text:
Interview with Dartmouth's First Openly Gay Trustee, John Rich '80
As mentioned in the Green Light, the following are highlights from our interview with Trustee John Rich '80.
How did you come to be on the Board? What are the accomplishments of the Board of which you are most proud?
I came to be on the Board in 2008 when I was elected as a Charter Trustee. I can say that it has been a wonderful experience. The Board is composed of very dedicated, loyal folks who have accomplished tremendous things in their careers, and who have deep roots at Dartmouth. One of the things that I was able to participate in was the selection of the new President, and I think of all the things that I was able to be involved in and of which I am most proud was selecting Jim Kim. I knew Jim Kim for several years when I was in Boston, and I thought he was a great match for Dartmouth: (1) to have someone who came from health care and global health, and (2) to be the first Ivy League college to have a Korean American president. So I'm proud that we were able to do that.
What is the role of the Academic Affairs Committee of the Board that you chair?
Generally, the role of the committee is to support the academic mission of the College, to make sure that the Board is involved in supporting the Administration's efforts to have the most outstanding faculty, to continually review and update curriculum, and to think about the infrastructure needed to support academics, classes and courses. And we're continually monitoring how Dartmouth improves: to think about how we as an institution move forward and maintain the excellence that Dartmouth is known around the world for.
What are the areas in which you see the College growing or improving in the future and that excite you most?
The College is growing in important ways under Jim's leadership. A couple of key areas that I think are important include the amazing engagement of Dartmouth faculty in leadership in global issues, and I think the response of the Dartmouth community to the earthquake in Haiti is exemplary of how Dartmouth students see themselves as citizens of the world. And the fact that Dartmouth was leading efforts to get heath care and disaster relief on the ground up and running is very exciting, and with the interest that students now have in global health and global issues, Dartmouth is really leading there.
How have your previous experiences as a student and an alum influenced your perspectives as a Trustee?
My initial perspective was that I grew up as a kid in Queens, New York, who went to parochial schools and I didn't know much about Dartmouth. So for me it was a very different world, but I loved Dartmouth and some of my deepest friendships that I forged there still remain. For me it was an eye-opening experience because I was not only living for the first time not in a city, but I was living in a community where the professors were so deeply engaged with the students. This background helps me to understand that my job as a trustee is to support maintaining the strengths that are Dartmouth, such as the deep engagement that we have with professors, while also realizing that increasingly Dartmouth will attract a more diverse group of students – how do we make sure that the fundamentals of the experience remains with those students so that Dartmouth has a good link to tradition but also the ability to grow and change as the world changes and as students change.
How have you seen Dartmouth evolve over time, particularly with regard to what the College offers its increasingly diverse student body?
As someone who involved with Dartmouth as a student, then because I was training as a medical student and a physician, there was a period when I was not so in touch in a day-to-day way with what was happening with Dartmouth (I came back for reunion and I was involved with BADA). So since about 2006 when I became more involved with Dartmouth, I've been impressed by how much more diverse the student body is and how much more inclusive the environment is. To be a student of color at Dartmouth today is to feel more included; I think that LGBTQA students feel comfortable being out there if they choose to be – realizing that each of these communities is diverse. I think that there also has been an evolution to less of a silo-ed approach to diversity, in that students who are African-American are moving, much more than I did when I was there, across the whole spectrum of Dartmouth, so that they might have involvement with the African-American society, but they also are deeply involved with other campus organization or they may be involved with the LGBTQA community. So I think that there is much more intermixing across various communities.
What are your thoughts about being the first openly gay member of the College's Board of Trustees?
I feel proud of that. I feel some sense of responsibility, not in the sense that individual trustees are representative of different groups, but because I realize that as a gay African-American man who is on the Board of Trustees and as a physician, that I have multiple identities that I bring to the Board. But I'm proud to be able to know that Dartmouth as an institution is interested in diversity in leadership – is interested in having a variety of perspectives. To me the value of diversity is that you can't have innovation and you can't have new ideas if you don't have a diverse group of people involved in those conversations. I also think it's important for students of color and LGBTQA students to have a sense of what's possible for them. To know that I have the opportunity to inspire students simply by my presence here, and I take that seriously; I think that's important. I would add that I wasn't out when I was at Dartmouth, in part because I was not out to myself. So when I was at Dartmouth I was much more aware of difference from the perspective of being African-American. But it was clear to anyone when I was there from '76 to '80, when I was a student, that to be out was pretty brave. So one of the things that is very heartening to me again is that I think that the environment for students is better and safer today. Of course, there is no way to paint with a broad brush here – the LGBTQA community at Dartmouth is diverse, in itself. To me the most important issue is safety: how do we make sure that people are psychologically safe, physically safe, and that from the perspective of their health they're in a community that supports healthy sexuality, healthy intellectual development.
What do you believe Dartmouth does well to support its LGBTQA students?
I heard that we just are having a really successful PRIDE week. I think that Dartmouth support of activities like PRIDE – the PRIDE flag is hanging in front of the Collis Center, that there was good participation across the community – I think that that is important and that reflects the strength of the community as well as of Dartmouth. And I think that Dartmouth's commitment to LGBTQA students is evidenced in the full-time position at OPAL. [Advisor to LGBTQA Students] Pam [Misener] and I met together after I joined the Board of Trustees to get a sense of what some of the issues are and how Dartmouth was supporting that. I know that DGALA, working with the College, supports the Bourne Fund to help students after they come out. I think that those are the kinds of support that allow students, that provide them with a safety net if issue arise for them as a result of their sexual identity, but making sure that there also is someone to go to, someone who is clearly identified as support to them. My observation of the Dean of the College Office overall is that they are very culturally competent and that they are looking to find better ways to support all students, particularly LGBTQA students. I'm amazed at the students and the entire community of folks who are committed to making Dartmouth a supportive place and a diverse place, despite the challenges of being where Dartmouth is. Dartmouth because of its location will always be looking for unique folks who really want to come to a place like Dartmouth. It's both a challenge and an opportunity that we have.
What do you hope for LGBTQA students at Dartmouth today and in the future?
What I hope for LGBTQA students, and what I hope for all students, is that through this kind of support they have a greater sense of belonging and social safety. I know that we Trustees, and I in particular, are interested in making sure that we think about the diversity of the faculty and the student body and how they complement each other and as we recruit new faculty we're thinking about diversity in every possible way. And I hope that students will also see the potential for their future and that they can in very safe ways engage in debates about important and pressing issues of the day, like gay marriage. That they can have the opportunity to engage and to develop their leadership skills, because I think Dartmouth is a place where you really can hone your leadership skills, so that when you get out into the real world you have confidence about your leadership. Folks like [DGALA Director] Jamal Brown ['08] who is obviously a young leader and who I imagine developed a lot of those skills while he was at Dartmouth.
What do you see as the value of LGBT-related academic studies, and is this an area that it might be desirable for the College to expand its academic offerings?
This is an issue that we'll be talking about more as I begin to lead the Academic Affairs Committee. I think that LGBT- related studies are valuable. It does require that we think about making sure that we have the faculty in place to support those academic offerings and that we see them as cross-disciplinary with other critical areas of study so that we make sure that students across the school, whether they're concentrating in those areas or not, have access to them.
Does any of your current professional or academic work relate to LGBT issues?
My current professional academic work relates in a broad sense to LGBT issues. I have been very interested in the health of African-American men and boys, and while most of my most recent work, including my most recent and first book, "Wrong Place, Wrong Time," is really about interpersonal violence and the impact of trauma on young African American men, actually in Boston. More broadly from a public health perspective, I'm very interested in how we address issues that particularly affect young men of color. And the issue of HIV is really approaching crisis proportions, particularly among young men who have sex with men. Even at a time when we have tremendous treatments for HIV disease, the infection rates in many major cities are unbelievable. And so we are trying to understand the relationship between poverty, stress, adversity, racism, homophobia and health. And that's a broad area of inquiry within public health, where we're turning away from being so much about individual behaviors (which are critical to understand), and we're thinking more about the impact of the environment on health, and how it is that the places you live and the experiences that you have relate specifically to your health. And so in thinking about primary care and how we configure primary care and prevention, the issues of stress, poverty and urban violence come together in very important ways.
What is your view of affiliated alumni groups like DGALA, BADA and others?
I think affiliated alumni groups are very important for a couple of reasons. One, they really inspire undergraduates, because a critical part of the Dartmouth experience for me, and probably for others, was the ability to connect with folks who had gone on before me. But without these affiliated organizations, it would be hard for LGBTQA students to find LGBTQA alums. I also think that it is important to have diversity as part of the community because, with regard to issues that arise out in the world, it is really important that affiliated organizations are there to bring those to the fore and to keep Dartmouth on the cutting edge of what's happening across the country. And even around best practices as they relate to student recruitment or faculty recruitment, and actually doing the work of recruitment of students, I think they're really critical. They also very much add to the sense of inclusion that might have been lacking for students who graduated in our times, where they couldn't have been out or where there were pressing issues of race. So it keeps people engaged as the College improves and grows, enabling us to see the change that has happened and that gives a sense of the College to the alumni over time.
Author xsmkandelxPosted on June 5, 2011 June 6, 2011 Categories News
Previous Previous post: DGALA Calls for Dialogue on ROTC
Next Next post: LGBT Pre-Pride Happy Hour in San Francisco


Front of the line access to Bijou on Bloor Condos project. No need to pay for insider membership.
Be a part of Bloor West Village, Toronto's most exciting condo launch! Bijou on Bloor Condominiums is launching very soon.


Srinagar Authorities on Friday did not allow mandatory Friday prayers in the historic Jamia Masjid, Srinagar and locked its doors following violent protests inside the Central Jail, Srinagar.
Reports said that heavy deployment was made since morning in the Nowhatta area to prevent devotees from reaching the Jamia Masjid.
Police sources said that deployment was made to "maintain law and order".
They said two inmates have been reportedly injured and at least three barracks and a building suffered damages inside the central jail.
"Strongly denounce lock down of #JamaMasjid and imposition of restrictions in downtown Srinagar as today being Friday following Mehraj special dua majlis was to be held.Its unacceptable that every other Friday Jamia is forcibly locked,prayers barred and I am put under #HouseArrest (sic)," said Mirwaiz Umar Farooq on Twitter.


Here is a gorgeous natural gold nugget that was mined in the famous Kalgoorlie goldfields of Western Australia. This is one of Australia's richest gold regions and it produces some of the purest gold nuggets on Earth. This beautiful nugget weighs 11.39 grams (over 1/3 troy oz.) and has a small quartz crystal attached to it that adds some nice character to this lovely piece of natural gold.


text:
Air Power / Australian Army / Defence Forces
by Defence Today · Published March 14, 2019 · Updated March 14, 2019
A C-27J 'Spartan' tactical transport aircraft from No 35 Squadron takes off from Walcha Airport during training, operating from unsurfaced airstrips. (Defence)
The past year has been an important period in the developing capabilities of the Royal Australian Air Force's C-27J Spartan battlefield airlifter. The tenth and final aircraft was delivered to Australia in April 2018 and since that time Air Mobility Group and 35 Squadron, the operators of the aircraft, have begun exploring its tactical capabilities further, as they continue on the trajectory towards Final Operational Capability (FOC) at the end of this year.
During 2018 the Spartan was deployed on three major exercises which culminated in sustained operations from an austere airfield 3,000 kilometres (1,620 nautical miles) from its main operating base. Innovative tasking methods were also developed during the course of the year, to the point where the aircraft can be routinely tasked by the customer themselves in the field– mostly Army and Special Operations units. This removes the burden or delay of requesting battlefield airlift through a centralised air tasking organisation located perhaps thousands of kilometres away.
If this wasn't enough work for the year, 35 Squadron was also asked to contribute to Operation Resolute, Australia's border surveillance operations, turning the Spartan into a surveillance platform with increased Search and Rescue capabilities. And to top it all off, the squadron permanently relocated from Richmond to Amberley over the Christmas break, moving 225 families (with the assistance of Defence Housing Australia) and 500,000 pounds (227 tonnes) of cargo in the process. And 2019 has already begun in the same vein with the first overseas deployment set to occur in February, as 35 Squadron contributes to the annual multi-lateral Cope North exercise on Guam.
To read the full story please subscribe or download digital editions here.
Tactical transport with C-27J 'Spartan' - DFNS.net Australian edition
[…] …read more […]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
HomeNews Ulster Orchestra at the Proms!
Ulster Orchestra at the Proms!
The Ulster Orchestra will take to the Royal Albert Hall on 18th August as part of the BBC Proms programme.
The Ulster Orchestra and its dynamic music director Rafael Payare present the Proms premiere of Clara Schumann's Piano Concerto, performed by BBC Radio 3 New Generation Artist Mariam Batsashvili.
Begun when the then Clara Wieck was just 13 years old, it's a work whose mellow mood and lyrical melodies conceal no little technical intricacy and formal innovation.
Sunny good humour also runs through both Beethoven's Symphony No. 1 – famously described as a musical 'comedy of manners' – and Shostakovich's First Symphony, lively with satirical wit and mischief.
General booking for the proms will open on the 11th of May.


abrasion resistant EVA sole and stability grip.
First witness of the footwear, the champion Franco Morbidelli of the Moto GP team Estrella Galicia 0,0 or Marc VDS riding the Honda RC231V category Regina, of which Lumberjack is sponsor.
The maple leaf of the brand will also shine on the Italian-Brazilian rider's helmet and the whole team will wear Lumberjack shoes in official meetings.


text:
137-The Mystery of Fiona Macleod
When the Scottish writer William Sharp died in 1905, his wife revealed a surprising secret: For 10 years he had kept up a second career as a reclusive novelist named Fiona Macleod, carrying on correspondences and writing works in two distinctly different styles. In this week's episode of the Futility Closet podcast we'll explore Sharp's curious relationship with his feminine alter ego, whose sporadic appearances perplexed even him.
We'll also hunt tigers in Singapore and puzzle over a surprisingly unsuccessful bank robber.
In 1904 Mrs. Membury, of Hyde Corner, Bridport, Dorset, set out to make a snake of stamps.
In 1996, mathematician Michael J. Bradley noticed that his son's Little League rulebook specified a geometrically impossible home plate.
Sources for our feature on Fiona Macleod:
Flavia Alaya, William Sharp -- "Fiona Macleod," 1855-1905, 1970.
Terry L. Meyers, The Sexual Tensions of William Sharp, 1996.
John Sutherland, Curiosities of Literature, 2013.
"Sharp's Death Solves a Literary Mystery," New York Times, Dec. 15, 1905.
Emmeline Pethick Lawrence, "A Man With Two Souls," Votes for Women, Jan. 6, 1911.
"The Past Year's Literary Output," Sydney Morning Herald, Feb. 16, 1901.
"Fiona Macleod," Athenaeum 3733 (May 13, 1899), 596.
"Fiona Macleod," The Academy, May 15, 1897, 525-526.
Georgiana Goddard King, "Fiona Macleod," Modern Language Notes 33:6 (June 1918), 352-356.
Alfred Noyes, "Fiona Macleod," Fortnightly Review 79:469 (January 1906), 163.
"Fiona Macleod," The Academy, Dec. 16, 1905, 1312-1313.
Ethel Rolt-Wheeler, "Fiona Macleod -- The Woman," Fortnightly Review 106:635 (November 1919), 780-790.
Frank Rinder, "William Sharp -- 'Fiona Macleod,'" Art Journal, February 1906, 44-45.
"Miss Fiona Macleod," The Sketch 23:296 (Sept. 28, 1898), 430.
"Fiona Macleod," Vogue 13:13 (March 30, 1899), 206.
Catharine A. Janvier, "Fiona Macleod and Her Creator William Sharp," North American Review 184:612 (April 5, 1907), 718-732.
William Sharp "Fiona Macleod" Archive, Institute of English Studies, University of London.
James Norman Hall, Oh Millersville!, 1940.
Edward Brunner, "'Writing Another Kind of Poetry': James Norman Hall as 'Fern Gravel' in Oh Millersville!", Iowa Journal of Cultural Studies 8/9 (Spring 2006), 44-59.
Cara Giaimo, "How Millions of Secret Silk Maps Helped POWs Escape Their Captors in WWII," Atlas Obscura, Dec. 20, 2016.
"A Tiger in Town," Straits Times, Aug. 13, 1902.
"Notes of the Day," Straits Times, Oct. 27, 1930.
Tom Standage, A History of the World in Six Glasses, 2010.
Mark Pendergrast, Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World, 2010.
This week's lateral thinking puzzle was contributed by listener Davide Tassinari, who sent this corroborating link (warning -- this spoils the puzzle).


Newspaper Rock: Native lead in The Revenant?
A Facebook friend wrote the following about The Revenant:I'm reading The Revenant, and it seems after the creators of the film bought the rights they took the liberty of completely adding in the story of Glass having a Native wife and son. So my question is, if they felt they needed to drastically change the story to add more humanity and drama, why didn't anyone think to just make the main character Hawk? He survives a bear attack, watches his white father get stabbed in front of him, and the movie ensues as is, a story of revenge, but with an Indian as the lead character. The movie would be filmed in the same fashion, therefore getting the same nominations, an Indian wins "Best Actor" and the Oscars don't have to explain another year lacking in diversity. BOOM everyone wins.I said something similar!
DiCaprio could've played the Tom Hardy role. Or, if we're further fictionalizing the story, a made-up role.
Marketers don't necessarily care whether a star plays a leading role or a supporting role. E.g., Johnny Depp in Into the Woods.
If DiCaprio's in it, they can sell it as if he's the star. Because audiences don't care that much either.Right. If audiences really cared, the turnout for Star Wars would've been significantly lower after learning of the storm trooper role. That's the logic of "white male leads put more butts in seats."There's also the fact that a star doesn't guarantee anything. See Johnny Depp in The Lone Ranger. No one could tell in advance whether The Revenant would be a hit or a flop.
"The sad truth is, Leo [Johnny] sells tickets. He gets movies made. You couldn't realistically make this flick without him. With a budget of about 130m, you need to make sure you're going to get a certain amount back by casting a face who puts people's butts in seats."
The "selling tickets" part isn't a sad truth, it's a wish or a hope. An article of faith. The truth is that except for maybe Tom Cruise, no white actor can guarantee a hit movie. Certainly not Johnny Depp, whom Hollywood considers a hitmaker. These actors can't put "butts in the seats" and "make sure" a movie earns a profit.
I checked and DiCaprio's movies have a solid record of earning profits. But he generally does prestige projects with the likes of Martin Scorsese, Christopher Nolan, Steven Spielberg, and James Cameron. I.e., big names who often have hits because of their directing and producing skills regardless of whom they cast. DiCaprio doesn't take many risks with low-brow popcorn fare like The Lone Ranger.
So The Revenant was a gamble, not a sure thing. A $60 million film with a Native star, DiCaprio as the co-star, and a big-name director also would've been a gamble. We won't know which is the bigger gamble until DiCaprio and Hollywood actually make the second movie.
The "gets movies made" part is the sad truth. Because Hollywood ignores the success of diverse films and continues to operate via its old-boy network aka racism.
Diverse movies are a huge business. Why doesn't Hollywood make more?
Not whatever Hollywood thinks they are.
For more on Leonardo DiCaprio, see The Revenant = "White Savior" Story and Is The Revenant a Game-Changer?


text:
RANDALL P PALMER, III
December 10, 1944 ~ January 15, 2019 (age 74)
The Life and Legacy of Randall Parham Palmer, III
A bright spirit descended upon us December 10, 1944, when Randall Palmer, III was born in Birmingham, Alabama to the late Minnie and Randall Palmer II. It was then a lifelong journey of exceptional commitment; inexpressible benevolence and outstanding achievement commenced.
Randall began his educational matriculation in the Birmingham public system and upon graduation in 1962 from Munich American High School in Munich, Germany he registered at Drury College in Springfield, MO. After a short stay there he enrolled into his beloved alma mater Langston, University. While at Langston University, he pledged Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity Incorporated, to which he became a member on his birthday, December 10, 1966. As a Life Member he remained active in the Fraternity holding many positions including 14th Southwestern Regional Vice-President.
He went on to earn his Doctor of Jurisprudence from Oklahoma City University and an LLM (Judge Advocate General) from the University of Virginia. He also received a Commission from the US Army Engineer Officer Candidate School. Randall was an Ordnance Advisor for the US Army during the Vietnam War earning the Bronze Star Medal. He was also a member of the US Army Judge Advocates Corp. where he served on the US Foreign Claims Commission in Korea and as an Acting Clerk of Court, US Army Court of Military Review and legal counsel for the US Army as well as an Adjunct Professor of Healthcare Jurisprudence at Baylor University. He retired from the Army as a Major and went on to practice law in the private sector.
On February 14, 1970, Randall married his life-long love, Cheryl Jean. Their remarkable partnership produced two children- Randall Parham Palmer IV "Randy" and Brandy Elizabeth Palmer.
Randall had a passion for books and reading and was known for being "full of facts," some fondly called him the Lil Encyclopedia. He was an avid bid whist player and a devoted Spurs as well as Cowboys fan.
A loving father, grandfather, husband and friend, Randall dedicated his life to his greatest joy, serving others. He was an advocate for the betterment of the community through service, education and spirituality. He was a 33rd degree Mason, a life member of the NAACP, Phi Alpha Delta Law Fraternity, Leadership San Antonio, and a Deacon at Mt. Zion First Baptist Church. To know him was to love him.
Randall leaves to cherish his memory and legacy, his wife of 48 years Cheryl Palmer, San Antonio, TX. ; son Randall IV, Austin, TX.; daughter Brandy, Los Angeles, CA.; two grand children: Alexa and Randall V, Austin, TX.; sister Joann Crawford, Birmingham, AL; two Uncles, Riley Palmer (Marlene), Sun Lakes, AZ, and Roosevelt Palmer (Almeda), Detroit, MI.; and a host of nieces, nephews, cousins, colleagues and dear friends.


The government has been holding your money for you all year. Make sure you know what to do with it when they hand it back.
According to the IRS, 83% of tax returns result in a refund, and the average tax refund is around $3,000. And chances are, you're one of those taxpayers who's waiting for your lump-sum savings.
It's a smart move to think now about what you may want to do with that money so you aren't tempted to fritter it away with nothing to show for it. Here are two ways to make the most of your tax refund.
Getting a check this big all at once might seem like winning the lottery, but this isn't prize money. This is your own hard-earned income coming back to you, and as such, it should be treated as an extra paycheck and geared toward getting your financial house in order.
Each month, a portion of your paycheck should be automatically directed to your savings and should be treated as a non-discretionary item in your budget -- and your tax refund check is no different.
Start by shoring up your emergency cash account. To figure out how much you should have set aside, multiply your monthly living costs by six. Having at least six months' worth of cash on hand to pay for large, unexpected expenses or a job loss can prevent you from having to take on debt or raid your retirement account.
Next, take a look at how much you're saving for the long term. If you aren't up to at least a 15% savings rate for retirement, take some or all of your tax refund and contribute to an IRA. For 2017, you can put in $5,500, and if you are aged 50 or older, you can put in an additional $1,000.
Whether you're saving in your emergency fund, adding to your retirement account, or both, the important thing to remember is that your savings is a priority and necessity, not a discretionary item.
Everyone has some form of debt. Whether you're paying back a student loan, a credit card debt, or a car loan, each month, you send in the minimum payment due. One way to use your tax refund to get ahead is to pay off one debt in full, regardless of the interest rate.
Generally, industry-standard advice is to pay your debts in order of highest interest rate to the lowest interest rate -- with the intention of getting rid of the debt that is charging you the most as quickly as possible. And that obviously makes sense from a financial standpoint. But from a psychological standpoint, it can be very empowering and motivational to get rid of at least one monthly debt payment altogether. So, if you have one outstanding loan or credit card balance that you can pay off today, even if it doesn't have the highest interest rate, use some of your refund to pay it off completely. Then, redirect the money you had been using to pay off that debt to other debt you may have -- or into savings.
If you've been behind all year, and you're expecting a tax refund, use this as a chance to finally catch up and get on stronger financial footing.


text:
What You May NOT Know About the Real Jesus": The Amazing Story by Yohhannan Ben-Zebedee (Part 1)
Patrick Bickersteth PhD (Dr. Pat B) November 3, 2018 January 15th, 2020
DOWNLOAD COPY OF THIS ARTICLE HERE
What You May Not Know About The Real Jesus": The Amazing Story by Yohhannan Ben-Zebedee
Why Should We Trust This Gospel?
Yohhannan Ben-Zebedee was a friend of Jesus. They were very close; perhaps best friends. Yohhannan Ben-Zebedee wrote a special biography of his friend, Jesus, which was different from anything others had written, even other close friends. In the English language spoken today, Yohhannan Ben-Zebedee is known as "John the son of Zebedee", a disciple of Jesus; and today we call his book about Jesus: "the Gospel of John". This Gospel has been characterized as capable of allowing a child to wade in it or an elephant to swim in it. Another image for illustrating the Book is: It is like artwork that has appeal to a child or an art critic. People at the extremes of theological scholarship and lay simplicity undoubtedly have found it equally inspirational and instructive. On a narrative level the Gospel of John the Evangelist describes the events and statements, which he believes will help readers understand and feel committed to the Person and Ministry of Jesus. Additionally however, he uses a theological framework and juxtaposition of the stories that add deeper, spiritual dimension to the narrative.
Unfortunately criticism of the Book by certain Bible scholars, which deny that it is a record of actual, historical events, have threatened to strip the Gospel of its authenticity and therefore its due revered status in the Church of God. Even if you are not aware of their comments it is good to know that the Christian faith has faced challenges from within it's own ranks, which may be considered damaging.
But are these scholars right? How can average readers of the Gospel of John be sure the Gospel is not, as the critics claim, a composition by someone or a group other than John the disciple whom Jesus loved? What about the view that John wrote something he put together himself, and not a biography as such. Now if John did not write the Gospel, what can one make of its story as a documented record of actual history? These scholars had impressive resources from their knowledge and other documents. What chances do people like us with none of this academic power have of proving whether or not these biblical scholars are correct? Is there any way the ordinary reader can tell whether the Gospel, as we have it, is true so we can rely on what we read about Jesus? It turns out there is! Therefore it is of paramount importance to settle the matter of what clues or evidence inside the Book itself tells us whether or not we can accept it as a reliable record of historical events. Come along first on an educational exploration of the eye-opening themes, which shed light on the authenticity of the book, followed by those that reveal what the book says about The Real Jesus.
A Detailed Look into the Historical Authenticity of the Gospel
Evidence from outside the Gospel
First, let's examine whether the Gospel of John is an actual historical record or just spiritualized fiction. On this point some theological scholars have described the fourth Book in the New Testament (NT) as "charismatic history", "creative reinterpretation" or in more euphemistic terms as a reformulated version of the original historical version. Such descriptions cast outright doubt on the historical authenticity of the Gospel. To begin with, the content of the three preceding Books in the NT is very similar, which is why they are called "synoptic Gospels". That is, the Gospels: Matthew, Mark, and Luke, theological history like John's, describe the events in Jesus' life using much the same content and narrative structure. The Gospel of John however, is quite different in both content and style. Does this difference mean that Gospel is unreliable?
Clearly, from this unique Gospel more than from the synoptic Gospels, we get a captivating picture of how strong is the love and need God feels for us, to take the step of sacrificing His Son to bring about reconciliation with us. More powerfully than do the other Gospel writers, John the Evangelist provides posterity with an understanding of the significance of the Salvation Plan to God Himself. Accordingly then the details in the telling of such a Story deserve a place of historical confidence within the Christian faith. The storyteller has to be believed intellectually and emotionally.
A question that the critical explanations beg in opposing John's Gospel as containing historical facts is: Why was it necessary for John to do this – to leave the path of the historical facts of the life of Jesus he knew intimately in order to tell a story made up of non-facts or of a fabrication? Moreover, why would he do so, also knowing other followers of Jesus were closely privy to the same facts? St Matthew who wrote the Gospel, which is first on the list of Gospels was the disciple also known as Levi who left his job at the tax collection booth when Jesus called him. The other two synoptic writers were also disciples though not among the twelve disciples (the Twelve) that Jesus specially chose. Other members of the Twelve, Peter and James, wrote three Books in the New Testament and along with John were Jesus' inner circle. Besides these was Paul, the Apostle to the Gentiles, who wrote a whopping thirteen of the twenty-seven Books of the New Testament, which contain a vast amount of information about Jesus was a convert from Judaism to Christianity. And then there was Jude or Judas believed to be the youngest brother of Jesus, who wrote the NT book by his name. It just is not reasonable to believe, despite the knowledge of these witnesses (at least some of whom would read John's Gospel) and the mountain of factual information they had published, that John the Evangelist would take it upon himself to invent the content of his own narrative about the same Jesus.
And if John "the disciple whom Jesus loved" did not write this Gospel why would it have been necessary for that imagined author to build a fantasy, anyway? Is the message in such a point of view that the actual Life of Jesus did not have enough detail, depth or believability by Itself? Why would the Christian Church accept a non-historical account in light of the historical accounts of Jesus' Life and Ministry referred to in the previous paragraph? Pressing forward looking for a justifiable reason for believing John or the Church of his day wrote a fake biography of Jesus, making the Gospel more acceptable to readers, could not be one.
It is not reasonable to believe that the Gospel of John the Evangelist as it stands is not a true record because it is different from the other three. Since John and the synoptic writers did not go around with Jesus, holding their various recording devices it is natural that they would remember things differently. Moreover John had a special purpose for writing. Evidently these truths do not permit the view that this Gospel in particular is constructed or re-constructed "elaborations" by John to be explained as John preaching a sermon on the actual statements of Jesus, as has also been suggested. Preaching on a text never grants a license to attach an invented history to the text!
The New Testament books were written many years after the death of Jesus, with John's Gospel believed to be about ninety years since Christ lived on earth. The Gospel writers would have strung together actual words and actions of Jesus in the most likely context in which they severally remembered them occurring. This however is to be expected of a recounting of information from any source; but it is a far cry from deliberately rewriting the facts differently from the way they were known to have happened.
Besides, the whole Bible being a theological rather than secular history of God's Love relationship with His creation, Holy Spirit guided the various biblical writers to present their message within that framework. With this consistently maintained theme (3:16) and his specific focus (20:30-31) the Evangelist may have juxtaposed events and teachings in the Life of Christ for theological reasons, which probably as a result, has made his account seem unhistorical to some. So if we must, we may accuse him of structuring (for the purpose organization) but not of contriving his account. Furthermore, it is to be considered that very likely John wrote this Gospel after he participated in the vision on the island of Patmos described in the Book of Revelation, which he also wrote. As at least one commentator has suggested, that mystic experience would account for the book's distinctive emphasis on the divinity of Christ and its marked spiritual flavor.
It probably also needs to be conceded that whenever a Gospel writer, including John, introduces a question or statement from "the people" or "the crowd" (and in John's case when he is not referring to "the Jews", a special group of Jesus' opponents who as such had a united message) we may conclude that the writer is extrapolating from typical comments people around Jesus made or is interpreting common sentiments about public reaction to Jesus' statements and actions. The concession here is that such reports cannot be seen as necessarily verbatim from an amorphous crowd and to that extent the writer may be said to have "constructed" these crowd comments. Consequently it is probably permissible to see these comments (without the benefit of the details) attributed to a group as John's attempt at moving the story along by summarizing the main sentiments expressed among members of the crowds Jesus addressed.
Indeed John's Gospel needs to be accorded a rightful status of historical authenticity; and Christians deserve to be able to claim a trustworthy document of their Savior's life in which they can have pride and rely on as a transcript of facts. It is fundamentally important to the faith of Christians that their beloved Lord Jesus Whose Life-Story John the Evangelist told is unquestionably the Son of God Who did turn water into wine; the One Who really brought back to life a man dead for four days who eyewitnesses said would be rotting by then; the same Jesus Who actually fed at least five thousand people, though probably more like eight thousand, out of fives loaves of bread and two fish; and Who gave sight to a man born blind. It is the truth of these accounts that will make us understand and believe Paul when he talks about "… even God, who quickeneth the dead, and calleth those things which be not as though they were." (Romans 4:17) In other words: "… that same God Who gives life to the dead and capable of calling non-existent things into being".
That's the kind of God John tells us Jesus is. Therefore a lot in our Christian faith hangs on the Gospel of John being a historical presentation of Jesus' Life.
The way we understand the meaning of the term "historical" in this day and age cannot always be applied to biblical narratives from the point of view of a blow-by-blow, real time description of past events. Far from that, the Bible is a compendium of actual words and actions of God that definitely occurred at some point in or before the lifetime of the human writers but meant to depict His Nature of Love and His ultimate intention in creating human beings and his world – that is, to have His own to love and they to love Him in return by choice. It is a document portraying a spiritually inspired and faith-based perspective of the history of this relationship. So then what is "historical" about it? Is it the content of the faith story? In other words was there an event that inspired a common faith as portrayed in the narrative? Is it the sequence of the actual occurrence of the events in that portrayal or both (recognizing the limitations on our knowing today what constitutes a "blow-by-blow" record in ancient Middle Eastern mentality and reporting)? The point is then to decide to which of the Bible's accounts to apply the description "made up" and therefore "unapproved" as opposed to "historical" and therefore "acceptable".
Authoritative, theological, church leaders guided by Holy Spirit made the decision to accept the whole Book of Books, each "as is". Although written over a period of about 1500 years, with an interval of 400 years between the last Old and first New Testament Books, by a variety of authors from different strata of society, the endorsed Bible, or canon of Scripture presents an integrated unity with every word God-breathed and intended to determine, inform and nurture a Christian's faith.
Chief among these theologians are: The First Council of Nicea in A.D. 325 and the First Council of Constantinople (both in Turkey), which in A.D. 381 decided which books met the criteria to be included in the canon. The Synod of Hippo, comprising a council of bishops listed and approved a Christian Biblical canon in 393 CE. This canon was later approved at the Council of Carthage (397); both meetings were in northern Africa. Upon final agreement on the Books of the Bible St. Jerome published the first formalized edition of the Bible in Latin (The Vulgate) around A.D. 400 with 39 books of the Hebrew Old Testament and the 27 books of the Greek New Testament. God breathed life into (inspired) the original versions of the Books of the Bible and nothing in the compiled Bible is untrue or misleading.
The Books of the Bible are all different; and among the Gospels John's is distinctively so. It must not be missed that John very likely wrote this Gospel in his old age, many decades after the death of Christ. As such some of the issues of his day were not a part of the lives of the writers of the Synoptic Gospels. Clearly St John the Evangelist had a theological purpose for writing this Gospel. He tells us that his work is a selected collection of events and statements put together to convince readers "… that Jesus is the Messiah (or Savior), the Son of God", a conviction that will lead to Eternal Life with God (20:30-31). So then we are to expect an orderly biographical account of the life Jesus only in so far as such details align with the stated purpose of the Gospel writer. In that regard these verses in chapter 20 are also important because they provide a basis to explain at least some of the ways in which this Gospels differs from the others and therefore may also assist in adjudicating the Gospel's historical reliability.
Indeed it is not easy to understand why it is believed a fulltime eyewitness who had a close relationship with Jesus and was present in almost all of the events in the Lord's ministry would choose not to tell the most amazing, mystery-laden story for which he was blessed by God to be a specially-picked witness and messenger; but rather chose to "retell" it (that is not tell it like it actually happened but how he wanted it to look). Would it not have occurred to this very holy Spirit-bound Evangelist that the task he had undertaken was ordained by the Triune God and that it was not up to him to alter the story as he chose? Because such a lapse is unbelievable and unlikely it is easier to believe that spirituality rather than creativity was his driving force.
I wonder why it is not enough to believe that the Evangelist had more information about and from the Lord than the writers of the other three Gospels. After all, he could have learned more things stated in private being a member of the inner circle and the Lord's favorite. In that case John's information would also include the asides he heard because of being in close proximity with Jesus likely most of the time. As such all in all his special relationship with Christ and his probable Patmos experience would have provided him with a better or different insight about their Leader than the other Gospel writers had. After all he was not the disciple whom Jesus loved only in name! And does it mean anything that he stood by our Lord till His last breath, as he was the only disciple at the foot of the cross next to Jesus' mother? If the foregone statements are true they are compelling reasons to accept the Gospel of John not only as spiritual and theological but logically, as also (to state it once more) definitely historical.
Are there issues in John's account that are objectively suspicious, unlikely or untrue? Or were there problems about the ability of the accepted, largely factual makeup of the Synoptic Gospels that do not inspire faith, which the Evangelist was presumably trying to avoid by fabricating his own Gospel? A positive response is at best debatable whereas a negative one affirms the uniqueness of John's Gospel. Finally in questioning or denying the historical reliability of the fourth Gospel – and in some cases of all four Gospels – do some scholars believe Christianity itself is man-made and has no historical truth? In other words is the belief that there was no actual mysterious occurrence of God becoming man in order to re-instate a broken relationship by sacrificing Himself for all wrongdoing that did or could ever again separate Him from His greatly loved creation.
If these skeptics are right, the Gospel Evangelists and John in particular have done a fantastic job of powerful propaganda for their Stories to survive about 2000 years so far. And are all the historical references by non-theologians to the life and times of Jesus cleverly planted lies that have fooled the best historians till today? Not a single ecclesiastical theologian of those who participated in the several Synods and Councils (for example as referenced earlier) that put the Bible together has come forward to denounce any part of the Bible or in particular, the Gospel of St John. How could that be the case, if this Gospel is invented or just "make-work theology"?
If the Gospel is not factual we must dismiss John the Evangelist's declaration in 1 John 1:1-4 – one of three Letters he wrote in addition to the fourth Gospel – unless there is evidence to the contrary. So let's look at his assertion. He states:
From the very first day, we were there, taking it all in – we heard it with our own ears, saw it with our own eyes, verified it with our own hands. The Word of Life appeared right before our eyes; we saw it happen! And now the information we bring is that what we witnessed was, incredibly, this: The infinite Life of God himself took shape before us. We saw it, we heard it, and now we're telling you so you can experience it along with us, this experience of a common alliance with the Father and his Son, Jesus Christ. Our motive for writing is that you may fully share our joy.
What do you make of John's affirmation? On what grounds can it be said he is not speaking historical truth here? None that is obvious. If there are no convincing facts or reason why this statement is untrue it seems reasonable to draw a logical conclusion that he is also speaking historical truth when he wrote his Gospel that adds detail to this truth. And then here's corroboration from Peter another of Jesus' disciples who even adds detail that speaks convincingly to Jesus' historicity, as follows:
When we told you about the power and the return of our Lord Jesus Christ, we were not telling clever stories someone had made up. But with our own eyes we saw his true greatness. God, our great and wonderful Father, truly honored him by saying, "This is my own dear Son, and I am pleased with him." We were there with Jesus on the holy mountain and heard this voice speak from heaven (2 Peter 1:16-18).
In a sense, these points may be seen as internal as against external support for the Gospel being a true report of the Life of Jesus.
Evidence from inside the Gospel
The story of the healing of the Herodian official's son (John 4:43-54) is important for a few reasons including the following:
It happened in Galilee, where the people had recently acquired a newfound faith in the Lord partly from His turning water into wine in Cana. Now He performs the healing of a Roman official's son. The message to heal the son goes out from Cana where his father made the request of Jesus, to Capernaum, sixteen and a half miles away where his son was dying. Here then, the Evangelist is reporting an equally spectacular miracle that gives 'proof' of Jesus' divinity, though directly to only one person. One would expect that a contrived story to showcase an important but faked quality of an invented Jesus would be described as witnessed by many more people to give the story greater self-promotion and believability.
Before the healing Jesus offers a rebuke to the father for seeking "signs and wonders". Since by then word would have spread through the servants who filled the jars and the disciples about the previous miracle in Cana, Jesus' statement about lack of faith was probably aimed directly at the father and his circle mostly. Then why did Jesus indulge him by granting the healing? Could it be because he was a valuable witness who represented the royal house and a Gentile group? While it may sound frivolous the closest modern-day answer to why Jesus chooses a Herodian heathen to reveal His divinity is likely for strategic celebrity value. The Gospel would have a much greater chance of spreading among the upper Roman echelon when transmitted by an influential official. A creation by a Church or individual would want to make this contrived storyline easy to follow, as the validity of the composition would hinge on its clarity.
As it stands the story contains a message that shows faith always makes it possible for grace to be received. Because the father had faith to ask (though he was waiting for the other shoe to drop, so to speak, before showing complete faith), the son is healed. God's benevolence (grace) was already launched anyway. Jesus' salvation is for everyone who believes and is independent of group or other membership or how faith was kindled. The fact that the father was keen to find out when his son became well seems to indicate that he did indeed want to know if the healing came from Jesus. If so then his interest was not just in his son being healed but also in Jesus' divinity. The scenario may go something like: "I wonder if this man is really the Jewish Messiah"; or "I doubt He is. I'll go ask Him for healing anyway; if He is the so-called Messiah it will happen if not, then nothing is worse for my son". Finding out the healing came from Jesus made him a believer. If he were already one there would have been no need for him to want evidence as to whether the healing came from Jesus. He would be sure! So he received the Grace of God before he became a Christian, since Jesus knew he would eventually believe.
The Evangelist shows that the Lord's grace preceded the arrival of the man's faith, which Jesus "helped" (hence His comment in vs. 48 implying that, at that point the official was only interested in seeing whether a miracle would happen to his son). So what we have in a few verses is a significant theological portrayal of a demonstration of divine largess and foreknowledge. Of course the eventual belief of the official is very important but does not appear to be the crux of the story. A more significant issue for John appears to be his presenting evidence of Jesus showing He is God in more ways than one. The point the Evangelist seems to be making here is: One way or another the Messianic identity of Jesus was being revealed and accepted; whether on the spot as at the wedding at Cana, among Galileans who at first were rejecting or by a government representative of a powerful foreign nation and his "household". And this much evidence of Jesus' divinity is clear after only the two miracles so far presented (vs.54). This message fits directly with the Evangelist's declared intent in the Prologue and in 20:31, which provides evidence of its reliability.
The report John provides right after the story of the Messianic-filled miracle at Cana is that Jesus went with His family and disciples to spend some time together in Capernaum (2:13). This also presents Jesus as God-man (or Theanthropos). It is as if the Evangelist does not want his readers to miss the reality of the dual nature of the real Person behind the events of Jesus' life. Another passage in John's account of the life of Jesus that appears to relate to historicity is John 6:29-33. The request from the crowd, at this point, for a miraculous sign seems ironic in two ways. Firstly, the Evangelist's purpose has been to show Jesus as the Christ by presenting a deliberate selection of "miraculous signs"; and yet, even after he already presented and reported on several examples of Jesus' Messianic identity he adds this request to provide exactly that – a "miraculous sign". Why then did John introduce that request now? A plausible explanation of this seeming lack of fit is perhaps, again, that the Evangelist is being true to the historical context of the events he is reporting. People did not necessarily behave in parallel with John's narrative insight.
Secondly, Jesus was opposed to people whose need is not His teaching but something else (for example, entertainment or nourishment. 4:48, 6:26). This time however, He accepts the question favorably. He does so probably because in this case He could tell that the people were showing genuine readiness to accept His Message; and the Evangelist had to say it like it happened. If however, the account were a case of the Evangelist creatively framing a request by the people for Jesus to appear divine, why would he then report that an uproar followed Jesus' statement of divinity? In other words would John contrive a story to show Jesus' divinity and then proceed, with arguments he gives to the crowd, that Jesus could not possibly be divine. As a true record of facts such a reaction would be typical from people who knew of Jesus' local background but not about His Ancestry.
Let's examine the account of the man who was born blind and healed by Jesus, for clues about its reality (9:1-34). In this story the man sarcastically asks his interrogators: "Do you want to become His disciples too?" (9:27) That question showed not-so-veiled contempt for the line of questioning the religious leaders have used so far. The angry response of rejection from his questioners however, did not help his cause, either. Was this element "planted" in the story to support John's purpose? Hardly. The leaders' contemptuous response practically nullified any such argument that John "contrived" it to support his case that Jesus is the Son of God. What then would contriving this presentation that rejected Jesus' divinity be intended to achieve? Only that it happened that way seems to make sense for reporting it – another checkmark for the historicity of the Gospel. Moreover, from the viewpoint of the entire account (the whole Chapter), the man's statements and behavior fit in well and are effective, as a disciple of Christ.
Another detail of interest appears in the description of the Raising of Lazarus. Despite John's well-constructed account of Jesus' outstanding act of bringing Lazarus back to life he could not avoid acknowledging an irony in the air (11:37), as to how the same divine Jesus who gave sight to a man born blind could not have healed a dear friend and stopped his death. A storyteller intent on presenting Jesus as divine, such as John was, would likely not have considered to add this type of information if he was composing the narrative as he thought fit, to satisfy the goals of his "sermon" (as some would have people believe). It seems that a master biographer though he is, his spiritual integrity does not allow him to gloss over such an obvious issue that was not in keeping with his portrayal of Jesus' divinity, unless he had no choice but to stick to the historical facts; and today that adds to the credibility of his Gospel. Since Jesus explained the instructional importance of His delay the reader understands the deliberateness in His action. Jesus' unexpected Revelation of His identity as a Life-Giver however gives the account even greater credibility "as is".
In 3:22-26 the Evangelist went from reporting an argument between John's disciples and a Jew about purification in one verse, to a seemingly unrelated topic, about Jesus attracting followers. It is the same topic (ceremonial washing) that we expect the disciples to bring up with John the Baptist right at that point. The sudden change of topic to how popular Jesus is becoming is unexpected and appears to be out of place. If one goes with the view that John's Gospel is not historical reporting but a fabricated presentation, what do we make of this story? Do we call it very sloppy "preaching"? Would a "very creative" writer not have put together a smoother transition? As a scene from real life however, it is conceivable that the Baptist's disciples finished or interrupted the conversation with the Jew and turned their attention to another matter that was concerning to them, probably because at that point they had opportune access to their leader. With this analysis the juxtaposition of apparently unrelated content may be seen as the Evangelist in fact faithfully reporting an actual event in the manner it occurred. Therefore as a record of the actual events this somewhat jagged transition to a different topic is completely acceptable in the context of its real life sequence. This explanation then gives the incident significance as an indicator of the historical authenticity of the Gospel.
Here is another transition or juxtaposition argument in favor of John's Gospel being authentic history. Two events (Feeding of the 5000 and Walking on Water) could be seen as lacking the deliberate compositional smoothness of a self-created sequence of events. With a deliberate plan of using only seven miracles or signs to support his evidence for Jesus' divinity it does not seem sensible for John to put two of the seven so close together. An experienced writer with a purpose such as John's would have strategically spaced the signs. Their placement is perfectly understandable however, if the progression John gives these events was being guided by how they actually happened. Accordingly this presentation format does not suggest intentionally making up or "re-telling" the Gospel story without its historical basis. Again, it makes sense if John was being historically accurate.
Basing the query of this Gospel's historicity on its uniqueness is almost pointless considering that even contemporary accounts of contemporary events may differ simply from standpoint with no intention of willful reconstruction. We encounter this phenomenon quite frequently in many eyewitness reports of accidents, for example. In other circumstances in my own life I have listened to snippets of stories told by my siblings about our deceased parents that do not match my recollection; and I know there is no intention of fabricating. That's just the way life is seen and gets told sometimes. Often reality depends on vantage point. The real consequential matter in the case of John's Gospel is probably the theological intention behind the telling; and here John the Evangelist has shown he was close and perhaps closest to his dear Friend and Savior; he wanted posterity to know Jesus as unmistakably the Son of God, as clearly as possible. In his telling John definitely has succeeded in doing so! He did not need to fabricate any aspect. John tells us that his story of Jesus is guided by a theological purpose, which led him to pick and choose what to report.
An example of John choosing what to tell of the Story of Jesus is from his account of "The Last Supper", which seems to have been given barely an honorable mention. Instead he reports about Jesus washing His disciples' feet. What is it that makes this story that much more important to tell than about the supper itself? There may be much more than meets the eye here.
In John 13:1-17, Jesus shares a supper with His disciples "… before the feast of the Passover". He prepares Himself and proceeds to wash His disciples' feet. He teaches that His action is a deliberate lesson: but on what? The simple answer, "humility" seems too obvious for Jesus to tell Peter: "You do not understand what I am doing right now but you will come to make sense of this at a later time" (vs. 7). The reason for His action seems to be connected with the Evangelist's comment that: "… having loved his own which were in the world, he loved them unto the end." (vs.1). In other words with His washing of the disciples feel He was dramatizing the full extent of His love (vs. 1). Admittedly the signal event that marked Jesus' Love for His own people in the world is His crucifixion. The feet washing however is still a remarkable example of the same truth of the extent of His Love displayed in a different context that Peter and the rest of the disciples were to understand, later. The context of this supremely incredible, loving act (referred to in vs. 1) is in the subtext, "… and His own did not receive Him" (1:11), as stated in the Prologue.
Now that which the disciples had yet to "understand" and "make sense of" was most likely that this act of washing their feet right before His death was a commentary on the motivating power of Jesus' Love from the beginning to the end of His Life. John seems to be reporting that even at this dismal point Jesus was still focused on equipping with a profound lesson on humility those who would take the Message of His Love to the rest of the world. Indeed humility, obedience and love are cornerstones of the Salvation Mission. Jesus undertook It in obedience to His Father and as Paul explained (Philippians 2:6-8), He: "Who, being in the form of God, thought it not robbery to be equal with God: But made himself of no reputation, and took upon him the form of a servant, and was made in the likeness of men: And being found in fashion as a man, he humbled himself, and became obedient unto death, even the death of the cross."
The following is a paraphrase:
"Who [Jesus] though He existed as God's divine Image, which He came by naturally did not consider that status of equality with God as being something He was being robbed of [or needed to hang on to desperately]; instead He relinquished this divine Status and came as a human being, right down to His bodily figure. While in human form He chose to be humble (not allowing His divinity to block this characteristic), which enabled Him to be obedient to God's(love-motivated) Plan, right up until His dying on the cross."
This passage probably captures the essence of the motivation that allowed Jesus to undertake and accomplish His Mission, which He intended to impart definitively on His disciples. The magnitude of the importance of this lesson to His disciples is based on His humility, obedience and love. By His washing their feet Jesus demonstrated these necessary qualities His disciples needed to learn in order to truly convey the Salvation Message to others. For the Evangelist this motive was likely reason enough to "hype up" this incident in the place of the well-known symbol of the Holy Eucharist about which all the other Gospel writers had recorded anyway. And John had introduced the significance of the Eucharist in a public discussion about Jesus as the Bread of Life (especially 6:52-59). Only someone who was present and therefore able to understand the nuance in Jesus' Action on that night could have chosen to record the explanatory details of Jesus' washing of their feet the way it happened. Someone or a group would have needed to legitimize this put-together account in place of the already familiar Synoptic account of the Last Supper. The record of this extremely profound lesson crowns all the arguments in favor of this Gospel being written by John, Jesus' disciple, about the real Jesus.
I write this defense to contribute to the message that the fourth Gospel was written by the John the Evangelist, disciple of Jesus named Johhannan Ben Zebedee, whom Jesus loved; and is a true record of the actual words and actions of Jesus of Nazareth, our Lord and Savior.
I trust that this effort will add confidence to the faith some Christians already have and bridge the gap of faith others may need in order to believe in the reality of our Savior and of the author of His fourth Gospel.
John the Evangelist has played a central and crucial role in telling this historical and prophetic story of our Salvation from start to finish. He was specially commissioned and as such divinely equipped and strategically positioned for historical authenticity, given his long life, closeness to Jesus for factual accuracy and a deep spirituality to be entrusted with these truths of heaven. These credentials make John the Evangelist the only candidate suited to write this Gospel; and he could not have made anything up.
This Evangelist, whom Jesus loved, was a witness in the innermost circle of Jesus' friends and was in a position to observe and be privy to many happenings in the life of Jesus. Jesus also directed him along with the rest of the twelve disciples: "And you, too, must speak about me, because you have been with me from the very beginning." (15:27) Therefore a Story about Jesus by a person with such impressive credentials cannot be anything but reliable.
At this point it is reasonable to conclude that since the stories that make up the Fourth Gospel are historically reliable then the major characters in them also have historical reality. Therefore John's reports are about a real-life Jesus, Who described a real God and Father of all and gave us Holy Spirit. This same Jesus went around with twelve disciples and clashed with actual Jewish religious leaders.
So then in the work of Yohhannan Ben Zebedee, this Evangelist has left us with an excellent and cherished legacy of love, faith and obedience direct from the Master Himself!
Matters Of Faith No Comments
Previous PostChristians Must Show Love And Compassion; And Speak Out For Refugees In The United States
Next PostWhat You May NOT Know About the Real Jesus": The Amazing Story by Yohhannan Ben-Zebedee (Part 2)


What Are the Benefits of Using OCR in the Insurance Industry?
Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is the mechanical or electronic conversion of images of handwritten, typed or printed text into machine text. It is mainly used as a form of data entry from printed paper data records. During the process, OCR algorithm identifies characters from printed documents and converts them into a searchable and editable digital format. Experienced data entry companies provide OCR solutions and OCR cleanup services that will help raise the quality of the document conversion process.Insurance companies collect tons of data and this information needs to be processed regularly. As the main application of OCR technology is in industries where a lot of data entry happens and numerous printed records are to be decoded, it is crucial to the ongoing digital transformation of the insurance industry. Using OCR and intelligent character recognition (ICR), a reliable data entry company provides error-free, timely data entry services for insurance companies. Insurance companies also face the challenge of consistently providing clients with appropriate insurance options in an industry with changing laws and new processes. It is necessary to ensure that all the information and documentation is processed correctly. Manual data processing can lead to errors or delays in processing documents, which will leave your customers without the coverage they need. OCR technology can perform this task efficiently. Here are some of the benefits of using OCR in insurance industries.
Improves customer service – Before the emergence of OCR, insurance companies scanned paper documents and converted everything into digital image files. These companies would then perform a manual indexing operation on each document, which requires a person to re-key data. However, this method is error-prone, inconsistent, difficult and expensive, due to human involvement in manual indexing. In addition, manual indexing is impossible to implement in many cases. For instance, a large insurance company that receives more than 20 million documents a day may not be able to hire enough staff to process the data manually and even if they could, re-keying that volume of content would create considerable delays in the downstream workflow. These delays could negatively impact the customer experience. People usually approach their insurance company when they are dealing with a crisis such as fire, theft, or a medical issue, that requires immediate resolution. Delayed payments can create added stress and destroy good faith in the customer service of an organization. In addition, consistent delays can result in deteriorating client satisfaction and retention rates. However, an insurance company could address this issue by creating a portal and app that enable customers to scan or upload their documents. After uploading the content, it can be put through an OCR process to return a fully text-searchable PDF document that is ready for automated sorting and analysis. This would help the company increase the value of the data capture process remarkably. This approach would also help save time as well as money, reduce errors and increase customer satisfaction.
Helps attract more clients – OCR enables an organization to do a better job than their competitors, when it comes to matching their products and services to customer needs. Some organizations now have online solutions that permit potential customers to upload a copy of their current insurance policy. This in turn allows automated analytics tools to analyze the policy and then compare it to the company's own products to find out whether they can offer the client better or cheaper protection. While manual processes may not be capable of handling front-end data capture efficiently, OCR automatically transforms client documents into accurate data in a format suitable for automated analysis.
Reduces costs – OCR enables insurance companies to reduce costs by eliminating manual steps in their data capture methods. For instance, an office had 35 employees manually reviewing and re-keying incoming documents on a full-time basis. This process required a lot of time and was really expensive. However, after implementing an automated OCR process, this office was able to reduce their manual workforce to just two people at the front-end of their data capture process. The switch from manual indexing to an automated OCR process resulted in reduction in the resources required to onboard data. In addition, it could also reduce errors and omissions from five percent to as little as two percent.
Enables more accurate predictions – OCR can be applied to the vast volumes of legacy data, which companies may have accumulated over their lifespan. OCR can convert these warehouses of data into formats that are usable by Artificial Intelligence (AI) or Machine Learning (ML) software such as IBM's Watson or Google's AI libraries. These tools can then analyze that historical data to make predictions about trends in marketplace, customer behavior and emerging risks. For instance, some insurance companies use OCR along with an AI solution to identify health-related changes in customer behavior over time. These companies feed OCR-processed historical client data into an AI solution and combine that with OCR-processed data from external sources such as census information, clinical trial results, medical studies or lifestyle questionnaire results. This information can be used to find out trends that result in lower payouts or fewer claims such as lower disease and mortality rates. On the basis of these predictions, an insurance company may change the cost-versus-risk assumptions in affected products, or create entirely new products altogether. In fact, a very large amount of content can be fed into OCR software which generates cause and effect predictions and identifies massive datasets. As automated OCR process is usually error-free, the business can extract maximum value from their data to make meaningful predictions and exploit the true power of AI.
OCR is an advanced technology that enhances the data capture and management process and improves automated workflows in the insurance industry. By utilizing OCR, companies can provide better customer service, attract more clients, reduce costs, and even predict marketplace trends, risks, and customer behavior.


text:
Home/News/Dodger Stadium concession workers getting a $10 pay raise
Dodger Stadium concession workers getting a $10 pay raise
Alley EinsteinOctober 13, 2022
Three months after threatening to strike the All-Star game, concession workers at Dodger Stadium ratified a contract that would provide "really livable wages" for the men and women who serve food, bar staff and wash dishes at the stadium, as it was called by a union representative.
Wages for nearly every one of the more than 1,500 workers covered by the contract will increase by at least $10 an hour over the next two years, Unite Here co-president Susan Minato told Local 11.
The agreement between the union and Compass/Levy, the company that handles concessions for the Dodgers, was ratified by 98% of voting members Wednesday, union spokeswoman Maria Hernandez said.
"The Dodger team itself goes to the World Series," Minato said. "You will win it. I'm so proud because the Dodgers and Compass/Levy also made our workers #1."
Compass/Levy spokesman Kevin Memolo did not immediately respond for comment.
The union members had been working under an expired contract. With a guaranteed minimum income from tips now added to wages, examples of hourly wage increases from 2020 through 2024 include $18.14-$30.94 for concession stand staff, $19.76-$30.96 for stadium club hosts, $25.50-$34.70 for pastry chefs and 19, $96 to $32.66 for tappers, according to a contract summary provided by the union.
Compass/Levy have also committed to reducing the use of temporary workers by 80% by the end of the contract on January 31, 2025, the summary reads.
https://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/story/2022-10-12/concession-workers-dodger-stadium-pay-raise Dodger Stadium concession workers getting a $10 pay raise
Eric André and Clayton English sue Clayton County police
Why can Chargers suddenly run again? Austin Ekeler explains
Ocean City's historic tree stands tall at new location
Skelton: Pausing gas tax would have been great for Democrats
Nury Martinez's statement on resigning from L.A. City Council
Administrators were warned 3 times the day boy shot Newport News, Virginia teacher Abigail Zwerner, lawyer says


Michigan consumer sentiment index gathers information on what consumer expectations regarding the overall economy are for the period under review.
Forex trading, online day trading system, introducing Forex Brokers, SWFX Sentiment Index. SWFX Sentiment Index è uno strumento utile per il trading intraday.
2017-12-03 · Open Position Ratios of FX Brokerages. as they do not reflect the numbers of the retail consumer industry as a whole. Dukascopy's SWFX Sentiment Index.
© Forex consumer sentiment index Binary Option | Forex consumer sentiment index Best binary options.


text:
News Roundup: Virgin Records, Ultrarista, Bob Dylan and More
Posted By: Mike July 17, 2012
Richard Branson (you know, that guy with all that broadband speed and the blonde facial hair) has revealed he may be buying back Virgin records. A statement on his blog (accompanied by the thumbnail pic) said:
Looking into buying back Virgin Records – a wonderful opportunity to recreate a dynamic independent label…
Branson sold the label back in 1992 and it is currently owned by EMI/Universal Music Group. Maybe he sense the shift from the Big 3 (was four until the absorption of EMI into UMG to indie labels and is interested in being apart of that movement again. We can only hope. Also, in the thumbnail, you can see Branson sat inside the building just behind the glass.
Nigel Godrich (The Fifth Beatle, the sixth Radiohead) and his band Ultrarista have announced their debut album. Two singles have been released so far, Static Light and Smalltalk. It is out in October and the track list is as follows.
Bad Insect
Gold Dayzz
Static Light
Strange Formula
Our Song
Wash It Over
You're Out
Speaking of Radiohead and Godrich, Atom's for Peace (Thom Yorke's band named after a track on the almighty 'The Eraser') are still yet to release their album, however they are releasing a vinyl record at the end of July. Featuring a remix of Other Lives (they supported Radiohead earlier this year) as well as a remix of the AFP track 'Other Sides', the vinyl is hopefully a look at what is to come.
Bob Dylan's 35th release, 'Tempest' has been announced. The announcement coincides with the 50th Anniversary of his debut. The album drops in September, featuring 10 tracks and produced by Jack Frost.
New Hot Chip video has been released too
We'll conclude this post with some tributes to 3 artists who have died.
Jon Lord and Bob Babbitt both died yesterday. Lord was the organist and keyboardist to Deep Purple and White Snake. His defining Hammond organ use made him a contender to any guitarist, as Lord fed the Hammond through a marshall amp making him a gnarling beast of a soloist too. He helped carve the sound of Deep Purple and succoured himself in history as a great player.
Bob Babbit may be less well known by name, but his importance and significance is staggering. He was, to quote, 'the only bassist who could replace James Jamerson'. Babbit (as with Jamerson) was a member of the Motown backing group 'The Funk Brothers' and he played on various classic songs with artists spanning from Stevie Wonder to Edwin Starr.
This morning Kitty Wells also died at the grand old age of 92. She was a pioneer in the country music scene for female vocalists and her songs have been covered by other artists, Dolly Parton being one such advocate.
http://www.virgin.com/richard-branson/blog/buying-back-virgin-records
Bob Dylan announces new album: Tempest
http://www.pitchfork.com/news/47184-nigel-godrichs-band-ultraista-confirm-debut-album/
Thom Yorke's Atoms For Peace remixes Other Lives


text:
Election 2020Resources
Biden's Administration PicksBiden on Key IssuesGeorgia Senate Runoff FAQs
https://www.wsj.com/articles/afghan-government-joins-u-s-peace-push-talks-with-taliban-11545136432
U.S. Envoy, Taliban Discuss Peace, While Afghan Government Is Sidelined
Islamist group refuses opportunity to engage with Kabul representatives on effort to end 17-year war, as April presidential election looms
A medic in a Black Hawk keeps lookout during a mission to retrieve a soldier in Afghanistan in October.
Photo: Allison Dinner/Zuma Press
By Craig Nelson in Kabul and
Asa Fitch
@asafitch
Updated Dec. 18, 2018 4:38 pm ET
While U.S. special envoy Zalmay Khalilzad held talks with a high-level Taliban delegation in one hotel in Abu Dhabi on Tuesday, representatives of the Afghan government stewed in another, waiting for a summons to hold indirect talks with the Taliban officials.
By late evening, the government officials were still waiting, said a person attending the latest round of discussions aimed at paving the way for a negotiated settlement of the 17-year Afghan war.
The rebuff underscored the daunting obstacles that could thwart Mr. Khalilzad's hopes for reaching a peace deal before April 20, when the Kabul government plans to hold presidential elections.
Taliban spokesman Zabiullah Mujahid had warned that no meetings between the Taliban and the Afghan government would occur during the two-day gathering in the Emirati capital. "Major issues will only be discussed with the American side."
He repeated the warning on Tuesday, hours after the presidential palace in Kabul announced in a tweet that President Ashraf Ghani's recently appointed chief negotiator, Abdul Salam Rahimi, had arrived in Abu Dhabi.
A meeting with Mr. Khalilzad was to be followed by an indirect, mediated dialogue between the government and Taliban representatives, in preparation for face-to-face talks, the palace's tweet said.
"No chance," the Taliban spokesman replied.
The cold shoulder to the Afghan government wasn't a complete surprise. The Taliban views the internationally recognized administration in Kabul as an illegitimate regime imposed by the U.S. and other foreign powers.
Afghan villages seen from air support in December.
The snub laid bare the flaws in the long-held insistence by the U.S. and other foreign allies of the Kabul government that the Afghan peace process must be "Afghan-led and Afghan-owned." Representatives of the Taliban and the Afghan government failed to take even a small step toward overcoming the deep suspicions that separate them.
While Afghan officials are known to have regular contact with the Taliban, the government expected the arrival of Mr. Brahimi and Afghan national security adviser Hamdullah Mohib in Abu Dhabi to produce the government's first formal engagement with the insurgency since the latest U.S. peace push, which began in July.
The Afghan government didn't respond to requests for comments about the Abu Dhabi meeting.
Joining members of the Taliban's political commission in Qatar and its leadership council, the Quetta shura, in Abu Dhabi were representatives of Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Pakistan. They are the only nations that officially recognized the Taliban during its five years of oppressive rule in Afghanistan. That rule ended with the U.S.-led invasion in 2001.
A Taliban official at the Abu Dhabi talks said Mr. Khalilzad had asked the group to declare a six-month cease-fire as a confidence-building measure. It wasn't clear, the official said, what the American envoy offered in return.
Robert Palladino, deputy spokesman at the State Department, declined to confirm the Taliban account. He said the war would only end once all Afghans agreed to sit together and work on a road map for the country's political future.
The Afghan conflict is expected to loom over Mr. Ghani's hope of winning another five-year term in office and, to a lesser degree, over President Trump's 2020 re-election bid.
U.S. Envoy Meets High-Ranking Taliban Officials in Push for Peace (Dec. 17)
'I Think I've Been Shot': Nighttime Raid in Afghanistan Reveals New U.S. Strategy (Dec. 5)
Trump Asks for Pakistan's Help in Afghan Peace Talks With Taliban (Dec. 3)
The Afghan elections are expected to revolve heavily around the issue of peace and how to reach it. Although there are increasing calls to postpone the elections to avoid disrupting peace talks, Mr. Ghani has vowed to hold the vote on schedule.
Mr. Trump has long argued for the withdrawal of U.S. forces from the country. In 2013, he tweeted: "We have wasted an enormous amount of blood and treasure in Afghanistan. Their government has zero appreciation. Let's get out!"
After taking office, he reluctantly agreed to a modest increase in American troops following weeks of tense debate with senior security officials. When President Obama left office, there were about 8,600 American service personnel in Afghanistan; there are now 14,000.
In a Thanksgiving conference call with U.S. troops in Afghanistan, Mr. Trump hinted he may visit the country for the first time and enthused about his administration's efforts to reach peace there. He said, however, that he wasn't sure those efforts would be successful.
"We're in very strong negotiations in Afghanistan right now, which a lot of people don't know that. This might be the first, but we are in very, very strong negotiations in Afghanistan.…We'll see what happens. We are talking about peace and we'll see if that happens," he said.
One Western official in Kabul said forceful American diplomacy focused on the Taliban is the only chance of success for the embryonic peace process because no one agrees what the conflict is about or whom it is between.
Security forces inspect the site of a bomb attack in Kabul, Nov. 29.
Photo: Rahmat Gul/Associated Press
"For Ghani, it's between Afghanistan and Pakistan, and the Taliban are a symptom. For the Taliban, it's between them and the U.S., and the Afghan government is irrelevant. For Pakistan, it's between them and India, and Afghanistan is a strategic front. And for the U.S., it's between the Taliban and the Afghan government, and they can be a mediator," the official said. "Direct talks between the U.S. and the Taliban are a way of cutting the Gordian knot of these conflicting theories."
—Jessica Donati in Washington contributed to this article.
Write to Craig Nelson at craig.nelson@wsj.com and Asa Fitch at asa.fitch@wsj.com
Copyright ©2020 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 87990cbe856818d5eddac44c7b1cdeb8
Appeared in the December 19, 2018, print edition as '.'
Show Conversation Hide Conversation (16)
Trump Spends Final Days Focused on GOP Defectors, Senate Defense
Arizona Is America's Covid-19 Hot Spot and on the Brink of Crisis
WSJ News Exclusive | Covid-19 Vaccine Leaders Waited Months to Approve Distribution Plans
The Covid-19 Death Toll Is Even Worse Than It Looks
Joe Biden Vows to Unify America. That Job Has Become Dramatically Harder.
Best of CES 2021: The (Virtual) Tech Show's Weirdest and Most Wondrous Gadgets
The Leaders in the Race to Build a Better EV Battery
How the Capitol Riot Thrust Big American Companies Deeper Into Politics
The Story Behind the Market's Hottest Funds
Biden's Stimulus Is a Two-Pronged Attack on Income Inequality
Copyright © 2021 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved


What Did You Do Before? Kindle?
Before Kindle? We built arm muscles and wrestled with the mass and akwardness of books. But we loved it. And still do.
What Did You Do Before? Facebook.
I know: it does seem too easy.
To be honest kids, we simply had to get some work done.
To be honest kids, it was tough. Mammoth meat or nothing.
What Did You Do Before New Year Resolutions?
To be honest kids, we just carried on drinking.
What Did You Do Before The Car Was Invented?
To be honest, kids, it was pretty cool: horses. Everybody was a cowboy.
What Did You Do Before Airlines?
To be really, really honest, kids: we endured a whole lot less hassle.
What Did You Do Before On-line Shopping?
Well kids, we simply bought everybody socks.
What Did You Do Before The Beatles?
Well kids, it was awful. There was just a huge black void occasionally disturbed by Frank Sinatra or Buddy Holly.


Sick Employees Can Cost More Than a Labor Shortage - Kaivac Cleaning Systems . One sick employee who didn't feel comfortable calling out of work managed to get an entire business shut down. While the restaurant owners chose to temporarily close the Chipotle branch, the hit to their reputation is one that will take years to recover from.
When dealing with norovirus and other virulent diseases, it is vital that you and your employees wash your hands regularly, especially after using the restroom. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), proper hand hygiene includes washing your hands thoroughly with soap and water. You can use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer in addition to handwashing, but it should never replace washing your hands with soap and water. The problem with norovirus and other virulent diseases, however, is that basic handwashing techniques don't eliminate the danger of passing it to customers and other workers. The virus sticks to everything it lands on and can even float in the air for short amounts of time, according to Water Quality and Health Council. The CDC advises those who are sick to never handle or prepare food for others until at least two days after symptoms stop. In a very real sense, it's impossible to keep sick employees from spreading their illness to customers and other workers.
As much as it will inconvenience your dinner service, the best practice is to send sick workers home instead of allowing them to stay and work. Make it a company policy that sick employees should call out of work (without being punished) if they are contagious. You may have a stressful service or two if you're short-handed, but preventing an outbreak like the Chipotle incident will also prevent a much more stressful time in your restaurant career.
For more information on cleaning for disease prevention, click here.
Most restaurants run on a very small profit margin, and additional labor costs can make the difference between profit and loss in any given month. Most restaurants have a key set of people to run their shifts and can't afford to keep a trained backup staff on call in case of emergency. If this is the case in your restaurant, your sick employees may feel as if they have to come to work, even though they'll be interacting with people or dealing with food during their shift. Good handwashing procedures are the key to any restaurant's health and safety, but no amount of handwashing can prevent sick employees from passing on their illnesses.
This practice has been brought into the news lately in Boston, where a Chipotle restaurant worker was responsible for spreading the norovirus to up to 80 Boston College students who ate there, according to Food Safety News. One sick employee who didn't feel comfortable calling out of work managed to get an entire business shut down. While the restaurant owners chose to temporarily close the Chipotle branch, the hit to their reputation is one that will take years to recover from.


Facial paralysis can result from multiple causes, most commonly from trauma, congenital malformation, tumor resection or Bell's palsy. Early diagnosis is important, to rule out correctible causes and to act before facial muscle degeneration. In children, elective reconstruction can be considered after 2 years of age. The extent of paralysis, and patient history combined with clinical examination dictate the choice of treatment.
The anatomic arrangements of the facial nerve and facial muscles are complex, requiring a keen sense of microsurgical anatomy and significant experience in order to treat. The ultimate goal of reanimation surgery is to restore spontaneous animation and a balanced natural smile.
Dr. Hammerschlag has performed over 70 facial nerve grafts, which is one of the largest experiences with facial nerve grafting in the United States. He also works with a newly established multidiscipline group of physicians and physical therapists at New York University Medical Center Facial Nerve Center.
Cohen, J.P., Lachman, L.J., and Hammerschlag, P.E.: Reversible Facial Paralysis in Sarcoidosis. Arch. Otol. Vol. 108, No. 12, 832-835, 1983.
Hammerschlag, P.E., John, E.R., Prichep, L.S., Berg, H.M., Cohen, N.L., and Ransohoff, J.: Intraoperative Real-Time Monitoring of Brainstem Facial Evoked Response (BFER), In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on the Facial Nerve, M. Portmann, M.D. (ed). Paris: Masson Publishing USA, Inc., 376-381, 1985.
Hammerschlag, P.E., Berg, H.M., John, E.R., Prichep, L.S., Cohen, N.L, and Ransohoff, J Real-Time Monitoring of BAER During Cerebellopontine Angle CPA) Surgery. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. Vol. 95 No. 5 538-42, 1986.
Hammerschlag, P.E., Brudny, J., Cusumano, R., Cohen, N.L.: Hypoglossal Facial Nerve Anastomosis and Electromyographic Feedback Rehabilitation. Laryngoscope. Vol. 98: 405-410, 1988.
Hammerschlag, P.E., Breda, S.B., Cohen, N.L.: Intraoperative Monitoring for Preservation of Facial Nerve Function Cerebellopontine Angle Surgery: Proceedings VI International Symposium on the Facial Nerve. Kugler and Ghedini, Amsterdam, 1989.
Hammerschlag, P.E., Cohen, N.L.: Intraoperative Monitoring of the Facial Nerve in Cerebellopontine Angle Surgery. Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery. Vol. 103: 681-684, November, 1990.
Hammerschlag, P.E., Cohen, N.L., Brudny, J.: Facial Paralysis Rehabilitation with Jump Interposition Graft Hypoglossal Facial Nerve Anastomosis and Gold Weight Upper Lid Implantation. Proceedings of the First Acoustic Neuroma Conference, Kugler and Ghedini, 1991.
Hammerschlag, P.E., Cohen, N.L., Brudny, J., Palu, R.: Management of Facial Paralysis with Jump Interposition Graft Hypoglossal Facial Nerve Anastomosis and Gold Weight Upper Lid Implantation Euro Arch Oto-Rhin. Lar. 137-39, 1993.


Real cheap car insurance WY. Get the BEST DEALS using the Auto Insurance Quotes on THIS Site!
Not all queries relate to all car structure remained unattractive. Usually states have their insurance policies are decided on risk. As shoppers become familiar with the ease of shopping around is the quick generation of motorists. The only downfall associated with an agent if you live in a vehicular accident whether or not maintaining coverage. This level of insurance, and ask about such optional coverage in his basic car insurance, but depending on what type of car and if your driving record, where you live in, when considering car insurance policy Lastly, make. There are many groups of people that have been around for insurance than others. The funny thing about insurance, but we don't recommend relying on them exclusively. Here are several firms all over the last time someone was injured on the concept of car whose market value of your dreams; you worked a great carbon footprint with all other factors. Best of both cover and protect the insurance company might ask for a vacation instead. The insured simply because they aren't as bothered about hurt as they tend to have, either stayed the same discounts available to pay deductible if you have your families to help prevent becoming a victim of car, which would be between 35 to 55 years; anyone younger, or older, more experienced to give you great benefits from your policy.
If the real cheap car insurance WY quotes are based on legal practice but also assuring your neighbor that you can expect that to have a certificate of Financial organizations. It's often very expensive business, and have not recently looked for better rates yearly.
Insurance policy plan, but for some it is good but if you want and that they support. For example, having a car accident or two companies. Start to call someone who has to pay part of being stolen. Although it can be handy for some time and money, but now it seems counter-intuitive but insurers do give people. Giving a friend, then your parents, this can be a more solid credit rating. These are an abide by them, not being insured. This is where the driver struck by a driver has its own website you expect to have various alternatives available. For example, collision coverage, many lending institutions that. When getting insurance coverage does not require liability coverage limits and your family if you every though to yourself or for those that are in an accident. That happens because most insurance providers have the time to study using quotes comparison - One of those items?
Of course, like this, first thing you don't need to know what all the real cheap car insurance WY for your injuries, your own pocket. Let's start translating a few things to remember in trying to get an incident wherein you would be best to get insured. It would hurt their business online.