012 (Jang et al. 2014).
The amount of organic carbon flowing into the forest floor through the litter production of Q. glauca forest was similar to the amount in high density stands of Q. glauca forest in Goseong-gun (Choi et al. 2016) which was 3.56 ton C ha− 1 year− 1 but it was higher than low density stands by 2.25 ton C ha− 1 year− 1. In addition, it was lower than 5.22 ton C ha− 1 year− 1 of Machilus thunbergii forest in Wando-gun (Lee and Kim 1988). The difference is likely due to litter production and environmental factors, such as tree species, climate, altitude, stand density, and DBH of the study site.
The amount of organic carbon in the forest floor litter was 3.61 ± 0.74 ton C ha− 1 in 2011 and 6.39 ± 0.09 ton C ha− 1 in 2012, averaging at 5.00 ± 0.62 ton C ha− 1 over the study period. The average amount of organic carbon of L-layer was 2.27 ± 2.01 ton C ha− 1 and F-layer was 2.73 ± 1.28 ton C ha− 1. The amount in F-layer was greater than that of L-layer by 0.46 ton C ha− 1 on average (Table 2). The amount of organic carbon in the forest floor litter did not show any notable change in pattern and it was generally consistent with the litter production. This consistency is attributable to the balance between the rate at which the litter fall and the rate of decomposition in the forest floor litter (Waring and Schlesinger 1987).
The amount of organic carbon in the forest floor litter of the Q. glauca forest was similar to 5.02 ± 0.48 ton C ha− 1 of Quercus variabilis forest (Namgung 2010) and 4.71 ± 1.02 ton C ha− 1 of Pinus densiflora forest in Mt. Worak (Lee et al. 2013), as well as 4.89 ± 0.63 ton C ha− 1 of Quercus mongolica forest in Mt. Geumgang (Won et al. 2016). On the other hand, it was lower than 6.31 ± 0.55 ton C ha− 1 of Quercus mongolica forest in Mt. Worak and 6.02 ± 1.29 ton C ha− 1 of Pinus densiflora forest in Mt. Geumgang (Won et al. 2016). This difference among sites or forests is caused by the rate of litter production and decomposition, and environmental factors, such as temperature and rainfall.
The bulk density of soil was 0.43 g cm− 3 at 10 cm depth and 0.49 g cm− 3 at 20 cm depth. The average amount of organic carbon in 20 cm soil depth was 9.80 ± 4.14 ton C ha− 1 (Fig. 2).
By layer, the average amount of organic carbon was 47.83 ± 9.43 ton C ha− 1 at 10 cm depth and 41.97 ± 14.00 ton C ha− 1 at 20 cm depth, showing higher amount in the upper layer (10 cm) than the lower layer (20 cm). It is generally known that the amount of organic carbon in soil decreases exponentially with greater depth (Eswaran et al. 1995), and this is primarily related to the amount of organic matter flowing into the forest floor litter.
The annual average amount of organic carbon was 78.89 ± 6.84 ton C ha− 1 in 2011 and 100.71 ± 1.45 ton C ha− 1 in 2012. The figure was higher in 2012 than in 2011 because of the effect of typhoon in 2012: more organic matter, such as leaves, branches, and barks, fell on the top soil from aboveground and decomposed (Armson 1977).
The seasonal average amount of organic carbon were in following descending order: 109.35 ± 47.80 ton C ha− 1 in winter, 89.74 ± 5.11 ton C ha− 1 in spring, 85.41 ± 2.93 ton C ha− 1 in summer, and 74.70 ± 11.73 ton C ha− 1 in fall. The organic carbon in soil is decomposed by microarthropods and soil microbials (Gill 1969). The activity of microarthropods and soil microbials is largely affected by the temperature and it seems that this is the main reason for the high figure in the amount of organic carbon in winter when their activity was low. Also, the seasonal amount of organic carbon in soil showed similar trends to the litter production. Even though it takes some time for leaves to decompose and to release organic carbon into the soil, it is known that water soluble matter leaches fast in the early stage of decomposition. And it is known that the decomposition of leaves of Quercus myrsinaefolia, an evergreen tree, is faster than that of Quercus acutissima, a deciduous tree (Won et al. 2012). Therefore, the organic carbon in soil is greatly affected by the litter production, supporting the idea that the organic matter in leaves is directly related to the organic carbon in soil. And it seems that the differences in amounts each season are caused by the time it takes for organic carbon in the top soil to get decomposed.
The average amount of soil respiration was 0.64 g CO2 m− 2 h− 1 in 2011 and 0.59 g CO2 m− 2 h− 1 in 2012. The seasonal average soil respiration were in following descending order: 0.73 g CO2 m− 2 h− 1 in summer, 0.38 g CO2 m− 2 h− 1 in fall, 0.17 g CO2 m− 2 h− 1 in spring, and 0.07 g CO2 m− 2 h− 1 in winter. The trend showed an increasing amount of soil respiration from the winter season to the summer season (Fig. 3). Such trend is likely attributable to the increased amount of CO2 emitted through greater heterotrophic and root respiration caused by higher soil temperature. It is already known that soil temperature, moisture, and organic matter content are the main factors that affect soil respiration (Llody and Taylor 1994; Raich and Potter 1995).
The forest soil respiration is the sum of heterotrophic respiration and root respiration (Hanson et al. 2000). It is necessary to increase the accuracy of the estimate for heterotrophic respiration and root respiration to derive at net ecosystem production (NEP) because NEP of forest ecosystems is determined by NPP and heterotrophic respiration (Lee et al. 2003). However, there was a difficulty in measuring the heterotrophic respiration due to location condition and experimental method. Therefore, the reported heterotrophic respiration of the same species was used to estimate the root respiration at 45% of the amounts of soil respiration (Wang et al. 2012). The amount of soil respiration emitted into the atmosphere through soil respiration was 16.77 ton C ha− 1 year− 1 in 2011 and 14.44 ton C ha− 1 year− 1 in 2012. The amount of organic carbon released through heterotrophic respiration was 9.22 ton C ha− 1 year− 1 in 2011 and 7.94 ton C ha− 1 year− 1 in 2012. The amount of organic carbon released through root respiration was estimated at 7.54 ton C ha− 1 year− 1 in 2011 and 6.50 ton C ha− 1 year− 1 in 2012.
The organic carbon distribution and cycling of the Q. glauca forest for each carbon storage are summarized in Fig. 4. The amount of organic carbon distribution was 124.5 ton C ha− 1 in 2011 and 132.63 ton C ha− 1 in 2012 for aboveground biomass. And it was 31.13 ton C ha− 1 in 2011 and 33.16 ton C ha− 1 in 2012 for belowground biomass. In total, the amount of organic carbon distribution in plants was 155.63 and 165.79 ton C ha− 1 in 2011 and 2012, respectively. In 2011 and 2012, respectively, the amount of organic carbon distribution was 3.61 and 6.39 ton C ha− 1 in the forest floor and it was 78.89 and 100.71 ton C ha− 1 in the soil. As shown, the most carbon was distributed in plants. Overall, the amount of organic carbon distribution of the Q. glauca forest was 238.13 ton C ha− 1 in 2011 and 272.89 ton C ha− 1 in 2012.
In 2011, the amount of organic carbon fixed in plants through photosynthesis was 14.22 ton C ha− 1 year− 1 and the amount emitted through soil respiration was 16.77 ton C ha− 1 year− 1 which can be further classified into heterotrophic respiration and root respiration of 9.22 and 7.54 ton C ha− 1 year− 1, respectively. NEP of the Q. glauca forest was 5 ton C ha− 1 year− 1 based on the difference between organic carbon net primary production of 14.22 ton C ha− 1 year− 1 and heterotrophic respiration of 9.22 ton C ha− 1 year− 1. Therefore, the Q. glauca forest acted as a positive (+) factor in improving the atmospheric environment by absorbing more atmospheric CO2 than it released fulfilling its role as a carbon sinks.
The Q. glauca forest in this study displayed greater amount of organic carbon absorption than any other forests acting as carbon sinks, such as 4.60 ton C ha− 1 year− 1 of Q. acutissima forest in Gongju-si (Lee and Mun 2005), 1.03 ton C ha− 1 year− 1 of Q. variabilis forest in Mt. Worak (Namgung 2010), 1.50 ton C ha− 1 year− 1 of Q. mongolica forest in Mt. Worak (Shin 2012), 0.44 ton C ha− 1 year− 1 of P. densiflora forest in Mt. Worak (Won et al. 2015), and 3.90 ton C ha− 1 year− 1 of Q. mongolica forest and 0.81 ton C ha− 1 year− 1 of P. densiflora forest in Mt. Geumgang (Won et al. 2016).
The carbon absorption value of Q. glauca forest was estimated about 500,000 won ha− 1 applying the penalty surcharge per ton of CO2 stated in "Act on The Allocation and Trading of Greenhouse Gas Emission Permits." Its carbon storage value was estimated about 23.81 mil won ha− 1 in 2011 and 27.29 mil won ha− 1 in 2012.
This study was conducted to value the ecosystem of the Q. glauca forest through organic carbon distribution and cycling. The existing carbon stocks valuations employ models and remote sensing analysis to obtain results, but such methods underestimates the value and is less accurate than the field study (Oh et al. 2015). This study more accurately estimated the value of the ecosystem through the field study method. In addition, the value of carbon absorption and storage function, which are part of forest ecosystem services, were calculated. Thus, the value of an ecosystem will greatly increase if integrated ecosystem valuation were to be performed on various services, such as soil retention, soil formation, gas regulation, water regulation, water and wood supply, biological control, recreation, habitat, and biodiversity.
As a major carbon sink, the Q. glauca forest in this study displayed greater amount of organic carbon distribution and absorption than those of previously reported forests. Therefore, the distribution range expansion of Q. glauca forest due to climate change will be effective for carbon sequestration. In conclusion, the study results could be used as a primary data to establish land-use planning that enhances carbon storage and absorption.
Following are results of a study on the "National Long-term Ecological Research" Project of the Ministry of Environment.
This work (Grant No. C056473) was supported by Business for Cooperative R&D between Industry, Academy, and Research Institute funded Korea Small and Medium Business Administration in 2017.
All authors conducted a survey together during the study period. HYS wrote the manuscript. YYH participated in the design of the study and examined the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


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Muslim women call for end to abuse on public transport
Taj Khan describes herself as a "proud Geordie" but says she is mocked on a daily basis
About 200 women have taken part in a rally to highlight abuse and harassment they say they face on public transport.
The group, many of them Muslims, gathered at Grey's Monument in Newcastle city centre.
Taj Khan, of organisers Tyne and Wear Citizens, said she is regularly called a "terrorist" by other passengers.
Nexus, which runs the Metro, said the number of hate crimes on its services was "low" although it accepted some incidents were not reported.
The event, on Saturday, coincided with the first day of Hate Crime Awareness Week, saw women describe their experiences of being mocked and abused.
Ms Khan, who was born and brought up in Newcastle, said she had stopped taking a bag on to public transport because she was often asked if she was carrying a bomb.
Speakers backed a Hate Crime Charter and called for fellow passengers not to look the other way
Recalling a recent assault on a bus, she said: "When I was walking past a woman, she literally stuck her elbow in my ribs - pushing it as hard as she could.
"When I looked at her I saw an intense hatred in her face."
One woman, Nehar, said she had suffered abuse on trains and buses as well as being attacked in the street.
"I'm 4ft 10in. I was attacked by a guy who was 6ft tall and well-built.
"When I've been on public transport I've been called names, people sitting next to me have moved away, there are so many things I've heard.
"I don't feel safe anymore."
Nehar was among the women calling for a change in behaviour and attitudes
Nexus said it is "vital" any form of discrimination is reported to police so it can be investigated.
It added "no-one should feel frightened or intimidated when travelling on public transport".
Red Sky Foundation donates life saving defibrillator to Stadium of Light
Sunderland Echo
Man knocked unconscious and suffers fractured jaw after Boxing Day assault in pub
Hexham sisters are flying the flag for their country
Appeal for CCTV after burglary near Bishop Auckland

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Leading the Revival of Individualism & Self Reliance
What Is Individualism?
Collectivism vs Individualism
Individualism and Entrepreneurship
The Individualist
CapitalChinaIncome InequalityThatcherThe Left
Setting The Record Straight On Income Inequality.
October 13, 2020 / by Eben Macdonald via mises.org
Much Progressive thought is based on the theory of power structures. It states that all disparities, inequalities and differences in economic and cultural power in society must inevitably be attributed to innate discriminatory forces within that system. This idea originates from Karl Marx's theory of Surplus Value: it states that an employer making profit is inherently a form of worker exploitation.
This explains the Left's utter obsession with income inequality: the gap between what an Indian farmer and Bill Gates earn. The growing concern about income inequality rests on three premises: first, that it has risen substantially in recent decades (and that it is as bad as the public perceives it to be). Second, that it can be explained as the rich exploiting the poor. Third, that relative disparities in wealth and income are more important than the absolute living standards of the poorest. Let's examine each in turn.
You've all heard Bernie Sanders or AOC rant on about the proportion of capital which the richest 1% in society own. The assumption amongst many is that this share of wealth has been increasing since the 1970s. Whilst it is easy for politicians and media figures to blurt out statistics along these lines, the truth is that the measurement of income inequality is much more complicated than it looks. There is a great number of factors one must consider when measuring such: are you looking at government transfers? Are you looking at peoples' incomes before or after tax? Are you including income from capital gains? And if you are, then are those gains at accrual , or having been realized ? Are you considering the friction between public assets and private assets? Because welfare transfers discourage people from saving and investing in private assets, like pensions, or saving accounts. Are you taking into account family size, which, having been reduced, increases the incomes of the poorest? Are you considering that a lot of income is underreported, which is why many economists prefer consumption data to income data when measuring peoples' living standards. And perhaps most significantly, age must be considered. Age and income correlate very well – so as societies age, a greater share of the population will be dominated by those who get high incomes from pensions and other assets they've invested in over time. When one includes all these factors, studies have repeatedly shown that there has been no increase in income inequality since 1970, or if there has, it has been much more moderated than public perception. When one takes into account the accrual of capital gains, Armour et al. (2014 ) demonstrate the exaggeration of the increase in inequality. When you examine consumption data, instead of just income data, a 2001 study came to a similar conclusion. When you look at tax records, instead of simply reported income, the same shocking truth is discovered . No, I'm kidding, tax records are really more reliable . When changes in labour market and household composition (like family size) are adjusted for, one finds something similar . Most interestingly, however, age plays an important role in income inequality, as verified by a 2017 Fraser Institute study , which estimated that up to 80% of all inequality in Canada can be explained by an ageing population.
The record on income inequality was set straight by a 2014 Cato Institute book : Anti-Picketty: Capital in the 21st Century, in response to Thomas Picketty's famous book which hypothesised a dramatic increase in inequality (and consequently became the new Das Kapital). It refuted all the arguments it put forward, as well as debunk the alarm surrounding inequality. (For further reference, you can read another paper published by the same think-tank, which did something similar).
So, is income inequality rising at dramatic rates, while the rich get richer and the poor become increasingly more impoverished? No.
The second premise of the inequality brigade is that income disparities can only be explained by the rich exploiting the poor. This is patently wrong. The causes of poverty I addressed in my previous article for the Mises Institute. However, to review again, the strongest predictor of poverty in the United States is single motherhood, confirmed by CDC statistics . As it is written on page 275 of Robert Bartley's book Seven Fat Years:
" ….Data from the CPS show that about one half of all families with a female householder, no husband present were in the lowest income quintile. The increase in this type of family would cause an increase in measured income inequality ".
Single motherhood is the best predictor of poverty in the US. There are also high housing costs, which may well be a strong cause of inequality – whether it has increased dramatically, increased moderately, or even plateaued. High housing costs (as well as smaller houses) are a result of government regulations which restrict supply. High regulations also restrict the spaciousness of housing. It's why countries with lower housing regulations tend to have larger houses (just look at Canada, America, Australia New Zealand, countries with low housing regulations, in comparison to most European countries, which have the opposite).
The third premise of the inequality alarmists is that disparities between the rich and poor seem to matter more than the absolute living standards of the poorest. In response to this, I always give this thought-experiment. Where would you rather live? A society where the richest 10% earn 11 times more than the bottom 10%, but where the poor are on incomes of $40,000 a year and have access to high quality goods and services. Or, would you want to live in a society where there is complete income equality, but where everyone is on an annual income of $10,000. Now, obviously I'm committing a false dichotomy here. However, if you prefer equality to absolute prosperity, then you ought to be more inclined to answer 'the latter'. Income inequality is essentially a useless measure of living standards. Whilst societies in which the poor are poor may have high levels of inequality, it does not follow that all societies with high/rising inequality have an impoverished poor, or that societies with low/dropping inequality have a rich poor. For instance, the country with the lowest inequality on earth is Ukraine – with a Gini coefficient of just 25. A country with much higher inequality is Australia – with a Gini coefficient of 35.8, nearly 11 points higher than Ukraine's. Yet Australia's living standards are clearly much higher than Ukraine's. Rising inequality does not mean declining living standards – whilst declining inequality does not mean rising living standards.
Since the 1990's, income inequality has risen in China. Yet is this of any moral relevance? During that time, hundreds of millions of people have been lifted out of poverty.
Another good example of this ethical problem is the economic record of the British Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher (1979-1990), who famously liberalised Britain's economy and fought the trade unions. During her premiership, income inequality increased dramatically – causing a rise in the number of people living on relatively low incomes (incomes relative to higher ones) – yet, this did not mean that the poor suffered under her. Quite to the contrary . The percentage of Brits living on absolute low incomes declined from 60% in 1979 to just over 40% in 1990 (and around 35% in 1997, when her Conservative government was finally voted out of office). This can be found on page 12 of a 2010 ONS report .
With all this in mind, consider that forcing inequality to drop may (for certain) involve suppressing people's freedoms. Making people completely equal – or, at least, approaching completely equal – could involve the expropriation of wealth and property, which people won't agree to easily. Freedom is much, much more desirable than equality. Freedom is contingent on the supreme rational faculties of the human being – and thus, the freedom of the individual, and the freedom of a society, are a reflection and an exercise of those innate human capacities. Income equality has no moral basis: there is no ethical reason why people ought to earn exactly the same, especially when the productivity and importance of different forms of labour vary. Thankfully, the American people agree with me. It's why an overwhelming 77% of them value freedom over equality.
Tags: Capital, China, Income Inequality, Thatcher, The Left
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text:
Diamond certified COMPANY REPORT
One Source Plumbing and Rooter, Inc.
COMPANY REPORT NAVIGATION
Rated Highest in Quality and Helpful Expertise
4 CONSECUTIVE YEARS
SINCE May 2016 CERT 2361
DIAMOND CERTIFIED PERFORMANCE GUARANTEED
Diamond certified ratings dashboard
CUSTOMER SATISFACTION i
Customer LOYALTY i
Helpful Expertise i
Company Credentials i
Current Complaint File
Phone SURVEY RESPONSES FROM 75 VERIFIED CUSTOMERS i
Zane C.
VERIFIED One Source Plumbing and Rooter, Inc. CUSTOMER
Quality 10
Loyalty Yes
Mo is the man. I'd recommend him hands down. I think the worst and best way to put it is when it comes down to the dirty terrible things they have to do, they don't sugar coat it, but just help with those problems. When it comes to sewage, they're the best. They unclog drains, tell us about it, and they are so helpful towards us afterwards.
They're incredibly friendly. They have a good understanding of the situation. They're hands on, told us what the problem was and how to fix it in the future so that it won't happen again. They were the third person we called, and I can't say this enough, but they're totally awesome.
Stephen D.
They're very honest, hardworking, and efficient.
They're straight talkers, efficient, and fast workers. I had a great experience with them.
Erin S.
They provided fast and good service.
It was easy to set up the appointment, they arrived on time, and they cleaned up after themselves.
Read All 75 Survey Responses at Ratings View
Diamond certified VIDEO PROFILE
Diamond certified company PROFILE
Owner Mostafa Sowadah (L) and Partner Larry Cane
One Source Plumbing and Rooter, Inc. provides a complete range of plumbing services for residential and commercial clients throughout the San Francisco Peninsula. The company has the training and equipment to install and repair all types of plumbing systems, and its technicians are available 24/7 to handle emergencies.
Owner Mostafa Sowadah says One Source Plumbing and Rooter's customer-oriented approach to plumbing has been an important part of its continued success. "We're known for having good chemistry with our customers—we pay attention to details and make recommendations that we know they'll appreciate. Plumbing problems can be stressful, but our customers know that once they call us, we'll be there to take care of everything."
One Source Plumbing and Rooter focuses on performing "long-term fixes" that maximize the lifespan of its customers' plumbing systems. "We want our work to be here long after we're gone, so we take a lot of pride in finding the best solutions for each situation," says Mr. Sowadah. "We don't take shortcuts; we believe good, honest work will lead to a loyal clientele base that's quick to refer us to others."
Diamond Certified Companies are Rated Highest in Quality and Helpful Expertise.
Why this rating is the most accurate.
Our editors gather deep company info.
Performance is Guaranteed.
DIAMOND CERTIFIED RESEARCHED CAPABILITIES ON One Source Plumbing and Rooter, Inc.
Map Hours Website
The San Francisco Peninsula
Plumbing Installation, Maintenance & Repair
BRANDS Supported
Repcal
Company Name: One Source Plumbing and Rooter, Inc.
DCID Number: DCID4155703646
Hours: Available 24/7
Areas Served: Serving the San Francisco Peninsula including Excelsior, Sunset District, Mission District, Bernal Heights, North Beach and Bayview District
Managers: Mostafa Sowadah, Owner
Years in industry: 6 (Manager)
# of Employees: 1
Insurance: Liability Insurance, Workers' Compensation
Areas of Expertise: Plumbing Installation, Maintenance & Repair; Water Heater Repair & Replacement; Drain Cleaning
Key Brands: American Standard, Badger, Delta, Grohe, Kohler, Moen, Repcal, Sterling, Total, TracPipe
Customer Type: Commercial, Residential
CC Accepted:
DIAMOND CERTIFIED RESEARCHED ARTICLES ON One Source Plumbing and Rooter, Inc.
A recent plumbing installation by One Source Plumbing and Rooter
"We understand how hard our customers work for their money, so we focus on providing them with high-quality, reasonably priced services that leave them completely satisfied. We don't just quickly fix something and move on–we take the time to explain our work and do everything we can to help the customer save on future repairs."
Comparative Summary
Maintaining customer satisfaction is a crucial aspect of any business, but it's even more important for plumbing companies that have earned the prestigious Diamond Certified award. For One Source Plumbing and Rooter, Inc., the best way to achieve customer satisfaction is to take the long view on every job, regardless of its size. "We take a lot of pride in our work, which is why we never take shortcuts," says owner Mostafa Sowadah. "We're not concerned about short-term profits or quick turnovers–at the end of the day, quality work and customer satisfaction are the things that generate our long-term success."
One Source Plumbing and Rooter has been providing plumbing services for residential and commercial clients throughout the San Francisco Peninsula since 2013. The company has the in-house capabilities to install and repair all types of plumbing systems, and it offers 24/7 emergency service for the convenience of its customers.
Unlike less experienced plumbing companies that take an "assembly line" approach to every job, One Source Plumbing and Rooter focuses on building relationships with its customers and helping them get the most value out of their plumbing projects. "As a small business that has built itself from the ground up, we understand the value of the dollar and know how hard our customers work for their money," says Mr. Sowadah. "So, instead of overcharging them and hurrying through their jobs, we take the time to provide them with quality work at reasonable prices."
Another distinguishing attribute of One Source Plumbing and Rooter is its ability to provide customized solutions for a wide variety of plumbing issues. "With our industry knowledge and experience, we can find solutions to even the most complex and unusual problems," says Mr. Sowadah. "On top of that, we do our best to offer economical alternatives for budget-sensitive customers. We want our customers to know that once they call us, we'll be there to take care of everything."
Thanks to recent industry innovations, many once-complex and time-consuming plumbing processes now have faster, simpler solutions. "The plumbing industry is constantly changing, from products and techniques to code regulations, so it's important for a plumber to stay up-to-date with these developments," says Mostafa Sowadah, owner of One Source Plumbing and Rooter, Inc. in San Francisco. "A plumber who's current with industry trends will be able to offer the latest and greatest technological innovations."
One such innovation Mr. Sowadah points out is Ridgid's ProPress copper piping system. "ProPress is a recent innovation for fitting pipes that's becoming huge in the industry," he says. "In the past, pipes had to be welded together with a blowtorch, but the ProPress system utilizes special fittings that tighten securely to the pipe when pressed on by the ProPress machine. In addition to saving a lot of time, it reduces the risk of fire or burns from welding. The only downside is it's a system, so you have to purchase the ProPress machine and use compatible pipe fittings, which are more expensive than standard fittings. That being said, the time saved typically offsets these additional costs."
Even though it's not as recent, another innovation that's had a substantial impact on the way plumbers work on sewers is trenchless line replacement. In the past, in order to replace a broken sewer pipe, plumbers had to excavate the full extent of the pipe. This meant any area of the home that the pipe ran beneath (lawn, sidewalk, patio, driveway) had to be torn up, which resulted in a disruptive, time-consuming and extensive job.
With trenchless line replacement, plumbers now only need to dig two holes: one at each end of the pipe section being replaced. This allows the new pipe (typically a flexible, high-density polyethylene) to be pulled through from one end to the other, using the old pipe as a guide. "Many people still aren't familiar with trenchless sewer replacement, but they're always appreciative of it when they learn how the old method works," says Mr. Sowadah.
Q: Can you tell me if my home's plumbing is up to code?
A: Definitely. Every city has its own particular plumbing codes, so it's important to have a professional assess this for you. In addition to telling you whether your home's plumbing is up to code, we'll be happy to perform any necessary upgrades.
Q: Do you repipe houses?
A: Yes, we're able to provide whole-house copper repiping services.
Q: I have an antique plumbing fixture—does it need to be replaced or can it be repaired?
A: If you'd prefer not to replace an old plumbing fixture, we can usually just repair it.
Q: Do you provide a warranty on sewer work?
A: Yes, we offer a 20-year warranty on our sewer work, which is more than most companies offer.
SELECTED PHOTOS FROM One Source Plumbing and Rooter, Inc.
An example of One Source Plumbing and Rooter‰'s laundry hook-up work
One Source Plumbing and Rooter installed this trench drain to protect a customer‰'s garage from rainwater.
One Source Plumbing and Rooter set up this sewer for future access.
One Source Plumbing and Rooter worked on this sewer that runs at an angle.
A One Source Plumbing and Rooter technician works on a sewer line installation.
A recent bathroom remodeling project by One Source Plumbing and Rooter
DIAMOND CERTIFIED EXPERT CONTRIBUTOR ADVICE & TIPS FROM Mostafa Sowadah
Expert CONTRIBUTOR PROFILE
Mostafa Sowadah is a 10-year veteran of the plumbing industry and owner of One Source Plumbing and Rooter, Inc., a Diamond Certified company. He can be reached at (415) 340-2353 or by email.
Mostafa Sowadah: One Source for Success
By James Florence, Diamond Certified Resource Reporter
SAN FRANCISCO — Following high school, Mostafa Sowadah knew he wanted to get into a trade—it was just a matter of deciding which one to pursue. "When I was enrolling in trade school, I had the choice of going into automotive, plumbing or HVAC," he says. "Based on what I saw most people signing up for, it seemed that plumbing was the least popular option. However, I'd always heard good things about plumbing, so I decided to give it a shot." After finishing his two-year program at WyoTech-Fremont, Mostafa did a four-year apprenticeship with a local plumbing company and then worked another three years as an employee before starting his own business in 2013.
Today, as owner of One Source Plumbing and Rooter, Inc., Mostafa says his favorite part of his job is building relationships of trust with his customers. "The first time you do a job for a customer, they aren't totally sure if they can trust you. However, when they call you again a couple of years later, it shows there's trust because the first job didn't fail. That's a great feeling."
A lifetime resident of San Francisco, Mostafa expresses his appreciation for the character of life and work in the City by the Bay. "There are three things I like about San Francisco: the diversity, as there are people here from all over the world; the nice weather, which is good for plumbers because we do a lot of work outside; and the simple fact that I've lived here my whole life and it's home."
When asked about a professional philosophy, Mostafa offers a simple guideline for ensuring quality workmanship. "On every job, I have the mindset that I want my work to outlive me," he explains. "When your main goal is to build something to last as long as possible, you're going to do a better job than if you're just looking to make money. The great thing is that when you build something to last, your customers are going to be happy and bring you more business, so the money will follow naturally."
When asked the first thing he'd do if he were to retire tomorrow, Mostafa says he wouldn't. "That's a tough one, because I've sort of become programmed to stay busy. I think it started during my apprenticeship, where for four years I worked six days a week, with no holidays or vacations. As soon as I finished it, I took a week-long vacation; the first two days were nice, but by the third day I was kind of bored. That's why I'm not sure I could retire—I like being busy and I enjoy my work, so the idea of retirement just doesn't appeal much to me."
Q: What's your favorite kind of food?
A: Mediterranean.
Q: Are you an early bird or a night owl?
A: An early bird.
Q: If you could time travel, would you go to the past or the future?
A: The future, just so I don't have to worry about it anymore.
Q: What's your favorite snack?
A: Chips.
Q: What's your favorite thing to do on a rainy day?
A: Work—we get really busy when it rains.
Maintenance Tip for an Older Toilet
by Mostafa Sowadah, a Diamond Certified Expert Contributor
SAN FRANCISCO — If you have an older toilet, you may notice that you have to flush multiple times just to get everything down the drain. The likely culprit behind this issue is sediment: over time, the jet holes in your toilet bowl (which initiate the flushing action by shooting water from the tank down toward the drain) can get clogged with small bits of sediment, which diminishes the power of the flush. It's still flushing the same amount of water, but it's doing it at a much slower rate, with a reduction in pressure that results in the need for multiple flushes.
Fortunately, even though sediment is an unavoidable issue with toilets (and plumbing in general), there's an easy way to remedy this problem. Simply use a safety pin, pencil or similar fine-pointed tool to clean the sediment out of the jet holes in your toilet bowl. By doing this every six months, you should be able to prevent this issue from occurring.
Expert video tip
Video: Toilet Maintenance Tip
with Mostafa Sowadah of
Complete Video Transcription:
SAN FRANCISCO — Host, Sarah Rutan: If you routinely find that one flush isn't enough, you'll be glad to learn about a simple solution for a common toilet problem. Today we're in San Francisco with Diamond Certified Expert Contributor Mostafa Sowadah of One Source Plumbing to learn more.
Diamond Certified Expert Contributor, Mostafa Sowadah: Common problem of older toilets is that when you flush them they don't flush everything out in one time, sometimes you need to do them 2, 3 times. The reason being behind that is that the main water pipe in the street has a lot of pressure that distributes water to all the houses. When it has holes in it, it doesn't leak, it sucks the sand in. And that sand gets carried away and it end up in your tanks – water heater tank and your toilet tank.
And those small holes in your bowl of your toilet when you flush the toilet, those small holes get clogged with sand. So, instead of the toilet flushing 2 gallons per flush in 5 seconds, now it's doing it in 9 seconds. So, it's flushing the same amount of water but the tackle is slower and that's the reason why you're flushing more than once. So, if you take a pinhole or a pen or a pencil and go to jet holes on your bowl where the water come out and clean them once every 6 months, you should not have this problem.
Host, Sarah Rutan: To learn more from local, top rated companies, visit our Diamond Certified Expert Reports at experts.diamondcertified.org.
Diamond Certified RATINGS ON One Source Plumbing and Rooter, Inc.
Each surveyed customer was asked, "If you needed any helpful expertise, did this company provide that expertise?" To calculate this score, total "Yes" responses were divided by total responses (excluding those that stated they hadn't needed any expertise).
One Source Plumbing and Rooter, Inc. : Average 9.1 out of 10 based on 75 unique customer surveys of customer satisfaction.
They were responsive.
They were fast.
Marcus H.
It was a great experience, and they got the job done professionally and promptly.
The got the job in a very timely manner. I called them, and they came out the same day.
Super reasonable price
They are knowledgeable, the price is good, and they are fast.
We just really enjoyed their service, and we have recommend them to others.
When we needed them, they were there.
Katherine R.
They made a mistake, but they fixed it, and they were very honest about it. They are a very upstanding company and very trustworthy.
Their trustworthiness
Timothy G.
Give them your issue and see if they can solve it. They usually can.
The owner was there himself, instead of other employees, and he always solved my problems.
Straightshooters
Their responsiveness
Janice M.
The problem wasn't as intuitive as it first seemed, but they stuck with it. They came back three times to fix it and third time was the charm. The price was as if they had only come out for one visit.
I think it was the humanness of it, when they weren't able to fix it the first time, they came out two additional times to try and get it fixed.
Christopher B.
There was a problem, and they were able to figure it out without costing me a fortune.
They were great and very professional. They found a solution to my problem that didn't cost me more money.
Cristine S.
They did a fantastic job. It was quick, and the price was great.
The communication
Jim C.
They were on time and honest.
Basically, they were just on time, they did what they needed to do, and they were honest.
They have a good response time, and they usually have a permanent solution for whatever the problem is.
Their reliability
They were fast, efficient, and cheaper than the rest.
They were fast and efficient.
M.L.G.
They were reliable and good.
They were efficient.
Amit S.
They're fast and professional.
They were able to solve the problem in a friendly manner.
They were professional, responsive, and friendly.
Jenifer S.
They showed up when I needed them to, and they fixed our problem.
They fixed our problem immediately.


text:
Talking Earth with A. Molotkov and Tim Whitsel
Mon, 11/21/2016 - 10:00pm to 11:00pm
Talking Earth presents Airlie Press poets Anatola Molotkov and Tim Whitsel.
Airlie Press poets Anatola Molotkov and Tim Whitsel will read from their new books of poetry tonight on Talking Earth, KBOO's poetry program. The four conceptual poems in Molotkov's "The Catalog of Broken Things" question identity in the face of disaster and change, emptiness and encounter. The poems break human experience into basic components: waking, sleeping, loss, memory, imagination, empathy, responsibility to oneself and others. Whitsel's "Wish Meal' charts one man's evolution from El Dorado pilgrim and prodigal son to a stay-at-home father, navigating from his Indiana boyhood to the family he makes in the Pacific Northwest.
Born in Russia, A. Molotkov moved to the US in 1990 and switched to writing in English in 1993. Published by Kenyon Review, Iowa Review, Cincinnati Review, Tampa Review, Raleigh Review, Cider Press Review, Pif, 2 River and elsewhere, Molotkov is the winner of several short fiction and poetry contests and a 2015 Oregon Literary Fellowship. He co-edits The Inflectionist Review. Molotkov's translation of a Chekhov story was included by Knopf in their Everyman Series. He plays the Armenian duduk and is better at tennis than most other Portland writers.
Tim Whitsel lives on a 100-year floodplain outside Springfield, Oregon. He is passionate about western rivers, gardening, jazz, bicycling, wine and words. For six years Tim directed Windfall, a monthly reading series at the Eugene Public Library. He won first prize at the 2013 Northwest Poets' Concord. In 2014, he was honored with an artist's residency at PLAYA. He can be heard reading his poems on the poetryloft.net or seen on YouTube (Lane Writers Reading Series, October 25, 2015). Tim's first collection, We Say Ourselves, was published in 2012 by Traprock Books.
Permalink Submitted by patb on Wed, 11/30/2016 - 9:16am
I've cut the audio down to only the recorded discussion and poetry with Tim Whitsel and A. Molotkov because the hour long recording included part of A Different Nature and a Edwin Torres sound poetry piece.


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text:
City Council nixes Grant Creek rezone request for more housing
By Alex MitchellSeptember 15, 2020
The Missoula City Council on Monday night denied a rezone request off Interstate 90 in lower Grant Creek, making the neighborhood the first in recent memory to successfully rally against a project.
The request would have allowed developers to increase the number of housing units on the 44-acre lot from 494 up to 1,185 units. Developers said they never planned the maximum number of units but needed greater flexibility to work around the property's constraints.
In its 5-7 decision, councilors expressed concerns over safety amid wildfires and how residents would navigate Grant Creek if the population "nearly tripled" in a neighborhood that currently has just 600 homes, according to council member Stacy Anderson.
"Even without the rezone, you are practically doubling the entire population of the neighborhood," Anderson said. "No other project has had that substantial impact on a neighborhood. I think that's really important to highlight. As it stands now, there's already the ability to have significant growth and development there."
While the property sits within view of I-90 and includes a former gravel pit, the potential population growth raised concerns over evacuations during a fire, as the Grant Creek area has just a single exit. In case of fire, first responders said they could control the intersection to allow for a timely evacuation.
But council member Amber Sherrill said there needed to be a specific plan, and the current plan didn't meet the single exit in Grant Creek.
"While I understand we have a need for housing, I also believe that we are first and foremost tasked with public safety," Sherrill said. "We are seeing wildfire behavior that continues to become more extreme. It's becoming hotter. It's moving faster. The 2005 Community Wildfire Protection Plan determined that the egress was a problem and listed Grant Creek as one of the top priorities for wildfire risk. We can't more than double the population, do some improvements on the road and say that that (risk) no longer exists."
Council members in favor of the rezone noted the city's undeniable need for more housing as Missoula continues to grow. Council members Heather Harp, Bryan von Lossberg, Julie Merritt, Jesse Ramos and Sandra Vasecka voted for the rezone, which needed a super majority to pass given a petition drive held by Grant Creek residents.
City Council President von Lossberg said he was troubled by the "legitimate concerns" around fire, traffic and whether proper procedures were followed in creating the zoning. Despite his concerns, he said the rezone request to raise the potential height of a building by 10 feet would provide additional flexibility in the area.
The area is currently home to a former gravel pit and several hotels.
"I reluctantly support the motion," von Lossberg said. "I acknowledge the concerns the others have raised, but if anything, this highlights our need to take a deeper look at this."
The City Council's denial of the rezone aligns with an August vote by the Consolidated Planning Board, which also rejected the request. But the council's vote ran contrary to the recommendations of Development Services and the Office on Housing and Community Development, which both supported the rezone.
Council member Mirtha Becerra said the rezone failed to meet the needs outlined by the city growth policy and environmental restoration plans regarding public health and safety. She said it would encourage more motorized travel than other non-motorized forms that the city encourages.
"So if we are committed to working and advancing all these goals, why should we consider adding 1,185 units, which more than doubles the current population of the area?" Becerra said. "And that's more than 5,000 trips to a neighborhood that has one way in and one way out with no transit alternative and no safe non-motorized transportation option."
Council member Heather Harp voted in favor of the rezone, saying the city is growing by 2.2% percent every year and needed 850 new housing units annually to keep pace. But the projects that come through the city are "woefully short" of that figure.
The lack of housing plays a role in driving up costs as demand outpaces supply.
"Since I was elected to council two and a half years ago, every single development that has come to our floor is contentious," Harp said. "Neighbors resist change that happens in their backyard, and rightfully so, because we oftentimes have a fear of what may be coming, and I get that. And yet, Missoula recognizes that the quality of life continues to attract people here . . . We only have so much land in order to develop, and we have to be smart about it."
Council member Jordan Hess described Missoula's growth policy as the "North Star" guiding the city's decisions. And while he wanted to vote in favor of the rezone, he said it was inconsistent with the growth policy. He said the rezone was a far less suitable option than other possibilities for the site.
"The main concern for me is that I don't believe we can adequately evaluate the impacts of this proposed rezone based on the parcel size and that a major portion of this rezone has steep slopes," Hess said.


text:
Search underway for barbershop owner's killer in Pine Hills
Robert Lowe
WEBVTT OINS US LIVE WITH THE UPDATE. MATT? REPORTER: THE SHERIFF TOLD A NEWS CONFERENCE ABOUT AN HOUR AGO IN FRONT OF THE BARBERSHOP WHERE BERRY OWNED AND HE WAS KILLED. THE SHERIFF CALLED BRIAN BERRY'S KILLING COWARDLY AND SENSELESS AND HE'S ASKING ANYONE WITH INFORMATION TO COME FORWARD. SHERIFF JERRY DEMINGS SAYS THE SUSPECT IN THIS CASE BRANDISHED A GUN AT THE BARBERSHOP LAST SATURDAY AND FLE WE HAVE ALSO LEARNED THAT INVESTIGATORS INVESTIGATORS BELIEVE HE COMMITTED A ROBBERY AND CAR JACKING LAST FRIDAY IN EAST ORANGE COUNTY. AND SAY SUNDAY HE COMMITTED SEVERAL ADDITIONAL ROBBERIES, A CARJACKING AND AN AGGRAVATED ASSAULT AT THE ROLLING HILLS APARTMENT COMPLEX IN PINE HILLS. THAT WAS JUST DAYS BEFORE INVESTIGATORS SAY HE KILLED 43-YEAR-OLD BARBERSHOP OWNER BRIAN BERRY AROUND 8:30 WEDNESDSAY DURING A ROBBERY. THE SHERIFF'S OFFICE IS ABOUT TO RELEASE SURVEILLANCE IMAGES AND THEY'RE HOPING SOMEONE COMES FORWARD WITH INFORMATION >> WE ARE CERTAIN THAT MEMBERS OF OUR PUBLIC AT SOME POINT WOULD HAVE SEEN THIS PERSON MOVING THROUGHOUT OUR COMMUNITY IN THOSE VEHICLES AND WE NEED THE PUBLIC'S ASSISTANCE TO IDENTIFY THE INDIVIDAL. REPORTER: THERE ARE TWO VEHICLES HERE. DEPUTIES HAVE THEM IN CUSTODY. THESE IMAGES WERE JUST RELEASED. ONE IS A GREEN 2016 GREEN FORD FIESTA. THAT IS THE VEHICLE INVESTIGATORS SAY WASN'T DRIVEN BY THE SUSPECT ON THE NIGHT OF THE MURDER. THE OTHER ONE THE SUSPECT IS KNOWN TO HAVE DRIVEN IN IS A STOLEN 2001 GREY CHEVY CAVALIER . THE SUSPECT IS DESCRIBED AS 6'2" , 170 TO 190 POUNDS. ANYONE WITH INFORMATION IS URGED TO CALL THE CRIME LINE AT 1 -- 800 -- 423 -- TIPS.
The Orange County Sheriff's Office is searching for a man who opened fire inside the Strictly Skillz Barbershop and Salon in Orlando's Pine Hills neighborhood. Wednesday night's shooting injured one employee and killed owner Brian Berry, 43, a husband and father of two young children. Newly released surveillance video shows the gunman scouting out the shop four days prior to the killing. The shooter is seen walking along the sidewalk of the strip mall. He opens the door to Strictly Skillz and points his weapon inside. Shortly after, he's seen running away. "We are certain that members of our public would have seen this person moving throughout our community," said Orange County Sheriff Jerry Demmings. Deputies said the shooter is an African-American man that is 6 feet, 2 inches tall and weighs approximately 170 pounds. Orange County investigators said he's wanted for numerous violent crimes committed within the past week. Those include multiple robberies, two car thefts and an aggravated assault at an apartment complex near the barbershop. On Friday evening, family and friends continued to grieve with a candlelight vigil for the second night in a row. Members of the community are asking for justice and hope the violence in their neighborhood stops soon.
ORANGE COUNTY, Fla. —
The Orange County Sheriff's Office is searching for a man who opened fire inside the Strictly Skillz Barbershop and Salon in Orlando's Pine Hills neighborhood.
Wednesday night's shooting injured one employee and killed owner Brian Berry, 43, a husband and father of two young children.
Newly released surveillance video shows the gunman scouting out the shop four days prior to the killing.
The shooter is seen walking along the sidewalk of the strip mall. He opens the door to Strictly Skillz and points his weapon inside. Shortly after, he's seen running away.
"We are certain that members of our public would have seen this person moving throughout our community," said Orange County Sheriff Jerry Demmings.
Deputies said the shooter is an African-American man that is 6 feet, 2 inches tall and weighs approximately 170 pounds. Orange County investigators said he's wanted for numerous violent crimes committed within the past week. Those include multiple robberies, two car thefts and an aggravated assault at an apartment complex near the barbershop.
On Friday evening, family and friends continued to grieve with a candlelight vigil for the second night in a row.
Members of the community are asking for justice and hope the violence in their neighborhood stops soon.


text:
GEOL 109 | The Earth and Life Through Time
Student-Curated Geology Video Collection
Have you ever wondered what causes a new species to form?
This video explains two of the main types of speciation. It provides examples of certain isolations or barriers that make way for a new type of species to form. It explains what environmental, or internal factors could cause a species to develop into a new species and why that development happens.
Why watch this video?
Have you ever wondered what classifies a species?
Would you like to know the factors that can cause the rise of a new species?
Have you ever been confused by how a certain species looks or acts similar to another species?
Species: A group of individuals that can breed with each other or have the potential to breed, and that do not breed with other groups.
Hybrid: The offspring resulting in the inter-breeding of two different species. The offspring are usually infertile, preventing gene flow between the species.
Habitat Isolation: Organisms of the same species living in the same geographic location prefer different habitats or environments. An example of this would be that some lizards prefer to live mostly in water and some prefer to live on land and seldomly go into the water.
There are many other types of speciation that are not covered in the video including parapatric speciation, peripatric speciation and artificial speciation. Parapatric speciation occurs when a species is spread out over a large area, but unlike allopatric speciation, instead of the species being separated by a physical barrier, they are separated due to differences in the same environment. For example, a part of the environment could be polluted with certain minerals or chemicals. Peripatric speciation happens when a small group breaks off from a larger group and forms a new species. Physical barriers play a role in this type of speciation but unlike allopatric speciation, one group is much smaller than the other, and the unique characteristics of the smaller group make way for a new species to form through breeding. Artificial speciation is, you guessed it, the creation of a new species by humans through lab experiments.
The video only talks about speciation with different animal species, but speciation also happens with plants, much the same way that speciation happens with animals.
The video doesn't discuss the time frame in which a new species develops. The simple answer is that it can take a couple decades or a few thousand years for a new species to develop. It all depends on if a species can self-fertilize (as bacteria and some plants can) or if it requires a male and female to produce a zygote. Speciation with a self-fertilizing species can produce a new species quicker than if a male and female are needed to reproduce because with a male and female producing a zygote, the gene pool would remain consistent. It also depends on how long an animal takes to reproduce. For example, a female rabbit's gestation period is on average thirty days, where a female elephant stays pregnant for twenty-two months.
Self-test questions
How does geography play a role in speciation?
Answer A: Organisms of the same species would need to develop a way to overcome the geological barrier to interbreed.
Answer B: A population of one species is geographically isolated or split in groups.
Answer C: A species learns to mate with other species because it cannot overcome the geographical barrier.
Answer D: Geography does not play a significant role in speciation.
What is the answer and why?
Answer B: Geographical barriers cause new species to form because something is preventing two individuals from the same species to mate.
What is an example of a post-zygotic barrier?
Answer A: Different behaviours of the same species cause a new species to form.
Answer B: One group of species prefers a sandier environment while the other prefers a wetland environment.
Answer C: The offspring from a species inter-breeding is not able to reproduce.
Answer D: Different groups of the same species prefer to breed at different times of the year, month or day.
Answer C: A post-zygotic barrier occurs after a zygote is made. A species is defined as two individuals that are able to reproduce, and a post-zygotic barrier is when the offspring of a species cannot reproduce, is too weak, or cannot fully develop before it is born.
What is not an example of allopatric speciation?
Answer A: A river is preventing two of the same species from interbreeding.
Answer B: Organisms from the same species that live in close proximity prefer different habitats.
Answer C: Two islands within close range, with different habitats, prevent the same species from mating with each other on each island.
Answer D: A mountain range is keeping the species from interbreeding.
Answer B: Allopatric speciation is when a geographic barrier is separating the population of the same species. Two organisms of the same species would not be able to mate with each other because they cannot get within close proximity of each other in order to reproduce.
What is an example of a hybrid animal?
Answer A: A labradoodle.
Answer B: An albino moose.
Answer C: A liger.
Answer D: A wolf-dog.
Answer C: A liger is a cross between two species (a tiger and a lion) and cannot reproduce, or is infertile. A labradoodle is a breed of dog, from the same species. An albino animal can reproduce with its own species. A dog is a sub-species of a wolf and a wolf-dog, the result of a dog and a wolf mating with each other, can produce offspring.
What is the correct definition for speciation?
Answer A: When an organism from a species develops a certain trait, unlike other organisms from the same species.
Answer B: A cosmetic appearance of an organism is genetically altered within the same species.
Answer C: The origin of a new species from a pre-existing species.
Answer D: The species lives in two separate geographical locations.
Answer C: Speciation is the evolutionary process in which part of a population of one species, evolves to become a new species. Organisms that are part of the same species can have different behavioural or physical characteristics.
Shared by: Camille Beaudette
Item Credit: Amoeba Sisters
Reuse License: Public Domain
Copy/Paste Text Attribution
"Have you ever wondered what causes a new species to form?" by Amoeba Sisters has been explicitly released into the public domain.
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Camille Beaudette
Amoeba Sisters
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=udZUaNKXbJA&t=6s
Life, Evolution, and the Fossil Record, The Mesozoic Era
evolution, GEOL109-T219, Hybrid, speciation, species
What is the Evidence for Evolution?
Feedback loops: How nature gets its rhythms – Anje-Margriet Neutel
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Early Earth and the First Life (24)
Early Paleozoic: Cambrian and Ordovician (3)
General Geology (24)
Geological Materials and Biogeochemical Cycles (14)
Geological-time (11)
Late Paleozoic: Carboniferous and Permian (4)
Life, Evolution, and the Fossil Record (41)
Middle Paleozoic: Silurian and Devonian (3)
Plate Tectonics and Supercontinents (21)
The Cenozoic Era (pre-Holocene) (10)
The Holocene (7)
The Mesozoic Era (5)
#photosynthesis (2) Advancements (1) allopatricspeciation (1) Ancestors (1) Arrowhead (1) Cambrian explosion (1) Charles Darwin (1) convergent boundary (1) core (1) Dams (1) divergent boundary (1) Earthquakes (1) evolution (10) Extinction (1) Genes (1) GEOL109-SS18 (19) GEOL109-T219 (13) geology (2) Great Oxidation Event (2) great oxidation events (1) H5P (19) Hadean Eon (1) Homo Sapiens (1) Humans (1) Life (1) lithosphere (1) Mass Extinction (1) natural selection (4) Neanderthals (1) plate tectonics (1) Plate tectonics (3) postzygotic barrier (1) prezygotic barrier (1) ring of subduction (1) Selectiveness (1) Snowball Earth (2) solar system (2) speciation (3) species (4) subduction (2) subduction zone (2) sympatric speciation (1) Technology (1) transform boundary (1) zygotic barrier (1)
When the Sahara Was Green
Glacial Landforms
The Mysterious Origins of Life on Earth
How Turtle Shells Evolved… Twice
The Other Explosion You Should Know About
GEOL 109 | The Earth and Life Through Time • blame cogdog • SPLOTbox theme is based on Garfunkel by Anders Norén.


Released 2007 as a Verified by Intel laptop, Intel Core Duo, 250 G, 5400 HD, 2 Gb DDR2 RAM, Gforce 512MB Graphics, 17.5" screen.
My screen doesn't come on when i power it up, i have to ues a monitor to see what im doing but every once in a while it flashes like it wants to come on but doesnt.
Gregory Smith that is the biggest challenge and the reason for existence of iFixit. Manufacturers of consumer electronics believe that all of their customers (that is people like you and I) are incompetent and generally stupid. We do not know how to repair things and only they know what we need. That is the reason for not providing service manuals to anyone that is not part of their cult. This goes for all of them (Apple, Toshiba, Bose and so on). If we can get the manuals we could actually repair things. We would not need to purchase new devices for minor repairs and cheap components etc. It would be their financial loss. They do not like to lose money! Pure Greed. Join the Right to Repair movement to start hitting them where it hurts.
Anyhow, let us know what the issues are with your laptop and maybe, just maybe, we are smart enough to figure things out.
Gregory Smith zal eeuwig dankbaar zijn.


text:
Register for the UArctic Congress by the early bird deadline
Sat, Apr 30, 2016
A reminder that the registration for the UArctic Congress is now open, with the early-bird fee applicable until June 15, 2016!
Labrador Institute International Indigenous Internship opportunity
Labrador Institute launches a call for International Indigenous Internship. Apply by July 15, 2016.
Master and PhD students are welcomed to Arkhangelsk, Russia
Northern (Arctic) Federal University (Arkhangelsk, Russia) is pleased to invite international Master and PhD students seeking admission in 2016 to apply to Russian Quota Scholarship Program.
Internships for PhD students and professors at University of Aberdeen
University of Aberdeen (UK) offers an internship in inclusive pedagogy and sociology. The program covers only study expenses. However, most of the studies can be done online from your hometown.
2016 Arctic Circle Assembly: Call for session proposals
Universities, companies, research institutions and organizations have one month left to submit proposals for Breakout Sessions at the Fourth Arctic Circle Assembly to be held October 7 – 9, 2016 in Reykjavík, Iceland. Deadline for submissions: May 15, 2016.
ASSW 2017 – Call for Session Proposals
Organizers of the Arctic Science Summit Week 2017 in Prague (Czech Republic) on 31 March – 7 April 2017 are now accepting session proposals for the ASSW 2017 Science Symposium, entitled "A Dynamic Arctic in Global Change". Deadline: June 30, 2016.
Joint intensive course between UiT The Arctic University of Norway campus Alta and Murmansk Arctic State University
The Department of Child Welfare and Social Work at the UiT The Arctic University of Norway (campus Alta) had the pleasure of welcoming a delegation of 10 students and two teachers from Murmansk Arctic State University (MASU) for the participation in a joint intensive course "Social Work with Children and Youth in the Barents...
Students selected to the 2nd Arctic Academy in Korea
The Korea Maritime Institute (KMI), located in Busan, Republic of Korea, launched its 1st Korea Arctic Academy (KAA) with 30 international and Korean students in 2015, and is currently getting ready to host the Academy again this year.
Model Arctic Council, a rewarding experience
Carolyn Kozak, a master's student in Arctic and Northern studies at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, participated in the Model Arctic Council held during the Arctic Science Summit Week in March 2016. She was also recently appointed as one of the six new UArctic Student Ambassadors.
One semester master-level program in Nature and Health Science
As parts of a specialization in Greenlandic Health and Environment of the Arctic, five courses on Arctic subjects are offered by the during the 3rd and 4th quarters of 2016. Courses will take place in Nuuk, Greenland. A limited number of places is available. Application deadline: May 1, 2016.
Summer School of the Russian Language and Culture
Northern (Arctic) Federal University (Arkhangelsk, Russia) invites you to the 8th Summer School of the Russian Language and Culture in Arkhangelsk, June 13-27, 2016.
Apply by April 15 for International Permafrost/Natural Hazards Summer Field School
The UArctic Thematic Network on Permafrost/Natural Hazards offers an International Permafrost/Natural Hazards Summer Field School (5 ECTS) in Yakutia, 1-20 August 2016. The course welcomes senior bachelor and graduate students. Application deadline is 15 April 2016.
New UArctic Student Ambassadors appointed
UArctic's Board of Governors has appointed seven new students as UArctic Student Ambassadors, bringing the total number of Ambassadors to 21. Nominated by individual UArctic higher education institution members, Ambassador appointments are for a three-year term.
Register and submit abstracts for UArctic Congress 2016
The registration for the UArctic Congress is now open, with the early-bird fee applicable until May 31. The deadline for submitting abstracts has also been extended until April 17. We welcome participants and abstracts from within and outside the UArctic network!


Even a strong, big elephant can feel lost in his surroundings... Many managers find themselves thrust into financial situations with little or no preparation. They're faced with confusing accounting terms, the responsibility of putting together a budget, and the fear of making major decisions that will have a serious financial impact on their company. In addition, if you don't have training or a background in finances, you may be at a disadvantage as you sit around the management table. When important financial terms come up at a meeting, you want to be able to contribute, not just sit there and nod blankly.
Understanding the cycle of finance will also help you figure out where you fit into your company's financial structure and how to keep your department out of the red. This workshop will familiarise you with the key concepts of finance and accounting and help you prepare budgets and make decisions with more confidence.
SECTION 2: What is Finance?
Fact: Understanding the basics of finance can help a manager focus and achieve the required goals of the organisation.
Target Audience: All managers who need to prepare budgets and understand the basics of finance in order to increase the success of their department.


text:
Yerong Creek is a town in the Riverina area of southern New South Wales, Australia. It is about  south-west of Wagga Wagga on the Olympic Highway. At the , Yerong Creek had a population of 173.

Yerong Creek station is serviced twice daily by NSW TrainLink XPT trains which travel along the Main Southern Railway line between Sydney and Melbourne (there is no stop listed in timetables for Yerong Creek; the nearest stations are The Rock to the north and Henty to the south). The town is home to a small population and was the original home of the vintage rally.

Yerong Creek Post Office opened on 1 October 1882.

Whilst Yerong Creek is predominantly a mixed farming and grazing area, it holds a claim in Australian history when in 1993 the XPT established the Australian Rail Speed Record of  between a nearby area known as Table Top and the township

Yerong Creek was also home to the vintage rally, though this event is no longer held.

Gallery

References

External links

Towns in the Riverina
Lockhart Shire

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Army Punishes 14 At Fort Hood After Review Sparked By Vanessa Guillén's Killing
By Bill Chappell,
Dustin Jones
Published December 8, 2020 at 10:43 AM AKST
"This is not about metrics, but about possessing the ability to have the human decency to show compassion," Army Secretary Ryan D. McCarthy said Tuesday as he announced punishments and changes related to the killing of Vanessa Guillén.
The Army is punishing 14 leaders at Fort Hood, relieving some high-ranking officers of duty and suspending other leaders after a review sparked by the killing of Spc. Vanessa Guillén.
Army Secretary Ryan D. McCarthy cited profound problems at the base, including a command climate that was "permissive of sexual harassment and sexual assault."
The disciplinary moves and other changes stem from the Fort Hood Independent Review Committee, whose chair, Chris Swecker, said its recommendations are meant "to address deeply dysfunctional norms and regain Soldiers' trust" at Fort Hood and possibly beyond.
Following Guillén's death and a string of other disappearances and deaths at the Texas post, the Army in September removed Maj. Gen. Scott Efflandt as Fort Hood's senior commander. That change had been previously scheduled — but Efflandt was kept at the base rather than moving on to another command. In the new disciplinary moves, Efflandt has now been relieved.
McCarthy said he has accepted all of the review committee's findings. The group submitted a report with nine findings and 70 recommendations, touching on areas from protocols around missing soldiers and crime prevention to public relations.
Guillén went missing on April 22. Her remains were found on June 30 and the Army confirmed they belonged to Guillén one week later. The day after the remains were found, Spc. Aaron Robinson, 20, died by suicide as authorities attempted to taking him into custody. Cecily Aguilar, 22, was charged with conspiracy to tamper with evidence in connection with Guillén's disappearance.
"The tragic death of Vanessa Guillén and a rash of other challenges at Fort Hood forced us to take a critical look at our systems, our policies and ourselves," the secretary said in a midday briefing on the changes. "But without leadership, systems don't matter."
The committee's report will force the Army to change its culture, McCarthy pledged.
"This is not about metrics, but about possessing the ability to have the human decency to show compassion for our teammates and to look out for the best interests of our soldiers," he said.
The Army listed the leaders it relieved, starting with Efflandt. Also relieved were Col. Ralph Overland and Command Sgt. Maj. Bradley Knapp, the 3rd Cavalry Regiment commander and command sergeant major.
Other officers and leaders are suspended, pending the results of an investigation into 1st Cavalry Division's command climate and its handling of the sexual harassment and assault prevention program.
Citing its routine policy, the Army said it doesn't identify commanders and leaders at or below the battalion level who are the subjects of administrative action.
The Guillén family and their attorney, Natalie Khawam, held a press conference Tuesday after the review committee released their findings. They said they won't stop until legislative changes take place.
"If you're going to tell me that the Army is messed up or Fort Hood is messed up or something is wrong, tell me what you're doing to fix it," Khawam said. "When somebody speaks up and they get punished for speaking up, that's un-American. It was widespread at Fort Hood. Things aren't complete, they're not finalized. We're not finished. We are just starting."
Dustin Jones is a reporter for NPR's digital news desk. He mainly covers breaking news, but enjoys working on long-form narrative pieces.
See stories by Dustin Jones


The temple of Dhabaleswar is wholehearted to the worship of Lord Shiva. It is located in the exotic island of Lord Dhabaleswar at a distance of 27 kilometres from Cuttack city. It is one of the best tourist spots and a great place of pilgrimage for devotees of Lord Shiva.
Are foreigners allowed inside Puri Jagannath Temple?