Let me start out by saying that I have a low opinion of the Huffington Post largely because of its rhetorical approach to psychiatry. Tales about the pharmaceutical company corruption of psychiatry, ongoing articles about the myth of mental illness, references to very poorly done research that supposedly discredits psychiatry, the idea that the DSM is either a manual for everyman instead of clinical psychiatrists or a book written to manipulate the general public - the Huffington Post has it all and then some. Interestingly, the Huffington Post lists these postings under "Science" when it is clear that nobody there seems to know the first thing about science or how it differs from personal opinion. From what I have seen, listing yourself as an authority on science apparently makes it so on the Internet. "Rhetoric/Politics" would be a much more accurate heading.
Enter Allen Frances commenting in blog form. I have already responded to one of the Dr. Frances editorials that seem to pop up everywhere. I find the whole process of taking a scientific debate within a professional society into a public forum somewhat appalling. In this case, the rhetorical device of applying a decision made about an entirely different process - withdrawing a paper that the author believes was incorrectly done due to a methodological error ( one that is common to much psychosocial research) to the DSM process seems rhetorical to me. That occurs after the process has been thoroughly politicized in the media.
The arguments themselves are either red herring or they make it seem like the very public decrying of the DSM process has shamed the APA into not declaring grief and psychosis risk to be diagnoses. The public will never know what the APA process would have decided on these issues and of course every critic wants to take credit for exposing the APA as a group of money grubbing scoundrels whose only mission in life is to appease Big Pharma or generate huge revenue for the organization.
I wish I could count on the public to be as skeptical of these opinions as they are of other political opinions. Unfortunately after 25 years of practice, I can say with certainty that only a few people know what a psychiatrist is or how they are trained. Today there is more misinformation than ever about psychiatry via the Internet.
As a reminder, the DSM is for clinical psychiatrists and psychiatric research. Reading criteria without the associated training is not the same thing as making a diagnosis. There are many nonpsychiatric mental health professionals and many nonpsychiatric physicians. In fact, the bulk of psychotropic medications in this country are prescribed by nonpsychiatric physicians. Access to psychiatrists is tightly controlled by managed care companies and state governments. It is difficult to see a psychiatrist initially and over time. These same managed care organizations control who is admitted to and discharged from inpatient psychiatric units and the type of care provided there.
The idea that the APA is an omnipotent organization with the power to manipulate and control the provision of mental health care through out the USA is a myth of massive proportions. The idea that the DSM is a potential tool for that manipulation is another.
You can probably read about that first on the Huffington Post.
This is an actual film of veterans being treated. Very interesting film from an historic and psychiatric perspective. Also interesting from a propaganda perspective. One of my first teachers in psychiatry was a WWII psychiatrist who went through an expedited residency in order to treat combat neurosis. The attached notes about the making of the films is also interesting in terms of the way it is structured, the total footage shot to get this final cut version and why this particular facility was used.
As an example Huston comments on the treatment process at the hospital he chose for the film: " The hospital admitted two groups of 75 patients each week, and the goal was to restore these men physically, mentally and emotionally within six to eight weeks, to the point where they could be returned to civilian life in as good condition—or almost as good—as when they came into the Army… " Just doing the arithmetic, with what we know abut the scale of WWII, that would suggest that most veterans with PTSD never got treated.
He also commented on the goal of the film: "[The purpose] was to show how men who suffered mental damage in the service should not be written off but could be helped by psychiatric treatment….". That message seems to continuously escape the politicians responsible for war making and repairing the damage afterwards.
The original film was suppressed by the Army and the US Government who suggested that privacy considerations were the reason. All the men in the film had signed releases for the filming, but at one point those releases disappeared. During an attempted screening of the film, military police showed up and confiscated a copy. The author of the Film Notes suggests a few reasons for the suppression of the film as well as discussing the innovative and artistic points.
From a psychiatric standpoint, the use of drug therapy by psychiatrists in film was cutting edge. According to Gabbard and Gabbard the first film depictions of drug therapy occurred in 1947 (Possessed) and 1949 (The Home of the Brave). In their book they mention Let There Be Light (1946) as the third depiction of narcosynthesis. It also reminded me of The Snake Pit (1948) in that the psychiatrists are portrayed as being generally effective.
From a cultural and political standpoint, the film and Huston's intentions stand in contrast to the atmosphere today where psychiatrists are portrayed in the media as inept tools of pharmaceutical companies who thrive on prescribing ineffective treatments. In the film notes section, Huston describes the transformation of some of the patients as "miraculous". At some level, there has to be skepticism on the treatment effort and outcomes. For example, there is an overall lack of aggression and severe depression in the veterans filmed for this project. In my experience in several different VA facilities those are common problems as a result of combat stress exposure.
As a kid walking 5 blocks to elementary school every day, I encountered veterans with clear problems that were explained to me at the time as being "due to the war." In some cases more specific etiologies were suggested like: "he got malaria in the war". That was in the late 1950s.
As a civilian, I had no idea what exposure to combat stress could do until I was a psychiatric resident working in a VA hospital. By that time we had already been through the Vietnam War and any consideration of the impact that war had on veterans was secondary to the over-the-top politics associated with an unnecessary war.
Maybe things would have been a lot different if the Army had allowed a broad release of this film.
Gabbard K, Gabbard GO. Psychiatry and the Cinema. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, (1987) p 70-71.
I caught this eye-opening quote in the AMNews the other day: "ADHD is common enough that the average internist has 20-80 patients with this disorder". The physician interviewed for the article suggest getting collateral data, making the diagnosis over several visits, getting an adequate family history, using a screening instrument and not prescribing stimulants on the first visit. The final pearl in this column is:"Any patient who gets mad that you are not prescribing a stimulant after one visit should be a red flag." With about 150,000 internists and another 130,000 family physicians that represents a lot of adults being treated for ADHD.
The physician suggested approach in this case is fairly comprehensive and includes corroborating symptoms in childhood and adolescence, obtaining collateral information, and using a standardized checklist. There is no mention of screening for addiction, discussing prior exposure to stimulants, or the use of performance based testing as opposed to diagnostic checklists. There is also the frequent scenario of a clinic that is set up to do expensive test batteries referring patients to physicians for the purpose of prescribing stimulants and advising the referred patient that they have in fact made the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
These are not insignificant problems given the flood of stimulants available on college campuses these days and at least one cultural viewpoint using stimulants as "cognitive enhancers" rather than medications to treat a specific diagnosis. There is also no accounting for clinician to clinician variability in terms of who is prescribed stimulant medication. The largest dividing point is persons with a history of addiction and the associated politics of believing that a stimulant should not be denied anyone with the appropriate diagnosis as opposed to a person with an addiction being placed at risk by stimulant prescription.
The best approach is a network of interested clinicians who have access to uniform diagnostic and treatment methods and who are dedicated to consistent treatment practices that include not treating at least some people with stimulants and using non-stimulant approaches to the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Christine S. Moyer. Orchestrating Drug Management. American Medical News. May 21, 2012. 55(10): 12-13.
Sahakian B, Morein-Zamir S. Professor's little helper. Nature. 2007 Dec 20;450(7173):1157-9.
I highly recommend the two commentaries in the New England Journal of Medicine this week. The first was written by McHugh and Slavney and the second by Friedman. Like Allen Frances they are experienced psychiatrists and researchers and they are likely to have unique insights. I may have missed it, but I am not aware of any of these authors using the popular press to make typical political remarks about the DSM. Those remarks can be seen on an almost weekly basis in any major American newspaper.
McHugh and Slavney focus interestingly enough is the issue of comprehensive diagnosis and opposed to checklist diagnoses. It reminded me immediately that the public really does not have the historical context of the DSM or how it is used. It also reminded me of the corrosive effect that managed care and the government has had on psychiatric practice with the use of "templates" to meet coding and billing criteria in the shortest amount of time. Finally it reminded me of the bizarre situation where we have managed care companies and governments combining to validate the concept of a checklist as a psychiatric diagnosis and court testimony by experts suggesting that it is negligent to not use a checklist in the diagnostic process.
In my home state, the PHQ-9 is mandated by the state of Minnesota to screen all primary care patients being treated for depression and follow their progress despite the fact that this was not the intended purpose of this scale and it is not validated as an outcome measure. The PHQ-9 is copyrighted by Pfizer pharmaceuticals.
The authors go on to talk about the severe limitations of this approach but at some point they seem to have eliminated the psychiatrist from the equation. I would have concerns if psychiatrists were only taught checklist diagnoses and thought that was the best approach, but I really have never seen that. Politicians, managed care companies, and bureaucrats from both are all enamored with checklists but not psychiatrists. They also talk about the issue of causality and how that could add some additional perspective. They give examples of diagnoses clustered by biological, personality, life encounter, and psychological perspectives. Despite its purported atheoretical basis, the DSM comments on many if not all of these etiologies.
Friedman's essay is focused only on the issue of grief and whether or not DSM5 would allow clinicians to characterize bereavement as a depressive disorder. That is currently prevented by a bereavement exclusion and DSM-IV and apparently there was some discussion of removing it. He discusses the consideration that some bereavement is complicated such as in the situation of a bereaved person with a prior episode of major depression and whether the rates of undertreatment in primary care may place those people at risk of no treatment.
There can be no doubt that reducing a psychiatric diagnosis to a checklist loses a lot of information and probably does not produce the same diagnoses. There is also no doubt that the great majority of grieving persons will recover on their own without any mental health intervention. Both essays seem to minimize the role of psychiatrists who should after all be trained experts in comprehensive diagnoses (the kind without checklists). They should be able to come up with a diagnostic and treatment formulation that is independent of the DSM checklists. They should also be trained in the phenomenology of grief and the psychiatric studies of grief and realize that it is not a psychiatric disorder. If they were fortunate enough to be trained in Interpersonal Psychotherapy they know the therapeutic goals and treatment strategies of grief counseling and they probably know good resources for the patient.
The critiques by all three authors are legitimate but they are also strong statements for continued comprehensive training of psychiatrists. There really should be no psychiatrist out there using a DSM as a "field guide" for prescribing therapy of any sort based on a checklist diagnosis. Primary care physicians in some states and health plans have been mandated to produce checklist diagnoses. The public should not accept the idea that a checklist diagnosis is the same as a comprehensive diagnostic interview by psychiatrist.
That is the real issue - not whether or not there is a new DSM.
McHugh PR, Slavney PR. Mental illness--comprehensive evaluation or checklist?
N Engl J Med. 2012 May 17;366(20):1853-5.
Allen Frances has been a public critic of the DSM process and as an expert he frequently gets his opinions out in the media. Today he has an op-ed piece on the New York Times that is a more general version of a more detailed post on the Health Care blog. His main contention is the stakeholder argument and that is that there are too many stakeholders both public and professional to allow the American Psychiatric Association to maintain its "monopoly" on psychiatric diagnosis. I will attempt to deconstruct his argument.
In terms of the total diagnostic entities, I have not seen any stories in the media pointing out that the total number of diagnoses may end being less than DSM-IV. I have also not seen any discussion of major diagnoses where that is clearly true, such as the elimination of schizophrenia subtypes. Other issues on diagnostic proliferation that are not discussed are the other required diagnostic system in medicine - the International Classification of Diseases 9th Revision or ICD-9. The recent modification the ICD-10 has undergone a revision and the total number of diagnoses has increased from 14,000 to 68,000 diagnosis codes. A fourfold increase. The number of potential codes for a fractured kneecap has gone from 2 to 480 or more than the total potential codes in DSM5.
I have also not seen any discussion of the role of psychiatrists in making a psychiatric diagnosis. Psychiatric diagnosis does not depend on looking up a diagnosis in a catalog of symptoms. It involves being trained in psychopathology and knowing the patterns of these illnesses. The patterns of psychotic disorders and the other main diagnostic groupings have basically been unchanged across DSMs. Psychiatrists make clinical diagnoses based on these major groupings and not the total number of diagnostic entities.
Further evidence that the total number of diagnostic categories is unlikely to have any impact on the number of people diagnosed with mental illness in any given year comes from the distribution of diagnostic codes in an outpatient setting. For 2006-2007, there were approximately 58 million ambulatory care visits for mental disorders. 92% of those visits were for 10 major diagnostic categories that have not changed in recent DSM revisions. It is not likely that new diagnostic categories will significantly impact the remaining 8% or 4.8 million visits per year.
In a study more specific to psychiatry, the number of psychiatric ICD-10 codes used in Danish Psychiatric Central Registry. The data represented 1,260,097 diagnoses from 1,041,589 discharges of 653,754 patients from in- and outpatient treatment episodes. Forty nine of the diagnostic codes accounted for 75% of all the diagnoses (Munk-Jørgensen, et al).
The "medicalization of normality" is another argument. The media routinely runs stories about the percentage of the population that is "mentally ill" based on DSM diagnoses. One of the common stories is the estimate that as many as 50% of the population has a DSM diagnosis over the course of the year. There is never a critical look at that statistic. The first dimension is whether any percentage should be too high or too low. For example, would anyone be surprised to learn that 100% of the population has a medical diagnosis in the previous year? With a high prevalence of gastroenteritis and respiratory infections - probably not. The second dimension speaks directly to the issue of threshold for an illness. One of the key papers in this area shows that although the one year prevalence using DSM criteria may be high, limiting the diagnoses to severe disorders reduces the prevalence to 8%.
The use of high prevalence numbers for mental illness based on DSM diagnoses also ignores the extensive Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) work that estimated lifetime prevalence. Readers are generally not told that the methods used include addictive disorders and neurological disorders that cause cognitive impairment. Would anyone doubt that 32% of adults would report a psychiatric disorder that included an addiction or cognitive impairment at any point in their lifetime?
Similarly there has been the repeated criticism that psychiatrists were going to start treating grief like clinical depression. I have never seen that approach anywhere in my career spanning psychopathology seminars, journal articles, and continuing education courses. Any psychiatrist with a clue knows the difference between grief and depression and at some point they have probably been tested on that difference. What psychiatrists know that is not public knowledge is that a small number of grieving people actually develop a depression that is indistinguishable from clinical depression and it may have to be treated that way. Knowing the difference is part of psychiatric expertise and you really cannot write it down as sentences in a manual. In fact, it is a grave mistake to equate a manual of diagnostic criteria with the clinical expertise and methods of psychiatry.
Dr. Frances correctly points out that the other common media theory that DSM diagnoses are driven by the pharmaceutical industry is a myth. He continues on to suggest that the public and other mental health professionals somehow have a stake in the DSM and that organized psychiatry has frozen them out. He concludes: "Psychiatric diagnosis is too important to be left exclusively in the hands of psychiatrists." I don't understand how the specialty who invented the technology, who is trained and tested on it, and who is focused on a comprehensive view of psychopathology that extends beyond it should somehow give way to political considerations. As he points out – there are always political considerations – even in science. I would suggest that there is no such thing as "independent scientific review" of anything that psychiatry does. There are many ways to address issues of professional bias in terms of including a diagnosis or not.
The arguments against the DSM and psychiatric influence vary across the usual spectrum of there being no such thing as a psychiatric diagnosis to there are too many diagnoses to the fact that psychiatric diagnoses are nonspecific. There is no practical way to incorporate that spectrum into a diagnostic manual that is designed for psychiatrists to make clinical diagnoses and do research. The single most important fact that is left out of these debates is that psychiatrists are effective in treating serious mental illness and they are undoubtedly more effective now than they have been in the past. That is the only reason we need a DSM and that is why it stays squarely in psychiatry.
Frances A. Diagnosing the DSM. New York Times May 11, 2012.
Frances A. DSM5 begins its belated and necessary retreat. Health Care Blog May 10, 2012.
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012 Apr;69(4):381-9.
Munk-Jørgensen P, Najarraq Lund M, Bertelsen A. Use of ICD-10 diagnoses in Danish psychiatric hospital-based services in 2001-2007. World Psychiatry. 2010 Oct;9(3):183-4.
Regier D, Kaelber CT. The Epidemiological Catchment Area Program: Studying the Prevalence and Incidence of Psychopathology. in Textbook in Psychiatric Epidemiology eds. Ming T Tsuang, Mauricio Tohen, and Gwnedolyn EP Zahner. John Wiley and Sons, 1995. p141.
I was struck by a post on the Critical Psychiatry blog this AM. Duncan Double discusses his experience at a meeting of the radical caucus at the APA on Sunday. His main argument was the need to abolish psychiatric diagnostic systems - specifically the DSM, but he mentions that you can apparently provide psychiatric services without an ICD diagnosis in the UK. But then he makes this astonishing comment: " The American psychiatric system has become very dependent on DSM for billing purposes, but I'm sure the insurance companies could develop an alternative system unrelated to DSM. "
I am positive that the American insurance industry would like nothing better than to establish their own "alternative system unrelated to the DSM'. In fact, they are doing it already with a host of measures that they can use to basically deny care or dismantle systems of care. The managed care industry in the US has selectively discriminated against psychiatric services for the past 20 years to the point that most states have little service availability. The motivation for managed care is clear - shift hundreds of billions of dollars away from providing care to persons with mental health and chemical dependency problems and into the pockets of the insurance industry. We are talking about an industry where the CEOs can make an annual salary of millions of dollars and in a famous case the CEO received a $1 billion dollar bonus.
Stated in another way, the "American psychiatric system" is no system at all. There is hardly any availability of psychotherapy services. Most people are restricted to a handful or less of 15 minute visits with a psychiatrist every year. The length of stay in hospitals is appallingly short by UK or European standards and people are asked to leave if they are no longer "suicidal". It is psychiatrists on the one hand being severely restricted in attempting to provide care and a predatory insurance industry trying to make disproportionately more money off policy holders with mental health problems on the other. The government is not a passive player in this effort with most state governments abdicating their role in caring for the indigent and the uninsured often by using managed care tactics. All of this happens independent of any DSM or ICD diagnosis. At the national level, there is a long list of interests who favor the same tactics in order to maintain leverage over doctors and the clinical care advocated by doctors.
Critical psychiatry would rather "Occupy American Psychiatric Association" rather than "Occupy Wall Street" . I guess we can add them to the managed care list. That is exactly the type of reform that the politicians want.
In this clip Louden Swain, a high school wrestler preparing for the match of his career goes to see why Elmo the cook who he works with took the evening off of work to go to his wrestling match. Elmo's soliloquy here about sports still strikes me as the best single reason why I watch sports.
I have never seen it studied, but it seems that there are several reason for why sports play a central role in society. The social elements are apparent and many people see themselves as a larger community tied to a particular team. I used to be New York Yankee fan, despite the fact that I did not set foot in New York City (or the state of New York) until I was about 26 years old. My father was a Yankee fan and so was I, so identification is important. Somewhere in my late 20's I realized that a certain team winning was no longer important. I started watching "This Week in Baseball" just to watch all of the best plays. I tuned in to see Nolan Ryan pitch. I watched the Tour de France and the Olympics to see the best athletes in the world compete. I can still remember my excitement as I watched Johann Olav Koss in the 1,500, 5,000, and 10,000 meter events at Lillehammer. It was the first time that they had a motorized camera following the speedskaters. We learned that he had some last minute technical problems with the blade angle on his skates but Koss's form was perfect. I was ecstatic. I had become Elmo.
I have never seen a study that looked at the percentages of people who watch sports for the purposes of seeing a certain team win versus those who are looking for the best possible human performances. But for the later - there is no better explanation than Elmo's soliloquy in this clip.
One of the criticisms of psychiatric treatment in particular drug therapies is that essentially nothing is known about psychopathology, neurobiology, or human genetics and therefore claiming that drug therapy is treating a pathological state is erroneous (1). "Chemical imbalance" can be used as a red herring along the way and I will try to address that in a later post. In that post, I also hope to address the issue of disease states and whether or not they need to be strictly measurable.
For now, I want to discuss a model that I have used in clinical practice for the past decade that addresses both the issues of recovery and whether or not the drug altered state or treating an underlying pathological state is really the issue. Let me start by saying I think it is irrelevant for the purposes of treatment. I am first and foremost a clinical psychiatrist and not a researcher and my priority is at all times patient care. My goal is to treat alterations in a person's conscious state and restore their level of functioning with medications and/or psychotherapy that have been shown to work. My goal is also not to introduce any new problems such as sedation, mood changes, rage, perceptual problems, ataxia, false memories, vertigo, or any number of subjective changes commonly seen as "side effects".
I found that the best way to proceed is to have an explicit discussion of the person's conscious state and whether it has undergone any transformation associated with the reasons why they are seeing me. I focus on the typical stream of consciousness that occurs each and every day and how it may have changed over the previous weeks or months or years. I ask about whether or not getting back to that conscious state is a reasonable goal. I point out that the phenomenology associated with a person's cognitive and emotional changes (2) can be followed in at least two dimensions at once - the psychopathological and the normal.
There are obviously problems with my approach. The subjective assessment of a psychopathological state and the subjective assessment of the baseline conscious state are difficult to do and they take time. There are a large number of markers of psychopathological states but not so many for normal conscious states. I often end up discussing broad outlines that include the typical stream of consciousness, fantasies, daydreams, defense mechanisms, distracting thoughts and typical thought patterns in certain situations such as driving into work each day. I also ask about a global assessment and whether at any point during treatment the person feels like their original conscious state has been restored. It adds another goal to treatment that is focused on restoring the self rather than just treating symptoms.
1: Moncrieff J, Cohen D. How do psychiatric drugs work? BMJ. 2009 May 29;338:b1963.
2: Andreasen NC. DSM and the death of phenomenology in america: an example of unintended consequences. Schizophr Bull. 2007 Jan;33(1):108-12. Epub 2006 Dec 7.


Why do congregants say to a person who has received an aliyah or was shaliach tzibbur (there may be other situations, but I can't think of any others) either "Yeyasher Kochacha" (Sometimes abbreviated to "Shkoi'ach" or something similar) meaning "May your strength be straightened" or "Chazak Ubaruch" meaning "Strengthen and be blessed".
What is the origin of these expressions?
What do they mean, in terms of it being a blessing to the recipient. I am Ashkenazi, so I hear more often "Yeysasher Kocacha". I don't understand what it means for strength to be "straight".
Ashkenazim tend to say "Yeyasher Kochacha" and Sefardim tend to say "Chazak Ubaruch". Why is there a difference?
Regarding יישר כוח, i will be basing information off of the Hebrew Wikipedia article on the phrase.
This also answers your third question, of why specifically at these times.
I don't understand what it means for strength to be "straight".
First and foremost, the correct pronunciation of יישר כוח is Yishar Koach, and similarly Yishar Kochacha. I have read that in Chabad the common pronunciation is yeyasher, but among Hebrew speakers, Yishar is standard and Yeyasher would be interpreted as a blunt error. The ambiguity is probably due to the fact that without Niqqud, יִישַׁר Yishar is indistinguishable from the much more common יְיַשֵׁר Yeyasher, which means "will make straight".
I'm adding some information based on the Hebrew Academy's figures of speech page - it is naturally in Hebrew, but online translation can confirm if necessary.
The origin of this figure of speech is indeed Shabbos 87a as noted in Scimonster's answer.
The common interpretation of the word yishar is of the Hebrew root ישר which is related to straightness and honesty (as in Num 23:27). However, linguist Ze'ev Ben-Haim's opinion is that it is from the Aramaic root שרר which is related to strength and persistence (the modern Hebrew word for muscle, שריר Shrir, is of the same root). This opinion was accepted by the Hebrew academy's historical dictionary, which included the interpretation of יִשַּׁר in this context as "let it be strong", and thus the blessing can be translated as "let your strength persist".
With this interpretation, יישר כוחך "let your strength persist" actually has almost the same meaning as חזק וברוך "strong and blessed". The similar יישר כוח, commonly abbreviated Shkoyach, means "let (someone's) strength persist" and it is understood as a generic blessing.
Finally, the similar blessing חזק ואמץ (Chazak Ve Ematz) means "Be strong and brave", and it comes from the Torah: It is in Moses's blessing to Joshua in Devarim 31:7, and in many other places, in a similar meaning.
Readers of Hebrew may find more information in the Hebrew Wikipedia article.
This gives a good answer.
Thus, the Sephardic communities say "Chazak" every time one finishes reading a part of the Torah. The custom further developed to where the congregants tell the person who was called to the Torah, or anyone who led the congregation in prayer or recited kaddish, "Chazak ubaruch" ("Be strong and blessed"), and the person responds "Chizku v'imtzu" ("Be strengthened and heartened").
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged tefilla hebrew synagogue kavod .
"hagEfen" or "hagAfen"? what is the reason behind the enunciation difference?


text:
The essential American soul is hard, isolate, stoic, and a killer. It has never yet melted. — D.H. Lawrence
« Breitbart Ousts Radical Dean, Reason Magazine Condemns Conservative Victory
Remembering Françoise Sagan, 1935-2004, II »
Remembering Françoise Sagan, 1935-2004, I
"Bonjour Tristesse", Books, Françoise Sagan
Today is Françoise Sagan Day at Never Yet Melted.
In the New Yorker recently, on the basis of no particular occasion, Rachel Cusk remembered Françoise Sagan, the French teenage gamin who produced a short novel that meteorically became an international best-seller in the late 1950s.
The obituaries that followed Françoise Sagan's death, in 2004, were full of the sense of… failure. She had become, we were told, a tragic figure: destitute, isolated, tainted by scandal and alcoholism. She had, of course, produced many books, but none as successful and hence as troubling to history as her first, which was published when she was just nineteen. In that book, "Bonjour Tristesse," she described the hedonism and amorality of youth, the hedonism and amorality of well-heeled French intellectuals, the hedonism and amorality of postwar Europe on the cusp of the sixties. Not surprisingly, it was the hedonism and amorality of her life that interested the obituary writers. For there it was, her fetter, her fate: from this slender, misunderstood novel, and from its young heroine, Cécile, Françoise Sagan never escaped. "Bonjour Tristesse" concludes with a fatal car accident, and three years after its publication Sagan, whose love of dangerous driving forms part of the legend of her life, sustained severe head injuries when her Aston Martin crashed at high speed. The disappointment among the obituary writers that the author did not submit then and there to her fictional destiny was palpable.
The hedonism and amorality of "Bonjour Tristesse" is of a most artistically proper kind. Morality, and its absence, is the novel's defining theme: in this sense, Sagan is far more of a classicist than others of her existentialist brethren, such as Sartre and Camus. Certainly, she concerns herself with the twentieth-century problem of personal reality, of the self and its interaction with behavioral norms, but in "Bonjour Tristesse" those norms are as much psychic as they are societal. Cécile, a motherless seventeen-year-old whose permissive, feckless father has provided the only yardstick for her personal conduct, offers Sagan a particularly naked example of the human sensibility taking shape. Cécile's encounters with questions of right and wrong, and with the way those questions cut across her physical and emotional desires, constitute an interrogation of morality that is difficult to credit as the work of an eighteen-year-old author. What is the moral sense? Where does it come from? Is it intrinsic? If not, does that discredit morality itself? These are the questions that lie at the heart of Sagan's brief and disturbing novel.
RTWT
I read "Bonjour Tristesse" when I was young and remember it with affection for delivering a glimpse, startling and alarming to straight-laced, petite bourgeois, provincial Americans like myself, into a far more glamorous and sophisticated upper class French world of hyper-refined sensibilities and sin.
The New Yorker's unexpected blast from the past brought back such memories that I had to blog it, and when I went looking for a suitable image, I found both a long article (in French) on Sagan's passion for automotive speed and her delightfully colorful Telegraph obituary, both of which demanded quotation. So the irresistible Françoise Sagan is getting three blog postings, not one.
What can I say? She was indubitably the sort of girl that Conrad's Marlow would describe as "one of us."
By JDZ
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text:
Q: Changing behaviour of OutputCache attribute at runtime in an MVC application
*

*ASP.NET 4.61

*MVC 5

I want to know if it is possible to add output caching to an MVC application at runtime and vary it.
So normally one would declare an output cache attribute as follows:
[OutputCache(Duration = 10]
public ActionResult MyAction()
{
}

What I want to be able to do is to selectively enable and disable output caching on actions at runtime. So if I started out with a deployed application:
public ActionResult One()
{
}

public ActionResult Two()
{
}

and at runtime I decided I wanted Two() to be cached as if I had:
[OutputCache(Duration = 20]
public ActionResult MyAction()
{
}

but then later I want it to be:
[OutputCache(Duration = 50]
public ActionResult MyAction()
{
}

and then later remove caching all together:
public ActionResult MyAction()
{
}

So my question are:
1) Is it possible to control the caching of a controller method at runtime ie. Apply the equivalence of [OutputCache] at runtime?
2) Is there a different (easy) way to vary output caching at runtime?

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text:
Fiction > Historical fiction
Fiction > Sagas
War and Remembrance (Paperback)
Herman Wouk (author)
Paperback 1056 Pages / Published: 05/12/2013
Herman Wouk's sweeping epic of World War II, which begins with THE WINDS OF WAR and continues in WAR AND REMEMBRANCE, stands as the crowning achievement of one of America's most celebrated storytellers. Like no other books about the war, Wouk's spellbinding narrative captures the tide of global events - the drama, the romance, the heroism and the tragedy of World War II - as it immerses us in the lives of a single American family drawn into the very centre of the maelstrom.
Publisher: Hodder & Stoughton General Division
Number of pages: 1056
Tipping The Velvet
James Clavell
Written in My Own Heart's Blood
The Paying Guests
The Empty Throne
The Pale Horseman
Ross Poldark
Winston Graham
C. J. Sansom
Wars of the Roses: Trinity


Me (looking at Canetto and dying as he is decked out in earrings, a bracelet, and a crown): "You are a vision. You make a very lovely princess."
Avery (screeching and laughing): "You are the worst princess, EVER!"
Until then...it's business as usual, which you can read about in today's Oakton Patch Column.
While driving my friend, Terri, home from a book signing* yesterday, we were chatting about work, people we both know and our families.
I confided in her that someone I knew and did not particularly care for had recently died. I was having mixed feelings about this and did not know if that made me a horrible person.
I could feel her looking over at me, and then she replied, "Sweetie, you're almost empty."
To which I said, resignedly, "God. I know. I have a tiny, black heart and am almost completely soulless."
And she said, "No, I mean your gas tank. Your light just came on."
***SHAMELESS PLUG*** The book signing was for Bye for Now - a Wisher's Story written by my college friend, Kathleen Churchyard. It is a young adult book (written for ages 8-12, enjoyed by people of all ages -- I just finished it and highly recommend it). Makes a great holiday gift!
I have no idea who would be bathing in a public restroom, but let's focus instead on "pipis" (heh).
2) When you freak out a little because the throwaway underpants you are issued at a spa are extremely tight around your waist and you are embarrassed by your girth, it is helpful to remove them, shift them 45 degrees and put the leg hole around your LEG.
4) When a wild monkey climbs your dress in the monkey forest, then reaches in your bag and grabs the entire bunch of bananas you've brought, it is best to let the monkey have his way so he does not chomp your finger angrily like he did to that poor Russian girl the day before.
5) "Balinese wood" can be dropped into conversation almost constantly when you are in Bali. Sometimes even in relation to the fantastic wood carving that is done there.
7) In Indonesia, you may be offered many things for sale while you are sitting in a vehicle at a stop light. These things range from food items to rubber gorilla masks to blow guns. Because you never know when you may need a rubber gorilla mask on your way to an important client meeting.
8) You feel a little bit like a rock star withdrawing 1,500,000 from an ATM until you realize that equals about 170 bucks.
9) When your daughter refers to "take off" in the airplane as "blast off" you do not correct her, as you find this adorable.
10) The best part about staying in a villa is being able to toss the fact that you are staying in a villa into every sentence. I'm lying. The best part is the private pool, breakfast being made for you, massages by the pool and outdoor showers amid the scent of fresh jasmine and plumeria.
11) Jet lag can turn your first few nights with your young child into scenes reminiscent of "Weekend at Bernie's" as you cart her comatose body with you to nice restaurants.
13) When you see a perfectly circular rainbow in the sky and comment on how cool it is, your tour guide will become noticeably shaken and claim that the last two times there have been perfectly circular rainbows, there were devastating earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. You will then get a little nervous about getting on a flight that evening.
15) You will make jokes constantly about getting "the 'gue" because Dengue fever is hilarious.


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Turns Out The Browns Didn't Draft Josh Rosen (Partly) Because Of UCLA's Volleyball Coach
Baker Mayfield is a Brown. His journey to save the Cleveland franchise will begin in August. With the draft now being in the rearview mirror, stories of how the Browns landed on Mayfield are beginning to come out. As predicted, they are entertaining.
The Canton Rep spoke with GM Jon Dorsey's right-hand man, Browns VP of player personnel Alonzo Highsmith at the Hall Of Fame Luncheon Club yesterday. That's where we learned about Baker Mayfield's "efficacy:"
Canton Rep-"Here's the honest to God's truth," he said. "From the start of this college football season to the end of the season, I had Darnold No. 1 and Baker No. 2, (Josh) Rosen No. 3, (Lamar) Jackson No. 4 and (Josh) Allen after that.
"On our way through everything, you couldn't tell me Darnold wasn't the best. I did all my evaluations of the season.
"Then comes the part where you meet them off the field. You watch their workouts. You watch everything. And Baker blew me away. Highly, highly intelligent. Highly competitive.
"And he had a trait that some of the good ones have. I call it efficacy. That includes the power to effect other people. I thought that of all the quarterbacks I watched, he stood out far and above the other guys. When he walked into a room, you knew he was there."
How else did Baker Mayfield jump over Rosen in the Browns mind? Look no further than an interaction in an airport with UCLA's volleyball team:
"I was at an airport," he said. "UCLA's volleyball team was in front of me. You heard so much about Rosen. He's this or that. We all know how people talk.
"So I asked one of the volleyball coaches, 'What's Rosen like?' He said, 'Aaaaa, you should probably ask his girlfriend. She's one of the players. She's over there.'
"I'm like, 'All right coach. That's good enough.'
"I don't know what all this means, but there was something about him that bothered me."
That's all he said. Nothing else. Highsmith doesn't seem like he went to talk to Rosen's girlfriend. All he had to hear to drop Rosen a bit further than Baker Mayfield and Sam Darnold on his big board was just hearing that he had a girlfriend on the volleyball team. Bizarre. You can't say something like this and not finish the thought.
Even Highsmith himself said, "I don't know what all this means, but there was something about him that bothered me" about this situation. Talk about a quote that is a microcosm of the Browns franchise over the past two decades. Maybe Highsmith should've done a little bit more soul searching here. Why was it that Josh Rosen's volleyball playing girlfriend made him so turned off on the Rosen One?
Of course, we could've had a "he has an ugly girlfriend" Moneyball situation:
But that's not the case:
Funny enough, I also saw UCLA's volleyball team in an airport recently. No surprise here, but they were GIANTS. A team full of attractive, tall females. I walked behind them for around 50 gates before I arrived at my gate and looked on in awe. Maybe Alonzo Highsmith was intimidated? That is a possibility because if I had to say a word to any of those players it would've gone pooooooorly. Outside of that, I don't know how to explain this one outside of the Browns just being the Browns, which will never get old.
@JackMacCFB on Twitter
brownscfbcleveland browns+ 4 Tags


11:50 a.m.: Deputies responded to a report of attempted vandalism in the 300 block of Riverside Avenue. A man reported he heard noises outside his home about 2 a.m. and saw two men near his pickup. They reportedly ran away after he turned on a spotlight to look for them. Responding deputies did not pursue the case further.
6:25 p.m.: Deputies responded to a report that a man found a firearm in a ditch in the 9000 block of County Road 34. The gun had not been reported stolen, and a deputy took it to the Montezuma County Sheriff's Office's evidence locker.
1:58 p.m.: A woman was cited on suspicion of disorderly conduct at the Giant gas station, 501 Railroad Ave., Dolores, after a woman claimed she had yelled profanity and threats at her in the gas station's parking lot earlier that day.
2 p.m.: Deputies responded to a report of identity theft in the 13000 block of U.S. Highway 491. A woman reported someone had called her claiming to represent the McAfee antivirus software company, and she had allowed them to access her computer remotely twice. A tax file went missing from her computer, and she said wasn't sure the caller had taken her information or used it against her, but requested a case file be opened.
5:47 p.m.: Deputies responded to a report of counterfeit currency at the Ute Mountain Casino, 3 Weeminuche Drive, Towaoc. Casino employees said a woman had paid with two fake $20 bills. When deputies contacted her, she claimed she didn't know they were fake and said she might have got them from Walmart in Cortez. The bills were entered into evidence at the Montezuma County Sheriff's Office. The case remains under investigation.
12 a.m.: A man was arrested in the 11000 block of Colorado Highway 145 on suspicion of DUI, displaying expired registration and driving without headlamps.
5:18 a.m.: Deputies responded to a barn fire in the 22000 block of County Road N. A barn and tractor were destroyed by flames, along with five small animals and horse tack in the barn. The Lewis-Arriola Fire Department reported no sign of foul play. No injuries to humans were reported.
11:45 a.m.: A man turned himself in at the Montezuma County Detention Center, 730 E. Driscoll St., and was arrested on a warrant for failure to appear.
1:46 p.m.: A male inmate at the Montezuma County Detention Center, 730 E. Driscoll St., was served with three warrants for failure to appear.
4:09 p.m.: A controlled burn got out of control in the 19000 block of County Road 22. A man said he started a fire around his pond, but the wind had shifted and the fire burned out of control. A neighbor's fence was damaged before the flames were extinguished. The neighbor declined to press charges for the damage, saying he would pursue a civil case instead.


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Sebastian Stan Net Worth
Name: Sebastian Stan (Sebastian Stan)
Birthday: August 13, 1982 (aged 39)
Who was born on this day: find out
Constanta, Romania
Growth:
Zodiac sign: a lion (characteristic)
Eastern horoscope: Dog
Family status:
not married
Discussion: 5 posts
Biography of Sebastian Stan
Sebastian Stan is a Romanian-born film actor best known for his roles in the Marvel comics films, where he played an assassin known as the Winter Soldier. He is also familiar to viewers from the films Ricky and the Flash, The Game of Survival, Tonya vs. Everyone, and others.
Romanian-born American actor Sebastian Stan
Sebastian was born on August 13, 1982 in the Romanian port city of Constanta. Soon after the birth of the boy, his parents divorced, and he stayed with his mother, the pianist Georgeta.
Sebastian Stan in his youth
When Sebastian was eight years old, the anti-communist Romanian Revolution took place in the country, in connection with which the family was forced to move to Vienna. Four years later, the family emigrated to the United States.
Many children find it difficult to move from one house to another, while young Sebastian changed three countries, three language environments.
It was hard to get from one world to a completely different one, where they speak a different language … But in the end, this experience turned out to be useful. When you are a child, you just want to fit into the environment. Growing up, I realized that being different is great!
In the US, Georgette married the director of a private New York school that Sebastian attended. The boy became very friendly with his stepfather and quickly began to consider him his real father.
Sebastian Stan's height is 183 cm
From his first months in America, Stan often performed on stage. He attended the theater club and participated in all school productions: West Side Story, Harvey, Cyrano de Bergerac, Little Shop of Horrors. After receiving a secondary education, the young man entered the University of the Arts in New Jersey. In college, the nickname "Sea Bass" stuck to Sebastian. Upon graduation, he not only became a certified actor, but was also officially recognized as a US citizen. In 2007, he made his Broadway debut in Talking Radio alongside Liev Schreiber.
Actor career
Stan's film debut took place back in Vienna, in 1994, when he was cast in an episodic role in the Austrian drama 71 Fragments of Chronology of Accidents. The next time he appeared in a movie only ten years later, he played in the comedy Tony and Tina's Wedding. Interestingly, the main character in it was performed by an unknown at that time actress Mila Kunis, who is also an immigrant from Eastern Europe.
Sebastian Stan on Gossip Girl
The first serious work of Sebastian was the role in the popular television drama Gossip Girl with Blake Lively. Despite the fact that his character appeared in only 11 episodes of the first three seasons of this series, the young actor gained a lot of fans around the world. A few years after that, he starred in the NBC series Kings.
In 2010, Stan again managed to work with Mila Kunis – he starred in Darren Aronofsky's Oscar-winning drama Black Swan.
Sebastian Stan on the set of "Black Swan"
The real breakthrough in Sebastian's career was the role of the hired killer Bucky Barnes, nicknamed the Winter Soldier, in the film The First Avenger. Released in 2011, the film comic allowed Stan to become one of the most popular young actors of our time.
Sebastian Stan on his role in Captain America: The First Avenger
The picture collected more than $ 350 million at the worldwide box office, so several sequels were soon shot, in which Sebastian again played Bucky and again worked with Chris Evans, who played Captain America. Stan also voiced his character in the video game Captain America: Super Soldier.
Sebastian Stan on the set of Once Upon a Time
In parallel with filming in the Marvel franchise, Sebastian appeared in a number of noteworthy projects: the fantastic comedy The Martian with Matt Damon, the action movie Logan's Luck with Daniel Craig and Channing Tatum.
Sebastian Stan and Mark Hamill in their youth – many see the similarity
The actor also remembered shooting in the tragicomedy "Ricky and the Flash" with Meryl Streep in the title role. Sebastian, who played the adult son of Streep's heroine, admitted that he could not understand where the character of Meryl ended and she herself began: "It was like sleeping on a sheet of bumps and needles."
Sebastian Stan's personal life
Sebastian first kissed a girl at the age of 10: she was 16 and went to the same school as him. "It was cool! But I can't even remember her name, "the actor admitted in an interview. In the same conversation, he told a journalist that he had lost his virginity at the age of 17: "We rented a room in a motel, and after sex we ordered food from McDonald's. Honestly".
Sebastian Stan and Leighton Meester
Subsequently, an attractive Hollywood actor managed to win the hearts of not only ordinary spectators, but also colleagues. At various times, Stan met with actresses Leighton Meester (his Gossip Girl colleague), Ashley Greene, Diana Agron and Jennifer Morrison.
Sebastian Stan and Margarita Levieva
Since 2013, he has been in a relationship with Margarita Levieva, whom he met on the set of the film "Womanizer". Interestingly, she is also an immigrant – in 1991, the actress's family moved to the United States from Leningrad. In 2016, the couple announced their split.
In his free time, Sebastian loves to watch Pixar cartoons and listen to music (his favorite genres are classic rock, disco and techno).
Sebastian Stan now
At the beginning of 2018, Russian viewers saw Sebastian in the biographical black comedy Tonya Against Everyone starring Margot Robbie. In the center of the plot is a figure skating champion who has conceived a brilliant scam. Sebastian plays Jeff Gillooly, the ex-husband of the athlete, who helps Tony eliminate a rival.
Sebastian Stan in the movie "Tonya vs. Everyone"
Sebastian will appear in Avengers 3 and 4 (release date: 2018 and 2019 respectively), as well as in the highly anticipated film adaptation of Shirley Jackson's novel We've Always Lived in the Castle alongside Alexandra Daddario.
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Categories Net Worth Tags Net, Sebastian, Stan, Worth


Polo rear jet washer replacement?
Front light clip problems, can't get it back on, any help please??
Is 9N a vehicle with electric range control ?
Polo Dune 2005 Tyre size query 215 40 17 to a 45 or 50 possible?
Polo or Gold Dune colour code for grey plastic trim?
Weird? Central Locking Won't Lock from Remote or Door Lock but will Unlock ?????
VW Polo 2005 Cylinder 3 Misfire P0303 - Please help!
Polo engine keeps cutting out plus more!
Polo 2004 Factory Radio BETA Casette single din Upgrade?
VW Polo 9n 55s, Wheel alignment issues, Creaking Noise, Pulls to left!
wire missing on back of fuse box for rear wiper??
Vw Polo 2002, 1.4, HELP!!
05' Polo high oil use?
Polo 2010 TDi - Coolant Problems.
6n2 passenger side mirror cover/cap part no?
Polo 9N AZQ Engine Not Starting - Chain Slip?
Polo 2002 1.4 FSI cuts out occasionally when idle.
Chain slip on oil chain???
Tracking, should I send it back?
Best code reader/diagnostic software for keen DIY maintenance?
Headlight is a strange white colour. HELP!
Coolant (fan?) sensor in radiator - should it have a seal?
2010 1.6 TDi Polo Lights/Trip computer help!!
Door locking mechanism working wrongly - please help if you can.
Polo 1.4 16v BBY Complete engine and clutch change advice.
Needing help with wheel adapters!
Please help! Electrics problem at the worst possible time!
2003 Polo 3dr passenger window fuse?
Intermittent epc fault, loses power.
Front fogs on automatically with main beam?
yellow bulb monitoring warning light coming on and off?
Airbag light - can anyone help?!
Polo 1.4 tdi 06 fuse?
Power steering, oil warning and brake warning lights!
Found this dangling from car, no idea what it is.


With the official Iowa Caucus just around the corner, SCC will host a mock caucus on its West Burlington campus on January 27. Participants will be able to meet candidate representatives to discuss candidates' position on critical issues before participating in a simulated caucus. The event is sponsored by SCC Students for Peace and is open to the public.
SCC's Students for Peace Club advisor and Sociology instructor Ramona Linville, says the event is an excellent way for people to learn how a caucus works.
The mock caucus will follow the same rules and format that the official caucus. Participants will have the chance to talk to representatives before the actual caucus begins at noon.
"We've invited representatives from all the presidential candidates and most of them will be here to answer questions and lobby for their candidate," Linville explains.
A caucus proceeding is very grass-roots and personal, giving everyone equal opportunity to share ask and answer questions. When there are multiple candidates, the process is fluid and can be very lively as votes are cast and recast until a winner is chosen.
Candidate representatives will be on campus from 10:00 to noon on the West Burlington campus in Building 400 outside the Loren Walker Arena. The mock caucus will run from noon to 1:00. Republicans and Democrats will caucus in separate rooms.
Linville says she is interested in seeing how the results of the mock caucus will compare with the official caucus on February 1.
The event is open to the public and everyone is encouraged to attend.
For more information about the event, contact Ramona Linville at rlinville@scciowa.edu.


Monday night's large crude-oil fire at the Chevron oil refinery in Richmond, which produced a towering column of acrid black smoke and aroused widespread panic in the area, served as a dramatic backdrop to new research showing that minorities and low-income people believe they bear the brunt of health problems related to air pollution.
Investigators are still working to determine whether the refinery incident posed long-term health risks to neighboring African American and Latino communities. After the fire, the second such major incident in five years, Richmond residents were told to "shelter in place" by staying home and shutting all windows and doors to avoid inhaling dangerous pollutants.
Community groups have long charged that industrial facilities disproportionately affect marginalized demographic groups.
On Tuesday, the Public Policy Institute of California released results of phone interviews with 25,000 Californians in July as part of its annual environmental issues survey. The poll found that 62 percent of Latinos and 53 percent of African Americans report air pollution as a serious threat to themselves and their immediate families, a higher percentage than whites at 41 percent or the general population at 50 percent.
When the survey respondents were asked if social class was a factor in endangering the health of low-income people, more Latinos and African-Americans agreed: 66 percent of Latinos and 58 percent of African Americans said yes, as opposed to 47 percent overall and 35 percent of whites.
"The statistics bear out what we see with our eyes and smell with our noses," said the Rev. Daniel Buford, director of the Prophetic Justice Ministry of Allen Temple Baptist Church in East Oakland. He spoke at a panel discussion on Monday at the World Affairs Council in San Francisco, sponsored by the Public Policy Institute and New America Media.
While 41 percent of adults statewide reported asthma or other respiratory ailments in their households, the rate was higher among African Americans (54 percent) and Latinos (43 percent).
The poll found that many state residents were unaware of major climate change policy reforms. The majority of respondents had not heard about California's carbon cap-and-trade program, which begins in November. Under the program, the state would issue permits to companies that limit greenhouse gas emissions and allow them to sell unused permits to other companies. Fewer people in ethnic minority communities — 27 percent of African-Americans and 26 percent of Latinos — were aware of the program than were whites or the general population.
But members of most ethnic communities were apparently ambivalent about the program. Despite support of cap-and-trade from a majority of African Americans and Latinos, higher percentages from both groups -- as compared with whites and the general population -- feared that cap-and-trade would worsen health risks for low-income residents. Sixty-six percent of Latinos and 60 percent of African-Americans said they thought the new rules would create health problems. Less than half of all adults -- 48 percent -- and about one-third of whites -- 34 percent – said there would be potential negative impacts.
A fire at the Chevron refinery in Richmond sent a huge plume of smoke into the air Monday evening. Creative Commons image by Flickr user Jeremy Brooks.


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Interferenzringe ist ein Oberbegriff für verschiedene Erscheinungen in der Optik, bei der durch Interferenz (Physik) ringförmige Strukturen unterschiedlicher Intensität oder Farbe auftreten.
 Newtonsche Ringe treten bei punktförmigen Lichtquellen an Medien unterschiedlicher Dicke auf.
 Haidingerringe treten bei flächigen Lichtquellen an planparallelen Platten auf.
 Am Michelson-Interferometer treten Interferenzringe durch die Geometrie bedingt auf.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Where can I download the software for the RoadHawk Bullet R+?
Where can I download the user manual for the RoadHawk Bullet R+?
You can download a copy of the RoadHawk Bullet R+ User Manual here.
How do I pair the remote to the RoadHawk Bullet R+?
What are the three wires on the RoadHawk Bullet R+ Battery Pack?
The battery pack comes complete with 3 cables for connecting to the RoadHawk Bullet R+ camera.
If the camera will not power up, please format the SD card as corrupt data and stop the power up sequence.
If the camera powers up the turns off, check that the SD card is not full if you are not using loop mode. Double check that the camera is set to loop mode if using it. If not, format the SD card.
Check to see if the camera will operate when removed from the hard wire, if the camera operates then check the hard wire connections and that the light on the regulator operates when the ignition is on.
Look to see if the USB port has been damaged on the back of the camera.
If the camera powers on then will not operate, please format the SD card and press the reset button on the camera located above the mini USB slot on the back.
How do I install the RoadHawk Bullet R+?
1: Choose camera location, usually side or top and select either the curved or flat tray mount to suit. Use the laser pointer to help align the camera, (it may help to have someone assist).
3: If possible warm the adhesive pad in your hand, remove adhesive backing from the camera mount and place firmly on the helmet, without the camera on.
4: Leave the mount to bond. Recommended bond time is 12 hours.
5: Repeat the process if also attaching the additional battery pack to your helmet.
6: Use the vented helmet or goggle mount or if required (Sold separately).
1: Use the supplied handle bar mount.
The tray mounts can be fixed to the framework, please note that the area will need to ne vibration free so fairings may not have enough rigidity; this can seriously affect the video quality and camera life. For more mounting options please contact our sales team who have access to a wide range of aftermarket fittings.
We recommend that you have the camera hard wired by an approved motorcycle auto electrician.


Whenever there is an affair or construction site in Waynesboro, there could possibly be the need for portable toilets and Rent Porta Potties can easily supply whatever that you are looking for and in any amount. There are all types of porta pottys to pick from and Rent Porta Potties has a big selection and volume which means we can deliver product for almost any need in Waynesboro, PA. Portable toilets will most likely not be the hot party component, however they are needed when there is a party in Waynesboro, Pennsylvania and men and women will need to have the ability to have accessibility to clean facilities and Rent Porta Potties will be able to help anytime you get in touch with our company at 888-664-6168.
Without doubt one of the difficulties when you have a big celebration is very little restroom space. Yet as soon as you lease a restroom trailer you'll be able to avoid that. When your Waynesboro, PA celebration is outside, then you really require not less than one portable toilet nearby. We offer your porta potty requirements by putting together clean and sturdy portable toilets in places you need them. Set up, upkeep and removal is all completed by Rent Porta Potties. We can cope with any size function you'll have on your mind.
Our business's portable toilets are sturdy and are good if you require on-site lavatories. Any kind of building work, house building locations as well as locations like oil fields can certainly depend on Rent Porta Potties to suit your needs. You really want your workers to have clean, hassle-free restroom amenities whenever they are at work in Waynesboro, PA. Restroom trailers are handy for any firm that needs porta pottys in the field.
Rent Porta Potties takes pride in customer service. You should not have to worry about easy things like toilets if you are preparing an occasion in Waynesboro, PA. With our portable toilets you don't need to worry at all. Portable toilets are our business. We make certain we fulfill your needs when it comes to any type of porta john. Your situation is different from someone else's so Rent Porta Potties will take a moment with you and decide what you have to have. What this means is you can enjoy your Waynesboro function and not concern yourself with all of the small particulars. Just get in touch with Rent Porta Potties right away at 888-664-6168 and we can deliver you with a price for your porta potty requirements.


Home » Is GB WhatsApp safe to use?
Is GB WhatsApp safe to use? WhatsApp is a great tool for communication and it would not an exaggeration if I say that it is the most popular messaging app in the world. We all know if and we do use it in our daily life. It has a user base of more than 1.2 billion, Whoow! It's really a big figure right! Today I am going to talk about GB WhatsApp. Did you hear about it? If you know about it then it's cool and you don't then don't worry. I am going to answer all the questions related to GB WhatsApp. What is it? How does work? Is it safe or not? If it's not then why? Let's come to the first point.
Why should you not use this app?
1. It is not available on the Google Play Store.
2. You don't get regular updates on time.
3. It can monitor your activity on your mobile.
3. WhatsApp will not help you if you face any problem while using it.
4. It can store, sell or misuse your data.
5. It shows annoying ads.
1. Fake Links containing Offers.
4. Apk or media files from an unknown number.
GB WhatsApp is a stolen and customized version of the original WhatsApp. I'll explain to it why I'm calling it stolen version of the WhatsApp.
GB WhatsApp is considered as a scam by many bloggers. WhatsApp has also called these apps including WhatsApp Gold and many other similar moded apps as a scam.
This app is developed by an Arab guy who has no official permission for it. GB WhatsApp misleads people by providing some colorful fancy themes and color options which are not available in original WhatsApp.
Before answering this question just think about a situation where you want to buy a 2 BHK flat. You contacted a certified dealer and he told you a price according to the local price of the flat.
Suddenly an unknown person comes and says that he can give you 3 BHK flat in the price of 2 BHK. When you asked for the original documents of the flat, he said that he hasn't any original document of the flat.
Now, what will you do? Would you like to buy the flat from the certified dealer with original documents or from that unknown person?
I guess you would like to buy that flat from the certified dealer instead of that unknown person. Here, you cannot trust him because he is unknown and he has no original documents.
The situation is exactly the same in the case of WhatsApp. The guy who has developed this app is totally unknown to you. How you can trust this app! I think you should think about it.
I explained why it is not trustworthy. Now let's see why you should not use this app.
GB WhatsApp is not available on Play Store. You need to download its apk file from its website and then manually install it.
This is a big point of the doubt because if it is legit then it should be on Play Store. But the developer of this app knows that if Google scans it then it will be busted.
We all know that it is not an official app so it will take a long time to get an update. And there will be another update in original WhatsApp. So, if any bug found then it will take very long to fix that bug.
And you will be at risk for that period of time.
Well, before writing this article I tried the app and it's good that it didn't ask me for any permission that is not relevant. But it doesn't mean that it is safe now.
It still has permission to access your contacts, messages, storage camera and mic. And why you want to be a pirate when you have the original. It has full access to your chat so it can easily store and upload it to its servers.
Now, you will say that WhatsApp messages are encrypted then how it can store it. The answer is simple. WhatsApp encryption works only after sending the message and before receiving the message. It means it can store the messages before it's sent.
Suppose, you face any problem like data leak or anything while using GB WhatsApp then what will you do?
You will contact WhatsApp for help right? Sad to say but, WhatsApp won't help you. They will simply say you were not using the official app so we can't take the responsibility for your problem.
And there is nothing wrong because anybody even you will do the same if you will on the place of WhatsApp.
And a sad thing is that WhatsApp can take legal action against you for using a pirated version of WhatsApp and piracy is not legal in any way.
You might have heard the line "Data is the new currency". Most of the tech giants like Facebook, Google are making money from our data.
I mean to say you don't know the price of your data.
When I talk about privacy protection people often say we are like open books we don't have anything to hide. They are wrong because being open doesn't mean that one should be careless about privacy.
Private photos are not only privacy that all think. Everything that you do online or offline is data. They can be stored, sold and misused. This app can store your contacts, chat history and many things.
WhatsApp is popular for its clear screen feature. The clear screen means to say it doesn't show any ad on the screen.
As I mentioned in my previous point that I tried this app to see the functionality of the app, I noticed that it shows pop-ups asking to like and follow on different-different social media platforms.
Besides this, it was also showing promotional ads. It can spoil your overall user experience because official WhatsApp doesn't show any ad. And that's why I use it.
This is really annoying that people send links to many stupid offers. This is totally a fraud no one is going to give you anything for free and everyone should admit it.
WhatsApp Gold made millions of dollars by fooling people. It started with a message with an invitation to update the app to the Gold version. When people clicked on the link they were asked to pay to enable the premium features as WhatsApp Gold.
This is a third-party app that allows you to spy the WhatsApp conversation of others. This is another scam because if it can read then it can store too.
If you get any file either it is a media file or apk file from an unknown number or any person you should not trust, just delete it. There are a lot of tools that allow binding malicious scripts into any apk file or media file.
There are many third-party apps that claim that they can help you practice many tricks for WhatsApp. For example, many apps on play store and many websites allow you to see the deleted messages of your contacts. Basically, these apps ask you to give the permission to monitor your activity and after getting the permission it runs in the background and monitors your WhatsApp messages and stores it so if anyone deletes the message it stores before the deletion. Now, the problem with these apps is that they have full freedom to access your apps and they can easily misuse this freedom.


Skiing at and near Lake Tahoe, California, December 2003.
We stayed at two different places. One belonged to the parents of a friend of Brett's. The other belonged to the uncle of a friend of Brett's. All I know was that the price was right: bagel.
The original plan was to ski Sunday as well, but we had car trouble.


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* node information is cleared just before we store the real mem_map.
* physical page frame number.
* There is a circular dependency.
* gather other removable sections for dynamic partitioning.
* Just notify un-removable section's number here.
printk(KERN_ERR "%s: sparsemem memory map backing failed "
* for each and record the physical to section mapping.
* make next 2M slip to one more 2M later.
* here try to allocate 2M pages continously.
* sparse_early_mem_map_alloc, so allocate usemap_map at first.
* on the same section, it must not be freed.
* be removed physically soon.
* on the section which has pgdat at boot time. Just keep it as is now.
* map was not consumed and must be freed.


No, we're not calling you a pig, and we're not saying we're pigs, either! But we DO love this cute little pink iPig speaker system from Lanchiya that comes in the shape of a pig! Check out our review and find out why you should add this sounds system to your wish list this year!
It sure is cute, but it's also a serious sound system/docking station for your iPod! The iPig got pretty loud when we tested it, thanks to true 25 watts and audio extension down to 60 HZ. Translation: Clear, strong, sound for all your fave songs on your iPod!
Not only is the sound from this iPig great, the system is built really well, too. Totally solid, and the remote that comes with it works perfectly! Plus, if pink pigs aren't really your style, the iPig comes in yellow and white, too.


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Robert McPeak Receives Four Professional Recognitions
Robert E.
McPeak
Partner Energy, Environment & Natural Resources LawCo-Chair rmcpeak@mcdonaldcarano.com Office702.873.4100 Direct702.257.4534 V-Card PDF (Print)
McDonald Carano congratulates Robert McPeak on receiving recognition in four legal profession ranking publications – Chambers USA, The Best Lawyers in America, Vegas Inc. Top Lawyers in Southern Nevada, and the National Law Journal's Trailblazers report. Rob has earned and maintained Martindale-Hubbell's AV Preeminent Peer Review rating since 2013. Rob also has an extensive pro bono practice serving as General Counsel for the Legal Aid Center of Southern Nevada since 2016.
Rob is a member of the Foundation for Natural Resources and Energy Law and serves on the Government Affairs and Education Committees of the Southern Nevada Chapter of NAIOP, the Commercial Real Estate Development Association.
Chambers USA: America's Leading Lawyers for Business 2022, the leading global legal directory, included Rob as one of a select group of Nevada lawyers to be ranked in Real Estate Law. During the ranking process, Chambers interviewed clients who noted that Rob is "intelligent, thorough and ensures our interests are protected. He has vast experience across the state and knowledge beyond his years." "He is very responsive and takes things very seriously." "Robert is a smart and good lawyer who is pleasant to work with, and he is highly regarded."
Rob's excellence in Real Estate Law and Construction Law are also recognized by The Best Lawyers in America which has recognized him in Real Estate Law, Construction Law, and Construction Litigation in its 2021, 2022 and 2023 editions. Best Lawyers recognizes only the top 6% of practicing lawyers based on peer review.
Rob co-chairs McDonald Carano's Energy, Environment & Natural Resources Law Practice and his expertise in this area is recognized by being one of only two lawyers on Vegas Inc.'s list of Top Lawyers in Southern Nevada for Environmental & Natural Resources Law for 2022.
Rob was selected as one of only 25 lawyers from across the country and the only lawyer in Nevada to be included in The National Law Journal's 2022 list of Real Estate/Construction Law Trailblazers – recognizing "professionals who have moved the needle in the legal industry." Rob's selection to the list focused on his experience over the past five years serving as construction and finance counsel for over half of the major renewable energy projects in Nevada.


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Chihuahua dogs are known for their excessive aggressiveness and are not ideal companions for children.
They require a gentle and positive approach to training.
The Chihuahua breed tends to become obsessive towards their owner and demand much attention.
Boasting a long and rich legacy of 100 years, the Chihuahua takes the credit of being one of the oldest breeds in the whole of the Americas. Considered a sacred animal, they are also the most favored pet of North America. Though commonly considered as a native of Mexico, another theory of origin states that the dog is from Egypt. They are named after the state of Chihuahua in Mexico.
Chihuahuas are the smallest dogs on earth, which makes them extra appealing for people who live in apartments. They have a head that is somewhat larger than the proportions of their body, making them look a little like a walking bobble-head. That, in concert with their even larger eyes and ears, make the Chihuahua seem like it was almost engineered to be adorable.
Despite their diminutive size, the Chihuahua has a very large personality. Brave, lively, adventurous, and strong willed, the Chihuahua can be a handful if not properly socialized. They often catch a bad rap for being 'yappy,' but most times this is a result of poor parenting. It may not seem like a big deal since they are so tiny, but they should be reprimanded for anything a larger dog would be. Also, just because they are tiny doesn't mean they don't require daily walks.
The coloring of a Chihuahua can be any solid, marked, or splashed color.
I want to beg to differ with this article, I have a chi and he is GREAT with children because he was raised around them. Its kind of a Misnomer they are not good with children but children are not good for them. Kids ted to be rough with dogs and since they are tiny they don't like (or the get hurt to easy and get upset) to be manhandled . My dog loves every kid but one that I know of and to this day I don't know what she did to him to make him (always friendly to every dog and kid) dislike her.
It sounds like you have a great dog who is lucky to have a parent who socialized him well! Whether most chihuahuas lack the temperament to handle children or most children lack the temperament to handle chihuahuas (or both), I think we'd agree that, before adding a dog to the family, responsible adults should consider whether they have the time and ability to train both pet and human children to interact with each other safely.


Oliver was 25 years old when he fell in love with an Italian who had come to Ireland to study English. Eventually they decided to get married. But her mother was seriously ill and needed to be looked after. Maria told Oliver that they would have to live in Italy as she needed to take care of her sick mother. She was an only child and her father was dead. It meant Oliver had to give up a good job here and search for one there. He has been living in Italy for the last 15 years, would love to come home to Ireland to live but is unable to do so as Maria's mother is still alive and needs caring. Because of his love for his wife he is prepared to make sacrifices to be with her and their 2 children.
Using the language of today's gospel he had chosen 'to hate' his family and others. How could Jesus who spoke so much about love, compassion and forgiveness be talking about hating and especially hating those closest to us? This sounds shocking to our ears. In order to understand the text properly we must realise that his use of the verb 'to hate' is a 'Semitic' way of speaking that was typical of the cultural background of Jesus. Then the meaning of 'hating' would have been the equivalent of the verb 'prefer' or 'to love less' as we might use them today. So to be a true disciple of Jesus means putting him in the first place. It does not stop us loving, caring for, and delighting in our parents, family or friends. It means that our relation to Jesus, to God has to have first place like the man put his wife in the first place. Are we capable of putting Jesus in the first place in our lives?
Jesus had one great goal in life; namely, to carry out the task his father had given him. That's what he lived for. And he was prepared to pay whatever price was demanded in order to fulfill his goal. It meant leaving home at about 30 years old. He gave up a sure job as a carpenter to take up another way of living. His total commitment to his Father's will eventually cost him great suffering and a terrible death.
For us too discipleship may be quite costly. We can draw encouragement from the life of the apostles. The gospels show that they struggled at every point to follow Jesus yet he didn't write them off.
To return to the gospel – whom was Jesus addressing? The gospel says that 'great crowds accompanied Jesus on his way and he turned and addressed them'. So it was not only the 12 apostles but also a great number of people. We know who these people were from other gospel passages: fishermen, farmers, housewives, tax collectors, prostitutes, lepers, scribes and Pharisees and all other kinds of people. It is to this great number of all kinds of people that Jesus was speaking. And to us too.
This is the Good News of today's gospel. Each and every one of us is called to be a disciple of Jesus. 'Carrying the cross' as Jesus asks of us is another way of speaking of following him. 'Great crowds accompanied Jesus on his way' – to be on the way of Jesus, to follow him means that it is a lifelong journey. Discipleship is more than a one-time decision. It is a process. It takes time.
Discipleship means more than doing some good things for the Lord – it means committing ourselves to him as he did to us. To be a Christian means we have a goal, we are going some place, we are following Someone. Jesus does not ask the impossible of us. He knows that it takes time to follow him closely. We need to learn his ways. Above all, we need to depend totally on the help of the Holy Spirit. This is the great gift Jesus promised us before he went back to his Father in heaven.
The two little stories that end today's gospel are reminding us that it costs to follow Jesus. It is not easy. But if we wish to follow Jesus on this long journey we are asked to let go of whatever in life attaches us too much to ourselves, our comforts, our status, possessions and so on.
Do I ever sit down and ask myself: am I on the right way? Am I doing the best I can with my talents and gifts? Do I give a helping hand to others needing my help? Do I share what I have with the poor, at least sometimes? Where is my focus – at least on Jesus at times, on others or always on myself?
Jesus calls each of us to follow him closely. And I am sure you try to live out the demand of Jesus for discipleship. For a husband or wife, it will be their love and concern for each other and their children as well as for others. For a doctor or nurse, it will be their care of the sick. For priests and religious – to share with others their love for God in faithful, loving service. Jesus calls us all to discipleship. He calls us to greatness. He knows we are capable of it despite our sinfulness, limitations and failures. He won't give up on us. He keeps calling us. He wants disciples to help him? How will we answer his call?


The hexadecimal color code #f77de5 is a medium light shade of magenta. In the RGB color model #f77de5 is comprised of 96.86% red, 49.02% green and 89.8% blue. In the HSL color space #f77de5 has a hue of 309° (degrees), 88% saturation and 73% lightness. This color has an approximate wavelength of 538.82 nm.


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The new design for the existing Park Valencia that is the "heart" and "backyard" of the Santana Row District is meant to reinvent, rejuvenate and recharge this successful and vibrant multi-use plaza space. INTERSTICE proposed to design a new and exciting identity which builds on its popularity, while integrating two new perimeter food kiosks along its southern edge. The kiosks form a garden trellised edge, re-defining the intimate plaza where new landscape elements create a playful and engaging atmosphere within the intentionally more flexible open plaza. The park is imagined as a gathering of "creatures" in an oasis – a folded green lawn slopes up to form a sculptural water feature, surrounded by giant chameleons which share the pond and create a focus to the space.
Chameleon sculptures engage the raised seat walls, situated in the four compass positions. They are larger than life, life-like, yet abstract – made of smooth colored pre-cast concrete. A chameleon theme is featured in these sculptural elements, in the play area, and the fence surrounding the play area, as well as throughout the larger Santana Row District. The Green is an artificial turf centerpiece to the plaza space and serves as flexible use space for play, picnicking, sun-bathing, lounging, and audience viewing for the stage. The west end of the green slopes gently up to a sitting height with a deep cast concrete edge for casual seating.
Re-alignment and renovation of the existing stage creates an improved entry with better visibility and circulation, alignment of the plaza green with the stage for enjoying programmed events, and areas for movable tables and chairs associated with the eating establishments both new and existing, while the stage is materially unified with the surrounding planters.


Remember, the key to marketing anything (including yourself) is to give people what they want. You have to make people like you by giving them things they want for free. Find a group of starving people and then feed them what they want!
I will explain more tomorrow.


Last night was a girls night out that I'd really been looking forward to - I organized a Favorite Things Party! I saw this idea on Pinterest a few months ago and filed it away for Christmas. There are several ways to do it. We had ours at a restaurant because we all have young kids and it would be too hard to do it at someones home.
- Pick ONE favorite thing that you discovered this year or have just plain loved forever.
- Buy FIVE of that ONE thing.
- You can't spend more than $20 total for all five items.
- Everyone writes their name down on a slip of paper FIVE times.
- Each person draws FIVE names - you can't draw your own name or the same name twice.
- You take a gift from each of the names that you drew.
Everyone takes home five great gifts!
The tin is what I used to put the slips of paper in for us all to draw from. My gift was Chocolate Covered Ritz Crackers. They just have them out for Christmas and they are SOOOO good. And all of my girlfriends know I'm a huge chocoholic so it was very fitting.
Here is what I brought home: From my friend Jennifer, who always has wonderfully poofed hair - a can of Freeze It! I was so excited!
From Stacey, a realllllly yummy smelling candle and a hot chocolate mix!
From Lindsay, Burt Bees! Which I love!
From Brittany, a Bath & Body Works antibacterial soap and hand soap! They smell so good!
And from Lisa, a ceramic pot keeper - you throw it in your boiling water and it won't boil over!
I didn't get Rebekah's gift because we only draw 5, but she brought thank you notecards!
We had such a fun time and are already plotting when we can do this again....Valentines Day? Easter? I don't know, but I can't wait!
What would your gift be??


The UK business world has seen its rise and fall throughout the years, and for the most part its primary contributor to its potential success is down to the economic performance of the country. With Brexit looming, this is a worrying time for those looking for start a new business, or a new franchise in the UK, however it's not all doom and gloom.
Even with events such as the recession and Brexit, the amount of New Franchises in the UK has seen a positive outlook for anyone considering opening up a new franchise. According to the British Franchise Association we have seen an increase of 46% over the last 10 years for the contribution franchising gives to the UK economy.
As you can see above, every two years in the franchising industry we should expect growth. This figure does fluctuate considerably, however during the last recession you can see an increase of 300 new franchise units. This demonstrates that even during the dark days of the economy, franchising isn't holding back and is considered one of the safest options when you want to start your own business.
Why is Franchising considered safer?
For the most part, franchising is considered a safer option because of the franchisor and the support they can offer, however it doesn't stop there. It is true that franchisors normally have a dedicated support system for its franchisees, to advise them from experience on a wide range of potential issues they may face, but you also get support on your decision to franchise.
To explain that more thoroughly, when an aspiring franchisee wants to start their new franchise they apply to a specific franchise, or more than one. The franchisor will then assess the application and the applicant themselves. They are basically qualifying the person interested in joining their franchise, and they wouldn't let somebody be a franchisee if they didn't think they would have what it takes to make it a success.
This is critical to making franchising a safer option, because a franchisor won't allow somebody without the right attitude and skills join their franchise, meaning those that are successful in their application should have a higher chance of success. So, it's important to note that franchising is safer, but part of that is because they don't allow those who likely won't be successful to join their ranks, thus lowering the amount of franchises that will likely fail.


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Engaging Sub-national Authorities in Accountable Practices (ESAAP) – Research Facility: Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
Home » Projects » Engaging Sub-national Authorities in Accountable Practices (ESAAP) – Research Facility: Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
By Integrity
Engaging Sub-national Authorities in Accountable Practices (ESAAP) – Research Facility: Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)2020-05-282021-01-15https://www.integrityglobal.com/wp-content/uploads/integrity_logo_website_svg.svghttps://www.integrityglobal.com/wp-content/uploads/sunrose_projectsum_02.jpg200px200px
Country / dates: DRC, 2019-2020
Client: UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) DRC, International Rescue Committee (IRC), Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu-Bukavu (ISDR)
The DRC remains one of the world's most fragile countries with a precarious and fluid humanitarian situation. This is the result of continued conflicts between communities, non-state armed groups and Congolese security forces, and prevailing socio-economic challenges that affect the most vulnerable Congolese.
The FCDO-funded £3 million ESAAP programme, implemented by IRC, supports communities to identify and implement locally informed solutions to problems in the DRC's provinces. The project aims at improving the local and provincial governance of basic services, such as waster, sanitation and hygience (WASH), education and health sectors. It does so through the formation and support of 15 Problem Driven Iterative Adaptation (PDIA) teams – or collective action groups – who work to increase the voice of Congolese citizens for improved provincial accountability.
Integrity manages the ESAAP research facility and supports IRC's collective action groups by conducting Political Economy Analyses (PEAs) and Poverty Analyses in three provinces. These studies identify and inform groups on the intersection between community needs and opportunities for systematic change. They are the first step in the PDIA approach (1 & 2 in the below graphic). They break down local problems into root causes, identify entry points, and search for possible solutions. The studies support collective action groups to identify priorities, develop workplans and (3) take action.
Following workplan implementation, Integrity helps collective action groups (4) to check-in and reflect on their work, the changes that might have occurred, the lessons learned, and challenges encountered in the process. These check-ins help the collective action groups adapt their approaches; promoting a test, learn, adapt, test, scale/drop cycle.
Integrity also develops policy briefs to support the dissemination of lessons learned, promote scaling up and inspire other donors and implementing agencies to test similar approaches in other complex contexts.
Finally, as part of the research facility, Integrity supports FCDO through demand-led PEAs which contribute to informing wider FCDO programming in the DRC, including on Governance, Health, Education and WASH.
For more information on the PDIA process see The PDIA Toolkit: A DIY Approach to Solving Complex Problems, Building State Capability, Center for International Development, Harvard University p7, 2018.
COVID-19 risks reversing gains made on women's reproductive health in Pakistan
Third Party Monitoring of the Building Disaster Resilience in Pakistan (BDRP) programme – Phase II