Sourced from the berries of the pink peppercorn, it may look similar to the black peppercorn in your pepper grinder, but Schinus molle is more closely related to cashews. Ancient Incans revered the tree and different indigenous peoples used every part of the tree for various health needs. Once available for a limited time only, Pink Pepper will now be permanently available at doTERRA starting in October of 2018.
Customize any massage by combining one to two drops of Pink Pepper with Fractionated Coconut Oil to soothe the body.
We all encounter grogginess and brain-fog as part of life. When you need to feel alert in order to get back on track, diffuse or inhale the scent of Pink Pepper.
Ancient Incans used the oil from the feather-like leaves of the pink peppercorn tree in early mummification techniques.
The pink peppercorn tree is a fast-growing evergreen tree. It can grow up to 45 feet tall and wide, making it the largest of all the schinus species. The fruit grows in thick clusters with hundreds of berries. Aside from the berries, the bark and leaves are also highly aromatic when crushed.
doTERRA Pink Pepper oil is wild-harvested from two different countries: Kenya and Peru. The molle or pink peppercorn tree is indigenous to Peru, but British colonialists also brought the trees with them to Kenya. For both countries, the farmers and harvesters are excited about the new increased economic opportunity that Pink Pepper oil represents.
The harvesting process can be highly labor-intensive because once they are picked, the berries must be distilled the same day to preserve their oil content. When the berries turn from green to pink, the picking process begins. Pink peppercorn trees can be very large; harvesters often have to climb the branches to pick off the berries, or shake them so that they fall to the ground to be collected. From there, berries are cleaned and crushed before going through steam distillation. Learn more about the Pink Pepper sourcing story by watching the video at the bottom of this page.
Citrus or floral oils blend well with Pink Pepper, and create an invigorating aroma. In addition, Frankincense, Clary Sage, Eucalyptus, Lavender, Spearmint, and Patchouli are all excellent options when you want to create a blend with Pink Pepper.
Due to Pink Peppercorn being closely related to cashews, should those with cashew allergies be cautious when using Pink Pepper oil?
Essential oils do not contain plant protein, and we do not anticipate an issue with allergens. However, we would recommend working with your primary care physician if you have additional concerns.


In Avengers: Infinity War, the combined forces of the Avengers, the Guardians of the Galaxy and all the other heroes in the Marvel Cinematic Universe will unite to take down Thanos. Even with his super-powerful Infinity Gauntlet, though, the Mad Titan will need some back up.
For a while now, it's been rumored that he'll have a team of his toughest lieutenants by his side in the movie – the Black Order, based off a recent addition to comic book lore – and today, a report from MCU Exchange is claiming that they'll be more important in the film than we originally thought.
That's because they'll have a connection to one or two of the heroes. The site states that the Black Order won't actually go by that name in Infinity War. Instead, they'll be reimagined as the Mad Titan's adoptive children, raised – via torture and cybernetic enhancements – by him to be ruthless killers.
If this sounds familiar, that's because this is also the backstory of both Gamora and Nebula from the Guardians of the Galaxy films. Unlike those sisters, however, it seems the majority of Thanos' kids have remained loyal to their evil father's cause. The use of the Black Order in this way should make sure that Zoe Saldana and Karen Gillan's characters have something interesting to do in the movie.
In the comics, the Black Order is made up of five alien generals – Black Dwarf, Proxima Midnight, Corvus Glaive, Ebony Maw and Supergiant. Recent set photos suggest that we'll see at least the first three in the film, and it looks like the whole group may be brought to the big screen now.
Avengers: Infinity War is currently in production, so expect more details to arrive soon. Until then, be sure to let us know your thoughts on this intriguing new rumor down below.


text:
Die römisch-katholische Pfarrkirche St. Michael steht in Weißenborn, einem Ortsteil der Landgemeinde Sonnenstein im thüringischen Landkreis Eichsfeld. Sie ist die Pfarrkirche der Pfarrei St. Michael Weißenborn-Lüderode im Dekanat Leinefelde-Worbis des Bistums Erfurt. Sie trägt das Patrozinium des heiligen Erzengel Michael.

Geschichte
Ein Vorgängerbau wurde 1131 durch Bischof Buggo von Worms geweiht. Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts wurde eine neue Kirche errichtet. 1836 begann die Gemeinde erneut mit dem Neubau einer Kirche, die von 1886 bis 1987 durch einen Turm ergänzt wurde. Geweiht wurde die Kirche am 27. Juni 1863 durch Bischof Konrad Martin. Im Jahre 1939 fiel die Kirche einem Brand zum Opfer und wurde erst 1950 wieder aufgebaut. Die wieder aufgebaute Kirche wurde durch Weihbischof Adolf Bolte am 26. November 1950 geweiht. Von 2001 bis 2003 wurde das Äußere der Kirche erneuert und die Innensanierung erfolgte von 2003 bis 2005.

Architektur

Außenbeschreibung
Die Kirche hat ein achteckiges Kirchenschiff mit Rundbogenfenstern und einem Pyramidendach. An der Ostwand befindet sich der Turm, ebenfalls mit Pyramidendach.

Innenbeschreibung
Die Fenster im Altarbereich mit den vier Evangelisten wurden 1955 von Irma Lang-Scheer entworfen. Das Deckenbild von 1950 ist eine Kopie eines Ausschnittes von Albrecht Dürers Maria mit Kind aus dem 14. Jahrhundert.

Ausstattung

Das Kruzifix stammt aus dem Anfang des 16. Jahrhunderts. Der Terrakottarelief Kreuzweg wurde von Georg Kemper um 1920 bis 1925 geschaffen. Tabernakel und Ambo erschuf Fritz Zschötzschel um 1970.

Orgel

Die Orgel baute Gerhard Kühn 1972. Sie verfügt über 23 Register auf zwei Manualen und Pedal.

Glocken

Weblinks

 Webpräsenz der Pfarrei St. Michael Weißenborn-Lüderode

Einzelnachweise

Kirchengebäude im Landkreis Eichsfeld
Kulturdenkmal im Landkreis Eichsfeld
Bauwerk in Sonnenstein (Gemeinde)
Michaeliskirche
Pfarrkirche des Bistums Erfurt
Kirchengebäude in Europa

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
package com.everis.alicante.courses.becajava.garage.domain.vehicle;

import com.everis.alicante.courses.becajava.garage.domain.vehicle.enumerator.CarBrandEnum;
import com.everis.alicante.courses.becajava.garage.domain.vehicle.enumerator.MotorCycleBrandEnum;

/**
 * Created by emingora on 29/06/2017.
 */
public abstract class Motorcycle implements MotorizedVehicle {

    abstract MotorCycleBrandEnum getMotorCycleBrand();

    Wheel[] wheels;

    Motorcycle() {
        this.wheels = new Wheel[]{new Wheel(), new Wheel()};
    }

    public Wheel[] getWheels() {
        return this.wheels;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Our UNV NVR recording solutions are now compatible with the Sentinel platform for 3rd party monitoring.
Through the Sentinel platform, our 8-128ch NVR recorders can give a live video on alarm, meaning that you can see what is happening upon receiving the alert.
You can also request live streaming to check the site, listen to audio, have PTZ control and have alarm output control.
If you would like further information, give our sales team a call.


While I know I'm not that old, I still don't remember a time when so many people wanted to save. Save money and save the planet. The one good thing that will come out of this recession is an increased 'can do' attitude that has been largely lost over the last few decades. One of the things we 'can do' is to use wind power to help save on electricity costs.
To be honest using the wind to help cut on your electric bill can be as simple as opening your windows and allowing the cool breeze to flow through. If you could just avoid using your air conditioner once or twice a week the savings could be significant.
If, on the other hand, you were thinking a little bigger and wanted to harness the wind to generate your own electricity, that can be done fairly easily as well.
Wind turbines convert the energy of the wind into electricity which can be used immediately or stored for later use. They can be large or small and they even come in different shapes, they don't all look like giant wind mills.
You can build one small enough for your backyard or one that can be installed on your roof. These smaller turbines can be built for a few hundred dollars in just several hours.
One word of caution, though, one small turbine won't produce enough electricity to run your home. It can help cut your electric bill by supplying some of your electricity needs, but it won't completely cut you off the grid. Even so, many homeowners are seeing savings of around 80% on their electric bills.
It doesn't matter if you want to use wind power in a big way, or a small way. Either way will help conserve resources and save you some money so it's worth it.


As you prepare to send your child to school this fall, make sure their teeth and gums are healthy with a dental cleaning and exam at Precise Dental of Houston.
Today, we're sharing an infographic that lists three ways we can work as a team to make this school year a healthy one!
Start the new school year off on the right foot. Call our Houston, TX dental office today at 713-812-1712 or fill out our online form to schedule your child's back-to-school checkup!


Nixon Motor Sports: Hershey Elegance Auto Auction: Sweet!
Hershey Elegance Auto Auction: Sweet!
While there is only one car estimated to bring more than $1,000,000, the rest of the field includes some very cool looking rides. If you're a Bugatti fan, how about a 1927 Type 38A Grand Sport or a 1929 Type 40A Roadster? If American cars are more your thing, how about a 1932 Lincoln 5 Passenger Sedan or a 1932 Cadillac V16 Fleetwood? The most expensive car of the lot is a 1933 Rolls-Royce, which would look fabulous in my driveway! For the Italians out there, how about a 1949 Maserati A6 1500 Coupe or a 1960 Fiat-Abarth Sestriere Zagato? French wise there's even a 1962 Citroen 2 CV 4x4 Bi Moteur.
OK, these are some awesome cars, and they'll sell for whatever the market brings. Several of the cars are being sold to benefit some charities, so if I win the lottery I'll see you in Hershey next month and we'll see what we can buy for NMS!
Post #400 and a New Car in the NMS Stable!
FIAT Abarth Receives Major Update!
Let's Play the Auto Auction Estimate Game Again!


text:
Q: IndexError: only integers, slices (`:`), ellipsis (`...`), numpy.newaxis (`None`) and integer or boolean arrays are valid indices Prophet Error I want to implement prophet algorithm and use my dataset on the model.
After fit process i got following error in predict process.
How can i solve this problem.?
import pandas as pd
import pystan
from prophet import Prophet
df_prophet = df[['date', 'rate']]
train_df = df_prophet[:-5]
train_df.columns = ['ds', 'y']
train_df['ds']= to_datetime(train_df['ds'])
model = Prophet()
model.fit(train_df)
test_df = df_prophet[-5:][['date']]
test_list = to_datetime(test_df.date).values
forecast = model.predict(test_list)

---> 11     forecast = model.predict(test_list)
IndexError: only integers, slices (:), ellipsis (...),
numpy.newaxis (None) and integer or boolean arrays are valid indices

A: It's a nice attempt. You just need a few tweaks.

*

*By passing to_datetime(test_df.date).values you were creating a numpy array instead of a dataframe. Prophet expects a dataframe.

*The Prophet model and predictor expects columns labeled ds and y and you're changing the column names after you split the dataframe, so your test part isn't getting the columns renamed.

*You shouldn't need to import pystan since the Prophet module is built on it already.

Try this:
import pandas as pd
from prophet import Prophet

df_prophet = df[['Date', 'Volume']]
df_prophet.columns = ['ds', 'y']
train_df = df_prophet[:-5]
train_df['ds']= pd.to_datetime(train_df['ds'])
model = Prophet()
model.fit(train_df)
test_df = df_prophet[-5:][['ds']]
forecast = model.predict(test_df)
forecast

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Change doesn't just happen. Someone has to initiate it. Let change start with you. Help a woman gain her freedom and a chance at a new life by wearing this tee in support of ending human trafficking globally. Handmade by women in Kolkata, India, each tee tells the story of the journey to freedom.
This tee is printed with the hamsa, also known as a symbol of protection. Crew neck and made of 100% organic cotton. Choose from black or white. Available sizes are S-XL. See below for t-shirt measurements and washing instructions.
Washing Instructions: Machine wash cold, tumble dry low, do not bleach, iron low, do not dry clean.
This item may display slight variations in overall color, appearance, and design.


These are normal thoughts while deciding whether to age in place or move to a retirement community. While the sticker price of living in a retirement community can be a shock at first, in many cases, it can be cheaper than staying home.
What is Independent Living at The Admiral?
Do you envision your retirement years to be relaxing, with plenty of time to do the things you want to do? After all, that's what you have been working toward for your entire career.
The Wellness Center at The Admiral at the Lake is bringing more convenience to the residents who live here. Residents can now visit the walk-in clinic with medical director Dr. Eric T. Mizuno five days a week and receive more in-house screenings.
Smart speakers are all the rage. Some people have embraced the new technology, while others have shied away from it, not knowing how these devices can assist them with everyday tasks.
There are a handful of different smart speakers on the market, but Amazon Echo is one of the most popular devices.
There are some new and exciting changes coming to The Admiral. One of the most exciting things is the revamping of the Wellness Center. There will be more services available in house to residents that will help keep their health and wellness in the best shape.
When stress strikes, do you find yourself unexpectedly craving something delicious and unhealthy - like a cheese-enrobed casserole, warm chocolate chip cookies or buttery mashed potatoes?
It's an exciting time when your family comes to visit you, especially if they live far away. You want to be sure you are having the best visit possible while they are here with you. That usually means you don't want to spend a whole lot of time finding things to do or spending time traveling to get to activities.


What Can I Do If My Ex Violates Our Child Visitation Agreement?
File for contempt of court- this may be necessary in the case of ongoing or serious violations of the visitation agreement.
Of these, probably the most common option is to file for contempt of court. This is because in most visitation situations, the parents are already unable to reach a mutual agreement. Thus, intervention by the court may be necessary.
What Is Contempt of Court and How Can It Help?
At its own discretion, the court may also require the offending party to take certain actions, such as returning the child to the other party or refraining from visiting the child again. Also, in some instances the plaintiff may be entitled to damages and/or attorney's fees.
While jail time is rarely imposed for violations of visitation agreements, the fine can often be an effective means of preventing the party from repeating the violations. Also, intervention by the court means that a third party is involved- many persons cease to commit violations if they know that your requests are backed by the authority of a court.
How Do I File a Motion for Contempt of Court?
If your situation involves repeated violations, be sure to make detailed records of the incidences including dates, names, time periods involved, and a description of the circumstances (i.e., visited child during an unauthorized time).
If there are any police reports involved, keep copies of them. You should submit these documents and records to the court when you request a motion for contempt of court.
Be sure that your documents clearly show that the other party committed a violation. It is important that you be specific when describing the events. Sometimes a successfully filed motion for contempt of court may lead to a modification of the visitation agreement.
If the other party seeks to appeal the contempt claim, they usually only have a few days to do so. Courts usually grant appeals on a case-by-case basis, which means that your arguments should be thoroughly prepared.
Do I Need a Lawyer for the Contempt of Court Issue?
When dealing with issues such as violations of visitation agreements and contempt of court, it would be wise to seek the assistance of a family law attorney. Again, it is the best interests of the child that are at stake, so it is important that your requests be well supported. A lawyer who is well versed in family law will be able to assist you in preparing the necessary documents within the given time restrictions.


text:
Only show content I have access to (0)
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Connecting International Law with Public Law (1)
Cambridge Textbooks (26)
5 - International legal personality
Donald R Rothwell, Australian National University, Canberra, Stuart Kaye, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Afshin Akhtar-Khavari, Queensland University of Technology, Ruth Davis, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Imogen Saunders, Australian National University, Canberra
Book: International Law
Published online: 12 April 2019
Print publication: 19 June 2018, pp 234-288
A central feature of the international legal system is that States are the predominant actors within the system and possess international legal personality. As a result, States are able to enter into legal relations with each other by way of treaties, possess certain international legal rights as bestowed under international law, and are capable of enforcing those legal rights in international litigation or of being the subject of a claim if they are derelict in meeting their international legal obligations. This raises two important issues. First, how are 'States' characterised and recognised under international law? Second, are States the only international actors that possess international legal personality?
A number of factors have increased the significance of this area of international law. To begin, States, and the notion of 'statehood', have undergone significant evolution in recent centuries, and contemporary international law has had to keep abreast of these developments. While international law recognises that there are essential attributes to what comprises a 'State' for the purposes of the international legal system, there remain important political processes at play with respect to the recognition of States. During the United Nations (UN) era this question has assumed particular importance due to a number of factors. The first is that since 1945 the international community has witnessed an unparalleled growth in the number of States. This is simply evidenced by the growth in the membership of the UN, which has expanded from the original 51 members in 1945 to 193 members in 2017. This growth in the number of States within the international system can be attributed to a number of factors, of which the process of decolonisation has been one of the most significant. Another contributing factor in the past 30 years has been the break-up of former federated States such as Yugoslavia, and the emergence of new republics in Eastern Europe following the end of the Cold War. Consequently, the law that governs the emergence and recognition of new States, including their membership of international organisations such as the UN or NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), has since 2000 attained particular contemporary significance.
The second factor that has made this area of the law relevant during the UN era has been the emergence of an ever increasing number of international organisations that claim to possess international personality.
Print publication: 19 June 2018, pp xv-xv
Print publication: 19 June 2018, pp v-xii
Print publication: 19 June 2018, pp xliv-xlvi
12 - International trade law
International trade law is a subset of public international law, and consists of the rules governing trade between nations. Historically this area of law was primarily concerned with trade in goods, but now includes trade in services (effectively the cross-border supply and consumption of services) and trade in intellectual property. International trade law has relevance to other fields of international economic law, including investment law. However, the focus of this chapter is on trade law as conducted under the auspices of the World Trade Organization (WTO), an organisation that commenced on 1 January 1995. The WTO administers many agreements, and not all are covered by this chapter. Of particular note, the Agreement on Agriculture and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) are not covered: further reading on these Agreements is listed at the end of the chapter. To understand the laws that the WTO administers, it is necessary to understand both the economic theories of international trade, and the history of international trade law. This chapter introduces these concepts, and then explains the current structure of the WTO, including the dispute settlement processes. It then covers the core disciplines of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT) and the main exceptions to these disciplines, before turning to the safeguards, dumping and subsidies regimes. The chapter then introduces the two agreements that cover regulatory standards at the WTO, and finally provides an overview of the General Agreement on Trade in Services.
Economic theories of trade
For much of the 16th to 18th centuries, international trade operated in accordance with the theory of mercantilism – goods were exchanged for gold, and nations tried to amass as much gold for themselves as possible. Nations aimed to obtain raw goods (often from colonies), transform them and sell the final products to other nations for a profit. Thus the focus was primarily on exporting goods rather than importing goods. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries new theories of trade emerged – first with Adam Smith's theory of absolute advantage, followed by David Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage. Both theories rest on the idea of specialisation of production of goods, using labour as an input unit for production.
10 - Law of the sea
The international law of the sea has developed over many hundreds of years. Modern principles can be traced back to the 17th-century debates between scholars such as Grotius and Selden over whether or not nations had the right to control areas of the sea. At that time, nations were concerned over access to fishing grounds and trading routes; today's maritime interests have expanded to include the laying of submarine cables, mining of deep seabed resources, control of people smuggling and other transnational crimes, maintenance of national security, and conservation of high seas biodiversity, to name a few. Although many of the principles of customary international law in this area are well established, the law of the sea is today dominated by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC), a monumental agreement that provides the framework for international cooperation in maritime areas.
The current framework of maritime zones, which define the relative rights and obligations of coastal and other States, has evolved against the background of a long-standing tension between States wishing to exercise control over parts of the high seas and those seeking to maintain free access. As O'Connell states:
The history of the law of the sea has been dominated by a central and persistent theme: the competition between the exercise of governmental authority over the sea and the idea of freedom of the seas. The tension between these has waxed and waned through the centuries, and has reflected the political, strategic and economic circumstances of each particular age.
The progression of this debate is dealt with by Shearer in the following extract.
SHEARER, STARKE'S INTERNATIONAL LAW, 11TH EDN, BUTTERWORTHS, LONDON, 1994
[218] Initially, navigation on the high seas was open to everybody as were also fisheries, but in the fifteenth and sixteenth [219] centuries – the periods of great maritime discovery by European navigators – claims were laid by the powerful maritime states to the exercise of sovereignty, indistinguishable from ownership, over specific portions of the open sea.
Cases and Materials with Australian Perspectives
Donald R Rothwell, Stuart Kaye, Afshin Akhtar-Khavari, Ruth Davis, Imogen Saunders
Print publication: 19 June 2018
Buy the print book
Now in its third edition, International Law: Cases and Materials with Australian Perspectives remains an authoritative textbook on international law for Australian students. With a strong focus on Australian practice and interpretation, the text examines how international law is developed, implemented and interpreted within the international community and considers new and developing approaches within this field. This edition has been comprehensively updated to address recent developments in international law. The selection of cases and materials provides a thorough coverage of core areas and addresses a range of contemporary challenges, including climate change, human rights, nuclear proliferation and the South China Sea. A new chapter on international trade law reflects the growing importance of this body of law in Australian practice. Guiding commentary provides a rigorous analysis of key principles. Written by a team of experts with substantial experience in this field, International Law is an essential resource for students.
Print publication: 19 June 2018, pp xiii-xiv
Since the second edition of this book was published in 2014 there have been continual developments in international law through State practice, new treaties and an expanding international jurisprudence developed by a growing array of international courts and tribunals. For example, in 2016 an international tribunal handed down a much anticipated Award in the South China Sea Case between the Philippines and China, which provided clarity to certain aspects of the law of the sea, and to some dimensions of the law relating to international dispute resolution. Likewise, in 2018 a Conciliation Commission will deliver a report arising from a dispute between Australia and Timor-Leste over a maritime boundary in the Timor Sea. In 2015 the international community was finally able to achieve consensus on a successor to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in the form of the 2015 Paris Agreement. Throughout 2017 the United Nations Security Council was also responding to the threats posed to international peace and security by North Korea's nuclear program and new Resolutions were adopted to ensure the maintenance of international peace and security. These developments have resulted in a continual thickening of international law, with the consequence that some gaps in the law have been covered, understanding of the law has been enhanced, and adjudication and enforcement of international law have added to a better appreciation and understanding of its capacity.
This third edition takes stock of some of these and other important recent developments in international law. Challenges such as climate change, crimes against humanity, human rights abuses, nuclear proliferation, resource management, self-determination of peoples, and transnational crimes such as people smuggling are considered. These challenges have caused States, international organisations and the international community more generally to reconsider some of the foundational concepts and principles of international law, and whether new approaches to these and other emerging challenges to the international order are required.
This work seeks to assess these issues from a traditional international lawyer's perspective, but also one that considers appropriate Australian State practice. While international law is a truly global discipline, we believe there is much to be gained from examining, where appropriate, Australian viewpoints and practice in international law and that tradition has been continued in this edition.
11 - International environmental law
Introduction: trends in international law-making for the environment
International environmental law provides a useful example of a rapidly developing field of international law, and demonstrates some of the difficulties involved in resolving modern global problems within the traditional legal framework.
International environmental law is a relatively recent development. The environment did not feature in the Charter of the United Nations (UN Charter) and none of the constituent bodies of the United Nations (UN) was expressly given an environmental mandate. Since the 1960s, however, we can trace a steady growth in international law concerned with environmental problems. This growth of law at the international level is mirrored by Australia's domestic environmental law experience. Both reflect the growing public awareness of environmental issues and the demand for a legal response.
Various trends in the development of international environmental law may be recognised. Historically, this area of law developed as a reaction to particular instances of harm, resulting in international agreements that deal with a single issue: for example, prevention of one type of pollution or protection of a particular species of wildlife. As truly global problems became apparent – for example, depletion of the ozone layer, and global warming – the response of the international community has been to develop agreements that are broader and more strategic in their approach.
The principle of territorial sovereignty, which holds that nations have the right to use their own territory and resources as they please, presents a particular challenge for international laws seeking to protect the environment. Full support for traditional notions of sovereignty cannot be maintained if global environmental issues are to be effectively dealt with. This tension is clearly reflected in the debates, both national and international, over appropriate responses to issues such as climate change.
International environmental law has responded to this challenge by developing new principles to guide decision-making and resolve disputes, including the precautionary principle, intergenerational equity, common but differentiated responsibility, and the common concern of humankind. New methods of law-making have emerged, in particular the use of 'soft law' for the development of environmental law. There is a growing use of 'guiding principles' and economic incentives, rather than strict legal 'rules', to encourage changes in behaviour.
International environmental law must address the different viewpoints of developing and developed nations.
4 - International and municipal law
International law establishes its own distinctive framework dealing with both the sources of international law and how that law deals with the relations between States. Accordingly, treaties regulate certain relations between States at either a multilateral or bilateral level and the obligations created under these treaties create certain levels of State responsibility by the treaty parties to act in good faith. While the international law frameworks regulating the relations between States are relatively well developed, the role of international law at a municipal level is equally important. This can be illustrated in various ways.
Human rights conventions recognise certain rights for citizens of a State. In some instances these rights may also reflect constitutionally entrenched rights of citizens. Often, however, these rights are both distinctive and universal in nature and may not be reflected in municipal legal systems. The issue that then arises is how to translate the international human rights obligation contained in the convention into municipal law. Likewise, under environmental conventions State parties may have obligations to preserve and protect certain designated wilderness areas. To properly give effect to these obligations it may become necessary to designate a protected area or park under municipal law. One consequence of this may be that future development of the area will be constrained as a result of municipal law seeking to give effect to the terms of an international convention. Further, the United Nations (UN) and its various organs may create obligations for member States through Security Council resolutions that impact at both the international and the national levels, thereby raising issues as to how these obligations are to be given effect domestically so as to ensure that the State remains in compliance with its international obligations.
The challenge then for both international law and municipal legal systems is how the international law obligation becomes recognised at the municipal level so that both rights and obligations are created not only for the State and its institutions, but also for citizens and business entities. Occasionally the constitution of a State may indicate precisely what status international law has within that municipal legal system.
1 - The nature of international law
Print publication: 19 June 2018, pp 1-44
What would the world be like without international law? We cannot really answer this question but we do know that the world relies on this body of law to deal with important and difficult issues. International law helps develop our aspirations for the international community and facilitates problem solving around such issues as terrorism, the increasing spread of diseases, and the need to reduce carbon emissions and mitigate against the effects of climate change. It contributes to creating order in the world and also to the deployment of political ambitions, which in turn can sometimes create additional problems for the international community, such as States claiming new territory or resources that are disputed. Importantly, it also enables a world without a central government to generate solutions for emerging and complex issues and problems, such as cyber-security and warfare.
Not all international issues and problems are, however, easily identifiable as being within the purview of international law. An example of a complex international issue is the rise of globally significant cyber-attacks that do not appear to be State-sponsored or have State institutions as their main targets. However, given the significance of such attacks to the international community, many have assumed that international law and its institutions would have a central role in dealing with them. International law and its institutions, however, have limited powers and State institutions usually have to coordinate enforcement activities against foreign hackers. Domestic problems or issues, on the other hand, sometimes raise significant international law issues despite appearing as relevant only to the State concerned. For example, increasing taxes in Australia on domestically consumed movies, rather than on the income of nationally registered companies, acts as an import tariff on corporations that do not have Australian operations. Whether Australia can impose taxes on domestic consumption of goods and services has to be assessed in terms of implications for its international trade obligations. International law can, therefore, address and deal with very specific local issues and problems.
International law is commonly defined as the rules governing the legal relationship between States. International law provides a framework for understanding what rights and duties States have in relation to each other, and other international actors such as the United Nations (UN).
14 - Enforcement of international law
One of the challenges of the international legal system is that of enforcement. While the municipal legal system has developed mechanisms for law enforcement, including the police forces, the courts and prison systems, there is no equivalent in international law. That international law does not possess the same enforcement mechanisms as exist in municipal law is highlighted as a major point of distinction between the two legal systems. It is often said that in the absence of an 'international policeman' it is not possible to effectively enforce international law.
Enforcement mechanisms that have been developed since the creation of the United Nations (UN) in 1945 have transformed the international legal system from the one that pre-dated the outbreak of World War II. Principal among these has been the establishment of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) as the judicial organ of the UN – it has the capacity to resolve international legal disputes and deliver judgments that are binding upon those parties to the case, and that may ultimately be subject to Security Council recommendations if a party 'fails to perform the obligations incumbent upon it'. In addition, the Security Council has significant powers under Chapter VII of the UN Charter to seek to 'maintain and restore international peace and security' and as part of that mandate the Council regularly adopts resolutions that are binding upon member States of the organisation and enforceable by way of various mechanisms, including economic sanctions. However, the capacity of the Security Council to sometimes act decisively in these matters has historically been hampered by the use of the veto by one of the Permanent Members (China, France, Russian Federation, United Kingdom, United States of America). This was particularly an issue during the Cold War, and while the veto is now not used as frequently it can have an impact on how the Security Council can respond to an international crisis involving violations of international law, as occurred with the Council's response to the events in Syria from 2011 onwards.
In addition to the UN Charter, since 1945 multilateral treaties have developed increasingly sophisticated mechanisms for enforcement.
Table of statutes
Print publication: 19 June 2018, pp xxviii-xxx
Table of treaties and other international instruments
Print publication: 19 June 2018, pp xxxi-xliii
Print publication: 19 June 2018, pp i-iv
15 - The peaceful settlement of international disputes
Obligation to settle disputes peacefully
The peaceful settlement of international disputes is a fundamental principle of international law, and a direct corollary of the prohibition on the threat or use of force. Both principles feature prominently in the 1945 Charter of the United Nations (UN Charter). They have been repeated on many occasions, including the UN General Assembly's 1970 Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the 1982 Manila Declaration on the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes between States.
Prior to the 20th century there were many circumstances in which it was considered legitimate for States to use armed force to settle their international disputes. Gradually, however, as the power and efficiency of weaponry increased, public opinion began to shift and formal attempts began to limit the legitimacy of warfare as a tool for dispute resolution. Even prior to World War I, in 1899 and 1907, conventions were concluded at The Hague restricting the right to wage war and seeking to establish peaceful dispute resolution mechanisms. The Permanent Court of Arbitration was established through these treaties, providing a neutral forum in which States could settle their differences. The creation in 1919 of the League of Nations as a forum for international discussion and cooperation, and the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) as the first permanent judicial body to hear disputes between States, laid the foundation for a system of measures designed to ensure peaceful settlement of international disputes. However, the League of Nations was unable to prevent World War II, and following the war, the victorious States set about redesigning the system to overcome its major weaknesses. With the preservation of world peace as its foundation, the United Nations (UN) was formed.
Although UN member States are obliged to settle their disputes peacefully (UN Charter, art 2(3)), there is no specific requirement as to how a particular dispute must be settled. The UN Charter refers to a variety of mechanisms (art 33, below) and establishes the International Court of Justice (ICJ) as a forum for judicial settlement of international disputes. However, no particular method is mandated, and all depend upon the consent of the parties. In practice, a range of dispute resolution mechanisms are employed, from informal negotiations or diplomacy through to formal judicial proceedings.
9 - Human rights
In the 19th century international law did not concern itself with protecting the gamut of political, civil, economic, social and group interests and rights considered important in the 20th and early 21st centuries. States were required to protect individuals in a limited number of areas such as piracy, slavery, treatment of sick and wounded soldiers, and prisoners of war. The dominance of the concept of sovereignty precluded any State or institution from using international law to intervene in the domestic affairs and jurisdiction of a State. In 1905, when Lassa Oppenheim published his first edition of International Law, considered to be one of the most significant English-language treatises on the subject, he stated that the rights of human beings were not a part of international law.
The end of World War I started an important shift towards the idea that groups of individuals had to be protected, although the language of human rights was not used widely. The League of Nations in 1919 focused on groups and minorities in particular. Article 22 of the 1919 Covenant of the League of Nations established rudimentary provisions for the self-determination of people who, because of war, had stopped being governed by their own State. It included an obligation on the part of the Mandatory Powers acting on behalf of the League to guarantee the freedom of conscience and religion. The Treaty of Versailles, signed at the end of World War I, established the foundations of the International Labour Organization (ILO) to support the rights of individuals to associate and promote better standards of working conditions.
Contemporary human rights discourse, however, is predominantly founded upon developments that began with the end of World War II. A declaration on 1 January 1942, referred to as the Declaration by United Nations, committed 26 States, including Australia, to preserving 'human rights and justice in their own lands as well as in other lands'. This Declaration was later followed by the Charter of the United Nations (UN Charter), which in art 1(3) identified the promotion and encouragement of respect for human rights as one of the central purposes for establishing the United Nations (UN). An important postwar development in the human rights discourse was the adoption by the UN General Assembly in 1948 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR).
8 - State responsibility
States as international legal actors enjoy international legal personality, which includes the right to seek redress for an international wrong and also to be held accountable for an internationally wrongful act. Clearly a State can only commit an internationally wrongful act in international law through individuals or entities acting on its behalf, or through being responsible for such conduct. Two elements are therefore essential for invoking State responsibility:
(a)The existence of an international legal obligation between States. This obligation may originate from treaty, customary international law, general principles of law, or any other recognised source of international law.
(b)That the conduct of a State, including persons and entities for which the State is responsible, has resulted in an internationally wrongful act that has caused loss or damage to another State.
The consequences that follow a finding of State responsibility for an internationally wrongful act are significant and fundamental to international law. As observed by the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) in the Chorzów Factory Case: 'it is a principle of international law, and even a general conception of law, that any breach of an engagement involves an obligation to make reparation'.
The content of the international law rules on State responsibility gradually evolved throughout the 20th century. In 1969 the International Law Commission (ILC) began working on the topic of State responsibility, during which time 'Draft Articles' were prepared in the expectation that a Convention would eventually be negotiated. The ILC's work proceeded through a number of drafts, a name change, and significant debate within both the ILC and the international legal community on the legal rules that were proposed. Eventually on 9 August 2001 the ILC adopted the Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts. While often referred to as the 'Draft Articles', reflecting the lengthy process of ILC deliberation over various drafts across nearly three decades, following the noting of the ILC's work by the UN General Assembly in December 2001 the term 'Draft Articles' is no longer widely used. Nevertheless, the Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ILC Articles), while having the appearance of a treaty, are unlikely to ever become fully endorsed as part of a convention on State responsibility primarily due to a lack of impetus for such a development among States.
3 - Law of treaties
The rapid development of international law in the post–World War II period from 1945 onwards also coincided with greater reliance upon treaties as a source of international law. Treaties had always been recognised as a source of international law, and their status was confirmed in art 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ Statute). However, it was the development of the United Nations (UN), with its emphasis upon international law and focus upon treaty-making as a means of not only peaceful resolution of disputes but also multilateral agreement between States on matters of common concern, that was the catalyst for a greater reliance upon treaties in the conduct of international relations.
This chapter begins by briefly examining the growth of treaty-making, before considering what a treaty is, including the nature of 'instruments of less than treaty status'. It then covers treaty negotiation, creation and entry into force; reservations, objections and declarations to treaties; and legal obligations arising once a treaty has entered into force. The chapter then turns to treaty interpretation, and then examines how treaties are voided or ended through invalidity, suspension or termination. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion of amendment and modification of treaties.
Growth of treaty-making
The UN has actively promoted reliance upon treaties as a means of developing international law, with the International Law Commission (ILC) tasked in its early years with the responsibility of drafting a number of treaties, which were then presented for negotiation and consideration at a multilateral conference of UN member States. Through this process, international law rapidly developed in the postwar period of the late 1940s to 1960s in areas such as international humanitarian law, the law of the sea, and human rights. While these developments were occurring at the multilateral level under the sponsorship of either the UN or other developing international organisations, there was also a growth in bilateral treaty–making as States began developing their postwar economies and rebuilding their international relations across many different fields of interest. This phenomenon in international treaty-making was also gradually duplicated at the regional level as groups of States with shared interests came together to reach settlement upon matters of common interest.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The bush beside the cottage lane on a rainy morning.
Beside the back stairs at the cottage.
Beside Lake Nosbonsing Road in East Ferris Township.
It's really all about habitat.
Our chainsaws will kill a tree faster than a cormorant, but the tree is just as dead.
The young eagles in the nest are getting close to becoming independent.
Testing of wings and balance is part of the training.
In this part of the world we don't see many bald eagles but there is a family on Lake Nosbonsing. The nest has two young eagles that look almost ready to fledge. Mom and dad are busy providing the necessities of life for the young birds.
Mom put up with me for a couple of minutes the other day but her patience wore thin and she took off.


One of my photographer's dreams was to shoot a popular sea resort during the off season. And I was absolutely excited travelling to Nice, the famous Cote D'Azure rocky coast, in February. Heavy grey and blue skies, abandonded beaches and lonely people's figures helped to form the required mood just perfectly.


A petition campaign to legalize medical marijuana in Florida has gathered enough signatures to put the issue on November's general election ballot. Just after noon Friday, county elections officials had validated 710,508 signatures — enough to force a vote on a proposed constitutional amendment to allow growth, sale and possession of marijuana for medical uses.
The Florida Supreme Court could still reject the ballot language — and any vote along with it — but organizers expressed jubilation Friday that an expensive, last minute push at least fulfilled the signature requirements for citizen initiated amendments.
"I've spent $4 million, hired the best legal minds in the state of Florida, rallied my army of angels and collected more than 1.1 million signatures in five or six months," said Orlando trial attorney John Morgan, who took over a small, grass roots petition campaign last year and gave it the clout to get on the ballot.
By law, constitutional amendment campaigns for 2014 require signatures from 683,149 registered voters. Morgan's group, United for Care, added more than 50,000 signatures Friday to exceed that mark.
Morgan, who has paid about three-quarters of United for Care's expenses, said the petition drive cost twice as much as he planned, largely because signatures lagged by December and the campaign had to gear up.
Michael Derigo arrived home from a trip to the grocery store June 25 to find half a dozen police cars surrounding his mobile home in Gibsonton. A neighbor had complained about his marijuana plants.
Since he was diagnosed with AIDS in 2004 and started on drugs to suppress it, Derigo, 59, has grown marijuana plants and juiced the leaves to drink. Unlike smoking dried leaves, he said, it doesn't get him high.
"I've been able to keep my weight on where I've seen others just shrivel up and die," he said.
Derigo has pleaded not guilty to possessing and manufacturing marijuana. His lawyer, Michael Minardi of Stuart, who specializes in such cases, plans a medical necessity defense.
Cases such as his have led to a new petition drive to put a proposal on the 2014 ballot to legalize medical use of marijuana in Florida.
The Abbotsford, B.C., resident has been producing marijuana since 2002 for himself and three other medical users, in accordance with current laws.
But starting on April 1, 2014, authorized users will not be able to grow their own pot – they will have to get it from licensed producers.
Mr. Mellace finalized an application to Health Canada on Monday for his company, New Age Medical Solutions, and his lawyers plan to send it by courier on Tuesday.
"I just want to be able to dispense so I can finally start making some money instead of being in the hole," he said. But he has stiff competition. For 13 years, Prairie Plant Systems Inc. has been the only company producing legal marijuana and seeds on contract to Health Canada. The company submitted an application earlier this month.
To all appearances, Connecticut is well on the way to making medical marijuana available to people who are suffering from certain serious illnesses. Regulations have been drafted and will be voted on by a legislative committee next month. Physicians have thus far certified 660 patients as eligible for the palliative substance. Proposals for production facilities have surfaced in Watertown and Middletown, with others on the way.
But there remains one nagging, unresolved issue: It is still a federal crime to use, cultivate, dispense or possess marijuana. Indeed, since 2009 the Justice Department has conducted more than 170 aggressive raids in inie medical marijuana states, according to the advocacy group Americans for Safe Access.
Backers of medical-marijuana bills are proposing tighter restrictions on the drug to allay opponents' fears of widespread use, a shift that is helping such legislation advance in additional states.
Illinois and New Hampshire are poised to pass some of the strictest medical-marijuana laws in the nation. They would join New Jersey, Connecticut and Delaware in banning patients from growing their own pot, increasing oversight on commercial growers and distributors, and restricting doctors from prescribing the drug for general pain.
The new restrictions are a far cry from the laws passed in the late 1990s, including in California, Colorado and Oregon, which were more ambiguous and, in some cases, made acquiring medical-marijuana prescriptions relatively simple.
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text:
namespace MLifter.Controls
{
    using System;
    using System.Drawing;
    using System.Windows.Forms;
    using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
    using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;

    /// <summary>
    /// Class to hold native code interop declarations.
    /// </summary>
    internal static partial class VistaUnsafeNativeMethods
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// WM_USER taken from WinUser.h
        /// </summary>
        internal const uint WM_USER = 0x0400;

        /// <summary>
        /// The signature of the callback that receives messages from the Task Dialog when various events occur.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="hwnd">The window handle of the </param>
        /// <param name="msg">The message being passed.</param>
        /// <param name="wParam">wParam which is interpreted differently depending on the message.</param>
        /// <param name="lParam">wParam which is interpreted differently depending on the message.</param>
        /// <param name="refData">The refrence data that was set to TaskDialog.CallbackData.</param>
        /// <returns>A HRESULT value. The return value is specific to the message being processed. </returns>
        internal delegate int VistaTaskDialogCallback([In] IntPtr hwnd, [In] uint msg, [In] UIntPtr wParam, [In] IntPtr lParam, [In] IntPtr refData);

        /// <summary>
        /// TASKDIALOG_FLAGS taken from CommCtrl.h.
        /// </summary>
        [Flags]
        internal enum TASKDIALOG_FLAGS
        {
            /// <summary>
            /// Enable hyperlinks.
            /// </summary>
            TDF_ENABLE_HYPERLINKS = 0x0001,

            /// <summary>
            /// Use icon handle for main icon.
            /// </summary>
            TDF_USE_HICON_MAIN = 0x0002,

            /// <summary>
            /// Use icon handle for footer icon.
            /// </summary>
            TDF_USE_HICON_FOOTER = 0x0004,

            /// <summary>
            /// Allow dialog to be cancelled, even if there is no cancel button.
            /// </summary>
            TDF_ALLOW_DIALOG_CANCELLATION = 0x0008,

            /// <summary>
            /// Use command links rather than buttons.
            /// </summary>
            TDF_USE_COMMAND_LINKS = 0x0010,

            /// <summary>
            /// Use command links with no icons rather than buttons.
            /// </summary>
            TDF_USE_COMMAND_LINKS_NO_ICON = 0x0020,

            /// <summary>
            /// Show expanded info in the footer area.
            /// </summary>
            TDF_EXPAND_FOOTER_AREA = 0x0040,

            /// <summary>
            /// Expand by default.
            /// </summary>
            TDF_EXPANDED_BY_DEFAULT = 0x0080,

            /// <summary>
            /// Start with verification flag already checked.
            /// </summary>
            TDF_VERIFICATION_FLAG_CHECKED = 0x0100,

            /// <summary>
            /// Show a progress bar.
            /// </summary>
            TDF_SHOW_PROGRESS_BAR = 0x0200,

            /// <summary>
            /// Show a marquee progress bar.
            /// </summary>
            TDF_SHOW_MARQUEE_PROGRESS_BAR = 0x0400,

            /// <summary>
            /// Callback every 200 milliseconds.
            /// </summary>
            TDF_CALLBACK_TIMER = 0x0800,

            /// <summary>
            /// Center the dialog on the owner window rather than the monitor.
            /// </summary>
            TDF_POSITION_RELATIVE_TO_WINDOW = 0x1000,

            /// <summary>
            /// Right to Left Layout.
            /// </summary>
            TDF_RTL_LAYOUT = 0x2000,

            /// <summary>
            /// No default radio button.
            /// </summary>
            TDF_NO_DEFAULT_RADIO_BUTTON = 0x4000,

            /// <summary>
            /// Task Dialog can be minimized.
            /// </summary>
            TDF_CAN_BE_MINIMIZED = 0x8000
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// TASKDIALOG_ELEMENTS taken from CommCtrl.h
        /// </summary>
        internal enum TASKDIALOG_ELEMENTS
        {
            /// <summary>
            /// The content element.
            /// </summary>
            TDE_CONTENT,

            /// <summary>
            /// Expanded Information.
            /// </summary>
            TDE_EXPANDED_INFORMATION,

            /// <summary>
            /// Footer.
            /// </summary>
            TDE_FOOTER,

            /// <summary>
            /// Main Instructions
            /// </summary>
            TDE_MAIN_INSTRUCTION
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// TASKDIALOG_ICON_ELEMENTS taken from CommCtrl.h
        /// </summary>
        internal enum TASKDIALOG_ICON_ELEMENTS
        {
            /// <summary>
            /// Main instruction icon.
            /// </summary>
            TDIE_ICON_MAIN,

            /// <summary>
            /// Footer icon.
            /// </summary>
            TDIE_ICON_FOOTER
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// TASKDIALOG_MESSAGES taken from CommCtrl.h.
        /// </summary>
        internal enum TASKDIALOG_MESSAGES : uint
        {
            // Spec is not clear on what this is for.
            ///// <summary>
            ///// Navigate page.
            ///// </summary>
            ////TDM_NAVIGATE_PAGE = WM_USER + 101,

            /// <summary>
            /// Click button.
            /// </summary>
            TDM_CLICK_BUTTON = WM_USER + 102, // wParam = Button ID

            /// <summary>
            /// Set Progress bar to be marquee mode.
            /// </summary>
            TDM_SET_MARQUEE_PROGRESS_BAR = WM_USER + 103, // wParam = 0 (nonMarque) wParam != 0 (Marquee)

            /// <summary>
            /// Set Progress bar state.
            /// </summary>
            TDM_SET_PROGRESS_BAR_STATE = WM_USER + 104, // wParam = new progress state

            /// <summary>
            /// Set progress bar range.
            /// </summary>
            TDM_SET_PROGRESS_BAR_RANGE = WM_USER + 105, // lParam = MAKELPARAM(nMinRange, nMaxRange)

            /// <summary>
            /// Set progress bar position.
            /// </summary>
            TDM_SET_PROGRESS_BAR_POS = WM_USER + 106, // wParam = new position

            /// <summary>
            /// Set progress bar marquee (animation).
            /// </summary>
            TDM_SET_PROGRESS_BAR_MARQUEE = WM_USER + 107, // wParam = 0 (stop marquee), wParam != 0 (start marquee), lparam = speed (milliseconds between repaints)

            /// <summary>
            /// Set a Text element of the Task Dialog.
            /// </summary>
            TDM_SET_ELEMENT_TEXT = WM_USER + 108, // wParam = element (TASKDIALOG_ELEMENTS), lParam = new element Text (LPCWSTR)

            /// <summary>
            /// Click a radio button.
            /// </summary>
            TDM_CLICK_RADIO_BUTTON = WM_USER + 110, // wParam = Radio Button ID

            /// <summary>
            /// Enable or disable a button.
            /// </summary>
            TDM_ENABLE_BUTTON = WM_USER + 111, // lParam = 0 (disable), lParam != 0 (enable), wParam = Button ID

            /// <summary>
            /// Enable or disable a radio button.
            /// </summary>
            TDM_ENABLE_RADIO_BUTTON = WM_USER + 112, // lParam = 0 (disable), lParam != 0 (enable), wParam = Radio Button ID

            /// <summary>
            /// Check or uncheck the verfication checkbox.
            /// </summary>
            TDM_CLICK_VERIFICATION = WM_USER + 113, // wParam = 0 (unchecked), 1 (checked), lParam = 1 (set key focus)

            /// <summary>
            /// Update the Text of an element (no effect if origially set as null).
            /// </summary>
            TDM_UPDATE_ELEMENT_TEXT = WM_USER + 114, // wParam = element (TASKDIALOG_ELEMENTS), lParam = new element Text (LPCWSTR)

            /// <summary>
            /// Designate whether a given Task Dialog button or command link should have a User Account Control (UAC) shield icon.
            /// </summary>
            TDM_SET_BUTTON_ELEVATION_REQUIRED_STATE = WM_USER + 115, // wParam = Button ID, lParam = 0 (elevation not required), lParam != 0 (elevation required)

            /// <summary>
            /// Refreshes the icon of the task dialog.
            /// </summary>
            TDM_UPDATE_ICON = WM_USER + 116  // wParam = icon element (TASKDIALOG_ICON_ELEMENTS), lParam = new icon (hIcon if TDF_USE_HICON_* was set, PCWSTR otherwise)
        }

        ///// <summary>
        ///// TaskDialog taken from commctrl.h.
        ///// </summary>
        ///// <param name="hwndParent">Parent window.</param>
        ///// <param name="hInstance">Module instance to get resources from.</param>
        ///// <param name="pszWindowTitle">Title of the Task Dialog window.</param>
        ///// <param name="pszMainInstruction">The main instructions.</param>
        ///// <param name="dwCommonButtons">Common push buttons to show.</param>
        ///// <param name="pszIcon">The main icon.</param>
        ///// <param name="pnButton">The push button pressed.</param>
        ////[DllImport("ComCtl32", CharSet = CharSet.Unicode, PreserveSig = false)]
        ////public static extern void TaskDialog(
        ////    [In] IntPtr hwndParent,
        ////    [In] IntPtr hInstance,
        ////    [In] String pszWindowTitle,
        ////    [In] String pszMainInstruction,
        ////    [In] TaskDialogCommonButtons dwCommonButtons,
        ////    [In] IntPtr pszIcon,
        ////    [Out] out int pnButton);

        /// <summary>
        /// TaskDialogIndirect taken from commctl.h
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="pTaskConfig">All the parameters about the Task Dialog to Show.</param>
        /// <param name="pnButton">The push button pressed.</param>
        /// <param name="pnRadioButton">The radio button that was selected.</param>
        /// <param name="pfVerificationFlagChecked">The state of the verification checkbox on dismiss of the Task Dialog.</param>
        [DllImport("ComCtl32", CharSet = CharSet.Unicode, PreserveSig = false)]
        internal static extern void TaskDialogIndirect(
            [In] ref TASKDIALOGCONFIG pTaskConfig,
            [Out] out int pnButton,
            [Out] out int pnRadioButton,
            [Out] out bool pfVerificationFlagChecked);

        /// <summary>
        /// Win32 SendMessage.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="hWnd">Window handle to send to.</param>
        /// <param name="Msg">The windows message to send.</param>
        /// <param name="wParam">Specifies additional message-specific information.</param>
        /// <param name="lParam">Specifies additional message-specific information.</param>
        /// <returns>The return value specifies the result of the message processing; it depends on the message sent.</returns>
        [DllImport("user32.dll")]
        internal static extern IntPtr SendMessage(IntPtr hWnd, uint Msg, IntPtr wParam, IntPtr lParam);

        /// <summary>
        /// Win32 SendMessage.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="hWnd">Window handle to send to.</param>
        /// <param name="Msg">The windows message to send.</param>
        /// <param name="wParam">Specifies additional message-specific information.</param>
        /// <param name="lParam">Specifies additional message-specific information as a string.</param>
        /// <returns>The return value specifies the result of the message processing; it depends on the message sent.</returns>
        [DllImport("user32.dll", EntryPoint = "SendMessage")]
        internal static extern IntPtr SendMessageWithString(IntPtr hWnd, uint Msg, IntPtr wParam, [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPWStr)] string lParam);

        /// <summary>
        /// TASKDIALOGCONFIG taken from commctl.h.
        /// </summary>
        [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode, Pack = 1)]
        internal struct TASKDIALOGCONFIG
        {
            /// <summary>
            /// Size of the structure in bytes.
            /// </summary>
            public uint cbSize;

            /// <summary>
            /// Parent window handle.
            /// </summary>
            [SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Reliability", "CA2006:UseSafeHandleToEncapsulateNativeResources")] // Managed code owns actual resource. Passed to native in syncronous call. No lifetime issues.
            public IntPtr hwndParent;

            /// <summary>
            /// Module instance handle for resources.
            /// </summary>
            [SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Reliability", "CA2006:UseSafeHandleToEncapsulateNativeResources")] // Managed code owns actual resource. Passed to native in syncronous call. No lifetime issues.
            public IntPtr hInstance;

            /// <summary>
            /// Flags.
            /// </summary>
            public TASKDIALOG_FLAGS dwFlags;            // TASKDIALOG_FLAGS (TDF_XXX) flags

            /// <summary>
            /// Bit flags for commonly used buttons.
            /// </summary>
            public VistaTaskDialogCommonButtons dwCommonButtons;    // TASKDIALOG_COMMON_BUTTON (TDCBF_XXX) flags

            /// <summary>
            /// Window title.
            /// </summary>
            [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPWStr)]
            public string pszWindowTitle;                         // string or MAKEINTRESOURCE()

            /// <summary>
            /// The Main icon. Overloaded member. Can be string, a handle, a special value or a resource ID.
            /// </summary>
            [SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Reliability", "CA2006:UseSafeHandleToEncapsulateNativeResources")] // Managed code owns actual resource. Passed to native in syncronous call. No lifetime issues.
            public IntPtr MainIcon;

            /// <summary>
            /// Main Instruction.
            /// </summary>
            [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPWStr)]
            public string pszMainInstruction;

            /// <summary>
            /// Content.
            /// </summary>
            [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPWStr)]
            public string pszContent;

            /// <summary>
            /// Count of custom Buttons.
            /// </summary>
            public uint cButtons;

            /// <summary>
            /// Array of custom buttons.
            /// </summary>
            [SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Reliability", "CA2006:UseSafeHandleToEncapsulateNativeResources")] // Managed code owns actual resource. Passed to native in syncronous call. No lifetime issues.
            public IntPtr pButtons;

            /// <summary>
            /// ID of default button.
            /// </summary>
            public int nDefaultButton;

            /// <summary>
            /// Count of radio Buttons.
            /// </summary>
            public uint cRadioButtons;

            /// <summary>
            /// Array of radio buttons.
            /// </summary>
            [SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Reliability", "CA2006:UseSafeHandleToEncapsulateNativeResources")] // Managed code owns actual resource. Passed to native in syncronous call. No lifetime issues.
            public IntPtr pRadioButtons;

            /// <summary>
            /// ID of default radio button.
            /// </summary>
            public int nDefaultRadioButton;

            /// <summary>
            /// Text for verification check box. often "Don't ask be again".
            /// </summary>
            [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPWStr)]
            public string pszVerificationText;

            /// <summary>
            /// Expanded Information.
            /// </summary>
            [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPWStr)]
            public string pszExpandedInformation;

            /// <summary>
            /// Text for expanded control.
            /// </summary>
            [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPWStr)]
            public string pszExpandedControlText;

            /// <summary>
            /// Text for expanded control.
            /// </summary>
            [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPWStr)]
            public string pszCollapsedControlText;

            /// <summary>
            /// Icon for the footer. An overloaded member link MainIcon.
            /// </summary>
            [SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Reliability", "CA2006:UseSafeHandleToEncapsulateNativeResources")] // Managed code owns actual resource. Passed to native in syncronous call. No lifetime issues.
            public IntPtr FooterIcon;

            /// <summary>
            /// Footer Text.
            /// </summary>
            [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPWStr)]
            public string pszFooter;

            /// <summary>
            /// Function pointer for callback.
            /// </summary>
            public VistaTaskDialogCallback pfCallback;

            /// <summary>
            /// Data that will be passed to the call back.
            /// </summary>
            [SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Reliability", "CA2006:UseSafeHandleToEncapsulateNativeResources")] // Managed code owns actual resource. Passed to native in syncronous call. No lifetime issues.
            public IntPtr lpCallbackData;

            /// <summary>
            /// Width of the Task Dialog's area in DLU's.
            /// </summary>
            public uint cxWidth;                                // width of the Task Dialog's client area in DLU's. If 0, Task Dialog will calculate the ideal width.
        }
    }
}


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You skin will not remain soft and smooth after 30. So, you need to care for the skin more dynamically. There are several ways to tighten your skin. You can try the following best homemade skin tightening face packs, to prevent ageing issues in the coming years. You can easily prepare these face packs with your kitchen ingredients. To get better results, try to use regularly any on the mask.
Break an egg and separate the white form yellow. Spread white on the face and allow it to become dry. Use lukewarm water to wash your face after some time. You can try this face mask at any time. Egg white is a popular skin tightening ingredient because it has skin firming properties.
Take egg white from broken by separate from the yellow. While adding two tablespoons of Fuller's earth and one tablespoon of honey and few drops of glycerin to the white, stir it thoroughly. Spread it on your face and retain it to be about twenty minutes. Wash your face with lukewarm water.
If your skin type is oily, don't add glycerin; add only multani mitti to the mixture which eliminates the excess oil from your skin. This face mask is not only improves glow of the skin but also minimizes the blemishes, spots and sun tanning effects.
Grind all of the above ingredients well to make a fine paste. Apply the paste over the face and just relax for about twenty minutes. Wash with lukewarm water, after it got dried. The ageing factors like loose skin and wrinkles, you can prefer this face mask.
Take three Cabbage leaves, two tablespoons of Yogurt, one tablespoon of Honey and grind them well. Now add few drops of Almond or olive oil to form a thick paste. Apply the paste on your face and allow it to be for about twenty five minutes. Use lukewarm water to rinse off your face. This face mask can tighten your skin perfectly.


text:
Kimmins is an unincorporated community in northern Lewis County, Tennessee. It lies along local roads north of the city of Hohenwald, the county seat of Lewis County.  Its elevation is 951 feet (290 m).

References

Unincorporated communities in Lewis County, Tennessee
Unincorporated communities in Tennessee


The Martin B-10 was an advanced aircraft for its time, but made obsolete when World War 2 had arrived.
Unless otherwise noted the presented statistics below pertain to the Martin B-10B model. Common measurements, and their respective conversions, are shown when possible.
ENGINE: 2 x Wright R-1820 G-102 Cyclone 9-cylinder radial piston engines developing up to 1,000 horsepower.
Maximum bomb load of up to 2,260 lb of internally-held ordnance.
• Model 123 - Base Model Project Designation as pursued by Martin.
• XB-907 - US Army Evaluation Designation of Model 123.
• XB-907A - Modified US Army Evaluation Designation of Model 123.
• XB-10 - USAAC Modified Model based on the XB-907A model.
• YB-10A - based on YB-10 model but fitted instead with Wright R-1820-31 radial piston engines.
• B-10B - Initial and Main Production Model Designation.
• B-10M - Target Tug Conversion Models of B-10B.
• YB-12 - Improved B-10 Model fitted with Pratt & Whitney R-1690-11 Hornet radial piston engines.
• Model 139WA - Argentina Export Model Designation for demonstration model.
• Model 139WAA - Argentina Export Model Designation; fielded with Argentine Army units.
• Model 139WAN - Argentine Export Model Designation; fielded with Argentine Naval units.
• Model 139WC - Chinese Export Model Designation.
• Model 139WH - Netherlands Export Model Designation.
Detailing the development and operational history of the Martin B-10 Twin-Engine Medium Bomber. Entry last updated on 3/18/2019. Authored by Staff Writer. Content ©www.MilitaryFactory.com.
The Martin B-10 medium bomber was a breakthrough design for American military aviation when it appeared in the early 1930s. However, despite its advanced form at the time of introduction, the series was quickly made obsolete at the outbreak of hostilities concerning World War 2. The series managed to persevere during the period through its healthy stable of export customers around the globe. Before the end, over 300 examples of the type were delivered.
The B-10 originated as a private venture initiative by the Glenn Martin Company through the "Model 123" design. This work then begat the XB-907 evaluation models for the U.S. Army and featured Wright SR-120-E radials as well as open-air crew positions. These were seen in April of 1932.
The XB-907A was a revised form incorporating several requested changes. Modifications were made to the wing mainplanes to widen their reach. Engines consisted of 2 x Wright R-1820-19 series radials.
The XB-10 marked official prototype forms for the U.S. Army and brought about the use of enclosed crew positions and revised undercarriage legs. Evaluation models then became YB-10 and YB-10A, the latter shifting from R-1820-25 radials to R-1820-31 turbo-supercharged radials. Fourteen YB-10s were produced to the single YB-10A that was completed.
Once in production (as the "B-10") and reaching operational service status in June of 1934, the B-10 became the first quantitative American bomber design of all-metal construction and the first anywhere in the world to outpace pursuit fighters of the period. It was also the first local design to feature turreted armament for defense against intercepting enemy fighters. For the United States, the B-10 became a breakthrough design that helped to lay down doctrine, practices, and lessons for future bomber needs still to come.
At its core, the Martin B-10 was a twin-engine, medium-class bomber powered by a pair of Wright R-1820 G-102 "Cyclone" 9-cylinder radial piston engines. The engines were fitted on what would become the USAAC's first attempt at a cantilever low-wing monoplane. The fuselage housed a crew of four that included the pilot and machine gunners. The nose and tail were both glazed over and held defensive armament in the form of machine guns. The aircraft three machine guns in all. A aft section of the fuselage was also glazed over (greenhouse-style) for another crew position and a ventral machine gun was carried near here. All machine guns were of 7.62mm caliber. Internally, the aircraft was cleared to carry upwards of 2,260 pounds of conventional drop ordnance.
After the early B-10 production forms came about, the B-10B (Model 139) followed as primary production versions. These carried R-1820-33 series engines of 775 horsepower (each) and 105 were built to this standard. The B-10M served as a target tug or mail carrier and RB-10MA was a special, modified version of July 1942 flown from Australia to the United States.
"Hornet" radials of 775 horsepower (each) instead. Seven of these were produced for April 1940.
B-12A became the first production forms of the YB-12 test models but only 25 units followed to this standard. YB-13 saw PW R-1860-17 "Hornet B" radials of 700 horsepower (each) installed but, despite ten being ordered, none were completed. XB-14 tested PW YR-1830-9 "Twin Wasp" engines of 900 horsepower (each) but only a single YB-12 was converted (and then reverted) for testing. A-15 became a proposed USAAC attack variant but official selection went to the A-14 "Shrike" design offered by competitor Curtiss.
Even while the USAAC began its shift to more modern bomber platforms, export orders (as the "Model 139W") allowed the B-10 lines to remain active for the time being. Customers included the Netherlands with an order of 120, Argentina with 35, and Thailand and Turkey having ordered 26 and 20 respectively.
Aviation engineer Glenn Martin won the prestigious Collier Trophy in 1932 for his design work on the Martin B-10.
Graph showcases the Martin B-10B's operational range (on internal fuel) when compared to distances between major cities.


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