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Assessment of the endogenous respiration rate and the observed biomass yield for methanol-fed denitrifying bacteria under anoxic and aerobic conditions
Jamal Alikhani
Civil Engineering Department, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA
Ahmed Al-Omari
DC Water, Washington, DC 20032, USA
Haydee De Clippeleir
Sudhir Murthy
Imre Takacs
Dynamita, 26110, Nyons, France
Arash Massoudieh
E-mail: massoudieh@cua.edu
Water Sci Technol (2017) 75 (1): 48–56.
https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.486
Jamal Alikhani, Ahmed Al-Omari, Haydee De Clippeleir, Sudhir Murthy, Imre Takacs, Arash Massoudieh; Assessment of the endogenous respiration rate and the observed biomass yield for methanol-fed denitrifying bacteria under anoxic and aerobic conditions. Water Sci Technol 9 January 2017; 75 (1): 48–56. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.486
In this study, the endogenous respiration rate and the observed biomass yield of denitrifying methylotrophic biomass were estimated through measuring changes in denitrification rates (DNR) as a result of maintaining the biomass under methanol deprived conditions. For this purpose, activated sludge biomass from a full-scale wastewater treatment plant was kept in 10-L batch reactors for 8 days under fully aerobic and anoxic conditions at 20 °C without methanol addition. To investigate temperature effects, another biomass sample was placed under starvation conditions over a period of 10 days under aerobic conditions at 25 °C. A series of secondary batch tests were conducted to measure DNR and observed biomass yields. The decline in DNR over the starvation period was used as a surrogate to biomass decay rate in order to infer the endogenous respiration rates of the methylotrophs. The regression analysis on the declining DNR data shows 95% confidence intervals of 0.130 ± 0.017 day−1 for endogenous respiration rate under aerobic conditions at 20 °C, 0.102 ± 0.013 day−1 under anoxic conditions at 20 °C, and 0.214 ± 0.044 day−1 under aerobic conditions at 25 °C. Results indicated that the endogenous respiration rate of methylotrophs is 20% slower under anoxic conditions than under aerobic conditions, and there is a significant temperature dependency, with an Arrhenius coefficient of 1.10. The observed biomass yield value showed an increasing trend from approximately 0.2 to 0.6 when the starvation time increased from 0 to 10 days.
anoxic/aerobic conditions, denitrification, denitrifying bacteria, endogenous respiration rate, methylotrophic biomass, observed biomass yield
Incorporating a biological nitrification/post-denitrification system into wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is one practical way to reduce the total nitrogen (TN) concentration in the effluent released into the surface water or the reclaimed water reuse network (Verstraete & Philips 1998; Khin & Annachhatre 2004; Lu et al. 2014). The post-denitrification process is carried out by heterotrophic bacteria that use nitrite/nitrate as electron acceptors under anoxic conditions, with an external carbon source – such as methanol, ethanol, or acetate – serving as an electron donor to compensate for the lack of organic carbon that has already been removed during the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal stage. In the United States, methanol is widely used as an external carbon source, mainly due to its price and availability (Kristensen et al. 1992; Constantin & Fick 1997; Baytshtok et al. 2008; Mokhayeri et al. 2008; Lu et al. 2014; Rahman et al. 2016a).
When methanol is available as an electron donor over a long term, a new type of specialist heterotrophic bacteria is enriched in the activated sludge culture; these bacteria are collectively referred to as methylotrophs, and they only utilize methanol (Lu et al. 2014). Generalist heterotrophic bacteria, on the other hand, are capable of utilizing a broader spectrum of easily biodegradable substrates (Vasiliev & Vavilin 1991; Ginige et al. 2004; Baytshtok et al. 2008). From a modeling perspective, the stoichiometric and kinetic parameters of methylotrophs are different from those of the general heterotrophic cells considered in the widely used International Water Association (IWA) activated sludge models (ASMs), such as ASM1 and ASM3 (Henze et al. 1987, 2000). Although some studies have been performed to experimentally evaluate the specific growth rate and the yield coefficient of methylotrophs (Baytshtok et al. 2008; Dold et al. 2008; Mokhayeri et al. 2009), the endogenous respiration rate of methylotrophs under anoxic conditions has not been studied yet. Studies on the growth characteristics of methylotrophs have shown different bio-kinetic parameter values for methylotrophs compared to generalist heterotrophs. For example, the methylotrophs' yield on methanol is reported to be around 0.4 (mg chemical oxygen demand (COD) cell/mg COD methanol) (Baytshtok et al. 2008; Dold et al. 2008), whereas Henze et al. (2000) suggest a value of 0.54 for the growth of heterotrophic bacteria utilizing readily biodegradable COD under anoxic conditions. Mokhayeri et al. (2009) conducted a series of experimental batch tests and obtained a range of 0.8–1.3 day−1 for the maximum anoxic growth rate of methylotrophs. Sözen et al. (1998) measured a value of 1.8–3.4 day−1 for the anoxic growth of heterotrophs based on several wastewater samples.
Knowledge about the decay or endogenous respiration of methylotrophs is important for determining the minimum anoxic solids residence time (SRT) required to prevent methylotrophs' washout in low SRT systems, and more importantly for predicting the sludge production rate and the methanol consumption rate for biological methanol-feed nitrogen removal. A variety of microbiological mechanisms are involved in biomass decay pathways, including but not limited to maintenance, endogenous respiration, lysis, predation, and death (Van Loosdrecht & Henze 1999; Moussa et al. 2005; Manser et al. 2006). Considering each of these mechanisms separately in decay modeling is a complicated task, which results in over-parameterized models and possible non-identifiability of the parameters. For this reason, process modelers tend to use a simpler decay expression by lumping all the decay mechanisms together or by only considering those perceived to be the most important. For example, in the commonly used ASMs, ASM1 simply uses a single decay rate expression based on the lysis mechanism, while in ASM3 all the mechanisms in biomass loss are considered, but they are referred to as endogenous respiration (Henze et al. 2000).
The biomass yield coefficient indicates the amount of biomass growth relative to methanol consumption, and can be used to estimate the sludge production and methanol consumption rates. The total consumed methanol can be transferred to stored intracellular organic polymers, microbial growth, or energy production for microbial activity (Chen et al. 2008). Majone et al. (1998) performed storage response experiments in transient anoxic-aerobic denitrification rate (DNR) tests and measured the stored intercellular component – as well as nitrate, dissolved oxygen (DO), and acetate – and concluded that bacterial growth in transient conditions can start with the formation of intercellular polymers as stored compounds. After the available substrate runs out, the biomass begins using stored compounds to grow. In the storage and growth phases under anoxic conditions, denitrification provides the energy. The most common type of intercellular molecule is poly-hydroxy-alkanoates (PHAs) (Majone et al. 1998; Coats et al. 2011), which can be formed from different hydroxyl groups as well as methanol (Höfer et al. 2011). Methanol has been shown to be a proper substrate for the production of poly-hydroxy-butyrate in methylotrophic biomass (Yezza et al. 2006), which captures the interest of industrial bio-polymer production (Mokhtari-Hosseini et al. 2009; Khosravi-Darani et al. 2013).
The term 'observed biomass yield' refers to the total amount of consumed methanol regardless of whether it is stored or converted into biomass. In the denitrification process, it is straightforward to calculate the observed biomass yield, because the portion of the methanol that is utilized to generate energy can be inferred from the amount of nitrate consumed as electron acceptors. Chen et al. (2008) showed that both SRT and the endogenous respiration rate affect the observed biomass yield. They also showed that the inverse of the observed yield has a positive correlation with the system's SRT due to the physiological adaptation of bacteria to the SRT conditions. Friedrich et al. (2015) showed that physiological adaption of bacteria can significantly influence the growth and decay kinetics of the bacteria in general. Their investigation on the sludge taken from different plants with different SRTs (from 11 to 70 days) showed that the maximum growth and decay rates of sludge were higher in lower SRT systems. Physiological adaptation of methylotrophs to changes in SRT can occur at different electron acceptor conditions. Understanding this adaptation phenomenon can facilitate the identification of optimum SRTs and hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of nitrification-denitrification reactors, potentially resulting in lower methanol consumption.
One of the main cost factors in post-denitrification treatment systems is associated with the external carbon source; this can significantly contribute to the overall unit cost of the treatment process, and a small reduction in external carbon source loading can translate into significant cost savings. More accurate quantitative understanding of the processes in the methanol-fed denitrification system can provide better ways to minimize the overall methanol loading rate while keeping the TN in the effluent below the regulatory required threshold. The goal of this study is to advance quantitative knowledge about the endogenous respiration rate and the observed biomass yield of methylotrophic bacteria by conducting laboratory experiments. Data analysis is performed based on the ASM3 model of the activated sludge process.
Sludge preparation
Activated sludge samples were taken from nitrification-denitrification bioreactors at the Blue Plains Advanced WWTP in Washington, DC. At Blue Plains, the nitrification-denitrification phase with methanol addition as the external carbon source follows the COD removal stage, in which the SRT of the sludge in the system is on average 20 days, and the HRT of wastewater in the reactors is approximately 3.6 hours. A 50-liter sample of mixed liquor was taken from the nitrification stage, during which methanol was not present, and was allowed to settle. After the settling stage, the supernatant was extracted and the settled biomass was collected and divided into two 10-L reactors with an initial total suspended solids (TSS) and volatile suspended solids (VSS) of 6,300 mg/L and 5,150 mg/L, respectively, for the first run, and a TSS and VSS of 9,200 mg/L and 7,600 mg/L, respectively, for the second run. Each reactor was equipped with an impeller mixer, a digital pH meter, a thermometer, a DO meter, and an aquarium air-stone to diffuse air and nitrogen gas into the reactors. The reactors were placed in an incubator to maintain a temperature of 20 °C and 25 °C for the first and second runs, respectively. During the first run, one reactor was kept under aerobic conditions using the air-stone and pump, and the other one was maintained under anoxic conditions using nitrogen gas diffusion, both for a period of 8 days. For the second run, only one aerobic reactor was maintained at 25 °C for 10 days to evaluate the role of temperature in the endogenous respiration rate. As for the anoxic reactor, the nitrate concentration was manually maintained between 50–150 mg NO3-N/L throughout the experiment period to prevent anaerobic conditions. To avoid pH reduction in the aerobic reactor due to nitrification, and pH increase in the anoxic reactor due to denitrification, an automatic pH controller was installed in each decay reactor to dose a solution of sodium bicarbonate into the aerobic tank and diluted sulfuric acid into the anoxic tank to maintain the pH in the range of 6.8–7.1. These two reactors are referred to as 'decay reactors' hereafter.
Batch experiment: DNR test
To perform the DNR test, a 500-ml mixed liquor sample was taken daily from each decay reactor, divided into two 250-ml portions, and placed into two (replicated) 2-L beakers, which served as batch test reactors. 750 ml of de-chlorinated tap water was added to each beaker to dilute the sludge. These reactors are referred to hereafter as 'batch DNR reactors'. Anoxic conditions were maintained in each DNR reactor by using nitrogen gas bubbling. A phosphate buffer was added to the DNR reactors to keep the pH in the range of 6.9–7.1 during the activity test. The methanol concentration was adjusted to approximately four to five times the nitrate concentrations to be stoichiometrically adequate for the denitrification reaction. Samples were collected from the DNR reactors during a 2-hour period at 30-minute intervals, and were immediately filtered using a 0.45 μm filter to separate the solids from the solution. Afterward, the nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, and soluble COD concentrations of the filtered sample were measured, the results of which are shown in Tables A1–A3 of the supplementary Appendix (available with the online version of this paper). For all the batch DNR tests (first and second runs), the COD concentration of each sample was measured by using Hach's COD digestion vials (Hach Co., Loveland, CO). These vials are commonly used in the WWTP's laboratories. However, to validate the COD values in the second run, in addition to the Hach's COD vials, methanol concentrations were directly measured by injecting samples into a gas-chromatography machine. A calibration line was already obtained by preparing standard samples in the range of 1 to 1,000 mg-COD/L. The results for the COD and methanol concentrations for the second run are shown in Table A3. It can be seen that the values obtained from the COD vials are slightly higher than those from the pure methanol concentrations due to the presence of other sources of COD in the samples, mainly from non-biodegradable organic matter. Nevertheless, the consumption rate of total COD and methanol is expected to be the same. Results obtained in the second run validate the results obtained by Hach's COD vials.
Henze et al. (2000) reported a value of 0.01 mg-N/L for the saturation coefficient for ammonia as a nutrient source for heterotrophic organisms. Alikhani et al. (2014) estimated a value of 0.04 mg-N/L with a standard deviation of 0.012 mg-N/L for the ammonia saturation coefficient for methylotrophs based on data collected from the nitrification-denitrification system at Blue Plains WWTP (the same plant as used in this study). Based on this prior knowledge about the value of the ammonium saturation coefficient, before starting a batch DNR test, the ammonia concentrations were maintained above 0.1 mg-N/L to avoid ammonia limitation in the DNR tests. Overall, 32 DNR tests for the first run and 12 DNR tests for the second run were conducted.
Estimation of the endogenous respiration rate
The growth of methylotrophs is completely prevented under starvation conditions without methanol feeding into the decay reactors. Therefore, the only factor affecting the methylotrophs' biomass is loss due to decay. The endogenous respiration of methylotrophs in the decay reactors can be represented using a first order decay reaction:
where t is the starvation period time in the decay reactors, denotes the methylotrophic biomass concentration as a function of decay time, and is the endogenous respiration rate of methylotrophic biomass. Rearranging Equation (1) results in the following form of decay expression shown in Equation (2), allowing for estimation of the endogenous respiration rate as the slope of the natural logarithm of biomass with respect to time:
which can be integrated to:
In practice, it is not feasible to directly measure the methylotrophic biomass concentrations of and in the decay reactors due to the presence of other types of biomass in the mixed liquor culture – such as autotrophs and heterotrophs – as well as the residue debris of dead biomass. This prevents the direct use of Equation (2) and/or Equation (3) to estimate . Nevertheless, it is possible to conceptualize that the loss of active methylotrophic biomass can decrease the DNR, which can be directly estimated by measuring the nitrate uptake rate (NUR). By applying the maximum growth of methylotrophs under fully anoxic conditions with high enough nitrate and methanol concentrations, the change in the concentration of nitrate over time can be defined as:
where is the maximum growth rate coefficient of methylotrophs that can be assumed to stay constant during the DNR test, a = is the nitrate stoichiometry coefficient in the denitrification reaction, denotes the denitrification reaction time in the DNR test (which is different from the time scale in the decay reactor, shown as ), and is NUR in the DNR test. If the change in methylotrophic biomass growth concentration (ΔCODXB,M) relative to the change in methanol concentration (ΔCODmethanol) is assumed to be negligible, then DNR can be shown as a zero-order reaction:
where shows the DNR obtained from the DNR test reactor at each starvation time t, and represents the active methylotrophic biomass concentration at the time of sampling from the decay reactors. Taking the derivative of both sides of Equation (5) after logarithmic transformation, while assuming a constant ratio of with respect to time t, yields:
where the right-hand side is equal to Equation (2), showing that the endogenous respiration rate can be obtained by a log-linear regression model on the obtained DNRs. The integrated form of DNR depletion rate can be represented as:
where the value of DNRs are measurable and can be used as a surrogate for biomass decay rate.
Observed biomass yield coefficient
The observed biomass yield coefficient of methylotrophs in each DNR test reactor can be obtained using Equation (8) (Dold et al. 2008; Rahman et al. 2016b):
where is the observed biomass yield of methylotrophs as a function of decay time, and represents the COD to nitrogen ratio, shown as scattered symbols in Figure 1. In Equation (8), the coefficient 2.86 is the electron equivalence of the to in the denitrification process step.
Results of the 2-hour DNR test on day 2 of the first run for the sludge taken from the aerobic decay reactor with a VSS of around 1,300 mg/L. (Top) Nitrate and methanol uptake rates, where the time axis is the same as in Equation (4). The NUR in this particular DNR test is 0.1608 mg NO3-N/L/min. (Bottom) The ratio of COD/N, which is 5.412 in this particular test, resulting in the observed biomass yield coefficient of 0.47 by applying Equation (8).
Effect of starvation time on DNR
The results of the nitrate and methanol uptake rates, as well as the COD to nitrogen ratio (COD/N), on the second day of the first run for the sludge taken from aerobic conditions, are shown in Figure 1 as an example. For each DNR test, the DNR was obtained by performing a linear regression on the measured nitrate profile over time (Baytshtok et al. 2008; Dold et al. 2008). The DNR values rather than specific DNR were used to estimate the decay of methylotrophic biomass in order to avoid errors associated with the presence of other microorganisms, such as general heterotrophs, autotrophic nitrifiers, and dead biomass residue in the total VSS concentrations. The total VSS values of the DNR tests were around 1,300 mg/L and 1,900 mg/L for the first and second run, respectively. COD to nitrogen ratios (COD/N) were also estimated based on the slope of methanol (mg COD/L) versus nitrate (mg-N/L) concentrations, which can be further used to obtain the biomass yield coefficient for each test. As shown in the Appendix (supplementary data, available with the online version of this paper), the measured concentrations of nitrite for all the batch DNR tests were found to be less than 0.01 mg NO2-N/L, and the measured concentrations of ammonia showed no statistically significant trend in any of the DNR tests.
The average values of DNR for the first and second runs are reported in the Appendix. A clear reducing trend of DNR with respect to starvation time is observed. Contrary to expectations, the DNR values show an increase after the first day (day one in comparison with day zero) in the first run. This did not happen in the second run. The first DNR point (day zero) shown in Table A1 is believed to be inaccurate and an artifact of either measurement or unconsidered temperature effects; therefore, this point was omitted from the regression analysis to avoid error. As shown in Table A1, for the sludge that was kept under aerobic conditions at 20 °C, DNR dropped from 246 to 113 mg NO3-N L−1 d−1 over 7 days of starvation, showing roughly 54% reduction. For the sludge kept under anoxic conditions (Table A2) this reduction is from 258 to 144 mg NO3-N L−1 d−1, which constitute a 44% reduction during 7 days of starvation. The amount of DNR reduction for the 9 days of starvation for the sludge kept under aerobic conditions at 25 °C (Table A3) was significantly higher (85%): DNR dropped from 601 to 89 NO3-N L−1 d−1. DNR depletion is deemed to be related to the decay of methylotrophic biomass under starvation conditions. This decay can be a result of maintenance, endogenous respiration, lysis, predation, death, or a combination of these.
Effect of aerobic-anoxic conditions and temperature on the endogenous respiration rate
The results of the DNR depletion profile under aerobic and anoxic conditions in the decay reactors and the two temperatures for the first and second run tests are shown in Figure 2, in which the y-axis shows the natural logarithm of DNR, and the x-axis shows the sludge decay time or the duration of starvation conditions in the decay reactors. Based on Equation (7), the methylotroph endogenous respiration rate under aerobic and anoxic conditions is estimated from the slope of the linear regression between ln(DNR) and t. For the endogenous respiration rate coefficients of methylotrophic bacteria at 20 °C, the 95% confidence intervals of 0.130 ± 0.017 day−1 and 0.102 ± 0.013 day−1 are obtained under aerobic and anoxic conditions, respectively. As is seen from the results, the methylotrophic endogenous respiration rate under anoxic conditions is slower than under aerobic conditions. To test the statistical significance of the difference between the endogenous respiration rates under aerobic and anoxic conditions, a hypothesis test was performed by considering a null hypothesis of the slope (with negative value) of linear regression under anoxic conditions being smaller than or equal to the slope under aerobic conditions; as shown in Table A4 of the supplementary Appendix (available with the online version of this paper), ANOVA resulted in a p-value of 1.23 × 10−5, which led to a rejection of the hypothesis, meaning that the difference is statistically significant. Under aerobic decay conditions at 25 °C, a 95% confidence interval of 0.214 ± 0.044 day−1 is obtained for the methylotrophic endogenous respiration rate, showing a significant increase as a result of the 5 °C increase in temperature. It was assumed that the temperature dependency of the methylotrophic endogenous respiration rate is independent of anoxic/aerobic conditions.
DNR reduction profile under aerobic and anoxic starvation conditions in the decay reactors at 20 °C for the first run, and under aerobic starvation conditions at 25 °C for the second run. The initial biomass VSS was 1,300 mg/L and 1,900 mg/L in each DNR test for the first and second run, respectively. Scatter symbols show duplicate DNR results for each DNR test. The coefficient of t in the linear regression model shows the value of the endogenous respiration rate.
If the temperature dependence of is defined based on the simplified version of the Arrhenius relationship: , then by comparing the endogenous respiration rates from the first and second run, a θ factor equal to 1.10 can be calculated for the . However, it should be noted that obtaining a reliable estimate of the θ for the process requires further studies under a wider range of temperatures. Dold et al. (2008) also observed a strong temperature dependency for the maximum growth rate of methylotrophs with an Arrhenius coefficient of 1.13 when they conducted 22 DNR tests in the range of 10–25 °C. Henze et al. (2000) reported the maximum growth rate and endogenous respiration rate of general heterotrophs values in ASM3 in the range of 10–20 °C, which denotes a temperature dependency of around 1.072. Koch et al. (2000) applied a value of 1.07 for both the maximum growth and decay rates of heterotrophs in the calibration of ASM3. The experimental findings in this study and in that of Dold et al. (2008) show higher temperature sensitivity of methylotrophs compared to general heterotrophs, implying that the temperature dependency coefficients must be applied with greater caution in the modeling and design of the denitrification system, with methanol as an external carbon source.
The value of the endogenous respiration rate for methylotrophs obtained in this study is not far from the decay rate coefficients of heterotrophic bacteria reported in other references. Based on an experimental study, McClintock et al. (1988) found decay rates of 0.111 day−1 and 0.057 day−1 for heterotrophs under aerobic and anoxic conditions, respectively. In ASM3, values of 0.2 day−1 and 0.1 day−1 (at 20 °C) have been suggested for the endogenous respiration rates of heterotrophs on oxygen and nitrate, respectively (Henze et al. 2000). Other studies have also experimentally shown that the anoxic endogenous respiration rate or decay rate for heterotrophic biomass in activated sludge is slower than that seen under aerobic conditions, mainly due to the fact that some of the decay mechanisms that can occur under aerobic conditions are not effective under anoxic conditions (e.g., Siegrist et al. (1999) and McClintock et al. (1988)). For instance, the predation process by higher organisms in biomass decay is expected to be significantly reduced under anoxic conditions (Henze et al. 2000). Based on this understanding, Gernaey et al. (2004) suggest that controlling the excess aeration – besides reducing energy costs — can curb the decay of activated sludge and thus improve the nitrification-denitrification process.
An expression for endogenous respiration
In activated sludge modeling, ASM1 uses the death-regeneration approach, whereas ASM3 considers the endogenous respiration concept for biomass decay (Gernaey et al. 2004). However, the death-regeneration mechanism does not apply to methylotrophs because they do not regrow on multi-carbon decay products (Lu et al. 2014). Aerobic and anoxic conditions can significantly affect the decay process, particularly in the modeling of the nitrification-denitrification systems, in which the ratio of anoxic to aerobic zone is considerable (Henze et al. 2000). Following ASM3's endogenous respiration approach, a new expression for methylotrophic decay rate adjustable to both aerobic and anoxic conditions is proposed in Equation (9) (Alikhani et al. 2014):
where and are DO and nitrate concentration, respectively, and and are oxygen and nitrate half saturations, respectively. Combining both the aerobic and anoxic endogenous respiration in one single equation is based on the fact that in aerobic conditions, approaches 1 and the inhibitor ratio of approaches 0, and vice versa under anoxic conditions. The term represents the nitrate limitation effect. In Equation (9), the new parameter (smaller than 1) is referred to as the anoxic to aerobic ratio of methylotroph endogenous respiration rate, for which a value of was obtained in this study based on the results of the first run. This indicates that endogenous respiration occurs at a slower rate under anoxic conditions than under aerobic conditions. It is worth noting that the value of obtained here is close to the values suggested for the anoxic reduction factor in ASM1, representing the ratio of growth rate of heterotrophic bacteria under anoxic conditions to the growth rate under aerobic conditions. The value of 0.8 is suggested for by Henze et al. (1987), following the value obtained by Makinia & Wells (2000).
Effect of starvation time on the observed biomass yield coefficient
The observed biomass yield obtained through Equation (8) in each DNR test with respect to the starvation time is plotted in Figure 3. In all the cases of aerobic and anoxic decay tests at 20 °C as well as aerobic decay tests at 25 °C, a clearly increasing trend in the observed biomass yield coefficient with the starvation time can be observed (p-value = 0.0032). Yield increase as a result of the age of activated sludge was also reported by Liebeskind et al. (1996), who saw an increase from 0.59 to 0.68 for heterotrophic bacteria when the age of activated sludge was increased from 1.88 days to 24 days.
The observed biomass yield coefficients during 2-hour DNR test with respect to starvation-induced time. The solid and dashed lines connect the average observed biomass yield for the first and second run, respectively.
Based on the average flow, the methanol loading rate, and the concentration of ammonia and nitrate/nitrite in the influent and effluent of Blue Plain's nitrification-denitrification system, an average value of 0.39 is obtained for the observed yield of the plant over methanol. By comparing with Figure 3, it seems that Blue Plains' nitrification-denitrification system is not operating under starvation conditions.
In the methanol-feed denitrification system, methanol is used as a substrate for stored intercellular polymers, biomass production, and energy source. The energy production portion of methanol depletion can be directly linked to NUR. In Equation (8), the observed biomass yield is defined as the ratio of generated solid mass (either intercellular polymers or biomass cells) relative to the consumed methanol. Specifically, the observed biomass yield encompasses two different factors including the stored yield (YSTO) and growth yield (Ym), that must be taken into consideration. As has been mentioned by other researchers, when heterotrophic cells are suddenly exposed to high substrate levels, two types of responses are perceivable: the cells can either instantaneously adapt to the new abundant food condition by increasing their growth rate (growth response), or they can initially store the available substrate (storage response) followed by delayed growth or a combination of both responses (Daigger & Grady 1982; Majone et al. 1998). It is speculated that the reason for the change in the observed biomass yield is that the longer methylotrophs are kept in the starvation conditions, the more methanol will be stored in their cells after being exposed to methanol. However, further studies are needed to rigorously evaluate this conclusion through directly measuring PHAs in the cells.
Under methanol-abundant conditions, the uptake rate may be faster than the consumption rate, resulting in an increase in storage, whereas during methanol-deprived conditions, storage decreases (Ni & Yu 2008; Kaelin et al. 2009). Majone et al. (1998) studied the behavior of generalist heterotrophs supplied with acetate as a carbon source in an alternate anoxic/aerobic conditions, and observed that intercellular PHAs can be consumed in the anoxic and aerobic conditions with almost the same rate of PHA consumption. Therefore, it can be concluded that in sequential nitrification-denitrification systems, if the stored PHAs are not completely consumed during the denitrification stage under anoxic conditions, they can be consumed in the nitrification stage under aerobic conditions after the sludge is returned, resulting in an ineffective utilization of methanol.
In this study, the denitrifying methylotrophic biomass from a full-scale WWTP was placed under conditions with no methanol addition under three different scenarios: (a) anoxic conditions with nitrate adjustment at 20 °C for 8 days, (b) aerobic conditions at 20 °C for 8 days, and (c) aerobic conditions at 25 °C for 10 days. A series of secondary batch tests over the period of operation of decay reactors were performed to measure DNR and observed biomass yields. The DNR reduction rate during the operation time of the decay reactors was then used to infer the endogenous respiration rates of the biomass in the decay reactors. The following results were obtained:
(1) A 95% confidence interval of 0.130 ± 0.017 day−1 and 0.102 ± 0.013 day−1 was estimated for the endogenous respiration rate coefficients of methylotrophic bacteria at 20 °C under aerobic and anoxic conditions, respectively. The anoxic endogenous respiration rate of methylotrophs was 20% lower than the aerobic endogenous respiration rate.
(2) A significant temperature dependency of the endogenous respiration rate of methylotrophs was observed. Specifically, a mean value of 0.214 day−1 was obtained for the methylotrophic endogenous respiration rate under aerobic decay conditions at 25 °C compared to 0.130 day−1 under 20 °C, indicating an Arrhenius coefficient of 1.1 based on the simplified version of the Arrhenius equation.
(3) The observed biomass yield coefficient of methylotrophs is increased as a result of a longer starvation time.
The authors would like to thank Dr Heather Stewart for her contributions in the technical edition of the manuscript. The laboratory tests were conducted at the Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant operated by DC Water.
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J. T.
C. W.
Nitrate versus oxygen respiration in the activated sludge process
Journal (Water Pollution Control Federation)
Characterizing denitrification kinetics at cold temperature using various carbon sources in lab-scale sequencing batch reactors
Balancing yield, kinetics and cost for three external carbon sources used for suspended growth post-denitrification
Mokhtari-Hosseini
Vasheghani-Farahani
Heidarzadeh-Vazifekhoran
Shojaosadati
Karimzadeh
Darani
K. K.
Statistical media optimization for growth and PHB production from methanol by a methylotrophic bacterium
Hooijmans
Lubberding
H. J.
Gijzen
Modelling nitrification, heterotrophic growth and predation in activated sludge
B.-J.
Kinetic modeling microbial storage process in activated sludge under anoxic conditions
Chemical Engineering Science
Rahman
Okogi
Al-Omari
Characterizing denitrification kinetics in lab scale reactors for longer time ethanol dosage
J. Wat. Env. Technol.
Evaluation of anoxic heterotrophic yield using multiple calculation methods
Int. J. Env. Res.
L. C.
V. C.
Reduction of biomass decay rate under anoxic and anaerobic conditions
Sözen
Çokgör
Respirometric analysis of activated sludge behaviour – II. Heterotrophic growth under aerobic and anoxic conditions
Maintenance, endogeneous respiration, lysis, decay and predation
V. B.
Vavilin
V. A.
Generalists or specialists in activated sludge microorganisms community
Verstraete
Nitrification-denitrification processes and technologies in new contexts
1, Supplement 1
Yezza
Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates from methanol by a new methylotrophic bacterium Methylobacterium sp. GW2
© IWA Publishing 2017
- docx file
Web Of Science (2)


text:
High art: how the creative world is helping legal weed rebrand itself
Artists, including Richard Prince and Kenny Scharf, are working with 'creative cannabis agencies' on campaigns to modernize marijuana's stoner image
Travis Diehl
Thu 8 Dec 2016 07.45 EST Last modified on Thu 22 Feb 2018 12.12 EST
Richard Prince custom rolling papers and buds of John Dogg strain. Photograph: PR
It's July 2016. At Los Angeles art gallery Blum and Poe – the same venue that hosted Kanye West's Famous sculpture – the air tingles with the sweet smoke of cognac-brined hotdogs and marijuana. Reggae plays on the patio, and the sprinkling of guests seems outnumbered by the security guards hulking against the dusk.
In a small back gallery hangs a lineup of 16 framed issues of High Times – the world's foremost weed-focused publication – pulled from the archive by artist Richard Prince. Across the room, two employees from the high-end medical marijuana growers, Nameless Genetics, pack souvenir joints of their latest product, a boutique strain of weed called John Dogg, bred in the Prince's honor and named after his alter ego. Go big on terps – AKA terpenes, the aromatic hydrocarbons that give marijuana its flavor – and John Dogg is the result. It's an interesting mix: Blum and Poe; counterculture stalwart High Times; nu-age grower Nameless Genetics, and Prince. And it's a meeting of the minds concocted by self-described "creative cannabis agency" Green Street.
Instagram, an artist and the $100,000 selfies – appropriation in the digital age
Among the many ganjapreneurs looking to cash in on legal weed, Green Street has an unusually cultivated pitch. "I saw an opportunity to come into an industry and really create some great visual moments with artists and brands," says creative director Darren Romanelli, who has collected contemporary art for around a decade. Romanelli, aka DRx, who also runs ad firm StreetVirus, is a marketing veteran, with clients from Coca-Cola to the Grateful Dead. Cross-pollinations with designers and visual artists have always been his specialty. A few years ago, during a campaign for vape brand Grenco Science (makers of the G-Pen), the path became clear.
"We noticed that there wasn't a lot of great branding and great packaging," he says, "and a lot of the imagery and artwork ... felt a little lowbrow." Romanelli and three others co-founded Green Street in 2013 to provide an option for those who wanted something different. "We wanted to bring some professionalism into what felt like an otherwise unprofessional space – very much the wild west."
Green Street keeps offices in the penthouse of the historic art deco Wilshire Tower. Up the stairs, past an open-air kitchen where the firm hosts private release events – "activations," in their argot – is a rooftop lounge surveying mid Los Angeles. The north parapet is tipped by a flagpole, which has become, in Green Street fashion, an occasion for artist projects. During the opening of a permanent installation by Kenny Scharf – a concrete hallway painted white, rigged with blacklights, and curlicued with the artist's signature bug-eyed blobs and galaxies – they hoisted a flag Scharf made back in 1988: a druggy, grinning compass rose.
Fast forward to late November. Up the pole is a lightly frayed American flag. Proposition 64, a California ballot initiative, has effectively legalized cannabis statewide, some 20 years after the Compassionate Care Act sanctioned limited medical use. Yet there are gathering clouds: President-elect Trump's nascent federal administration counts Nixonite drug warrior Jeff Sessions among its white nationalists. (Most colorfully, Sessions joked that he thought the Ku Klux Klan were OK folks until he found out they smoked weed. He's also on the record saying: "Good people don't smoke marijuana.") But cannabis law has always been a bit hazy. In 2010, even as Obama moved to decriminalize, the Drug Enforcement Agency momentarily stepped up raids. Green Street partner and legal counsel, Joshua Shelton, who also represents dispensaries, says he never tells his clients they're fully in the clear. In states where weed is legal, new regulations can be confusing and untested. Meanwhile, at the federal level, marijuana remains a schedule I controlled substance – the highest classification, on par with heroin, and a notch above methamphetamine.
Artist Kenny Scharf has collaborated with Green Street. Photograph: PR
Despite the gray areas, Shelton compares the momentum of regulated cannabis to a snowball that, "at this point," he says, "I'd be scared to stand in front of. These are self-made millionaires. They're literally the American dream of a businessman." But the problem is they've never done official business. Building an above-ground identity means courting more than the gas mask bong set – the new generation of legal weed companies needs branding. Passé, too, are the crass, low-budget sexy-nurse weed ads stuffing the high-numbered pages of the LA Weekly. For growers, advertising used to be dangerous. Now, it's existential. Among those committed to what Romanelli calls "elevating" the industry, Colorado-based Cannabrand stands out for general professionalism and accessibility, while the clean-lined billboards of breeder THC Design are a far cry from shots of bikinis and buds.
Romanelli and Shelton's first effort, arranging for Snoop Dogg to use the G-Pen vaporizer, is typical of the kind of social-media promotions favored by companies still shunned by TV and web. But endorsements from the avowed stoners of hip-hop and skate culture aren't exactly groundbreaking. Enter "high art". Green Street hopes established rebels like Scharf and Prince will lend weed and its derivatives a respectable aura. (They're currently working on a Dennis Hopper Cannabis Company with the late actor's estate.)
High times: why TV is getting blazed on cannabis comedies
Indeed, pairing art with marijuana is a natural idea – one that artists hit on long ago. "I did a large grow in my backyard in 1996 to help support me when the gallery was barely making it," says Blum and Poe co-founder Jeff Poe. "As for the material itself: weed is transformative, experiential, performative, idea driven." Sounds like art. And if Green Street's pairings so far have felt a bit awkward, in the way that only shameless marketing can, it's nonetheless a noble goal to one day admit cannabis to the club of refined, almost culinary taste.
Prince made his Hippie Drawings in the late 90s, during the country's last acute bout of psychedelia – and a heyday for branding. "I was hooking up with the cartoon again," says Prince. "Just started drawing my own cartoon over existing cartoons. Hippie Families. Something like that." They were published in a small-run catalog, but never shown. Then, a couple of years ago, as if part of the conversation all along, the drawings resurfaced: "I heard from High Times," says the artist. "They asked. I agreed."
Gracing the covers of the High Times Special Trippy Issue are three of Prince's Hippie Drawings, purposively naive, like an arguably stable 21st century man trying to doodle like an electroshock victim. The most widely circulated design bears a pink-skinned, clutch-armed rag doll with beer tabs for eyes and a wonderful long cigarette. For Prince and High Times both, their collaboration marks a wider, cyclical regurgitation, wherein counterculture sheds the "counter" part. But wasn't that always the dream?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Evelyn Mae Van Dyke
Van Dyke, Evelyn Mae. February 9, 2021 Age 90. Beloved wife of the late Donelle Frederick Van Dyke. Loving mother of Susan (Thomas) Doyle James (Joy) Van Dyke, Lori (Steve) Forshay and the late Edward DeLaurier. Grandmother of William (Caron) Benton, James (Bridget) Benton, David (Alley) Benton, Jessica Van Dyke, Tyler Van Dyke, Alexa Forshay, Amanda Forshay and Christopher De Laurier. Great-Grandmother of Andrew, Robert, Gabrielle, Camden and Alexandria Benton. Dear sister of the late Edward Slaughter. Evelyn was born in Mansfield, Louisiana on August 20, 1930 to the late Frank and Gertrude (Drosihn) Slaughter. Mrs. Van Dyke was very active at her church 1st Reform Church of Pompton Plains, NJ. Evelyn was passionately dedicated to her children, grandchildren and great grandchildren. Her care and support were a constant for countless family members and friends. A memorial service will be held at a later date at Faith Community Presbyterian Church, Novi, MI. Memorial contributions to Susan G. Komen for the Cure.click here to contribute Expressions of sympathy www.obriensullivanfuneralhome.com
Van Dyke, Evelyn Mae. February 9, 2021 Age 90. Beloved wife of the late Donelle Frederick Van Dyke. Loving mother of Susan (Thomas) Doyle James (Joy) Van Dyke, Lori (Steve) Forshay and the late Edward DeLaurier. Grandmother of William (Caron)... View Obituary & Service Information
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text:
Умар Сангаре (, ) — малийский шоссейный велогонщик.

Карьера
Умар Сангаре — символ малийского велоспорта, он также является военослужащим своего государства.

В 2007 году занял пятое место в Туре Гвинеи.

В 2010 году вошёл в состав национальной команды для участия в Туре Мали. На нём он дважды на этапах финишировал в топ-15, а по итогам всей гонке занял 21-е место, став лучшим в своей команде. Также занял 53-е место в общем зачёте Тура Фасо, во время которого на последнем десятом этапе финишировал 14-м.

В 2011 году он выиграл второе издание Crtérium de la Paix в Бамако, отмеченную многочисленными сходами, победив Тидиан Саного.. В ноябре снова в составе национальной команды принял участие в Тура Фасо, выступив на нём намного лучше по сравнению с прошлым годом, заняв 29-е место в общеем зачёт.

В ноябре 2012 года стал чемпионом Мали, определявшегося по сумме двух гонок — индивидуальной и групповой. Несколько дней спустя финишировал восьмым на этапе Тура Фасо. В ноябре принял участие в Чемпионате Африки, который проходил в Уагадугу, столице Буркина-Фасо. В командной гонке финишировал 10-м. А в групповой гонке, проходившей четыре дня спустя, занял 49-е место, уступив более 13 минут её победителю Натнаэлю Беране.

В конце 2013 года Умар Сангаре в очередной раз успешно выступил на Туре Фасо, где он дважды входил в топ-10 на этапах и и занял 15-е место в общем зачёте. Однако допинг-тест дал положительный результат на катинон. В результате этого его результаты были аннулированы, а сам он дисквалифицирован UCI сроком на два года, до 26.10.2015. Также он был лишён своего третьего места на чемпионате Мали., полученного в дорожном чемпионате Мали.

Вернувшись к соревнованиям в 2016 году он быстро заявил о себе снова, заняв четвёртое место на Critérium de la Paix. Также четвёртый он стал на Mémorial Loky Diallo, проходившем апреле. Вскоре после этого он второй раз в своей карьере стал чемпионом Мали в Каесе. В апреле он также отличился на Туре де л'эст интернациональ в Кот-д'Ивуаре, поднявшись на третью ступень финального подиума после двух дней лидирования в гонке.

После такого хорошего выступления он был принят министром спорта Мали Хуссейни Амион Гиндо на церемониальном приёма вместе с ещё тремя гонщиками из национальной команды. В сентябре занял второе место в Гран-при президента Малийской федерации велоспорта, выиграв спринт из группы и уступив уехавшему в отрыв соотечественику Ламине Диамутене. Затем принимает участие в Туре Кот-д'Ивуара (26-е место), а после в Туре Фасо на котором становится 10-м на первом этапе и 15-м в общем зачёте.

Весной 2017 года на Туре Мали выиграл этап и занял итоговое третье место. Затем принял участие в Туре Сенегала, где финишировал шестым на этапе. Летом выигрывал спринт на Critérium de la Paix. Однако на чемпионате Мали он уступил более молодому Яя Диалло. В сентябре финишировал двадцатым на Тур Кот д'Ивуар.

В апреле 2018 года выиграл Grand Prix Sotelma-Malitel.

Достижения
 2011
 Critérium de la Paix
 2012
  Чемпион Мали — групповая гонка (Coupe du Mali)
 2016
  Чемпион Мали — групповая гонка
  Чемпион Мали — индивидуальная гонка
 3-й на Тур де л'эст интернациональ
 2017
 Тур Мали
 3-й в генеральной классификации
 3-й этап
 Critérium de la Paix
 2-й на Чемпионате Мали — групповая гонка
 2018
 Grand Prix Sotelma-Malitel

Примечания

Ссылки

Велогонщики Мали

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Local foods add nutrition to school lunches
Charles A. Peterson
GRANVILLE — For every dollar spent on food for the Granville schools' lunch program, 33 cents is spent locally. And Executive Chef Jon Harbaugh wants that number to be higher.
Harbaugh has set a lofty goal of 40 cents per dollar spent locally for fresh fruits, vegetables and meats for a lunch program that serves roughly 1,000 students per day in the district's four schools.
"Fresh" is the operative word in the lunch program, run by AVI Fresh Culinary Services for the seventh straight year this school year.
Fresh translates into better nutrition, Harbaugh said.
"We try to get everything in as fresh as possible and try to do as much from-scratch cooking as we can," he said, which results in elimination of preservatives and other added chemicals.
Harbaugh thinks the 40-cent plateau, excluding beverages, can be reached by maximizing current relationships as well as adding new suppliers. For example, bagels now are purchased from a new supplier, Block's Bagels of Columbus, for breakfast. They can be expanded into a lunch item, as well.
Phillips meat processing in Zanesville, meanwhile, is now aboard providing pork shoulders and beef round, with smoked kielbasa soon to be added.
When AVI arrived, food and drinks that became ostracized were low-nutrient puddings and sugar-added drinks and sodas.
"We still have puddings, but we fortify them with fruits and other nutrition," he said, and the sugary drinks have been replaced with juices and water.
There's still french fries and mac and cheese on the menu, but they're prepared differently.
"We've eliminated any deep frying. So they're baked," he said of the french fries, while mac and cheese is made from scratch and baked "for a nice cheese crust."
Meanwhile, it doesn't get any fresher than the tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, Swiss chard and zucchini grown in the student garden behind Granville High School, the closest of the suppliers deemed "local" — those within 50 miles.
"We utilize them on our produce bar. We serve them as our side dishes on our hot entrees and key ingredients as part of our entrees," Harbaugh said. They're also used in house-made hot sauces and smoothie mixes.
"We did a pineapple, orange and carrot smoothie. We called it our sunshine smoothie."
That hyper-local homegrown food scenario will be expanded later this year, Harbaugh said, when the Granville High School garden expands to raise tilapia in its aqua farming bed.
The lunch program relies on Finlayson Farms, barely a half-mile from town, for grass-fed beef that is used in all entrees, including hamburgers.
Grass-fed beef, Harbaugh said, contains up to four times more omega 3s and significantly less fat than grain fed beef.
AVI also uses fresh chicken only, either grilled or baked and not deep-fried.
Only 5 miles away, Granville's Birds Haven Farm provides leaf lettuce, cherry tomatoes, zucchini, sweet potatoes, garlic, beets and radishes almost year-round, Harbaugh said.
Meanwhile, cookies and bagels come from just across the Granville-Newark border. The Newark City Schools bakery, headed by Granville resident Walter Gloshinski, creates the products with the help of 10 special needs students.
Tonya Sherburne, the school district's director of human resources and operations, said student participation in the lunch program has increased dramatically since AVI took over the program — to a "steady 75 percent" of the student body. That's up from 57 percent during its first year here, according to a report to the Board of Education at the time.
"That's pretty high for feeding students," she said.
School-district Treasurer Mike Sobul said at the September school board meeting that last year, the lunch program essentially broke even, with revenues of $726,000 and expenditures of $725,000.


text:
Motor Vehicle Compensation could also be Granted to Children & Parents
The Supreme Court of India in a recent ruling has observed that in the Motor Accident Compensation Claims, that the children and family would also be authorized for compensation under "Loss of consortium" in claims of Motor Accident under the Act.
The ruling came as a result of an appeal filed by three insurance companies by the learned Bench comprising of three judges including Justices Ashok Bhushan and Subhash Reddy.
The matter in question was that of put forward by one of the appellant insurance company re. New India Assurance Company Ltd challenging the judgment of the High Court arising out of the award passed by the Motor Vehicle Claims Tribunal Act (MACT) with regard to the compensation in support of the plaintiffs under two specific categories i.e.
i. Under "Loss of Consortium" for spousal relationships only? or
ii. "Loss of love and affection" for the spouse as well as family?
With regard to "Consortium," the issue raised was whether it is only the wife who is entitled to for compensation under the consortium or the consortium is eligible to be awarded to children and parents also under the Act. The appellant's contention was that the amount granted under the head "Loss of love and affection" is absolute without jurisdiction and further the amount granted under the head "Consortium" cannot be more than Rs.40000/- in effect. Additionally, the only wife is authorized to receive the amount of compensation paid as a consortium that is payable to the wife which is entitled to each of the Claimant i.e. wife, children, and parents.
The appellants further referred to the Constitutional Bench judgment in National Insurance Company Ltd. V.s. Pranay Sethi case and contended that it has only referred to the spousal consortium and no other consortium was referred to in the judgment of Pranay Sethi, thus, there is no proper explanation for allowing the parental consortium and filial consortium.
However, The Court observed that a three-judge bench in reference to United India Insurance Company Ltd. vs. Satinder Kaur alias Satvinder Kaur, has categorically laid down that apart from the spousal consortium, the parental and filial consortium is also valid and maintainable, apart from the spousal consortium, the parental and filial consortium is payable stating that "it is unacceptable that the submission of the learned counsel for the appellant that the amount of consortium awarded to each of claimants is not sustainable".
However, the Apex court also accepted with the appellant's argument that "there is no proper justification for the award of compensation under separately under the head "loss of affection" as the same was covered under the head "Loss of Consortium".
Referring to the recent judgment in United India Insurance Company Ltd. Versus Satinder Kaur and others, the Court was of the opinion that
The inclusive interpretation given to the expression "consortium" is wide enough to cover parental consortium as well as a filial consortium. Thus, the "loss of love and affection" is comprehended under the head "loss of consortium", hence there no justification to award compensation towards "Loss of love and affection" as a separate head.
What is meant by "Loss of Consortium" and what types of consortium are recognized under the Motor Vehicle Claims Act?
The Supreme Court of India defined consortium in ref to case National Insurance Company vs. Pranay Sethi (2017) 16 SCC 680- In legal parlance, "consortium" is an explanatory term which embraces other aspects of a consortium including the 'spousal consortium', 'parental consortium', and 'filial consortium'. Rights related to consortium may include companionship, comfort, love & affection, care, affection, solace, etc. which comes as a loss for the family.
The Apex Court has elucidated the three principles of consortium as under-
(i) Spousal consortium is generally defined as rights relating to the relationship of a husband with his wife which allows compensation to the surviving spouse for loss of "companionship, company, love, affection, and each other's assistance as in every normal marital relationship."
(ii) Parental consortium is granted to the child upon the premature death of a parent, for loss of "parental aid, protection, affection, society, discipline, guidance and training.
(iii) Filial consortium is the right of the parents to compensation in the case of accidental death of a child as an accident leading to the death of a child is a matter of great shock and agony to the parents of the deceased, as the greatest agony for a parent is to lose their child during their lifetime.
In the view of the Supreme Court of India, Consortium is like that of a special prism which reflects the changing norms about the status and worth of actual relationships. Therefore, jurisdictions all over the world have recognized the value of a child's consortium is far valuable than the economic value of the compensation awarded for the loss of a child for parents. Thus, the amount awarded to the parents is a way to compensate for the loss for the love, affection, care and companionship of the deceased child.
Nevertheless, the Hon'ble Supreme Court has time and again opined that the Motor Vehicles Act is valuable legislation bearing the objective of providing monetary relief to the victims or their families in cases related to genuine claims for the loss of parents who have lost their minor child or unmarried son or daughter are eligible to be compensated for the "Loss of consortium" under the category of Filial Consortium.
On the other hand, the children who have lost their parents in an accident under the Act are authorized to get "Parental Consortium" for their loss. Finally, the compensation amount shall be awarded by the Court, shall be administered by the principles of awarding compensation under 'Loss of Consortium' as laid down by the Constitution Bench.
Food truck business
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text:
Q: How to run my container as a nonRoot user My dockerfile:
FROM httpd:2.4
RUN useradd -u 8877 john
USER john

// docker build -t my-apache2 .

// docker run -dit --name my-running-app -p 8080:80 my-apache2

Any help would be appreciated

A: If you want to add specific user then solution is to create a custom image which extends a base image and adds a user e.g.
FROM:httpd
USER <user>[:<group>]

and then you can run container with that user
docker run --user <user>[:<group>] httpd

Without extending the base image you will receive the following error message from docker engine
docker: Error response from daemon: unable to find user <user>: no matching entries in passwd file

Reference: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/#user
If you want to use the stock image with non-root user then instead of using a username above you can just specify its UID instead. This will make linux run as that user id without having to check if it exists or not.
Of course, any files that it interacts with will need to be writable by that user. But as an example, change the default user and group within a container to your own with adding --user $(id -u):$(id -g):
docker run -dit --name my-running-app -p 8080:80 --user $(id -u):$(id -g) my-apache2

See the docker command line reference here
https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/run/
https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/exec/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Hopefully these April showers will bring May flowers; except Texas and other parts of the nation received much more than just a few showers.
Massive size hail, frequent lightning and heaps of rain blanketed much of Texas Monday afternoon and evening causing shattered windows in houses and vehicles, damaging roofs and even causing one fatality when a woman who lost control of her vehicle on the highway. Although the storm reached much of the Texas region, Wylie was hit especially hard with softball sized hail and schools were closed due to the damage the storm left behind. "If there was a Cat. 4 or 5 or EF4 or 5 equivalent for hail damage, the damage in Wylie, Texas, from yesterday's hailstorm would be it,"- meteorologist Bryan Wood via Twitter.
Oklahoma, Arkansas and Alabama were also the targets of this storm causing several fires in El Dorado, Arkansas from lightning, gigantic size hail in Atoka, Oklahoma and one man even reported being struck by lightning in Birmingham, Alabama.
As you can imagine, this causes much distress for many residents but as many of them and you know, this is just the beginning of hail season. Please make sure you are in close contact with us (email, phone, status update via our website, etc.) so we are able to consider you for any opportunities that can assist those in need during this already very busy season.


text:
Opinion Comment
Erdogan sends in tanks to thwart the Kurds, not Isil
A Turkish army tank and an armoured vehicle near the border with Syria, in Karkamis, Turkey. Photo: IHA via AP
How the West would love to believe that Turkey's army in Syria - all 10 tanks of it - are striking at last at everyone's enemy, the blood-soaked cult of the "Islamic State".
https://www.independent.ie/opinion/comment/erdogan-sends-in-tanks-to-thwart-the-kurds-not-isil-34993967.html
https://www.independent.ie/incoming/3f8c0/34993922.ece/AUTOCROP/h342/SYRIA%20Revolt_4%20Read-Only.jpg
But few in Syria or Turkey will be fooled. Isil have been sitting in Jerablus for many months; it is the advance of the American-armed Kurdish YPG militia along the Turkish border towards Jerablus that worries Recep Tayyip Erdogan.
And yet again as Turkish troops advanced, he bundled up the YPG (People's Protection Units) - who the Turks believe have connections with the PKK or Kurdistan Workers Party, whom they view as much more dangerous - as "terrorists", along with Isil.
Russian President Vladimir Putin Photo: AFP/Getty Images
In other words, he's calling both the anti-Assad Isil and the anti-Isil Kurds the enemies of Turkey (as he did after the suicide bombing of a wedding in Gazientep last weekend), lumping his pet hates together.
Only his obsession with Fethullah Gulen, whom he blames for July's failed coup, has been omitted from his latest "battle" objectives in Syria.
Erdogan's latest ally, Vladimir Putin, will have no objections.
At one blow, Turkey strikes - however feebly - at both Isil and the pro-American Kurdish militia with whose apparatchiks Moscow has remained studiously aloof.
The Syrians will know - and surely will have been told - that Putin supports Turkey's little incursion. They will be in no mood to protest since their own government army was fighting the same Kurdish group in the city of Hassakeh until a ceasefire two days ago. Here, too, the YPG was trying to seize Syrian sovereign territory.
Put simply, the YPG is getting too big for its boots. It is using the anti-Isil war to carve out a little homeland inside Syria along the Turkish border and gobbling up as much of Syria as it can before the civil war ends.
The Turks don't want a Kurdish mini-state on their frontier any more than the Syrians want to lose territory to the Kurds. The anti-Assad 'Free Syrian Army' is supposed to be among Turkey's little squadron of armour heading for Jerablus but this is likely to be of little interest to Damascus: Syrian troops have long since ceased to regard the FSA as a serious military force and will not worry if its men wish to "martyr" themselves in this Turkish-run operation.
It's all bad news for Isil, of course. And deeply ironic, for it was at the very same Jerablus - under Turkish shellfire today - where TE Lawrence "of Arabia" spent some of the happiest months of his life before the First World War, digging through the ancient ruins of Carcamish, and where he began to frame his affectionate but also deeply racist view of the Arabs.
The sterility of the desert, Lawrence would later write of anyone who lived there "robbed him of compassion and perverted his human kindness to the image of the waste in which he hid".
He wrote of the Arab's "delight in pain" and of how the desert became "a spiritual iceberg, in which was preserved intact but unimproved for all ages a vision of the unity of God." Perhaps Lawrence got closer to the mind of Isil than we might imagine. Now the Turks can discover this for themselves in the new ruins of Jerablus.
Independent News Service
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text:
DevilishlyInnocent
NoJoMo Catch-Up in MoMoMo
Dec. 1, 2022, 8:44 p.m.
11. If you were going to write a novel, what would it be about?
I started writing a LONG time ago about dreams I'd had that were jokingly referred to as "past lives". Just bebopping around the Universe in different forms and watching events happen. "Lives" overlapping with others. But, that is on hold. Cause, look…I can't even keep up with NoJoMo.
12, Who is someone you'd like to meet?
I believe I've already answered this in another prompt? But Leonard da Vinci! This man had ideas for a lot of the things we have today. While others have "created them", da Vinci actually had the drawings and ideas for a lot of these things. I went to an exhibit and they had it separated into Art, Agriculture, and War. Which, I did not know until then that he had a hand in that.
13. What hobby would you like to start this winter?
I want to get back to making jewelry. My friend got herself a shop and she asked if I'd want to put some things in the shop. I said sure and found some old pieces that I had put away for sales already. I just have to get them there.
14. Describe an instance where someone was really kind to you.
Many people are kind to me as it is, but there is one instance that I remember. I was a private care CNA and was taking care of this sweet lady. She was on hospice and she wanted to go through her jewelry armoire. I saw a piece that I absolutely loved and told her so. I didn't say anything else and helped her go through it. Holidays roll around and she gifts me that necklace. She actually cleared it with the staff so it wasn't considered "stealing". Her assignment was the last assignment I could do with Hospice, because when the doc called her TOD, he yanked me out of the room and I saw the family freak out and start taking stuff, literally fighting each other. I was like, I can't do this. So I lost my shit on them and left.
15. Where would you like your business, career, or personal/family life to be in then next year?
Career-wise, I'll be getting another raise on my anniversary (March 8th). I'm also looking at possibly taking a managerial position, which would be moving to overnights, and Universal Deities, I am ready to get back to that. Life-wise, I want to get back to traveling with Andrew. He will be getting a raise in the next couple weeks, along with a promotion, and he will go back to being the main breadwinner. LOL We joke about it, so we will have better savings.
16. Do you believe that people should be penalized if they don't recycle?
WTF? Seriously? Uh…if the town/city is going to provide those materials to do so, then I could kind of see it. Litter is horrible in a lot of places. But I'm not going to spend what little money I have for a specific trash bin, or the extra gas to go to a central center.
17. What is something that truly doesn't matter?
Honestly, people. I know that sounds mean, but hear me out. A lot of drama comes from the choices people make. Myself included. Addiction? It can be genetic, so why start? I come from a family of addicts, but I made sure to not touch the hard shit and really watch my drinking. I know that it can take over, and a lot of drama comes from that. Family members? I cut a lot out, and very sparingly see them, because it's a headache that I don't want. An ex put hands on me. I broke his nose and left. I slept in my car with my son for a week before I was able to get into a shelter. I LEFT. If people spent all the time they do arguing with why they can't leave, they'd be out of the situation.
There are ways to handle things, but we don't do a lot of them because they're so ingrained into us as "whatever" (i.e. assault, grooming) and "that won't happen to me/my family"…and then it does and people act surprised. Then no one can do anything wrong from some of those families, and others go punished with no recourse…we suck.
18. What colors do you associate with this time of year and why?
Fucking orange. I don't mind it, but it's EVERYWHERE. Pumpkin this and that. Browns are depressing as well. I don't mind it all, but damn…you can still wear red, blue, greens, etc. But again, I despise TG because, you know....genocide.
19. Thanksgiving is just around the corner. How are you planning on celebrating this year?
I do not celebrate the genocide of my people, nor the lies told about it. I only "celebrate it" by taking the holiday pay.
20. What was the best thing that happened to you today?
Work. I just work. Earning that money to travel in March with my son.
21. What food combinations do you think are delicious such as the combination of chocolate and peanut butter?
Meat and cheese…like burgers…pizza…etc.
22. What is a small change you'd like to make?
In the world? Or what? I need details. Honestly, I'd really make it a fucking LAW that Karen's and Chad's be banned from anywhere with their bullshit attitude. I just have to settle for learning how to be petty.
23. What are you most proud of accomplishing this month?
Not beating the shit out of some customers. Seriously. That audacity be on sale for the holiday season. Listen, while we do rely on customers, my company will survive without your cute $10.70 and thankfully, there is social media and people love the drama of Karens/Chads losing their shit so whatever lies you tell about me or my company…people know you're so full of shit. I hope you break down in extreme weather with no cell service and have an explosive case of diarrhea.
24. What kind(s) of food gives you a boost of energy?
Just…food in general? In moderation. If I stuff myself, I go into a food coma.
25. Thanksgiving - what does it mean to you?
Genocide and lies. Duh.
26. Black Friday - what's the earliest you've waited to get into a store on Black Friday?
I say this with ALLLLLLLL the disrespect: Fuck Black Friday. I hate it so much. I went out ONCE, and that was when I didn't know it was a thing. Some fucking raging douchebag tried to take a fucking Care Bear away from my daughter (who was 2 at the time) and made her cry. I fucked that bitch up, checked out, and went home. I'm surprised I didn't get arrested, honestly. Then, now, they come to my place of work and act pissy, THEN TELL ME, "I've been up since…" Asshole, that is NOT my problem.
27. Small Business Saturday - what's your favorite small business to support?
Many on Etsy. I'm looking for more stones, beads, and other jewelry stuffs.
28. If you had the ability to meet one celebrity, who would it be?
It would be Steve Yzerman. I would've been Gordie Howe, but he passed away. But I used to have a mini-crush on him as well. But I loved watching him play. My dad wasn't happy when I chose Detroit for my hockey team instead of the Blackhawks, whom he worked for.
29. Cyber Monday - What do you think is the most important technological invention of the Modern Age?
IDK. I'm not really tech-savvy and trying to do anything online the entire weekend sucked badly because of all the usage.
30. How was the month of November for you?
Work. Mostly work. But there were other things.


text:
Peter's map
Elections in Africa
Gaddafi has accepted ceasefire-South Africa
11 April 2011 By admin news
TRIPOLI, Libya — A delegation of African leaders said Sunday that their Libyan counterpart Moammar Gadhafi accepted their "road map" for a cease-fire with rebels, whom they will meet with Monday. They met hours after NATO airstrikes battered Gadhafi's tanks, helping Libyan rebels push back government troops that had been advancing quickly toward the opposition's eastern stronghold.
The terms of the African Union's road map were unclear – such as whether it would require Gadhafi to pull his troops out of cities as rebels have demanded.
"We have completed our mission with the brother leader, and the brother leader's delegation has accepted the road map as presented by us," said South African President Jacob Zuma. He traveled to Tripoli with the heads of Mali and Mauritania to meet with Gadhafi, whose more than 40-year rule has been threatened by the uprising that began nearly two months ago.
"We will be proceeding tomorrow to meet the other party to talk to everybody and present a political solution," Zuma said. He called on NATO to end airstrikes to "give the cease-fire a chance."
Gadhafi has ignored the cease-fire he announced after international airstrikes were authorized last month, and he rejects demands from the rebels, the U.S. and its European allies that he relinquish power immediately.
Gadhafi enjoys substantial support from countries of the AU, an organization that he chaired two years ago and helped transform using Libya's oil wealth. So it is not clear whether rebels would accept the AU as a fair broker.
Though the AU has condemned attacks on civilians, last week its current leader, Equatorial Guinea President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, decried foreign intervention in Libya's nearly two-month-old uprising, which he declared to be an internal problem.
An official from the African bloc, Khellaf Brahan, said previously that its proposals call for an immediate cease-fire, opening channels for humanitarian aid and talks between the rebels and the government.
Through the rebels have improved discipline and organization, they remain a far less powerful force than Gadhafi's troops. Members of the international community have grown doubtful that the opposition can overthrow Gadhafi even with air support, and some are weighing options such as arming the fighters even while attempting diplomatic solutions.
A rebel battlefield commander said four airstrikes Sunday largely stopped heavy shelling by government forces of the eastern city of Ajdabiya – a critical gateway to the opposition's de facto capital of Benghazi. NATO's leader of the operation said the airstrikes destroyed 11 tanks near Ajdabiya and another 14 near Misrata, the only city rebels still hold in the western half of Libya.
NATO is operating under a U.N. resolution authorizing a no-fly zone and airstrikes to protect Libyan civilians.
The fighting in Ajdabiya on Sunday killed 23 people, 20 of them pro-Gadhafi forces, said Mohammed Idris, the supervisor of a hospital in the city. A total of 38 people were killed in fighting over the weekend, including 11 rebels and seven civilians, Idris said.
The main front line in Libya's uprising runs along a 600-mile (1,000-kilometer) coastal highway from Benghazi, Libya's second-largest city, to Tripoli, the capital, where Gadhafi's power is concentrated. Rebels have been pushed back on two previous advances toward Tripoli, both times as they approached the heavily fortified Gadhafi stronghold of Sirte.
Over the past few days, Gadhafi's forces have been knocking the rebels back eastward in their most sustained offensive since international airstrikes drove them back last month. If they had taken Ajdabiya, they would have had a clear path to opposition territory including Benghazi, about 100 miles (160 kilometers) away along the coast.
"If he controls Ajdabiya, he makes us feel like we are unsafe because he can move anywhere in the east," said Col. Hamid Hassy, the rebel battlefield commander.
Western airstrikes, initially conducted under U.S. leadership, began on March 19 to repel Gadhafi's forces just as they were at the doorstep of Benghazi.
Hassy said Gadhafi's forces fled the western gate of Ajdabiya and by mid-afternoon had been pushed back about 40 miles (60 kilometers) west of the city. However, sporadic shelling could still be heard around western Ajdabiya.
A body brought to the morgue, said to be a rebel fighter shot near Ajdabiya's west gate, had his hands and feet bound. Another body was an Algerian who had been fighting for Gadhafi, Dr. Suleiman Rafathi said at the hospital. He said the man's ID confirmed his origin, but that rebels took the ID before an Associated Press reporter arrived. Rebels have said many Gadhafi fighters are foreign mercenaries.
Another Gadhafi fighter, about 20 years old, was on a ventilator – brain-dead but with a beating heart, Rafathi said.
Rebel fighter Sami Kabdi said the young man had been firing out a window of a school. When rebels told him to surrender, he put the muzzle of his AK-47 under his chin and fired, Kabdi and Rafathi said.
Rebels had been growing critical of NATO, which accidentally hit opposition fighters in deadly airstrikes twice this month. They have complained that the alliance was too slow and imprecise, but Hassy, the rebel commander, said it is getting better.
"To tell you the truth, at first NATO was paralyzed but now they have better movement and are improving," he said.
The commander of the NATO operation, Canadian Lt. Gen. Charles Bouchard, stressed in a NATO statement that the point of the airstrikes was to protect civilians, not to work hand-in-hand with the rebels.
"The situation in Ajdabiya, and Misrata in particular, is desperate for those Libyans who are being brutally shelled by the regime. To help protect these civilians we continued to strike these forces hard," Bouchard said.
NATO noted that it is enforcing the no-fly zone on both sides, having intercepted a rebel MiG-23 fighter jet that it forced back to the airport Saturday.
In the embattled city of Misrata, the lone rebel outpost in the west of the country, residents said shelling continued Sunday, killing one and wounding two others seriously.
"We woke up at 7 a.m. from the tank fire," said a doctor working at the local hospital who spoke on condition of anonymity for fear of reprisal.
Libya's third-largest city has been pounded without cease for more than a month by Gadhafi's heavy weapons, but the rebels have managed to hold out.
In Tripoli, Libya's deputy foreign minister accused NATO of a double standard on the no-fly zone, claiming that government forces shot down two U.S.-built Chinook helicopters being used by rebel forces in the east of the country.
"We have a question for the allied forces – is this resolution made for the Libyan government only or everyone in Libya?" he asked.
The report could not be confirmed with the rebels, but journalists in the area did describe seeing at least one helicopter apparently fighting for the rebels in the area Saturday, though it lacked the distinctive double rotor design of the Chinook and appeared to be a Russian-built model.
Abbot reported from Benghazi, Libya.
Source: huffingtonpost.com
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text:
What A Young Basketball Player Felt As He Aimed For A Life-Changing Shot — And Missed
By Amy Isackson,
Jason Fuller
Biles' decision to withdraw from this week's Olympic competition shocked fans worldwide. She acknowledged that her emotional state was shaky and that being the star of the Olympics was no easy thing. Biles became the most recent athlete to train the spotlight on the mental health of competitors.
In sports, we usually focus on what's happening on the gym floor, the field or the court - what athletes are doing. Today, we're launching a series that focuses on what athletes are thinking during and after clutch moments in their performance. We're calling the series Almost a Dub, conversations with athletes about moments of victory, defeat and perseverance that went on to shape their lives.
CHANG: That moment for Darius Washington Jr. came 16 years ago. He was in college and one of the top five freshman basketball players in the country.
UNIDENTIFIED ANNOUNCER #1: Darius Washington Jr. - he's got 10 points.
CHANG: It was the championship game that would get his team, the University of Memphis Tigers, to the NCAA tournament - the so-called Big Dance. The Tigers were trailing, 75-73.
UNIDENTIFIED ANNOUNCER #1: Two-point game, Washington.
UNIDENTIFIED ANNOUNCER #2: He got hit.
UNIDENTIFIED ANNOUNCER #1: Foul on Garcia.
SHAPIRO: In the last second of the game, Washington is fouled and steps up to the line to take his free throws. Washington's dad, Darius Washington Sr., who was a good basketball player himself, had groomed his son for this moment.
DARIUS WASHINGTON SR: I grasped the concept of - it's all about winning. And that's what I instilled in him. Nobody remembers second place. No one.
DARIUS WASHINGTON JR: There wasn't a day that didn't go by that we didn't do something with the basketball. You know, we were in the gym, you know, from sunup to sundown pretty much. And we just pounded it, pounded it, pound it, until it became second nature.
DARIUS WASHINGTON SR: We were at a tournament, and they came in second place.
DARIUS WASHINGTON JR: Oh, yeah.
DARIUS WASHINGTON SR: So - and on the way home, he had the trophy. Remember this? He had the trophy in the car.
DARIUS WASHINGTON JR: Yeah, I was happy, yeah.
DARIUS WASHINGTON SR: So he was happy about that second-place trophy.
DARIUS WASHINGTON JR: I'm happy. Oh, yeah.
DARIUS WASHINGTON SR: And I was like, you can get in the car, but that second-place trophy ain't getting in this car.
DARIUS WASHINGTON JR: ...Ain't getting in this car.
DARIUS WASHINGTON SR: So...
DARIUS WASHINGTON SR: So he held it out the window while I was driving. Now, he's in the car; the trophy is out the car. And when I tell you I was trying to hit all the bumps and everything, you know, for he can drop that trophy because we wasn't going back to get it - from that point, he knew that second place was just something that we just was not going to tolerate.
CHANG: Man (laughter). Second place was not something we were going to tolerate - the dad lesson that was drilled into Darius Jr.'s head. And that lesson was on his mind as he stepped up to the line to make those free throws on March 12, 2005.
UNIDENTIFIED ANNOUNCER #1: If he hits three in a row, Memphis goes to the NCAA championship.
DARIUS WASHINGTON JR: I was nervous on the first free throw. But you see that one went in.
UNIDENTIFIED ANNOUNCER #1: Two to go.
UNIDENTIFIED ANNOUNCER #2: Boy, does that take the pressure off right now.
DARIUS WASHINGTON JR: The toughest one was the first one, for sure. When that one went in, like, you couldn't tell me I wouldn't make the next two. And when I missed the second one...
UNIDENTIFIED ANNOUNCER #2: Vern (ph), I would be hard pressed to tell you right now that if you - you'll see a more pressurized situation this year in this tournament as we're watching right here.
DARIUS WASHINGTON JR: I was like, all right, all right, I'm definitely going to knock this one down.
UNIDENTIFIED ANNOUNCER #1: Tournament's on the line.
DARIUS WASHINGTON JR: It fell short.
UNIDENTIFIED ANNOUNCER #1: Louisville wins.
UNIDENTIFIED ANNOUNCER #2: Somebody's got to go help that kid out.
SHAPIRO: When the third ball bounces off the rim, Darius Jr. sinks to his knees, pulls his jersey over his head and just lays down.
DARIUS WASHINGTON SR: We were actually behind him. So when he went down and I seen it, I knew from that point - and I had told my wife. I was like, I got to get down there 'cause they ain't going to get him off that court. So I tried to get down. Security's trying to stop me. Then somebody was like, that's his dad. The coaches was out there. I mean, they were trying to get him up, but he wasn't going nowhere 'cause I know my son.
So I get out there and bend down. And I was like, listen; we're going to walk out of here. We're going to walk out with our heads high, and we'll discuss all this in the locker room. So we went in the locker room. Basically, you know, he let it all out then, you know? He was frustrated. He was throwing stuff. And, you know, I was allowing him to do - you know, just get it all out, you know? And he was like, this not supposed to happen to me - dah, dah, dah, dah, dah (ph). And I was like, well, we in this together 'cause my name is Darius Washington, too.
DARIUS WASHINGTON SR: So I got to walk this path, too, for the rest of our lives. We can't rewind it back. We can't do anything. We're going to hold our heads up high, and we're going to make it work. So, you know, at this point, we just got to get out of here, get back to - you know, to the hotel, and we'll talk about it some more. For the first hour, you know, we was talking - me, him, my mom. His grandma was there. Everybody was there. So we were talking about it. Then he went and laid down. So I was sitting, looking at "SportsCenter." They were showing it. I'm looking - every channel I turn, I'm like, damn. So then I started to think. I'm like, now how can I - 'cause this is definitely not a good moment in the Washington household.
So how do I, you know, get this going so he can understand it's not the end of the world? He woke up, and we discussed a little bit more about it. I showed him where he went wrong then. I showed him, hey, this is where you lost focus. When you hit that first one, you looked over to the bench. You're doing your little thing, pointing. And he saw that, and he accepted it. So about 5 o'clock, I told him to get dressed. And he was like, where we going? 'Cause I had already thought about this before. And there's no need to run and hide because it's going to come and get you anyway. So I was like, come on, man, we're going down on Beale Street. And he was like, we're going to Beale Street?
DARIUS WASHINGTON JR: (Laughter) I was like, yo...
DARIUS WASHINGTON SR: (Laughter) I don't want to go to Beale Street. I said, no, we're going to Beale Street. So actually, that was the best move that could have ever happened because when we got down here, I mean, people were just, like, mobbing. They was, like, coming from all over, just mobbing, just, you know, giving him, you know, five and telling him it's all right; you know, we love you, you know? For you to do what you did, to bring them back, to show the passion, to lay out on that court, that showed that you left it all out there. And so from that point, it was real good, you know?
DARIUS WASHINGTON JR: I think if that would happen in today's era, you would have to get off social media because they going to kill you, for sure. Like, you know, with me following and - you know, all these graphics (laughter) - all these graphics and stuff they have, it's ridiculous. You know what I'm saying? So I think for the first week, you would have to definitely get off social media and let it calm down. You have to get your mental together. You got to get your mental together. Get off social media. But you got to deal with it on your terms.
CHANG: Darius Washington Jr. had a short stint in the NBA with the San Antonio Spurs. He continues to play professionally overseas.
(SOUNDBITE OF M83'S "MEET THE FRIENDS") Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
Amy Isackson