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THE GOLDEN SECTION: HISTORICAL DIGRESSIONS
The historical digressions given below concern the determination of the defining quadratic formula for the Golden Section: k2 - k - 1 = 0, thus k = Phi = 1.618033989.
Related material dealing with the determination of the latter in astronomical contexts are given in the following papers:
Part I: Bode's Flaw and the Structure of the Solar System ( http://www.spirasolaris.ca/sbb4a.html )
Part II. The Alternative ( http://www.spirasolaris.ca/sbb4b.html )
Part III. Exponential Order in the Solar System ( http://www.spirasolaris.ca/sbb4c.html )
Part IV: Spira Solaris Archytas-Mirabilis ( http://www.spirasolaris.ca/sbb4d.html ) contains The "Field Problem" referred to below.
In the above the general synodic formula for co-orbital bodies plays a fundamental role:
i.e., where T1 and T2 are mean sidereal periods of revolution (T2 > T1) and Ts the synodic (difference) cycle, for adjacent planetary periods of Phi 1 (T2 = 1.618033989 years) and reciprocal Phi -1 ( T1 = 0.618033989 years ), TS = Phi 0 = 1 year, thus in this particular astronomical context the relation incorporates three consecutive values of the Phi-Series:
HISTORICAL DIGRESSION I
Considering the ubiquitous number Phi = 1.618033989. in both modern and historical contexts it would seem that the relationship between natural growth and the Fibonacci Series is perhaps the best known ( i.e., with Phi the limiting value of the ratios of successive fibonacci numbers 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, etc.).
But Phi can also be defined in simple pythagorean terms relating to three points on a line, namely the division of the said line into two parts such that the ratio of the longer part to the shorter is in the same ratio as the longer part is to the whole. Easy enough to say (?), but how does one determine the precise values and the relationship itself?
It has been suggested in Parts I, II and III that Earth may be occupying an intermediate or synodic position between Venus and Mars (Venus: 0.61521 years; Earth 1 year, and 1.881 years for Mars) whereas the theoretical mean sidereal periods for these three planets form the sequence 0.618033989 years, 1 year, and 1.618033989 years, etc. Bearing in mind that it was synodic relation [1a] that permitted the determination of Phi in the present astronomical context, it is possible to reverse matters and ask what the length of the mean sidereal periods of planets on either side of Earth might be if this was indeed the case. Retaining unity as the standard reference, the sidereal period of Earth is therefore "given" as 1 year, but how does one go about determining the mean sidereal periods of the planets on either side--periods also expressed in years? Here, perhaps surprisingly, it proves useful to travel far back in time--almost four thousand years in fact--to the Old Babylonian Era [ 1900 - 1650 BCE ] to revisit attested Babylonian methodology for solving quadratic equations. Or, perhaps better stated, Babylonian algorithmic procedures applied to solve practical problems of this nature. Such problems in themselves are simple enough, e.g., the area of a rectangular field with sides of unknown length and width is given, along with the difference (i.e., xy = C and x-y = d, where both C and d are given and the dimensions of x and y are to be found). In simple terms the problem is therefore formulated as follows:
A Rectangular Field has an Area of 1
The difference between the Length and the Width is 1.
What are the values for the Length and the Width?
The modern solution via algebraic methods leads to a quadratic equation similar to that determined above for k, but what has this historical aside to do with the synodic formula and the quest for the sidereal periods (T1 and T3) of the planets on either side of Earth (T2) ?
Firstly, the period T2 = 1 year is not only given, it also provides the frame of reference for the sidereal and synodic periods of the planets in question, i.e., years.
Secondly, analogous to the procedure carried out for k we also know that the synodic period T2 is the product of the planetary periods (T3 x T1) divided by their difference (T3 - T1).
Thirdly, by setting the product T3 x T1 and the difference between T3 and T1 both equal to 1 the problem becomes the Babylonian variant in a simple two-dimensional form.
Lastly (and more to the point) this leads in turn to exactly the same quadratic equation as that obtained above for k, (i.e., k2 - k - 1 = 0).
Remaining with Old Babylonian methodology to obtain the length and the width of a rectangle with an area of 1 and a difference of 1 between the two sides the standard Babylonian procedure (firstly in sexagesimal notation) is essentially as follows (the values used here are not attested, as far as I know):
1. Take one half of the difference 1, the result is 0;30 [ Hold the result in your hand ]
2. Take the half-difference and square it, the result is 0;15
3. Take the 0;15 and add it to the area 1, the result is 1;15
4. Take the square root of 1;15, the result is 1;7,4,55,20,29,39,6,54
5. Add the half 0;30 (from step1) to the square root, the result is 1;37,4,55,20,29,39,6,54
6. What value when multiplied by 1;37,4,55,20,29,39,6,54 gives 1 (the area)?
7. 1;37,4,55,20,29,39,6,54 multiplied by 0;37,4,55,20,29,39,6,54 gives 1
8. 1;37,4,55,20,29,39,6,54 is the Length, 0;37,4,55,20,29,39,6,54 is the Width.
In decimal notation:
1. Take one half of the difference 1, the result is 0.5 [ carry the result ]
2. Take the half-difference and square it, the square is 0.25
3. Take the 0.25 and add it to the area 1, the sum is 1.25
4. Take the square root of 1.25, which is 1.118033989
5. Add the 0.5 (from step1) to the last square root to obtain 1.618033989
6. What value when multiplied by 1.618033989 results in an area of 1?
7. 1.618033989 multiplied by 0.618033989 gives 1
8. 1.618033989 is the Length, 0.618033989 is the Width.
Thus the mean sidereal periods of the two planets on either side of Earth (with a mean sidereal period of 1) are found to be 0.618033989 and 1.618033989 years respectively, i.e., the Phi-Series periods for Venus and Mars. The inclusion of the period of Earth provides three sequential values and hence the two constants of linearity, i.e., Phi and Phi-squared. None of which is to be taken as historical fact, though this precise determination remains feasible. What it does suggest, though, is that many more possibilities arise once this initial triad has been obtained--including the initial step towards the One and the Many.
On a technical note, the above treatment is linguistically imprecise and more verbose than the instructions given line-by-line in mathematical texts of the Old Babylonian Era while the use of the semi-colon to denote the equivalent of the decimal point is a modern addition for clarity. The square root of 5/4 given above as 1;7,4,55,20,29,39,6,54 is accurate to 14 decimal places but nevertheless readily obtainable from attested Babylonian procedures of the same era, specifically by the fourth iteration of the Babylonian version of "Newton's" method for approximating square roots. Rounding at the sixth and fifth places would also provide useful if slightly less accurate sexagesimal approximations for Phi of 1;37,4,55,20,29,40 and 1;37,4,55,20,30 respectively. To One sexagesimal place (1;37) the approximation is 1.61666*.
As for the Babylonian approach itself, from a modern viewpoint one could suggest that it results from an awareness that for problems of this nature the quadratic formula:
can be split into two parts, i.e., with a = 1, into b/2 to be added to the other part, which (if the 4 inside the square root is brought outside and cancelled by the divisor 2) also includes b/2 already calculated, as expressed in the above procedure. Thus the Babylonian algorithm is essentially the simplified form:
where b is the difference between the length and the width, and c is their product, the area. Which is not to say that this was how it was arrived at by Babylonian mathematicians. But what can be suggested here is that it takes a fair degree of competency whichever way one looks at it, and this proves to be true in other aspects of Babylonian methodology, including the techniques laid out in the Babylonian astronomical cuneiform texts of the much later Seleucid Era [ 310 BCE - 75 CE ], predated in turn by the time of Archytas.
Which returns us to the present orientation, bearing with us the method by which two mean proportionals may be obtained--values that are not only the theoretical solutions to the sidereal periods for the planets on either side of Earth (Venus and Mars), but also the sequential values Phi -1, Phi 0 and Phi 1 that belong to both the Phi-Series and the Phi-Series exponential planetary framework. As for the latter, although the topic belongs to the next section, it can be said that this trio of numbers and related periods encapsulate much of what is stated above, for as discussed in the later sections, they also appear among the velocities, and other repetitions are evident, especially in the case of Mercury.
HISTORICAL DIGRESSION II
A further consideration concerning Phi in historical contexts is that binary representations naturally come to mind, especially with respect to ancient Egypt, for Phi is not only implicit in the structure of the pyramids, it is possibly inherent in Egyptian "Horus-Eye" Fractions in addition. In his continuation of Schwaller de Lubicz' symbolist approach to ancient Egypt John Anthony West1 gave a concise introduction to this complex subject in Serpent in the Sky1 as follows:
Measure, volume and the eye
Egyptian measures and volumes refer both to man and to the earth, and the symbolic means Egypt chose to express here measures reflects her profound understanding of the relationships between the measures themselves and those human faculties that allow man to measure in the first place. Perhaps the most striking and convincing example of this is the eye, Ouadjit.
The eye gives man access to space, to volume, hence to measure. In Egypt, the symbol of the eye is comprised of those symbols that stand for the various fractions of the hekat. The symbols total up to 63/64... The symbols for the parts derive from the myth in which the eye of Horus is torn to bits by set. Later Thoth miraculously reunites the bits. (John Anthony West, Serpent in the Sky: The High Wisdom of Ancient Egypt, Quest Books, Wheaton,1993:70-71; for the fractional parts of the eye see also: Amun.com: The Eye of Horus)
while more recently further details and insights made available on the Internet, courtesy J.D. Degreef and Guardian's Ancient Egypt Bulletin Board:
The Eye of Horus first occurs as an expression in the Pyramid Texts, from the reign of the last 5th dynasty king, Unas, on (we don't have older offering ritual texts). There it characterizes all kinds of offerings, presented to the deceased or his cult statue. But the theme of the Horus Eye is older. On model offering vases from king Neferirkare's complex (also 5th dyn.), the Eye of Horus is represented under the form of the Udjat-Eye. This is a hybrid creation : the eyelids and eyebrow seem human, the tear-shaped part could be from a falcon's eye, and the curl towards the back could derive from a feline eye (not my idea). But on Neferirkare's vase, there are feather motives showing that the Udjat's owner there was a bird, very probably the well-known Horus falcon. Now fragments of such incrustations have been found in at least one of the accessory tombs of Djoser's pyramid (3d dyn.), which would tend to indicate that the theme of the Horus falcon's Eye already existed at the time, and that it could also be used in the cult of private people. This is very important, for it shows that the dead, not only the kings, became gods of a pre-Osiris type. For when we ask ourselves to which specific Horus the Eye belonged, we must take into account the setting in which the Eye is mentioned in the ritual. And this is filled with allusions to the reconstitution of a dismembered body. In the divine sphere, this could correspond with a corn-god who is threshed ("dismembered") or to the Moon, whose waning phases could be a nice image of dismemberment –and the waxing to reconstitution !-, or of both of the above. There are later myths related with the bringing back of the god's solar eye, but I don't feel the link with dismemberment would be as natural in that case. Also, the deceased dwells in a nightly country, which is more the Moon's than the Sun's realm. The link of the Udjat with corn is shown by the fact that during the New Kingdom the subdivisions of the bushel are indicated by pieces of the Eye. That this is a much more ancient theme is shown by the occurrence of the tear part of the Udjat on a box from the cache of Hetepheres, Kheops' mother (4th dyn.). It is there associated with the symbol of Horus of Letopolis, a god whose power fluctuates between a seeing / non-seeing or a large-eyed / small-eyed phase. This is a god of the Haroeris class, i.e. a homologue of Osiris. The Letopolitan's symbol also occurs on Neferirkare's vase. So although the Eye of Horus may at times have been identified with the Sun IMO it was at first mainly if not exclusively lunar. In Egypt everything is assimilated with anything else anyhow. (J.D. Degreef, January 16, 2001, Guardian's Ancient Egypt Bulletin Board; italics supplied).
In searching for mathematical details to examine this matter further, however, one comes to realizes that--for whatever reason--there is a strange dearth of information concerning both ancient Egyptian astronomy and Egyptian mathematics. Although largely and perhaps unjustly down-graded in the past, the asssociated complexities are nevertheless clearly apparent in an upward revision of the latter provided by Milo Rea Gardner in 1995 (emphases supplied):
As the esteemed history of mathematics journal HISTORIA MATHEMATICA reviewed in its Feb. 1995 issue, HM 22, Sylvia Couchoud's 208 page amateur paper was worthy of a closer look by professional mathematical historians. Maurice Caveing's review of Sylvia Couchoud's work is totally in French, I may have been able to read about 75% of Maurice's comments, but even on that level I found a review of 2,000 BC Egyptian fractions has been grossly under valued by Egyptologists and math historians. You may be able to appreciate the following facts:
1. Prior to 2,000 BC Egyptian fractions followed a binary structure, with the notation being called Horus-Eye, as noted by 1 = 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + 1/32 + 1/64 + ... + 1/2n + ...
2. Babylonian base 60 followed a very similar structure such that zero was not required to be used. Only the fractions needed were listed. No zero place holders were required, as our base 10 decimal system required.
3. By 2,000 BC Babylonian algebra has been reported by the majority of mathematical historians, such as Boyer in his popular text, that this rhetorical algebra is equivalent to our modern algebra I.
4. Yet even the algebraic geometry listed in the Moscow Papyrus, 2,000 BC, as noted by Couchoud, continues to under valued, as connected to an unworthy form of Egyptian hieratic arithmetic.
5. By 1850 BC, as recorded in 1650 BC by Ahmes in the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus a hieratic form of fractions alters greatly from the earlier Horus -Eye hieroglyphic fractions.
6. History of Science authors like Neugebauer, Gillings and Knorr have cited a consistent composite number pattern, as I prefer to write as: 2/pq = (1/q+1/pq)2/(p+1) where p and q are prime with p >q.
7. Neugebauer notes the general algorithmic aspect of the composite form, as does Gillings for the multiple of 3 case, and as does Knorr.
8. Disagreement between scholars is noted on two levels for the exceptions 2/35, 2/91 and 2/95.
... Concerning 2/35 and 2/91 a well known pattern does emerge, refuting the conclusions set down by scholars, a form that is clearly an inverted Greek Golden Proportion, the product of the arithmetic mean and the harmonic mean. Note that the arithmetic mean A = (p + q)/2 and the Harmonic mean H = 2pq/(p + q) can be seen as 2/AH = 2/pq = (1/p + 1/q)2/(p + q). Fill in the values for p = 5, q = 7 for 2/35 and p = 7 and q = 13 for 2/91 and see what I mean. As a 500 AD to 800 AD Akhmim Papyrus points out, the Egyptian inverted Golden Proportion seems to be improved upon, as Howard Eves noted in his AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS textbook, by: z/pq = 1/pr + 1/qr where r = (p + q)/2.
2.Second is the exception 2/95, which is really: 2/19 stated as a prime unit fractions time 1/5. Here the prime unit fraction algorithm is revealed by: 2/p = 1/a + (2a - p)/ap where a is a highly divisible number, about 2/3rds the value of p....
It should be noted at the prime number pattern point that two aspects are significant. First, and most importantly, all prime numbers in the RMP 2/nth table follow this rule (RMP = Rhind Mathematical Papyrus. Since there are no exceptions could it be that the famous Sieve of Eratosthenes was anticipated by over 1,500 years? Second, the essentials of the aliquot part algorithm, divisors of the first partition, was noted by B.L. van der Waerden in SCIENCE AWAKENING, about 30 years ago.(Milo Rea Gardner, 1995: Breaking The RMP 2/nth Table Code).
In the present context it is the earliest material associated with the Horus-Eye fractions followed by the references to the Golden Proportion that are of primary interest; but why was this particular set of base-2 fractions chosen in the first place, why was so much importance attached to the "Eye of Horus" historically, and what can be made of the legend that the "eye" is first torn to bits and then restored by Thoth?
What follows next is necessarily hypothetical, but certain implications can hardly be denied, not least of all the likely growth of mathematics and geometry in consort with the rise of agriculture born from the annual inundation of the Nile. As for the eventual awareness of Phi in this context, here again the dimensions and areas of fields might apply, though this need not be the only avenue available. It could, for example, have been perceived more readily and more naturally from nothing more than the observation of nature, as indeed stated by Ovid in a later era:
"The three-fold number is present in all things whatsoever; nor did we ourselves discover this number, but rather nature teaches it to us"
This observation leads naturally enough to the phyllotaxic side of the matter (for details on this topic see part D above and the related links); in other words, the acute observation of nature might reasonably lead to an early awareness of the various ratios known to exist in plants, etc.--ratios that often embrace the first dozen or so Fibonacci numbers, i.e., 8:13, 13;21, 34:55, 55:89, etc. Thus there is more than one way to become aware of the "three-fold number." Where such an awareness might lead is another matter, but we can at least explore the possibility in the earlier Egyptian context with respect to the Horus-Eye Fractions.
Suppose, for example, the ancient Egyptians were indeed aware of the phyllotaxic side of the matter but the knowledge was largely confined to priestly hierachies, etc. If so, the significance of the "Horus-eye" fractions might not be immediately obvious to the uninitiated. However, we do know that the hieroglyphs representing the parts of the Eye of Horus are base-2 fractions that extend out to the sixth place (i.e., 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + 1/32 + 1/64) giving a total that is less than unity. In one sense this may be economy of method; but in another it may also point to the reciprocal of Phi as long as is is understood that the ratio of the reciprocal of Phi to unity is in the same ratio as unity is to Phi itself, etc.
Consider now the reciprocal of Phi (0.618033989...) to the sixth place in base-2:
Stage I: 1/2 + 1/16 + 1/32 + 1/64 = 0.609375
or better still, to the seventh place, which is:
Stage II: 1/2 + 1/16 + 1/32 + 1/64 + 1/128 = 0.6171875
The latter approximation is still on the low side, but more importantly, expressed fully in base-2 the complete sequence is in fact:
Stage II: 1/2 + 0/4 + 0/8 + 1/16 + 1/32 + 1/64 + 1/128 = 0.6171875
In other words (i.e., in binary notation: 0;1,0,0,1,1,1,1) the adjacent Horus-eye fractions 1/4 and 1/8 are both "missing" in the result, while in the "Eye of Horus" the hieroglyphs that correspond to 1/4 and 1/8 represent the pupil of the eye and the eyebrow respectively. But clearly, although returning 1/4 and 1/8 and removing 1/128 would restore the "eye" to the original condition, this would hardly be of much value, nor would it require the ministrations of Thoth--god of wisdom and learning. Nevertheless, the latter, with the head and long curved beak of the sacred Ibis bird--is said to have restored the eyes to Horus, who in turn is typified as a falcon--a genus that not only possesses a curved beak and talons, but also far smaller eyes and "eyebrows" than the original representation. Moreover, as J.D. Degreef noted above:
(1) " On model offering vases from king Neferirkare's complex (also 5th dyn.), the Eye of Horus is represented under the form of the Udjat-Eye.This is a hybrid creation : the eyelids and eyebrow seem human, the tear-shaped part could be from a falcon's eye..."
(2) " The link of the Udjat with corn is shown by the fact that during the New Kingdom the subdivisions of the bushel are indicated by pieces of the Eye. That this is a much more ancient theme is shown by the occurrence of the tear part of the Udjat on a box from the cache of Hetepheres, Kheops' mother (4th dyn.). It is there associated with the symbol of Horus of Letopolis, a god whose power fluctuates between a seeing / non-seeing or a large-eyed / small-eyed phase." (italics supplied).
Here we receive some guidance, for we can indeed effect a restoration for the "small-eyed" phase by adding smaller fractions of "1/4" and "1/8" from the mathematical relationship 5ro = 1/64 hekat (Gillings, 1972:210),2 i.e., by adding 1/4ro + 1/8ro = 1/1280 + 1/2560 to Stage II to obtain the following result:
Stage III: 1/2 + 0/4 + 0/8 + 1/16 + 1/32 + 1/64 + 1/128 +1/4ro + 1/8ro = 0.618359375
(or: 1/2 + 1/16 + 1/32 + 1/64 + 1/128 +1/1280 + 1/2560)
Neither Stage II nor Stage III yield the reciprocal of Phi, of course, but while the addition of unity to stage II produces a fair approximation, the reciprocal of Stage III (to the seventh decimal place) also produces a comparable result, i.e.,
Stage II+1 = 1.6171875
1/Stage III = 1.6171828
Though still not Phi, the above may nevertheless be considered in phyllotaxic terms, specifically approximations that lie between phyllotaxic ratios of 76/47 (Lucas) and 55/34 (Fibonacci), i.e.,
76/47 = 1.6170213
as similarly encountered in Part IV (sbb4d.html) noted above.
The inclusion of Lucas and Fibonacci ratios here can hardly be considered that surprising given that the former is readily apparent via the "rectangles and areas" Phi-series route, and the latter from the observation of nature, etc. Moreover, for the Fibonacci and Lucas series there are also ways and means to simplify matters, i.e., approaches that deal with integers rather than fractions, as alluded to by Plutarch with respect to the "First of Unities" described in an obscure work entitled Timeus the Locrian, etc. (for details, plus pythagorean and related aspects see Section IVc: The Fourth Planet and the Fifth Element).
With respect to ancient Egypt further complexities no doubt arise from the inundative and regenerative elements of the Nile on one hand and the associated pantheon of Egyptian gods and goddesses on the other. Then again other difficulties arise from a largely modern dichotomy that relegates Egyptian science and methodology while elevating the achievements of the later Greek commentators and philosophers. Yet historically this dichotomy may well be incorrect given the acknowledged Egyptian influence on Pythagoras, the apparent Egyptian background to the Timeus of Plato, and the continuity provided by the likes of Proclus and later commentators. The critical question here is not rejection of the premise itself, but to what degree the extant Pythagorean material and other historical sources can be applied to regain a better understanding of ancient Egyptian wisdom.
In closing, it seems entirely possible a clearer understanding can be achieved, though not without the reinstatement of Mother Earth in her rightful position. To which may also be added the re-apportionment of the numbers and the genders of the four primary elements along with the recognition of the seven visible planets and the nine luminaries.
Copyright © 1997. John N. Harris, M.A.(CMNS). Last Updated on March 13, 2007.
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Yelle is a French band founded by lead singer and namesake Yelle (Julie Budet) and GrandMarnier (Jean-François Perrier). A third member, Tepr (Tanguy Destable), joined the band before the recording of their debut album. Yelle and GrandMarnier began working on music together in 2000. The band came to prominence when it posted an early version of the song "Je veux te voir" on Myspace in September 2005, which later reached the top five in France. The success of the song on Myspace attracted the attention of a record label, which set them to work on their debut album, Pop Up, which was released in 2007. The group's second album, Safari Disco Club, was released in 2011 and the third Complètement fou in 2014.
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Interpassion is a song by musical group Yelle, released on April 7, 2017.
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Safari Disco Club is the second studio album by the French electropop trio Yelle.
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French band Yelle, founded by lead singer and namesake Yelle (Julie Budet) and GrandMarnier (Jean-François Perrier), has returned to the music scene with a brand new and quite unexpected single called "Interpassion". The track becomes the duo's ...
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The Geography-Anthropology program offers a teacher certification track for prospective elementary teachers. The Elementary Teacher Education Program is designed to prepare elementary school teachers, grades K-8, who are knowledgeable of the content they will teach and who have the skills to apply that knowledge to teaching. Elementary education students major in Geography-Anthropology (choosing one of three specializations) and take a series of teacher education courses that fulfill their University Core Curriculum requirements and the requirements for teacher certification in their discipline. These courses introduce students to aspects of teaching and learning and give them hands-on experiences in community agencies and schools where they can connect what they are learning to the real world. At the time of degree completion, students will have met the degree requirements for their Geography-Anthropology major and for initial teacher certification. Additionally, with further coursework, graduates can be certified to teach social studies at the secondary (7-12) level.
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Students must complete elective credits to complete the 120 credit hour degree. Students pursuing elementary teacher education must complete no fewer than 6 credits in each of the following content areas (outside their major): Math, English, Science, and Social Studies. Courses in the Core count toward the minimum of six credits.
The Elementary Teacher Education Program is designed to prepare elementary school teachers, grades K-8, who are knowledgeable of the content they will teach and who have the skills to apply that knowledge to teaching. Elementary education students major in the discipline they plan to teach and take a series of teacher education courses that fulfill their University Core Curriculum requirements and the requirements for teacher certification in their discipline. These courses introduce students to aspects of teaching and learning and give them hands-on experiences in community agencies and schools where they can connect what they are learning to the real world. At the time of degree completion, students will have met the degree requirements for a major and for initial teacher certification.
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Those interested in teaching at the middle level (grades 6-8), it is recommended that they complete coursework in a second content area (.e., English, mathematics, social studies or science) to become highly qualified to teach an additional content area. Finally, students should consider taking education courses that will support them to become better teachers including, but not limited to, topics such as literacy, technology, understanding and collaborating with families.
In order to be eligible for internship, students must successfully complete the candidacy process. Students must apply for candidacy through TK20 by creating a free Tk20 account and completing a candidacy application. In addition to the above academic requirements, students must submit three letters of recommendation and passing scores on the Praxis Core and participate in candidacy interview.
Graduates who successfully complete all the teacher education program requirements are eligible for recommendation for teacher certification in Maine. In order to be recommended for certification, students must complete the Recommendation for Certification form. Students who fail to meet the academic or professional teacher education program requirements or choose not to pursue teacher certification may withdraw from the teacher education pathway and graduate with their major.


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Sonic Forces Review
Sonic Forces Review – New Adventures About Sonic
Sonic Forces is a project from a famous series. In this game, you will go on a new adventure with Sonic and fight with his old enemies. During the development of the game, all elements were improved. Download Sonic Forces and enjoy the game on Nintendo Switch.
The graphics look very good, making you feel nostalgic. Visually familiar levels presented at new angles look amazing, and, therefore, you often just want to stop and look around.
The screenshots in the game are bright, colorful, and you will immediately want to use them as wallpaper. A pleasant soundtrack that accompanies the game makes the gameplay all the more exciting.
Gameplay: 4
Sonic Forces is a new game about Sonic, in which you can create your own character with the help of the most powerful gadgets, rush at insane speed through the ruins with Modern Sonic, and perform incredible stunts on dangerous platforms with Classic Sonic.
Dr. Eggman with the help of the mysterious villain almost conquered the world. Your task is to gather an army and fight him off. You will need to go through a difficult storyline to win a hard battle. In Sonic Forces, you can control a classic character. Or just create your own character and fight enemies with the use of various devices.
The game is considered to be a continuation of the series and has become even better than its predecessors. It is released for the Nintendo Switch platform, and full compatibility is guaranteed with the console. Immerse yourself in the rapid gameplay with three different styles, explore the classic levels, and fight in brand new ones, playing for Shadow.
Controls: 4.5
According to the Sonic Forces review, it is very easy to control the game. Using the left controller, you can control the movement, while the right controller is responsible for hitting, jumping, accelerating, and turning the camera.
On the left, there is a screenshot button — for creating screenshots, and on the right, there is the Home button that will take you to the menu. Joy cons can capture the movement of hands, which is convenient, for example, when aiming.
Sonic Forces is not that popular among the players as other games of the series. Perhaps, if there were no other Sonic games in recent years, any game about a blue hedgehog and his companions would have looked good. But having an excellent Sonic Mania that came out right before Sonic Forces, I don't want to recommend the latter. If you want to get real cool emotions from Sonic, then play Mania.
Modern 3D stages of the game are great and show you what the game could have been. Classic 2D gameplay is the worst part of the three characters. The design of levels has also been poor. Unfortunately, the efforts of the team to create another cool game about Sonic were not successful.
If you're a real fan of Sonic, then you may still download Sonic Forces because that's what everyone who has nostalgic feelings does. It is not worth paying $29.99 to buy this game because there are better games in the series.
Controls 4.5
A good idea with the avatar;
A successful connection between the two-dimensional and three-dimensional levels;
Some stages turned out really good.
Monotonous additional content;
Uninteresting plot.
One of the most trending games right now!
Sonic Forces FAQ
There's not a lot of questions about Sonic Forces. Ask insistently in the comments so you can make it frequent! Yup,take me to comments
Overwatch?: Origins Edition
© SEGA. SEGA, the SEGA logo and Sonic Mania are either registered trademarks or trademarks of SEGA Holdings Co., Ltd. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. SEGA is registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. All other trademarks, logos and copyrights are property of their respective owners.


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What Does Progesterone Do? The Top 8 Impacts.
By Lindsay Meisel | May 16, 2017 ✓ Fact checked
Poor progesterone—it doesn't get nearly as much attention as estrogen. Everyone knows estrogen as the "female" hormone but hardly anyone talks about estrogen's partner in crime, progesterone. And it's too bad, because progesterone is a super hormone with the power to help women sleep better, grow stronger, and feel more relaxed.
To increase your hormone IQ, read about the top eight impacts of progesterone.
Sustains the uterine lining. High levels of progesterone after ovulation help thicken and maintain the uterine lining. A short luteal phase (under 10 days) can indicate low levels of progesterone, which can make it harder to get pregnant because the egg doesn't have enough time to burrow and implant.
Builds strong bones. The process of maintaining strong bones involves the removal of old bone (accomplished by cells called osteoclasts) and replacing it with new bone (created by osteoblasts). While estrogen is involved in maintaining existing bone, only progesterone can help build new bone by stimulating osteoblast activity. Both irregular cycles and short luteal phases are risk factors for bone loss.
Boosts metabolism. You know how your basal body temperature rises by a half a degree after ovulation? That's because of rising levels of progesterone. Progesterone increases your metabolic rate, causing your body temperature to rise, increasing your appetite and energy levels.
Helps you quit bad habits. A new study from the University of Pennsylvania showed that during the luteal phase, when progesterone was high, there was a stronger active connection between a part of the brain responsible for cravings and rewards, and a part responsible for decision making. The researchers hypothesize that the change may enhance cognitive control, making it easier to quit bad habits like smoking and drinking.
Aids sleep. Progesterone is known to help women fall asleep faster, have less disturbed deep sleep, and stay asleep longer.
Smooths skin and improves hair growth. Progesterone decreases the male hormones androgens, resulting in faster-growing hair and smooth, acne-free skin.
Protects against breast and endometrial cancer. Progesterone counteracts estrogen's stimulating effect on breast and uterine tissue.
It makes you constipated. It's a muscle relaxant, so it can have a dampening effect on the normal bowel contractions that help you stay regular. High progesterone is the reason why so many pregnant women complain of constipation, and it's also the reason why some women get constipated after ovulation.
By Lindsay Meisel | May 16, 2017
Tags: luteal phase, progesterone
Lindsay Meisel
Lindsay Meisel is the Head of Content at Ava. She has over a decade of experience writing about science, technology, and health, with a focus on women's health and the menstrual cycle. Her work has been featured on The Fertility Hour, The Birth Hour, The Breakthrough Journal, and The Rumpus.
hCG levels: Everything You Need to Know about the Pregnancy Hormone
Hormones 101: Finally Understand Your Reproductive Hormones
Why Repoductive Hormones Are the Key to Your Health
What Causes Brown Discharge and What Does it Mean?
Leukorrhea: Is This White Vaginal Discharge an Early Sign of Pregnancy?
When to Take a Pregnancy Test (Don't Take it Too Early!)
How to Identify Implantation Cramps
How Often Should You Have Sex to Get Pregnant?
Women's Health Lacks Data—Ava is Pioneering a Solution
Ava Publishes Peer-Reviewed Clinical Paper
Monthly Mood Tracker—The Emotional Journey of TTC
FAQs Part II: Commonly Asked Questions About Ava
FAQs—Answered by the Ava Team
pregnancy trying to conceive ttc hormones ovulation fertility tracking your cycle progesterone
About Avaworld
At Ava, our mission is to serve as a partner in women's health, and one of the most important ways we can support women is providing education. We created Avaworld so that women could get evidence-based information about fertility, pregnancy, and the menstrual cycle, backed by real science.
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Tag Archives: The Second City
Author, Comedian, & Public Speaker Jessica Holmes to host A Woman's Legacy Event on Nov. 21
Jessica Holmes joins former Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard, famed Canadian songstress Jann Arden, and best-selling author of Introverts Susan Cain in the incredible line up of inspirational women visiting Toronto to speak at A Woman's Legacy Event on November 21, 2013.
This annual event draws an audience of motivated women including successful businesswomen, entrepreneurs and the who's who in the city to learn first hand from internationally renowned women. Bridging a cross section of industries to come together and be empowered. A Woman's Legacy brings together experts who speak about their personal stories and their secrets to success in areas that cover communication strategies, motivation, smart investing, innovation, stress management and more.
Tickets are available from $189 and can be purchased on line at legacymastery.com
Jessica Holmes – Author, Comedian, & Public Speaker
Jessica Holmes starred on Royal Canadian Air Farce and The Holmes Show, and is the author of I Love Your Laugh: Finding the Light in my Screwball Life. Also a Life Coach, she tours Canada with her quirky combination of humour & inspiration.
Holmes has opened for comedians like Jerry Seinfeld, Leslie Nielsen, and Ellen DeGeneres, as well as hosted events for such visionaries as Deepak Chopra, Tony Robbins, and Oprah Winfrey! Although a comedian at heart, having performed with the Second City and Just for Laughs, Holmes has recently delved into writing: penning the book I Love Your Laugh: Finding the Light in My Screwball Life. Jessica majored in writing at Ryerson's Radio & Television Arts BFA program, and again ended up spending her free time involved in comedy: acting in and then directing the annual sketch comedy show, titled RIOT. There, a few of the performers dared each other to try stand up. Four of them, Jessica included, performed at amateur night at The Laugh Resort. Jessica was hooked on the terrifying adrenaline ride that is stand up comedy, and decided to try it on as a career. During her years on Air Farce, Jessica had two children, Alexa and Jordan, with her actor husband Scott. Holmes wrote her first book, I Love Your Laugh: Finding the Light in my Screwball Life, in 2010. Having fallen in love with public speaking, Holmes decided to deepen the scope of her material by becoming a Life & Career Coach through San Diego's Life Purpose Institute. She now enjoys a mix of comedy & motivational speaking.
Website: jessicaholmes.com
Twitter: @happyfeetholmes, @JuliaGillard, @jannarden, @susancain
This entry was posted in Jessica Holmes and tagged 60 Minute Perspective Makeover, A Woman's Legacy, Air Farce, arts, Australian, author, best selling, Biz Network, book, British Columbia, business, Canada, Canadian, CBC, Celine Dion, Comedian, comedy, conference, Deepak Chopra, Ellen DeGeneres, Entertainment Tonight, Entertainment Tonight Canada, entrepreneurs, event, famed, festival, George Stroumboulopoulos, Geri Halliwell, goals, humor, I Love Your Laugh, inspiration, Introvert, Jann Arden, Jerry Seinfeld, Jessica Holmes, Julia Gillard, Just For Laughs, Keynote, Lesley Diana, Leslie Nielsen, life coach, Life Purpose Institute, Liza Minnelli, motivational speaker, North America, November, Oprah Winfrey, Ottawa, Pivotal Media, PR firm, press, Prime Minister, psychology, Public Speaker, radio, reality, RIOT, Royal Canadian Air Farce, Ryerson, Ryerson University, San Diego, songstress, Stand Up, standup, Susan Cain, television, The Holmes Show, The Promotion People, The Second City, Tony Robbins, Toronto, Urban Retreat, Vancouver, Venezuela, WIBN Conference, women, Women in Glaucoma, WorldFest on November 17, 2013 by press.
Canadian funny woman Jessica Holmes to deliver Keynote Finale at WIBN Conference & Urban Retreat in Vancouver on October 6th & 7th, 2013
Jessica has successfully transitioned from an in-demand comedian, to a sought-after comedic motivational speaker and author
Royal Canadian Air Farce & The Holmes Show's Jessica Holmes, a comedian and motivational speaker, will be bringing her mix of characters, comedy, and inspirational tips to Vancouver this October. Jessica will be delivering a keynote address at the Women in Biz Network conference to uplift and motivate entrepreneurs and business women in Western Canada. As a mom, successful speaker, author, and Life Coach, Holmes has received hundreds of standing ovations in the two years since she transformed her comedy routine into a self-help/humour hybrid. One of the most requested speakers in Canada, Holmes gives an inspiring and engaging appearance. Jessica shares tips on success, re-branding, and motivation, and shares how laughter now defines her life since recovering from post-partum depression. Her talk, called the 60 Minute Perspective Makeover, is detailed below.
The 60 Minute Perspective Makeover
The secrets of success are the same no matter what business you're in; and success begins with getting motivated. Inspiration and comedy unite in this 60-minute transformation from "I shoulda…" to "I will!" Energizing and funny, this call to action combines Jessica's humor and savvy to deliver motivational insights into:
• Finding greater meaning in your work
• Using positive psychology to be happier day to day
• Setting and reaching your goals
• Learning to laugh at life's shortcomings
Jessica gives quick, achievable how-tos about these topics and more, in a laugh-out-loud hour of fun. The audience receives great takeaways & follow-up resources to guarantee that Jessica's presentation makes a meaningful impact. See more at: http://goforitevent.com/jessicaholmes/#sthash.doXX9FAz.dpuf
Before her transition to a successful speaker, Jessica was a well-established comedian and performer. She has opened for the likes of Oprah Winfrey, Leslie Nielsen and Ellen DeGeneres throughout her career.
Jessica is best known for her seven-year stint on the award winning CBC series "Royal Canadian Air Farce". In 2002, Holmes landed her own sketch comedy show appropriately titled, "The Holmes Show". The show featured dead-on personifications of Celine Dion, Liza Minnelli and Geri Halliwell. That same year, her musical comedy special "Holmes Alone" won the Platinum Award at WorldFest.
In recent years, Holmes has shifted her comedy from the stage to the print world as a comedy author. Her book titled, "I Love Your Laugh: Finding the Light in My Screwball Life", offers readers her witty observations on everything from her hilarious take on parenthood, her eclectic upbringing by a Mormon father and feminist mother, and her experiences as a missionary in Venezuela.
It's hard to imagine that this funny woman didn't always see the laughter in things. Holmes suffered from a near crippling depression that threatened her every day life and career. Once recovered, she made the decision to dedicate her life to discovering what creates lasting balance and fulfillment.
Holmes is shooting the new web series That's My JD, developing a comedic reality series with Pivotal Media and a tween musical series with Marblemedia, appearing as a frequent guest on shows like "Entertainment Tonight Canada" and "George Stroumboulopoulos Tonight", and is set to release her second comedy book due out in 2014.
Twitter: @happyfeetholmes
This entry was posted in Jessica Holmes and tagged 60 Minute Perspective Makeover, author, Biz Network, book, British Columbia, business, Canada, Canadian, CBC, Celine Dion, comedy, conference, Ellen DeGeneres, Entertainment Tonight, Entertainment Tonight Canada, entrepreneurs, festival, George Stroumboulopoulos, Geri Halliwell, goals, humor, I Love Your Laugh, inspiration, Jessica Holmes, Just For Laughs, Keynote, Lesley Diana, Leslie Nielsen, life coach, Liza Minnelli, motivational speaker, North America, Oprah Winfrey, Ottawa, Pivotal Media, PR firm, press, psychology, radio, reality, Royal Canadian Air Farce, Ryerson University, standup, television, The Holmes Show, The Promotion People, The Second City, Urban Retreat, Vancouver, Venezuela, WIBN Conference, women, Women in Glaucoma, WorldFest on September 17, 2013 by press.
Canadian funny woman Jessica Holmes celebrates her milestone birthday in Toronto with a fundraising comedy event at Hugh's Room on August 25th, 2013
Jessica currently tours the country with her unique brand of humour—appearing as a guest speaker at a variety of events
Ottawa native Jessica Holmes continues to delight and amuse national and international audiences with her popular comedy routines and celebrity impersonations. Holmes has opened for the likes of Oprah Winfrey, Leslie Nielsen and Ellen DeGeneres throughout her career. Jessica is a sought-after keynote speaker at high profile events across the country. Most recently, she appeared at the Women in Glaucoma Conference last month in Vancouver, and will be at The Women In Biz Network Go For It conference (designed to give women entrepreneurs the support and skills to enhance business performance) in October.
Between raising her family and her busy professional schedule, Jessica has also been gearing up to celebrate a milestone birthday. At the end of this month, Jessica will turn the big 4-0 and felt it was an important birthday to celebrate, while also giving back. "For a woman in my industry, aging can be considered a bad thing. So I wanted to turn that on its head and make my 40th birthday something I'm proud of, something I would shout from the mountaintops! And I found that opportunity: I'm celebrating my 15 year career, my friends in the industry, and my involvement in philanthropy in an intimate fund-raiser at Hugh's Room," says Jessica. "I'm happy, healthy, and submerged in community, friendship, and a career I love. Turning 40 is awesome!" The fundraising event, which offers a night chock-full of entertainment, supports Yellow Brick Road House—a shelter for abused women and children. More details on Jessica's event at Hugh's Room is available HERE.
Holmes has become on of the most sought-after speakers in Canadian business by creating a motivational comedy performance about positive psychology called "The 60 Minute Perspective Makeover". She tours the country offering audiences her own tips and perspective on how to lead a more fulfilling and happy life through setting personal goals.
She originally majored in writing at Ryerson University's Radio and Television arts program when a classmate dared her to try standup. The Second City, Just For Laughs festival and TV shows like "Little Big Kid" and "The Itch", got her noticed by television casting agents.
Press: huffingtonpost.ca
This entry was posted in Jessica Holmes and tagged Biz Network, British Columbia, Canada, comedy, conference, Ellen DeGeneres, Entertainment Tonight Canada, festival, George Stroumboulopoulos, Just For Laughs, Lesley Diana, Leslie Nielsen, North America, Oprah Winfrey, Ottawa, PR firm, press, radio, reality, Ryerson University, standup, television, The Promotion People, The Second City, Vancouver, Women in Glaucoma on August 16, 2013 by press.
Comedian and Popular TV Star Jessica Holmes Brings Her Unique Brand of Comedy to Vancouver This Summer and Fall
Ottawa native Jessica Holmes continues to delight and amuse national and international audiences with her popular comedy routines and celebrity impersonations. Holmes has opened for the likes of Oprah Winfrey, Leslie Nielsen and Ellen DeGeneres throughout her career. Jessica is a sought-after keynote speaker at high profile events across the country. Her next appearances are at the Women in Glaucoma Conference on July 16th in Vancouver, and The Women In Biz Network Go For It conference (designed to give women entrepreneurs the support and skills to enhance business performance) in October.
She is best known for her seven-year stint on the award winning CBC series "Royal Canadian Air Farce". In 2002, Holmes landed her own sketch comedy show appropriately titled, "The Holmes Show". The show featured dead-on personifications of Celine Dion, Liza Minnelli and Geri Halliwell. That same year, her musical comedy special "Holmes Alone" won the Platinum Award at WorldFest.
Holmes has become on of the most sought after speakers in Canadian business by creating a motivational comedy performance about positive psychology called "The 60 Minute Perspective Makeover". She tours the country offering audiences her own tips and perspective on how to lead a more fulfilling and happy life through setting personal goals.
Holmes will be speaking in Vancouver in July for the Women in Glaucoma Conference on July 16th, as well as this October as part of The Women In Biz Network Go For It conference which is designed to give women entrepreneurs the support and skills to enhance business performance and workplace productivity.
Jasmyn Pozzo – Publicist
jasmyn@thepromotionpeople.ca
Instagram: @promotion.people
This entry was posted in Jessica Holmes and tagged Biz Network, British Columbia, Canada, comedy, conference, Ellen DeGeneres, Entertainment Tonight Canada, festival, George Stroumboulopoulos, Just For Laughs, Lesley Diana, Leslie Nielsen, North America, Oprah Winfrey, Ottawa, PR firm, press, radio, reality, Ryerson University, standup, television, The Promotion People, The Second City, Vancouver, Women in Glaucoma on June 17, 2013 by press.
"The Windy City Women" Present Their Latest Improvised Two Act play "Liquid"
Vancouver-based improvisational troupe "The Windy City Women" will be performing their latest production "Liquid" at 8:00 pm nightly from December 19th – 22nd at the trendy Havana Restaurant Theatre located at 1212 Commercial Drive in Vancouver. With wallet-friendly tickets available online or at the door, "Liquid" is a must-see for any theatre enthusiast. Tickets are only $10 online or $12.00 at the door.
Not your typical joke-for-joke play, "Liquid" is a full-length, entirely improvised two-act performance, based solely on audience suggestions and contributions. The ultimate success of "Liquid" is dependent on the actor's ability and stamina to run a completely unplanned, unscripted play without ever leaving the stage. Act one begins with a simple suggestion from an audience member, from there, without discussion, the play occurs in real-time with no jump cuts, flashbacks or dream sequences. In short, the actors are the puppets, dancing to the music of a benevolent master or that of a malevolent tyrant! Which will it be?
But NOT only that…
THEN, at the drop of a hat, the cast must serve up the SEQUEL or PREQUEL to that story for Act II…depending again on the whims of the audience as they decide! As with Act I, the excitement not only lies in the split second decision making that the cast must make to spark un-born characters into life BUT the cast must also weave a story to compliment Act I! And every audience is treated to a never-been-seen before play that will never be repeated! Breathtaking! An audience member can come to every show and still not see the same story! No one else in Vancouver is offering this high-wire-without-a-net form of theatre! Only 60 people per night will be treated to this magic.
Unlike cabaret or competitive style improv, the goal of "Liquid" is not to be satirically funny, it is rather to create a story in which relationships, plot and character development carry the audience through the improvised journey of the cast. Although comedy is not the overall goal, it will undoubtedly be a by-product.
Originally formed in 2005, "The Windy City Women" is the brainchild of Tony Alcantar, artistic director and actor in "Liquid". The troupe began as a satirical sketch comedy group, with the success of their first show " The Inuksuk Sucks" at the Cellar in Vancouver. After careful studies of the exceptionally subtle camera movements in Louis Malle's film "Atlantic City", Tony was inspired by its continuous motion and fluidity of focus that helped to inspire "Liquid".
Born and raised in Chicago, Tony has a BA in Theatre and an MFA in Acting from Chicago's Roosevelt University. He is a graduate of the Players Workshop of the Second City, and The Second City Training Center. Tony is one of the critically acclaimed alum of the world-famous professional comedy troupe "The Second City". With improv students such as; Emmy-winning "Will & Grace" actor Sean Hayes, Grace Park of "Hawaii Five-O" and Stephanie Weir from "Mad-TV", and on-set dialect training with actors including; Halle Berry, Elizabeth Banks, Sam Rockwell and Jenna Fischer, Tony quickly became Vancouver's most sought-after dialect and improvisational coach. Tony is thrilled to be a part of this exciting production but admits it is the hardest thing that he has done in his career.
The producer of "Liquid", actress Lisa Ovies is also an award-winning film maker and an accomplished international model. Lisa's career includes appearances in films and commercials all over Canada and the U.S. In June 2011, she launched the film company I No.Films where she has produced, written and starred in musicals, short films and a sketch comedy pilot. In January 2012 she received a full art scholarship to Women in the Directors chair, and less than a month after returning, received her first art credit on the award winning film "Ghosts of Europe". Currently, Lisa is working with The Jeff Turner Entertainment Group, expanding their film and television division. She is also in development for a new sketch comedy show in Vancouver.
Among the talented eight-member cast of award-winning performers is; improv superstar and three-year member of Montreal's "Pamplemousse" theatre sports league Alex Barima with the ever-talented improv actress and award-winning singer/musician Cassandra Cavalli. Also on stage, Vancouver Academy of Dramatic Arts graduates Rachel Schaefer and Justyn Shippelt contribute to the overall quality of "Liquid". With the skillful, artistic views of Vancouverite Keith David Moore directing the play, coupled with musical direction from the accomplished and multi-talented performer Eric Carbery "Liquid" is expected to significantly contribute to the ever-growing success of "The Windy City Women".
Buy Tickets: Havana Restaurant Theatre
This entry was posted in The Windy City Women and tagged Cassandra Cavalli, Ghosts of Europe, Havana Restaurant Theatre, Hawaii Five-O, Justyn Shippelt, Lisa Ovies, Mad-TV, Pamplemousse, Rachel Schaefer, The Second City, The Windy City Women, Vancouver Academy of Dramatic Arts, Will & Grace on November 29, 2012 by press.


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Q: Interpret the relationship between weights before the output layer and the weights in the first layer
I took a lot time doing research in neural network recently. Last time I asked questions about interpret neural network result from a similar picture and it really activated my interest.
For now, my new question is can we build an equation between W21 and W11,W12,Wx21,Wx22 from the plot?
From my perspective, W21 W22 are the weight for the two neuros in the first hidden layer, and it should have a relationship between something like W11 and W21. Then we can directly know the 'weights' of X1 and X2 corresponds to Y. It sounds like the back-propagation, starts with W21 and ends at the node W11.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


If the young adult in your life is going through puberty, you might not know exactly how to talk about it. Do you wait for him or her to ask questions? Should you start the conversation? Explore our links and recommended reading list below for inspiration.
Your child's body is developing at a rapid rate, and it might often seem difficult to speak with him or her about adolescent development. The information below will offer you useful tips and information to help guide your child through puberty.
"The Venus Week" by Rebecca Booth, M.D.—Provides a better understanding of the hormones that influence the physical and emotional changes that accompany your monthly cycle.
Your daughter's body is changing a lot right now, or will be soon, and the materials listed below will offer useful tips and information on educating your child through puberty.


A student team at the Technical University of Delft has built a hydrogen fuel cell race car with which they can "can shock and revolutionize the race world." The team has spent years developing a series of hydrogen powered race cars, culminating in the Forze VI being built this spring. The team plans to race the car against gas powered cars in the Caterham Cup, and to take it to the Nürburgring Nordschleife to break the lap record for hydrogen powered cars.
This is the car. It does 0-60 miles/hr in under 4 seconds, top speed 136 miles/hr (220 km/hr), power is 100 kiloWatts nominal, 200 kiloWatts peak, and total weight is 800 kilograms. The car has "the size of a regular street car and packs super car-ish performance" and carries six times the power of their previous car.
Their write-up says the "nominal power is being produced inside the fuel cell system, which has been developed by the Forze team." It has two electric motors to drive the rear wheels independently. This setup allows for an "electric differential" where the electric motors are driven at different power levels to mimic the way a mechanical differential varies wheel RPM when going around corners.
What their write-up does not explain is whether there's a battery pack, and if so what role does it play. That is, reading between the lines, "nominal power being produced by the fuel cell" sounds like the output of the fuel cell is 100 KW maximum. If so, where do they get the 200 KW peak power from?
I'll send them a query to find out - but off the top of my head it's most likely that the fuel cell is used to charge a battery pack or supercapacitor bank, and that bursts of peak power can be drawn from that bank.


Deposition Author(s): McCoy, A.J., Jin, L., Abrahams, J.-P., Skinner, R., Carrell, R.W.
Structure of Beta-Antithrombin and the Effect of Glycosylation on Antithrombin'S Heparin Affinity and Activity.
Mccoy, A.J., Pei, X.Y., Skinner, R., Abrahams, J.-P., Carrell, R.W.
Antithrombin is a member of the serpin family of protease inhibitors and the major inhibitor of the blood coagulation cascade. It is unique amongst the serpins in that it circulates in a conformation that is inactive against its target proteases. Activation of antithrombin is brought about by a conformational change initiated upon binding heparin or heparan sulphate. Two isoforms exist in the circulation, alpha-antithrombin and beta-antithrombin, which differ in the amount of glycosylation present on the polypeptide chain; beta-antithrombin lacks the carbohydrate present at Asn135 in alpha-antithrombin. Of the two forms, beta-antithrombin has the higher affinity for heparin and thus functions as the major inhibitor in vivo even though it is the less abundant form. The reason for the differences in heparin affinity between the alpha and beta-forms have been shown to be due to the additional carbohydrate changing the rate of the conformational change. Here, we describe the most accurate structures of alpha-antithrombin and alpha-antithrombin+heparin pentasaccharide reported to date (2.6A and 2.9A resolution, respectively, both re-refinements using old data), and the structure of beta-antithrombin (2.6A resolution). The new structures have a remarkable degree of ordered carbohydrate and include parts of the antithrombin chain not modeled before. The structures have allowed a detailed comparison of the conformational differences between the three. They show that the structural basis of the lower affinity for heparin of alpha-antithrombin over beta-antithrombin is due to the conformational change that occurs upon heparin binding being sterically hindered by the presence of the additional bulky carbohydrate at Asn135.
Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK.


Caravan Guard offer specialist insurance for caravans, motorhomes and other leisure homes to over 90,000 customers. Our reason for existing is to put you back in the same position after something bad happens to your pride and joy - or more simply put, 'insuring freedom'.
With over 30 years' experience, we can offer reassuringly good cover backed by a leading UK insurer. Our expert team are on hand seven days a week and we're highly rated for service and value on independent website Reviewcentre.com.
Our vision is "positive people delivering brilliant customer experiences". This means we invest heavily in staff training, to make sure we give you the very best service. Take a look at our short video to find out more about our values, which underpin everything we do.
Our touring caravan and static caravan insurance policies are rated 5 Star by independent financial researchers Defaqto.
Our policies come with a 24 hour claims helpline, and claimants rate our claims service 9/10.
We offer a 14 day money back guarantee, just in case you're not completely satisfied (subject to no claims being made).
We're committed to helping local and national charities and will donate £1 to Heart Research UK for every paperless policy.
We're members of the National Caravan Council (NCC) and work with leading caravan and motorhome dealers who use our services for their customers with confidence.
We also offer a specialist policy for gadget and leisure equipment (e.g. cameras, bikes, laptops and tablets).


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Q: Как правильно составить цикл Wordpress? Здравствуйте. Передо мной стоит задача сделать список рубрик, под рубриками выводятся все записи в количестве 9 штук, если больше, то нужна цифровая пагинация. При нажатии на ссылку рубрики происходит сортировка записей через и меняется соответственно пагинация для уже нового списка. Изначально была реализована Ajax сортировка, но в дальнейшем при добавлении пагинации, она не учитывает уже отсортированные записи, и не удается почему то таким образом вывести изначально на страницу только 9 записей, выводятся сразу все. Может кто подсказать как можно сделать, желательно с примером. А то пока wordpress на низком уровне.
blog.php
<form action="<?php echo site_url() ?>/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php" method="POST" id="filter">

Блог компании

            Думаем и размышляем

                <?php
                if( $terms = get_terms( 'category', 'orderby=name' ) ) :
                    foreach ($terms as $term) :
                        echo '
term_id .'">' . $term->name . '
';
                    endforeach;
                endif;
                ?>

                <?php
                $paged = ( get_query_var( 'paged' ) ) ? get_query_var( 'paged' ) : 1;

                $args = array('posts_per_page' => 9,
                              'paged' => $paged);
                $custom_query = new WP_Query( $args );
                while($custom_query->have_posts()) :
                   $custom_query->the_post();
               ?>

                    <a href="<?php echo get_permalink(); ?>"><div class="project-img" style="background: url('<?php echo get_the_post_thumbnail_url(); ?>')">

<?php the_title(); ?>

<?php the_excerpt(); ?>

<?php the_date('d/m/Y'); ?>

              <?php endwhile; ?>

            <?php if (function_exists("pagination")) {
                pagination($custom_query->max_num_pages);
            } ?>

<input type="hidden" name="action" value="myfilter">

functions.php
    function pagination($pages = '', $range = 4)
{
     $showitems = ($range * 2)+1;

     global $paged;
     if(empty($paged)) $paged = 1;

     if($pages == '')
     {
         global $wp_query;
         $pages = $wp_query->max_num_pages;
         if(!$pages)
         {
             $pages = 1;
         }
     }

     if(1 != $pages)
     {
         echo "
Page ".$paged." of ".$pages."";
         if($paged > 2 && $paged > $range+1 && $showitems < $pages) echo "« First";
         if($paged > 1 && $showitems < $pages) echo "‹ Previous";

         for ($i=1; $i <= $pages; $i++)
         {
             if (1 != $pages &&( !($i >= $paged+$range+1 || $i <= $paged-$range-1) || $pages <= $showitems ))
             {
                 echo ($paged == $i)? "".$i."":"".$i."";
             }
         }

         if ($paged < $pages && $showitems < $pages) echo "Next ›";
         if ($paged < $pages-1 &&  $paged+$range-1 < $pages && $showitems < $pages) echo "Last »";
         echo "
\n";
     }
}
function true_filter_function(){
    // для таксономий
    if(!empty($_POST['foliocat'])) :
        $args['tax_query'][] = array(
            'taxonomy' => 'folio_cat',
            'field' => 'id',
            'terms' => $_POST['foliocat']
        );
    endif;

    if(!empty($_POST['postcat'])) :
        $args['tax_query'][] = array(
            'taxonomy' => 'category',
            'field' => 'id',
            'terms' => $_POST['postcat']
        );
    endif;

    $query = new WP_Query( $args );

    if(!empty($_POST['foliocat'])) {
        if( $query->have_posts() ) :
            while( $query->have_posts() ): $query->the_post();
                echo '

';
                echo ''. get_the_title() .'';
                echo '
'. get_the_excerpt() .'
';
                echo '
'. get_the_date('d/m/Y') .'

';
            endwhile;
            wp_reset_postdata();
        else :
            echo 'No posts found';
        endif;
    }

    if(!empty($_POST['postcat'])) {
        if( $query->have_posts() ) :
            while( $query->have_posts() ): $query->the_post();
                echo '

';
                echo ''. get_the_title() .'';
                echo '
'. get_the_excerpt() .'
';
                echo '
'. get_the_date('d/m/Y') .'

';
            endwhile;
            wp_reset_postdata();
        else :
            echo 'No posts found';
        endif;
    }

    die();
}
add_action('wp_ajax_myfilter', 'true_filter_function');
add_action('wp_ajax_nopriv_myfilter', 'true_filter_function');

main.js
    $('#filter .p-list li').click(function(){
    var that = this;
    var filter = $("#filter");
    var datas = {
        action: 'myfilter'
    };
    if($('section').is('.may.blog')){
        datas['postcat'] = jQuery(that).data("termid");
    }else{
        datas['foliocat'] = jQuery(that).data("termid");
    }
    console.log(datas);
    $.ajax({
        url:filter.attr('action'),
        data: datas, // данные
        type:filter.attr('method'), // тип запроса
        beforeSend:function(xhr){
            filter.find('#response').text('Загружаю...'); // изменяем текст кнопки
          },
          success:function(data){
            $('#response').attr("data-curcat", jQuery(that).data("termid"));
            $('#response').html(data);
          }
        });
});

Что я делаю не так?


text:
Home Chevron icon It indicates an expandable section or menu, or sometimes previous / next navigation options. Retail
Walmart CEO says inflation on toys and clothing is letting up. This could help the retailer put a dent in its excess inventory.
Ben Tobin
Inflation for apparel is much less than it is for food, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
That could help Walmart work down its stockpile of discretionary goods, as inflation has tightened wallets.
Walmart has been plagued by excess inventory, reporting a 13% year-over-year increase last quarter.
Good news for customers: Inflation for discretionary items like clothing is easing up, according to Walmart President and CEO Doug McMillon.
That's also a welcome development for Walmart, which has been plagued by a glut of inventory in non-food items for much of 2022.
"In toys, sporting goods, apparel, categories like that, prices have come down more aggressively," McMillon told CNBC on Tuesday. "We're still inflated but we're not inflated nearly as much as we are in the other categories."
According to the latest data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, food prices increased by roughly 11% in October compared with the year prior. Meanwhile, apparel, toys, and sporting goods all hovered in the 3% to 4% price-increase range – far lower than the 7.7% average rate of inflation for all items in October.
The softening inflation in non-essential categories comes as Walmart has been trying to clean out its inventory heading into 2023.
Walmart finished the first quarter of 2022 with a 32% year-over-year increase in inventory due to inflation and supply-chain issues. McMillon vowed during an earnings call in May that the company would "work through" excess goods "over the next couple of quarters."
Just as it did for many other big-box retailers, the pandemic created a stocking whirlwind for Walmart. What started as runs on products like toilet paper — leaving Walmart's shelves empty of many items — turned into the world's largest retailer ordering a surplus of goods above their customers' overall demand.
And with inflationary pressures, which have tightened the wallets of millions of American households, customers more often left items on shelves that weren't needed to survive on a day-to-day basis.
In particular, apparel has been a boogieman for Walmart. In earnings calls throughout the year, McMillon, Walmart US President and CEO John Furner, and others in leadership have all said that the category is contributing to excess inventory.
Even though inventory increases have slowed – it was 13% for the third quarter – apparel still remains a laser focus for Walmart leadership. And along with aggressively slashing prices, Walmart could continue to get rid of its piles of goods through the sale of less costly discretionary items that are more attractive to consumers.
"We're making improvements," Furner said during an earnings call in November. "Apparel and certain categories in (general merchandise) are the heavy categories, and we'll continue to work through those."
Got a tip about Walmart? Ben Tobin can be reached by email at btobin@insider.com or via the encrypted app Signal or text at (703) 498-9171.
Walmart Retail Inventory


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text:
Perućačko Jezero är en sjö i Bosnien och Hercegovina. Den ligger i den östra delen av landet,  km öster om huvudstaden Sarajevo. Perućačko Jezero ligger  meter över havet. Arean är  kvadratkilometer. Den sträcker sig 4,7 kilometer i nord-sydlig riktning, och 9,6 kilometer i öst-västlig riktning.

Följande samhällen ligger vid Perućačko Jezero:

 Prohići (131 invånare)

I övrigt finns följande vid Perućačko Jezero:

 Bele Vode (en källa)
 Crnušika (en bergstopp)
 Crvenika (en kulle)
 Mačkovac (en kulle)
 Osojnica (en kulle)
 Ovršak (en bergstopp)

I omgivningarna runt Perućačko Jezero växer i huvudsak lövfällande lövskog. Runt Perućačko Jezero är det ganska tätbefolkat, med  invånare per kvadratkilometer.  Inlandsklimat råder i trakten. Årsmedeltemperaturen i trakten är  °C. Den varmaste månaden är juli, då medeltemperaturen är  °C, och den kallaste är januari, med  °C. Genomsnittlig årsnederbörd är  millimeter. Den regnigaste månaden är maj, med i genomsnitt  mm nederbörd, och den torraste är augusti, med  mm nederbörd.

Kommentarer

Källor

Externa länkar

Insjöar i Republika Srpska
Insjöar i Bosnien och Hercegovina större än 10 kvadratkilometer

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Hockey Writers' Club
HWC News
Higgins youth and junior awards winners announced
Awards to presented at gala lunch in London
The Hockey Writers' Club
Tuesday, January 23rd, 2018
Higgins youth winner Hannah Griggs
The recipients of the Hockey Writers' Club Higgins Group youth and junior awards for 2017 have been chosen with the presentations to be made at the annual awards presentation lunch on Wednesday January 24, 2018 at the Royal Thames Yacht Club, Knightsbridge, London.
Mr Richard Higgins, Chairman of the Higgins Group plc, will present the awards. The UK players of the year for 2017 will also be announced at the lunch.
The judging panel sought information from coaches, clubs and schools, with the judges considering not just hockey ability but players' personal qualities and potential for future development.
Past winners of Higgins awards include Rio Olympic Games gold medalists Maddie Hinch and Sophie Bray.
Youth, Girls 18 and under – Hannah Griggs (Kent College and Canterbury HC);
Youth, Boys 18 and under – Matthew Ramshaw (Oakham School and Loughborough Students HC)
Junior, Girls 16 and under – Maddie Goodman (Sandbach High School and Bowdon HC);
Junior, Boys 16 and under – Xavier Teyletche (Repton School and Repton HC);
Youth, Girls 18 and under – Hannah Griggs gained 15 caps at England U18 level during 2017, a season in which she also captained the international side during some matches. She began hockey at Canterbury Hockey Club, aged eight, where she went on to make her Investec Women's Hockey League premier division debut on her 16th birthday, a game where she also scored. Hannah has also represented the club in European competition. She was named Canterbury Ladies Hockey Club's most promising junior player, 2017. This season she has captained the 1st X1 team at Kent College. At her club she has organised a school-holiday coaching programme for juniors and has coached some of the sessions. She has also undertaken hockey, athletics, tennis and cricket coaching at her former junior school.
Higgins youth winner Matthew Ramshaw
Youth, Boys 18 and under – Matthew Ramshaw earned recognition at England U21 squad level during 2017, when he was also part of the England U18 squad for the summer Six Nations tournament. During the year he was also selected for the prestigious Great Britain Men's Elite Development Programme – a programme designed for turning promising young players into future Olympians. He already has experience at the highest level of domestic hockey, playing in the England Men's Hockey League premier division with Loughborough Students. This season he already has five goals in the league's Conference North. Matthew is first XI hockey captain at Oakham School, where he impresses not just with his competitive spirit and hockey ability on the pitch, but also his willingness to work with and encourage other players at the school. He also sets an inspiring example with his dedication to training and the gym. Matthew's hockey career began at Airedale Hockey Club (Saltaire, West Yorkshire). He has also played for Ben Rhydding.
Junior, Girls 16 and under – Maddie Goodman reached England U16 training-squad level during 2017. She thrives on all physical challenges, representing her school, Sandbach High School, in a number of sports, and gaining county selection in cricket and athletics. In the 2016/17 hockey season, Maddie won the Cheshire Hockey League player of the year award, with Triton Hockey Club, while still only 14 years old. In 2017 she joined Bowdon Hightown where, just three days after her 15th birthday, she scored her first goal for the first team in a friendly match. She plays regularly for the club's 2nd XI and balances school work, with an average of four trips to Manchester each week for training and matches. This is on top of her athletics training and her involvement in school activities such as coaching and umpiring.
Junior, Boys 16 and under – Xavier Teyletche is currently a student at Repton School where he plays for the first XI, is Captain of the u16 teams and part of the England U16 training squad. In 2016/17 he was selected a year early for the England U16 training squad, and also earned his first caps. As a hockey player, he is notable both for his performances on the pitch – where his skills and tactical aptitude make him stand out – as well as his dedication to training and developing his hockey. Xavier also currently plays for Repton men's 1st XI in the Midlands Regional Hockey League and is part of the Midlands Performance Centre set-up.
Xavier started playing hockey at the age of 4 at Surbiton HC under the tutelage of family friend Brett Garrard and others such as Matt Daly, James Tindall and Nigel D'Cruz. A late developer, Xavier has never been able to count on physical strength or speed to play hockey and so has had to rely more on quick hands and speed of thought to allow him to compete with his peers. Aged 13, he was captain of the Whitgift U16 indoor team that won the 2016 national finals as well as the U14 national outdoor finals that same year. At the same time, he moved up through Surrey county and regional selection with Tonbridge Tigers.
A year later he won the u16 indoor title yet again, this time in the colours of his new school Repton and was a runner-up in the club u16 final for Repton HC.
These youth and junior awards are sponsored by the Higgins Group plc.
UK YOUTH AND JUNIOR AWARDS sponsored by Higgins
2004 Rebecca Herbert; Darren Cheesman
2005 Nikki Kidd; Ashley Jackson
2006 Maddie Hinch; Dan Barstow
2007 Sophie Bray; Liam Doidge
2008 Alice Sharp; Ben Arnold
2009 Sarah Haycroft; David Condon
2010 Alice Sharp; Andy Bull and Harry Martin
From 2011 onwards the Higgins sponsorship was increased to allow a Junior (16-and-under Award to be added.)
THE HIGGINS YOUTH AWARD
(Age 18-and-Under)
2011 Martha Baker; Joe Sharp
2012 Emily Defroand; Luke Taylor
2013 Rebekah Walker; Chris Proctor
2014 Holly Hunt; Liam Sanford
2015 Charlotte Calnan; Toby Reynolds-Cotterill
2016 Kate Axford; Tim Nurse
2017 Hannah Griggs; Matthew Ramshaw
THE HIGGINS JUNIOR AWARD
2011 Joanna Leigh; James Albery
2012 Charlotte Daly; Conor Caplan
2013 Alice Wills; Jack Turner
2014 Lizzie Neal; Jack Whelan
2015 Ellie de Heer; Josh Pavis
2016 Darcy Bourne; Alex Pendle
2017 Maddie Goodman; Xavier Teyletche
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Since the 2008 election of President Barack Obama, the discussions about voter ID laws and restrictions have gained momentum. By the 2012 election, multiple bills and initiatives that opponents alleged violated a most fundamental right were introduced to state legislatures. In 2011 alone, over 30 states had laws introduced that would require voters to present a government-issued ID, while other restrictions include showing proof of citizenship, shortening or eliminating early voting time frames, and repealing same day election registration. Proponents for these restrictive laws argue that these measures will prevent voter fraud. However, studies show that voter fraud, and especially voter impersonation, is almost non-existent. In fact, most alleged fraud in elections is unintentional mistakes by voters or polling administrators.
Thus, these policies are being implemented based on incorrect information or myths. But these policies and sentiments have real social repercussions. These restrictions make it harder for all Americans to vote, but they especially disenfranchise minorities, the elderly, people with disabilities, and students. These groups are less likely to have updated government issued IDs and do not have the resources or means to take off work to obtain IDs, much less to vote or coordinate transportation to the polls. To make matters worse, in June 2013, the Voters Rights Act of 1965 that required areas that have a history of discriminatory voting practices to obtain federal approval before changing an election law, was struck down by the Supreme Court with a 5-4 ruling. Chief Justice John Roberts stated that the decision was made because the law was no longer needed. Backlash quickly ensued as President Obama, Attorney General Eric Holder, and civil rights leaders voiced their disappointment. In her dissenting opinion, Justice Ruth Badger Ginsburg insisted that the act was still very much needed and generally had overwhelming bipartisan support. "The sad irony of today's decision lies in (the court's) utter failure to grasp why the (law) has proven effective," Ginsburg wrote.
While these measures are good news and hopefully a sign of people realizing that voter restriction laws are harmful, there is still a lot of work to be done. While they applaud the efforts of the new Voting Rights Act, civil rights organizations such as the ACLU argue that the bill is still problematic as it does not take enough steps to protect those vulnerable to the voting changes. And although courts are recognizing that voter fraud is a myth, politicians and state officials are still aggressively advocating for restrictive laws.
I currently reside in Arkansas but am a native from Kansas, both of which have been subjected to voter restrictions. In 2013, Arkansas enacted a Voter ID law that requires voters at the polls to show a government issued ID and absentee voters to send in copies of IDs or documents proving address. As expected, confusion and frustration ensued during a county election in mid January as officials questioned the validity of some absentee votes. Local civil rights groups are desperately trying to overturn the voter restrictions in Arkansas before the primary elections in May. As for my beautiful home state, unfortunately we have political leaders that have become household names, and not for good reasons. Kansas Secretary of State, Kris Kobach, is best known for his role during the Arizona anti-immigration law but has also made "voter fraud" a top priority in Kansas. Kansas' Voter ID law was passed in 2011 and went into effect the beginning of 2013. By November 2013, the Secretary of State's office set up a two-tiered system for voter registration (without proper procedures such as legal authority or public notice) that makes it so some Kansans cannot vote in state elections. This means that some citizens can vote for the next president but could not vote for the next Secretary of State or Governor. Also, as previously mentioned, although it was struck down Kobach tried to fully implement proof-of-citizen voting laws.
Kobach's stance is that he is trying to protect the elections and voters. In a Wall Street Journal article written shortly after his Voter ID law was passed, he cited that in 13 years there has been over 220 incidents of voter fraud in Kansas, including absentee ballot fraud and a "host of other violations." He argues that you need a photo ID to cash a check or board a plane so it's reasonable to require one in order to vote. While at first glance this may seem like a good point, cashing a check or flying is not protected under the constitution. A responsorial by ACLU's Voting Right's Project explains that the Photo IDs only confirm identity at the polls, which out of the 221 instances would have only stopped the 16 noncitizen registrations. Again, the major issue is that voter registration policies are a manifestation of a political polarization of the country. Further, we are wasting time and resources by implementing polices that are not solving a problem, but instead are contributing to more social inequalities and violating fundamental rights.


The website was designed by Ntiva's Web Development Team and it exemplifies some of the elements that they have been providing their clients for years.
It's been many months in the making and Ntiva is pleased to announce the launch of a newly redesigned website located at www.ntiva.com. Despite the harsh economic times Ntiva has made a commitment to continue to provide extreme customer service by delivering IT solutions featured in their website.
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Search Bar - An abundant array of information about our services and solutions has also been added to the website. Ntiva implemented a new Search Bar located in the upper right hand corner of the website to help navigate through the content and assist in locating a specific topic or product quickly.
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