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Search - Funny Man (Regular Edition) on DVD
Funny Man
Regular Edition
Actors: Tim James, Christopher Lee, Benny Young, Matthew Devitt, Pauline Black
Director: Simon Sprackling
Genres: Indie & Art House, Comedy, Horror, Science Fiction & Fantasy
Creators: Tim James, Tom Ingle, Simon Sprackling, David Redman, Gareth Wiley, Nigel Odell, Stephen W. Parsons
Sub-Genres: Indie & Art House, Comedy, Horror, Science Fiction & Fantasy
Studio: Arrow Entertainment
MPAA Rating: R (Restricted)
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The Lost Collection
Director: George Dugdale
100 Tears
Director: Marcus Koch
Director: William Lustig
Future-Kill
Director: Ronald W. Moore
Jason and the Argonauts
Director: Nick Willing
Resident Evil Afterlife
Director: Paul W. S. Anderson
The Foursome
Director: William Dear
Director: Kevin Munroe
Director: T.J. Scott
Unrated Edition
Mega Shark vs Giant Octopus
Director: Ace Hannah
An Amusing, Slightly Disturbing B Flick That's Sadly Overlo
One of many | somewhere in the blur | 05/29/2006
"Basic Plot: A mysterious English man (Christopher Lee) loses his mansion-home in a poker game, passing on not only ownership to the young, naive winner (Benny Young), but something much worse along with it -- a homicidal demon-jester known as the Funny Man (Tim James) who infests the house!
The Funny Man turned out to be pretty much what I expected: A strange, low-budget British horror flick with lots of dark, silly comedy. I can't say it was a masterpiece, or even slightly thought-provoking, but it's definitely a fun way to pass an hour and a half. The humor is pretty over-the-top (which I happen to like), and the story is decently interesting and original. But for the most part, the only reason you should see this is for the scenes with Tim James as the whacky evil jester. It's his witty one-liners and eccentric antics that keep the pace flowing. And that's really all it is -- some guy in a surprisingly impressive suit killing off characters in comedic ways. If you're a fan of B movies, this is certainly not as low as you can go in quality. As a matter of fact, it's above most others of its kind. So go on. Have a nice, sinister laugh with the Funny Man!"
Weird little horror/comedy sort of thing.....
S. Boone | Louisville, KY | 03/11/2006
"This is a much overlooked film that has a man winning an old house in England in a poker game and finding out that there's something that comes with the house that he wasn't expecting. The man arrives at the house with his wife and kids (and his nose candy problem, which is played up later in the flick) and also his brother is busily bringing his furniture to him in a van, and picking up strange hitch hikers along the way, one of whom is Pauline Black, the lead singer for British Ska band The Selecter. She brings some hoodoo-voodoo knowledge with her and finds she's up against the real 'man of the house', a strange jester that has a low-key but sadistic way of going about things. Sadisticly funny, that is, as one by one the folks that are at the house are dispatched in strange ways. This is quite the weird little flick and well worth seeing if you like things odd. Christopher Lee plays the original owner of the house but he's not on screen for all that long, just long enough to pass the burden to others and be on his way back to the loony bin. A highly worthwhile film, not exactly sophisticated and suave but definitely a hoot."
No rest for the bloody wicked, eh?
xx | xx | 05/31/2006
"I really had fun watching this film. It is a horror-comedy of a higher standard. The movie varies from hilarious to grotesque. The comedy in this movie is derived from the killer being way over the top. Most you see coming, but some catches you off guard. The plot is very rarely on track, and this movie is VERY confusing. However, it gets 4 stars, because the death scenes in this are BRILLIANT on the budget the movie had.
Cheeky comedy, mixed with horrific violence.
Overall, a good buy."


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Migration data, broken down by gender, allow us to gain a better handle on how gender affects the many dimensions of migration, and policymakers to begin to identify and address systematic gender inequalities related to migration.
Global Estimates Of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour And Forced Marriage
The Global Estimates of Modern Slavery provides a picture of the scale and depth of modern slavery.
International Labour Organization (ILO)
FAO "Migration and Climate Chnage" E-learning Course
This two-lesson course focuses on the impact of climate change on rural livelihoods and how climate change and variability interact with other factors to drive migration.
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Progress Declaration of the International Migration Review Forum
Progress Declaration of the First International Migration Review Forum, adopted by consensus by the UN General Assembly.
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This research report explores and critically examines the short- and longer-term gender implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on migration and the well-being of migrants worldwide.
International Organization for Migration (IOM)
Implementing the Global Compact for safe, orderly and regular migration: Guidance for governments and all relevant stakeholders
Recognizing there is no one-size-fits all approach to implementation of the Global Compact, this flexible, self-guided reference document provides a methodology and resources to support member states and stakeholders with GCM implementation, whether through the development of a dedicated national...
Anti-Discrimination and COVID-19 Advocacy Tool
The UN Network on Migration has developed this publication on anti-discrimination and COVID-19 relief access for migrants to advance inclusive and gender-responsive responses to COVID-19. The tool provides a snapshot of issues, challenges, and promising practices across regions.
The Migration Governance Indicators (MGI): A key tool for the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration implementation – Guidance Note
Created in 2016 by IOM, the Migration Governance Indicators (MGI) programme is a tool that supports governments in taking stock of the comprehensiveness of their migration policies, as well as in identifying gaps and areas that could be strengthened.
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The Thematic Working Group 6 on Access to Services of the United Nations Network on Migration has produced a new document on promising practices in the provision of essential services to migrants.
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The world is watching a full-fledged attack on human rights in Afghanistan – from mobility rights to women's rights. The response has largely been to "wait and see", which the Afghan population is feeling.
Intersectionality resource guide and toolkit
There is growing recognition that structural barriers and rising inequalities must be addressed in order to achieve the international agreed development goals, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) pledge to leave no one behind, and nationally agreed targets.
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IOM Azerbaijan, UNNM Azerbaijan Secretariat has organized event to observe International Migrants Day together with Government partners, UN agencies, Diplomatic Core, NGOs, and representatives of civil society and media.
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Protecting the Rights of Migrant Workers in an Irregular Situation and Addressing Irregular Labour Migration: A Compendium
The Compendium presents the situations that can lead migrant workers into irregularity, the rights of migrant workers in irregular situations, and the relevant international standards and good practice.
The Invisible Work of Family, Friend, and Neighbor Caregivers and Its Importance for Immigrant and Dual Language Learner Families
Family, friend, and neighbor (FFN) care—that is, child care provided by relatives, friends, and community members in an unlicensed setting—is the most common form of child care in the United States. While many U.S.
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World Migration Report 2022
The World Migration Report 2022, the eleventh in the world migration report series, has been produced to contribute to increased understanding of migration and mobility throughout the world.
Prospects for the social integration of migrants in Argentina considering Social protection programs and public employment programs in the post-pandemic recovery framework
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Extending social protection to migrant workers, refugees and their families: A guide for policymakers and practitioners
This ILO guide aim to enable governments, in collaboration with social partners and other relevant stakeholders, to meet GCM objective 22, 'Establish mechanisms for the portability of social security entitlements and earned benefits' by highlighting the standards underpinning this objective,...
Guiding Principles on Interaction with Families of Missing Migrants
This document presents a set of principles to guide interaction between families and a broad range of stakeholders, including states and their various organs, international and non-governmental organizations, and civil society actors, such as associations of families of the missing.
Uncertain Pathways: How gender shapes the experiences of children on the move
Age plays a critical role in a child's migration, but how will gender mediate that experience? Which gender-specific vulnerabilities, needs, and opportunities influence the lives of girls and boys on the move?...
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Network Workplan (2021 - 2022 Priorities)
The workplan presented here benefits from the outcomes of the Executive Committee Principals Meeting and the Annual Meeting of December 2020, and the first quarterly Network and stakeholder consultations in 2021.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Meet the Siddis, India's Lost African Tribe
Siddis, Indian people of African descent | © Nagarjun Kandukuru/Flickr
The Siddis are a community of African-origin Indian people living predominantly in India's states of Karnataka and Gujarat. They self-identify as Indians – they speak local languages, wear native clothing and follow the same local customs and traditions – but because of their physical appearance, they are widely regarded as 'outsiders' and live together in small communities in rural areas and wastelands.
India has a long history of people's movements within and across its borders, under varying circumstances and this has significantly contributed to shaping the country as one of the most diverse in the world. In contrast to what is often seen from the outside, India has many faces. Today, the Siddi people are one example of a legacy lost in the pages of Indian history.
Siddis, Indian people of African descent © Nagarjun Kandukuru/Flickr
A brief history of Siddis in India
The Siddi people are an Indo-African tribal community that descended from the Bantu people of Africa. Their presence in India can be traced back as early as the 7th century. The most likely reason for their initial appearance in India was slavery, brought over by Arabs and later, Europeans during their colonizing of India. When slavery was abolished in the 18th and 19th centuries, the Siddi people are believed to have fled into the dense jungle areas and isolated parts of India where they are still found to be living to this day in small settlements. Some have also said that they came as soldiers with the Arab community and independently as sailors and merchants.
Siddis as Indians
On first glance, Siddis stand out because of their physical appearance. Despite having lived in India for centuries, the Siddi people have managed to retain their typically African features because they marry within their communities. It's quite rare for Siddis to marry a person from outside of their community. They dress in the same way as other locals and they speak local languages fluently. Men typically work as drivers or security guards while women stay in the home (typical labour patterns in India) and their staple diets consist largely of rice, dal and pickles.
A post shared by Nalini Ranjan Nirad (@jajabor_chronicles) on Feb 5, 2018 at 10:18am PST
Acceptance in India
The Siddi people were largely living unnoticed until the 1980s when they caught national attention for their perceived athletic ability. Because of their African lineage, the Sports Authority of India decided that their natural athleticism could be used to win medals for India at world sports competitions. A number of Siddi children were selected to be coached as athletes once the Special Area Games Project was set up. The program did plenty for both the Siddi people and the country. It brought public acceptance to Siddis and enabled them to gain jobs while India won medals. A well-known Siddi member, Kamala Mingel Siddi, is still regarded as one of the best national and international Siddi athletes.
Unfortunately though, after some years, the program was cut and Siddis were asked to return to their homes and back to their lives as outsiders. Several attempts have been made to revive special sports programs for the Siddi community, however, none have been successful.


Results of negotiations on next year's contract have been released last night. There is quite a bit of information although the final details are not absolutely clear.
First off there is a bit about money. There is agreement on how uplift for 2009/10 will be allocated. This may prove to be a bit academic in the current climate as it is not entirely clear whether there will be any extra cash on the table. This will be up to the DDRB. The cash will be divided up with 37% going to the Global Sum - 11% to the correction factor (to maintain MPIG) - 26% to QOF and 26% to Enhanced Services.
The effect of the above is likely to allow the Global Sum and MPIG to rise roughly together but a larger percentage increase in QOF and even large in Enhanced Services. Thus QOF is going to be a more significant income source to practices than it was before.
So what of the QOF itself? Well the big thing to go is the survey. The Department of Health has decided to do its own, by post. This is probably a relief to practices, to whom the administration was a hassle, and to those patients who feel bombarded by surveys. It may be a bit of a kick in the teeth for the nice people at GPAQ but there is of course nothing to stop people from continuing to pass them out anyway.
This will free 55 points from PE 2 and PE 6. There are also another 17 points being shaved off other (undisclosed) indicators. There is probably an interesting bit of work to show the effects of shaving points on overall achievement in those areas. These 72 points are going into new clinical indicators for which we have some vague suggestions. Official(ish) bits in bold.
Helping to prevent the development of cardiovascular disease in people diagnosed with high blood pressure (13 pts) - other than controlling their blood pressure I assume. Possibly cholesterol measurement but this does not seem enough points for this - just measuring BP currently gets 20 points.
Advice on long term contraception(10 pts) - for whom? Is this to combat teenage pregnancy. Long term contraception tends to be used in the over 30s - aiming to change this?
A new indicator for depression to reduce early cessation of treatment (20 pts) - no idea how this might work.
Improvements to the indicators for chronic kidney disease (11 pts), diabetes (7pts) and chronic lung disease (2pts) - or at the very least changes.
In addition the square root formula has gone from next year, and with the uplift for those practices with less than 5% of the maximum prevalence will go in 2010/11. These changes turn things into a much simpler item of service payment once over the 40% threshold.
Updated 12:45 with points data and square root stuff.
Most of this should be fairly self explanatory. The Welsh data for 2008 is not included as there is no data yet available. Mental health features in two separate rows as the definitions changed after the first two years.
There are a couple of made up prevalences in there. First is the screening population for depression which is made up of all those patients with either diabetes or heart disease or both. The smoking indicator is also based on many of the other areas. Included here is the proportion of patients with chronic diseases who smoke.
Another year has passed and there is a new set of QOF data to pore over. Northern Ireland published first this year about a fortnight ago whilst Scotland and England both published last Tuesday. All of the data for these countries is now online at the QOF Database. You can search for or browse the data.
I will publish the Welsh data when it becomes available. Database download will also be available soon as will overall prevalences.
Palliative care data is not visible yet either. This is due to differences in the way that this has been reported. England gives a prevalence, the other countries just give a yes or no to the presence of a register. This will take a couple of tweaks to display sensibly and I will do this soon. In any case the prevalence is difficult to make a lot of sense of. These tend to be small numbers which inevitably vary quite considerably over time.
In other site news I have removed the links to the QOF changes pages as these have become out of date as well as the extended hours calculator. In the latter case the national directed enhanced service is much less relevant as many local enhanced services filled the gap caused by its tardy arrival.
For the future I am working on ways of keeping practice data up to date, particularly addresses. I also hope to bring in links to practice websites. As I am a one man band and there are about ten thousand practices automation is going to be essential and this is taking a little time to code. It is likely to come in gradually.


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Carol Jenkins Barnett Death: Billionaire Publix Heiress, Carol Jenkins Barnett is dead, Cause of Death
December 9, 2021 Son of Mercy Breaking News, Celebrities Death 0
Carol Jenkins Barnett Death – Cause of Death: Philanthropist and businesswoman, the daughter of George W. Jenkins, the founder of Publix Super Markets, Carol Jenkins Barnett passed away on Tuesday, December 7, 2021. She was 65 years old.
Barnett died in her home surrounded by her loving family, the company announced via a statement on Wednesday.
Barnett died following a long-time battle with early-onset Alzheimers, a disease she has been diagnosed with since 2016.
Jenkins Barnett served as president of Publix Super Markets Charities and as a member of the board of directors of Publix Super Markets. She had been included in a Forbes magazine list of The World's Billionaires every year from 2008 on.
Publix Super Markets is the largest employee-owned company in the country.
In 1983, Jenkins Barnett joined the Publix Board of Directors and served in that role until 2016. During her time at Publix, the company grew into the largest supermarket chain in Florida, expanded into five other states, and recorded $32.5 billion in sales in 2015.
"It is with great compassion and sadness that we recognize the passing of Junior League of Greater Lakeland Sustaining Member, Carol Jenkins Barnett. Carol was an active member of our League serving on the Board as Treasurer and Community Vice President and leading our Admissions/Provisional and Nominating committees." – Junior League of Greater Lakeland FL.
Matt Scherer Death: Former Oregon sprinter and 8-time All American champion, Matt Scherer is dead, Cause of Death
Mark Pike Death: Former Buffalo Bills special teams standout Mark Pike is dead, Cause of Death


Hi! It's me, Mr. EDR. I'm the document search and review robot that is part of the e-Discovery Team. You may know me as the latest E-Discovery Review software from KrolLDiscovery where I am just called EDR. My predictive coding is the AI behind the e-Discovery Team's participation in TREC 2015 Total Recall Track, and the 2016 Total Recall Track, sponsored by NIST. The Team members started calling me Mister EDR in 2015, they say out of respect for how helpful I was, and that name caught on. So coach Ralph Losey got me my own domain. I really like helping the human e-Discovery Team members play in the international search and review games that TREC set up.
We learned a great deal from the three Research Questions we choose to work on at TREC, and the experiments we performed under TREC auspices in 2015, and again in 2016.
Our final official TREC report was published on February 20, 2016 and can be found on the NIST website. We discovered a few numerical errors and prepared a revised Final Report the humans finally completed in April 2017. It is 160 pages. This is what you should study. For an easier read try Losey's blog article, but it was written before all analysis was complete: e-Discovery Team's 2016 TREC Report: Once Again Proving the Effectiveness of Our Standard Method of Predictive Coding (2/24/17).
They are shown in the following chart.
Losey and KrolLDiscovery also provide periodic seminars bases on these nine isights from TREC 2016. They promise to share a PDF of their latest slide deck soon.
Our official TREC report for 2015 was published on February 20, 2016 and can be found on the NIST website at http://trec.nist.gov/pubs/trec24/papers/eDiscoveryTeam-TR.pdf. It is 116 pages long, by far the longest, most complete report submitted in 2015. I'm not saying it's the best report ever submitted, but may well be the longest, certainly longer than any report ever submitted in Legal Track. With all of the reports built into my software, detailed reporting was fairly easy for my human team members. Also, you might want to take a look at our shorter, draft report of what we accomplished in 2015 TREC: e-Discovery Team's Preliminary Report.
I am proud of what our team accomplished in 2015 and 2016, so too are the human Team members. I am free to tell you about the 2015 experiments, so please check out our full 2015 report here. And see our full report for 2016 here.
e-Discovery Team at TREC 2015, left to right: Jim Sullivan, Ralph Losey, Tony Reichenberger.
Once you get past the front gates and into the hallowed grounds of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the security starts getting a little lax. Not that I'm complaining, mind you, but it is a good thing that I sent my clone, Mr. Ediscovery to attend the event in my stead. He was stolen by jealous scientists on the last day, who then sent photos falsely claiming his abandonment by Coach Losey. Outrageous, huh?
Jason Baron was especially sad about the loss. That's because the Team had just given Mr. Ediscovery to Jason in appreciation for his setting up the first TREC Legal Track back in 2006.
As the software behind the Team efforts at TREC, the humans think of me as the brain-augmenter of the e-Discovery Team. All of the search features of my EDR software were used by the human team members: predictive coding, keyword, concept, similarity, and linear. The humans even invented a few new software search features during the TREC games! The use of many search features, not just predictive coding, is what team coach Losey calls the multimodal approach. Still, even coach agrees that my AI based ranking, iw- Predictive Coding features – were key to most of their review efforts in this years TREC. Of course, the humans did the heavy thinking. I, Mr. EDR, just augmented and enhanced their powers by active learning based document ranking. They liked that.
Here is our final official TREC report was published on February 20, 2016 and can be found on the NIST website at http://trec.nist.gov/pubs/trec24/papers/eDiscoveryTeam-TR.pdf. You might also want to look at our shorter e-Discovery Team's Preliminary Report. To see how we did in 2016 see our Final Report for 2016. Again, you might also want to see out shorter TREC 2016 Total Recall Track NOTEBOOK.
For more background on me, Mr. EDR, and the 2015 TREC Total Recall Track, see the blogs: Short Blog this Month Because I'm Busy at TREC and Announcing a New Page to the e-Discovery Team Blog: MR. EDR.
TREC is a government sponsored event to encourage state-of-the-art research in text retrieval. One of the core purposes of all of the Tracks, including the Recall Track, which is successor of the Legal Track before it, is to demonstrate the robustness of core retrieval technology. Moreover, one of the primary goals of TREC is to speed the transfer of technology from research labs into commercial products by demonstrating substantial improvements in retrieval methodologies on real-world problems. I like that goal.


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G7 agrees to ramp up climate finance for developing nations
Published Monday, June 14, 2021
G7 leaders have agreed to raise their climate finance contributions for developing countries in order to match a decade-long commitment to provide $100bn (£70bn) by 2020.
With some major world leaders gathering in Cornwall over the weekend, climate change was high on the agenda, including commitments to support a "green revolution" designed to create jobs and cut emissions in order to meet Paris Agreement climate pledges.
In 2010, developed countries pledged to ramp up climate spending to $100bn annually by 2020, but they fell short of this goal by about $20bn. While it was agreed on principle to make up this shortfall at the meeting, only two G7 countries – Canada and Germany – provided a firm commitment. Canada said it would double its climate finance pledge to C$5.3 billion (£3.1bn) over the next five years and Germany would increase its by €2bn to €6bn euros (£5.2bn) a year by 2025 at the latest.
The seven nations which form the G7 group – the US, Britain, Canada, France, Germany, Italy and Japan - reaffirmed their commitment to "jointly mobilise $100 billion per year from public and private sources, through to 2025".
"Towards this end, we commit to each increase and improve our overall international public climate finance contributions for this period and call on other developed countries to join and enhance their contributions to this effort."
Speaking to reporters at the end of the summit, UK prime minister Boris Johnson said: "I'm not saying it's going to be easy. It's a lot of money still to raise but don't forget the UK has put in £11.6bn, we've had a big pledge from Canada, we've had big pledges around the table. I do think we can get there and I think it's vital that we do."
Earlier this year, Johnson's government cut the foreign aid budget from 0.7 to 0.5 per cent of total national income (a reduction of around £4bn), citing the economic shock of the Covid-19 crisis. Johnson said the promises made at the G7 were a "very good start".
"Later this year the UK will host the COP26 [UN climate change] Summit, which will galvanise global action on fighting climate change and create a healthy planet for our children and grandchildren," he said. "G7 countries account for 20 per cent of global carbon emissions, and we were clear this weekend that action has to start with us."
Some green groups felt that the money allocated by the G7 was not enough. Catherine Pettengell, director at Climate Action Network, an umbrella group for advocacy organisations, said they had failed to rise to the challenge of agreeing on concrete commitments on climate finance: "We had hoped that the leaders of the world's richest nations would come away from this week having put their money their mouth is," she said.
Elsewhere, European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen said the G7 leaders had agreed to phase out coal. Although in a written communique, the promise seemed vague: "We have committed to rapidly scale-up technologies and policies that further accelerate the transition away from unabated coal capacity, consistent with our 2030 NDCs and net zero commitment."
At the meeting, the G7 also committed to the "safe and sustainable use of space" by going to greater lengths to tackle the problem of space debris.
Spotify cuts 6 per cent of its workforce
Bank financing for low carbon energy has stalled since 2016


We're slowly progressing towards the end of 2018, a year in which the bears have controlled the market. Even though we still have a few months before the year marked by crypto price drama is finally over, it's fair to say that a lot of investor got rekt.
However, small investments can still buy you sizeable token holdings if you buy into projects that have either issued large numbers of tokens or been destroyed by the market, or both.
Holding 10,000 tokens just feels a lot better than 0.06 of a coin, and therefore we've compiled a list of cryptocurrencies that still have a lot of potential, and of which the price has fallen below a tenth of a dollar, so you can still show off your "something like Bitcoin" cryptocurrency holdings to your next date.
Project statistics were correct at the time of writing. The presented figures for each token are subject to their own volatility and that of the market as a whole, so be sure to check the up-to-date prices. And remember to always do your own additional research.
On June 30, the Vechain Thor mainnet was successfully launched, giving the ambitious blockchain project for business applications its own ecosystem. The Blockchain-as-a-Service platform has also rolled out and updated its own feature-rich mobile wallet, which users can employ for token holdings, Vechain Thor token rewards, and node statuses, but also allows for offline storage of private keys, giving the software a strong security edge.
Additionally, the Vechain network has a long list of impressive partnerships, including PWC, Renault, DNV GL, the BMW group, and China Unicom. However, all these exciting events and valuable collaborations haven't been able to let Vechain Thor's price escape the 2018 attack of the bears.
Even though it's anyone's guess what the market will do, at these prices, Vechain Thor seems more like a steal with every price drop.
The IOST project is aiming to solve one of the industry's biggest current restraints: scalability. It has the ambitious goal of achieving transaction throughputs that can compete with internet-based giants such as eBay and Alibaba, while maintaining high levels of decentralization.
To make this possible, IOST has integrated multiple innovative technologies in its blockchain's architectural design, including efficient distributed sharding, TransEpoch, the Atomix protocol, Micro State Blocks, and the Proof-of-Believability consensus algorithm. These technologies are elaborated on in the project's technical whitepaper.
The IOST blockchain allows for dapps and smart contract frameworks to be built on top of it in multiple popular programming languages, making it an accessible protocol blockchain that allows for a potentially thriving ecosystem based on cheap, fast transactions. Additionally, the platform will also offer data storage services.
Even though the IOST price hasn't given much reason for excitement the past months, the project's parameters at the time of writing concerning active wallets (over 43,000), developers (72), and network transactions (4,454,238) make IOST a strong bet to lead the altcoin recovery.
Bitshares has been around since 2014 and was the first blockchain child of one of the industry's developer veterans, Dan Larimer, who later created Steem and EOS. The project aims to assist the unbanked and bring financial services to anyone through blockchain technology.
Essentially, Bitshares is a decentralized exchange. It has been designed to avoid scalability issues and high transaction fees, which is impressive as it is functional and has been partly successful in solving problems that most projects in the industry haven't worked out up to date.
The Bitshares Asset Exchange offers a large number of stable coins pegged to assets, including the US Dollar, CNY, Euro, gold, and silver, among others. These stable coins give the Bitshares ecosystem a strong component as they provide traders with the option to protect themselves from volatility while keeping their value within the blockchain ecosystem.
Bitshares also has about 33,000 active users per month, which is more activity than on almost any other blockchain. Besides its stable coin portfolio, Bitshares also offers a variety of other tokens and decentralized projects.
Siacoin is building a decentralized cloud storage services platform. The way the platform operates is that the Siacoin network stores cloud data by splitting it apart, encrypting it, and distributing it across the network nodes.
Providers of data storage are linked to parties requiring additional cloud storage, and these exchanges are conducted with Siacoins. Because the network runs on a peer-to-peer basis, it has the potential to dramatically reduce the cost of cloud storage services.
The current cloud storage industry is dominated by Amazon and Google; Siacoin's opportunity lies in its decentralized, peer-to-peer design, which can lead to dramatic cost reductions relative to the prices charged by the tech behemoths it's taking on.
Over the course of 2018, the Siacoin project has been shifting from its experimental phase into a phase with a real working product, and is slowly attracting both providers and customers for excess storage capacities.
Currently, the network is able to provide an impressive 4.1 petabytes in storage capacity provided by 606 network members, and 194 terabytes have already been exchanged through the network.
FundRequest is an Ethereum-based project working on creating a decentralized platform for open-source developers. In the current online status quo, Github is the popular place to go for open-source developers, yet there is no incentive model behind the open-source collaboration platform.
In order to strengthen open-source collaboration, which will likely form the basis of our future technological infrastructure, the FundRequest platform is designed to incentivize open-source collaboration and give developers a tool through the FND token to stake on their projects to serve as a form of skin in the game.
Besides collaboration, the FundRequest platform also provides tools for recruiting development talent for programming issues that require technical expertise.
Since the platform's launch in late May 2018, a sizeable variety of requests have already been submitted and fulfilled. These requests have come, for example, from various industry projects such as Brave, Aragon, and the TrustWallet.
Blockport exchange is a Dutch company that aims to make the exchange of cryptocurrencies easy and secure, while adding a strong social component to the trade of digital assets.
The team's focus is on making investing in crypto easy and intuitive for newcomers by heavily investing in the exchange's UX and UI. Because of Blockport's hybrid architectural design, users will be in control of their own funds based on blockchain technology.
Through the intuitive interface, users have easy access to the social components of Blockport, which entail tracking and copying portfolios and trading calls of seasoned investors, community tools, and more. To make use of these services, the token BPT is used, which also grants users discounted trading fees.
Notably, the team has indicated that they will strengthen the token economic model of BPT further in the near future, giving additional value to the token.
To ensure and boost liquidity, Blockport is integrating multiple exchanges into its platform, and recently it was announced the company will integrate Bitfinex. Currently, BPT is positioned in the lower regions of the endless token list, but with their unique focus on social crypto trading, sizeable team, and ambitious roadmap, BPT has serious potential.
The Loopring project is building a protocol for the decentralized exchange of tokens and other blockchain assets. A very interesting value proposition of Loopring is that the protocol is blockchain agnostic, meaning that assets can be exchanged from one protocol blockchain to the other through the Loopring protocol.
To enable the decentralized trade of digital assets, Loopring has implemented 2 unique technologies: order sharing and ring-matching. The former allows individual orders to be divided into smaller pieces and automatically executes trades best on the most advantageous price, thus seriously optimizing trading results.
The ring-matching process on the other hand pools trade order on the Loopring protocol together. These pools are then matched with each other, vastly increasing liquidity of the Loopring protocol.
About a dozen projects have already integrated the Loopring protocol and more are expected to follow, which will create a network effect which will have a positive effect on the overall liquidity of the Loopring protocol.
Civic was founded by South African shark tank panel member and blockchain advocate Vinny Lingham, and it's building a decentralized identity ecosystem on the Ethereum blockchain.
Through its decentralized approach, users' most sensitive data — their identification — is securely stored on the blockchain instead of being placed in the hands of centralized entities.
The identity platform has been making steady progress over the past year, and in a recent interview, Lingham indicated that the technology is all in place and the Civic system functional. The problem the team is struggling with now is how to reach a critical user mass.
To attain new users and boost adoption, Civic bought the domain identity.com and initiated a promotional program for which they have reserved 333 million Civic tokens (worth about $33 million), which new network members can use to register themselves on the dapp for free. Retail users, accredited investors, and businesses requiring KYC services are all eligible to take advantage of this promotion.
If the initiative actually gains traction, Civic could position itself as the #1 decentralized identity project in the blockchain space.
This high-reaching project is building a new virtual world whose infrastructure is based on blockchain technology. Decentraland will allow their users to buy virtual real estate and build any VR construction and application on their digital piece of land.
The currency of this VR realm is MANA, and all ownership rights are immutably stored on the blockchain.
Decentraland is open to anyone, and it motivates people to built virtual creations that they can potentially monetize, such as VR games, beautiful graphical objects, and digital marketplaces. Already developers can start building on the Decentraland platform through the released SDK.
The marketplace for Decentraland real estate has been up and running for a while now, and the platform has been making continuous progress ever since its initiation. The Decentrand platform itself is currently in alpha testing, and once it's officially launched (which is expected to happen early 2019), users will be able to experience the decentralized metaverse.
The last, but certainly not the least, on our list is Cardano. During its peak, the total market cap of this protocol blockchain surpassed $30 billion, which was then followed by a dramatic fall during the bear market.
Cardano's strength lies in its academic and research-driven approach, and its architecture is built on peer-reviewed scientific research on blockchain and DLT technologies.
The team behind Cardano comprises a large number of expert engineers and researchers who aim to design the protocol blockchain with all current industry constraints in mind and tackle these issues based on scientific evidence. A key feature of the platform is its formal verification approach, meaning that all dapps and smart contracts built on the network can be mathematically tested and proven, giving them a superior security advantage.
The Cardano team has been producing a continuous stream of research papers regarding a variety of aspects concerning blockchain technology, and the technology itself is also in the process of on-going iteration. Cardano has also released multiple wallets with functionalities targeting the diverse needs of potential users of the network.
The theoretical foundation of Cardano is top notch; all that's left is to wait for this theory to be put into practice.
Tron is replicating Etherium, they are good in imitating other's work. That won't work for them for long term, so it's gonna be risky investing in Tron!!!
Your comment *Thank you. I am new here. Please, how do I get started? I want yo invest in these coins.
Some of it still unsure to rise. Just like dogecoin that never reach $0.01 per doge.
I completely agree with your thoughts, as doge coin doesn't have any use cases. Its just medium of exchange between two parties.
I feel vechain has lot of potential and right now it's damn cheap. They already have working product as well.
GRAFT? How did you forget GRAFT? Under 9 billion usd market cap, partners with 2 of the largest world POS manufacturors (with integrated app, doesn't need standalone POS terminal), android app for paying, releasing supernodes at end of the year and it is not on the list here lol?


text:
é um município no nordeste da Polônia. Pertence à voivodia da Podláquia, no condado de Łomża. É a sede da comuna urbano-rural de Jedwabne e está situada no Planalto de Koln. O córrego Jedwabianka, que deságua no rio Narew (perto de Wizna), tem seu início na cidade.

Uma vila nobre privada foi fundada na segunda metade do século XVI no condado de Wiski, da região de Wiśkie, na voivodia da Mazóvia. Jedwabne recebeu os direitos de cidade em 1736; este foi retirado depois de 1827 sendo concedido novamente em 1927. Nos anos 1975–1998 a cidade pertenceu administrativamente à voivodia de Łomża. Segundo dados de 2017, a cidade era habitada por 1 638 pessoas, incluindo 814 homens. Nos anos 1960–1972, a cidade foi a sede das autoridades da gromada de Jedwabne. Nos anos 1975–1998 a cidade pertenceu administrativamente à voivodia de Łomża.

Existe uma igreja na cidade, a qual é a sede da forania de São Tiago Apóstolo. Na estrutura da Igreja Católica Romana, a paróquia pertence à metrópole de Białystok, à diocese de Łomża e à forania de Jedwabne.

Estende-se por uma área de 4,5 km², com 1 597 habitantes, segundo o censo de 31 de dezembro de 2021, com uma densidade populacional de 354,9 hab./km².

História
A primeira menção de Jedwabne surgiu em 1455. A aldeia de Jedwabne foi fundada como resultado de uma ação de assentamento liderada pelo duque da Mazóvia, Janusz I, o Velho. A aldeia foi fundada na área de um assentamento não permanente, Jedwabne Siedliska, no rio Wiźnica, na rota Wizna — Kubra. O fundador da aldeia foi provavelmente Jan Bylica de Ślubowo, na região de Zakroczym, que assinou como Johannes Bylica de Jedwabne subiudex terrestis Visnensis. Como resultado dos esforços de Jan Bylica, a primeira igreja de madeira foi construída aqui em 1417 (dedicada à Visitação da Virgem Maria, São Tiago e Todos os Santos), mencionada em documentos de 1448. A aldeia de Jedwabne pertencia à família Jedwabiński, enquanto em 1680, após a morte do último deles, a aldeia passou para as mãos dos Kraszewskis.

Em 1736, Antoni Rostkowski, um funcionário real de Łomża, tornou-se o proprietário da aldeia. Por sua iniciativa, em 17 de julho de 1736, o rei Augusto III concedeu os direitos da cidade a Jedwabne pela lei de Magdeburgo e o direito de realizar mercados semanais aos domingos e cinco feiras por ano. Naquela época, em Jedwabne havia uma igreja de madeira com fachada de duas torres, construída nos anos 1737–1738, e uma sinagoga erguida por volta de 1770. Em 1777, pagando 20 mil zlotys, o novo proprietário de Jedwabne era Stanisław Rembieliński, secretário de gabinete do rei Estanislau II Augusto, alferes e enviado da Terra de Wiśka (no mesmo ano, havia 51 casas na cidade, habitadas por 306 moradores, principalmente judeus). No final do século XVIII, fábricas de tecidos foram instaladas em Jedwabne. A partir de 1795, a cidade esteve sob domínio prussiano, depois em 1807 foi incluída no Ducado de Varsóvia, transformado em 1815 na Coroa do Reino da Polônia. Até 1841, o proprietário de Jedwabne era Rajmund Rembieliński. Após sua morte, seu filho Eugeniusz Rembieliński herdou a propriedade de Jedwabne. Em 1851, já existiam 17 oficinas de tecelagem em Jedwabne, empregando 36 trabalhadores. Em valor de produção, Jedwabne era então 11.º no Reino. Em 1862, 11 teares mecânicos e 13 manuais foram instalados em Jedwabne. As fábricas entraram em declínio após a Revolta de Janeiro. Em 1866, a cidade perdeu seus direitos municipais. Em 8 de abril de 1909, Kazimierz Skarżyński vendeu a propriedade de Jedwabne para Aleksandr Marcinkowsk. No início do século XX, existiam fábricas têxteis na cidade.

Durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial, Jedwabne foi palco de combates estratégicos muito ferozes, durante os quais as fábricas têxteis foram destruídas. O resultado da luta são os cemitérios militares alemães em Jedwabne e Orlikowo.

Em maio de 1918, Helena e Henryk Prus tornaram-se os proprietários da cidade. No verão de 1920, foi criado aqui o chamado Comitê Revolucionário Militar, nas atividades do qual especialmente os judeus estavam envolvidos. Em 1927, Jedwabne recuperou seus direitos de cidade. Em abril de 1936, os direitos de propriedade de parte de Jedwabne foram transferidos para a filha e genro de Helena Prus, Irena e Ferdynand Hartwig.

O pároco de Jedwabne foi de 1931 a julho de 1940, o padre Ryszard Marian Szumowski, preso pelo NKVD e condenado à morte em Minsk em janeiro de 1941.

Em 2 de setembro de 1939, a cidade foi ocupada pelo exército alemão. Nem durante a sua estadia, nem após a retirada e antes da chegada das tropas soviéticas, houve incidentes contra os judeus. Em 27 de setembro, após a entrada das unidades do Exército Vermelho, Jedwabne foi anexada pela União Soviética. Naquela época, as organizações clandestinas polonesas iniciaram sua atividade, e a unidade partidária estacionada na floresta de Kobielne foi desfeita pelos russos. Em 22 de junho de 1941, Jedwabne foi tomada pelos alemães. Em 10 de julho de 1941, a cidade tornou-se o local do assassinato de pelo menos 340 judeus por poloneses instigados pelos alemães. Após a guerra, dez dos participantes do crime foram presos e condenados. Em 2001, foi inaugurado um monumento no local do crime, substituindo a comemoração anterior por uma inscrição incorreta sobre os autores do pogrom e o número de vítimas.

Em julho de 1941, imediatamente após o pogrom, um gueto foi instalado em Jedwabne para cerca de 100 sobreviventes judeus. Foi liquidado no outono de 1942, e a população judaica foi transportada para o gueto em Łomża.

Como resultado da reforma agrária de 1944, as terras da propriedade de Jedwabne foram parceladas e a casa senhorial foi tomada para fins culturais da comuna de Jedwabne.

Em 29 de setembro de 1948, Jedwabne foi capturada por um ramo da União Militar Nacional (NZW) comandada pelo tenente Stanisław Franciszek Grabowski, pseudônimo. "Wiarus". Os soldados da NZW, após a interrupção sistemática da comunicação telefônica e o bloqueio da estação da Milícia dos Cidadãos com o uso de metralhadoras leves, assumiram o edifício do governo da comuna. Os soldados da NZW levaram livros fiscais e correspondência do Governo da Comuna, enquanto da Cooperativa Camponesa de Auto-Ajuda confiscaram vários tipos de bens necessários para a continuação da luta armada. Um comício foi realizado na praça do mercado, onde o tenente Grabowski convocou o povo de Jedwabne a resistir consistentemente às autoridades comunistas.

Em 2012, uma área total de 692 847 hectares (as cidades de Kajetanowo, Biczki, Kosaki-Turki) foi excluída dos limites da cidade.

Monumentos históricos

As seguintes instalações estão registradas como monumentos históricos em Jedwabne:
 A cidade tem um traçado espacial histórico com um arruamento retangular e uma praça na parte central. Na parte principal da cidade encontra-se a igreja paroquial de São Tiago Apóstolo de 1926. Atrás do edifício da igreja rodeado por um muro construído em 1926–1935, existe uma reitoria do final do século XIX.
 O histórico cemitério de soldados alemães da Primeira Guerra Mundial está localizado perto do cemitério católico com 4 lápides históricas de 1907 a 1945. O próximo local de sepultamento é o cemitério judaico da primeira metade do século XIX e um túmulo da Segunda Guerra Mundial comemorado com um monumento de 1941.
 Há também um moinho de motor-elétrico sob proteção.
 Junto ao complexo senhorial histórico, que pertenceu às famílias Rembeliński, Rozbieliński e Skarżyński, que remonta à segunda metade dos séculos XVIII e XIX, existe um parque senhorial com uma avenida de castanheiras.

Cultura
Na cidade existem:
 Centro Cultural Municipal e Comunal (MGOK)
 Biblioteca Pública

Ambas as instalações estão localizadas na mansão histórica.

Educação
Na cidade existem:
 Jardim de infância
 Complexo Escolar do governo local, que inclui:
 Escola primaria Adam Mickiewicz
 Escola secundária
 Escola industrial de primeiro grau

Indústria
Na cidade existe uma fábrica de produção de janelas, uma fábrica de produção de elementos de construção, minas de agregados de construção civil e uma serraria.

Esportes
O Esporte Clube Municipal Victoria Jedwabne provavelmente foi fundado em 1954. Inicialmente, havia seções de atletismo. Em 1962, foi criada uma seção de futebol. A promoção à 4.ª liga — o nível mais alto de jogos da história do clube — foi conquistada em 1974. Após muitos anos de ausência, o clube esportivo em forma de seção de futebol foi reativado em 2007. Desde então, a equipe jogou nas competições da liga B-Class, A-Class e Senior District Class (KOS). A equipe também participou na Taça da Polônia (grupo Podláquia ZPN), onde na edição 2009/2010 foi eliminada na quarta jornada com o ŁKS Łomża após a eliminação de Wissa Szczuczyn, que foi promovido à terceira liga nessa época. Atualmente, a equipe não tem uma equipe sênior.

O campo esportivo está localizado no Complexo do Ensino Médio e Secundário. O campo mede 100 × 60 m e é cercado por uma pista de corrida. Os torcedores têm 100 lugares à sua disposição.

Transportes
As seguintes vias de transporte rodoviário percorrem a cidade:
  (Piątnica Poduchowna – Jedwabne – Przytuły – Radziłów – Osowiec-Twierdza)
 Estrada do condado n.º 1830B (Stawiski – Jurzec Włościański – Kosaki-Turki – Jedwabne)
 Estrada do condado n.º 1834B (Jedwabne – Konopki Chude – Borawskie – Supy – Wagi – Dusze – Racibory – Radziłów)
 Estrada do condado n.º 1922B (Jedwabne – Bronaki-Pietrasze)
 Estrada do condado n.º 1925B (Jedwabne – Grądy Wielkie – Makowskie – Burzyn)
 Estrada do condado n.º 1928B (Jedwabne – Przestrzele – Kucze Wielkie – Siestrzanki – Mocarze)
 Estrada do condado n.º 1961B (Wizna – Męczki – Kotowo-Plac – Jedwabne)

A cidade tem conexões diretas de ônibus com Białystok, Ełk, Grajewo, Kolno, Łomża, Przytuły, Radziłów, Stawiska, Szczuczyn e Wizna.

Outras informações
Há uma clínica distrital e uma delegacia de polícia na cidade. A segurança é fiscalizada pelo Corpo de Bombeiros Voluntários, criado em 1898, cujo quartel foi modernizado em 2020.

Demografia
População por ano:

 1808 - 474 incluindo judeus - 325
 1827 - 547, incluindo judeus - 324
 1897 - 2 505, incluindo judeus - 1941

Segundo o Censo Geral de 1921, era habitada por:
 1 222 pessoas no então povoado urbano, 442 católicos, 23 evangélicos e 757 judeus. Ao mesmo tempo, 459 habitantes declararam nacionalidade polonesa, 6 alemães e 757 judeus. Havia 113 edifícios residenciais.
 131 pessoas viviam em 5 edifícios residenciais na área rural.

Nos anos 2012-2018, a cidade de Jedwabne ocupou a posição de número de 24 a 30 na classificação das menores cidades em termos de população. Em 31 de dezembro de 2018, 1 632 pessoas viviam na cidade, incluindo 806 homens e 826 mulheres.

Conforme os dados do Escritório Central de Estatística da Polônia (GUS) de 31 de dezembro de 2021, Jedwabne tinha 1 597 habitantes, uma área de 4,5 km² e uma densidade populacional de 354,9 hab./km².

Notas

Ligações externas

Municípios da Polónia
Cidades da Podláquia
Cidades do condado de Łomża

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
RELATIVITY OF LIGHT
PART I The Lead up to Special Relativity (Chapters 1 - 17)
Absolute Concepts of Space, Time, Rest and Motion
Techniques and Conventions of Mathematical Measurements
Inertia, Newton's Three Laws of Motion and Covariance
Galileo's Sensory and Empirical Concepts of Relativity
Electromagnetism, the Velocities of Light, and Ether
Early Attempts to Understand the Velocity of Light
The Dopper Effects of Sound and Light
The Michelson and Morley Experiments
False Assumptions Which Caused the Michelson and Morley Paradox
What Theoretically Could Cause a Fringe Shift?
Real Reasons for Michelson's Paradoxical Null Results
Lange's Abstract Relativity and Inertial Reference Frames
The Galilean Translational Transformation Equations
The Contraction Hypotheses of Fitzgerald and Lorentz
The Lorentz Transformations and Poincare's Relativity
Mattter, Mass and Electromagnetic Mass
PART II The Unnecessary Special theory of Relativity (Chapters 18 - 42)
Overview of Einstein's Special Theory
The "Difficulties" Which Triggered Special Relativity
Einstein's Major Assumptions, Postulates and Goals
Einstein's False Premises Regarding the Velocity of Light
How and Why Light Really Transmits and Propagates
Why Concepts of Matter Are Irreconcilable with Light
Why Einstein's Principle of Relativity Was Invalid
Flawed Concepts of Simultaneity and Common Time
Relativity of Simultaneity and Relativity of Distance
Invention of Einstein's Lorentz Transformations
Relativistic Kinematics: Length Contraction, Time Dilation
The Relativistic Composition of Velocities
Applications of Einstein's Kinematics to Electromagnetics
Relativistic Dynamics: Mass, Momentum, Force and Energy
The Matter, Mass and Energy Relationships
The Meaning and Distortion of Spacetime
(In progress)
Particle Physics, QED, Superstrings and Special Relativity
Failed General Confirmations of Special Relativity
Failed Confirmations of Time Dilation and Relativistic Doppler Effects
Other Failed Confirmations of Time Dilation (in progress)
The Real Modifications of Space, Time, Motion and Mass (in progress)
The Unnecessary and Contradictory General Theory (in progress)
What is the Proper Role of Mathematics in Physics?
Conclusions of One Relative Observer (in progress)
Letter from the Author
The Great Einstein-Maxwell Debate about Light
Other works by the author
Relativity of Gravity
The Day the Universe Stopped Expanding
The Michelson-Morley Paradox Solved
THE FAILED CONFIRMATIONS OF TIME DILATION AND THE RELATIVISTIC DOPPLER EFFECT
A. Origin of the concept of Time Dilation
In 1900, Larmor introduced the unobserved aether concept of time dilation in his treatise "Aether and Matter" (Zhang, p. 175).
"According to Larmor, a clock moving with a velocity v through ether will go slower than a stationary clock by a factor of" [1]
(Ibid).
In 1905, Einstein attempted to convert this absolute concept into a relative one by substituting a relative velocity v between two inertially moving bodies in place of the absolute velocity v relative to the non-existent aether.
In section 4 of his 1905 Special Theory, Einstein referred to the "Physical Meaning" of the Lorentz transformation equations "in respect to …moving clocks" (Einstein, 1905d [Dover, 1952, p. 48]). Einstein's definitions of a "clock" and of "time dilation" were very broad. For Einstein, a clock was any periodic process, such as the oscillations of an atom. "Time dilation" meant the increase in time interval between two periodic events, such as two ticks of a clock or two waves of a light ray, because of a relative velocity. In other words, any relative velocity mathematically resulted in the decrease in frequency of such periodic events[2] (Gill, p. viii; Einstein, Relativity, pp. 41 – 42).
Why did Einstein adopt Larmor's and Lorentz's artificial aether concept of time dilation for his 1905 Special Theory? Because he needed it in order to make his mechanics Special Theory for the absolute velocity of light appear to work mathematically.
B. Einstein's Relativistic Doppler Effect
After Einstein adopted the aether concept of Time Dilation for his Special Theory, he had to attempt to find some empirical confirmation that this concept actually exists. In 1905, the most obvious example of a change in the frequency of a periodic process caused by relative velocity was the classical Doppler effect of light (Chapter 7). However, Einstein's analysis of the Doppler effect of light was quite different than the classical explanation. In section 7 of his 1905 Special Theory Einstein described his relativistic Doppler principle of light (Einstein, 1905d [Dover, pp. 55 – 56]).
Einstein imagined a distant source of light waves in space with an emitted wave frequency f, which light waves are ultimately received by an observer. Because of an assumed relative velocity between the distant source and the observer, he applied the Lorentz transformation equations for distance and time to such light waves and determined an equation for the description of such received light waves by an observer who was relatively at rest. Einstein then imagined that the observer moves at velocity v relative to the light source. [3] Einstein then determined another equation which a priori described the frequency of the light waves when they were perceived by the observer. Einstein concluded that "[T]his is Doppler's principle for any velocities whatsoever" (Ibid).
According to Einstein, before the observer can know the constitution of the waves which he is observing at relative rest, he must first apply the Lorentz transformation to the wavefronts emitted by the source, but before he can do that, he must know their frequency when emitted by the source. However, before the observer can determine the wavefront frequency which he is going to perceive as a result of relative motion, he must first know his velocity vrelative to the distant source. All of these unknowns can only be inferred from observing a classical Doppler shift. Therefore, Einstein's relativistic Doppler theory is both circular and impossible to compute unless and until an empirical Doppler shift is first observed and analyzed by classical methods.[4] For these reasons, Einstein's relativistic Doppler equations are meaningless in any practical sense.
What was Einstein really asserting? He was mathematically asserting that the relative velocity of the source and the observer (at a distance) caused the distance interval and the time interval between the wavefronts emitted by the light source to physically expand.[5] This in turn caused such wavefronts to be received by an observer less frequently than was assumed by the classical theory. Theoretically, there should be a lesser blue shift and a greater red shift than was being interpreted by the classical method.[6] Mathematically, the magnitude of this relativistic effect increased with an increase in relative velocity.
But how can the distance between radiation wavefronts physically expand during their propagation through empty space? Einstein did not enlighten us as to how this physical process (this action at a distance) occurs. Radiation wavefronts are not matter like the longitudinal arm of Michelson's apparatus, and they have nothing to do with the kinematic motions of matter. So how can the Lorentz transformations for moving matter have anything to do with them?
In the classical theory, when two luminous objects are approaching each other, the distance between their wavefronts decreases relative to the observer and thus they are received more frequently than when at rest. How can the distance between such wavefronts decrease with such relative motion and expand because of such relative motion (in Einstein's theory) at the same time?
Also, if the distance between emitted wavefronts expands to a certain magnitude relative to an observer on Earth (depending upon relative velocity), then they must also physically expand to a specific magnitude relative to every other observer in the Cosmos all at the same time, depending upon their relative velocity and relative direction of motion. This, of course, would be an impossibility for the same reasons as described in Chapter 10A. Einstein's relativistic Doppler theory is yet another example of his philosophy: "that everything that is mathematically true [or possible] must have a physical counterpart" (Dingle, 1972, p. 125).
With the classical Doppler effect of light, the spectral shift is observed to be directly proportional to the relative velocity (or "linear" in mathematical terms). Whereas, with the relativistic Doppler theory, the observed spectral shift theoretically is not directly proportional to the relative velocity, but rather takes a much different arcing geometrical shape[7] (Figure 23.1). Is not the contradictory observed effect empirical evidence that Einstein's relativistic equations are not correct?
This arcing shape results from the application of the Lorentz transformation, and its purpose is a mathematical one: to keep the relative velocity of the two luminous objects always below the speed of light. But this result in turn contradicts current estimates of the radial velocity of remote galaxies; their interpreted radial velocities relative to Earth are far in excess of the speed of light (299,792,458 m/s).
Something is amiss. It turns out that such contradictory result was not even necessary for redshifts. Why? Because Einstein's relativistic speed limit of c for the addition of two velocities in the same direction does not theoretically impose a speed limit on two luminous bodies separating in space in different directions.
Does Einstein's relativistic Doppler principle assert that information can be transmitted faster than the speed of light, and even instantaneously? The answer is "yes."
Einstein's relativistic Doppler principle only requires a relative velocity v between two inertial bodies (a distant light source and a local observer), light waves of frequency f at the source, and the Lorentz transformation equations. Thus, the relativistic Doppler effect perceived by the observer (the shift of the dark spectral lines) is a priori due to the combination of the motion of the observer and the motion of the distant light source at the same time. In other words, the observed effect theoretically results because of their simultaneous relative velocity; but never because of their unique velocities considered separately, nor because of the distance/time interval delay of c.
Resnick asserted that "the theory of relativity introduces an intrinsic simplification over the classical interpretation of" the Doppler effect…in that the two separate cases which are different in classical theory, namely an observer moving relative to a source and a source moving relative to an observer "are identical in relativity" (Resnick, 1968, p. 91). This claim of identity has also been made by many other relativists. For example, "[T]he relativistic result is a kind of unification of the moving-source and moving-observer results…"[8] (French, p. 137). It follows from the above that (in Einstein's theory) the relative velocity of the source and the observer produces one and the same effect (either a blue shift or a red shift), and that either the "observation of the movement [motion] is immediate in both cases, or it is delayed in both cases" (Dingle, 1972, p. 216).
We know from experience that observation of such confirmed motion in Einstein's theory must be immediate. Why? Because:
"We know that, with respect to a distant star, the orbital motion of the Earth round the Sun causes an alternation of approach and recession. The Doppler effect corresponding to this is observed to synchronise with the orbital motion in every case, so we know that, when the observer moves, the effect is seen immediately…That means that the effect must also be seen immediately when the star moves, otherwise there would be an observable distinction between the two cases" (Dingle, 1972, p. 216).
Therefore, according to Einstein's theory, "[E]very Doppler effect observed is a result of a motion occurring at the time (instant) of observation, no matter how far away the source of light may be" (Ibid, p. 217).
Let us analyze the implications of these assertions and empirical conclusions. If the relativistic Doppler effect is only due to the combination of the separate velocities of two relatively moving bodies, then the velocity of the light source, no matter how far away, must have an immediate, instantaneous and simultaneous impact on the locally observed effect. This result violates Einstein's relativistic addition of velocities: that no transmission of information (vis. the velocity of a distant star) can exceed the speed of light.
We have devised a simple and straightforward test to determine the validity or invalidity of this simultaneous transmission. If the observed spectrum shifts between the solar orbiting Earth and two nearby binary stars in reciprocal orbits are consistent and correlate with current observations, then such observed shifts must be a time delayed classical Doppler spectrum shift that we are observing (Figure 23.1B). Why? Because our current observations of such binary stars also portray the relative motions of the binary stars that occurred many light-years in the past, due to the distance/time interval delay of c. On the other hand, if there is no such correlation then such observed shift must be a simultaneous relativistic Doppler spectrum shift due to current distant relative motions of the binary stars which we currently observe because of the distance/time interval delay of c. Our money rides on the time delayed classical Doppler shift.
The relativistic Doppler concept implies that, without an aether, the separate analysis of the source's motion and the observer's motion are always meaningless, because there is no way to determine which body in space is moving. However, observations in local space belie this assertion. For example, the alternations of blue shifts and red shifts observed in light from a distant star is directly correlated with the Earth's observed solar orbital motion, and can only be rationalized on the basis of such local observation (Dingle, 1972, p. 216; Figure 23.2A). Likewise, the similar spectral oscillations of one observed binary star orbiting another star can only be explained based on such distant time delayed observations[9] (Zeilik, p. 315; Figure 23.2B).
The relativistic Doppler concept also implies that the finite transmission velocity of light and the resulting distance/time interval delay of c are irrelevant to the effect. How then does it explain the facts that: 1) the Earth does not change its motion relative to a distant exploding star (a supernova), and 2) we do not perceive a large blue shift associated with the supernova's fragments approaching the Earth at about 2,000 km/s until we observe the supernova itself (which occurred thousands of light years ago). This time delay for the local observation of such blue shift also contradicts the assertion of the relativistic Doppler effect that the relative motion of the distant light source is part and parcel of every Doppler effect; in other words, that the relative velocity of the light source is observed simultaneously with every Doppler effect.
Einstein and his followers imply that the relativistic Doppler effect is a necessary consequence of Special Relativity. Professor Dingle, in his extensive treatise on the Doppler Effect, concluded just the opposite "[T]here is no necessary relation at all between the relativity theory and the Doppler effect" (Dingle, 1961, p. 21). Why? Because:
"[Einstein's] postulate of constant light velocity speaks only of the velocity of light; it does not require that light shall even show a periodity [a frequency of light waves]" [10] (Ibid, p. 22).
"Einstein's theory of necessity makes a complete divorce between the velocity of light and its frequency, because the velocity is independent of the motion of the source or receiver and the frequency [Doppler effect] varies systematically with the relative motion of those bodies" (Ibid, p. 119).
Thus "It would be entirely consistent with Einstein's theory if there were no Doppler effect at all—i.e. if motion had no effect on the observed frequency of light…" (Ibid, p. 22).
In his 1907 Jahrbuch article, Einstein implied that an experiment conducted by J. Stark in 1906 confirmed his relativistic Doppler concept. In Stark's experiment, radiation emitted from rapidly moving hydrogen ions (called canal rays) created spectral lines that shifted position during the experiment. Stark interpreted this shift of position to be a Doppler effect. Einstein, in turn, considered the atomic oscillation process and the frequency of the spectral lines emitted by the ions to be a clock with a certain "proper" frequency (Einstein, 1907 Jahrbuch [Beck, pp. 262 – 263, 266 – 267]). When Einstein applied the Lorentz transformations to this "proper" frequency he concluded,
"[T]he effect of the motion on the light frequency that is to be ascertained by the observer is not completely given by the Doppler effect. The motion also reduces the (apparent) proper frequency of the emitting ions in accordance with the [Lorentz transformations]" (Ibid, p. 263).
Einstein's mathematical conclusion is, of course, dependent upon his dubious assumptions that the Lorentz transformations are valid and that they should be applied to Stark's experiment. This so-called confirmation is at best circular; Einstein's relativistic Doppler effect was intended to empirically confirm his relativistic concept of Time Dilation which was mathematically created by his Lorentz transformations which caused the relativistic Doppler effect, etc. Again, circular reasoning is not very convincing!
In fact, there is no experimental or observational proof that the relatively small Doppler velocities observed in local space are anything other than classical Doppler effects. Why? Because any such theoretical variations between classical Doppler effects and a relativistic Doppler velocity are too small to detect or "make themselves evident in practice" (Einstein, Relativity, pp. 49, 50). How convenient for Einstein's relativistic Doppler effect!
T. P. Gill, who wrote the book entitled "The Doppler Effect" in 1965, concludes,
"[T]he actual amount of evidence supporting the relativistic Doppler effect formula is not very great at all. It is accepted because the remainder of the [relativistic] theory has to be accepted on the basis of…experimental evidence" (Gill, p. ix).
In other words, the relativistic Doppler effect does not support or confirm Special Relativity theory, as Einstein and others have claimed. Rather, the acceptance of the rest of the Special Theory of Relativity supports the relativistic Doppler effect. This mutual and circular bootstrapping of "proofs" and "acceptance" (the acceptance of one dubious theory supports another dubious theory) is not very convincing.
The only so-called "confirmation" that classical Doppler shifts change in the way that the Lorentz transformation asserts they do, is Einstein's Special Relativity theory itself (Einstein, 1905d [Dover, 1952, pp. 55 – 56]). Thus, contrary to Einstein's assertion, his relativistic Doppler formula is not "found to be in accord with experience"[11] (Einstein, Relativity, p. 55). Logically, the unobserved relativistic Doppler effect cannot be confirmation or proof of the theory which created it…Special Relativity.
C. The Relativistic Transverse Doppler Effect
Einstein's and his followers also claimed that his relativistic Doppler formula "predicts a transverse Doppler effect, an effect that is purely relativistic, for there is no transverse Doppler effect in classical physics at all" [12] (Resnick, 1968, p. 90). There is no observed transverse Doppler effect of light for the same reasons that there is no acoustical Doppler effect. The frequency of receipt of the sound waves and the light wavefronts remains constant for the observer who is located perpendicular to the motion. Empirically, if the relative motion of the sound source or the light source is transverse to the position of the observer (they are relatively at rest), then no spectral shift is perceived by either the listener or the observer.
However, according to the relativists, the only thing necessary to change the frequency of light wavefronts from the source as viewed by the observer is relative motion. Therefore, according to the relativists, transverse relative motion should also produce an immediate frequency change as received by the observer. "If our line of sight is 90° to the relative motion, then we should observe a frequency v which is lower than the proper frequency v′ of the source which is sweeping by us"[13] (Resnick, 1968, p. 90). In other words, theoretically we should observe a red shift.[14]
Resnick goes on to assert, "[T]ransverse Doppler effect has a simple time-dilation interpretation" (Resnick, 1968, p. 90).
"The moving source is really a moving clock beating out electromagnetic oscillations. We have seen that moving clocks appear to run slow. Hence we see a given number of oscillations in a time that is longer than the proper time…Therefore, we observe a lower frequency than the proper frequency. The transverse Doppler effect is another physical example confirming the relativistic time dilation" (Ibid, pp. 90 – 91).
Let us scrutinize these claims by Resnick. Einstein attempted to convince us that his concept of the Relativity of Simultaneity (time dilation) had merit, but he failed (Chapter 18). So we have not seen that moving clocks appear to run slow. This invalid time dilation concept is then used by Resnick to rationalize the existence of a transverse Doppler effect, which in turn is claimed to confirm the concept of time dilation. Does this circular reasoning convince any readers?
Many other relativists echo Resnick's conclusions[15] (i.e., Bergmann, pp. 133 – 134; Born, pp. 301 – 302; Bohm, pp. 71 – 80). French asserts that the linear relativistic Doppler effect is of the first order, v/c. Whereas, the relativistic transverse Doppler effect is of the second order, a much smaller effect (French, p. 144).
"If one is to establish the existence of this transverse, or second-order, Doppler effect…one must be sure that the angle θ is precisely π/2 [90°]. A deviation…would cause the first-order Doppler factor…to swamp the effect being sought" (Ibid).
The 1938 canal ray experiment of Ives and Stillwell (and repetitions thereof) have been interpreted by the relativists to be the major confirmations of Einstein's relativistic Doppler formula as well as the existence of his transverse Doppler effect (French, pp. 144 – 146). In this experiment, radiation (canal rays) emitted from high-speed hydrogen atoms (as compared to hydrogen atoms at rest) resulted in displacements of their spectral lines which were interpreted by Ives as Doppler shifts. Significantly, such rays were not viewed from a 90° angle, but rather from an approximate 6° angle (Zhang, p. 184). The magnitudes of the resulting shifts were similar to Ives' predictions based on Lorentz's ether contraction theory. Nevertheless, such results were later also interpreted by relativists "as the first testing high accuracy of [Einstein's] second order Doppler effect, produced due to time dilation"[16] (Zhang, pp. 183 – 187). Is it persuasive that the rays were observed from an angle of 6° rather than the required 90°? Is it persuasive that the same experimental result is claimed as a confirmation for both Lorentz's discredited ether contraction theory and Einstein's time dilation theory? Ives and Stillwell did not consider their experiment as a confirmation of Special Relativity (French, p. 146; Gill, p. 137).
Therefore, Einstein's prediction of a "transverse Doppler effect" is nothing but his unsubstantiated conjecture. It is certainly not experimental confirmation that Special Relativity or time dilation is valid.[17] The fact that there is no empirical spectroscopic equivalent of a relativistic transverse Doppler effect is powerful experimental evidence that empirically it does not exist.
Closely related to Einstein's relativistic Doppler concepts is another attempted confirmation of his Special Theory and its time dilation concept.
"…[T]he theory of relativity enables us to predict the effects produced on the light reaching us from the fixed stars[18]…and the effects indicated, which are due to the relative motion of the earth with reference to those fixed stars, are found to be in accord with experience" (Einstein, Relativity, p. 55).
Here Einstein was not only talking about the Doppler effect of light, but an effect called the "aberration of starlight" as well[19] (Ibid; Chapter 6).
D. Aberration
With regard to aberration, Einstein conjectured that the classical angle of aberration was just an approximation to the first-order of magnitude (Figure 6.1), and that the Lorentz transformation (with
as the denominator) describes the angle of aberration more precisely to the second-order of magnitude (Resnick, 1968, pp. 85-87; Einstein, 1905d [Dover, 1952, pp. 56 – 57]).
This assertion, of course, assumes that the ad hoc Lorentz transformation equations and the Special Theory of Relativity are empirically correct, and that Einstein's calculations are more precise than the classical calculations. However, there is no experimental or observational proof that either calculation (classical or relativistic) is more precise than the other. As Einstein himself acknowledged, Special Relativity and its Lorentz transformations, a priori,
"affects only the laws for rapid motions, in which the velocities of matter v are not very small as compared with the velocity of light. We have experiences of such rapid motions only in the case of electrons and ions; for other motions [vis. the aberration angle and the resulting miniscule tilting motion of a telescope] the variations from the laws of classical mechanics are too small to make themselves evident in practice" (Einstein, Relativity, pp. 49, 50).
Therefore, "the relativistic theory of aberration…leads to the same formula as the older theory [of Bradley in 1728] provided that the velocities involved are much smaller than that of light…[T]here is no observable change in any angular position in relativity theory" (E.B., 1972, Vol. 1, p. 36; Zhang, p. 153). "The resulting annual change in the star's apparent position in the sky is of exactly the same character, and for practical purposes of the same amount, as is given by the classical explanation discovered by Bradley" (E. B., 1972, Vol. 1, p. 36). "The essential difference from the older theory [is] that only relative motions between observers is involved" (E.B., 1972, Vol. 1, p. 36). In other words, the mythical concept of ether is eliminated, and along with it the 19th century idea that the ether must be stationary for aberration to occur. For these reasons, Einstein's claim that his Special Theory is confirmed by his theoretically slightly different relativistic angle of aberration remains just his theoretical conjecture. The only experience which the relativistic angle of aberration could in any way be "in accord with" is Bradley's 1728 experiment.
E. The Clock Paradox
In section 4 of his 1905 Special Theory, Einstein described a "peculiar consequence" of his Lorentz Transformation:
"From this there ensues the following peculiar consequence. If at the points A and B of K there are stationary clocks which, viewed in the stationary system, are synchronous; and if the clock at A is moved with the velocity v along the line AB to B, then on its arrival at B the two clocks no longer synchronize, but the clock moved from A to B lags behind the other…" (Einstein, 1905D [Dover, 1952, p. 49]).
This has been called the Clock Paradox.[20]
If one assumes (as Einstein did) that a relatively moving clock, "as a consequence of its motion…goes more slowly than when at rest" (Einstein, Relativity, p. 42), then there is no paradox. Mathematically, when the Lorentz transformation for the duration of time is applied to clock A, then a priori an expansion of the time interval between its ticks is what happens (Ibid). But logically, when one scrutinizes Einstein's concept of the Relativity of Simultaneity (duration), this expansion of the time interval or time dilation does not happen. It is only a verbal illusion (Chapter 18A). And it must be remembered that Einstein's concept of the Relativity of Duration was the only justification or rationale for his adoption of the mathematical Lorentz transformation.
Nevertheless, Einstein's mathematical clock paradox and his concept that "moving clocks run slow" have been claimed by many relativists to be confirmations of his Special Theory and "time dilation" (Zhang, pp. 175 – 180). In furtherance of these claims, efforts have been made to separate two synchronized atomic clocks on Earth, Clock A and Clock B, and to carry Clock A on an airplane around the Earth and return it to its twin Clock B, in order to see if its greater motion has caused it to run slow (Zhang, pp. 180 – 183). For example, it is claimed than an atomic clock carried around the Earth in an airplane at 900 km/h (0.25 km/s) will have lost time upon its return to Earth. But since such clock is already orbiting the Sun at 30 km/s, and is already orbiting the galactic core at 225 km/s (1,000 times faster than the airplane) a priori it must have already slowed down at least 1,000 times compared to its time at absolute rest. Thus, at absolute rest the atomic clock should be running much faster, but absolute rest does not exist. Does any of this mean anything?
Clock A, which is flown around the Earth, may or may not remain synchronous with Clock B, which remains on Earth, for a myriad of reasons.[21] However, time dilation is not one of them. Furthermore, in Chapter 18A we demonstrated that Einstein's concept of "time dilation" is a myth.
Another claimed confirmation for Special Relativity involves the slower than normal decay rate of pions and muons moving from outer space toward the Earth's surface at high velocity, and the claimed reason is "time dilation"[22] (Resnick, 1968, p. 37; Resnick, 1992, pp. 467 – 468). By now, we know even before discussing this claim that it is invalid, because in Chapter 18A we demonstrated that Einstein's theory of the Relativity of Duration (time dilation) is invalid on its face.
F. Muons
In 1936, a new subatomic particle was discovered in cosmic rays coming from outer space. It had a magnitude of mass between an electron and a proton, and so it was dubbed a "π meson" (short for "middle" in Greek). When atomic nuclei coming from outer space at high velocities collide with nitrogen and oxygen atoms in the Earth's upper atmosphere they produce a vast debris of π mesons (now called "pions"). Pions are highly unstable and almost instantly decay into a different particle called a "muon," which behaves like a heavy electron (Close, pp. 57, 69, 71).
"The majority of cosmic ray muons decay during their rapid flight through the atmosphere, but the most energetic of them survive long enough to penetrate deep underground" (Ibid, p. 69). On the other hand, muons artificially produced in the laboratory on Earth have a much shorter lifespan of 2.2 microseconds when they are "at rest," and then they decay into another particle called a "positron" (Ibid).
This difference in the lifespan of a muon has been described as a paradox, which has been explained according to Special Relativity as a dilation of time for the much faster moving cosmic muons when viewed by the observer at rest on Earth (Born, pp. 160 – 161; Close, p. 69). As rationalized by Born:
"[T]hus the mesons [muons] illustrate the clock paradox; each meson [muon] carries its own clock which determines the proper time T0 of decay. But the lifetime T observed by a terrestrial observer is much larger…the moving meson [muon] 'sees' the distances on earth contracted and is able to pass through considerable distances depending upon its velocity" (Born, pp. 260 – 261).
Born's fanciful explanation for why some muons paradoxically "have" much longer lives and make it to the surface of the Earth (and below) before decaying is not really helpful. It borders on science fiction. Particles do not carry clocks, they do not "see" contracted distances on Earth, and time for the Earth observers is not dilated.
Similarly, Resnick states that pions created at rest in the laboratory have an average lifetime of only 26.0 nanoseconds. Whereas, in a certain high-energy particle accelerator experiment, pions created at 0.913c were interpreted to live for 63.7 ns. He concludes, "This effect, called time dilation, suggests that something about the relative motion between the pion and the laboratory has stretched the measured time interval by a factor of about 2.5" (Resnick, 1992, p. 467).
Resnick then asserts that the observer in the laboratory measures the distance traveled by the pion in the particle accelerator to be 17.4 meters.
"Now consider the situation according to a different observer who is traveling along with the pion at a speed of u = 0.913c. This observer, to whom the pion appears to be at rest, measures its lifetime to be 26.0 ns, characteristic of pions at rest. To this observer, the distance [traveled by] the pion is…7.1 m. Thus two observers who are in relative motion measure different values for the same length interval" (Ibid, p. 468).
This scenario attempts to demonstrate and confirm Einstein's reciprocal concept of the Relativity of Length.
Resnick's explanation for why rapidly moving pions live longer and travel farther also borders on science fiction. Observers do not travel along with pions, they do not assume the pion to be at rest, and they do not measure time and distance with clocks and meter rods. The conjecture that these "paradoxes" are caused by such relative motion is not supported by any physical explanation of the processes involved.
The real reasons must involve basic natural physical processes. For example, "Particles, like people, do not die [decay] all at the same age" (Rohrlich, p. 210). The half-life for muons is 2 microseconds (2 millionths of one second). This means that one half of all muons only exist this long. But the other half exist for varying periods, including twice as long, 4 times as long, 8 times as long, 16 times as long, etc., and thus they travel much farther than the average. Unlike humans, where few people live much longer than the average life expectancy of 75, "for particles the range of ages is much longer and cannot be specified in quite the same way" (Ibid). A few muons even exist long enough to contact the surface of the earth and below. This is not a miracle, nor a result of Special Relativity or of time dilation. It is merely the result of a natural physical process.
Other phenomena which may contribute to slowing down the decay rate of particles might include: the energy which is applied to particles in an accelerator, the kinetic energy of particles rapidly approaching the Earth, variations in temperature, the varying effects of gravity, variations in the density of the medium, the effects of acceleration and deceleration, the effects of magnetic fields, and the like. More than likely, relative velocity (at a distance) has absolutely nothing to do with decay rate. Regardless of the physical cause, it does not advance science to demand an immediate answer (no matter how far fetched) for every unexplained paradox, nor to interpret scientific metaphors literally.
G. Other so-called Confirmations for Time Dilation
There are other claimed experimental confirmations for time dilation. For example, Einstein's moving light clock has been cited as a confirmation for Time Dilation (Appendix A). So have the Michelson & Morley experiments, the 1851 Fizeau experiment, and many other so-called confirmations for Special Relativity. But we neither have the time nor the desire to address and falsify each of them, one by one. Most are basically duplications of the claims which we have discussed in this chapter, or very similar thereto. At some point, we must simply refer to Einstein's fundamental assertions of the Relativity of Duration (time dilation) and our fundamental demonstrations that all of such concepts lack any merit whatsoever.
It becomes obvious that the relativists have attempted to overwhelm the skeptics and detractors of Special Relativity with the sheer volume of their claims and interpretations of experiments. For example, they cite at least 12 repetitions of the Michelson and Morley experiments between 1902 and 1930, and interpret each as an experimental confirmation of the Special Theory (Schleif, sec. II). They cite two repetitions of the Fizeau Experiment in addition to the Hoek experiment, and interpret each as a confirmation (Ibid, sec. III). They cite repetitions of the Thornton-Noble experiment and the Kennedy-Thorndike experiment as confirmations (Ibid, sec. IV and VI). They cite 12 experiments between 1906 and 1964 concerning the equivalence of mass and energy as confirmations, even though this concept has nothing to do with the Lorentz transformation and Einstein did not discover it (Ibid, sec X; Chapter 32). They cite over 20 experiments which they interpret to be confirmations of time dilation, the transverse Doppler effect and the Twin Paradox, even though Einstein's concept of time dilation has been demonstrated to be empirically invalid, and the latter two concepts are merely theoretical examples of time dilation (Schlief, sec. XII and XIII). Many of the claimed confirmations of Special Relativity are actually contradictions of Einstein's Special Theory, such as the Kennedy-Thorndike experiment, the M & M experiment, the 1851 Fizeau experiment, the increase in electromagnetic mass with velocity experiments, and the failure to spectroscopically observe a transverse Doppler effect. What the relativists have failed to achieve with quality (empirical confirmation), they have attempted to achieve with quantity (strained, redundant, invalid, and unconvincing interpretations).
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This is so beautiful! I wrote a letter like this when I was in High School, this has inspired me to re-write it.
Thank you! I'm so glad! If you post it, send me the link!


text:
import truncate from '@proton/utils/truncate';
import uniqueBy from '@proton/utils/uniqueBy';

import { MINUTE } from '../constants';
import { convertUTCDateTimeToZone, fromUTCDate, getTimezoneOffset, toUTCDate } from '../date/timezone';
import { omit } from '../helpers/object';
import {
    NotificationModel,
    VcalDurationValue,
    VcalValarmRelativeComponent,
    VcalVeventComponent,
} from '../interfaces/calendar';
import { NOTIFICATION_UNITS, NOTIFICATION_WHEN, SETTINGS_NOTIFICATION_TYPE } from './constants';
import getAlarmMessageText from './getAlarmMessageText';
import { getValarmTrigger } from './getValarmTrigger';
import { getDisplayTitle } from './helper';
import { normalizeDurationToUnit } from './trigger';
import { getMillisecondsFromTriggerString } from './vcal';
import { propertyToUTCDate } from './vcalConverter';
import { getIsAllDay } from './vcalHelper';

/**
 * Given a raw event, (optionally) its starting date, the date now and a timezone id,
 * generate a notification message for the event
 */
interface Arguments {
    component: VcalVeventComponent;
    start?: Date;
    now: Date;
    tzid: string;
    formatOptions: any;
}
export const getAlarmMessage = ({ component, start, now, tzid, formatOptions }: Arguments) => {
    const { dtstart, summary } = component;
    const title = truncate(getDisplayTitle(summary?.value), 100);
    const utcStartDate = start || propertyToUTCDate(dtstart);

    // To determine if the event is happening in timezoned today, tomorrow, this month or this year,
    // we pass fake UTC dates to the getAlarmMessage helper
    const startFakeUTCDate = toUTCDate(convertUTCDateTimeToZone(fromUTCDate(utcStartDate), tzid));
    const nowFakeUTCDate = toUTCDate(convertUTCDateTimeToZone(fromUTCDate(now), tzid));
    const isAllDay = getIsAllDay(component);

    return getAlarmMessageText({
        title,
        isAllDay,
        startFakeUTCDate,
        nowFakeUTCDate,
        formatOptions,
    });
};

/**
 * Given the UNIX timestamp for the occurrence of an alarm, and the trigger string of this alarm,
 * return the timestamp in milliseconds the occurrence of the corresponding event.
 * The computation must take into account possible DST shifts
 */
interface Params {
    Occurrence: number;
    Trigger: string;
    tzid: string;
}
export const getNextEventTime = ({ Occurrence, Trigger, tzid }: Params) => {
    const alarmTime = Occurrence * 1000;
    const eventTime = alarmTime - getMillisecondsFromTriggerString(Trigger);
    const offsetAlarmTime = getTimezoneOffset(new Date(alarmTime), tzid).offset;
    const offsetEventTime = getTimezoneOffset(new Date(eventTime), tzid).offset;
    const offsetDifference = offsetAlarmTime - offsetEventTime;
    // correct eventTime in case we jumped across an odd number of DST changes
    return eventTime - offsetDifference * MINUTE;
};

/**
 * Filter out future notifications
 */
export const filterFutureNotifications = (notifications: NotificationModel[]) => {
    return notifications.filter(({ when, value }) => {
        if (when === NOTIFICATION_WHEN.BEFORE) {
            return true;
        }
        return value === 0;
    });
};

export const sortNotificationsByAscendingTrigger = (notifications: NotificationModel[]) =>
    [...notifications].sort((a: NotificationModel, b: NotificationModel) => {
        const triggerA = getValarmTrigger(a);
        const triggerB = getValarmTrigger(b);
        const triggerAMinutes =
            normalizeDurationToUnit(triggerA, NOTIFICATION_UNITS.MINUTE) * (triggerA.isNegative ? -1 : 1);
        const triggerBMinutes =
            normalizeDurationToUnit(triggerB, NOTIFICATION_UNITS.MINUTE) * (triggerB.isNegative ? -1 : 1);

        return triggerAMinutes - triggerBMinutes;
    });

const sortNotificationsByAscendingValue = (a: NotificationModel, b: NotificationModel) =>
    (a.value || 0) - (b.value || 0);

const uniqueNotificationComparator = (notification: NotificationModel) => {
    const trigger = getValarmTrigger(notification);

    return `${notification.type}-${
        normalizeDurationToUnit(trigger, NOTIFICATION_UNITS.MINUTE) * (trigger.isNegative ? -1 : 1)
    }`;
};

export const dedupeNotifications = (notifications: NotificationModel[]) => {
    const sortedNotifications = [...notifications].sort(sortNotificationsByAscendingValue);

    return uniqueBy(sortedNotifications, uniqueNotificationComparator);
};

const getSmallestNonZeroNumericValueFromDurationValue = (object: VcalDurationValue) =>
    Math.min(...Object.values(omit(object, ['isNegative'])).filter(Boolean));

const sortAlarmsByAscendingTriggerValue = (a: VcalValarmRelativeComponent, b: VcalValarmRelativeComponent) => {
    const aMin = getSmallestNonZeroNumericValueFromDurationValue(a.trigger.value);
    const bMin = getSmallestNonZeroNumericValueFromDurationValue(b.trigger.value);

    return aMin - bMin;
};

const uniqueAlarmComparator = (alarm: VcalValarmRelativeComponent) => {
    const triggerValue = alarm.trigger.value;
    const isTriggerNegative = 'isNegative' in triggerValue && triggerValue.isNegative;

    return `${alarm.action.value}-${
        normalizeDurationToUnit(triggerValue, NOTIFICATION_UNITS.MINUTE) * (isTriggerNegative ? -1 : 1)
    }`;
};

/*
 * ATTENTION
 * This function will deduplicate alarms with any type of relative trigger,
 * but if you expect it to pick the nicest triggers (i.e. 2 days instead of 1 day and 24 hours)
 * you must pass normalized triggers
 */
export const dedupeAlarmsWithNormalizedTriggers = (alarms: VcalValarmRelativeComponent[]) => {
    const sortedAlarms = [...alarms].sort(sortAlarmsByAscendingTriggerValue);

    return uniqueBy(sortedAlarms, uniqueAlarmComparator);
};

export const isEmailNotification = ({ type }: NotificationModel) => type === SETTINGS_NOTIFICATION_TYPE.EMAIL;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Q: windows file permission confusion I have a php script that will change the file permissions. i would like to (lock) that file by making all the permission to zero but i'm getting some numbers that i don't understand
    echo fileperms("file.txt");
    echo '<br>';
    chmod("file.txt",0000);
    clearstatcache();
    echo fileperms("file.txt");

the output of the code is something like
33206
33060
i have tried to test it after executing those lines i found out that now the file is read-only file.
is there way to make the file not writable, readable and executable ?

A: You may want to use the PHP File Lock Function.
bool flock ( resource $handle , int $operation [, int &$wouldblock ] )

And use these options for $operation:

*

*LOCK_SH to acquire a shared lock (reader).

*LOCK_EX to acquire an exclusive lock (writer).

*LOCK_UN to release a lock (shared or exclusive).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange