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Where are Material images ?
How to make SplitGable eaves.
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We get hundreds of customer support requests to solve everyday usage of Revit software. Mostly they arrive as emails with attachments, but others start by a phone call.
We have saved these as FAQ support topics based on an email Subject & Response form.
Read a full How To on this topic.
Where is my Revit Keyboard Shortcuts file saved?
For Revit 2014 and 2013 versions the Keyboard Shortcuts are displayed by Revit as part of the user interface. To modify use the Ribbon > View > User Interface tool.
If you have never modified the assignments then the above file will not be found in that folder.
Windows 7: C:\Users\username\AppData\Local\Autodesk\Revit\Autodesk Revit Architecture 2011 folder.
Autodesk Revit Architecture 2011 folder.
Note this file is automatically edited and saved when the User Interface Keyboard Shortcuts dialogue is edited.
Note:If someone has used the Export… or Import… tools the file could be saved anywhere!
What is the best way to import an Excel OLE object into Revit.
1.	Paste Special the selected content from Excel and Paste Link into AutoCAD as an AutoCAD Entities (a Table object) You may want to format a new Table Style so that the formatting and appearance of the Table is suitable.
2.	Back in Revit, either Import or Link in this DWG file and place the content into a Drafting View or similar.
4.	Save this file and in Revit reload the DWG link file.
I'm now using Revit 2012, and have recently updated the Settings in the Export to DWG / DXF Dialog for creating .dwg files for use by consultants using AutoCAD.
Is there a way to export those settings so that I can Import / Use them in a different project rather than having to start again.
In Revit 2011 there was a Save As button when modifying the Layer mapping.
I have found the button to Load Layers from Standards / Load from file, but no way to export to a file.
Yes this has changed in Release 2012.
The Layer Export listing you create is now saved in the RVT file, not exported to a separate TXT file.
When you open a current project and do a Transfer Project Standards, if the RVT (or RTE) file that settings are being Copy FROM has a Rel.2012 Export Layer Standard saved in it, then you will see the DWG/DXF Export Setup Settings item that can be checked.
More than likely your old pre-2012 company template (RTE) does not have a saved DWG Setup, so the new item is not listed.
There is still the ability to Import a legacy TXT Export Layer file.
and it will be added to the list of available Settings saved in the current Project file.
I want to recess the slab 25mm for the bathroom and then recess the shower area 50mm and show the additional slab thickening in section .
What you need is a Face Based Void that then gets placed on the Floor Slab to cut away your 25mm.
Then put back the Shower base tiling as additional elements.
To get the thickened slab under place another floor under the main slab and do a Join Geometry on the two.
I have a project with sheet numbers, names and views that I would like to import / insert into another project.
Use the Save to Library > Views… feature. You can select multiple views to export/save into a new Revit RVT file. Save this file into your Library for future use.
And select your old project sheets.
Check which views you want if there are multiple views in the opened RVT file.
When I print out my work to A3 format, the scale is not correct.
Is this a Revit setting or a printer setting?
Not exactly sure what you mean here.
I suspect you are doing a reduced paper size print from say an original A1 down onto an A3 sheet size.
If so DON't use Fit to paper, instead use the Scale: 50% option.
If the Revit Titleblock size is an A2 then the Scale: needs to be 67%.
Usually best to set to place 'Centre of page'.
Is it possible to set up a revision legend in a Titleblock ?
For Revit Revision Sessions and Clouds you need a Revision Schedule placed inside your Title Block family.
You can place Labels referencing specific Revision parameters in the Schedule definition.
When creating a family we typically apply parameters to dimensions e.g. in Front Elevation when setting up the verticals. There is a reference plane at the origin 0, which is hidden behind the actual LEVEL line in the family editor. This creates a choice of two planes to which vertical parameters may apply to. I would typically put my own reference plane in (say for bench top height) and the family would typically sit at the level but the family would hover above the level because it has a "bench top height" parameter. Not sure why there is a reference plane behind the level line, or is the ref plane there the one I should be moving to suit ? I see there is a "defines origin" tickbox for the ref plane, but don't really understand if I should dimension to the level or the ref plane.
My understanding is that driving dimensions such as a Window sill height or a Sink bench Height, should be from the user secondary Ref.Plane (eg. Top) to the Ref.Plane provided in the Template. Yes and sometimes that ref.plane has a Ref.Level annotated Datum on top of it (probably added last) so when you pick the plane for the dimension witness attachment, it finds the Datum before the Working (bottom) ref.plane. Now if you test a number of supplied Family Templates they are not all consistent as to how a formal relationship is set up between the Datum and the Working Ref. Plane behind. In some there is no visual indication of a preset 'fixed' (locked) status. In others there is. See below Special Equipment template Front view that indicates a Locked alignment when you TAB select the Work Plane.
In some cases the Work Ref.Plane actually has a 0 value Locked Dimension element, formally locking the Work Plane to the Datum or in the case of a Window template placeholder Wall, to lock the Work Plane to the Exterior or Interior faces of the Placement Wall. We have tested the Casework Template with a vertical driving dimension assigned to both the Datum Rel.Level and then the behind Ref.Plane at the Datum Z=0 of the Family, and the 'In Project' results are the same. (The Datum Ref. Level controls the Project Offset value.) So we can only assume that there is a 'hard wired' implied alignment between the two (but works as if a formal Locked alignment – not shown). Unfortunately there are many conditions (and constraints) built into the various respective supplied Templates that are neither obvious, shown or documented. I would still anchor the vertical dimension to the Work Plane reference in all Templates so as to be consistent.
room, a region or export it to AutoCAD to find the area (nett or gross) of floor plans or window openings.
Revit Areas: In RAC2010 & 2011 the Home Ribbon > Room & Area panel far right, is where you find the create Area tools.
However I must agree you need to know to click the pull down list and make an Area Plan FIRST!
The option of Gross or Nett could also be worded or to pre-search and define bounded 'spaces'. There after I always delete Area defining lines that are not much use and use the Area Boundary Line to create my own 'spaces'. Proceed to nominate defined Areas you want and complete the Tag details. As to extracting your areas the Area Schedule is really basic. Just use the minimum Fields: Name and Area for your report/table.
Tip: Make sure in the Sorting you have Grand totals & Itemize every instance checked.
Saved View > Schedule attached for you to Insert and work over.
How do you place Lot Area Tags?
Adding a Lot:Area Tag to a Property Line Bounded Area.
Press the TAB key so Revit toggles between the Line and Lot Tag family labels.
While the Lot Tag is active click to place somewhere (associated to the PropertyLot.
Finish Tagging and Drag move the Lot:Area label to where you want it in plan.
Double click the ? and edit add the required Lot number value.
The Area value should be retrieved from the closed Property Lines loop.
If in doubt press the TAB key to cycle through possible options while in an active command.
Is there a way to label property boundary lines with their length & bearing other than typing the text in manually?
Yes - you need to use the Drafting bar / Tag... / by Category..
Hover over the Property line and apply the Tag with or without a Leader etc.
I have a problem setting up the property lines for a triangular site.
Instead of getting a closed triangle Revit makes a zigzag line.
Then what the property line tag show don't match the surveyor's drawing even thought the line is correct. Is there a way to modify the tag?
We have looked at this issue and conclude there is no way to get Revit to reverse the native line direction of a Property Line Segment, nor is there any way to have a Tag Label do a Shared parameter calculated/convert a true bearing into a Surveyors annotation bearing value.
Could in a Schedule but not in a Tag Label element.
Our solution is to define an equivalent Bearing Parameter that can be entered manually and combine it with the Bearing line Length parameter. Note we can add a Shared Parameter "SurBearing" to the Property Line Element but the Tag will not retrieve it.
I'm trying to find out how to use a UB (beam profile) for columns in Revit. Can this be done?
I get that UB profiles are a beam profile, not a column, but our engineers do often use them as columns, so it would be great if we could set them up properly in Revit.
See attached RVT Pacifica family: UB as Column.
You might also like to use the RVT Pacifica family: PFC as Column.
I'm trying to find out how to use a PFC (beam profile) for columns in Revit. Can this be done?
I get that PFC profiles are a beam profile, not a column, but our engineers do often use them as columns, so it would be great if we could set them up properly in Revit.
See attached RVT Pacifica family: PFC as Column.
You might also like to use the RVT Pacifica family: UB as Column.
MEP standard Butterfly Valve added into a 50mm dia. Pipe line. Embedded Course/Medium 'symbolic' symbol at say 1:100 scale measures 3mm at plot time across – too small.
[Bottom symbol in image below].
If clone another Valve with symbol lines (which are in fact Model Lines) scaled up x 2 displays as 6mm in 1:100 Plan view [Top symbol in image below].
But the cut in pipe has it's Course symbolic stick diagram centerline still attached to the real world connector x the Use Annotation scaling default distance.
Do you know any way to widen the 'gap' of the stick rep in the cut-in pipe? Cannot find any control for this.
With regard to your request about making the 2D annotation print 2 times larger than normal.
Instead of doubling the symbology size in the family, the way I normally do this is control the Annotation scale in the project.
This way also the line work correct itself so you do not get what is seen below (in your example).
In my example above, you can see I have changed this value to 6.
Now go back and check out the family in the project and you will see the difference?
Let me know if this works for you?
Can you have a look at the attached small problem.
Can't think at the moment how to put a double cut on a double tee beam.
That is done by adding an 'Opening' over the top surface and extend it beyond the beam edge.
Set your Working Plane to the Beam top face first.
Thanks for sending us your support question.
For a while now I have been trying to make elevations read better.
Make the foreground structures stand out from the those in the back.
Using the pen tool to the edges doesn't appear to do it, or does it erratically.
How can this be achieved without too much use of dumb 2d drafting lines?
You should be using Silhouette mode.
Read it up in Help but basically you can pre-specify which lines get 'thickened'.
Plus you can apply silhouette lines manually (similar to Linework tool) and then drag the overlay ends if necessary.
See image below captured direct from Revit with spouting and fascia lined adjusted back to give 'depth'. See also some lines added to roof edges but not others.
When I use the Thickened Slab Edge joined to a Floor Slab, it doesn't cut the hardfill properly.
Also when I move it sideways to make a rebate for Brick Veneer, it shows a piece of edge up the face of the veneer.
How can I get this to work properly?
The Join tool for a Slab Edge was made automatic back in Revit 2009, but unfortunately Revit joins the elements in the wrong sequence. You need to Un-join the Edge and then re-Join.
1. Make sure that both slab and edge have the same materials to avoid seeing the joint.
2. Perform un-join geometry and then perform join geometry.
3. This will bring the model into the right shape while cutting the section and also on the 3D view.
It should look as follows.
I want a Schedule for my Pads (hard fill) or maybe a pads column in the cut and fill schedule?
You cannot Schedule Pads as such, they are not Building Elements. However the Pad makes a sub-Topography that can be found and Scheduled.
1. Make all your required Pads into the main New Construction (Proposed) Topography.
Select and give each sub-Topography surface around the Pad(s) a unique name.
2. Create your Cut & Fill Schedule with Fields: Name, Projected Area, and TWO new Fields.
Add a Parameter of Type Length named Pad Thickness assigned to Category Topography.
[Projected Area * Pad Thickness].
4. View the Schedule...it should look similar to the below image.
PS: Hardfill is usually under a Slab or Foundation element. Pads are more Site Preparation work, providing a base course to give a working area for construction.
is it possible to change to single line without having to change to course level when in section/detail mode?
For any particular view override the Category in the Visibility Graphics Detail Level column.
I want to model a curved driveway up the slope of a Toposurface site terrain?
Can this be done in Revit as a slab object rather than just a Toposurface Subregion.
You cannot create a curved/twisted concrete floor slab that hungs the contours of a modified Toposurface. Also a Topo Subregion will not give you hard 'bent' edges to the terrain - they will be smoothed out.
There is a way to make a curved elevated sloped 'slab' that represents a driveway element in the model.
Create a 3D Mass 'surface' and attach a Revit 'slab' to the Face.
Apply a Wall to the Mass – it cannot be a Floor because Revit Mass apply Floors can only add Floor elements to Levels within a Mass that has volume. Our sloping curved Mass has no volume!
1. Create some Levels at the road height, at the garage floor and a number in between ready for putting a set of horizontal Model Lines on.
3. In the Project Browser double click the lowest driveway level eg. Level 1.
4. From the Massing & Site tab, create an In-Place Mass (any name will do).
5a. Draw a Model Line on the first active level, Level 1, the length equal to the intended width of the driveway at the start.
5b. Set to Level 2, Draw another horizontal Model Line (similar length and perhaps at a different orientation).
5c. Set to Level 3, Draw another Model Line, repeat for all intermediate Levels up the drive, and at the top Garage Floor slab level.
6. Stop drawing Lines (Escape) now select all the Model Lines just drawn and the [Create Form] Button appears on the Ribbon.
7. Click Create Form and Finish Mass. This makes a surface up the driveway sloped and curved.
8. Now Create a Wall or Roof by Face (not a Floor) where the Wall definition is just a simple 100mm Concrete slab – select the Mass surface in an Iso view is the easiest way to apply.
If the driveway doesn't fit to the intermediate toposurface well enough, select the Mass (by Filter) and Edit in Place, adjust the edges and the crossing 'profile' Model Lines by end Grip gizzmo points. This works in Revit release 2012 and in 2013.
The finished drive might look similar to the below image.
I have copied some levels in a project but they don't show up in the Project Browser.
Revit is over 11 years old but this support question still keeps cropping up.
Some users (especially new ones) copy/paste the Revit way (Select+holddown the Ctrl key) to create a new Level while in a Section view.
Even though it renumbers the Level, Revit regards that copy as a duplicate of the old Level. The new Level does not show in the Project Browser as a Floor Plan view.
then select the new Level name and click OK to convert the duplicate.
Notice the Level is now in the Project Browser and the annotation head changes from Black to Blue. Hyperlink Blue is what you need.
I have just installed Revit 2014 and need to use my old version custom materials.
Where should I save my materials images ?
You should be putting your images in a unique folder, not the default installed folder.
You can 'teach' Revit to search your own Render Image folder by added it to the Options.
I am new to Revit. What is a Revit Family?
A Revit Family is a definition of a object used in the design, documentation and construction of a building project.
Families define real world objects or elements in a Revit building model, and or annotation items used in the documentation of a building project.
A Model element can be anything from a Wall to a Floor, Roof, Window, Door, Wash hand basin, or Light fitting.
An Annotation element can be anything from a Light switch symbol, a Titleblock, or a Northpoint symbol, etc., used in the documentation of a building model.
Families can have multiple Types with different sizes, materials or specific parameter values. Families can have Type parameters that apply to all instances of that family Type in a project and/or Instance parameters that can be varied just for that instance of that Type used.
There are many Categories of predefined Families that come with the Revit software and beyond that, the user can define custom Families within the characteristics of predefined Categories.
Families can have relationships and performance rules. For example a Window can only go in a Wall however a special definition of a window can be defined such that it can only be placed in a Roof element. It would then be known or referred to as a Roof light categorized element.
In a Revit modelled project, Families can be search and 'found' by certain filter conditions and then collated into Schedules or Exported as database information for other processes and applications. Hence the term BIM or Building Information Modelling.
How do you get lower roofs to go in under a upper Split Gable Roof ?
This is a common question for new users, especially those doing Residential projects.
How To's by Task > Modeling > Create Split Gable Roof Eave August 2014.
Revit says it cannot do it. I use the default Architectural template.
You need to check the heights of the walls that Revit would be using to create a ceiling boundary around.
The default OOTB Ceiling height is set at 2600 above Level 1. So walls up at say 2400 height will not be sensed by Revit up at 2600 height to define the Ceiling footprint boundary. Change either your Wall heights or your proposed ceiling height before picking a point for the automatic assessment.
Is there a way to create multiple new sheets at one time ?
•	double click on that sheet to display it.
You can press Ctrl-V multiple times and make multiple blank Sheets.
The numbers will be incremented and the previous sheet name will be used.
Note: There must be no placed Views in the sample Sheet you copy to the Clipboard.
Somehow my Ribbon has got corrupted. Tools don't show properly. How do I reset the Ribbon back to the default?
Best way to completely get Revit to rebuild the Ribbon interface back to it's original install defaults is to delete the file that saves the current ribbon settings.
How do you move the model up or down in elevation relative to the topo surface?
Your Revit design model is pretty well complete and the client decides to ask for a change.
The building is to be moved sideways on the site but due to a sloping Toposurface the new position means the building will require more site cut excavation but you don't want to change that.
if you just shift the building elements (including Levels) up the Detail will stay behind.
The solution is to Move the Toposurface (and any landscape work) down, being the least amount of items to move.
The issue is then how do you maintain the original survey contour heights, and spot height elevation values in any annotation?
The trick is to adjust the Revit Survey Point Symbol position without changing it's Elev value.
• Move the Toposurface up or down the required amount.
Make sure your Contour Label and any used Spot Height annotation families, have Elevation Base set relative to Survey Point in their Type Properties.
My Section Lines have disappeared in my Plan view. How do I get them back on again?
Make sure the Scale value for the parameter is the same or greater than the View Scale.
I have an electrical plan with lighting outlets shown. How do I get Revit to Schedule and count the number of fittings?
I assume you have created a lighting plan as a simple layout where your lighting symbols are just annotation items.
Unfortunately Revit cannot Schedule a range of Annotation Symbol elements.
Note: A Note Block Schedule can only 'look' for one named Note Block.
Usually Revit Schedules report a search for 3D building elements, for example various walls, doors or windows. So to find your light fittings, the 2D symbols would need to be 'inside' or nested into a 3D light fixture.
If your electrical lighting plan is just to be a layout plan typically showing where the lights and their switches are, you will not be wanting to have fully modeled 3D light fixtures such as for rendering and presentation views.
So the trick is to make a library of 3D Light Fixture families that are 'empty' ie. they have no 3D physical lamp shade content (just the light source), and also place (load) a Generic Annotation light symbol family into those 3D families. The Generic Annotation symbol responds to the current View Scale.
As part of the Scheduling process you may want/need to add new parameters to report in the schedule. For example your light fitting symbol may need to be able to indicate whether it is a New or Existing fitting. So you will also need to learn how to create Shared Parameters to store this information and sort it in future project Schedules.
Place your 3D Light Fixture family in the layout plan and when the Schedule search is run Revit can show a Count of elements found and hence a count of your Symbols!
Is there a way to fit a site plan to a sheet ?
•	is too big and extends past the sheet border edges.
Create a Custom Scale... from in the view control View scale list.
For example 1:50 is too big and 1:100 too small so generate a 1:75 value or whatever.
Make sure you change the wording in the title block to 'NTS'.


Galbraith & Associates provided the city of Gold Hill with a Parks and Open Space Master Plan based on input from the community, parks professionals, and previously developed reports and plans.
Galbraith & Associates provided the city of Gold Hill with a Parks and Open Space Master Plan. Based on input from the community, parks professionals, and previously developed reports and plans, this cohesive plan is intended to help create a regionally attractive community that is financially progressive, visually appealing, regionally connected, and inviting to both residents and visitors. With a well-developed master plan and dedicated implementation by the City of Gold Hill, the community could become an even more significant regional destination with the potential to generate greater revenue.


Got a shiny payment into my PayPal account from jinzi for "In Suffering Lies Salvation" which is due to be published in the Lent(ish) issue of anaisdotmfk.com. Suhweet! jinzi utterly rawks as an editor/publisher.
And hey, on that note, anyone out there get Chronicle, the DNA Publications industry 'zine? The June issue mentions anaisdotmfk.com and I'm trying to scrounge up what they said. Anyone? Anyone?
Also wrote and published a review of this week's SCI FICTION story, "The Canadian Who Came Almost All the Way Home From the Stars" by jaylake and specficrider to Tangent.
And after my mini I'm-so-overworked-and-over-stressed Tangent rant I got an email from someone interested in being a reviewer. Huzzah. The universe humors me sometimes.
On "The Better to . . . " I've got the remaining scenes sketched out in my head, but they seem resistant to being born onto the page. Grumf. Not sure if I can wrap this up in the next 1K. We'll see.
Nice review of The Canadian. I really liked that story.
Thanks! I'm glad you liked it–both the story and the review.
Hey, our stories are going to be in the same issue! For some reason, that makes me want to say, "Aw, isn't that cute?" …Like when kittens cuddle together.
Hee! It is cute. Writers snuggling together in the same ToC and all. Awwww!


text:
Q: Is there a maximum number of AirPlay receivers that I can output to at the same time? If I buy 6 different Airport Express' to have one in each room will they all work together or is there a maximum number of receivers you can use at once? For example if I want to choose between the six rooms or play the music in all the rooms at once will that work?

A: The maximum number of Airplay receivers are 3 to 6 as noted in iTunes: About playing music with AirPlay

The maximum number of outputs are three to six in typical conditions. The number that works for you will depend on your environmental conditions (such as building composition and local radio interference), distance to the outputs, and available network capacity relative to your other usage.

A: In answer to your points here is what I have found when installing my system:
14 zone system (14 apple TVs; 14 Airplay receiver amps; Quad-core 8 GB RAM Dell PowerEdge Rack mount server (4 TeraBytes); 1 Mac server with homeshare; 1GB 24 port switch; 1GB 4 port router; 2 x 1GB wireless access points).
So far I have had no issues with the receiver limit (6 zones set up so far). Make sure your Apple TV's are directly linked to your switch using CAT6 so that they do not take up wireless Bandwidth. Use the wireless for your IOS devices.
A point to note is that even though you may be running a 1GB network, the Apple TVs and your Airplay amplifiers are 10/100.
The homeshare 5 machine limit is a non-issue as the Airplay receivers are IOS devices. Homeshare applies to mac devices and is only an Apple method of serving out the media you have stored on Itunes on different machines. 5 machines is more than adequate (or simply consolidate it on a single server using Air Video and Handbrake (make sure the copyright laws in your country allow you to do so :-) ). I have both mac homeshare server and my main Dell server is running the Air Video Server with Air Video clients on my Ipads and Iphones.
There is no need for commercial solutions which cost a fortune (NOT that this is working out cheap...it is all relative).
This solution is costing no-more than a Sonos Home system, which only lets you stream audio to different rooms. The difference is that with Sonos you can control each room from the same controller, with this system you need one IOS devices for every room you want to play different media in. NOT a big deal as the up side is that you can also stream video and also mirror your IOS device screen i.e play satellite TV e.g Skygo or Skype to your TV screen and also view all your photo albums.
Good Luck!
Harp Grewal

A: I currently have 5 units working on airplay. There is no delay on sound between rooms. I have:

*

*3 older airport Express

*1 new 2nd Gen

*1 apple TV

The only thing I had to do was upgrade the Network card in the PC to 10/100/1000 and buy a gigabit switch. Although the units themselves are only 10/100 the PC will not run them all with a 10/100 card. It drops out constantly and looses sync.
Since installing the new card and new switch, all at a cost of about £30 it works perfectly. I can also set 2 of the units to be wireless access points and still get a decent speed while listening to music.
My son is on xbox (wired) and the TV streaming netflix.
It just seems very stable, suprisingly so!

A: The maximum number of outputs are three to six in typical conditions. The number that works for you will depend on your environmental conditions (such as building composition and local radio interference), distance to the outputs, and available network capacity relative to your other usage.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


It is designed to remove the heavist, most encrusted and embedded layers of exhaust deposits, soils, bugs and road film, dirt, grease and grimes from trucks and machinery with out time consuming agitation.
a blending of environmentally safe surfactants, wetting agents and sequestering compounds has put this product in its own class.
see your sales representative for instructions on proper product usage.
on painted surfaces, check for color fastness in an inconspicuos area before using.


text:
Q: array by malloc on function lu decomposition im trying to do lu decomposition using nxn matrix typed by scanf but having errors on using nxn matrix for gauss function i what to know the ways to use array by malloc on function.
the way to use matrix[x][y] on gauss fucntion is the point
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#pragma warning(disable:4996)

void gauss(int n,double **matrix,double **L,double **U,double **ans);

int main(void)

{

    int i, n;//
    int x, y;//line x,row y
    double **matrix; //define matrix[x][y]
    double **L;
    double **U;
    double **ans;

    printf("nxn matrix type n.\n");

    scanf("%d", &n);

    matrix = malloc(sizeof(float *) * n); // int* number x primary structure
    if (matrix == NULL){ printf("malloc failed\n"); exit(1); }
    for (i = 0; i<n; i++)
    {
        matrix[i] = malloc(sizeof(float) * n);
        if (matrix[i] == NULL){ printf("malloc failed\n"); exit(1); }
    } //build matrix[x][y(size of x)] structure

    L = malloc(sizeof(float *) * n); // int* number x primary structure
    if (L == NULL){ printf("malloc failed\n"); exit(1); }
    for (i = 0; i<n; i++)
    {
        L[i] = malloc(sizeof(float) * n);
        if (L[i] == NULL){ printf("malloc failed\n"); exit(1); }
    } //build L[x][y(size of x)] structure

    U = malloc(sizeof(float *) * n); // int* number x primary structure
   if (U == NULL){ printf("malloc failed\n"); exit(1); }
   for (i = 0; i<n; i++)
   {
       U[i] = malloc(sizeof(float) * n);
       if (U[i] == NULL){ printf("malloc failed\n"); exit(1); }

   } //build U[x][y(size of x)] structure

   ans = malloc(sizeof(float *) * n); // int* number x primary structure
   if (ans == NULL){ printf("malloc failed\n"); exit(1); }
   for (i = 0; i<n; i++)
   {
       ans[i] = malloc(sizeof(float) * n);
       if (ans[i] == NULL){ printf("malloc failed\n"); exit(1); }

   } //build ans[x][y(size of x)] structure

    printf("type the number of matrix \n");
    for (x = 0; x < n; x++){
        for (y = 0; y < n; y++){
            printf("line %d  x%d number : ", x + 1, y + 1);
            scanf("%lf", &matrix[x][y]);
        }
    }
/*
for (x = 0; x < n; x++){
    for (y = 0; y < n; y++){
        printf("line %d  x%d number : %.2lf \n", x + 1, y + 1,matrix[x][y]);

    }
}
*/
gauss(n,matrix,L,U,ans);

/*

for (i = 0; i<n; i++)
{
    free(matrix[i]);
}
free(matrix);//free matrix

for (i = 0; i<n; i++)
{
   free(L[i]);
}
free(L);//free L

for (i = 0; i<n; i++)
{
free(U[i]);
}
free(U);//free U
*/

return 0;

}

void gauss(int n,double **matrix,double **L,double **U,double **ans){
int x,y;
for(x=0;x<=n;x++){
    if(matrix[x][0]!=0){
        for(y=0;y<=n;y++){
            matrix[x][y]=matrix[x][y]/matrix[x][0];
            L[x][0]=matrix[x][0];
        }
    }
}
}

A: *

*You allocate memory for float matrix, but then use it as double, since sizes of float and double are different you got errors.

*The correct way to go through matrix rows and colums is like this
for(x=0; x<n; x++){
    ...
}

but you wrote
for(x=0;x<=n;x++){
    ....
}

so you tried to access non-existing row with index n (but last row has index n-1).
Corrected code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

void gauss(int n, float **matrix, float **L, float **U, float **ans);

int main(void)
{

    int i, n;//
    int x, y;//line x,row y
    float **matrix; //define matrix[x][y]
    float **L;
    float **U;
    float **ans;

    printf("nxn matrix type n.\n");

    scanf("%d", &n);

    matrix = malloc(sizeof(float *) * n); // int* number x primary structure
    if (matrix == NULL){ printf("malloc failed\n"); exit(1); }
    for (i = 0; i<n; i++)
    {
        matrix[i] = malloc(sizeof(float) * n);
        if (matrix[i] == NULL){ printf("malloc failed\n"); exit(1); }
    } //build matrix[x][y(size of x)] structure

    L = malloc(sizeof(float *) * n); // int* number x primary structure
    if (L == NULL){ printf("malloc failed\n"); exit(1); }
    for (i = 0; i<n; i++)
    {
        L[i] = malloc(sizeof(float) * n);
        if (L[i] == NULL){ printf("malloc failed\n"); exit(1); }
    } //build L[x][y(size of x)] structure

    U = malloc(sizeof(float *) * n); // int* number x primary structure
   if (U == NULL){ printf("malloc failed\n"); exit(1); }
   for (i = 0; i<n; i++)
   {
       U[i] = malloc(sizeof(float) * n);
       if (U[i] == NULL){ printf("malloc failed\n"); exit(1); }

   } //build U[x][y(size of x)] structure

   ans = malloc(sizeof(float *) * n); // int* number x primary structure
   if (ans == NULL){ printf("malloc failed\n"); exit(1); }
   for (i = 0; i<n; i++)
   {
       ans[i] = malloc(sizeof(float) * n);
       if (ans[i] == NULL){ printf("malloc failed\n"); exit(1); }

   } //build ans[x][y(size of x)] structure

    printf("type the number of matrix \n");
    for (x = 0; x < n; x++){
        for (y = 0; y < n; y++){
            printf("line %d  x%d number : ", x + 1, y + 1);
            scanf("%f", &matrix[x][y]);
        }
    }

    gauss(n,matrix,L,U,ans);

    return 0;
}

void gauss(int n, float **matrix, float **L, float **U, float **ans) {
    int x,y;
    for(x=0;x<n;x++){
        if(matrix[x][0]!=0){
            for(y=0;y<n;y++){
                matrix[x][y]=matrix[x][y]/matrix[x][0];
                L[x][0]=matrix[x][0];
            }
        }
    }
}

A: For complete analysis, see answer of NicolayKondratyev. One small optimization:
One should avoid to call "malloc" too often, the minimal variant for a nxn matrix is
matrix = malloc( n*sizeof(*matrix)*n + n*n*sizeof(**matrix) );
if (matrix == NULL){ printf("malloc failed\n"); exit(1); }
matrix[0] = (float*)(matrix + n);
for(k=1; k<n; k++) matrix[k] = matrix[k-1] + n

From Lundin's link in comment to question https://stackoverflow.com/a/12462760/3088138 , since C99 the shortest and most economic matrix allocation is
float (*matrix)[n] = malloc(sizeof(float[n][n]));

which avoids the layered pointer-to-pointer structure.


text:
EPSRC Reference: EP/K008528/1
Title: REMS: Rigorous Engineering for Mainstream Systems
Principal Investigator: Sewell, Professor PM
Gardner, Professor P Hand, Dr S Moore, Professor S
Crowcroft, Professor J Stark, Dr I Gordon, Professor M
Pitts, Professor AM
ARM Ltd IBM INRIA Paris - Rocquencourt
Microsoft PRECISE Center, University of Pennsylvan Purdue University
The FreeBSD Foundation University of Texas at Austin
Department: Computer Science and Technology
Organisation: University of Cambridge
Scheme: Programme Grants
Starts: 01 March 2013 Ends: 28 February 2020 Value (£): 5,575,635
Fundamentals of Computing
22 Nov 2012 Programme Grant Interviews - 22 & 23 November 2012 (ICT) Announced
Computer systems are critical to modern society, from embedded devices and mobile phones through to internet services, but traditional computer engineering cannot produce reliable and secure systems, as we see in the continual stream of errors and security flaws impacting industry and consumers everywhere. Industry relies on informal prose specifications and ad hoc testing, but the complexity and scale of today's systems make it effectively impossible to exclude errors using only these methods (even though perhaps 70\% of development staff in major vendors are devoted to testing) and adversarial exploits all too often turn errors into major security concerns, with huge financial and social costs. Compounding the problem, the industry-wide abstractions around which real systems are built, including the architectural interfaces between multiprocessor hardware and software, and programming languages such as C and C++, are ill-defined, giving rise to ambiguity and error.
This is a long-standing problem, motivating extensive research on mathematically rigorous alternatives. Until now, it has been impractical to address mainstream widely-deployed systems with rigorous techniques. Academic research has focussed instead on modest-scale safety critical systems and academic verifications of idealised systems. There has been a deep disconnect between practical industrial engineering and systems research on the one hand, and theoretical research in semantics, verification, and foundations on the other. Now, however, the new approaches that we have, with a pragmatic emphasis on the use of mathematically rigorous models where they can be most effective, finally make it feasible to address industrial-scale systems--- and the commercial and social cost of not doing so is becoming ever greater. It is time for rigorous engineering of mainstream systems, unifying practice and theory.
REMS brings together a team of leading theory and systems researchers, with key industrial partners, to establish a new synthesis. We will establish a true engineering mathematics for the construction of more robust and secure computer systems: mathematically rigorous models, verification techniques, and engineering tools applied to the construction of full-scale mainstream computer systems, including key infrastructure in widespread use today (multiprocessors, programming languages, and operating systems). We will couple this with novel programming-language and verification support for future system-building. Developing our recent work with processor vendors and language standards bodies, we will address the technical, engineering and social challenges necessary to bring these techniques into widespread use, enabling a radical improvement in computer engineering as a whole.
Organisation Website: http://www.cam.ac.uk

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Notes From Atlanta
POLITICS OF GRAMMAR COLUMN
MY SCHOLARLY WORKS
STUDY IN AMERICA
Xenophilia, Fake Sovereignty and Nigeria's Slavish Politicians
By Farooq A. Kperogi, Ph.D.
Twitter:@farooqkperpogi
Sometime in 2012 at the height of Goodluck Jonathan's unnerving incompetence amid rising Boko Haram insurgency, I made a tongue-in-cheek suggestion that Nigeria's governance should be privatized. I got a swift pushback from a motley crowd of humorless, dewy-eyed "nationalists" who thought I was advocating the recolonization of Nigeria.
But does anyone seriously believe Nigeria isn't still a colony, that Nigeria is independent, and that its leaders cherish national sovereignty? Look at our current president. He is an unapologetic Anglophile. When he won election in 2015, the first place he flew to was England. It's also where all his children went to school. It's where he goes to treat even his littlest ailment "since 1978 when I was in Petroleum," according to a transcript of his interaction with Nigerians in London, as reported by the Punch of February 6, 2016.
The Amerophilia of the late Umar Musa Yar'adua and Goodluck Jonathan were no less cringe-worthy. When Yar'adua was elected president, he visited America and told George Bush his visit to the White House was "a rare opportunity" and a "moment that I will never forget in my life." I know of no elected president of a sovereign country who ever said that to another elected president.
When Jonathan was made acting president in 2010, he sought a stamp of legitimacy for his acting presidency by visiting America. He also gave more weight to the empty diplomatic compliments of Obama than he did to the genuine feelings of the people he governed. The Vanguard of September 26, 2011, for instance, reported him as saying "I just got back from the US. The President of America is like the president of the world because it is the most powerful country…. Obama, when he spoke, commended Nigeria but back home we are being abused."
As I pointed out in my March 23, 2013 article titled, "State Pardon: 5 Reasons Jonathan Can't Appeal to Sovereignty," "all post-independence Nigerian governments, with the exception of the late General Murtala Muhammed military regime, actively and slavishly seek the approval of Washington almost as a state policy."
I explored this unsettling xenophilia (irrational, unjustified, inferiority-driven love for the foreign) in my September 24, 2011 column titled "What the WikiLeaks Controversy Says about Nigeria's Leaky-mouthed Elite." I pointed out that most Nigerians would seem to be held hostage by a debilitating and deep-seated inferiority complex. This complex consists in the internationalization of a mentality of low self-worth and an inordinate reverence of the foreign, especially if the "foreign" also happens to be white.
It is this xenophilic inferiority complex that allowed low-grade US diplomatic officers to extract treasure troves of sensitive national secrets almost effortlessly from well-placed Nigerian officials, according to revelations from WikiLeaks.
What I've found particularly instructive from the US diplomatic cables that WikiLeaks squealed in 2011 is that our perpetually lying politicians suddenly become truthful, honest, and straight-talking people when they talk to Americans. You would think they were standing before their Creator—or at least before a stern, omniscient, no-nonsense dad who severely punishes his kids for the minutest lie they tell.
For instance, Nuhu Ribadu who had told the world that he thoroughly investigated former President Obasanjo and found him squeaky clean confessed to the Americans that Obasanjo was, indeed, more corrupt than Abacha who, in Nigeria's popular discourse, has become the byword for obscene corruption.
The same Ribadu had lied that the EFCC he headed never investigated Mrs. Patience Jonathan over money-laundering allegations. But leaked US diplomatic cables confirmed that he did.
Nasir el-Rufai had also publicly denied any debt to Atiku Abubakar for his political rise, but he confessed to American embassy officials that Atiku indeed gave him his first public service job as head of the Bureau of Public Enterprises.
Many Nigerian leaders seem to have an infantile thirst for a paternal dictatorship. The United States is that all-knowing, all-sufficient father-figure to whom they run when they have troubles. We learned from the US embassy cables that our Supreme Court judges, Central Bank governors, former Vice President Atiku Abubakar, and governors routinely ran to the American embassy like terrified little kids when they had quarrels with each other.
In the past, many people had been falsely accused of being "CIA agents." For instance, Dr. Patrick Wilmont, the brilliant sociologist who taught at Ahmadu Bello University for many years, was deported to England under the pretext that he was a CIA agent. Many other innocent people, Nigerians and non-Nigerians alike, have been falsely labeled "CIA agents."
Now we know that it is our leaders, who are embedded in the inner recesses of our national power structure, that are the real "CIA agents." The American government doesn't need to invest a lot of money planting agents in Nigeria when they can—and do—get any information they want first-hand and untainted from our very leaders.
Our elites' egos are often flattered to no end when a white person—any white person—considers them "worthy" enough to serve as traitorous snitches against their own country.
When I worked in the presidential villa during Obasanjo's administration, people used to joke that the surest way to attract the president's attention was to bring a white person to his office.
I once read the experiences of German expatriate workers in Nigeria who said they made a boatload of money from Nigerian governors who paid them to appear with them in public as "foreign investors." They said all they did was to pretend to sign documents, shake hands, and take pictures with governors and commissioners.
But it isn't only our political leaders who are afflicted by this psychiatric malaise. A friend here in the United States once told me the story of a rich Nigerian woman who came to Houston in the state of Texas to treat a medical condition. It turned out that the best doctor for her condition was a Nigerian-born medical doctor.
But the woman, to the shock of American doctors who referred her to the Nigerian doctor, said she would never submit to being treated by a Nigeria. "How can I spend millions of naira to come to America only to be treated by a Nigerian? No way! I might as well have stayed in Nigeria. No, I want a white man to treat me," my friend quoted her as saying.
Long story short, the Nigerian doctor recommended the treatment regimen to be given to the woman and handed it to a white doctor who administered it to her.
Do you see any parallels between this woman and our president who goes to London even for an "ear infection" that can be treated in Nigeria and the President's Chief of Staff who rushes to London even for "breathing problems"? And we claim we are a sovereign nation? Give me a break!
Posted by Farooq A. Kperogi at 12:00 AM No comments: Links to this post
Labels: Daily Trust on Saturday, Farooq Kperogi, Nasir el-Rufai, Nigerian politics, Nuhu Ribadu, President Muhammadu Buhari, Vice President Atiku Abubakar, WikiLeaks, xenophilia
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Farooq A. Kperogi
Dr. Farooq Kperogi is a professor, journalist, newspaper columnist, author, and blogger based in Greater Atlanta, USA. He received his Ph.D. in communication from Georgia State University's Department of Communication where he taught journalism for 5 years and won the top Ph.D. student prize called the "Outstanding Academic Achievement in Graduate Studies Award." He earned his Master of Science degree in communication (with a minor in English) from the University of Louisiana at Lafayette and won the Outstanding Master's Student in Communication Award. He earned his B.A. in Mass Communication (with minors in English and Political Science) from Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria, where he won the Nigerian Television Authority Prize for the Best Graduating Student. He writes a weekly column for the Nigerian Tribune. His research has won top awards. Read more about him here: https://www.farooqkperogi.com/p/about-me.html
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text:
December 11, 2012 by David Melamed 12 Comments
This post isn't directly related to marketing, but it does involve human emotion and many of the worst character traits that drive businesses into the ground. Business should be about creating value, giving to others in exchange for compensation. When a business or TV Show fails to create value, but rather insists on taking peoples money, they will eventually crash and burn like a con or a scam. Value creation is at the root of all successful businesses, and my goal with this blog is to create value for marketers and businesses. I apologize if this post is off on a tangent, but someone needs to call the new Game Show TAKE IT ALL and HOWIE MANDEL for what they are… cruel and unusual punishment.
Take It All, a new gameshow that aired tonight for the first time, hosted by Howie Mandel left me wanting to throw my Television in the garbage. Most game shows are happy, fun loving entertainment that sell us the Dream. The fantasy of winning all that money. Most revolve around luck and are tons of fun to watch. However, some game shows try their best to exploit peoples greed and truly showcase the worst mankind has to offer. Howie Mandel, who once hosted one such game Called Deal or No Deal, which had contestants competing against their own greed was borderline entertaining.
Did you ever wonder why Curb Your Enthusiasm, one of the most brilliant comedies ever written is so painful to watch? Because nothing good ever happens. Seeing Larry David constantly make a fool of himself is quite entertaining, but who has the stomach to watch it for a half hour. Show me a clip or two and I'll laugh, show me an entire show and I feel like a cruel person, laughing at others misfortune and wishing I never feel that embarrassed.
Take It all is a game where contestants have to guess which of 5 prizes is worth the most money. Each contestant gets to either take a mystery prize, or take one from their competitors, and the person with the least valuable prize loses… This is actually somewhat enjoyable as you guess with the contestants about which prize is worth the most… Hint: It's usually the prize you think is worth the least.
Where the show gets ugly is the final round, where the final two remaining contestants have their prizes for the last 3 rounds, which total around $75k, and than choose a mystery cash amount between $25k and $250k, and are left with a fight to the end choice. One I wouldn't wish on my worst enemy and which makes you feel like the contestants are rats in a lab being cruelly experimented on to see who is more greedy.
Here is how it goes… You have two choices, you can either keep your prize or choose take it all. If both players choose to keep their prize, they go home with their $100k+ of prizes. However, if one player chooses to take it all, and the other chooses to keep his prizes, the contestant who chose to take it all, takes both of their prizes… The cruel part is the final choice, which is if both players choose to take it all, they both lose all their prizes…
This leaves the contestants trying to convince each other to not be greedy and just take their prize. It really boils down to who trusts who. In fact, the very purpose of this round is to show that the person who is a better liar, a better confidence man or woman, wins it all. What's truly messed up about this is how much it exploits human weakness.
1. If people are inherently good and decent, they can both walk away with life changing prizes.
2, If people are inherently greedy, than they both walk away empty handed, caught red handed with their hand in the cookie jar.
3.However, if one person is good and trusting and the other person is greedy and untrusting, the evil person takes all the goodies from the good person.
In other words, this game rewards the greedy person who has no faith in others to the point they would risk everything to exploit someone else, or who feels confident they can out-con the other person.
I literally have never walked away from a Television show more disgusted. I don't want to see a sweet nice school teacher talking about how her ill gotten gains will be used for books for her classroom take advantage of a non-greedy, trusting human being… but not just take advantage, rejoice in the others demise. It's not good enough to get $100k, you need $400k to be happy, and you need to trample on someone else to feel victorious.
I hope the creators of this show get banned from ever interacting with human beings, and I hope all marketers take a lesson from this show that exploiting and showcasing the worst mankind has to offer is not entertainment, it is cruelty. Cruel to the contestants, Cruel to the Audience, and just pure evil.
About David Melamed
David Melamed is the Founder of Tenfold Traffic, a search and content marketing agency with over $50,000,000 of paid search experience and battle tested results in content development, premium content promotion and distribution, Link Profile Analysis, Multinational/Multilingual PPC and SEO, and Direct Response Copywriting.
Alysson Fergison says
"Show me a clip or two and I'll laugh, show me an entire show and I feel like a cruel person, laughing at others misfortune and wishing I never feel that embarrassed."
This is how the tryouts for American Idol make me feel. I inevitably end up thinking, "Does no one in this person's life love them enough to stop them from losing every shred of dignity they've ever had by embarrassing themselves in front of millions of people?!?" It's painful to watch.
DavidMelamed says
Hi Alysson, Thanks for the comment…I know exactly what you mean. Although with Idol tryouts, or any contest that revolves around talent, I can understand the desire for your 15 minutes of fame, crazy? Definitely. But if you think about it, most people just want to feel important, and would do crazy things to get noticed, just look at all Bravo shows. On idol there are feel good moments as well, when people win, so I can suffer through others humiliation… On Curb your enthusiasm, it is one misunderstanding after another until it is just painful to watch.
P.S. this is the American culture of greed… it's an existential crisis born of a decades-long propaganda campaign that has cast those willing to profit by any means necessary as a "model of American success and ingenuity".
The people who enjoy this show are the same people who worship vulture capitalists and CEOs for driving a company off a cliff, smiling as they yank the rip cord on their golden parachutes and floating away… watching the middle class plummet to their proverbial deaths.
And I'm sure the show will be a success. Avarice is as American as apple pie.
I agree its mostly greed. But this goes deeper. In real life, sometimes greed pays off, sometimes it doesn't. This show specifically rewards greed and selfishness and punishes generosity.
I think the show will fail. It just doesnt have any feel good moments… you arent happy for the winner, you are sad for the loser… a show that leaves you feeling bad, has little chance of success, even if our culture reflects this very behavior… ( I choose to still have faith in people… after all, one proven way to succeed is to underpromise and over deliver because everyone else will want to work with you to get the best deal… in other words, this very culture has a built in function that rewards selflessness.
I saw the episode on Tuesday night, and I felt the same way. It turned my stomach to see one contestant talk about volunteering in Haiti and the other talk about his sister with cancer and both of them agree that $100K in prizes was good enough–the woman even telling the young man she had grown to like and respect him, only for both of these greedy jerks to choose "Take it All." I was glad they both got nothing after that. Choosing "Take It All" means the other contestant walks away with nothing, no matter what they chose to do. It's disgusting. I'll never watch it again.
thanks for commenting on my blog Jaclyn. I never thought about it that way, but you are absolutely right choosing Take It All, means the other contestant gets nothing no matter what. Great insight, and I really hope they cancel the show…
Jc CyberPine says
Its brilliant feel bad TV. They do a great job of capturing that "my girl ran off with my brother,, took all my cash and stole my dog" feeling. It does not seem staged .. so it's gonna do well until somebody ends up dead in the alley behind the studio.
Tnajacht1 says
My husband and I watched this show and were appalled at the blatant cruelty it represents. We also will never watch it or anything else that Howie Mandel hosts. We really enjoyed America's Got Talent, but will no longer watch that either. It amazed me that he laughs at the loser. He actually enjoyed the nation wide humiliation that the trusting and good contestants endure. The look on the face of the young gay man that was going to use his winnings to help stop bullying was so sad to watch. Every time we think if it, it sickens us. Words hurt. This experience could cause life time depression and damage. Shame on Howie and NBC. This is not entertainment! What a sad message to our children and society.
setnet says
Take It All? Ha, this is a decent, though paltry example of the Prisoner's Dilemma, but I really think they should name the show "Sucker or Evil", once the psyche of typical contestants realize what's going on (as in other trust-based game shows like Survivor).
They should add a "You are going to screw me aren't you?" option where if you don't trust somebody, you have *some* recourse. If you *know* the fscker is going to screw you, the best you can do is get nothing. Ala, a third option to thwart the evil person. e.g. Contestant #1 chooses take it all (or whatever), Contestant #2 chooses "Screw you": contestant #2 gets everything. Contestant #1 chooses keep what I have (or whatever it's called), Contestant #2 chooses "Screw you": Contestant #1 gets everything. Both screw you? Both lose it all. This would at least allow some defense against scum and still at least have the possibility of reward. Why am I posting this? (In multiple places, no less)
Take A Hike says
I saw Take It All for the first time tonight and found dead the outcome upsetting when one woman took it all. Decided to Google Take it all and cruel and this site came up. Glad to see others see the show the same way. Won't watch again as it made me feel uncomfortable the way the older woman tricked the the young girl who was trusting her.
DENNIS DIMACULANGAN says
Disgusted! Maybe it's not Howie, it's really the concept esp in the LAST ROUND! where LIARS WIN. But a good saying goes like this: "LIARS GO TO HELL". Doesn't feel good after watching FOR THE FIRST TIME! AND I WILL NEVER WATCH AGAIN! NEVER EVER AGAIN!! CAN'T STOMACH IT!!! The one time and only time I joined a tv contest & you know what we did? Even before the game started, we already had a talk with the other group that we will split the combined prize so that no one will be losers and we will be gaining the same. BUT THIS SHOW!!? Oh my..
Brilliant User Experience Hack at Nebraska Gas Station Leaves Customers Short On Change and Temper
My wife and I moved to Denver from New Jersey a little over a week ago. During our cross country roadtrip I came across a very interesting semi-deceptive gas station strategy that can be both construed as brilliant or evil depending which side of the gas pump you are on. As you can see in […]


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text:
Saint-Rémy-sur-Creuse est une commune du Centre-Ouest de la France, située dans le département de la Vienne (région Nouvelle-Aquitaine).

Géographie

Hydrographie
Le territoire communal est arrosé par la rivière Creuse.

Communes limitrophes

Climat
Le climat qui caractérise la commune est qualifié, en 2010, de « climat océanique dégradé des plaines du Centre et du Nord », selon la typologie des climats de la France qui compte alors huit grands types de climats en métropole. En 2020, la commune ressort du type « climat océanique altéré » dans la classification établie par Météo-France, qui ne compte désormais, en première approche, que cinq grands types de climats en métropole. Il s'agit d'une zone de transition entre le climat océanique, le climat de montagne et le climat semi-continental. Les écarts de température entre hiver et été augmentent avec l'éloignement de la mer. La pluviométrie est plus faible qu'en bord de mer, sauf aux abords des reliefs.

Les paramètres climatiques qui ont permis d'établir la typologie de 2010 comportent six variables pour les températures et huit pour les précipitations, dont les valeurs correspondent à la normale 1971-2000. Les sept principales variables caractérisant la commune sont présentées dans l'encadré ci-après.

Avec le changement climatique, ces variables ont évolué. Une étude réalisée en 2014 par la Direction générale de l'Énergie et du Climat complétée par des études régionales prévoit en effet que la  température moyenne devrait croître et la pluviométrie moyenne baisser, avec toutefois de fortes variations régionales. Ces changements peuvent être constatés sur la station météorologique de Météo-France la plus proche, « Dange-Fleau », sur la commune de Dangé-Saint-Romain, mise en service en 1993 et qui se trouve à  à vol d'oiseau, où la température moyenne annuelle est de  et la hauteur de précipitations de  pour la période 1981-2010.
Sur la station météorologique historique la plus proche, « Poitiers-Biard », sur la commune de Biard,  mise en service en 1921 et à , la température moyenne annuelle évolue de  pour la période 1971-2000 à  pour 1981-2010, puis à  pour 1991-2020.

Urbanisme

Typologie
Saint-Rémy-sur-Creuse est une commune rurale, car elle fait partie des communes peu ou très peu denses, au sens de la grille communale de densité de l'Insee.

Par ailleurs la commune fait partie de l'aire d'attraction de Chatellerault dont elle est une commune de la couronne. Cette aire, qui regroupe , est catégorisée dans les aires de  à moins de .

Occupation des sols

L'occupation des sols de la commune, telle qu'elle ressort de la base de données européenne d'occupation biophysique des sols Corine Land Cover (CLC), est marquée par l'importance des territoires agricoles (57,8 % en 2018), une proportion sensiblement équivalente à celle de 1990 (58,9 %). La répartition détaillée en 2018 est la suivante :
terres arables (40,4 %), forêts (37,3 %), zones agricoles hétérogènes (17,4 %), zones urbanisées (2,7 %), eaux continentales (2,3 %).

L'IGN met par ailleurs à disposition un outil en ligne permettant de comparer l'évolution dans le temps de l'occupation des sols de la commune (ou de territoires à des échelles différentes). Plusieurs époques sont accessibles sous forme de cartes ou photos aériennes : la carte de Cassini (), la carte d'état-major (1820-1866) et la période actuelle (1950 à aujourd'hui).

Morphologie urbaine
Le village de Saint-Rémy-sur-Creuse est dominé par une imposante falaise de tuffeau, formée il y a 90 millions d'années. Dans le front de cette falaise, sur plus de trois kilomètres, ont été creusées au cours des siècles des habitations troglodytes. À l'origine, il s'agit de souterrains refuges de l'époque médiéval, de la période de la première guerre de 100 ans. Puis ces souterrains ont été récupérés et agrandis pour être transformés en habitat à partir du XVIIe siècle. Les conditions de vie dans un troglodyte étant très rude, il s'agissait d'habitations réservées aux populations pauvres et marginales. Les autres habitants du village se sont donc aménagés progressivement des fermes plus modernes au fil des années. Ces habitations vont être abandonnées à la fin du , mais des marginaux continuent d'y vivre jusque dans les années 1990.

En 1998, certaines caves sont rachetées par une association baptisé NUCLEUS qui veut y établir un centre d'interprétation de la préhistoire. On y accueille tout type de publique, pour y faire des démonstrations de taille de silex, de travail de la pierre, de création du feu, jusqu'en 2013, date à laquelle l'association cesse d'exister.

De nos jours, depuis 2007, une de ces caves a également été restaurée par un particulier qui y habite à l'année.

Par ailleurs, une nouvelle association, baptisé Saint-Rémy Village Troglodyte loue, depuis 2013, sept  caves pour laisser le public y accéder et sauvegarder ce patrimoine. Au travers de visites guidées, d'animations pour les enfants, de spectacles ou de l'organisation de divers manifestations, les bénévoles de l'association font découvrir ce patrimoine et l'histoire de ce village de l'époque médiévale à celle des tisserands du chanvre, d'avril à octobre (www.ethnicite.fr)

Risques majeurs
Le territoire de la commune de Saint-Rémy-sur-Creuse est vulnérable à différents aléas naturels : météorologiques (tempête, orage, neige, grand froid, canicule ou sécheresse), inondations, feux de forêts, mouvements de terrains et séisme (sismicité modérée). Il est également exposé à deux risques technologiques,  le transport de matières dangereuses et la rupture d'un barrage. Un site publié par le BRGM permet d'évaluer simplement et rapidement les risques d'un bien localisé soit par son adresse soit par le numéro de sa parcelle.

Risques naturels
Certaines parties du territoire communal sont susceptibles d'être affectées par le risque d'inondation par débordement de cours d'eau, notamment la Creuse. La commune a été reconnue en état de catastrophe naturelle au titre des dommages causés par les inondations et coulées de boue survenues en 1982, 1983, 1993, 1999 et 2010.

Saint-Rémy-sur-Creuse est exposée au risque de feu de forêt. En 2014, le deuxième plan départemental de protection des forêts contre les incendies (PDPFCI) a été adopté pour la période 2015-2024. Les obligations légales de débroussaillement dans le département sont définies dans un arrêté préfectoral du , celles relatives à l'emploi du feu et au brûlage des déchets verts le sont dans un arrêté permanent du .

Les mouvements de terrains susceptibles de se produire sur la commune sont des affaissements et effondrements liés aux cavités souterraines (hors mines) et des tassements différentiels. Afin de mieux appréhender le risque d'affaissement de terrain, un inventaire national permet de localiser les éventuelles cavités souterraines sur la commune. Le retrait-gonflement des sols argileux est susceptible d'engendrer des dommages importants aux bâtiments en cas d'alternance de périodes de sécheresse et de pluie. 87,4 % de la superficie communale est en aléa moyen ou fort (79,5 % au niveau départemental et 48,5 % au niveau national). Depuis le , en application de la loi ÉLAN, différentes contraintes s'imposent aux vendeurs, maîtres d'ouvrages ou constructeurs de biens situés dans une zone classée en aléa moyen ou fort.

La commune a été reconnue en état de catastrophe naturelle au titre des dommages causés par la sécheresse en 1996 et par des mouvements de terrain en 1999 et 2010.

Risque technologique
La commune est en outre située en aval du barrage d'Éguzon, un ouvrage de classe A situé dans le département de l'Indre et présentant une hauteur d'eau maximale de  et une capacité totale de retenue de  de . Le PPI a été approuvé le . À ce titre elle est susceptible d'être touchée par l'onde de submersion consécutive à la rupture de cet ouvrage.

Toponymie
Le village de Saint-Rémy-sur-Creuse doit son nom au saint protecteur du Prieuré qui se trouvait sur les hauteurs du bourg au moment de sa création. Le nom de Saint-Rémy est alors associé à celui de la rivière qui borde le village, La Creuse.

Histoire

Préhistoire
La grotte dite « des palets de Gargantua » a servi de lieu de passage à la Préhistoire. Un « palet de Gargantua » situé sur la falaise a été dynamité en 1910 lors de la construction de l'école et de la mairie. Des fouilles archéologiques menées dans les années 1970 ont fait apparaître des pointes de sagaies du type Lussac-Angles, ainsi qu'une série de burins en silex du Grand-Pressigny. Ce matériel, daté de la période magdalénienne, prouve que Saint-Rémy se trouvait au sein du territoire de ces chasseurs-cueilleurs réputés pour leurs gravures (grottes de la Marche, frise sculptée du Roc-aux-Sorciers…).

Antiquité
Si quelques occupations gallo-romaines sont attestées dans les environs, ce n'est qu'au Moyen Âge que l'histoire de Saint-Rémy va vraiment démarrer.

Moyen Âge
En 1189, Richard Cœur de Lion fonde le bourg et déclare que Saint-Rémy est une ville libre (c'est-à-dire exempte d'impôts). Les paysans payent quatre sous aux moines du prieuré pour pouvoir s'installer sur le territoire de cette commune, puis ils n'ont plus rien à payer. La croissance démographique de la ville augmente alors fortement mais attise aussi les rivalités avec les seigneurs voisins qui eux perdent de la population et donc de l'argent. La ville va alors être régulièrement attaquée. Les seigneurs français veulent faire peur aux habitants pour les renvoyer chez eux. Mais les seigneurs anglais attaquent également. Envoyés par le roi , leur mission est de détruire la tour de garde que Richard a fait construire sur les hauteurs du bourg sans demander l'autorisation de son père. Il ne reste aujourd'hui qu'un seul vestige de cette tour, il s'agit de l'une des tourelles de la muraille d'enceinte, elle est appelée « tour de Ganne » ou « tour de Galles » et se situe à proximité de l'actuelle église.

Non loin de là, dans la falaise de tuffeau, apparaît un lieu de refuge au  pour les paysans locaux, la « forteresse  de Chalopy ». Elle est aménagée à l'époque pour se protéger justement des attaques françaises et anglaise. Il s'agit de souterrains refuges composés de salles étroites et de couloirs exigus. Le but est de pouvoir se cacher et de tenir un siège de plusieurs jours. Des réserves d'eau et de nourriture, ainsi que des pièces d'habitats et même une étable sont créés dans la falaise pour cela. Cette falaise devient alors un véritable labyrinthe qui a pour but de piéger l'ennemi qui oserait s'y aventurer.

À partir de 1204, après la mort de Richard Cœur de Lion autour de 1199, la zone est reconquise par les seigneurs de Touraine et redevient alors française pour toujours. Les caves sont progressivement abandonnées et réoccupées, puis ré-abandonnées jusqu'au .

Époque Moderne et Contemporaine
Du  ce sont des familles de tisserands de chanvre et de chanvriers qui colonisent les caves de Saint-Rémy. Elles y mènent une vie prospère pendant trois siècles, utilisant la rivière et les nombreuses sources de la falaise pour cultiver et transformer la plante qu'ils cultivent, le chanvre (Cannabis sativa). L'activité de ces derniers entraîne néanmoins une pollution assez importante de leur environnement, notamment de la rivière, car l'une des étapes de traitement du chanvre, le rouissage, consiste à faire tremper la plante dans l'eau pendant , mais, le chanvre en se décomposant va dégager des fluides et des gaz toxiques. Les préfectures demandent alors aux chanvriers d'aménager des bassins au pied de la falaise pour faire tremper le chanvre et de ne plus utiliser la rivière. Au , la falaise est occupée sur près de  par une cinquantaine de famille de chanvriers et de tisserands. Puis, avec la généralisation de l'éducation, l'apparition des premières manufactures, les tisserands et les enfants vont peu à peu quitter les lieux. Depuis 2013, le site « Ethni'Cité, village Troglodyte », ouvert d'avril à octobre, accueille les visiteurs dans ces caves pour leur faire découvrir au cours de visite libre, audio ou guidée, l'histoire de ces caves et de cette falaise.

Héraldique

Liste des maires

Instances judiciaires et administratives
La commune relève du tribunal d'instance de Poitiers, du tribunal de grande instance de Poitiers, de la cour d'appel Poitiers, du tribunal pour enfants de Poitiers, du conseil de prud'hommes de Poitiers, du tribunal de commerce de Poitiers, du tribunal administratif de Poitiers et de la cour administrative d'appel de Bordeaux, du tribunal des pensions de Poitiers, du tribunal des affaires de la Sécurité sociale de la Vienne, de la cour d'assises de la Vienne.

Services publics
Les réformes successives de La Poste ont conduit à la fermeture de nombreux bureaux de poste ou à leur transformation en simple relais. Toutefois, la commune a pu maintenir le sien.

Démographie

En 2008, selon l'Insee, la densité de population de la commune était de  contre  pour le département,  pour la région Poitou-Charentes et  pour la France.

Économie
Selon la direction régionale de l'Alimentation, de l'Agriculture et de la Forêt de Poitou-Charentes, il n'y a plus que neuf exploitations agricoles en 2010 contre douze en 2000.

Les surfaces agricoles utilisées ont paradoxalement augmenté de 6 % et sont passées de  en 2000 à  en 2010 dont 591 sont irrigables. Ces chiffres indiquent une concentration des terres sur un nombre plus faible d'exploitations. Cette tendance est conforme à l'évolution constatée sur tout le département de la Vienne puisque de 2000 à 2007, chaque exploitation a gagné en moyenne .

55 % des surfaces agricoles sont destinées à la culture des céréales (blé tendre et du maïs à parts égales), 13 % pour les oléagineux (colza et tournesol essentiellement), 13 % pour le fourrage et 6 % restent en herbe. En 2000,  (zéro en 2010) étaient consacrés à la vigne.

Les élevages de volailles ont disparu au cours de cette décennie.

Culture locale et patrimoine

Lieux et monuments
 Une partie du village troglodytique creusé sous le château est visitable à l'année.
 Église Saint-Rémy, de style roman du -, notable pour sa fenêtre « claustra » du .
 Tour de Gannes, seul vestige du château fort érigé par Richard Cœur de Lion.
 Château de la Chaise dont l'élévation et la toiture ont été inscrites comme monument historique en 1967. Le château est situé à  de Leugny, sur le coteau. Il date des . Il fut construit par la famille d'Aviau (de Piolant).
 Une croix hosannière, datant du .

Personnalités liées à la commune
 Richard Cœur de Lion (1157-1199).
 Catherine Lagatu (1919-2007).

Religion
En  s'installe le prieuré Notre-Dame-de-Lourdes sur le territoire de la commune, un groupe de prêtres et de fidèles s'y retrouve désormais chaque dimanche. Le , la procession jusqu'aux troglodytes où un autel et une vierge de Lourdes ont été placés au début du siècle dernier a été relancée en 2015.

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Liste des communes de la Vienne
 Anciennes communes de la Vienne

Liens externes

 Saint-Rémy-sur-Creuse sur le site de l'Institut géographique national
 Saint-Rémy-sur-Creuse sur le site de l'Insee
 Village troglodytique de Saint-Rémy sur Creuse

Notes et références

Notes et cartes
 Notes

 Cartes

Références

Commune dans la Vienne
Commune comportant un habitat troglodytique
Aire urbaine de Châtellerault
Aire d'attraction de Châtellerault

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Should I upgrade to 16.04LTS from 15.10? I am currently running Ubuntu 15.10 and I am considering upgrading to 16.04LTS when it is released.
I have lots of stuff on 15.10 that I don't want to lose, so I would prefer not to do a clean install of 16.04.
If I upgraded to 16.04 (when it is released), would there any issues (such as stability)?
Thanks guys and sorry for the noobie question.

A: With an upgrade, there is always risk. You could upgrade and have your computer blow up, or be left with an unbootable installation. Your desktop environment may not work, your files may be gone, graphics may be broken, programs may not open, etc.
With that said, the chance of something like the above going wrong is rather low, if 15.10 was a fresh install, and you haven't modified any system files. With every upgrade and every modified system file, the risk that comes with an update increases. However, unless you've been upgrading since Ubuntu 12.04, you should be fine.
It's always better to back up and do a fresh install. You should be fine doing an upgrade, but definitely back up your data beforehand.

A: The official documentation states highly recommended to upgrade when 15:10 reaches end of life - by July 2016.
From http://www.ubuntu.com/info/release-end-of-life:

Ubuntu release end of life
When an Ubuntu release reaches its "end of life" it receives no
  further maintenance updates, including critical security upgrades.
  We highly recommend that you upgrade to a recent version of Ubuntu at this point.

A: Since you are not running an LTS release, I would say yes to 16.04 if that was your only choice. However, Ubuntu is notorious for having problems for a bit of time after a new "stable" upgrade release. If you are doing a clean install, I would recommend 14.04.3. 16.04 is probably going to have a few problems within a few weeks/months after its release. If you can, downgrade to 14.04.3. Also, if you are using a certain ATI graphics card, 16.04 will be dropping support for it. (also, keep in mind that non-LTS releases have a very brief support period, so sticking with LTS releases would be good. 12.04 is an LTS release, and is still supported, while 15.04 is not an LTS release, and support was dropped for it a while back.)http://www.ubuntu.com/info/release-end-of-life <-- this is a recommended read.

A: It depends on your hardware
If your hardware is too old and not supported by the device vendor anymore than please don't upgrade

A: The word is not "should" instead is MUST since the support of 15.10 ends with the new release, so you must upgrade.
Remember to always backup everything, if you have the patience is always better to do a clean install, but the guys at Canonical Ltd worked very hard to make sure you can do a release upgrade without affecting your current system, so anyway you should be fine. Worth to mention, if you are using whole disk encryption be EXTRA careful!


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