text:
Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (5)
Journal of Climate (6)
Journal of Physical Oceanography (10)
Monthly Weather Review (2)
https://journals.ametsoc.org/search?access=all&f_0=author&page=2&pageSize=10&q_0=Ian+R.+Young&sort=relevance
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Author or Editor: Ian R. Young x
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The Wave Climate of the Southern Ocean
Ian R. Young
Emmanuel Fontaine
Qingxiang Liu
Alexander V. Babanin
The wave climate of the Southern Ocean is investigated using a combined dataset from 33 years of altimeter data, in situ buoy measurements at five locations, and numerical wave model hindcasts. The analysis defines the seasonal variation in wind speed and significant wave height, as well as wind speed and significant wave height for a 1-in-100-year return period. The buoy data include an individual wave with a trough to crest height of 26.4 m and suggest that waves in excess of 30 m would occur in the region. The extremely long fetches, persistent westerly winds, and procession of low pressure systems that traverse the region generate wave spectra that are unique. These spectra are unimodal but with peak frequencies that propagate much faster than the local wind. This situation results in a unique energy balance in which waves at the spectra peak grow as a result of nonlinear transfer without any input from the local wind.
Breaking Probability for Dominant Waves on the Sea Surface
Michael L. Banner
The breaking probability is investigated for the dominant surface waves observed in three geographically diverse natural bodies of water: Lake Washington, the Black Sea, and the Southern Ocean. The breaking probability is taken as the average number of breaking waves passing a fixed point per wave period. The data covered a particularly wide range of dominant wavelengths (3–300 m) and wind speeds (5–20 m s−1). In all cases, the wave breaking events were detected visually. It was found that the traditional approach of relating breaking probability to the wind speed or wave age provided reasonable correlations within individual datasets, but when the diverse datasets are combined, these correlations are significantly degraded.
Motivated by the results of recent computational studies of breaking onset in wave groups, the authors investigated the hypothesis that nonlinear hydrodynamic processes associated with wave groups are more fundamental to the process of breaking than previously advocated aerodynamic properties, such as the wind speed or wave age. Further, these computational studies suggest that the significant wave steepness is an appropriate parameter for characterizing the nonlinear group behavior.
Based on this approach, analysis of the data revealed that the probability of dominant wave breaking is strongly correlated with the significant wave steepness for the broad range of wave conditions investigated. Of particular interest is a threshold of this parameter below which negligible dominant wave breaking occurs. Once this threshold is exceeded, a near-quadratic dependence of the breaking probability on the significant wave steepness was observed, with a correlation coefficient of 0.78. The inclusion of parameters representing the secondary influence of wind forcing and background current shear improved the correlation only marginally to 0.81.
The applicability of the breaking probability dependence found for the dominant waves was investigated for higher-frequency bins up to twice the spectral peak frequency f p . The Black Sea data were used for this analysis, in which shorter breaking wave statistics were also measured. It was found that the maximum of the composite breaking frequency distribution gradually shifts from about 1.6f p for lower values of the peak steepness parameter to f p for higher values of this parameter. The breaking probability in a comparable higher frequency band has a similar dependence on significant steepness to that found for the dominant waves.
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2000)030<3145:BPFDWO>2.0.CO;2
The Physics of Ocean Wave Evolution within Tropical Cyclones
Ali Tamizi
Jose-Henrique Alves
A series of numerical experiments with the WAVEWATCH III spectral wave model are used to investigate the physics of wave evolution in tropical cyclones. Buoy observations show that tropical cyclone wave spectra are directionally skewed with a continuum of energy between locally generated wind-sea and remotely generated waves. These systems are often separated by more than 90°. The model spectra are consistent with the observed buoy data and are shown to be governed by nonlinear wave–wave interactions that result in a cascade of energy from the wind-sea to the remotely generated spectral peak. The peak waves act in a "parasitic" manner taking energy from the wind-sea to maintain their growth. The critical role of nonlinear processes explains why one-dimensional tropical cyclone spectra have characteristics very similar to fetch-limited waves, even though the generation system is far more complex. The results also provide strong validation of the critical role nonlinear interactions play in wind-wave evolution.
On Galerkin Approximations of the Surface Active Quasigeostrophic Equations
Cesar B. Rocha
William R. Young
Ian Grooms
This study investigates the representation of solutions of the three-dimensional quasigeostrophic (QG) equations using Galerkin series with standard vertical modes, with particular attention to the incorporation of active surface buoyancy dynamics. This study extends two existing Galerkin approaches (A and B) and develops a new Galerkin approximation (C). Approximation A, due to Flierl, represents the streamfunction as a truncated Galerkin series and defines the potential vorticity (PV) that satisfies the inversion problem exactly. Approximation B, due to Tulloch and Smith, represents the PV as a truncated Galerkin series and calculates the streamfunction that satisfies the inversion problem exactly. Approximation C, the true Galerkin approximation for the QG equations, represents both streamfunction and PV as truncated Galerkin series but does not satisfy the inversion equation exactly. The three approximations are fundamentally different unless the boundaries are isopycnal surfaces. The authors discuss the advantages and limitations of approximations A, B, and C in terms of mathematical rigor and conservation laws and illustrate their relative efficiency by solving linear stability problems with nonzero surface buoyancy. With moderate number of modes, B and C have superior accuracy than A at high wavenumbers. Because B lacks the conservation of energy, this study recommends approximation C for constructing solutions to the surface active QG equations using the Galerkin series with standard vertical modes.
Global Scatterometer Observations of the Structure of Tropical Cyclone Wind Fields
Agustinus Ribal
A very large database containing 24 years of scatterometer passes is analyzed to investigate the surface wind fields within tropical cyclones. The analysis confirms the left–right asymmetry of the wind field with the strongest winds directly to the right of the tropical cyclone center (Northern Hemisphere). At values greater than 2 times the radius to maximum winds, the asymmetry is approximately equal to the storm velocity of forward movement. Observed wind inflow angle (i.e., storm motion not subtracted) is shown to vary both radially and azimuthally within the tropical cyclone. The smallest observed wind inflow angles are found in the left-front quadrant with the largest values in the right-rear quadrant. As the velocity of forward movement increases and the central pressure decreases, observed inflow angles ahead of the storm decrease and those behind the storm increase. In the right-rear quadrant, the observed inflow angle increases with radius from the storm center. In all other quadrants, the observed inflow angle is approximately constant as a function of radial distance.
Monthly Weather Review
https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-20-0196.1
140 Years of Global Ocean Wind-wave Climate Derived from CMIP6 ACCESS-CM2 and EC-Earth3 GCMs. Global Trends, Regional Changes, and Future Projections.
Alberto Meucci
Mark Hemer
Claire Trenham
Ian G. Watterson
We present four 140-year wind-wave climate simulations (1961-2100) forced with surface wind speed and sea ice concentration from two CMIP6 GCMs under two different climate scenarios: SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5. A global three-grid system is implemented in WAVEWATCH III® to simulate the wave-ice interactions in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. The models perform well in comparison with global satellite altimeter and in-situ buoys climatology. The comparison with traditional trend analyses demonstrates the present GCM-forced wave models' ability to reproduce the main historical climate signals. The long-term datasets allow a comprehensive description of the 20th and 21st century wave climate and yield statistically robust trends. Analysis of the latest IPCC ocean climatic regions highlights four regions where changes in wave climate are projected to be most significant: the Arctic, the North Pacific, the North Atlantic, and the Southern Ocean. The main driver of offshore wave climate change is the wind, except for the Arctic where the significant sea ice retreat causes a sharp increase in the projected wave heights. Distinct changes in the wave period and the wave direction are found in the Southern Hemisphere, where the poleward shift of the Southern Ocean westerlies causes an increase in the wave period of up to 5% and a counter-clockwise change in wave direction of up to 5°. The new CMIP6 forced wave models improve in performance compared to previous CMIP5 forced wave models, and will ultimately contribute to a new CMIP6 wind-wave climate model ensemble, crucial for coastal adaptation strategies and the design of future marine offshore structures and operations.
Journal of Climate
Early Online Release
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0929.1
Wave-Follower Field Measurements of the Wind-Input Spectral Function. Part II: Parameterization of the Wind Input
Mark A. Donelan
Nearly all of the momentum transferred from wind to waves comes about through wave-induced pressure acting on the slopes of waves: known as form drag. Direct field measurements of the wave-induced pressure in airflow over water waves are difficult and consequently rare. Those that have been reported are for deep water conditions and conditions in which the level of forcing, measured by the ratio of wind speed to the speed of the dominant (spectral peak) waves, is quite weak, U 10/cp < 3. The data reported here were obtained over a large shallow lake during the Australian Shallow Water Experiment (AUSWEX). The propagation speeds of the dominant waves were limited by depth and the waves were correspondingly steep. This wider range of forcing and concomitant wave steepness revealed some new aspects of the rate of wave amplification by wind, the so-called wind input source function, in the energy balance equation for wind-driven water waves. It was found that the exponential growth rate parameter (fractional energy increase per radian) depended on the slope of the waves, ak, vanishing as ak → 0. For very strong forcing a condition of "full separation" occurs, where the airflow detaches from the crests and reattaches on the windward face leaving a separation zone over the leeward face and the troughs. In a sense, the outer flow does not "see" the troughs and the resulting wave-induced pressure perturbation is much reduced, leading to a reduction in the wind input source function relative to that obtained by extrapolation from more benign conditions. The source function parameterized on wave steepness and degree of separation is shown to be in agreement with previous field and laboratory data obtained in conditions of much weaker forcing and wave steepness. The strongly forced steady-state conditions of AUSWEX have enabled the authors to define a generalized wind input source function that is suitable for a wide range of conditions.
https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO2933.1
Wave-Follower Field Measurements of the Wind-Input Spectral Function. Part III: Parameterization of the Wind-Input Enhancement due to Wave Breaking
This is the third in a series of papers describing wave-follower observations of the aerodynamic coupling between wind and waves on a large shallow lake during the Australian Shallow Water Experiment (AUSWEX). It focuses on the long-standing problem of the aerodynamic consequences of wave breaking on the wind–wave coupling. Direct field measurements are reported of the influence of wave breaking on the wave-induced pressure in the airflow over water waves, and hence the energy flux to the waves. The level of forcing, measured by the ratio of wind speed to the speed of the dominant (spectral peak) waves, covered the range of 3–7. The propagation speeds of the dominant waves were limited by the water depth and the waves were correspondingly steep. These measurements allowed an assessment of the magnitude of any breaking-induced enhancement operative for these field conditions and provided a basis for parameterizing the effect. Overall, appreciable levels of wave breaking occurred for the strong wind forcing conditions that prevailed during the observational period. Associated with these breaking wave events, a significant phase shift is observed in the local wave-coherent surface pressure. This produced an enhanced wave-coherent energy flux from the wind to the waves with a mean value of 2 times the corresponding energy flux to the nonbreaking waves. It is proposed that the breaking-induced enhancement of the wind input to the waves can be parameterized by the sum of the nonbreaking input and the contribution due to the breaking probability.
https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JPO3757.1
Revisiting the Pierson–Moskowitz Asymptotic Limits for Fully Developed Wind Waves
Jose Henrique G. M. Alves
The time-honored topic of fully developed wind seas pioneered by Pierson and Moskowitz is revisited to review the asymptotic evolution limits of integral spectral parameters used by the modeling community in the validation of wind-wave models. Discrepancies are investigated between benchmark asymptotic limits obtained by scaling integral spectral parameters using alternative wind speeds. Using state-of-the-art wind and wave modeling technology, uncertainties in the Pierson–Moskowitz limits due to inhomogeneities in the wind fields and contamination of the original data by crossing seas and swells are also investigated. The resulting reanalyzed database is used to investigate the optimal scaling wind parameter and to refine the levels of the full-development asymptotes of nondimensional integral wave spectral parameters used by the wind-wave modeling community. The results are also discussed in relation to recent advances in quantifying wave-breaking probability of wind seas. The results show that the parameterization of integral spectral parameters and the scaling of nondimensional asymptotes as a function of U 10 yields relations consistent with similarity theory. On the other hand, expressing integral spectral parameters and scaling nondimensional asymptotes as a function of u∗ or alternative proposed scaling wind speeds yields relations that do not conform to similarity requirements as convincingly. The reanalyzed spectra are used to investigate parameter values and shapes of analytical functions representing fully developed spectra. These results support an analytical form with a spectral tail proportional to f −4.
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<1301:RTPALF>2.0.CO;2
Wave-Follower Field Measurements of the Wind-Input Spectral Function. Part I: Measurements and Calibrations
Cyril McCormick
An experimental study of wind energy and momentum input into finite-depth wind waves was undertaken at Lake George, New South Wales, Australia. To measure microscale oscillations of induced pressure above surface waves, a high-precision wave-follower system was developed at the University of Miami, Florida. The principal sensing hardware included Elliott pressure probes, hot-film anemometers, and Pitot tubes. The wave-follower recordings were supplemented by a complete set of relevant measurements in the atmospheric boundary layer, on the surface, and in the water body. This paper is dedicated to technical aspects of the measurement procedure and data analysis. The precision of the feedback wave-following mechanism did not impose any restrictions on the measurement accuracy in the range of wave heights and frequencies relevant to the problem. Thorough calibrations of the pressure transducers and moving Elliott probes were conducted. It is shown that the response of the air column in the connecting tubes provides a frequency-dependent phase shift, which must be accounted for to recover the low-level induced pressure signal. In the finite-depth environment of Lake George, breaking waves play an important role in the momentum exchange between wind and waves, as will be shown in a subsequent paper.
Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology
https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH1725.1


To be a complying super fund and receive tax concessions, your SMSF needs to be a resident regulated super fund at all times during the income year. This means your fund needs to meet the definition of an 'Australian superannuation fund' for tax purposes.
If your fund stops being a complying fund because it does not satisfy the residency rules its assets (less certain contributions) and its income are taxed at the highest marginal tax rate (see Notice of Non-Compliance).
• If members are planning on going overseas, seek professional advice about maintaining the residency status of your SMSF.
• If your SMSF fails the residency test, rollover your funds to a resident regulated super fund and wind up the SMSF. Otherwise we have to make the fund non-complying.
Bob worked outside of Australia for two years and eight months.
As a result, the SMSF failed to meet the residency rules and no longer met the definition of an Australian superannuation fund (under section 295-95(2) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997). Because the SMSF is not an Australian superannuation fund, it cannot be a complying superannuation fund (under subsection 42A(1) of the Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1992).
This allowed the SMSF to retain its complying status and receive concessional tax treatment until it could be wound up.
Bob and Betty were required to roll over all the benefits and wind up the SMSF.


Employees that travel for business face a higher risk of a mobile security breach. Take these steps to ensure that your mobile device fleet is secure.
Organizations have many concerns when it comes to employee travel, from reimbursements and company credit cards to hotel and flight arrangements. But IT should add mobile device security threats to the list.
It's easy for organizations with users that travel domestically or internationally to overlook mobile device security threats. These threat actors are not stereotypical hackers; they can be airport workers, government spies and related parties along the travel path that are interested in an organization's employees, devices or information assets.
There are countless cases of phones and tablets being stolen or left behind. Adversaries can attempt to install malware on found mobile devices to control them for use in other attacks, or they can steal information directly from them. Also, foreign law enforcement can confiscate mobile devices for national security reasons.
Mobile devices store a wealth of sensitive information, from emails and client-related files to business intellectual property. Many users connect their mobile devices to random -- and likely rogue -- wireless access points, which can facilitate man-in-the-middle attacks against the devices.
With all of the mobile device security threats involved when traveling abroad for business, it's important for users to travel safely with their mobile devices. The first step is ensuring that end users do their research about the particular area to which they are traveling.
Mobile devices store a wealth of sensitive information, from emails and client-related files to business intellectual property.
IT should ensure that employees know their privacy rights based on the customs and border protection law for the countries to which they'll travel. In non-adversarial countries, end users can more or less do whatever they want. But in potentially high-risk countries, such as China and Russia, there is always the risk of a search or seizure that results in lost devices.
When employees travel to those types of countries, IT should consider burner devices that employees only use for basic communication on those trips and nothing more. This can be especially important for executives and other high-profile employees.
IT should disable biometric authentication on mobile devices to be safe. Law enforcement may not be able to force users to enter a password, but they could compel them to use biometrics for authentication. If law enforcement confiscates a device, there's a chance that they could also steal information, install backdoors or reset the system altogether.
IT should also require multifactor authentication for network and application access with no exceptions.
Employees should be required to use a VPN -- whether it be a corporate VPN or a trusted online option -- for all system usage, including basic web browsing and personal use. IT should encourage -- or ideally, require -- employees to use mobile device hotspots to connect to the internet.
Domain password policies should also extend to mobile devices. Mobile devices with weak or no passwords can work to the advantage of those with malicious intent. IT should encourage users to change their passwords before they leave, and then again as soon as they return.
IT should constantly update employees' mobile devices to the latest OS version using a third-party application, app update control or unified endpoint management (UEM).
Organizations should have proven endpoint security controls, such as a mobile device management, enterprise mobility management or UEM, to protect against mobile device security threats. The platform should also ideally connect and interact with an existing log management or security information and event management system.
IT pros should incorporate these security best practices into their incident response plans, employee handbooks and security policies. These documents should cover a range of topics, including data backups, email, encryption, passwords and BYOD programs.
IT should consider using devices that are known to be more secure than the average device. For example, Google Chromebooks provide heightened security on the hardware side, while Silent Circle's Silent Phone for iOS and Android does so for the software side.
It's essential to limit a user's involvement in security decision-making. When presented with the choice between security and convenience, an end user will likely choose the latter.
IT should also perform an in-depth security assessment related to mobile devices and travel -- and then vow to do something about it. IT can likely address these threats with existing controls and ongoing training to set users up for success.
What is your company's IT security policy for business travel?
Mobile devices are often personal, so it's difficult to get end users to do the right thing. IT should take the reins to ensure that security isn't compromised.
From man-in-the-middle attacks to malware, mobile devices are susceptible to an array of threats. Here's how to prevent them from infiltrating the business.
It's important for organizations to stay current on what's new in mobile malware and to develop security policies to combat these vulnerabilities.


These Microphone boxes were custom made to fit a specific Microphone product.
Picture of the box in Black Walnut are shown below. Feel free to use the autoresponder below to contact me regarding your specific needs. I will be glad to here from you and work with you to design a one-of-a-kind microphone box.
fabulous and deserve to be in boxes that are commensurate with their quality.


7 Day Detox contains a staggering number of ingredients.
Potassium Gluconate, Chromium Polynicotinate, Caffeine Anhydrous, Psyllium Husk, Oat Bran Fiber, Barley Rice Fiber, Apple Pectin, Fennel Seed, Glucomannan, Flax seed powder, Dandelion Root, Uva Ursi, Cranberry, Buchu Leaves 4:1, Alfalfa, Juniper Berries, Garlic Extract 100:1, Ginger Root, Parsley, Goldenseal, Mint leaf, Red Raspberry Leaf, Lemon Peel, Hawthorn Berries, Red Clover Leaf, Burdock Root, Irish Moss, Aloe Vera, Cayenne Pepper, Sage, Mangosteen, Pomegranate, Apple Cider Vinegar, Grapefruit Seed Extract.
This is an impressive list of ingredients and without a doubt some of these ingredients are able to help in weight loss.
Unfortunately we do not believe that the quantity of each of the ingredients is sufficient to be of any real benefit.
The manufacturers claim that the product works by flushing toxins from the body which in turn results in weight loss. It is a well known fact that you are unlikely to lose weight by detox alone and all effective weight reduction pills are successful due to their ability to act either as an appetite suppressant or carb blocker.
Do we recommend 7 Day Detox?
We are reluctant to recommend any product that claims to have 'instant results'. We do not believe that any product that relies on detox alone can be an effective weight loss treatment. We are not aware of any serious side effects to taking the product but we strongly recommend that you take a look at our list of recommended products as we believe that these are far more likely to give the results you are looking for.
Proactol Plus – clinically proven fat binder. Will stop up to 28% of your dietary fat intake. Proactol Plus is safe to take and the manufacturers offer a full 6 months money back guarantee.


Color by Amber is a Philanthropy-based company which makes unique, eco-friendly jewelry from a material called, 'ecoresin' which is made of 40% recycled content and non-toxic materials. Color By Amber is eco-friendly jewelry that empowers women through work at home jobs and giving programs. Wear it, love it, sell it – join us!


The NCH Physician Group Internal Medicine physicians focus on adult medicine by emphasizing prevention and treatment of adult diseases with state of the art technology in a compassionate environment.
These physicians work closely with all our specialists as well as our ancillary testing departments such as radiology, laboratory and physical therapy to help solve puzzling diagnostic problems.
The Internal Medicine division comprises three convenient locations with board certified physicians, many with their own special interests such as in diabetology, women studies, wellness and prevention and cardiac risk.


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Migration Policy Practice "Special issue on Afghan displacement" (Vol. VI, Number 3, June-September 2016)
Welcome to the new issue of Migration Policy Practice, a special edition on recent and ongoing trends on Afghan displacement. Guest edited by Marie McAuliffe, Head of Migration Policy Research at IOM Headquarters in Geneva, this special issue examines some of the key underlying Afghan displacement… Read More
IOM in Herat, Western Afghanistan - Facts & Figures - 13 February 2002
Published by the International Organization for Migration (IOM), Info Sheets are informational updates on current IOM programmes and activities around the world.
IOM in Herat, Western Afghanistan - Facts & Figures -1 March 2002
IOM in Herat, Western Afghanistan - Facts & Figures - 5 February 2002
IOM in Herat, Western Afghanistan - Facts & Figures - 22 April 2002
IOM in Northern Afghanistan - Facts & Figures - 1 March 2002

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Raspberry Pi® is an amazing credit-card sized computer that is also very affordable. It has a high resolution HDMI video output, and has inputs for a standard keyboard and mouse.
It also be used in a "headless" mode (using your laptop screen and mouse) with the remote access software that is included with the standard Raspbian operating system (VNC).
When used with the powerful Node-RED visual design system, you will have a very low cost home automation system. Add our BroadLink® RF-IR Blaster and you'll be able to directly control our roller shade motors, window openers, TV and audio systems, etc.
The Raspberry Pi was designed as an educational tool by the Raspberry Pi Foundation in the UK in 2012, and it took the computing world by storm. Instead of the 10k units they were expecting to sell, they sold over 2 million units in the first few years.
It has since evolved from there, with built-in Wifi and Bluetooth 4 Low Energy (BLE). It has enough power to be used as a regular computer for functions such as email, browsing, spreadsheet - which are all built into the Raspbian operating system (an easy to use Linux variant with a graphical user interface).
As a home automation hub, using the Node-RED program, it does not depend on the cloud, something we feel is a very important consideration for security and reliability.
A few years ago we were completely amazed when we first loaded the Noobs OS installer onto the micro SD card. We plugged in our 12' HDMI projector screen, and booted up the Pi for a first look.
We selected the Raspbian Operating System, and after an automatic installation, it booted into a GUI (Graphical User Interface) at high resolution (1080P). We could immediately see that it was complete with browser, email program, office suite, text editor, programming tools, and many other features and programs. WOW!
If you are a casual user of a laptop, the Pi is a suitable replacement as a general purpose computer. If you don't have a computer, the Pi would make a good entry point computer.
Our principal interest was using the Pi as a home automation controller, running the on-board Node-RED, with support for our BroadLink hub and Grove sensors.
The Node-RED software sets up the RPi as a web server on your local wifi network, and you can access it with any browser on any device in your home, including phones and tablets. You can also access it from anywhere on the Internet (if you later decide you want remote access).
When used for home automation, it runs in the background and you can still use it as a functional desktop for browsing, email, etc. while the automation system is running.
We also have the excellent BroadLink phone apps, and they may very well be all you need (they work stand-alone, the RPi is not needed). This will give you direct control over our blind motors and window openers on your phones and tablets.
You can purchase these products in our DIY online automation store.
We sincerely hope you enjoy our advanced technology products; if you have any questions, please contact us at any time!
Copyright © 2011 - 2019 by RollerTrol™ Automation Systems - All Rights Reserved.


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Chitral schools trace history to celebrate Diamond Jubilee
Very few are old enough to remember the glamour and circumstance with which Sir Sultan Mohamed Shah Aga Khan III was weighed against diamonds gifted to him on the occasion of his Diamond Jubilee—60 years of being the Imam, or spiritual leader of the Ismaili Muslim community.
It was a grand celebration and one where the Imam put all the gifts into projects that would benefit the Ismailis and the communities where they lived. The Aga Khan Education Services (AKES) began as a handful of schools that were established during that time. Over 100 year later, AKES now runs over 200 schools and educational programs across 10 countries.
This year marks the close of the Diamond Jubilee of the previous Imam's successor, His Highness Prince Karim Aga Khan. To mark this jubilee, students from AKES, Pakistan's schools in the mountainous district of Chitral decided to trace the history of their schools. They found that the schools have had significant social and economic impacts since they were founded in the 1980s.
Women's education is one of the biggest area of progress, reported students at a conference on July 5 at the Aga Khan Higher Secondary School, Seenlasht. In a region where girls were traditionally kept at home instead of being sent to school, graduates of the Aga Khan Schools are building successful careers after graduating from top Pakistani universities. Many have also joined the Pakistan Army.
Dr. Badshah Munir, Project Director at the University of Chitral, and Captain Siraj Ul Mulk presided as the chief guests at the conference, which was titled: Diamond Jubilee to Diamond Jubilee – A Journey of Inspiration.
Imtiaz Momin, the CEO of the AKES,P, explained that the foundations of AKES,P schools in the mountainous regions of Pakistan were laid by Sir Sultan Mohamed Shah after his Diamond Jubilee. The educational project started in 1946 was expanded and carried forward by Prince Karim Aga Khan, he said. "The great tradition of provision of quality education will continue according to the demands of the modern world," said Momin.
The General Manager of AKES,P, Chitral, Brigadier (retired) Khush Muhammad Khan, said the Aga Khan Development Network, of which AKES is a part, has also been working in healthcare, infrastructure development, disaster management and drinking water provision in Pakistan for the past six decades.
Dr. Munir lauded AKES,P's instrumental role in promoting education in Chitral. He praised His Highness the Aga Khan's role as a leader whose vision is helping the Muslim Ummah attain education for a successful life.
Captain Mulk praised AKES,P's work in expanding the provision of quality affordable education to students in Pakistan.
AKES,P is amongst the largest private networks of education institutions in Pakistan. Reaching out to some of the most remote areas of Pakistan, AKES,P has been providing quality education for over a hundred years. It operates 160 schools in Pakistan with a total enrolment of approximately 40,000 students. Of these schools, 95% of them are in the districts of Gilgit-Baltistan and Chitral.


Check if the firmware you want to use is the right one for your SAMSUNG J500F Galaxy J5. The table below contain all the useful information you might need for your software. The firmware posted here was designed for Galaxy J5 for J500FNXXS1BQG2 PDA version and J500FNPLS1BQC1 CSC code. This is a dedicated J500FNXXS1BQG2 bootloader type and 4164621818 CRC software. Android Marshmallow 6.0.1 comes with 01.07.2017 Android Security Patch Level. Please also make sure if the 8935060 changelist and 06/07/2017 build date are correct for SAMSUNG J500F Galaxy J5.
If the specification posted for the software is correct and you want to use the PLS Plus Poland software from Poland, simply tap on the download button. Size of all flash files posted is 1.54 GB.
You will download the app that will download the latest version of the firmware. Why should you use this app instead of download directly?
How to flash your phone with the new firmware? How to update SAMSUNG device? How to change firmware in your device?


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The Road to Diversity
by Lion's Roar Staff| November 10, 2011
Photo by Marc Hamel
In this 2011 Buddhadharma Forum, Larry Yang, Amanda Rivera, Bob Agoglia, and Rev. angel Kyodo williams discuss how to foster meaningful diversity in American Buddhism.
Introduction by Charles Johnson
I would wager that every Buddhist enjoys the story about Hui-neng, the sixth patriarch of Zen, who presented himself as a poor "commoner from Hsin-chou of Kwangtung" to the abbot of Tung-shan monastery in the Huang-mei district of Ch'i-chou in hopes of study, and was rebuked by the abbot with these words: "You are a native of Kwangtung, a barbarian? How can you expect to be a buddha?" Hui-neng replied, "Although there are northern men and southern men, north and south make no difference to their buddhanature. A barbarian is different from Your Holiness physically, but there is no difference in our buddhanature."
For more than two millennia, one of the appeals of Buddhism has been that happiness and freedom from suffering can be achieved by anyone, regardless of race, class, or gender. But we must remember that all convert practitioners are embodied beings who come to dharma study from somewhere. They are firmly situated in a particular moment of history. If they are American practitioners of color, who from childhood learn to be bicultural, some portion of the real, daily suffering they experience in America will arise from racism and social injustice. And in the post-civil rights era, this social suffering assumes forms that are so subtle and so deeply interwoven with our individual being-in-the-world that they are nearly invisible to white practitioners.
These unexamined, ingrained patterns of conditioning are, when viewed from a Buddhist perspective, perfect examples of what we mean by illusion if the racial or cultural self is taken to be an unchanging, enduring entity or substance. They are assumptions about identity that are as close to us as our breathing, so familiar that when these presuppositions are unveiled, "awakening" to them can be experienced as deeply unsettling by practitioners who cling to a sense of "whiteness." James Baldwin explained this well when he said, "It's not the Negro problem, it's the white problem. I'm only black because you think you're white."
In societies where Buddhism has taken root, it has adapted to the everydayness of the lives of the laity. But problems arise in a multicultural society if one racial group of practitioners, with its preferences and prejudices, has historically been privileged and dominant over others.
The overwhelming whiteness of American Buddhist centers is not a problem just for teachers who want to transmit the dharma to everyone. The United States is undergoing a dramatic sea change. Demographers predict that by 2042 minorities will outnumber whites. This "browning" of America is arguably one of the greatest cultural issues in the twenty-first century, a change that is already affecting everything from employment to popular culture, and especially our system of public education.
A recent article by Jen Graves titled "Deeply Embarrassed White People Talk Awkwardly About Race" in Seattle's alternative weekly, The Stranger, reports on how progressive whites are addressing this issue through organizations such as the Coalition of Anti-Racist Whites. "Whiteness is the center that goes unnamed and unstudied, which is one way that keeps us as white folks centered, normal, that which everything else is compared to," CARW cofounder Scott Winn says in the article. "I think many white people are integrationists in that 'beloved community' way, but integration usually means assimilation—as in, you've gotta act like us for this to work."
And Peggy McIntosh, the anti-racism activist and Wellesley Centers for Women scholar, sums all this up well when she observes: "I think whites are carefully taught not to recognize white privilege, as males are taught not to recognize male privilege. I have come to see white privilege as an invisible package of unearned assets which I can count on cashing in each day, but about which I was 'meant' to remain oblivious."
To resolve this problem, whites must listen deeply to Buddhists of color who are particularly well suited (and perhaps even karmically directed) to take the lead in healing these wounds, not only in the American sangha, but in the larger society as well.
Buddhadharma: How diverse is the overall Buddhist community in America?
Larry Yang: The Shambhala Sun did a thirty-year retrospective of Buddhism in America a few years ago, and I scoured the magazine. While there may have been a few Asian teachers who had written articles or were quoted, it was about thirty years of Buddhism in the mainstream culture of America. It had no reference to any of the ways in which the dharma is beginning to touch different communities, whether it's communities of color or LGBT communities or really any communities that exist outside the frame of the mainstream culture. To me that spoke to a lack of diversity within the mainstream Buddhist community. There are certainly pockets of communities that are emerging, in the East Bay and Oakland area or in Seattle or Albuquerque— where there are groups for communities of color and their allies. There's a meditation center now in Magnolia, Mississippi, led by an African American practitioner. New York Insight and Insight Meditation Center in Washington, D.C., have been doing a lot of multicultural work. In general, though, I don't think the North American Buddhist community is very diverse, at least in the traditions I've practiced.
Bob Agoglia: Who can say precisely how diverse the overall Buddhist community in America is? But it is flourishing in some areas, and we need to understand what fosters that. Then places like Insight Meditation Society can really be, as our mission statement says, a spiritual refuge for all who seek freedom of mind and heart.
At IMS we have just started a voluntary survey about demographics and we'll see how people respond to that. You can't spot all racial diversity visually, of course, but it is clear by looking around that the vast majority of our population is white. I have been very impressed that one of the fastest growing segments of New York Insight's sangha is people of color sitting groups. It is clear that there is a thirst for teachings on the part of people and communities of color.
That has forced us to begin to confront the question of why more people of color are not finding their way to IMS retreats. That's been an active and ongoing exploration for us for the past four years and will continue to be so.
Amanda Rivera: I can't speak for the broader Buddhist community, but I think that one of the things that makes Soka Gakkai International unique is its diversity. I often pinch myself when I find myself at a meeting or a conference, and I look around and I start counting the different varieties of people in the room. I think to myself how very uncommon it is in America to find a setting where so many different types of people are gathered. When I look around I can see an African American, an Asian, a lesbian, gay, or transgender person, a young person, an elderly person, a Hispanic person, and more. I find it very comforting and validating. I don't think our organization is really focusing on diversity per se. It just kind of happens and we respond to the need and inspiration that people have and we have to find ways to address the different types of people who come to us in a way that is respectful and inclusive. We encourage everyone to practice Buddhism, regardless of their race, color, sexual orientation, or class. Buddhism is not exclusive.
Buddhadharma: Why do you think that what you're offering appeals to such a diverse group of people?
Amanda Rivera: I think the appeal comes from the fact that the Lotus Sutra emphasizes the absolute equality of all people to be able to attain buddhahood, to attain their enlightenment. Nichiren Daishonin wrote letters of encouragement to female disciples in thirteenth-century Japan reminding them of their equality, their equal ability to attain enlightenment. We follow in that spirit. We may look different but we are all equal in our potential to achieve enlightenment.
Buddhadharma: You've created separate language groups so people can come together for something specifically for their language or ethnic group, but also in settings where there is diversity, right?
Amanda Rivera: Yes, for example, our Spanish-language group is one of the fastest-growing language-based groups in the country. In some places in the United States we have neighborhood meetings that are held in Spanish because people in those neighborhoods have limited or no English-speaking skills. The leaders come from those neighborhoods and are Spanish-speaking, so they're able to chant, study, share their experiences, and deepen their understanding of Buddhism together, as well as introduce other people who speak Spanish. We have the same for people who speak Korean, Japanese, or other languages.
angel Kyodo williams: I want to say that I'm especially appreciative of SGI being in this conversation, because I think for quite some time, the American Buddhist community did a poor job in making sure that SGI's voice was present. What Amanda has pointed out about SGI notwithstanding, I would affirm what Larry said about an overall lack of diversity and attention to diversity.
An important transition in my dharma life was to stop expecting something particularly different from the Buddhist community, so for me the lack of diversity in Buddhism is not as interesting as the differential, especially in the last ten years, between the Buddhist community and the mainstream community. That's what is really notable. The mainstream community that surrounds predominantly white Buddhist communities has changed and become more diverse. Nevertheless, those predominantly white Buddhist communities are remaining predominantly white. Where there's real concern for me is that when the areas in which the centers reside are not shifting with the demographic that they find themselves within, it speaks a little more deeply to how we as dharma practitioners are presenting ourselves in a way that's either welcoming or potentially unwelcoming.
Buddhadharma: If there are people who feel unwelcome, that is clearly an obstacle. What in general, then, are the obstacles and challenges to having more diverse communities? What would cause some people to feel that becoming involved in Buddhist practice or a Buddhist community was something that didn't make sense for them?
Larry Yang: One of the main obstacles is how long it takes to cultivate an increased multicultural awareness. This always takes a lot more time than we would like because, as we know, awareness practice is incremental. It blossoms slowly. To increase this kind of awareness requires role models—teachers of color, diverse teachers, who tell a diverse set of life stories and use a diverse set of materials in their teachings so they can reach a multiplicity of audiences. To have that, you need to develop teachers from diverse life backgrounds and communities of color. That has slowly been happening, but of course we know that the practice cycle required for teacher development is very long. Time itself becomes a little bit of an obstacle when the need is so present right now in these cultural conditions.
It's not just about making different cultures feel welcome in our environments, but how to actually reach into the culture itself so people recognize a piece of their lives when they walk through the door. When they recognize a piece of their lives, they can relax and begin to explore whether the place can be a spiritual home for them. Opening to diverse groups is an extension of the effort to create a real dharma community, which requires going beyond our own cultural experience.
Buddhadharma: To be very specific, you are talking about, for example, the sorts of metaphors and examples that a teacher might use and the style of presentation. A teacher might not even see that how they've chosen to frame their talk on impermanence actually comes out of a limited cultural context.
Larry Yang: One of the ways good teachers teach is from their own experience. But if you don't pay close enough attention and you only draw on your own life experience you probably are only going to reach those people who have similar life experiences. It will resonate deeply with them, but others may be left out. To reach beyond that, you have to go into life experiences, life stories, and the ways that communities communicate differently and incorporate that into your presentation. Even if I am rooted in my Asian American culture, the fact that I've lived and played and worked in other cultural contexts or other cultural communities allows me to bring that experience into my dharma talks. I can talk beyond my personal experience.
angel Kyodo williams: One of the largest obstacles we face is structural racism. There is a more than lingering white supremacy that suggests that the ways in which white folks do things is square one. We have The Church, and then we have The Black Church, or The Latino Church. Just about everything operates in that way. We "The" something with a capital T, which by default means largely a white mainstream, or a white-dominated group of people. Everything else is a modification of that. That immediately sets up a construct in which you're on the outside of whatever is central. It's a myth, but it's presented as truth to such a degree that we don't even question it anymore.
What presents itself as a challenge and a barrier for people being able to enter into a really meaningful experience and relationship with practice in this country is just that. It's the very fiber of how we're operating and how we're taught to operate. As a result, people outside the dominant group have to become bicultural, to learn the norms and the language, so they can function and survive in the larger society. It's not necessarily true for white folks, which causes the white community to exist in ignorance of the very environment it is perpetuating. They can survive without having to reach into other people's experiences, without having to reflect on what it's like to be a part of a so-called minority group.
We have not had the kind of sophisticated, deep conversation about this in our dharma communities that we need to have. And therefore the lack of diversity remains fixed in so many places. We are wrestling with the same kind of fear and anxiety as the larger society. We need to begin to really get into this at a deep level.
Bob Agoglia: As long as people see and feel signs that communicate "this is not for me, not about me," they will feel that this supposed place of refuge is just like all the rest of the world that they have to negotiate and be constantly on alert within—hardly a place of rest and refuge.
We have feedback from people of color focus groups that members of our board have conducted. People tell us that IMS teachers are predominantly white and the sangha is predominantly white and the location is predominantly white. It all boils down to "I don't see people like me here and therefore I don't feel safe here. This is not a place that I would choose to come. It doesn't hold the potential for a transformative experience." As angel said, it's the same form of structural racism that people are living with day and night. Fundamental changes are required to address this.
angel Kyodo williams: Buddhism presents itself in the way that Amanda spoke of earlier, as something that is full of potential, that affirms each person's capability for liberation. So, when people get to a retreat center and find that it's more of the same, it's a devastating revelation: this too? People come with a hopefulness and expectation that it's going to be different, because we present it that way. That adds a whole other layer of resistance and people can become entrenched in that, which becomes even more challenging to undo.
Amanda Rivera: To undo these really complex habits and outcomes requires courageous conversation. We need courageous conversations on the part of the leaders within our organizations. We need to model what it is that we desire of our membership. We also need ongoing education. There was a time in our organization when we did some diversity training, starting with the leadership first. That helped us see what was right in front of us. It does not matter who you are, or how long you have practiced, you still have your biases, and discriminatory beliefs and ways that you may not always be conscious of.
Buddhadharma: People within a given cultural milieu or neighborhood are going to feel very comfortable within that culture. What I'm hearing is that the predominantly white Buddhist communities default to the in-culture they have. To undo that, are we talking about creating a kind of multicultural space?
Larry Yang: At Spirit Rock, which started as a predominantly white mainstream cultural organization, we started people of color retreats. To do so, we had to begin to change the structure. We had to do pre-retreat training and post-retreat debriefing with the staff. We had to create a culture even if it was just for that moment in time, and that could begin to ripple out and affect the institution on an ongoing basis. This is happening at IMS too. For organizations that are already in place, the challenge is to retrofit a multicultural pattern into a cultural pattern that has been going on for a while.
The other way is to start from ground up and see whether you can create a different structure. We've tried to do that at East Bay Meditation Center by reorganizing the registration process so that even demographically we've changed the experience for people. When you walk into an event at East Bay, we pretty much have 50 percent communities of color and 50 percent European Americans. That demographic reorientation is an awareness practice. When people walk into the room, it's a different experience for everybody.
I'm not saying that none of the oppressive patterns, unconscious privilege, or entitlements come up, but there's an opportunity to use the awareness practice and expand from that place. We're expanding the personal mindfulness practice into a collective experience. If we can attract people through the door, the next level of challenge is giving skills to people in order to live together. Just because diverse communities congregate doesn't mean that they'll necessarily get along, so we have a class on unlearning racism called Interconnected: Being Mindful and White in a Multicultural World. That ties the practice into unlearning these structural patterns we've created.
Buddhadharma: angel, at the New Dharma Center, are you trying to create a multicultural space, or are you starting from a different approach?
angel Kyodo williams: Ours is a small residential community, so we live in a multicultural context. We try not to throw up barriers to people being completely who they are, as they are, when they enter into our spaces. For instance, we don't any longer hold any kind of people-of-color anything. What we're really trying to do is to encourage a full on, show up as you are, be who you are and bring your whole self space. It's not your job to come to the community and try to figure out how you can fit in. It's the community's job to figure out how we can stretch the community into the so-called margins to broaden its understanding and the ability to be inclusive. Our sense of inclusivity is not how do we make you a part of what we are but how do we become more of what you are. And extend ourselves out toward you.
Buddhadharma: The distinction is clear. You assume a preexisting undivided space and operate from there. Nevertheless, do you think the people of color retreats have been—or are—valuable?
angel Kyodo williams: There was a period of time in which they were enormously important and there are some ways in which they still can be quite effective and powerful. For me, though, at a certain point, the focus on people of color retreats became a distraction. There was more conversation and more focus on what was happening and not happening in terms of race and being people of color, so that the actual core practice was being relegated to a secondary concern. If I'm in the business of cultural confidence or creating multicultural awareness that may be fine, but if I'm in the business of teaching and creating opportunities for people to experience deep practice in the dharma, that's not fine. It didn't work for me any longer, so with New Dharma we took a different tack to make sure that practice remained in the forefront. That's true across the board, not only in terms of our diversity but politics and everything else that could start to usurp our attention.
Bob Agoglia: As I look at where our society stands with respect to issues of race and racism, it seems we have a long, long way to go before the wounds and the suffering caused by racism will heal. It seems that overall, in the U.S. at least, white people are mostly unwilling or unable to address the depth of this, yet it is something that white people have to confront, understand, and unlearn. We are a long way from that happening on a large scale. I can't foresee a time, then, when a place like IMS would not need to offer a people of color retreat. Retreats for groups who are oppressed by the dominant culture in the society may be what will make it possible for these people to experience transformative retreat practice at IMS.
Larry Yang: Identity-based retreats are such a gateway into practice for people, especially for people who are relatively unfamiliar both culturally and spiritually with what the dharma has to offer. From there, they can go into other mainstream retreats and begin to practice beyond the identitybased form. At the last dharma talk of each of these retreats, I usually say that these retreats are precious dharma gates into your spiritual life. The invitation is not to attach to the door itself, but to walk through that door—one of the 84,000 gates into the dharma.
Amanda Rivera: Obviously this is a really complex issue, and even though I think we're doing pretty well at SGI in terms of being able to attract a more diverse community, it's still quite a challenge. In trying to meet the needs of different subgroups you create other obstacles. As I've said, we have Spanish language members, for example, and to support them we've created language-based meetings and language-based publications. While this is helpful to them, it kind of enables people to stay segregated and maybe even marginalized.
Our ongoing challenge, then, is: How do we respect the need of these groups to engage in meaningful exchange and dialogue about Buddhism in a language and culture they feel comfortable in, while at the same time keeping them connected to the broader organization?
Larry Yang: Ironically, identity-based retreats were long in the making because when the teachers of the European-American mainstream sangha came back from Asia to teach, they didn't go to the existing Asian temples or venues that were already in North America. They started the mainstream centers we know today because they didn't see themselves reflected in these Asian temples. They didn't hear their life stories, they didn't hear the relevance to how these teachings actually dissolved their particular suffering in their particular life. This is the exact same reason that the identity retreats have been formed. Even in our expression of difference, we're the same. There is something that still completely connects us. The point of these retreats is to garner a strength of practice to enable us to see beyond the differences.
Buddhadharma: For our readers who might be interested in attending an identity-based retreat, or even starting one, what elements make them work well?
Bob Agoglia: angel made reference to too much discussion. At IMS, the retreats are held in silence, with people living together in open dormitories with shared bathrooms. Day in and day out, you sit and walk, sit and walk in silence. There are dharma talks, and there are meetings that teachers have with the yogis throughout the retreat, but otherwise it's predominantly in silence. In this respect we are providing the same kind of experience as in all our other retreats, in an environment where people of color feel safe.
Larry Yang: We all have a lot of defenses, especially if our identities have been oppressed in any way by the mainstream dominant culture. In a culturally specific environment, you're able to loosen those defenses a little bit, and allow the practice to relax you. You become vulnerable and in that vulnerability you can really begin to deepen your experience of asking "who am I?" One of the experiences that connects us all regardless of the venue we choose is that we look for the safety we need to explore deeply.
There are practitioners who have gone through the people of color retreats that never need to return because they've gotten a sense of the practice that they can internalize. They can bring it wherever they go in their lives or create new communities that go beyond the split that happens in the mainstream culture. It's a matter of skillful means, which always emerges from timing and context.
Amanda Rivera: We also have a series of what I guess you could call retreats. We call them conferences. We have one for Buddhists of African descent. We have one for the greater South Asian community, which might include members that are of Pakistani, Sri Lankan, or Nepali origin. We have conferences for members of various professions— law, academia, education, the healing arts. We spend a lot of time in dialogue, and at times, we talk about how the things that define us can also be the things that might limit us. We talk about the challenges we have within a given subcommunity or profession. People always leave a conference feeling transformed and refreshed. It deepens their understanding of the power of their practice and how they can use what they've learned to deal with the challenges of daily life.
angel Kyodo williams: As Larry was saying, timing and context are key. Each of our communities finds itself in different contexts and we will have different approaches as a result. At New Dharma, we live in a certain kind of privilege of its own to be able to discard people of color retreats. We just don't have the same need.
We all have to examine the conditions we find ourselves in. Where diversity of mainstream communities is concerned, most of the work is for white folks to attend to. The dominant group is actually suffering because it is not dealing with something that is present. The structures may make it such that they don't have to, but that doesn't take away from the fact that they are suffering. Any time we're part of a system that perpetuates oppression, ultimately we're suffering in keeping that system going. In American Buddhism these kinds of changes don't need to come because we need to do people of color a favor, or we need to make space for the gender variant people. We have to get clear that an essential aspect of our practice is to shift these things internally for ourselves, because our personal liberation, the very thing we come to the dharma for, is completely bound up in making these kinds of changes. It's not a superficial concern.
Buddhadharma: What specifically do you recommend? Where do the courageous conversations Amanda was talking about need to take place?
angel Kyodo williams: There is a lot that people can do within their own communities and the programs that have been created are admirable first steps, but I also think folks need to reach out and make use of the many different resources available in the broader society and become full participants in the larger societal conversation about oppression. The People's Institute for Survival and Beyond in New Orleans does phenomenal work, for example. They have Undoing Racism courses. After I got out of their training, I wanted to do ten thousand prostrations. White folks were able to leave three days of training with a clear sense of their participation in a system that has a mandate to continue cultural domination. They were able to have this conversation and leave, not feeling guilty and debilitated, but enlivened and empowered. They were inspired to begin to examine things in their lives and make a shift. I would love to see the dharma community reach out to some of those resources while continuing to do the things that address the particular needs of our community. There are some really smart solutions out there and we are not doing enough to tap in to them.
Bob Agoglia: Several board members and staff from IMS attended their Undoing Racism program recently in New York City, and we've arranged for one of their senior trainers to come to Barre. I really endorse what angel is saying, because we've had a couple of different groups work with us to facilitate these conversations. And over the last four years we have really made a very intentional outreach to increase the diversity of our board—now five of our eighteen members are people of color. It has changed the conversation in the room, especially for those of us who are white. While the racial diversity programs were fantastic and we need to keep doing them, when we have board meetings with a diverse group of people, it changes my understanding of what it means to be mindfully white—I love that phrase, Larry—and what it means to be a person looking at the dominant culture from the outside in.
Larry Yang: We have a lot more to do but I have to say that when I first got into practice twenty years ago, things looked completely different than they do today in terms of cultural and multicultural issues. This work takes so much longer than we would like, and cultivating patience has also become part of my personal practice. How do I recognize, acknowledge, and appreciate the things that have progressed so that when we go through more setbacks and suffering, I am sustained. To get to more moments of insight and freedom you usually go through more suffering.
Buddhadharma: Everyone seems to agree that a certain amount of progress has been made but that there's much more to be done. Would it be fair to say that the next wave of diversity has less to do with adjustments, moving the furniture, than with uprooting deep preexisting patterns within the communities themselves? Blow them up in some sense and start from a fresh place?
angel Kyodo williams: I think so. There was one moment in my path when I was frustrated by moving the furniture around and I was talking to Alice Walker and she said, "You know, as long as they started the thing, they will own it." A little bomb went off for me. I think Larry is probably much more patient than I am. I felt my attention and energy got pulled and drained, so my response was to explode it, as you say, and start something from scratch, on new ground. Rather than be in a place where people of color tried to fight their way into getting white folks to pay attention and do their homework, I wanted to invite white folks and everyone else into a shared space. That's my approach now, but I'm probably a little more out there than a lot of folks.
Buddhadharma: I would imagine there are elements of that in the East Bay case, Larry?
Larry Yang: Sure. We've tried to really create a different infrastructure. It has been challenging letting go of how things have been done traditionally. We have no idea where we're going to end up. We just know that at the moment there are multiple needs that are being served, and given the way we operate, the community will hopefully guide the process. We're in a process of hierarchical reorientation, so that we really will be run by the community's vision as it deepens its collective practice. It may have been started by a few people, but certainly the community is starting to take real ownership. It's going beyond being a meditation center that is imposing a set of teachings because we think they're liberating to being a community that is liberating itself and whoever comes into its sphere.
Amanda Rivera: One of the things we try to do is focus on individual human beings, their buddhanature, not necessarily their identity. We focus on their sanity, who they are essentially. All these other things, white or black or Hispanic or gay or Asian, just happen to be a part of who they are. They are ongoing challenges for us individually and collectively, but what's most important is that we're able to use the teachings to help us challenge those aspects of our lives and to create opportunity and unity in our common goal of individual happiness as well as world peace. Nichiren Daishonin talked about the Buddhist principle of itai doshin, "Many in body, one in mind." This reminds us that we are very diverse as people but what's most important is maintaining our unity, one mind. It's most important that we attain individual and collective happiness and world peace and live a very spiritually and fulfilling existence, regardless of what language we speak or culture we belong to.
Larry Yang: Elevating our collective awareness and consciousness and intention for this kind of social transformation is about so much more than just one person or one center or one community. We need to bring together many perspectives, as we have in this conversation.
angel Kyodo williams: There are many facets and layers to this challenge. The more we're willing to come to the table and have conversations outside our own circles, the more we will learn. I would echo what Larry said about being able to see the changes that are occurring. That is certainly gratifying and provides motivational fuel for continuing to do all the work we need to do.
Charles Johnson is a novelist, scholar, and essayist. His novels include "Dreamer," based on the life of Martin Luther King Jr., and "Middle Passage," for which he won a National Book Award. He is also the author of "Turning the Wheel: Essays on Buddhism and Writing."
Larry Yang is a leader of the East Bay Meditation Center in Oakland and a member of the teachers' council at Spirit Rock Meditation Center in Woodacre, California. He has taught many retreats for communities of color and LGBTQ communities nationally.
Amanda Rivera is a Soka Gakkai International member and longtime practitioner of Nichiren Buddhism. She is a leader of the SGI-USA culture department and national language coordinator for Spanish-speaking members.
angel Kyodo williams is the leader of the New Dharma community and the founder of the Center for Transformative Change in Berkeley, California. She is the author of "Being Black: Zen and the Art of Living with Fearlessness and Grace."
Bob Agoglia is executive director of the Insight Meditation Society in Barre, Massachusetts, where he is working to ensure that IMS better serves a more diverse population.
angel Kyodo williams: There are many facets and layers to this challenge. The more we're willing to come to the table and have conversations outside our own circles, the more we will learn. I would echo what Larry said about being able to see the changes that are occurring. That is certainly gratifying and provides motivational fuel for continuing to do all the work we need to do. Excerpted from the Winter 2011 issue of Buddhadharma: The Practitioner's Quarterly, available on newsstands and by subscription. Charles Johnson is a novelist, scholar, and essayist. His novels include Dreamer, based on the life of Martin Luther King Jr., and Middle Passage, for which he won a National Book Award. He is also the author of Turning the Wheel: Essays on Buddhism and Writing. Larry Yang is a leader of the East Bay Meditation Center in Oakland and a member of the teachers' council at Spirit Rock Meditation Center in Woodacre, California. He has taught many retreats for communities of color and LGBTQ communities nationally. Amanda Rivera is a Soka Gakkai International member and longtime practitioner of Nichiren Buddhism. She is a leader of the SGI-USA culture department and national language coordinator for Spanish-speaking members. angel Kyodo williams is the leader of the New Dharma community and the founder of the Center for Transformative Change in Berkeley, California. She is the author of Being Black: Zen and the Art of Living with Fearlessness and Grace. Bob Agoglia is executive director of the Insight Meditation Society in Barre, Massachusetts, where he is working to ensure that IMS better serves a more diverse population.
About Lion's Roar Staff
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Topics: Amanda Rivera, angel Kyodo williams, Bob Agoglia, Buddhadharma - Winter '11, Conversation / Discussion, Current Events, Diversity & Inclusivity, Insight Meditation, Insight Meditation Society, Larry Yang, Practice in Everyday Life, Spirit Rock, Teachers & Communities, Teachings
A says
I don't think American Buddhism is particularly "white", but rather, magazines like Tricycle and Buddhadharma perpetuate the image of hegemonic whiteness. In fact, white Buddhists are something like 20 percent of the American Buddhist community and yet, in major Buddhist publications, they receive 90 percent of the coverage. The "problem" is not with American Buddhism, the problem is with the whitewashing of the tradition.
J. says
Some interesting ideas. I would point out that possibly most American Buddhists come to Buddhism because they grew up without a strong sense of obligation to or identification with their community Church (if at all). Black or Latino Buddhist "conversion" might be viewed internally & externally as more of a "treason / abandonment / sell-out" in communities that are historically much more sensative to that concept – ? Also the author really missed a very large & obvious phenomenon of so many Jewish Buddhists. "JuBu's" 🙂
…In the 60's, when Buddhism gained mainstream visibility, would it be accurate to say that Blacks organized protest & identity from *within* their Church (or Nation of Islam) – like MLK, Malcolm X; and Whites organized *counter-cultural* identity by exploring Eastern Philosophies – like the Beatles, Allen Ginsburg, etc. – ?
BJW says
A bow to "A" for pointing out something that should be obvious: Buddhism is flourishing in this country among Americans who happen to be ethnically Asian or Sri Lankin, or Tibetan, and who are most certainly not represented in the photographs of white Americans accompanying this article. I believe they are ignored in part because their views of Buddhism are traditional and have strong ties to monasticism. The practitioners in these temples and Wats and meditation centers are AMERICANS. They live here, work here, have American children here, and have immigrant stories to tell just as all white Americans do. It is a disservice and ironically exclusionary and patronizing to define "American" Buddhism as white. "B"
Jim ireland says
I think BJW said it all. Buddhism in America is practiced by many if not the majority of the immigrant community from Sri Lanka, Thailand, laos, Cambodia, Burma and many Vietnamese. Where's the whiteness here?
Westcoast says
This is definitely a conversation to be had!
I totally agree with A's post and the last 2 posts.
There are ethnic temples and "convert" dharma centers, but actually only the latter gets media exposure in magazines like this. In fact, ethnic and Buddhist communities have their own vibrant and lively Buddhist media–their own journals, websites, forums, retreats, conferences and guess what– not everything is in English! We too are American Buddhists.
I'm a 2nd-generation Vietnamese American raised in the Tibetan tradition, and our center is half-white, and half people of color, which includes Asian-Americans. Ours is a very old, traditional, conservative center and all our teachers are monastics, yet we have all sorts of friends walk through our doors. We don't change anything simply for the sake of including more people, no matter how intentioned or PC it is. You either connect with the teachings or you don't. My sangha is precious, our lineage is genuine, and thus, truly an anomaly, but again–that's because our teachers ARE people of color.
I'd like to see the major American dharma magazines cover more centers where the teachers are well-trained monastics, of any race.
I think the biggest problem of Dharma in the West is the severe lack of qualified teachers. Lay teachers are doing the bulk of dharma teaching now, as opposed to monastics, which was historically the case in Asia. There is a lot that is lost in translation. While some lay teachers may do a decent job, there is no comparison with someone "living the tradition and the teachings" and actually, sincerely holds the vows. The authenticity and sustainability of the Dharma in America really boils down to that. Without knowing your lineage and having proper transmission, and a real formal dharma education, and some major practice behind you, it's just all a joke.
Matthew O'Connell says
Dear Buddhadharma,
The intro to the article was quite ridiculous; 'the problem of whiteness.' There is no problem of whiteness, there are serious cultural and social obstacles to accessing dharma centers and getting in touch more easily with what Buddhism has to offer for those who are lower class and live in more segregated areas of modern cities, where poverty and crime are more present and people have less time to spend on the leisure activity of Buddhism. The issue is primarily economic and cultural.
Buddhism in the west is primarily a middle-class pursuit. Blacks and Asians have on the whole been marginalized by western society since the west began. In Bristol, England where I grew up, the Jamaican community was based just off the city center and there was one Buddhist center there that was frequented only by Middle-class alternative types, and advertised itself in the local new age and organic papers all the while surrounded by poor second and third generation Jamaicans who didn't even realise it was there. All the other Buddhist centers were firmly situated in white middle-class areas of the city, filled with nice, white middle-class folk and had a 'nice' tea and crumpets atmosphere, where pleasant conversation about how lovely the Dalai Lama was filled the once weekly chat.
Buddhism has for so long advertised itself in very middle class terms as the pursuit of happiness. It has certainly not openly displayed itself as a path of inner and outer revolution that might be relevant to the plight of the marginalized, or if it has, it has so often been put down as an afterthought that only the few can actually, really achieve.
If Buddhism wants to appeal to wider society and include all races, it has to market itself differently, and teachers have to openly and actively engage with marginalized communities. This means innovation in how Buddhism is presented and practised. Tibetan Buddhism with its pomp and ceremony so often fails to drop its outer symbolism in order to break through to the deeper meaning of dharma transmission. It often ends up being a sort of alternative to mass on Sunday.
If you are poor, grow up with rappers as your image makers, are cut off from higher education, then a bunch of white folks adoringly bowing to an old white Tibetan, will hardly appeal, now, will it. There is an understanding within communication techniques that using the language of the person/people you are communicating with allows you to develop empathy and create shared meaning. This is not what is happening. We are still stuck using often badly translated Sanskrit, Pali and Tibetan terms, which fail to assist students to enter into direct contact with the path of awakening. Buddhism needs further westernization in my opinion. This can easily develop alongside more traditional forms, whilst they remain relevent.
Westcoast is right though in pointing out the serious lack of qualified teachers. Although he goes on to say the following; 'Without knowing your lineage and having proper transmission, and a real formal dharma education, and some major practice behind you, it's just all a joke.' I'm not sure what the statement about joke means. There is an issue of tradition for tradition's sake though, which is not the way to make Buddhism appealing to the marginalized. I would argue that Buddhism has to become more westernised if it is to continue to have value in this century and move out of its continued middle class pursuit of happiness. It has to become more daring.
Matthew O'Connell
http://buddhatrieste.blogspot.com/
DCR says
As a community college teacher in California, I agree most with the comments re the inclusion issues being economic & cultural. But yes, teachers need to speak in metaphors that reference popular music, film, & most especially here, Hispanic experience.
There is also prejudice & ignorance re the more traditional Asian sanghas, & exploring all these things both personally & in journalistic coverage & books on Buddhism is much needed activity for most of us. Vamanos.


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CINCINNATI, Ohio -- Russ Smiths 18-foot jumper with 2.2 seconds left gave No. 11 Louisville a 58-57 victory win over No. 7 Cincinnati on Saturday, the Cardinals sixth straight win and 10th in 11 games. Louisville (23-4, 12-2 American Athletic Conference) started the winning streak after a last-second 69-66 home loss to the Bearcats (24-4, 13-2) three weeks ago. Cincinnati fought back from a 10-point second-half deficit to take a 55-52 lead with 90 seconds remaining in the game. Freshman Troy Caupain made two free throws with 12 seconds left to give the Bearcats a 57-56 lead. Terry Rozier passed the ball to Smith, catching the notoriously stingy Cincinnati defence off guard and he made the jumper. The Cardinals tipped the inbounds pass, giving Cincinnati no opportunity to get off a shot before the buzzer sounded. Montrezl Harrell, who was just 5 of 12 from the free throw line, led the Cardinals with 21 points, Rozier had 11 and Smith finished with 10 on 3-of-10 shooting. Sean Kilpatrick had 28 points for the Bearcats, who had won 19 straight at home. Feeding off of the intensity of a sellout crowd at Fifth Third Arena, the game started fast-paced and physical in a matchup of two of the nations best defences. Louisville held Cincinnati to 6-of-31 shooting and the Bearcats limited Louisville to 8-of-30 shooting from the field in the first half. Louisville had held seven of its last 10 opponents to under 40 per cent shooting from the field, and continued that trend Saturday. Unlike in the teams first matchup in January, when Cincinnati shot 48.9 per cent, the Bearcats started 3 of 27 from the field. Louisville swarmed the Bearcats, intercepting passes, swatting away shots and forcing Cincinnati to rush its offence. Cincinnati missed 13 straight field goal attempts over an 8:25 scoring drought as the Cardinals built a 21-9 lead. Louisville found success by driving inside, outscoring the Bearcats 14-2 in the paint before halftime. 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Although it likely wasnt an easy sell, Dwane Casey and the coaching staff made the decision to rest Johnson, who had not missed a game due to injury in nearly two years, opening the door for his backup. "I started in Houston so its not new," said Patterson, downplaying his role in Torontos 108-101 home win over the Pelicans after scoring a season-best 22 points. "Its just all about making sure I have a positive role and I know my role on the team… making sure Im a significant part of our teams success." Since coming over in the seven-player trade from Sacramento in early December, Patterson has seen his role increase steadily, earning the trust of his coach and becoming the Raptors most reliable reserve. After Johnson was ruled out, Casey expressed concern about disrupting the chemistry of his second unit by removing a key cog in Patterson, however the forwards recent play made the decision an easy one. "I thought the matchup with (Anthony) Davis was a good one for him," Casey said of Patterson, who has scored in double figures 13 times over his last 20 games, averaging 12.0 points and 5.7 rebounds, shooting 53 per cent from the field in under 24 minutes per contest during that stretch. "(Patterson) was able to stretch the defence and give us some offensive punch." Patterson gave the Raptors a lift where they needed it most. Toronto had been outscored in the opening quarter of the last four games, all on the road, before returning home Monday and getting off to a rare but crucial quick start against Davis and the Pelicans. Patterson - along with Kyle Lowry and DeMar DeRozan - was one of three Raptors to score seven points in the first frame, knocking down both of his shots and helping his team take a 31-20 lead into the second period. Thats where Pattersons presence was missed, as Torontos bench came in and squandered a 15-point advantage. Led by reserve guard Tyreke Evans, New Orleans ripped off a 26-11 run to end the half and would go into the break knotted up with Toronto at 49 points apiece. "For whatever reason we are losing leads with our second unit, what its doing is putting a lot of pressure on our starters and putting them in big minute situations," said Casey with both DeRozan and Lowry hovering around 40 minutes on Monday. "I think they just have to get their rhythm back. Taking (Patterson) off the second unit hurts them a bit, but still we have to gett a rhythm with that second unit so we can rest our starters.dddddddddddd." Heavy mileage has taken its toll on Johnson. The Raptors forward turned his ankle in a win over the Magic late last month - the most recent in a series of ankle injuries - and, to character, had played and started in all five games since. He could have done the same Monday if necessary, Casey indicated before the game, but with the all-star break around the corner and his team poised to make a playoff run over the next couple months, Johnson finally got some much-needed rest. "Its tough to replace a guy like Amir," DeRozan said of Johnson, who had not missed a game to injury since Mar. 5, 2012 (he was suspended for one game last year and sat out the previous season finale). "Everybody has to step up and try to do a little more (without him). Everybody understands their role and once they [saw] Amir [was] out, [they had] to step up and hold down the fort until he gets back." "Were deep," said Lowry, coming off his best game since before the road trip, scoring 19 points to go along with 12 assists and seven boards, five of them offensive. "Thats how we play, thats how we roll. 15 deep." Patterson started six games with the Kings earlier this season and has made 54 starts during his four year career, most of them as a member of the Rockets. With Patterson stepping into the first unit, Tyler Hansbrough - who has fallen out of favour since returning from an ankle injury last month - took advantage of the opportunity he was given off the bench, scoring 12 points and grabbing six rebounds in 14 minutes. "Tyler and Patrick both carried us tonight," Casey said. "I thought they were huge in their minutes." "Tyler came in and was a pro. He brings physicality to the game that we need." Patterson and Hansbrough shared the assignment of neutralizing Davis, the Pelicans second-year forward, who has been a revelation in the Western Conference this season. Davis scored just two points, hitting one of his six shots in his first appearance at the Air Canada Centre exactly a year ago Monday but hes come a long way since then. The first-time all-star is one of five players averaging over 20 points and 10 rebounds and the only one doing so while shooting over 50 per cent from the field. Hes also on pace to become just the fifth player since 1973 to lead the NBA in blocks in his first or second season. "Anthony Davis is one of the most skilled big guys in the league," Casey said before the game, comparing him to a young Kevin Garnett. Davis was glued to the bench in foul trouble late in the third as the Raptors made their run and finished the game with 19 points and seven rebounds while Evans, 24 hours after being bench for disciplinary reasons, had 23 points and 10 assists off the bench for New Orleans. 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Episode 1 Episode 2 Episode 3 Episode 4 Episode 5 Episode 7
This British television baking competition selects from amongst its competitors the best amateur baker. The series is credited with reinvigorating interest in baking throughout the UK, and many of its participants, including winners, have gone on to start a career based on baking.
Genre: Reality
Actors: Mary Berry, Mel Giedroyc, Paul Hollywood, Sue Perkins
Studio: Love Productions
TV Status: Canceled
Networks: BBC One, BBC Two
Keywords:Series 2010
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