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Leaked 'Islamic State' files shed light on 'underlying structures,' says de Maiziere
The interior minister claimed that a trove of confidential "Islamic State" files will aid authorities in understanding the group. The cache provides personal information on foreign fighters, including German citizens.
Germany's Interior Minister Thomas de Maiziere on Tuesday said that a trove of confidential "Islamic State" files will facilitate "speedier, clearer investigations and stricter prison sentences" for returnees.
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US-led war on 'Islamic State' produces mixed results in Iraq and Syria
The loss of thousands of fighters over the past two years has limited the 'IS's ability to wage conventional warfare in Iraq and Syria. As a result they have resorted to increased suicide attacks.
The documents contain personal information about foreign fighters, including those from Germany, who joined the militant group in Iraq and Syria.
The material is based on "entrance interviews" aimed at determining the incoming fighter's status in the "Islamic State," according to a report by Munich-based newspaper "Süddeutsche Zeitung," which broke the story on Monday with public broadcasters WDR and NDR.
The report stated that those who freely volunteer themselves to join the "Islamic State" had to answer 23 questions that included information on their residence, religion, family status, education and so-called "jihadist experience."
The German attorney general knew of the files, and was working with authorities to identify citizens returning to the country after fighting alongside the "Islamic State," the "Süddeutsche Zeitung" reported.
"It helps us to understand the underlying structures of this terrorist organization," the interior minister added.
Following the report, a Federal Criminal Police Agency (BKA) spokesperson confirmed that the agency was in possession of the cache of documents, adding that experts determined their authenticity. However, the spokesperson did not specify how the agency obtained them.
What is 'IS'?
What is 'Islamic State'?
A breakaway from terrorist organization al Qaeda, "Islamic State" is a Sunni militant group that is believed to have formed in response to disillusionment and frustration due to the failed rule of governments in Syria and Iraq. Its flag reads "Muhammad is the prophet of God" and "There is no god apart from Allah" - lines that are valid for all Muslims, not just "IS."
Where is the 'Islamic State' active?
The "Islamic State" aims to create a "caliphate" - a state where the traditional values of Islam and Sharia law must be adhered to. Due to the instability of regions in Syria and Iraq, the "Islamic State" has been able to capture land in the two countries.
What makes the 'Islamic State' different?
A key difference is the brutality "Islamic State" has used to strike fear into its enemies and innocents by cruel beheadings and ruthless violence. In contrast to this, it is said to govern the regions it takes over. As Middle East expert Shadi Hamid told PBS: "They provide social services. They run local government. They provide some modicum of law and order."
How does 'Islamic State' relate to other terrorist groups?
Though "IS" is active in Syria and Iraq, the Nigerian terrorist organization Boko Haram recently declared its support. It's like a competition in cruelty: while Boko Haram is responsible for 13,000 deaths, "IS" has injured or killed at least 24,000 people. Terrorist group al Qaeda has distanced itself from "IS" with its offshoot Nusra Front even fighting against "IS".
What about its followers?
Something else that distinguishes the "IS" is its followers. More than 20,000 foreign fighters have joined the group, with more than 4,000 come from Western Europe and North America, according to an ICSR report. Here are the countries where most people have gone to fight. But, there are more fighters per capita heading to fight from some smaller countries like Sweden and Belgium.
What are Western governments doing to stop 'Islamic State'?
Since August 2014, a US-led coalition has carried out airstrikes on "Islamic State" targets in Syria (1,422 strikes) and Iraq (2,242 strikes), according to a BBC report. Some governments have also been active within their own countries: Germany is set to prosecute at least 30 suspected militants returning from Syria, while Saudi Arabia, for example, arrested 93 suspected militants in April 2015.
Author: Louise Osborne
According to domestic intelligence agencies, more than 600 German citizens have joined the militant group in Iraq and Syria.
The announcement comes as European and American counterterrorism apparatuses bolster efforts to curb homegrown terrorism inspired by the militant group.
In January, Europol - the EU's law enforcement agency - announced the formation of a strategic center to combat terrorism in Europe, tasked with boosting intelligence-sharing among member states and tracking militants' finances.
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Keywords Thomas de Maiziere, Islamic State, Germany, foreign fighters
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The first edition of the EUC student academic journal was published in December 2019, and contains contributions from the previous academic year. In this issue there are contributions from the Humanities, Social Sciences and Life Sciences departments.
1st issue, academic year 2018/2019
Sister Insider: Holding space for Black women's anger
O. VAN VREDENDAAL
Interpreting Montesquieu's views on the separation of state powers in the context of federal plea agreements in the United States
L. VECOLI, I. YOON & C. WU
The Evolution of Beauty Standards as Expressed by Miss Universe Contestants
Nazi Aesthetics: Perceptible Affect in the Third Reich
N. DEROSSI
Memorias del Subdesarrollo: A Critical Review
B. WIGGERS
A Critical Reflection: Hegel and the Concept of the Modern State
The Promise of Cosmopolitanism and the Potential for Resistance in the Global Network Society
R. MIKOVA
Sex, Drugs and Dieting:
Deviance in the Modeling Industry
S. SAKALAS
Demythifying cognitive stereotypes on gender: do women really outshine men at multitasking?
L. VAN BERGEN & N. DEROSSI
The Visual Language of the Rotterdam Techno Scene
C. LAMPIS TEMMINK
Music as Committed Writing: Exploring Kendrick Lamar's To Pimp a Butterfly
Interpreting Montesquieu's views on the separation of state powers in the context of federal plea agreements in the
Plea bargaining is a legal practice in which prosecutors offer accused criminals a lower sentence than they might be sentenced to if convicted during trial, on the condition that defendants plead guilty to the crime of which they are accused. Typically, a judge will validate a plea bargain without altering anything about the sentence as proposed by the prosecution. As such, it may appear as though prosecutors are essentially playing judge. One might consider this to contradict Montesquieu's doctrine of the separation of state powers. Power separation, Montesquieu argues, is necessary to avoid fostering despotism. The worldwide prevalence of plea bargaining has sparked concern. In the United States, where Montesquieu's views on the separation of powers served as a main source of inspiration for the Founding Fathers in writing the United States Constitution, the majority of federal criminal cases are settled through plea bargains. This essay will evaluate Montesquieu's ideals in the context of plea bargaining at the federal level, analysing how the practice relates to his doctrine of the separation of powers. Defendants that enter into plea bargains often do so under pressure from prosecutors. This provides defendants with limited room to reject proposed plea bargains. Figuratively, defendants cannot flee. This is reflective of despotism, as defined by Montesquieu. Furthermore, plea bargaining does not allow judges to play their role in the criminal justice system, as specified in the United States Constitution.
For viewers of police serials and legal dramas alike, the concept of plea agreements, also known as plea bargains, in the context of criminal legal cases will be a familiar one. Plea bargaining refers to a legal practice in which prosecutors, who represent the government during criminal trials, offer accused criminals (i.e. defendants) a lower sentence than they might be sentenced to if convicted during trial, on the condition that defendants plead guilty, that is, admit to having committed the crime in question.
At first glance, the basic premise of plea bargaining appears to be simple. Faced with the possible prospect of a lengthy prison sentence or even capital punishment, defendants agree to serve a comparatively lower sentence, which prosecutors offer them, often without considering refusal. A judge will then validate the agreement reached between the prosecution and the defendant in open court, typically without altering anything about the sentence as proposed by the prosecution. When one considers plea bargaining in this light, it may appear as though prosecutors are essentially playing judge. Since plea bargaining has become common practice in various countries across the globe, serious concerns have been raised over the role of this practice in the criminal justice system (Bowcott, 2017, para. 1). Although plea bargaining has reached a point of worldwide prevalence, it most frequently occurs in the United States, where approximately 97 percent of criminal cases involving acts that qualify as offenses under federal legislation are settled through plea agreements (Viano, 2012, p. 110; Bowcott, 2017, para. 3; Fair Trials, 2017, p. 4). As recently as May 2019, the American Bar Association (ABA) – the largest professional organisation representing attorneys in the United States – issued a formal opinion in which it raised the issue of prosecutors' ethical responsibilities in dealing with plea bargains (American Bar Association, 2019).
The way in which power is divided in the United States, and the way in which, in turn, the criminal justice system is organised, can be traced to the eighteenth-century French philosopher Montesquieu. The Founding Fathers of the United States admired the ideals of Montesquieu, who championed the belief that the state's powers should be separated in order to ensure freedom. Specifically, Montesquieu argued for the separation of the state's powers across three distinctive governmental branches: a legislative branch, an executive branch, and a judicial branch. This, he asserted, would prevent despotic rule (Mason, 1975, p. 134; Shklar, 1987, pp. 121-124; Robin, 2006, p. 53; Bok, 2014, para. 1-25).
Montesquieu's ideals on the separation of powers have frequently been related to administrative law. They have, however, not frequently been related to criminal law. Similarly, the issue of the separation of powers, specifically, has rarely been raised in discourse surrounding plea bargaining (Barkow, 2006, pp. 989-993). Relating Montesquieu's ideas to criminal law by examining the practice of plea bargaining might thus be academically fruitful.
This essay will begin by outlining Montesquieu's main works before examining his views on the separation of powers. Subsequently, the practice of plea bargaining in the United States will be explored. For practicality's sake, this essay will confine itself to plea bargaining at the federal level, which is justifiable considering the vast amount of criminal cases dealt with through plea agreements at this level of government. Next, Montesquieu's ideals will be evaluated in the context of plea bargaining, analysing how the practice relates to his doctrine of the separation of powers. The essay will finish with a conclusion regarding the question whether Montesquieu's ideals continue to remain relevant in this particular context.
Montesquieu and the separation of powers
Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, is widely considered as an important contributor to the Enlightenment. A French nobleman with a background in law and experience in government, Montesquieu is perhaps best known for his doctrine of the separation of state powers (Bok, 2014, para. 1-2; L. van Bunge, personal communication, November 26, 2018). His ideas heavily influenced political debate in Europe and North America throughout the eighteenth century. For instance, Montesquieu's work helped guide the Founding Fathers of the United States in writing the United States Constitution (Shklar, 1987, pp. 111-123; Robin, 2006, pp. 70-71).
Montesquieu's two main works are Persian Letters and The Spirit of Laws. Both centre around the topics of state power, the purpose of laws, and (state-sanctioned) violence. The way in which Montesquieu treats these topics, however, differs between publications. Persian Letters offers an account of French society under Louis XIV, King of France, as told by two fictional Persians travelling the country. They comment on government, political authority, and the rule of law (Bok, 2014, para. 6-8). Persian Letters is remarkable because it reflects terror, characteristic of Louis XIV's reign, in the Persians' behaviour, one of whom tyrannically rules over a harem of wives (Robin, 2006, pp. 54-56).
In The Spirit of Laws, Montesquieu examines laws and socio-political institutions more in-depth. He considers citizens' ability to live in relative freedom under a stable (non-despotic) government to be paramount. He refers to this freedom as liberty. Montesquieu further develops this initial concept, defining political liberty as, essentially, the assurance of personal security, and protection from predatory state power. Liberty entails that one may do as much as possible within a framework of laws that protects citizens from harm inflicted by others, simultaneously preventing one from harming others oneself. If one obeys these laws, the state's power will not be negatively aimed at oneself (Robin, 2006, p. 61; Bok, 2014, para. 24).
Doctrine of the separation of powers
A main element of The Spirit of the Laws is Montesquieu's vision on the separation of powers (i.e. trias politica). To ensure liberty, he argues, governments require certain features. One of these features is a check on governmental power, without which there can be no liberty whatsoever. Such checks can be implemented by dividing the state's power over three distinct governmental branches: a legislative branch, an executive branch, and a judicial branch. Each branch shares in and competes for power. Consequently, each governmental branch depends upon another. This, Montesquieu asserts, prevents any branch from acting arbitrarily (Mason, 1975, p. 134; Robin, 2006, p. 53; Bok, 2014, para. 25). As Mason (1975, p. 135) underlines, The Spirit of Laws essentially continues where Persian Letters left off; the former presents ways in which to combat the arbitrary rule and terror found in the latter.
How does Montesquieu define terror? In simple terms, Montesquieu characterises terror as "unmitigated violence" (Robin, 2006, p. 52). The despot creating terror has no political agenda and discards the rule of law. Terror has a severe impact on citizens. Those terrorised do not possess rationality, cannot deliberate or flee, nor do they have agency (Robin, 2006, p. 52).
Montesquieu expresses a preference for state power to be shared by three governmental branches. The legislative branch, preferably consisting of two legislative chambers (i.e. bicameral), is tasked with enacting and amending laws. The executive branch should ensure public safety and have the power to veto legislature and declare war. In a well-functioning democracy, Montesquieu asserts, the people should choose who exercises executive power. The judicial branch should be concerned with punishing criminals and settling disputes between individuals, consistently applying the law to particular cases (Montesquieu, 1777, XI, Ch. 6, para. 2; Uhr, 2006, p. 539; Bok, 2014, para. 16-19, 26).
The practice of plea bargaining in the United States
Plea bargains in the United States' federal judiciary constitute an agreement between defendants and prosecutors, the latter representing the United States federal government. These prosecutors, known as (Assistant) United States Attorneys, are also part of government themselves, belonging to the executive branch; they are appointed by the President of the United States and operate under the direction of the Attorney General, head of the United States Department of Justice ("Offices of the United States Attorneys", n.d.).
Plea agreements are typically reached before trial. Defendants will plead guilty to the crime of which they are accused, in return for which the prosecution recommends a particular (lower) sentence to a judge for them to serve. While, at the state level of government, plea agreements may require a judge's approval, such approval isn't required in the federal judiciary (Santobello v. New York, 1971, as cited in Viano, 2012, p. 110; Federal Bureau of Investigation, n.d.). As such, the "recommended" sentence de facto becomes the sentence that a defendant will serve when entering into a plea agreement.
Plea bargaining does not constitute a grey area of the law. In fact, the United States Supreme Court established the practice's constitutionality, underscoring its legality, in the Court's ruling on Brady v. United States (1970, as cited in Viano, 2012, p. 110). Brady v. United States concerned Robert Brady, a New Mexico man who, in exchange for a plea bargain, pleaded guilty to kidnapping under federal criminal statute 18 U.S.C. §1201(a) in the United States District Court for the District of New Mexico. The defendant subsequently sought to reverse his guilty plea, arguing that he had entered into the plea agreement under pressure from his own attorney. Brady alleged that he went through a state of extreme fear after having been confronted with the possibility of being sentenced to death – the maximum sentence specified under 18 U.S.C. §1201(a) – if convicted during trial, and that this experience prompted him to accept the plea bargain. In reality, however, Brady had pleaded guilty because his co-defendant had accepted a plea bargain himself in exchange for testimony against Brady. In arguing for reversal, the defendant and his counsel did not acknowledge the fact that Brady had explicitly voiced his desire to enter into a plea bargain in open court, and that the acting judge had asked for Brady's consent twice. The District Court did not reverse the defendant's original guilty plea, nor did the Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, where Brady subsequently appealed the ruling of the District Court. The defendant also appealed the Tenth Circuit's ruling. As a result, the case proceeded to the United States Supreme Court. The Court unanimously ruled that plea bargains, such as the one entered in to by Brady, are constitutional when defendants explicitly agree to accept a plea bargain, as the defendant had done. The Court concluded that Brady had not been pressured by his attorney. Furthermore, the Court argued that if attorneys attempt to persuade defendants to accept a plea agreement by confronting them with the possibility of receiving a high sentence, as Brady had alleged happened in his criminal case, this cannot be seen as coercion or another form of pressure (Brady v. United States, 1970; Zottoli, Daftary‐Kapur, Edkins, Redlich, King, Dervan & Tahan, 2019, p. 390). The Court's stance on plea bargaining seems to have remained unaltered since the days of Brady v. United States. As recently as 2012, Supreme Court Justice Kennedy acknowledged that the American criminal justice system is nowadays more about pleas than about trials (Missouri v. Frye, 2012, as cited in Viano, 2012, p. 110).
Plea agreements are related to a number of advantages. Plea bargaining can reduce the number of cases which federal courts have to process. As a result, less time elapses before cases not settled through plea bargaining can proceed to trial. Plea bargains may also reduce the length of pre-trial detention for defendants if less time has to pass before cases can proceed to trial. In addition, plea bargaining is generally more cost-efficient compared to trial. Barkow (2006, pp. 1044-1045) asserts that these practical benefits associated with plea bargains motivated the Supreme Court to legitimise and encourage plea bargaining. Furthermore, plea bargaining does not require those associated with a crime to relive possibly traumatising moments in court, and typically provides defendants with lower sentences. Nevertheless, plea bargaining does deny defendants the rigours of a full trial (Demarest, 1994; Fair Trials, 2017, p. 2).
Even if plea bargaining has become routine and provides (practical) benefits for both victims and those accused, as well as being advantageous to the criminal justice system as a whole, the practice is criticised and scrutinised in relation to some major disadvantages and injustices. The private, out-of-court nature of plea bargaining arguably results in a lack of transparency, possibly undermining trust in the judiciary. In general, public trials increase public trust in the judicial process (Gifford, 1983, pp. 70-71; Hessick, 2002, p. 192). Although limited, there is some empirical evidence to suggest that American public opinion is, overall, negatively disposed towards the practice of plea bargaining. In 1993, a Gallup poll conducted among some 1,000 respondents in the United States indicated that 24% of the participants were in favour of banning plea bargaining (Gallup, 1994, p. 216). In addition, a 2005 report on public trust and confidence in the California judiciary, considering state courts rather than federal courts (Rottman, 2005), suggests that many members of the public are concerned with issues of procedural fairness (Rottman, 2005, pp. 23-25, 35). Viano (2012, pp. 124-125), citing Schulhofer (1992) and Tyler (2005), also points towards possible erosion of public confidence in the judicial system in the United States as a result of plea bargaining. The negative impact of plea bargaining on the public's trust in the judiciary is not limited to the United States, however. Roberts (2007, pp. 164-165, 177), studying public confidence in the Canadian criminal justice system, asserts that (media coverage of) plea bargaining may make Canadians inclined to believe that the criminal justice system favours the offender, not the victim. Roberts (2007) builds upon research conducted by Cohen and Doob (1989), among others, in making this claim. And, in Slovenia, where plea bargaining has occurred since 2012, the introduction of this practice resulted in public condemnation (Roberts & Plesnicar, 2015, p. 44). Furthermore, according to non-profit justice watchdog Fair Trials (2017, p. 3), an estimated 20,000 allegedly innocent individuals remain imprisoned in the United States after having entered plea agreements.
Plea bargaining hasn't only been criticised by those outside of the criminal justice system. High-ranking individuals within that system have also spoken out against plea agreements. Chief Judge Young of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, alongside other federal judges, finds the plea-bargaining system to be rigged against defendants. The government allegedly coerces defendants into entering a plea agreement by presenting the prospect of a heavy sentence if convicted during trial, thus discouraging defendants from calling upon their constitutional right to be tried by a jury of their peers (Barkow, 2006, p. 1046; United States v. Richard Green, 2004, as cited in Viano, 2012, p. 109).
Interpreting Montesquieu's ideal of the separation
of power in context
Having examined Montesquieu's views on the separation of powers, as well as the nature of federal plea agreements in the United States, we can now relate both to each other. From a theoretical perspective, plea bargaining clearly violates Montesquieu's doctrine of the separation of powers. When defendants are to serve a sentence as decided upon by prosecutors, rather than judges, the executive branch, through the United States Department of Justice and its (Assistant) United States Attorneys, effectively appropriates the judiciary's power to determine a fitting sentence. At the state level, such conduct might be curbed by the potential requirement of a judge's consent to validate a plea agreement. Such provisions do not apply in the federal judiciary, allowing for this violation of Montesquieu's doctrine to take place unbounded.
As mentioned, Montesquieu proved to be a major influence on the Founding Fathers of the United States in writing the United States Constitution. Montesquieu's doctrine of the separation of powers was more than merely an inspiration to them, considering that articles one through three of the Constitution establish a clear separation of powers between governmental branches (Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute, n.d.). Keeping this in mind, it is especially surprising to observe Montesquieu's doctrine being violated through plea bargaining, also given the importance that is generally assigned to the Constitution in the United States.
In The Spirit of Laws, Montesquieu comments on the importance of legal formalities. He states that these serve to combat despotism (Mason, 1975, p. 135). Since plea agreements are typically reached outside of court, thus more or less outside of the formal sphere of justice, one might argue that plea bargaining possibly contributes to fostering despotism in the United States. Considering Montesquieu's earlier characterisation of despotism, we can indeed see some despotic tendencies being reflected in the practice of plea bargaining.
When defendants are pressured by the prosecution, as allegedly happens, they cannot, in a figurative sense, flee. At first glance, one might assume that, since defendants' rights to a jury trial is protected under the Fifth and Sixth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution, defendants would only lose this right once they explicitly agree to a plea bargain. Legally, this is indeed the case (Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute, n.d.). As such, defendants are, in theory, at liberty to reject any plea bargain offered by the prosecution. In reality, however, defendants are often not inclined, if not actively discouraged, to reject plea bargains. Writing for the Columbia Law Review, Crespo (2018, pp. 1311-1314) outlines how prosecutors are able to use their extensive knowledge of the law to their advantage when attempting to reach a plea agreement with defendants. Firstly, prosecutors rarely seek the highest possible sentence which a judge or jury is authorised to impose by law. Hypothetically, if the maximum sentence for a particular felony, as specified by federal criminal statutes, is a prison sentence of 25 years, prosecutors might argue for a 15-year or 20-year prison sentence to be imposed. Despite not seeking a maximum sentence, prosecutors may choose to confront defendants with the prospect of receiving the maximum sentence. As Crespo (2018, pp. 1311-1314) asserts, this occurs frequently. Secondly, prosecutors may take advantage of defendants' overall lack of knowledge about the legal system by presenting them with "inflated charges", which are not merited considering the law or the evidence of the case. To defendants, inflated charges could mean receiving a more severe sentence. An initial felony charge of aggravated robbery, for example, might be inflated by prosecutors adding additional charges – making threats or being in possession of a weapon, for instance – to the indictment. Thirdly, after having confronted defendants with the prospect of receiving a harsh sentence if the criminal case were brought to trial, prosecutors may finally offer a comparatively lower sentence. To defendants, this offer will likely seem more bearable. This will often be the sentence that prosecutors desired in the first place, Crespo (2018, pp. 1311-1314) asserts. In effect, by intimidating defendants and convincing them that a trial is likely to result in receiving the maximum sentence, prosecutors are able to make the sentence offered as part of their plea bargain seem the most reasonable option. Not wanting to risk receiving a high sentence, defendants will be inclined to consent to a plea bargain, choosing to forego trial. Prosecutors may thus effectively make defendants feel as though they can do nothing but accept a plea bargain. As such, defendants enjoy little agency. For Montesquieu, despotic terror is characterised by such a lack of agency.
Of course, other elements of Montesquieu's concept of terror do not relate to the practice of plea bargaining. One cannot characterise plea bargaining as being especially violent. Likewise, the practice is heavily grounded in the rule of law, given the Supreme Court's ruling in favour of plea bargaining, and the large scale on which the United States Department of Justice carries out the practice.
In conclusion, while plea bargaining provides (practical) benefits, it does so at the expense of Montesquieu's ideals. When the executive branch of government effectively sentences defendants without a judge being able to decide on an appropriate sentence, the judicial branch of government is stripped of its powers. Two powers are subsequently held by one governmental branch, constituting a violation of Montesquieu's doctrine of the separation of powers and thereby threatening liberty. Moreover, when prosecutors pressure defendants into entering a plea agreement, the state's power is, in a sense, negatively directed at them, seriously limiting defendants' liberty, as Montesquieu had cautioned against. While defendants legally and theoretically retain the (constitutional) right to reject any plea bargain, the manner in which prosecutors may interact with defendants frequently discourages the latter from calling upon this right.
We cannot conclude whether a judge's sentence would be fairer or better than the one decided upon by prosecutors as part of plea agreements, nor can we say definitively whether trials are ultimately better than plea bargains. However, given the prominent place of Montesquieu's doctrine in the United States Constitution, the alleged disadvantages and injustices that may result from plea bargaining, as well as the strong opposition to the practice, it might be sensible to allow judges to play their part in the criminal justice system, in keeping with Montesquieu's ideals and the judiciary's role under the Constitution. Not only would this combat the elements of despotism that plea bargaining is demonstratively connected to – even if elements of despotism seem to be confined to the sphere of criminal justice – it would also allow society to empirically determine whether trials are to be preferred over plea bargains, as well as maintain and/or restore trust in the criminal justice system. As such, Montesquieu's ideals on the separation of powers continue to remain relevant in this particular context.
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Mason, S. M. (1975). Montesquieu's Idea of Justice. Dordrecht: Springer.
Offices of the United States Attorneys. (n.d.). Plea bargaining. Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/pleabargaining
Roberts, J. V. (2007). Public confidence in criminal justice in Canada: a comparative and contextual analysis. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 49(2), 153-184.
Roberts, J. V. & Plesnicar, M. M. (2015). Sentencing, legitimacy, and public opinion. In Mesko, G. & Tankebe, J. (Eds.), Trust and Legitimacy in Criminal Justice European Perspectives. (pp. 33-52). DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09813-5
Robin, C. (2006). Fear. The History of a Political Idea. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rottman, D. B. (2005). Trust and Confidence in the California Courts. A Survey of the Public and Attorneys [PDF document]. Retrieved from http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/4_37pubtrust1.pdf
Shklar, J. (1987). Montesquieu. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Uhr, J. (2006). Bicameralism. In Rhodes, R. A. W., Binder, S. A. & Rockman, B. A. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Institutions (pp. 539-561). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Viano, E. C. (2012). Plea bargaining in the United States: A perversion of justice. Revue Internationale de Droit Pénal, 83(1), 109-145. DOI: 10.3917/ridp.831.0109
Zottoli, T. M., Daftary-Kapur, T., Edkins, V. A., Redlich, A. D., King, C. M., Dervan, L. E. Tahan, E. (2019). State of the States: A survey of statutory law, regulations and court rules pertaining to guilty pleas across the United States. Behavioural Sciences & the Law, 37(4), 388-434. DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2413
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Safari 8.0.1 was released to the public last week, but was silently pulled. The previous update was also said to fix the same iCloud-related issues.
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Yahoo Style UK
Prince George's photo album: Baby Cambridge from birth onwards
Two days later, George appeared exhausted as he was photographed landing in Germany for the second half of the royal tour.
[Photo: PA]
Prince George held his father's hand tightly as he disembarked from the plane in Warsaw, Poland, on day one of the July 2017 royal tour.
George appeared to be being a typical boy during the 2017 Trooping of the Colour parade, appearing bored on the balcony of Buckingham Palace to celebrate the Queen's 91st birthday.
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George's green silk knickerbockers caused the nation to go into meltdown after the little royal sported them at aunt Pippa Middleton's wedding.
Dressed to impress for his last day in Canada, the little Prince waved enthusiastically to the crowd.
[Photo: Getty]
At a children's party for military families during the royal tour of Canada, Prince George was captured giving his dad a hug.
During the Cambridge family's royal tour of Canada, Prince George smiled at the crows upon arriving at 443 Maritime Helicopter Squadron.
In celebration of his third birthday, Kensington Palace released four new photos of the young prince.
In the set of images, George is seen playing in the garden at the Duke and Duchess' family home in Norfolk. The family's dog, Lupo, is also in one of the photos.
The Duchess of Cambridge didn't take these photos, instead Matt Porteous was the pro behind the lens on this occasion.
The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge released the snaps to thank the public for its love and support over the past three years.
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Looking adorably smart in belted navy shorts, a white T-shirt and his trademark navy blue T-bar sandals, the young prince donned ear protectors as he was shown the planes and given the opportunity to sit in one of the cockpits.
At the 2016 Trooping the Colour, celebrating the Queen's 90th birthday, the young royal looked thrilled to stand on the royal balcony with his parents and baby sister and watch the Red Arrows zoom by.
A new image, depicting four generations of the royal family, was released in honor of Queen Elizabeth II's 90th birthday. In the photo is George's father Prince William, grandfather Prince Charles and great-grandmother ("Gan-Gan") Queen Elizabeth. Holding his dad's hand and beaming, the toddler stands atop a pile of foam blocks to match the height of the grown-ups.
George, important toddler that he is, even got to meet President Obama in the spring of 2016.
Dressed in an adorable personalised dressing gown from My First Years (the meet and great did take place in the evening, after all) George shook hands with Barrack.
In March 2016, the Cambridges went on their first family holiday as a foursome. Kate and Wills took the children to the French Alps for a short skiing break.
2016 was also the year that Prince George started nursery school. Wearing a quilted jacket from John Lewis and a sky blue backpack, the then two-year-old melted the hearts of the nation.
The toddler was enrolled in the Westacre Montessori School in the village of East Walton in Norfolk, near the family's Anmer Hall home.
Taken in October 2015, this photo was released by Kensington Palace in December 2015 to coincide with the news that George would be started nursery the following January.
What a big grin from our little prince! This adorable pic of George was released by Kensington Palace to mark his second birthday.
[Photo: Mario Testino/PA Wire]
Another photo from Princess Charlotte's Christening, showed George, Charlotte and their parents posing in the gardens at Sandringham Palace.
[Photo: Twitter/Kensington Palace]
One of the official portraits from Princess Charlotte's christening, this adorable snapshot of George and Wills was taken by Mario Testino.
The tot wore an outfit based on one that Prince William wore when meeting Prince Harry for the first time, over 30 years ago.
All eyes were on Prince George at Princess Charlotte's christening in early July 2015. George's £85 outfit sold out in a matter of hours.
Wearing an outfit identical to one his dad wore 30 years before, Prince George watched the Trooping of Colour from the safety of the Buckingham Palace balcony in June.
The blonde-haired tot accompanied his mum to watch his dad and Uncle Harry play polo in mid June. Proving that he can totally work two shades of blue, the tot was spotted running around with Kate and having a great time.
"Stop mum, I don't need any help," is what we imagine Prince George is thinking in this picture, snapped at a charity polo match.
We love this photo of a mum and her son playing together. Makes a refreshing change from the posed pics that we usually see of this duo!
On 6 June 2015, Kensington Palace released the first set of photos of George and Charlotte together.
[Photo: Duchess of Cambridge/PA]
Giving his teeny tiny sister a kiss, George was the picture of a perfect and caring older brother.
How adorable are these two together?
The royal toddler was cute as a button when his dad carried him into St Mary's Hospital to meet Princess Charlotte for the first time.
[Photo: Rex]
Prince George was the picture of perfection as he arrived at the Lindo Wing on May 2 to meet his baby sister, Charlotte.
Kate and Wills released three Christmas photos of Prince George, showing just how quickly the royal baby is growing up. Taken at the end of November 2014, when George was 16 months old, the new snapshots are the first glimpse we've had of him since July. The little prince sits on the steps of Kensington Palace in the pics, which were taken by Prince Harry's private secretary Ed Lane Fox - who's also a freelance photographer.
In the second of his three Christmas portraits, George is captured smiling - possibly at his mum pulling silly faces behind the camera. Kate and Wills released the images partly to say 'thank you' to the media for not publishing any paparazzi pics of the prince, BBC royal correspondent Peter Hunt said.
In all three of his royal pics, George wears a knitted Cath Kidston vest, featuring three soldiers, and a pair of corduroy shorts by Amaia Kids.
This photo, released to celebrate Prince George's first birthday on July 22, shows the young royal at the Sensational Butterflies exhibition at the Natural History Museum.
Prince George shows off his inquisitive side as he visits the Sensational Butterflies exhibition at the Natural History Museum in London with parents the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge.
To celebrate his first birthday on July 22nd 2014, the Cambridges released this photo (dated July 2nd) of Prince George walking at the Sensational Butterflies exhibition at the Natural History Museum in London.
The Cambridges enjoyed their first Father's Day together with a trip to watch Prince William play polo. And yes, that's Prince George trying to drink from a water bottle. And yes it's inexplicably adorable.
Around this time, Kate Middleton revealed George had started walking and the 10-month-old was keen to show off his new skills.
Come on, could this kid get any cuter?
Really, Prince George nailed the airport chic look during the Royal Tour.
Kate was on drool patrol as she, Prince William and Prince George visited Taronga Zoo to celebrate the opening of the Prince George Bilby Exhibit.
Little George was very excited to meet George the Bilby!
[Photo: Giphy]
He even got a cuddly version to take back to the palace.
Prince George channelled his dad's style in an adorable smocked number arriving at Sydney airport.
George enjoyed a playdate while in New Zealand, which resulted in some of our fave photos of him yet. Like the time he came face to face with a giant blue teddy.
Just look at him in his little dungarees, which unsurprisingly sold out within hours of the playdate.
'Don't know about you mamma but I'm knackered. Get them to send the car around would you? Make sure the bottle's warmed.' Prince George cuddled up to mum Kate Middleton on the Australian and New Zealand Royal Tour in April 2014.
Prince George accompanied mum and dad for his first royal tour to New Zealand and Australia in April 2014.
George and Lupo the dog were the stars of the official Mother's Day photo from the Cambridges in 2014.
Another day, another gorgeous royal portrait from the young Cambridge family…
Prince George appears with his parents in his official christening portrait.
The royal tot was christened in front of just 22 guests by the Archbishop of Canterbury at St. James's Palace on October 23, 2013.
The Cambridges released the first official photo of their new family, taken by Kate's dad Michael Middleton.
[Photo: PA Images]
HRH Prince George Alexander Louis of Cambridge was born on July 22, 2013 at St. Mary's Hospital in London. Everyone from your nan to your boss was crowded round their TV as they waited to catch a glimpse of the future king and he even tried to give his first royal wave.
Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge
27 October 2016, 5:54 am
Wife of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge
Since it was first announced that the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge were expecting their first child, the world has had a healthy obsession with the royal couple's blonde haired tot.
Prince George has melted the hearts of fans of the monarchy nationwide, with his adorable expressions and, arguably, old fashioned ensembles.
Here, the most memorable of Prince George in celebration of his fourth birthday on July 22, from our first glimpse of him outside the Paddington hospital he was born at to his first meeting with the former President of the United States, Barack Obama.
And, naturally, a fair few photos from the family's recent tour of Poland and Germany.
Follow us on Instagram and Facebook for non-stop inspiration delivered fresh to your feed, every day. For Twitter updates, follow @YahooStyleUK.
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Newton Cannon (* 22. Mai 1781 im Guilford County, North Carolina; † 16. September 1841 in Nashville, Tennessee) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker und zehnter Gouverneur von Tennessee. Außerdem vertrat er diesen Bundesstaat als Abgeordneter im Repräsentantenhaus der Vereinigten Staaten.

Frühe Jahre und politischer Aufstieg
Die aus North Carolina stammende Familie Cannons ließ sich 1790 im Williamson County in Tennessee nieder. Dort erhielt der junge Newton seine Schulausbildung. Als Erwachsener wurde er zunächst ein aufstrebender Farmer und Pflanzer.

Seit 1811 nahm Newton Cannon am öffentlichen Leben teil. In diesem Jahr wurde er in den Senat von Tennessee gewählt. Er nahm am Krieg von 1812 teil und wurde Oberst in der Tennessee National Garde. Bis 1823 saß er mehrfach im Kongress in Washington. Präsident James Monroe beauftragte ihn 1819, einen Vertrag mit den Chickasaw-Indianern auszuhandeln. 1827 kandidierte er erfolglos gegen Sam Houston für das Amt des Gouverneurs von Tennessee. Danach wurde er wieder Senator dieses Bundesstaats; gleichzeitig kümmerte er sich um seine Plantage. Politisch schloss er sich der Whig Party an, die in Opposition zur bisher regierenden Demokratischen Partei und zu Präsident Andrew Jackson stand.

Gouverneur von Tennessee
1835 entschloss er sich, nochmals für das Amt des Gouverneurs zu kandidieren. Diesmal gelang ihm ein klarer Sieg – unter anderem auch deshalb, weil die Rechtmäßigkeit der Kandidatur seines Konkurrenten und Amtsvorgängers William Carroll umstritten war. Dieser hatte bereits drei zusammenhängende Amtszeiten absolviert. Das war laut Verfassung das Maximum. Carroll berief sich aber darauf, dass in seiner letzten Amtszeit eine neue Verfassung verabschiedet worden war. Nach Carrolls Auffassung begann die Zählweise der Amtszeiten der Gouverneure mit der Verabschiedung der neuen Verfassung 1834 neu. Die Wähler von 1835 erteilten ihm eine Absage und Cannon wurde zum zehnten Gouverneur von Tennessee gewählt.

Insgesamt absolvierte er zwei Amtszeiten und blieb bis 1839 im Amt. In dieser Zeit setzte er sich für eine Verbesserung der Infrastruktur in seinem Staat ein. Der Eisenbahnbau schritt schnell voran. Das Straßennetz wurde ebenso ausgebaut wie das Kanalsystem für die Binnenschifffahrt. In seiner zweiten Amtszeit gründete er eine neue Staatsbank, deren Gewinne in den Ausbau des Schulwesens investiert wurden. Erwähnenswert ist noch, dass in seiner Amtszeit die Umsiedlung der Indianer unter dem sogenannten Indian Removal Act abgeschlossen wurde. 1839 bewarb sich Cannon um eine dritte Amtszeit. Inzwischen war aber die Stimmung gegen ihn umgeschlagen. Das lag zum einen an wachsender Kritik der Opposition an seiner Politik, zum anderen an der Person seines Herausforderers James K. Polk. Dieser war ein bekannter Kongressabgeordneter der Demokratischen Partei, deren Unterstützung er im Wahlkampf bekam. Trotzdem erreichte Cannon noch ein gutes Ergebnis gegen den späteren US-Präsidenten Polk, dessen Vorsprung nur 2500 Stimmen betrug.

Lebensende und Tod
Nach seiner Abwahl 1839 zog sich Cannon aus der Politik zurück und widmete sich seinen Privatangelegenheiten. Er starb zwei Jahre später und wurde auf seinem Landsitz im Williamson County beigesetzt.

Literatur
 Robert Sobel und John Raimo (Hrsg.): Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1789–1978. Band 4. Meckler Books, Westport, CT 1978. 4 Bände.
 The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography. Band 7. James T. White & Company, New York.

Weblinks

 Newton Cannon in der National Governors Association (englisch)
 Die Gouverneure von Tennessee (englisch)

Gouverneur (Tennessee)
Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Tennessee
Mitglied des Senats von Tennessee
Mitglied der United States Whig Party
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1781
Gestorben 1841
Mann

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text:
Q: Error during installing PyQt4 for python 3 on ubuntu I use python 3.4
I have downloaded PyQt4 from http://www.riverbankcomputing.com/software/pyqt/download
When i configure PyQt4 by running the following command.
python configure-ng.py

I get the following error:
Querying qmake about your Qt installation...

qmake: could not exec '/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/qt4/bin/qmake': No such file or directory

Error: PyQt4 requires Qt v4.1.0 or later. Use the --qmake flag to specify the
correct version of qmake. If you are sure you are using Qt v4 then try the
configure.py script instead of this one.

Please can anyone help me with this..

A: I had difficulty getting to run but managed via documentation here: PyQt4 install problems on Ubuntu

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text:
A Very Present Help
Philosophy/Religion
God is our refuge and strength, a very present help in trouble. (Psalm 46:1)
When we experience moments of difficulty, trials, illness, or tragedy there is a natural tendency to yearn for a less-complicated more pain-free life. Perhaps if we were able to receive each trial and challenge as a gift in disguise, we would embrace and cherish them more. However, theory is one thing and practice another. When one is in the midst of pain and suffering, it is often difficult to place life's hardships into the proper perspective. The forty-sixth Psalm provides much comfort in this regard.
R' Ephraim of Brod tells a story about a kind landowner:
Many people rented their homes and businesses from a kind landowner, including one Jew, for whom the price was set at 300 rubles a month. The Jew was careful to pay his rent on the appointed day each year.
One day, the landowner informed his tenants that he would be going away for a while. In the meantime, his manager would oversee the rental agreements and other fiduciary affairs. The Jew was devastated. He knew the manager and his track record; he was a money-hungry man who tried to extort as much as he could from those beneath him.
Sure enough, he hiked up the prices of the rentals, gouging the tenants and causing a terrible sense of anxiety. They knew that the landowner would never have initiated a price increase, but now they were powerless to do anything about it. The manager was charging them almost double the amount of their original agreement. How would they manage? What would they do?
When payday arrived, the Jewish tenant was 20 rubles short. When the manager arrived at his door to collect the yearly rent, the poor fellow begged for a few more days so that he could come up with the money. But his request was rudely denied. Instead of an extension, he received a beating of 20 lashes, for each ruble he owed.
Finally, the landowner returned home, and the Jew informed him about the actions of his manager; how he had stolen from the tenants, and about the cruel beating he had received. The landowner was shocked that his manager had treated everyone so badly, and he felt sorry that everyone had suffered so much.
He decided to make it up to the Jew. For every blow the Jew had suffered, the manager would be forced to pay him 100 rubles. Since he had received 20 lashes, the Jew would receive 2000 rubles. The manager was subsequently forced to relinquish half his property to the Jew who had been beaten. If only he had been beaten more, his reward would have been that much greater.
We read these words in the Apostle Paul's letter to the Corinthians:
Therefore we do not lose heart. Though outwardly we are wasting away, yet inwardly we are being renewed day by day. For our light and momentary troubles are achieving for us an eternal glory that far outweighs them all. So we fix our eyes not on what is seen, but on what is unseen. For what is seen is temporary, but what is unseen is eternal. (II Corinthians 4:16 – 18)
We find a similar theme within the first three verses of Psalm 46:
For the director of music. Of the Sons of Korah. According to alamoth shir. God is our refuge and strength, an ever-present help in trouble. Therefore we will not fear, though the earth give way and the mountains fall into the heart of the sea, though its waters roar and foam and the mountains quake with their surging. Selah (Psalm 46:1-3)
Alamoth shir, the secrets, the mysteries of life, that which is hidden from us. The idea being that which is hidden from us will eventually be reason for shir, a song. Another idea is that which is hidden to others can only be sensed in the ecstasy of song. This brings to mind Paul and Silas:
The crowd joined in the attack against Paul and Silas, and the magistrates ordered them to be stripped and beaten. After they had been severely flogged, they were thrown into prison, and the jailer was commanded to guard them carefully. Upon receiving such orders, he put them in the inner cell and fastened their feet in the stocks. About midnight Paul and Silas were praying and singing hymns to God, and the other prisoners were listening to them. (Acts 16:22-25)
I have always loved and been impressed by the fact that the other prisoners were listening. What a remarkable scene. That which is hidden from us will eventually be reason for song and praise because we will understand that the Lord is our machasa va'oz, refuge and strength, and that the ezra ve'tzaros, very present help, is actually hidden inside the distress itself.
This is the idea behind a "very present" help. Therefore we have no real cause to be afraid or to despair, even if it seems as if the earth is transformed, and things are so difficult to understand. What's more, others who hear us are afforded the same opportunity, the opportunity to hear about the hope that we have inside and it is all for our good:
And we know that in all things God works for the good of those who love him, who have been called according to his purpose. (Romans 8:28)
We will not be afraid, because we see the hand of God even in the midst of the surging flood of catastrophes all around. We know that He guides them. Though they may roar and foment, they are His floods and it is God who rules them, causes them and guides them, obeying the command of His will. We can be confident that, in the midst of whatever we may be going through, God is more easily accessible and more readily present than any other source that men are wont to look for help.
Rabbi B
Abraham Saw My Day - (Part 2)
He Who Knew no Sin
Evangelist says:
I am very excited to see this post and I have to go back and read through your other articles as well.
I love your scholarship and contribution.
Keep up the good work, I look forward to all I can learn from you.
Rabbi B,
I usually only comment at Vox Popoli, but I recently ran across something you might be interested in concerning the ongoing blindness of the Jews in relation to the Messiah which was highlighted in in Acts 28.
http://www.charleswelch.net/Acts%2013%20or%2028,%20Charles%20Welch.pdf
It projects the blindness of the Jews up until about 2058-2060, or, 2000 years from the events of Acts 28, before Paul's prison epistles were written.
Political Correctness Necessitates Fake News
Latest from Philosophy
The Hegelian dialectic is one of the more insidious tools the enemy uses to pervert and
Why Beauty Matters
Because Google and BBC is asshole, I can only find this documentray from Roger Scruton on


RICHMOND, Ind. – Sarah Alice "Sally" Grohsmeyer, age 91, of Richmond, Indiana, died Saturday, January 5, 2019, at Friends Fellowship Community.
Born July 11, 1927, in Elwood, Indiana, to William and Vivian Dudley, Sally was a long-time resident of Richmond. She graduated from Elwood High School in 1945 and from DePauw University in 1949. Sally and Frederick were wed following her college graduation.
They moved to Richmond where Dr. Grohsmeyer began teaching at Earlham College, and Sally began her career in Human Services as a case worker for the Wayne County Department of Public Welfare. Subsequently, she worked as Executive Secretary for the Wayne County Crippled Children and Adult Society and later, as a Social Work Advisor at IU East.
Sally was a member of First Presbyterian Church in Richmond, where she faithfully served as a trustee, Elder, and Deacon. Sally was active in the Richmond Tourist Club, the Collegiate Club, P.E.O. Sisterhood, and Tri Kappa Sorority and had served on the board of directors for both United Way and the Y.W.C.A. She was a consummate hostess and organizer, whose years of volunteer work have left a wonderful legacy in the Richmond community.
Survivors include her daughter, Margaret Anne "Peggy" (Michael) Judson of Middlebury, Indiana; grandchildren, Aaron (Abby) Judson of Valparaiso, Indiana, and Sarah Breanne (Raymon Carire) Judson of Nappanee, Indiana; great-grandchildren, Logan and William; sister, Mary Eyrman of Warsaw, Indiana; and a niece and two nephews.
She was preceded in death by her husband of 63 years, Dr. Frederick A. Grohsmeyer Jr., who died in 2012; son, Erik Grohsmeyer, who died in 1999; and her parents.
Visitation for Sally Grohsmeyer will be from 9:00 to 11:00 a.m. Friday, January 11, 2019, at Doan & Mills Funeral Home, 790 National Road West, Richmond. Entombment will follow in the Earlham Memorial Mausoleum. Memorial service will be held at 1:00 p.m. Friday, January 11, 2019, at First Presbyterian Church, 100 North 10th Street, Richmond with Pastor Andrew Wall and Pastor David A. Layman officiating.
Memorial contributions may be made to: First Presbyterian Church, 100 North 10th Street, Richmond, IN 47374.


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Jourdan Myers - Ruin Me With Love
Jourdan Myers
Ruin Me With Love
4.1 out of 5 - TOP ALBUM
The Minneapolis singer/songwriter Jourdan Myers is pulling out all the stops on her second album entitled Ruin Me With Love. Over the course of the twelve songs you are treated to a vast array of instrumentation such as cello, accordion, pump organ, synth bass, violin, guitar, piano, vibraphone and much more. I think Myers may have realized you need more than a good voice (which she has) in this day and age to penetrate through the intense competition that is oversaturated to a point where artists become superfluous.
Every song on Ruin Me With Love has a unique palette of sounds, which deflated any chance of the songs becoming monotonous or laborious. By the time I got halfway through the album I started to enjoy the anticipation of what would be next. Perhaps even more impressive than her arsenal of tones and textures is that the album still has cohesion and uniformity. There wasn't a song that felt too far out in left field amongst the rest.
The album opens with "Lifetime Or Before" which begins with piano, dirty sounding drums and vocals. It starts to gain traction as it gets layered with more sounds and has an almost chaotic vibe that is easy to enjoy. This is a "single worthy" song that is catchy but also has enough unique instrumentation to make it stand out.
The next track "Long Days" is an absolute highlight. It's ignores conventional 4/4 timing and move along at a slow BPM but is unequivocally gorgeous. Myers vocals sounds great but so does everything else. Don't miss this one!
Myers wisely picks up the pace with "Push Me on the Playground." It's another success and the first time Myers really belts it out. The album really is a treat as it continues. "Firelight" contains some notable accordion and sounds like a waltz while "Wanderlust" is the most epic, grandiose track on the album.
Another highlight was "Tears," which has a dark almost Portishead like vibe. The instrumental part towards the end, which seamlessly transitions in an ominous ambience, is exceptional. "Dusty Roses" has a celebratory, festive feel not unlike Feist while the melancholy closer "Slow Motion" is an emotional resonant song that is on the verge of haunting.
In an alternate universe Myers might be selling out stadiums but in this one she doesn't have nearly as many fans as she deserves. Take a listen and if you love it spread the word.
Phil Jenss
Heard her live at the Ice House...amazing voice and show!


Should you sign with your child?
Signing while you talk encourages children to look at you while you are talking. This in turn helps them to see how to say different words and sounds clearly.
Signing helps you as an adult to keep your sentences short and simple. This will help your child to understand you better.
Signing helps you to speak more slowly.
Being able to sign helps to reduce children's frustration. The more they are able to communicate successfully, the more keen they will be to keep trying.
We all learn best when things are presented in a variety of ways. Children with language difficulties often learn better visually than by what they hear. Signing a word as well as hearing it helps a child to remember words better. This helps them to be able to think of them when they want to say them.
There is a lot more to language than just saying words. By communicating with sign language, children can learn about turn-taking, asking for things, commenting and even putting words together if their signing skills if their signing skills become advanced enough!
With older and more verbal children, signing can also be useful at times. I often use some signs with children who have comprehension difficulties as a tool to help teach particular words and concepts. For example, I might use signs to help teach words such as big/little and in/on/under. I also often use signs for the question words to help children to understand which piece of information they are being asked for.
What signing system should you use?
Of course, children with hearing difficulties may learn BSL (British Sign Language) or ASL (American Sign Language) and use this instead of spoken language. BSL and ASL (and other equivalent national signing systems) are languages with their own grammar etc. They are designed to be used long-term as a main form of communication.
However, there are many signing systems which are really useful to use alongside speech for babies or people with language or learning difficulties. Sometimes these are adapted from full sign language. Others are developed from scratch. Here are some of the forms of sign language that are commonly used in the UK – Makaton, Sign-Supported English, Paget-Gorman Signed Speech, Signalong.
This may all seem a bit overwhelming. Which system should you use? Makaton is probably the most widely used, especially in education settings. However, it doesn't matter all that much. Many of the signs are very similar across different systems. It's good to pick a system and stick to it so that it's not confusing, but don't worry too much – the most important thing is to do it.
How can you introduce signing with a child?
It's a difficult thing to suddenly start signing and people often feel overwhelmed by the idea. So here are a few hints on how to introduce signing if your child's speech and language therapist has suggested it, or it's something you'd like to try while waiting for an assessment.
Introduce a few signs at a time. Start with things that your child is motivated by and wants to be able to say. Use the signs as you are talking and hopefully your child may copy. This may take a while – they will need to see you use a sign lots of times before they give it a try themselves.
If they still don't copy you after lots of repetitions, try putting your hands over theirs and showing them how to sign. It doesn't have to be perfect as long as it is understood. Don't force this if your child doesn't like it however.
When you sign, always say the word as well. If your child signs without speaking to begin with, that's fine. Praise the successful communication. When the pressure to be able to say words clearly has reduced, your child will almost certainly start to vocalise and experiment with saying the words as well.
Don't try to sign every word – just introduce a few signs at a time and try to use them as often as you can. You'll never manage to sign everything and it would be just as overwhelming as a constant stream of language can be!
How will you learn the signs to use?
Makaton courses are great but can be hard to come by. Contact Makaton or your local speech therapy department for information about trainers and courses in your area. They also sell a range of books with the signs and symbols in.
The programmes Something Special and Magic Hands are great for younger children and also free! Watch with your child and learn together!
Some babysigning groups are fantastic for little ones. Tiny Talk for example, do courses for toddlers as well as babies.
We also have a free handout about signing on our FREEBIES page. Do download and use it.
Do you have any tips about how to introduce signing or stories of how it has helped your child? Do share them here.
Thank you so much for posting this! I am always trying to teach parents that signs/gestures will help promote language development and not hinder it! I will be sure to show this post to parents in the future!


Written by Ayala Homossany, Founder of Enchanted Wonders Ltd.
Many people with hectic schedules only find the time for activities like yoga in retirement. Though the tendency is to become more sedentary, retirement is the perfect time to pick up healthy habits that will promote longevity.
Our senior population is growing rapidly as is their interest in leading active, fit lives. On the whole, we live longer than we used to, and we all want high-quality living and good health to be a part of our older years.
As we grow older, however, we typically become more susceptible to ailments that are linked to ageing, and, as a result, we tend to move less. The less we move, the more susceptible we become to a variety of ailments, and so it becomes a truly vicious cycle.
Another month has come and gone in the blink of an eye! August has been a very busy month at YAP as we have been making some exciting changes to the website, these changes have started to be rolled out and we will continue releasing new features for the next couple of months. You may remember the blog we released in late June about the results of a survey we sent out (find this blog here!), all of these changes are based on the feedback from that! Everyone in the office is very excited for all of the new things to come and we are testing everything out for you so that it is perfect when we introduce these features to the website!
Have you ever wondered how Teacher Training Courses can be different from one another?
We interviewed Debbie from Avani Yoga Academy (Trainer Plus) to find out more about what makes their Yoga Teacher Training Course unique. Continue Reading if you 'd like to find out more!
This blog is the second part of this series. If you missed the first one, you can read it here!
As I'm sure most of you will know, Facebook is a social media network that allows you to connect with friends, family and your favourite brands all in one place. You may not like Facebook for personal use (especially after the data issues earlier in the year) but there is no denying that it is a powerful tool for your business.
Facebook was founded in 2004, its original purpose was very different to the platform we use today – Facebook was originally called 'The Facebook' and it was exclusively for Harvard University Students. Due to its popularity the platform became available to other Ivy League Schools, US Universities and eventually High School Students when the Network was renamed Facebook. These days, Facebook is the largest social media network, with a staggering 2.23 Billion active monthly users*. If you don't promote your business on Facebook, you could be missing out on a huge portion of your target market.


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Print and cut out caterpillar life cycle and food shapes, punch holes in them (leaf and food), and have kids create a hungry caterpillar food rope! What did the hungry caterpillar eat first? Kids use clothespins (or simply lace), putting the food in order on a piece of yarn.


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WWII Day-By-Day
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Swedes at War:
Willing Warriors of a Neutral Nation, 1914-1945
Paperback (394 pages), kindle
Fighting men from a country frowned upon for its "cowardly" neutrality participated in all the crucial battles of both World Wars I and II.
Repin Like
From the mud and bloody hell of Flanders to forlorn battles in Siberia and bitter street fighting in the very heart of Berlin 1945. From Africa to the Arctic, fighting men from a country frowned upon for its "cowardly" neutrality participated in all the crucial battles of World Wars I and II. Their homeland was Sweden, which has enjoyed almost two hundred years of peace. Swedes at War is the first book in English to reveal that, despite Sweden's policy of neutrality, no fewer than 23,000 Swedish citizens went to war between 1914 and 1945.
Swedes at War also puts an end to the myth that most Swedes enlisted in Hitler's forces. Only 200 joined the Waffen-SS or the Wehrmacht of 1939–1945. In the same period 9,000 Swedish citizens joined the Americans, the British, the Norwegians, and the Poles. In addition, well over 200,000 men of Swedish descent served in the US, British, Canadian, and Australian Armed Forces--facts in which Americans, Australians, Britons, and Canadians of Swedish descent can take pride.
Some of the striking characters you will get to know in the course of this book are Anton Nilson, Lenin's Swedish aviator; John Svensson, who busted Italian tanks in Spain; Allied special operations hero Allan Mann; and Nils Rosén, who survived 600 days as a panzer commander on the German-Soviet front. What motives took them from the safety of Sweden to the battlefield, and what did they learn there?
Sweden...
Related Scanning WWII links...
27 May 38: Sweden reserves right to remain neutral
11 Jun 40: Bomber downed in Norway, crewman crosses into Sweden
08 Jul 40: Sweden allows German trains access to Norway
31 Jul 40: Downed British crewman returned to England
24 Jul 43: First of 162 US warplanes is interned in Sweden
12 Mar 44: Mysterious German V-1 rocket detected from Sweden
17 Mar 44: Operation ordered to smuggle Allied crews back to UK
06 Apr 44: Operation SONNIE smuggles first Allied crews back to UK
Related WWII Store items...
Making for Sweden...
The Story of the Allied Airmen Who Took Sanctuary in Neutral Sweden
Jumpin' Jimminy - A World War II Baseball Saga
American Flyboys and Japanese Submariners Battle it Out in a Swedish World Series
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Dr Jessica Walton is a Senior Research Fellow at the Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalisation at Deakin University working on projects in the anthropology and sociology of education and migration studies in race and ethnic relations. She received her Bachelor of Arts (Honours) in anthropology at the University of Virginia (USA) and completed her PhD research in anthropology at the University of Newcastle (Australia). She is currently conducting an ethnographic study funded by an Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Researcher (DECRA) grant that examines how children in South Korea and Australia experience online cross-cultural exchanges through their school partnership. She is also a Chief Investigator on an international collaborative grant funded by the Academy of Korean Studies with a focus on the experiences of Korean Australian adoptees.


If you prefer, you can download the foster agreement and fax the completed application to 586-710-6880 or email to tigerlilyrescuecats@gmail.com.
I agree to provide a safe, healthy and loving environment for cat(s) and/or kitten(s) placed in my care.
I understand fostering may be a short or long term commitment. If I can no longer foster for any reason, all fosters will be returned to Tigerlily Cat Rescue. I further understand they will make every attempt to take fosters back as soon as possible, but the timeframe may take up to 2 weeks.
I agree to provide approved food, fresh water, clean litter and socialization for all fosters in my care. Tigerlily Cat Rescue will either supply the food and litter or reimburse for purchases. Receipts must be provided.
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I agree to contact a Tigerlily representative if a foster is in need of medical care, and take the foster to an approved veterinarian. I also agree to make every attempt to contact Tigerlily in the event of a medical emergency. I understand Tigerlily Cat Rescue is responsible for all approved medical bills. I agree to accept financial responsibility if I obtain treatment for a foster without approval - unless a matter of life or death.
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Dozens Of Calif. Colleges To Pay Students $10K For Public Service Work Under New State ProgramIn exchange for 450 hours of service, each student will receive $10,000 toward their education and can get academic credit for their work.
Grizzlies Win Eighth Straight; Down Clippers 123-108
Filed Under:Los Angeles Clippers, Marcus Morris Sr., Memphis Grizzlies, NBA, Reggie Jackson
LOS ANGELES (AP) — Jaren Jackson Jr. scored 26 points, Desmond Bane added 23 and the Memphis Grizzlies tied a franchise record with their eighth straight win, beating the Los Angeles Clippers 123-108 on Saturday.
It is the fifth time in Memphis' history and first since 2015 it has won eight straight. The Grizzlies prevailed despite missing All-Star point guard Ja Morant, who sat out due to left thigh soreness. They were also without coach Taylor Jenkins after he entered health and safety protocols.
READ MORE: Batum Scores Season-High 32 Points, Clippers Beat Pacers, 139-133
Memphis has also won 11 of its last 12 road games ,with the only loss during that stretch coming on Dec. 23 vs. Golden State.
LOS ANGELES, CA – JANUARY 08: Los Angeles Clippers Forward Marcus Morris Sr. (8) drives to the basket during a NBA game between the Memphis Grizzlies and the Los Angeles Clippers on January 8, 2022 at Crypto.com Arena in Los Angeles, CA. (Photo by Brian Rothmuller/Icon Sportswire via Getty Images)
Marcus Morris Sr. had 29 points for the Clippers, who have dropped three straight and four of their last five to fall two games under .500 at 19-21. Reggie Jackson added 18.
The Grizzlies trailed by 12 late in the first quarter and were down 44-35 with 9:11 remaining in the second on Nicolas Batum's 3-pointer. The Grizzlies outscored the Clippers 31-12 the remainder of the first half.
Jackson had 10 points in the quarter for Memphis, which had runs of 16-4 during a three-minute span midway through the quarter and 8-0 at the end of the half.
READ MORE: White, Murray Fuel Spurs past Clippers, 101-94
The Clippers jumped out to a 32-20 lead on Morris' 3-pointer with 2:52 remaining in the first quarter. Morris scored 13 and Jackson added 10 in the first as LA led 36-28 at the end of the period.
LA trailed by 14 late in the third quarter, but scored eight straight points to get back into the game. Memphis' Killian Tillie thwarted any hopes of a comeback though with a 3-pointer at the buzzer. That started a 13-2 Grizzlies spurt to put it out of reach.
Grizzlies: Memphis has an NBA-best 10 double-digit comebacks this season. … Dillon Brooks started but sustained an ankle injury during the first quarter and did not return. He scored two points in seven minutes. … Brandon Clarke had 18 points and a career-high 14 rebounds off the bench, including a dunk off Jackson's alley-oop pass to make it 62-56. … De'Anthony Melton had a career-best 11 rebounds off the bench.
Clippers: Ivica Zubac, who missed the last four games while in health and safety protocols, returned to the lineup with eight points and seven rebounds in 19 minutes. He also collected his 2,000th career rebound during the second half.
MORE NEWS: Brandon Ingram Scores 24 Points, Pelicans Beat Clippers 113-89


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