text:
Q: App fails to run when I add better_player fllutter package to my dependencies in pubspec.yaml Describe the bug
Cannot run any flutter project on Android Emulator or iPhone Simulator once better_player is added to dependencies (even if it is not used)
To Reproduce
Steps to reproduce the behavior:

*

*In Flutter 2.8.0., I ran flutter create new_2_8_0 for a new basic project. (the problem is the same with 2.8.1)

*Running this project on my Pixel 2 AP31 (android-x64) emulator works fine, albeit with some warning messages:

Downloading android-arm-profile/darwin-x64 tools...
Downloading android-arm-release/darwin-x64 tools...
Downloading android-arm64-profile/darwin-x64 tools...
Downloading android-arm64-release/darwin-x64 tools...
Downloading android-x64-profile/darwin-x64 tools...
Downloading android-x64-release/darwin-x64 tools...
Launching lib/main.dart on sdk gphone64 x86 64 in debug mode...
Warning: Mapping new ns http://schemas.android.com/repository/android/common/02 to old ns http://schemas.android.com/repository/android/common/01
Warning: Mapping new ns http://schemas.android.com/repository/android/generic/02 to old ns http://schemas.android.com/repository/android/generic/01
Warning: Mapping new ns http://schemas.android.com/sdk/android/repo/addon2/02 to old ns http://schemas.android.com/sdk/android/repo/addon2/01
Warning: Mapping new ns http://schemas.android.com/sdk/android/repo/repository2/02 to old ns http://schemas.android.com/sdk/android/repo/repository2/01
Warning: Mapping new ns http://schemas.android.com/sdk/android/repo/sys-img2/02 to old ns http://schemas.android.com/sdk/android/repo/sys-img2/01
✓  Built build/app/outputs/flutter-apk/app-debug.apk.
Connecting to VM Service at ws://127.0.0.1:54784/IwKzEgbyFWk=/ws
D/EGL_emulation( 7334): app_time_stats: avg=8324.12ms min=13.49ms max=16634.76ms count=2

*Then, I ran flutter pub add better_player in the directory of the project.

*Trying to run the project again yields many errors (full log in this Pastebin link as it is too long: https://pastebin.com/aTazjdi1):

Launching lib/main.dart on sdk gphone64 x86 64 in debug mode...
Warning: Mapping new ns http://schemas.android.com/repository/android/common/02 to old ns http://schemas.android.com/repository/android/common/01
Warning: Mapping new ns http://schemas.android.com/repository/android/generic/02 to old ns http://schemas.android.com/repository/android/generic/01
Warning: Mapping new ns http://schemas.android.com/sdk/android/repo/addon2/02 to old ns http://schemas.android.com/sdk/android/repo/addon2/01
Warning: Mapping new ns http://schemas.android.com/sdk/android/repo/repository2/02 to old ns http://schemas.android.com/sdk/android/repo/repository2/01
Warning: Mapping new ns http://schemas.android.com/sdk/android/repo/sys-img2/02 to old ns http://schemas.android.com/sdk/android/repo/sys-img2/01
Note: /Users/nathan/development/flutter/.pub-cache/hosted/pub.dartlang.org/path_provider_android-2.0.9/android/src/main/java/io/flutter/plugins/pathprovider/PathProviderPlugin.java uses unchecked or unsafe operations.
Note: Recompile with -Xlint:unchecked for details.
e: Incompatible classes were found in dependencies. Remove them from the classpath or use '-Xskip-metadata-version-check' to suppress errors
e: /Users/nathan/.gradle/caches/transforms-2/files-2.1/0dbe33926dedae4110b9532ba617aff6/jetified-kotlin-stdlib-jdk8-1.5.0.jar!/META-INF/kotlin-stdlib-jdk8.kotlin_module: Module was compiled with an incompatible version of Kotlin. The binary version of its metadata is 1.5.1, expected version is 1.1.15.
e: /Users/nathan/.gradle/caches/transforms-2/files-2.1/185d46b6321985f52dcc07c04b9e0199/jetified-kotlin-stdlib-common-1.5.31.jar!/META-INF/kotlin-stdlib-common.kotlin_module: Module was compiled with an incompatible version of Kotlin. The binary version of its metadata is 1.5.1, expected version is 1.1.15.
e: /Users/nathan/.gradle/caches/transforms-2/files-2.1/321b0404bca10e53dde201e006f9bf05/jetified-kotlinx-coroutines-core-jvm-1.5.0.jar!/META-INF/kotlinx-coroutines-core.kotlin_module: Module was compiled with an incompatible version of Kotlin. The binary version of its metadata is 1.5.1, expected version is 1.1.15.
e: /Users/nathan/.gradle/caches/transforms-2/files-2.1/3b4231ab8018cfab964f203a82e1a180/jetified-kotlin-stdlib-jdk7-1.5.31.jar!/META-INF/kotlin-stdlib-jdk7.kotlin_module: Module was compiled with an incompatible version of Kotlin. The binary version of its metadata is 1.5.1, expected version is 1.1.15.
e: /Users/nathan/.gradle/caches/transforms-2/files-2.1/683fded33b117c0eb9bb9deabca1a71e/work-runtime-2.7.0-api.jar!/META-INF/work-runtime_release.kotlin_module: Module was compiled with an incompatible version of Kotlin. The binary version of its metadata is 1.5.1, expected version is 1.1.15.
e: /Users/nathan/.gradle/caches/transforms-2/files-2.1/74e0b9ecf42ab18509b57e0cb0171618/jetified-kotlinx-coroutines-android-1.5.0.jar!/META-INF/kotlinx-coroutines-android.kotlin_module: Module was compiled with an incompatible version of Kotlin. The binary version of its metadata is 1.5.1, expected version is 1.1.15.
e: /Users/nathan/.gradle/caches/transforms-2/files-2.1/7ed1fc227d449123990dfe95b91bbf13/jetified-kotlin-stdlib-1.5.31.jar!/META-INF/kotlin-stdlib.kotlin_module: Module was compiled with an incompatible version of Kotlin. The binary version of its metadata is 1.5.1, expected version is 1.1.15.
e: /Users/nathan/.gradle/caches/transforms-2/files-2.1/9feb92637239c001fff195574ed1097d/jetified-lifecycle-runtime-ktx-2.4.0-beta01-api.jar!/META-INF/lifecycle-runtime-ktx_release.kotlin_module: Module was compiled with an incompatible version of Kotlin. The binary version of its metadata is 1.5.1, expected version is 1.1.15.
e: /Users/nathan/.gradle/caches/transforms-2/files-2.1/bd92f9b27f3f577322c07e31476e006e/jetified-core-ktx-1.6.0-api.jar!/META-INF/core-ktx_release.kotlin_module: Module was compiled with an incompatible version of Kotlin. The binary version of its metadata is 1.5.1, expected version is 1.1.15.
e: /Users/nathan/development/flutter/.pub-cache/hosted/pub.dartlang.org/better_player-0.0.79/android/src/main/kotlin/com/jhomlala/better_player/BetterPlayer.kt: (67, 20): Unresolved reference: max
e: /Users/nathan/development/flutter/.pub-cache/hosted/pub.dartlang.org/better_player-0.0.79/android/src/main/kotlin/com/jhomlala/better_player/BetterPlayer.kt: (68, 20): Unresolved reference: min

e: /Users/nathan/development/flutter/.pub-cache/hosted/pub.dartlang.org/better_player-0.0.79/android/src/main/kotlin/com/jhomlala/better_player/BetterPlayer.kt: (112, 9): Class 'kotlin.Unit' was compiled with an incompatible version of Kotlin. The binary version of its metadata is 1.5.1, expected version is 1.1.15.
The class is loaded from /Users/nathan/.gradle/caches/transforms-2/files-2.1/7ed1fc227d449123990dfe95b91bbf13/jetified-kotlin-stdlib-1.5.31.jar!/kotlin/Unit.class
e: /Users/nathan/development/flutter/.pub-cache/hosted/pub.dartlang.org/better_player-0.0.79/android/src/main/kotlin/com/jhomlala/better_player/BetterPlayer.kt: (131, 14): Class 'kotlin.Unit' was compiled with an incompatible version of Kotlin. The binary version of its metadata is 1.5.1, expected version is 1.1.15.
The class is loaded from /Users/nathan/.gradle/caches/transforms-2/files-2.1/7ed1fc227d449123990dfe95b91bbf13/jetified-kotlin-stdlib-1.5.31.jar!/kotlin/Unit.class
e: /Users/nathan/development/flutter/.pub-cache/hosted/pub.dartlang.org/better_player-0.0.79/android/src/main/kotlin/com/jhomlala/better_player/BetterPlayer.kt: (132, 9): Class 'kotlin.Unit' was compiled with an incompatible version of Kotlin. The binary version of its metadata is 1.5.1, expected version is 1.1.15.
The class is loaded from /Users/nathan/.gradle/caches/transforms-2/files-2.1/7ed1fc227d449123990dfe95b91bbf13/jetified-kotlin-stdlib-1.5.31.jar!/kotlin/Unit.class
e: /Users/nathan/development/flutter/.pub-cache/hosted/pub.dartlang.org/better_player-0.0.79/android/src/main/kotlin/com/jhomlala/better_player/BetterPlayer.kt: (136, 9): Class 'kotlin.Unit' was compiled with an incompatible version of Kotlin. The binary version of its metadata is 1.5.1, expected version is 1.1.15.
The class is loaded from /Users/nathan/.gradle/caches/transforms-2/files-2.1/7ed1fc227d449123990dfe95b91bbf13/jetified-kotlin-stdlib-1.5.31.jar!/kotlin/Unit.class
e: /Users/nathan/development/flutter/.pub-cache/hosted/pub.dartlang.org/better_player-0.0.79/android/src/main/kotlin/com/jhomlala/better_player/BetterPlayer.kt: (136, 46): Unresolved reference: isNotEmpty
e: /Users/nathan/development/flutter/.pub-cache/hosted/pub.dartlang.org/better_player-0.0.79/android/src/main/kotlin/com/jhomlala/better_player/BetterPlayer.kt: (140, 44): For-loop range must have an 'iterator()' method

.
.
.

FAILURE: Build failed with an exception.

* What went wrong:
Execution failed for task ':better_player:compileDebugKotlin'.
> Compilation error. See log for more details
* Try:
Run with --stacktrace option to get the stack trace. Run with --info or --debug option to get more log output. Run with --scan to get full insights.

* Get more help at https://help.gradle.org
BUILD FAILED in 30s
[!] Your project requires a newer version of the Kotlin Gradle plugin.
    Find the latest version on https://kotlinlang.org/docs/gradle.html#plugin-and-versions, then update /Users/nathan/flutter_projects/new_2_8_0/android/build.gradle:
    ext.kotlin_version = '<latest-version>'
Exception: Gradle task assembleDebug failed with exit code 1
Exited (sigterm)

*I then followed the suggesttions to change the Kotlin version, then ran it again, and got this result:

Launching lib/main.dart on sdk gphone64 x86 64 in debug mode...
Warning: Mapping new ns http://schemas.android.com/repository/android/common/02 to old ns http://schemas.android.com/repository/android/common/01
Warning: Mapping new ns http://schemas.android.com/repository/android/generic/02 to old ns http://schemas.android.com/repository/android/generic/01
Warning: Mapping new ns http://schemas.android.com/sdk/android/repo/addon2/02 to old ns http://schemas.android.com/sdk/android/repo/addon2/01
Warning: Mapping new ns http://schemas.android.com/sdk/android/repo/repository2/02 to old ns http://schemas.android.com/sdk/android/repo/repository2/01
Warning: Mapping new ns http://schemas.android.com/sdk/android/repo/sys-img2/02 to old ns http://schemas.android.com/sdk/android/repo/sys-img2/01
Note: /Users/nathan/development/flutter/.pub-cache/hosted/pub.dartlang.org/path_provider_android-2.0.9/android/src/main/java/io/flutter/plugins/pathprovider/PathProviderPlugin.java uses unchecked or unsafe operations.
Note: Recompile with -Xlint:unchecked for details.
D8: Cannot fit requested classes in a single dex file (# methods: 68779 > 65536)
com.android.builder.dexing.DexArchiveMergerException: Error while merging dex archives:
The number of method references in a .dex file cannot exceed 64K.
Learn how to resolve this issue at https://developer.android.com/tools/building/multidex.html
    at com.android.builder.dexing.D8DexArchiveMerger.getExceptionToRethrow(D8DexArchiveMerger.java:132)
    at com.android.builder.dexing.D8DexArchiveMerger.mergeDexArchives(D8DexArchiveMerger.java:119)
    at com.android.build.gradle.internal.transforms.DexMergerTransformCallable.call(DexMergerTransformCallable.java:102)
    at com.android.build.gradle.internal.tasks.DexMergingTaskRunnable.run(DexMergingTask.kt:432)
    at com.android.build.gradle.internal.tasks.Workers$ActionFacade.run(Workers.kt:242)
    at org.gradle.workers.internal.AdapterWorkAction.execute(AdapterWorkAction.java:57)
    at org.gradle.workers.internal.DefaultWorkerServer.execute(DefaultWorkerServer.java:63)
    at org.gradle.workers.internal.NoIsolationWorkerFactory$1$1.create(NoIsolationWorkerFactory.java:67)
    at org.gradle.workers.internal.NoIsolationWorkerFactory$1$1.create(NoIsolationWorkerFactory.java:63)
    at org.gradle.internal.classloader.ClassLoaderUtils.executeInClassloader(ClassLoaderUtils.java:97)
    at org.gradle.workers.internal.NoIsolationWorkerFactory$1.lambda$execute$0(NoIsolationWorkerFactory.java:63)
    at org.gradle.workers.internal.AbstractWorker$1.call(AbstractWorker.java:44)
    at org.gradle.workers.internal.AbstractWorker$1.call(AbstractWorker.java:41)
    at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner$CallableBuildOperationWorker.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:200)
    at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner$CallableBuildOperationWorker.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:195)
    at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner$3.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:75)
    at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner$3.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:68)
    at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:153)
    at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner.execute(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:68)
    at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationRunner.call(DefaultBuildOperationRunner.java:62)
    at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationExecutor.lambda$call$2(DefaultBuildOperationExecutor.java:76)
    at org.gradle.internal.operations.UnmanagedBuildOperationWrapper.callWithUnmanagedSupport(UnmanagedBuildOperationWrapper.java:54)
    at org.gradle.internal.operations.DefaultBuildOperationExecutor.call(DefaultBuildOperationExecutor.java:76)
    at org.gradle.workers.internal.AbstractWorker.executeWrappedInBuildOperation(AbstractWorker.java:41)
    at org.gradle.workers.internal.NoIsolationWorkerFactory$1.execute(NoIsolationWorkerFactory.java:60)
    at org.gradle.workers.internal.DefaultWorkerExecutor.lambda$submitWork$2(DefaultWorkerExecutor.java:200)
    at java.base/java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:264)
    at org.gradle.internal.work.DefaultConditionalExecutionQueue$ExecutionRunner.runExecution(DefaultConditionalExecutionQueue.java:215)
    at org.gradle.internal.work.DefaultConditionalExecutionQueue$ExecutionRunner.runBatch(DefaultConditionalExecutionQueue.java:164)
    at org.gradle.internal.work.DefaultConditionalExecutionQueue$ExecutionRunner.run(DefaultConditionalExecutionQueue.java:131)
    at java.base/java.util.concurrent.Executors$RunnableAdapter.call(Executors.java:515)
    at java.base/java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:264)
    at org.gradle.internal.concurrent.ExecutorPolicy$CatchAndRecordFailures.onExecute(ExecutorPolicy.java:64)
    at org.gradle.internal.concurrent.ManagedExecutorImpl$1.run(ManagedExecutorImpl.java:48)
    at java.base/java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1128)
    at java.base/java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:628)
    at org.gradle.internal.concurrent.ThreadFactoryImpl$ManagedThreadRunnable.run(ThreadFactoryImpl.java:56)
    at java.base/java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:834)
Caused by: com.android.tools.r8.CompilationFailedException: Compilation failed to complete, position: null
    at Version.fakeStackEntry(Version_2.1.62.java:0)
    at com.android.tools.r8.utils.Y.a(SourceFile:78)
    at com.android.tools.r8.D8.run(D8.java:11)
    at com.android.builder.dexing.D8DexArchiveMerger.mergeDexArchives(D8DexArchiveMerger.java:117)
    ... 36 more
Caused by: com.android.tools.r8.utils.b: Cannot fit requested classes in a single dex file (# methods: 68779 > 65536)
    at com.android.tools.r8.utils.T0.error(SourceFile:1)
    at com.android.tools.r8.utils.T0.a(SourceFile:2)
    at com.android.tools.r8.dex.P.a(SourceFile:740)
    at com.android.tools.r8.dex.P$h.a(SourceFile:7)
    at com.android.tools.r8.dex.b.a(SourceFile:14)
    at com.android.tools.r8.dex.b.b(SourceFile:25)
    at com.android.tools.r8.D8.d(D8.java:133)
    at com.android.tools.r8.D8.b(D8.java:1)
    at com.android.tools.r8.utils.Y.a(SourceFile:36)
    ... 38 more

FAILURE: Build failed with an exception.
* What went wrong:
Execution failed for task ':app:mergeDexDebug'.
> A failure occurred while executing com.android.build.gradle.internal.tasks.Workers$ActionFacade
   > com.android.builder.dexing.DexArchiveMergerException: Error while merging dex archives:
     The number of method references in a .dex file cannot exceed 64K.
     Learn how to resolve this issue at https://developer.android.com/tools/building/multidex.html

* Try:
Run with --stacktrace option to get the stack trace. Run with --info or --debug option to get more log output. Run with --scan to get full insights.

* Get more help at https://help.gradle.org

BUILD FAILED in 54s
[!] App requires Multidex support
    Flutter multidex handling is disabled. If you wish to let the tool configure multidex, use the --mutidex flag.
Exception: Gradle task assembleDebug failed with exit code 1
Exited (sigterm)

*For iOS Simulator, I get this error:

Launching lib/main.dart on iPhone 13 in debug mode...
CocoaPods' output:
↳
      Preparing
    Analyzing dependencies
    Inspecting targets to integrate
      Using `ARCHS` setting to build architectures of target `Pods-Runner`: (``)
    Fetching external sources
    -> Fetching podspec for `Flutter` from `Flutter`
    -> Fetching podspec for `better_player` from `.symlinks/plugins/better_player/ios`
    -> Fetching podspec for `path_provider_ios` from `.symlinks/plugins/path_provider_ios/ios`
    -> Fetching podspec for `wakelock` from `.symlinks/plugins/wakelock/ios`
    Resolving dependencies of `Podfile`
      CDN: trunk Relative path: CocoaPods-version.yml exists! Returning local because checking is only performed in repo update
    [!] CocoaPods could not find compatible versions for pod "better_player":
      In Podfile:
        better_player (from `.symlinks/plugins/better_player/ios`)
    Specs satisfying the `better_player (from `.symlinks/plugins/better_player/ios`)` dependency were found, but they required a higher minimum deployment target.
    /Library/Ruby/Gems/2.6.0/gems/molinillo-0.8.0/lib/molinillo/resolution.rb:317:in `raise_error_unless_state'
    /Library/Ruby/Gems/2.6.0/gems/molinillo-0.8.0/lib/molinillo/resolution.rb:299:in `block in unwind_for_conflict'
    /Library/Ruby/Gems/2.6.0/gems/molinillo-0.8.0/lib/molinillo/resolution.rb:297:in `tap'
    /Library/Ruby/Gems/2.6.0/gems/molinillo-0.8.0/lib/molinillo/resolution.rb:297:in `unwind_for_conflict'
    /Library/Ruby/Gems/2.6.0/gems/molinillo-0.8.0/lib/molinillo/resolution.rb:682:in `attempt_to_activate'
    /Library/Ruby/Gems/2.6.0/gems/molinillo-0.8.0/lib/molinillo/resolution.rb:254:in `process_topmost_state'
    /Library/Ruby/Gems/2.6.0/gems/molinillo-0.8.0/lib/molinillo/resolution.rb:182:in `resolve'
    /Library/Ruby/Gems/2.6.0/gems/molinillo-0.8.0/lib/molinillo/resolver.rb:43:in `resolve'
    /Library/Ruby/Gems/2.6.0/gems/cocoapods-1.11.2/lib/cocoapods/resolver.rb:94:in `resolve'
    /Library/Ruby/Gems/2.6.0/gems/cocoapods-1.11.2/lib/cocoapods/installer/analyzer.rb:1078:in `block in resolve_dependencies'
    /Library/Ruby/Gems/2.6.0/gems/cocoapods-1.11.2/lib/cocoapods/user_interface.rb:64:in `section'
    /Library/Ruby/Gems/2.6.0/gems/cocoapods-1.11.2/lib/cocoapods/installer/analyzer.rb:1076:in `resolve_dependencies'
    /Library/Ruby/Gems/2.6.0/gems/cocoapods-1.11.2/lib/cocoapods/installer/analyzer.rb:124:in `analyze'
    /Library/Ruby/Gems/2.6.0/gems/cocoapods-1.11.2/lib/cocoapods/installer.rb:416:in `analyze'
    /Library/Ruby/Gems/2.6.0/gems/cocoapods-1.11.2/lib/cocoapods/installer.rb:241:in `block in resolve_dependencies'
    /Library/Ruby/Gems/2.6.0/gems/cocoapods-1.11.2/lib/cocoapods/user_interface.rb:64:in `section'
    /Library/Ruby/Gems/2.6.0/gems/cocoapods-1.11.2/lib/cocoapods/installer.rb:240:in `resolve_dependencies'
    /Library/Ruby/Gems/2.6.0/gems/cocoapods-1.11.2/lib/cocoapods/installer.rb:161:in `install!'
    /Library/Ruby/Gems/2.6.0/gems/cocoapods-1.11.2/lib/cocoapods/command/install.rb:52:in `run'
    /Library/Ruby/Gems/2.6.0/gems/claide-1.0.3/lib/claide/command.rb:334:in `run'
    /Library/Ruby/Gems/2.6.0/gems/cocoapods-1.11.2/lib/cocoapods/command.rb:52:in `run'
    /Library/Ruby/Gems/2.6.0/gems/cocoapods-1.11.2/bin/pod:55:in `<top (required)>'
    /usr/local/bin/pod:23:in `load'
    /usr/local/bin/pod:23:in `<main>'
Error output from CocoaPods:
↳
    [!] Automatically assigning platform `iOS` with version `9.0` on target `Runner` because no platform was specified. Please specify a platform for this target in your Podfile. See `https://guides.cocoapods.org/syntax/podfile.html#platform`.
Error running pod install
Error launching application on iPhone 13.
Exited (sigterm)

Flutter doctor
Doctor summary (to see all details, run flutter doctor -v):
[✓] Flutter (Channel stable, 2.8.0, on macOS 12.0.1 21A559 darwin-x64, locale en-GB)
[✓] Android toolchain - develop for Android devices (Android SDK version 31.0.0)
[✓] Xcode - develop for iOS and macOS (Xcode 13.2.1)
[✓] Chrome - develop for the web
[✓] Android Studio (version 2020.3)
[✓] VS Code (version 1.63.2)
[✓] Connected device (2 available)

• No issues found!

Better Player version

*

*Version: better_player: ^0.0.79

Smartphone:
Android Emulator:

*

*Name: Pixel_2_API_31

*CPU/ABI: Google Play Intel Atom (x86_64)

*Path: /Users/nathan/.android/avd/Pixel_2_API_31.avd

*Target: google_apis_playstore [Google Play] (API level 31)

*Skin: pixel_2

*SD Card: 512M

iPhone Simulator:

*

*Version 13.2 (972.2)

*SimulatorKit 613.1

*CoreSimulator 783.5

A: for the Android error, it tells you that you need to enable multiDex in your project, here is how
in android/app/build.gradle add this line multiDexEnabled = true in the defaultConfig
your defaultConfig should look something like this
defaultConfig {
    // TODO: Specify your own unique Application ID (https://developer.android.com/studio/build/application-id.html).
    applicationId "com.test.test"
    minSdkVersion 21
    targetSdkVersion 30
    multiDexEnabled = true
    versionCode flutterVersionCode.toInteger()
    versionName flutterVersionName
    testInstrumentationRunner "androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
}

regarding the iOS error it says

dependency were found, but they required a higher minimum deployment target.

so increase the minimum deployment target. you can find it in ios/flutter/AppFrameworkInfo.plist named MinimumOSVersion and looking like this
<key>MinimumOSVersion</key>
<string>9.0</string>


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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What sort of jobs do you think will survive when the SHTF. I know accountants are already probably a waste of time because everyone can do their tax on the internet themselves. The food industry will survive because everyone needs food and always will. Survival stores and hiking stores will survive because people will switch to durable clothing rather than plastic expensive fashion. Any ideas anyone?
If you can build stuff... repair stuff... those jobs are always the best options. A trade is important... but so is the food you need and water to drink that will come first.
Experiences in places like Kosovo, those who can repair things stay employed.
Mechanics, electricians, plumbers things that are necessary.
It doesn't take a lot of skill to do basic building, plumbing, car repairs, electrical work or to grow your own food.
These are the tasks people do themselves when money is short.
The real jobs that will thrive are surgeon, dentist, nurse, doctor, vet, fitter and turner etc. . The highly skilled occupations that laymen can't do.
Interesting thing to note in the news today. The banks and BHP are looking at the largest mass redundency of white collar workers in Australian history. Now if that doesn't impact high end, big city, house prices and employment... it will cause another rebalance in the way things are done.
Well It Is the End of the World. When we see the Son of Perdition (Antichrist/Dajjal) sitting on the Throne of the Third Temple it will be the time of trouble (Tribulation) & the 7 last plaques which come in quick succession, so your looking at surviving for at least a YEAR if you don't won't the #MarkOfTheBeast. Read Revelation 7+13+14 & Matthew 24. There will be many more Floods, Fires, & Earthquakes (I blame CERN) & Wars which will wipe out a third of the Earth. Unless you have Prayed and Repented of your Sins you will not escape the 7 plaques. Most will surrender to the New World Order & be rounded up into the Cities. There will be no monetary system left nor many jobs (think #Venezuela). I think we should prepare for an #EMP or #CEM &e at least a year's worth of water and food.
What has your god got against Notre Dame? Why did he let such a beuatiful place of worship burn down? Is he impotent or indifferent?
This was inevitable. The BHP Biliton merger was a terrible result for Australia. The balance of power was always going to shift to London.
Think about having five years of food and water and clothing and heat. Think about the great depression, WWII or global climate catastophy lasting at least five years.


After about two weeks in La Victoria we packed up all of the equipment and moved about 450 kilometers to the east. By the time we made it through past the coastal areas, through a police checkpoint, and up a windy narrow road it was dark when we arrived at our next instrument center. The area around the town of Caripe, Monagas is becoming more popular by the minute as a place to get away from the heat in the lower elevations of Venezuela. The area has quite a few "cabañas". These are a group of cabins or cottages that can be rented like motel rooms and are good for groups. Since there was about 30 of us we took over the Cabañas Bellermann which had five or six cabañas in the town of San Agustin.
San Agustín had an interesting little chapel that we kept driving past, instead of stopping to look at. The Chapel of San Agustin was covered in ivy, and is, understandably, the center of attention during the town's fiesta in August. I didn't even take any pictures of it for cripe's sake. Next time. The santo patrono, San Agustín, is who the town was named after.
...and the front office became, well, our front office. I think it was the off-season for making the liqueurs, so we didn't upset business too much. Of course, once we left they probably had to fire up the factory again to replenish their inventory.
Counting the geophones so that each deployment group got the required amount.
There were 800 individual instruments or stations for this experiment. That's quite a few. They were laid out in lines about 200-300 kilometers in length. In general, they were all recording at the same time. That meant that the signal, shockwave, or "event" generated by the Ewing out in the Caribbean Sea would be recorded by all of the instruments. The act of picking out that one event from each instrument out of all of the data that each instrument recorded (several days worth of up to 64 megabytes each) is referred to as making a gather. You gather up all of the data from that one event and stick it into one file. It is all done by knowing what time the "gun" on the ship went off (one of the many pieces of information supplied by the collaborators on the ship). When the gather is made by the computer program the position of each instrument must be known (this is written down and/or saved in a handheld GPS by the deployers) so that the signal from each instrument will be in the proper order. The data from the instrument closest to the ship should be first, and the data from the instrument farthest away should be last. This way the "bump" traveling through the ground produced by the event can viewed as it travels down the line of instruments as arriving at the first station first, and at the last station many seconds later. That's the theory anyway. The shipp was "shooting" about every 20 seconds for about 8 hours per day. That required a lot of gathers to be made.
Below is Alan and a couple of students pouring over some of the gathers that were produced from data collected on the previous two deployment lines, while the computers on the right continued to crunch as fast as they could.
While San Agustin was a great place to vacation, er, work, it was slightly less than ideal for running a room full of electronic equipment. (Served us right.) The electric power was usually 120 volts, but it started to fall off around late afternoon when everyone started turning on lights and televisions. We had all of our computers on uninterruptible power supplies, and they were able to boost the voltage back up to 120 volts and keep things running, but only to a certain point. Once the voltage got down to around 90 volts they would switch to battery power. At that point it was time to shut everything down until about midnight. Once people started going to bed the voltage would come back up enough to where everything could be restarted.
I guess this is what a rain forest looks like. There were only a couple of days when it rained pretty hard. It would rain for a couple of hours then clear up for a couple of hours. Of course, if it was a deploy or pickup day for the equipment any rain made it a mess for the folks out doing the real work.
Just one of the houses, complete with full garden, that was near the restaurant.
Luis Melo of PDVSA in charge of the liquor?? That's kind of like letting the fox guard the hen house, isn't it?
Below is packing up and heading out day. We were in San Agustin for about nine days. During this time the instruments were deployed near San Agustin, picked up, downloaded, reprogrammed, and redeployed along a line about 100 kilometers to the west. This second deployment was along the same line south of Barcelona where the Texans were deployed during the July 2001 experiment. After this it was back to Caracas. The hard part of the experiment was over.
Team Bellermann. Very nice people.


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English version | Test Drive: Forbidden issue
English Version | How much does it cost to be a woman?
Notícias 7. 4. 2021
English version | The war on herbs
by Ana Saldanha
If you always dreamt of a relationship for life, think twice. Especially if that relationship is between you and a bottle of perfume. The love story with a signature scent hasn't been the same since ingredient regulation got in the way.
A sweet aroma in the air, maybe ginger or cinnamon, coming from the oven, from the kitchen, can transport us to those festive days at our grandparents' house. Fragrance and memory go hand in hand. We close our eyes and can connect certain smells to moments of our childhood or adolescence. We also can connect people to their perfumes of choice, and trademark fragrances that have been used since forever and because of that have become their smell. However, the consumer does not always notice that these fragrances - their fragrances - undergo reformulations and change components. Like other fields of the cosmetic world, the ingredients used in perfumes are under analysis and scrutiny. And they can even be banned.
Until the 19th century, perfumes were completely formulated with natural ingredients that were obtained by pressing or distilling plants. After that, chemists began to discover how molecular structures worked and how to isolate them and this was the embryo for modern perfumery. Guerlain's Jicky (1889), which can still be found in stores, is considered the first perfume formulated with the vertical structure that we know today - the one that contains top notes, heart notes, and base notes. These notes are classified according to the time it takes for them to evaporate: the top notes are the ones we smell first and the first to fade, the heart notes last longer and are the ones that define the perfume and the base notes are the final moments and those that last several hours after applying the perfume. Over the last few decades, concerns about allergens have been more and more frequent and made their way into perfumery. If traditional fragrances were mostly composed of natural extracts, now this is no longer the case: for budget reasons as well as for health concerns. While a synthetic ingredient is composed of only one molecule, natural raw materials are more complex, opening the way for some problems - the more ingredients there are in a formula, the bigger the chance that one of them is harmful.
"When we talk about perfumery, we are talking about a universe of products that obey to different segments and markets: the mass-market, the prestige market, the luxury, the niche, the independent and the handcrafted markets. The quality of the fragrances and the price depends on these segments with differentiated marketing and distribution. When we talk about the most common segment, the so-called mainstream luxury, the one we find in most perfume stores, in which the majority of brands are owned by fashion designers, the percentage of natural raw materials is very low, since natural raw materials are expensive and complex to obtain, with fluctuations in quality and price that are not in line with mass distribution. In a perfume of this range, I believe that there is less than 20% of natural extracts in the total concentrate, which is then diluted with alcohol. An exception will be Chanel, which focuses on the superior quality of its perfumes, and uses more natural raw materials. For example, the mythical Chanel Nº5 crucially depends on the roses and jasmines of Grasse, to such an extent that the brand owns its plantations," tells Vogue Miguel Matos, perfumer distinguished with the award for Best Independent Perfume at the 2019 Art and Olfaction Awards. But what can send an ingredient to the blacklist? "To be banned, an ingredient may be carcinogenic, cause some type of allergy, hormonal disruption, photosensitization, irritation, or other health hazards. It may be related to pollution, animal cruelty or contribute to the extinction of plant species", explains Miguel.
Back to the famous Jicky, by the same time of its creation, a German called Albert Baur was creating musk, Baur. He created this synthetic fragrance when trying to create an explosive similar to TNT. The only thing explosive about this would be its historical value since this was considered the first synthetic molecule in perfumery. Six years later Baur created ketone musk, which would be the closest synthetic alternative to natural musk which was obtained by killing deer. Not only did Baur found a more ethical alternative, but it was also cheaper, becoming the choice of manufacturers. These alternatives to musk have become completely essential in perfumery for almost a century until research proved that this ingredient was photosensitizing and allergenic. Since then an alternative close enough to Musk Baur hasn't been created. Other examples of molecules created for the delight of perfumers and fragrance fans are Ethylvanillin (Shalimar, Guerlain), Methyl dihydrojasmonate (Chanel No. 19), ethyl maltol (Angel, Mugler), and karanal (Gucci pour Homme).
The main regulator in the world of perfumery is the IFRA - International Fragrance Association, but just as in skincare and makeup, legislation is not unique and universal, and the European Union has tighter rules than other areas of the globe. "When we talk about ingredient restrictions, it is necessary to mention that they vary according to the continents and countries. In the European Union, which is the most austere scenario of all, without a doubt that oakmoss is the most worrying case, because a huge amount of perfumes, especially the classics, depend on this material. But also jasmine and rose are gradually being more restricted, and the time will probably come when it will be impossible to produce Chanel Nº5. At this moment all the chypre family was wiped out, as it very dependent on the oakmoss and the substitutes are not comparable. Also, the molecules that were used to recreate the scent of the lily of the valley, like lyral and the lilial, are completely prohibited. One ingredient that I particularly appreciate, which is costus, is also banned. The most recent limitations restrict the use of materials like benzyl benzoate, anise alcohol, cyclamen aldehyde, helional, cashmeran, etc.", the specialist elaborates. Oakmoss, for example, has been the subject of scrutiny since it was suspected that two of its molecules would cause about 20% of contact allergies found in fragrances. But this ingredient is the heart of the chypre olfactory family (whose dominant notes are bergamot, amber, patchouli, and oakmoss, creating a sensual and woody atmosphere) and its synthetic version doesn't have the same body, depth, and texture, experts say.
Currently, brands are only required to disclose 26 allergens in their compositions, but the path is to bring that number up to at least 100 ingredients. This would be a death sentence for Chanel No. 5 and Miss Dior, for example, and raises questions regarding the full disclosure of the formula, which would leave them unprotected against plagiarism and the counterfeit market since perfumes are not considered intellectual property. On the other hand, synthetic molecules can be protected by patents, leaving them in the hands of big corporations that have more money to invest in their research and creation, which does not leave many alternatives to independent perfumers and indie brands. In addition to the banned ingredients, there is also a list of restricted ingredients, whose percentage in the formulation must not exceed the number dictated by IFRA - some ingredients are prohibited over 0.01%. In many cases, we are looking at a complete reformulation of the formula, in others, only an adaptation. In the event of a banned ingredient it is possible to create a synthetic molecule to replace it, "but if we talk about a natural ingredient, it is almost impossible to recreate all its complexity in a lab", explains the perfumer.
Today, the perfumes we use contain a mixture of natural and synthetic ingredients with synthetics being more sought after since they are cheaper alternatives, lowering (even more) the costs of production and, therefore, increasing the final profit. Chemistry is at the service of perfumery and there are perfumers whose main task is to reformulate fragrances with new ingredients, keeping them as close as possible to their original version either to lower costs or to find alternatives to banned molecules. The world of perfumes is already used to adapting, but with the growth of the forbidden ingredient list and synthetic molecules failing to perfectly replicate the originals, the future doesn't look very bright. There are rumors that Guerlain has received complaint letters about Shalimar, which has already undergone multiple reformulations since its creation in 1925, especially after 1990, when IFRA tightened regulations. "What we are seeing is a degradation of the quality and richness of the perfumes with each makeover. There are few successful cases, and almost always we hear consumers saying their perfume doesn't smell like it once did" says Miguel. And for the ones who have a fragrance as a signature, a change, even a slight one, can cause a lifelong relationship to end.
English version perfume perfumery banned ingredients allergens interview Forbidden issue

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Films // Coming up // Poly Parents: On The Basis of Sex
Poly Parents: On The Basis of Sex
POLY PARENTS: We believe that mums and dads shouldn't have to miss out on great cinema, which is why we are now offering special daytime screenings just for them. Bring your under 3 for free and we'll create a friendly, half-lit and low sound atmosphere to keep them calm while you enjoy the film.
Dir Mimi Leder | US 2018 | 120 min |12A
Inspired by the true story of Ruth Bader Ginsburg (Felicity Jones), On the Basis of Sex tells the story of a young Ruth as she takes on her first ground-breaking case.
A new mother who graduated top of her law class, Ruth is faces adversity in her drive to land a job. Eventually working with her husband, attorney Martin Ginsburg (Armie Hammer), Ruth takes on a groundbreaking tax case that she knows could change the direction of her career and the way the courts view gender discrimination.
A glass ceiling-shattering legal figure who has become a vocal opponent to Trump in recent years, the story of her early years is a fascinating picture of just how many hurdles she had to overcome to become the legal powerhouse she is today. The film also chronicles the storybook-like romance between Ruth and Marty, a partnership that succeeded both personally and professionally.
Tickets: £7.75 / £6.00 (inc. Poly Fund)
Please note the screening on Tuesday at 10:30 is the parent & baby screening, there are no concessions available for this screening.
Exhibition on Screen: Painting the Modern Garden
Claude Monet was an avid horticulturist and arguably the most important painter of gardens in the history of art, but he...
Kids Pottery: Handbuilding Fun - Mythical Creatures


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Why Adele had to postpone gig
Singer, who was to do a show in January, had to drop it as her team contracted Covid
British singer Adele said that she has worked her "absolute a*** off" to create her Las Vegas show.
The 34-year-old singer previously postponed her entire residency, just 24 hours before the opening night, after her team were hit by Covid-19 outbreak, and Adele has now confessed that her fans "wouldn't have liked" the show, reports Female First UK.
She said on stage, "I couldn't have done that other show and you wouldn't have liked it either, I'm telling you that." The 'Easy on Me' hitmaker, who is one of the world's best-selling artists, also joked that her fans will enjoy her show more after they've had a few drinks.
According to the 'Sunday Mirror' newspaper, she told fans: "Go and order some drinks ...the drunker you are, the better I am."
Earlier this year, an insider explained that Adele had made a conscious decision to make her shows at Caesars Palace more "intimate" than she previously planned.
The source said at the time, quoted by Female First UK: "Adele has revised her plan for the show, has stripped it back. The production will be very classy, the show is centred on her energy and vocals."
Adele postponed her entire residency in January, and the award-winning star subsequently took to social media to explain the decision to her fans.
Adele said on Instagram at the time: "I'm so sorry, but my show ain't ready. Half my team has COVID and it's been impossible to finish the show." IANS
'Magic mushroom' bedtime stories
Blake's got rich demands
'Inappropriate' gift got Eva fired from job
Madonna pits 'Avatar' against toon 'Avatar'
In a first, K-drama bags Int'l Emmy Award
It's the end of the ship for Kendall


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The choice of styles available range from modern, contemporary, antique style and luxury beds. We also carry a selection of TV beds. Our furniture is carefully sourced from all around the world from the best manufacturer's who are specialists in Italian beds. In the rare event that you can't find what you are looking for, simply give our expert sales team a call on 01214004040 and we will help you find exactly what you require. Also keep an eye out for our regular promotions which allows our customer's to make the most of your investment. A lot of our customers also purchase mirrors with their beds as they help your bedroom look more spacious. We have recently added new lines of French hand carved beds which are extremely elegant and durable. Each bed is handmade by skilled craftsmen and no two beds are alike. Our branded designer Italian beds are also very popular due to the contemporary designs and shapes that they come in.
A bed is a very special investment considering the amount of time we spend in it. Our beds are designed to provide you with maximum comfort and support, so if you are not getting this from your current one then it's time for you to treat yourself to a new one. Research states that we should change our bed every 6 – 8 years. A huge collection to choose from in a variety of materials. Some of the materials we offer are leather, fabric , wooden solid oak, mahogany, metal and lots more. It is extremely important to choose the right bed for you and it starts from size. Space is a common factor so always try to purchase a larger size for that extra space to move around freely.
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Headboards have become extremely popular as you don't have to replace your complete bed in order to change your bedroom setting. At Robson Furniture you can find single headboards, double headboards, king size headboards and luxury headboards which are available in many colours. The materials that we offer are metal headboards, fabric headboards, wooden oak headboards and leather headboards.
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Divan beds are traditional type with a fabric upholstered frame. Very lightweight and easy to manoeuvre, divan beds are also available with a choice of drawers which provide essential storage space for bedrooms that have limited space. Sizes available are single, double and king size. You can select from a variety of materials in many different colour options.
Our stunning range of metal beds are available in a number of sizes which include single, double and king size . They come in a variety of colours such as white, black, cream, bronze, nickel, antique brass, pink, blue and chrome metal . Offering modern and traditional designs, our beds are designed to fit in to all types of settings and environments.


Winter Solstice has been celebrated in all cultures, for all time remembered. On the longest night of the year, the cycle of light is suspended in time, dark balancing light and the veil between the worlds is thin.
This marks the beginning of the solar year yet moving into the light is cloaked in darkness. We explore the depth of our lives seeking the gold in the dark, it is the spark, the shine, the sparkle that is held, warmed and nurtured in the cloak of darkness.
The solstice connects us to the cycles of the earth, often inspiring us to deepen our understanding of Self, Sacred Place and Spirit, each message we claim is distinctive and unique.
Recognizing your own connections within your winter cycles will activate wisdom, healing and celebration as well as making space for balancing and honoring.
Each evening you will receive a short guided journey audio or video as well as a quote, poem and image or symbol to guide you on the path. A few minutes each evening into morning will allow you to journey with Solstice as the ancients did, marking the start of each new day at sunset.
Are you are a conscious woman ready to expand your depth work and create change?
Cat Caracelo M.A. is the founder of JourneyPath Institute; a depth coach, educator, artist and "guidess" working internationally with individuals and groups.
Cat is the author of Gathering Wholeness, the creator of the JourneyCircles™ process, has led thousands of women through Mythos Journey and Quest community based eCourses offered continuously for over twelve years.
Cat has designed and developed an innovative approach to depth work, creative process and coaching. She is the lead teacher of all JourneyPath Institute programs and training's, has a thriving coaching practice and leads retreats in the United States and Europe.
Are you ready for your solstice journey?


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Derina Harvey Band
June News
We are in songwriting mode this month for the first few weeks, taking some time away from performing to work on songs for the new album. (Patience! it'll be next year before it's done but we're working hard to make sure it's a good one!) We recently recorded a single that will be out sooner than that though, and we'll be shooting a video for it in July - on location in Newfoundland!
In other news, we've got a gig in Whitecourt for Party in the Park on June 16th, and it looks to be a fun time! Check out the festival if you're in the area as there are a ton of great artists performing there - and it's FREE!
Oh, did we mention we're going to St. John's to play O'Reilly's for three nights at the end of the month??? Yes! We're excited to get back east at the end of the month for three nights straight - June 29th, 30th, and July 1st at O'Reilly's on George Street! While in Newfoundland we're going to make a trip to Marystown for a gig at the Beau Bois on July 7th too, so if you're out that way, come and have a pint with us!
Hope to see you out and about!


Strawberry Grouper gather their name from their red coloration and whitish or lighter red/orange spots, which cover their whole body. Some of their fins will be a darker color and some can be yellow or lighter colors. Interestingly Strawberry Grouper can change the pigmentation of their coloration from lighter to darker tones to blend in with their surroundings.
Strawberry Groupers can be found in water with structures such as rock outcroppings or reefs. Generally the larger the fish the deeper the water, however many do stay within coral reefs where they can blend in.
The diet of the Strawberry Grouper consists of small fish, invertebrates such as crabs or shrimp, as well as cephalopods. As this fish swallows its meals whole, it generally will only eat what it can swallow.


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Home Magazine February 1 2018 Vol. 38 No. 3 CAR-T Safety and Efficacy Endpoints: A Checklist for Preclinical Development
February 1 2018 Vol. 38 No. 3
CAR-T Safety and Efficacy Endpoints: A Checklist for Preclinical Development
By David Harris, David Harris
Source: Shidlovski/Getty Images
February 1, 2018 (Vol. 38, No. 3)
David Harris Ph.D. Research Directory, Oncology Discovery Charles River Laboratories
How to Gauge Your Investigational CAR-T Therapy
Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapies have shown great promise for the treatment of certain types of hematological cancers, with two products approved to date by the FDA with more in the pipeline.
With this great potential comes a challenge—no comprehensive industry-wide safety-testing procedures have been adopted for these innovative therapies. Safety testing for CAR-T products is not standardized, and the level of testing required may vary depending on the specificity of the CAR and other features. Unlike safety testing for small-molecule and biologic therapies, a one-size-fits-all testing approach will be more difficult to establish and implement. Therefore, developers of CAR-T therapies will need to consider a long list of variables before embarking on safety testing.
Prior to Conducting a Preclinical Animal Study
In early-stage studies, it is important to fully understand how the CAR-T therapy has been engineered and how this might impact both efficacy and safety. The following questions should be addressed before embarking on animal studies:
What is the nature of the target being recognized—mouse or human—and where is the target expressed, what is the target density, and how is it regulated?
It is most important to know whether the target is ever expressed on normal cells. Ideally, the target molecule should be expressed only on the tumor cell and should not cross-react with epitopes expressed on healthy tissue. Screening of normal tissue arrays for target expression by immunohistochemistry and/or PCR should be performed.
How strongly is the chimeric receptor expressed on the surface of the CAR-T?
Are expression levels low, medium, or high? This is important to know because the level of expression could influence the strength of the response and the likelihood of toxicity. It is also important to consider whether the level of expression of the CAR can be controlled, and whether the CAR is engineered to integrate randomly in the genome or inserts in a specific location, as this can impact function.
What costimulatory and signaling domains are expressed by the CAR-T?
This is important to know, because increased signal strength and higher T-cell activation could lead to a wider spectrum of toxicities or improved efficacy.
Has the CAR-T product been engineered to express additional molecules that could affect the safety profile (e.g., cytokines), or molecules that modulate its activity (e.g., deletion of immunoregulatory molecules such as PD-1)?
Looking at how a CAR-T construct is specialized is crucial.
Is the CAR-T drug engineered in such a way that they can be turned off or killed?
These features are important because the ability to control CAR T-cell activity or to induce suicide enhances the safety profile of the product.
Has the CAR-T therapy been engineered to eliminate expression of the endogenous T-cell receptor (TCR) and/or major histocompatibility complex (MHC)?
This is important because CAR-T constructs lacking TCR expression would be less likely to induce graft versus host disease; CARs lacking MHC would not be subject to rejection. These modifications have been proposed as a way to develop off-the-shelf CAR-T therapies that could be used in any patient, irrespective of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) status.
Is the cellular product defined in composition and phenotype?
That is, do we know whether the product is comprised of CD8, CD4, or a mixture of both cell types? What is the optimal ratio? Have the CAR-T cells been cultured in vitro to induce differentiation to a specific phenotype (e.g., central memory, effector memory)?
What in vitro functional characterization has been performed prior to animal testing?
Do we know anything about the cytotoxic function of the product's CD8 component, its potency, or the role of the CD4 component and its cytokine production?
In Vivo Studies
Animal studies should attempt to further explore issues such as pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD), safety, and efficacy. Study designs should consider the following factors:
As with any other form of therapy, identifying the optimal/maximum dose is essential. The optimal dose will vary for different CAR-T programs, but the objective is always to identify the dose which results in greatest efficacy with minimal toxicity. If the optimum has not been estimated by in vitro studies, we recommend testing at least three different doses.
For tumor studies, it is important to identify when to begin treatment with CAR-T after implanting tumor cells. The timing will vary depending on the growth characteristics of the tumor model. A higher antigen load (i.e., larger tumor) may result in more potential for toxicity, but may be of greater clinical relevance, as well.
Persistence and Expansion
How long does the CAR-T candidate persist in the animal? Can the investigational therapy be tracked easily in blood? Many investigational CAR-T therapies are engineered to express a tag or marker that allows detection by flow cytometry. Multiple longitudinal time points should be identified to perform sampling and detection of CAR-T products. Flow analysis will provide information about the relative expansion, activation, and persistence of the cells.
Cytokines and Biomarkers
Cytokine release syndrome is one of the most serious clinical side effects associated with administration of CAR-T therapies. Although mouse models may not reflect the full spectrum of cytokine-mediated events seen in humans, it is important to analyze serum cytokine levels at multiple time points in any preclinical CAR-T study. Analysis should be performed at multiple time points. Additional biomarker analyses can also be performed on the samples.
Blood Pressure and Body Temperature Measurements
Changes in blood pressure and body temperature may mimic some clinical manifestations seen in humans. The most sensitive methods require implantation of telemetry monitoring devices.
Weight Loss and Detailed Clinical Observations
These measurements provide important information about treatment tolerability and the health status of the animals.
Organs should be collected at the end of the study and subjected to full histopathological analysis.
Whenever possible, include a group that receives a scrambled (negative control) or non-signaling CAR.
Model Selection
The most useful models for CAR-T studies include:
Engraftment of CAR-T in tumor-bearing immunocompromised mice (e.g., NSG, NCG mice). This model is useful for testing human CAR-T therapies and can be used to assess activity against human tumor cell lines (CDX) or patient-derived tumors (PDX).
Engraftment of CAR-T in humanized mice immunocompromised mice humanized with CD34 HSC or PBMCs. This model allows for the assessment of CAR-T activity in the presence of human immune cells, which increases its clinical relevance. These models are expensive, however, and may be impacted by the development of graft-versus-host disease and the effect of HLA.
Engraftment of murine CAR-T in a fully immune-competent host. CAR-T therapy safety can be evaluated in mice bearing syngeneic murine tumors or in nontumor-bearing mice.
For CAR-T studies using disseminated tumor models (e.g., Raji-B, Nalm-6) consideration should be given to the use of luciferase-transduced tumor cells and bioimaging to monitor tumor growth. It is also feasible to perform dual imaging of CAR-T cells and tumor cells. This allows for sensitive tracking of CAR-T cell trafficking.
Because there is no standard approach to safety assessment, and clinical trials of CAR-T therapies are likely to be even more expensive than standard trials, any knowledge obtainable from early stage studies is extremely valuable. Developers of CAR-T products should consider study designs that broadly address both safety and efficacy endpoints to reduce development costs, shorten time to approval, and mitigate risk when the product moves into human testing.
David P. Harris, Ph.D, is research director, oncology discovery at Charles River Laboratories.
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Alexa Flash Briefing
James-Avann Fri, November 29 12:10am
Have I Got News for You is on BBC One at 9.30pm.
Guest host Helen McCrory welcomes guest panellist comedian Chris McCausland.
Flirty Dancing is on Channel Four at 8pm.
Ashley Banjo pairs an office temp with a student, creating a fun dance on a rooftop garden which overlooks Birmingham city centre.
Still Open All Hours is on BBC One at 9pm.
Granville tries to reunite Eric and Cyril after they fall out.
The Last Leg is on Channel Four at 10pm.
Richard Ayoade joins the regulars for a light-hearted review of the past seven days.
The Greatest Dancer's Todrick Hall: 'I am going to marry Cheryl!'
Why ALL EastEnders fans are calling for THIS soap merchandise to be available to buy IMMEDIATELY
Emmerdale fans left RED FACED after working out the hidden meaning of THIS saucy message in tonight's episode
Cruising with Jane McDonald is on Channel 5 at 9pm.
In the return of the travel series, the singer explores the Great Lakes of the United States and Canada.
Dumbo is on Sky Cinema Premiere at 8pm.
In this live-action film remake of the Disney fantasy, a struggling circus family hit the big time thanks to a baby elephant with oversized ears.
Downton Abbey LEGEND joins the cast of Coronation Street as MYSTERIOUS newcomer
HOT new romance on the cards for THIS unexpected Home and Away pair
Death in Paradise star Nina Wadia: 'I've slightly fallen in love with The Commissioner!'
EastEnders fans CONVINCED they've worked out who DIES in 35th anniversary drama
7 things you didn't know about EastEnders' Kellie Bright – AKA Linda Carter
Monty Don's American Gardens – BBC2
The Greek Islands with Julia Bradbury – ITV
Coronation Street spoilers: Bethany Platt gets mixed signals from Daniel
Doctors spoilers: Jimmi Clay goes to EXTREME measures…
Emmerdale spoilers! Graham Foster's KILLER is REVEALED in the last of the week's special episodes


Home NORTH COUNTY 5.0 Back Page Music Series Brings Country Music and Wine to Grape Day Park!
The California Center for the Arts, Escondido continues the Levitt AMP Escondido Music Series on Saturday, October 6, 2018 from 4pm-7pm!
Headlining the next festival is Alice Wallace, who will be performing at 5:30pm with the opener, Lisa Sanders, Brown Sugar and Friends starting everything off at 4pm!
With a style that is rooted in classic country songstresses such as Patsy Cline, Dolly Parton, and Emmylou Harris, Southern California singer/songwriter Alice Wallace's impeccable vocals and melodic, literate song-crafting skills bring a fresh touch to authentic Americana music. She has shared the stage with artists such as Wynonna Judd, Lee Ann Womack, Ray Wylie Hubbard, JD Souther, Albert Lee, Suzy Bogguss, and The Band Perry.
Lisa Sanders and Karen "Brown Sugar" Hayes are a pair of electrifying, bodacious, harmonizing singers of genuine heartfelt songs. This country-blues duo has been performing their unique style of music for over ten years to enthusiastic fans across America. Lisa Sanders and Brown Sugar are set to tour in support of their 8th CD release Shiver, nominated for San Diego Music Awards Best Pop Album.
This event is free and open to the public. Each "mini-festival" includes food trucks, arts and craft vendors, kids' activities, and other entertainers in addition to livemusic. We have a large, free parking lot that you can enter on Escondido Blvd. or Woodward Ave.
The Center's unique campus includes a 1,523-seat concert hall, a 404-seat theater, a contemporary art museum, art and dance studios, and a full-service conference center with meeting and banquet facilities. The Center also runs an extensive education programand produces free community events. San Diego Magazine named the Center the "Best Limited Engagement" in North County. The Center was named in the Top Five for U-T San Diego's Readers Poll for "Best Live Music Venue" and the Top Five for "Best Place to Get Married." In 2016, the Center was named "Organization of the Year" by the Escondido Chamber of Commerce. In 2018, the Center was chosen as one of fifteen cities from all over the country to be awarded a grant known as the Levitt AMP [Your City] grant. The Center received $25K in matching funds to present the Levitt AMP Escondido Music Series, which is a minimum of 10 free outdoor concerts presented over 10 to 12 consecutive weeks during2018.


A resilient indoor fern with lush bright green foliage. Its large and wavy fronds grow in a circular pattern, resembling a bird's nest. This beauty prefers medium to bright light and loves humidity.
In native settings or with proper care, the Bird's Nest Fern can grow 2-3 feet a year, quickly becoming a voluptuous centerpiece for your coffee table or shelf. New leaves grow from the center and extend out to reach towards the sun.
Follow the instructions below and you should not have problems with your Bird's Nest Fern.
The Bird's Nest Fern thrives in locations with medium light, though can handle lower light. Avoid locations with long exposure to direct sunlight.
The Bird's Nest Fern prefers its soil to be kept moist, though not drenched. Water about once a week, but check the soil's humidity first. Water around the base and keep away from the center to avoid root rot. As with all plants, avoid overwatering and drain any excess water from the bottom of the pot, as standing water may cause root rot.
The Bird's Nest Fern prefers humidity. Its leaves may brown if the air is too dry or it is underwatered. Pale and yellowing leaves may signify being overwatered, or having too much light.
Trim away any dead or dying leaves by cutting them off at the base of the leaf's stem with a sharp scissor.
Write us at hello@leonandgeorge.com with any questions about your Bird's Nest Fern not covered here.


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HomeLatest News & PoliticsSecurity operatives harassed me – Peter Obi
Security operatives harassed me – Peter Obi
February 23, 2019 Yomie Latest News & Politics, Today's Trending.... 1
Peter Obi, vice-presidential candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), says he was harassed by security operatives.
Obi said this shortly after voting in his ward in Agulu, Anambra state, on Saturday morning.
Asked to confirm the news that some PDP chieftains were harassed and "probably whisked away" on Friday evening, Obi replied in the affirmative.
"Most of them were harassed including myself," he said, adding: "Yes, it happened. It spells trouble for the country."
The former governor of Anambra state also faulted the electoral process which he described as "clumsy".
He said although it takes time to get accredited and vote, it is "too early" to comment on the general election.
"The system is still a bit clumsy. You were here and you saw the time it took me; some of the things were not proper including the ink," he said.
Peter Obi
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Diarrhea kills 20 more in Kebbi State
September 6, 2017 Meekail Latest News & Politics, Today's Trending.... 0
At least 20 more people have died from the outbreak of diarrhea in Kebbi State as the waterborne disease spreads to Tungar Buzu, Korama, Samanaji and Keri communities in Shanga, Birnin Kebbi, Fakai and Koko/Besse […]
Gov. Ambode felicitates with cardinal Anthony Olubunmi Okojie at 81
June 16, 2017 Tunde Latest News & Politics, Today's Trending.... 1
His Excellency, Governor Akinwunmi Ambode visited Cardinal Anthony Olubunmi Okojie who clocked 81 today. The governor described him as man of integrity and he has been of immense support to the successive government in Lagos […]
They have started looking for excuses as they know too well they have no chance of winning


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Belize farm offers look into the world of spices
Prairies brace for new fire season
Maple Leaf overhauls its complete product lineup
May 17, 2018 Farm Living
A land heals after devastating fire
Army base improves communications after fire
By Jeremy Simes
Ancelmo Shol stands by a curry plant. The Belize Spice Farm grows various spices. | Jeremy SImes photo
The labour intensive task of pollinating vanilla is part of the reason why the popular food ingredient is so expensive
Toledo District, Belize — When vanilla begins to bloom in the summer months, farm workers at the Belize Spice Farm have only a six-hour window to pollinate the crop.
They have six acres to cover and they do it all by hand, using toothpicks. If they're too late, they'll have to wait until the next flowering season because it blooms only once every year.
"Harvest would be in November or December, and it takes about a whole year before we market them," said Ancelmo Shol, who works on the farm and provides tours.
The farm pollinates by hand, he said, because the female part of the flower is covered, which makes it difficult for bees or hummingbirds to do the job. To get around that, farmers use toothpicks to manually move pollen from the male part of the flower into the female part.
Once pollinated, the flowers produce green beans. And once they're ripe, which takes about six to nine months, they're harvested and dried. The crop spends about four to five months drying.
The labour intensive work is the main reason why vanilla is one of the most expensive spices out there, Shol said.
"The reason we hand-pollinate is because we want to increase production. Some solitary bee could do it, but it would only produce four or five crops," he said.
Edmond Albius, a slave in the mid-1800s, was first to develop the toothpick method on a remote island called Réunion, located east of Madagascar on the east coast of Africa. Without his efforts, vanilla production likely wouldn't be what it is today, said Elroy Burgess, a tour guide with Taste Belize.
Vanilla isn't the only spice grown on the farm. About 50 to 60 acres are used to grow peppercorns, nutmeg, cardamom, cinnamon, allspice, curry, tropical oregano, turmeric and more. Native spices, like cow foot, also grow here. Cow foot smells like licorice and is used to flavour meats.
Shol said cinnamon comes from the inner bark of cinnamon tree branches, allspice produces berries that are ground up, and peppercorns can come in the green, white or black variety, depending on when they're harvested.
All of the spices are processed and packaged on the farm. Much of it is sold to visiting tourists.
The rest of the farm, about 420 acres, is primarily for citrus fruits like oranges, one the country's main crops.
When growing spices, however, the farmers sometimes use trees as a useful tool.
With vanilla, for example, farmers attach the vines to a tree called madre de cacao. The trees deter many bugs from getting at the crop and provide necessary shade, Shol said.
As well, they have patches of bamboo, which they try to keep under control, to provide young birds and iguanas with a space to live.
"Bamboo is kind of like a weed, so we keep it under control," he said. "We have no reason to get in there (where it grows), so it's a nursery for different species."
The owners, Tom and Tessy Mathew, started the farm in 1990 after moving from Bluefield, West Virginia. The country reminded them of their childhood home of Kerala, India, and they soon realized many Indian spices grew well in Belize.
Their operation is likely the largest spice farm in the southern district, said Burgess. He said that oranges, rice, bananas and sugarcane are more popular crops. There's also a few farms that grow cacao, the main ingredient for making chocolate.
"If there are any other spice farms in the country, they're of much smaller scale," he said.
As well, the spice farm produces teak lumber, an expensive hardwood, for its own use. The trees are chopped every 20 to 25 years.
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Cape Town hiker stabbed to death
16:55 28/01/2018 Tammy Petersen
Cape Town - A man was stabbed to death on Sunday morning while hiking with his wife near Boyes Drive in St James, Western Cape police confirmed.
The 56-year-old man was accosted just after 11:00 in Echo Valley.
Police spokesperson Sergeant Noloyiso Rwexana said the suspect had apparently been wearing a security uniform.
She was unable to confirm if anything had been stolen from the man.
"The wife was uninjured. Nothing was taken from her as she ran away," Rwexana said.
No arrests have been made.
Two weeks ago, nine hikers were robbed and stabbed in the St James Peak area, by two men who appeared to be hikers.
The duo had joined the group and hiked with them for about half an hour before attacking them.
A robbery case was under police investigation.


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Top Keene Animal & Dog Bites Lawyers - New Hampshire
Nearby Cities: Weare, Claremont, Newport, Milford, Amherst
Related Practice Areas: Assault & Battery -- Plaintiff, Premises Liability, Personal Injury -- Defense, Personal Injury
Newborn Law, PLLC
Animal & Dog Bites Lawyers in Keene, NH
Matthew R. Newborn founded our Keene law firm, Newborn Law, PLLC, after having gained years of experience as a lawyer in New England. As home to an attorney armed with extensive legal knowledge and an unyielding desire to protect the rights of victims, our firm soon became one of New Hampshire's and Vermont's leading personal injury and workers' compensation firms. Today, thanks to our excellent...
Craig & Gatzoulis, PLLC
Animal & Dog Bites Lawyers Serving Keene, NH (Manchester)
From our law office in Manchester, New Hampshire, the attorneys at Craig & Gatzoulis provide unmatched legal advocacy and support to those who are dealing with serious and complex legal challenges that affect their lives, their freedom and their future. Attorneys Michael P. Craig and Arthur Gatzoulis possess more than 40 years of combined legal experience serving clients across the state. This...
Abramson, Brown & Dugan
Abramson, Brown & Dugan is New Hampshire's premier medical malpractice law firm, recognized for its client advocacy and track record of success. The firm's attorneys have won more medical malpractice settlements and verdicts than any other law firm in New Hampshire, recovering more than $275 million for its clients. We handle all types of medical malpractice cases, including: Birth injuries:...
Ward Law Group, PLLC
The Manchester, NH based personal injury law firm of Ward Law Group, PLLC is a statewide practice with over 75 years of combined experience. We have represented clients throughout New Hampshire, helping make them whole after accidents and personal injury issues. Our NH Injury Attorneys can help you with any type of case. Our team of Attorneys at Ward Law Group, PLLC concentrate in personal...
Law Office of Andrew J. Harmon
The Law Office of Andrew J. Harmon provides dedicated personal injury representation to people in the Manchester and Raymond areas in New Hampshire. Offering practical guidance and aggressive advocacy, attorney Harmon has more than 30 years of legal experience helping those injured due to the negligence or recklessness of others to achieve financial justice. Whether in negotiations with insurance...
Stephen Law Group Injury Lawyers
At Stephen Law Group Injury Lawyers in Manchester, New Hampshire, we are fully committed to helping you obtain the justice you deserve for the serious legal challenges affecting your life, your career and your livelihood. To that end, our law firm offers exceptional advocacy and support to the injured, to victims and to aggrieved clients throughout Hillsborough County and the surrounding areas who...
Animal & Dog Bites Lawyers Serving Keene, NH (Concord)
Located in Concord, New Hampshire, Stephen Law Group Injury Lawyers is one of the region's leading law firms for those who suffered an injury or lost a loved one due to a workplace accident or through an accident caused by someone else's negligence, careless or unlawful actions. Along with handling all types of personal injury and sexual assault, wrongful death and workers' compensation claims,...
Cohen & Winters, Attorneys at Law
The entire focus of the Cohen & Winters team is helping good people going through bad situations, often for the first and only time in their lives. Jonathan and Andrew both started practicing as as public defenders in 1999, where they each defended hundreds of criminal cases for people who couldn't afford a lawyer. This community oriented work as creates a bond. Later, in 2009 they partnered...
Attorney Mark Rufo PC
Animal & Dog Bites Lawyers Serving Keene, NH (Nashua)
At the law office of Injury Attorney Mark Rufo, we provide dedicated personal injury and workers' compensation guidance and counsel. Serving clients in Nashua, New Hampshire, as well as in Claremont, Concord, Derry, Keene, Laconia, Manchester and Salem and throughout Belknap, Cheshire, Hillsborough, Merrimack, Rockingham and Sullivan counties, our attorney generally handles cases involving motor...
Tyner Law Offices
Here at Tyner Law Offices in Nashua, New Hampshire, we are fully prepared to help you secure the full amount of compensation and benefits you deserve following a debilitating work injury or an injury or loss caused by someone else's negligence. Serving clients throughout Middlesex County, the Merrimack Valley and all across our region, attorney Michael Tyner has more than 35 years of experience...
Animal & Dog Bites Lawyers Serving Keene, NH (Londonderry)
Solomon Law Firm
After decades of legal practice, our attorney's remain committed to fighting for the best possible results on behalf of our clients. At Solomon Law Firm, clients receive experienced guidance and zealous representation of their interests. We are the compassionate allies you deserve and the strong legal advocates you need when facing complex legal issues. Due to our record of success, we have built...
Animal & Dog Bites Lawyers Serving Keene, NH (Raymond)
The Law Office of Andrew J. Harmon offers dedicated family law representation to people in the Raymond and Manchester areas of New Hampshire. Helping his clients develop cost-effective and favorable solutions to their legal issues, attorney Harmon is passionate about helping people pick up the pieces and begin rebuilding after facing difficult domestic issues. The law office offers free initial...
Normandin Cheney & O'Neil
Animal & Dog Bites Lawyers Serving Keene, NH (Laconia)
Our Laconia law firm, Normandin Cheney & O'Neil, PLLC, has been the choice for both individuals and business clients in Belknap County and the surrounding areas in New Hampshire for more than 100 years. The reason for our continued success is our dedication to protecting the rights and futures of our clients as we help them overcome legal challenges related to the following: • Personal...
Animal & Dog Bites Lawyers Serving Keene, NH (Plymouth)
Donahue Tucker & Ciandella PLLC
Animal & Dog Bites Lawyers Serving Keene, NH (Portsmouth)
Donahue, Tucker & Ciandella, PLLC: An Established Practice Dedicated To Serving Our Clients At Donahue, Tucker & Ciandella, PLLC, we are a team of nationally recognized attorneys representing a variety of clients throughout New Hampshire and New England in an expansive array of practice areas, including: Business law Employment and labor law Environmental law Land use and...
Law Office of Kyle P. Griffin, PLLC
Located in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, the Law Office of Kyle P. Griffin offers a full range of quality legal services in a variety of practice areas to help you with all the important and pressing legal issues affecting your life, your freedom, your business and your future. A lawyer since 2008, attorney Kyle P. Griffin has more than 11 years of successful legal experience. He established his law...
Animal & Dog Bites Lawyers Serving Keene, NH (Littleton)
Ward Law Group PLLC founded our Littleton law office, with the goal of protecting the rights of injured victims living in the North Country, across New Hampshire, and throughout New England. We are happy to assist clients who have legal needs in the following areas: • Personal injury...
Injured by an Animal Bite?
You've come to the right place. If you or a loved one has suffered an animal bite injury, including dog bites and injuries caused by other domesticated animals, an animal bite lawyer can help.
You may be entitled to recover from an animal owner, business, or facility, regardless of whether the owner (or animal keeper) did anything to protect you from being attacked.
Use FindLaw to hire a local animal bite lawyer near you to recover for medical expenses, lost wages, pain and suffering, and property damage.
Need an attorney in Keene, New Hampshire?
Use the contact form on the profiles to connect with a Keene, New Hampshire attorney for legal advice.


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With Glu-N-Go clasp sets from Leather Cord USA, it's easy to finish your leather designs. Katie Hacker created this beautiful Tree of Life necklace and completed the look with ease using Leather Cord USA's high-quality leather cord and one of their clasp sets. This necklace comes together quickly and looks stunning. See more of this necklace and other ideas for using Glu-N-Go clasps in the Glu-N-Go End Caps and Clasps Mini Tutorial.


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AN INSIGHT INTO TRINIDAD'S CARNIVAL – BY RAY MEDHURST
Carnival's origins lay in Europe. Centuries ago, followers of the Catholic religion in Italy started the tradition of holding a wild costume festival just before Lent, a period of fasting, moderation, and self-denial. Eating meat during lent was forbidden and they called their celebration 'carne vale' which literally means a 'farewell to meat' or a 'farewell to the flesh'!
Trinidad's Carnival began in the 1780's with a unique interaction of customs from both Africa and Europe. The West African slaves and French planters brought their traditions of masking and street processions from across the Atlantic, and these have evolved and been recreated on Trinidadian soil for over 200 years. From intimate masked balls and sugar cane harvest processions during the colonial era, it has evolved into a unique world-class festival that has inspired worldwide imitations in various locations across the world including Notting Hill, Toronto, Miami and Brooklyn.
There are many Carnivals throughout the Caribbean, but Carnival in Trinidad is the largest and most spectacular, with the streets of the Port of Spain swarming with revellers. There can be more than 5000 people in a single 'band' (a band of masqueraders) and preparations begin months before, with designers creating themes or concepts, and then developing the costumes for the members who will parade and dance through the streets. Calypso tents and steel bands preliminary competitions begin before Christmas, all hoping for a title during Carnival. It is often said that if Trinidadians are not celebrating Carnival, they are either preparing for it or reminiscing about it.
Probably the most exciting part of Carnival for me is the music. Songs about love, life, social and political issues, about the joy of Carnival itself and everything else West Indian, all create the backbeat to the festivities. Music has always been an integral soundtrack for the festivals, as chantuelles and drumming-led processions back in the 1800s, and calypsos (which emerged in French/Patois in the late 1800s and in England in the early 1900s) together with steel bands (which emerged in the hills of the Port of Spain in the 1930s) provided the music for masqueraders for much of the 20th century.
Carnival season starts early, essentially kicking off the day after Christmas Day. Carnival parties (or fêtes) begin and the radio airwaves and local TV music channels are saturated with the latest soca music. It is the irresistible rhythms and infectious melodies of soca – soul of calypso-pioneered by Garfield Blackman (aka Ras Shorty I) in the 70s as a fusion of calypso and Indian music – that are the driving beat on the road during Carnival as well as in all the pre-Carnival parties. Meanwhile, throughout the neighbourhoods of Trinidad and Tobago, panyards begin to resonate with the unique and beautiful sounds of steel orchestras as they choose their song and develop their arrangements for Panorama. Steel drums were literally forged from 55-gallon oil drums. They are the national instrument of Trinidad and Tobago and the only acoustic instrument invented in the 20th century.
The week before Carnival, the excitement builds with wall-to-wall fêtes, events and competitions. The Thursday night sees Calypsonians vying for the title of Extempo Monarch – a form of extreme improvised Calypso that is not dissimilar to a rap battle. Early on Friday, stick-fighters, moko jumbies dancers and a cast of actors descend on the east Port of Spain to re-enact the Canboulay Riots, which were clashes by the descendants of freed slaves of Trinidad fighting with British police who were attempting to crack down on aspects of the celebration in 1881. Just like Sydney's own Mardi Gras, Carnival was, in part, born out of a riot.
In the early afternoon of Friday, traditional Carnival characters parade through the streets in the Port of Spain. And in the evening, the biggest soca stars begin to battle for the Soca Monarch crown in The Hasely Crawford Stadium. On Carnival Saturday, the streets belong to the children attending the Kiddies Carnival at the Savannah; some of the finest costume designs are seen here. As night falls, the streets around the Savannah are literally filled with steel drums as the steel drum orchestra, some with up to 120 players, prepare to compete at Panorama, the greatest showcase for the instrument anywhere in the world – and for me, the musical highlight.
Sunday, or Dimanche Gras, is reserved for two of the hallmarks of Carnival; the breathtaking costumes of would-be Kings and Queens of Carnival, and the finals in the race for the Calypso Monarch crown. From 4.00am on Monday morning, hordes of people slither through the streets of the country's cities covered in paint, grease and mud. This is J'ouvert, which means opening or daybreak, with traditional Carnival characters like jab jabs, blue devils and bats, alongside those in outrageous costumes – or just old clothes! Also, there is 'The Bomb', a competition on the streets where the steel drum bands show off their skills at non-calypso tunes such as rock, pop and classical music. As I watched the sun rise over Victoria Square with a Carib in my hand, a steel band played 'What A Wonderful World' which pretty much summed up the experience.
Once the sun comes up, many stagger off home for a brief rest before the next event which starts around 11 in the morning, when thousands flock into the Port of Spain the meet their band and begin the first parade of the bands. Almost no-one is in full costume on this day – the joy is simply being in the streets with the music and partying continuing well after dark.
Tuesday (Mardi Gras) starts early, with bands taking to the streets, this time in full costume, creating the visual spectacle that the Carnival is famous for. They dance along specific routes between judging posts where adjudicators choose the Band of the Year. Soca blares at house-rattling volumes from massive sound systems on trucks, as band members go wild and try to impress as they pass the judging points. The song that is played most often in front of the judges is crowned Road March.
Things begin to slow down around sundown, but many revellers keep going with the bands, following the huge music trucks until late at night, ending up at a 'Last Lap Fête' at the Savannah.
Ash Wednesday dawns, and it's as if the Carnival never happened…
Trinidad may not be considered by some to be the most sparkling jewel in the Caribbean, but when she puts on her party outfit, no-one can outshine her.