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Ohio State hears from ex-band director's backers
Band director Jonathan Waters fired July 24
Updated: 2:47 PM EDT Aug 29, 2014
Angry backers of Ohio State's fired marching band director made a splashy showing at a trustee meeting Friday, playing their horns, wearing T-shirts supporting him and urging the board to keep discussions on the matter open.Jonathan Waters was fired July 24 after a two-month university investigation concluded he turned a blind eye to a "sexualized culture" inside what's considered one of the nation's most innovative bands, including students marching in their underwear, playing groping games, doling out sometimes sexually explicit nicknames and singing from a lewd songbook.Band parents, alumni and other supporters lined the boardroom on campus after serenading the meeting with songs familiar to what fans call The Best Damn Band in The Land. A pro-Waters banner was flown overhead.Board Chairman Jeffrey Wadsworth allotted five minutes for them to say their piece through a designee, band alumnus and lawyer Gary Leppla, even though school officials have repeatedly said Waters' dismissal will not be revisited. Waters supporters want to respect the process and have a voice in the process, Leppla said.Wadsworth said in a statement that trustees are "mindful of the effect this transition is having on many current and former band members and supporters," but that the issue is closed."All of us are excited to turn the page and begin the 137th season of the 'Pride of the Buckeyes' with new faces and a renewed commitment to the values that make this university one of the best in the world," he said. "We are moving forward."Mary Ann Kimbro, whose son served seven years in the band, shouted out after the designee spoke and board members disbanded, accusing them of being too busy to hear from band boosters who are being ignored and disrespected."We just cannot tell you how humiliating this has been," she told reporters after board members left the room. "Not just for Jon. This is bigger than Jon. ... This is humiliating for all of us Buckeyes. When you say O-H anywhere in this country, you get an I-O."The university has said Waters lied to investigators about certain facts and timelines surrounding the case, which began with a complaint from a band parent.His supporters defend his reputation and that of the celebrated band, whose halftime shows, including one in the formation of Michael Jackson doing the moonwalk, grab hundreds of thousands of views on YouTube. Several witnesses interviewed in the investigation have come forward to say their statements were mischaracterized or inaccurate in the report.Leppla told the board he hopes trustees will keep discussions open, and Wadsworth said a follow-up investigation by former Ohio Attorney General Betty Montgomery will afford an opportunity for Waters' defenders to have input. Montgomery has said, however, that her probe cannot by law revisit Waters' firing.Ohio State was among 55 colleges and universities revealed in May as under federal investigation by the Education Department, either after complaints filed with its Office for Civil Rights or as a proactive measure to see whether the schools were complying with Title IX provisions regulating institutions' handling of sexual violence.The same law guarantees girls and women equal access to sports, but it has been used increasingly by sexual abuse victims who say their schools failed to protect them.
COLUMBUS, Ohio (AP) —
Angry backers of Ohio State's fired marching band director made a splashy showing at a trustee meeting Friday, playing their horns, wearing T-shirts supporting him and urging the board to keep discussions on the matter open.
Jonathan Waters was fired July 24 after a two-month university investigation concluded he turned a blind eye to a "sexualized culture" inside what's considered one of the nation's most innovative bands, including students marching in their underwear, playing groping games, doling out sometimes sexually explicit nicknames and singing from a lewd songbook.
Ohio State trustees won't reinstate band director
Band parents, alumni and other supporters lined the boardroom on campus after serenading the meeting with songs familiar to what fans call The Best Damn Band in The Land. A pro-Waters banner was flown overhead.
Board Chairman Jeffrey Wadsworth allotted five minutes for them to say their piece through a designee, band alumnus and lawyer Gary Leppla, even though school officials have repeatedly said Waters' dismissal will not be revisited. Waters supporters want to respect the process and have a voice in the process, Leppla said.
Wadsworth said in a statement that trustees are "mindful of the effect this transition is having on many current and former band members and supporters," but that the issue is closed.
"All of us are excited to turn the page and begin the 137th season of the 'Pride of the Buckeyes' with new faces and a renewed commitment to the values that make this university one of the best in the world," he said. "We are moving forward."
Mary Ann Kimbro, whose son served seven years in the band, shouted out after the designee spoke and board members disbanded, accusing them of being too busy to hear from band boosters who are being ignored and disrespected.
"We just cannot tell you how humiliating this has been," she told reporters after board members left the room. "Not just for Jon. This is bigger than Jon. ... This is humiliating for all of us Buckeyes. When you say O-H anywhere in this country, you get an I-O."
The university has said Waters lied to investigators about certain facts and timelines surrounding the case, which began with a complaint from a band parent.
His supporters defend his reputation and that of the celebrated band, whose halftime shows, including one in the formation of Michael Jackson doing the moonwalk, grab hundreds of thousands of views on YouTube. Several witnesses interviewed in the investigation have come forward to say their statements were mischaracterized or inaccurate in the report.
Leppla told the board he hopes trustees will keep discussions open, and Wadsworth said a follow-up investigation by former Ohio Attorney General Betty Montgomery will afford an opportunity for Waters' defenders to have input. Montgomery has said, however, that her probe cannot by law revisit Waters' firing.
Ohio State was among 55 colleges and universities revealed in May as under federal investigation by the Education Department, either after complaints filed with its Office for Civil Rights or as a proactive measure to see whether the schools were complying with Title IX provisions regulating institutions' handling of sexual violence.
The same law guarantees girls and women equal access to sports, but it has been used increasingly by sexual abuse victims who say their schools failed to protect them.


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INTELLIVISION VIRTUAL EXPO
Intellivision Skool Days
It was an Atari world back in the late 70's and early 80's, but Mattel's Intellivison staged a pretty good coup. The Atari VCS (a.k.a. the 2600) was the untouchable juggernaut of the home video game world, with hundreds of titles under its championship belt, but Intellivision banked on an old truth: Make it better, and the people will buy it. Fans of both systems may argue about their relative merits, but passions aside, the Intellivision was enough to send Atari-owning neighbors home with at least a teensy bit of graphics-and-sound envy.
When the VCS first broke out in a big way, Mattel was hesitant to challenge the new king of the hill head-on. The company decided instead to focus on hand-held games like Mattel Electronics Football. When that game and its electronic kin sold through the roof, Mattel decided to move into the video game big leagues. Taking the name "Intellivision" (for "Intelligent Television"), the company sent its newly-designed machine out to the world in 1980.
Initial ads promised that the Intellivision would soon be the basis of a complete home computer, but for the moment, it was a pure game system. A compact, wood-grain cabinet formed the console base, and wired out from that base were a pair of unique controllers. Instead of the standard joystick/button configuration, the Intellivision's long and thin controllers were operated with a 16-direction golden disk, four "action keys" and a 12-key numbered keypad. Colorful overlays came with most games, placed over the keypad to show what each button did in that game.
Funky controllers may have drawn in the curious, but as any kid can tell you, it don't mean a thing if it ain't got the games. To that end, Mattel hired a group of programmers dubbed The Blue Sky Rangers (their names were kept secret to discourage them from joining the enemy or striking off on their own). The Rangers turned out 12 games for the system's launch, including the pack-in title, Las Vegas Poker & Blackjack. As if Intellivision-buying kids didn't have enough to lord over their Atari neighbors, now they could engage in underage gambling in the privacy of their own dens.
Over the course of the Intellivision's lifespan (surprisingly long, but we'll get to that), over 125 games were produced by The Blue Sky Rangers and by outside companies. There were, of course, the obligatory arcade conversions—Donkey Kong, Frogger, BurgerTime, Venture, Q*bert and others—but the Intellivision also produced its share of original hits. Among the more popular:
Astrosmash – A fast-action game of falling meteors and other space debris. One of the Intellivision's biggest hits, and a success on the Atari VCS/2600 as well.
Advanced Dungeons & Dragons – Adapted from the role-playing game, this game took players on a treasure-seeking, monster-slaying quest. A sequel, Treasure of Tarmin, was also popular.
Major League Baseball – The Intellivison's first and only million-seller. A baseball adaptation that blew Atari's out of the water (and Mattel wasn't shy about saying so).
Night Stalker – A horror-themed maze action game, with your lone man trying to survive an onslaught of robots, spiders and bats.
Tron Deadly Discs and Tron Maze-A-Tron – Two games based on the 1982 Disney film Tron. The first was a deadly version of jai-alai (like the arcade's Discs of Tron), the second a platform action game.
Space Spartans – A starbase defense game of skill and strategy, aided by the new "Intellivoice" peripheral (more on that below).
The long-promised home computer add-ons failed to materialize during the Intellivision's formative years, but Mattel tried to keep the people happy with other innovations. 1982's Intellivoice added speech to games like Space Spartans, though only games made for the Intellivoice benefited (including yet another Tron game, Tron Solar Sailer).
1983 brought the release of the redesigned Intellivision II, and with it, the Intellivision System Changer. Plugged into the cartridge slot, the System Changer allowed Intellivision owners to play every Atari 2600 game on the market, giving the Intellivision the biggest library of any home video game system at the time.
In 1983, Mattel finally delivered its Entertainment Computer System, a series of peripherals—computer keyboard, an extra set of controllers, and even a musical keyboard—that could be connected to the Intellivision. It wasn't quite a home computer, but it was close enough to satisfy the FTC, who had been fining Mattel Electronics once a month over its yet-to-be-delivered advertising promises.
As it turned out, 1983 was the start of a bad time for everyone in the video game business. The Intellivision had been booming, selling millions of consoles and presenting the first real threat to the VCS/2600, but a glut of product and dwindling interest in video games was building up to a total video game market crash in 1983/84. Mattel Electronics (the company's video game arm) went out of business, selling the Intellivision rights to Intellivision, Inc. (later renamed INTV, Inc.).
Surprisingly, the resilient Intellivision survived the slump. INTV released a revamped INTV System III (a.k.a. the Super Pro System) in 1985, and new games continued to be produced and sold until the Intellivision finally stopped production in 1990. Even then, the spirit of this plucky machine wasn't broken. A group of Blue Sky Rangers eventually formed Intellivision Productions, Inc., bought the rights to several classic Intellivision games, and released PC and Mac versions to the public—some for sale, others just for the joy of low-res video game glory. And while video games have certainly grown more graphically and sonically impressive since the early 1980's, there's something about a good, frantic game of Astrosmash or Night Stalker that keeps devotees of this classic system coming back to their keyboards for more.
SOURCE: SKOOLDAYS
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This gemstone has been vastly popular with 2017 weddings. Here is our favourite Morganite wedding rings.


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Longer flight paths can cut climate impact
June 21st, 2014, by Alex Kirby
Aircraft condensation trails line the sky above Reading, just west of London
Image: University of Reading
British scientists have developed a simple framework that shows how aircraft can become more environmentally friendly by choosing flight paths that reduce the formation of their distinctive vapour trails − even if it means flying further LONDON, 21 June, 2014 − Air travel is a rapidly-growing source of carbon dioxide and is helping to heat the Earth. It accounted for 6% of the UK's total greenhouse gas emissions in 2011. But researchers from the University of Reading, UK, say the CO2 that aircraft emit may be less damaging to the climate than the vapour trails they often leave behind them. Writing in the journal Environmental Research Letters, the scientists demonstrate that aircraft contribute less to global warming when they avoid the places where the thin-shaped clouds of vapour − called condensation trails, or contrails − are produced, even if that means flying further and emitting more CO2.
Wispy clouds
Contrails form only in parts of the sky with very cold and moist air, often in the ascending air around high pressure weather systems. They sometimes stay in the air for many hours, eventually spreading out to resemble natural, wispy clouds. Previous research by scientists at Reading has shown that, on average, 7% of the total distance flown by aircraft is in cold, moist air where long-lasting contrails can form − 2.4 billion km out of a global total of 33 billion km flown in 2005. The new findings from Reading follow research published recently in the journal Nature Climate Change showing that the amount of global warming caused by contrails could be as large as, or even larger than, the contribution from aviation's CO2 emissions. The work was carried out by three scientists in Reading's Department of Meteorology − Dr Emma Irvine, Professor Keith Shine, and Professor Sir Brian Hoskins, who is also chair of the Grantham Institute at Imperial College London.
"It may be possible to mitigate [contrails'] effect by routing aircraft to avoid them"
Dr Irvine said: "If we can predict the regions where contrails will form, it may be possible to mitigate their effect by routing aircraft to avoid them. Our work shows that, for a rounded assessment of the environmental impact of aviation, more needs to be considered than just the carbon emissions of aircraft." Just like natural clouds, contrails reflect some of the sun's incoming energy, and so produce a cooling effect. But they also trap some of the infra-red energy that radiates from the Earth into space, and so have a warming effect − again, like other clouds. The researchers say detailed calculations show that, generally, the warming influence is greater than the cooling. But the picture is more complex than that. For a start, the team estimates that smaller aircraft can fly much further to avoid forming contrails than larger ones. With a small aircraft that is predicted to form a contrail 20 miles long, an alternative route would have a smaller climate impact if it adds less than 200 miles to its journey . For larger aircraft, the alternative route could still be preferable, but only if it added less than 60 miles to the journey. But there is a further twist. The team had to allow for the varying length of time the different impacts would persist. As Dr Irvine explained: "Comparing the relative climate impacts of CO2 and contrails is not trivial. One complicating factor is their vastly differing lifetimes. Contrails may last for several hours, while CO2 can last for decades."
Feasible and safe
Nor are the relative climate impacts the only factors for aviators to think about. Air traffic controllers would need to be sure re-routing aircraft flight by flight is both feasible and safe, and weather forecasters would want to know whether they can reliably predict when and where contrails are likely to form. As well as CO2, aircraft engines emit a number of other gases and particles that can also alter climate – such as oxides of nitrogen and sulphur gases − and their effects might also depend on the route taken. The researchers have devised a framework to calculate how much further an aircraft could travel in a single flight before the extra CO2 that is emitted causes more warming than the contrail would have caused. It takes into account the characteristics of the aircraft and the prevailing weather conditions, since the altitude at which contrails are formed depends greatly on weather patterns. They are confident their work has practical implications. "The mitigation targets currently adopted by governments all around the world do not yet address the important non-CO2 climate impacts of aviation, such as contrails," Dr Irvine said. "We believe it is important for scientists to assess the overall impact of aviation and the robustness of any proposed mitigation measures in order to inform policy decisions." − Climate News Network
Carbon Dioxide, climate change, emissions, Greenhouse Gases, Impacts, Temperature rise, Warming, Weather
« May days' heat sets up record El Niño US corn's gravy train faces derailment »


On Tuesday, March 31, the Facebook page of St Henry's, Helsinki, finally saw the light of day. The Cathedral Parish FB page is available at facebook.com/henrik.katolinen.fi. We will use the page to provide information about parish and diocesan affairs.
The Cathedral Parish website is also going to be overhauled. We will begin making use of the Facebook stream on the website to make sure those who chose not to use social media are also kept informed.
The first FB profile pic of St Henry's Cathedral Parish.


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everyday racism Mar. 20, 2015
Apparently, People Regularly Mistake Eva Chen for Vera Wang
By Véronique Hyland
Eva Chen Photo: Steve Rogers Photography/Getty Images
It's not surprising that women often run up to Eva Chen on the street to tell her they love her work. That said, there's one type of encounter she doesn't exactly relish. "When people are like, 'Oh my God, I love your wedding dresses,' that means that there are not enough Asian women designers, because they think that I'm Vera Wang," Chen said on a SXSW panel with Joe Zee. "I mean, I love Vera, I bow down to her talent, but I'm like, I'm not Vera Wang!" Later, she joked, "It happens often enough that I am questioning [whether to design a bridal line]." Rejoined Zee, "I've been chased down the street, being told that I dressed the First Lady in a very beautiful way. I was like, Jason Wu is a lot younger than me, but thank you … I think!"
Chen also revealed that her big dream right now is to be a guest star on Empire (which has certainly been no stranger to fashion cameos). And, in keeping with her Instagram-based baby announcement, she admitted that her offspring already has a private Instagram account: "I think there are, like, 7,000 pending follow requests."
Yahoo Style
everyday racism
People Regularly Mistake Eva Chen for Vera Wang


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Select National Gallery of Fine Art locations are currently closed due to the Covid-19 pandemic, other locations are available by appointment only. This may change as we are monitoring relevant reports from the CDC and WHO to help inform our decisions day by day. If you plan to visit one of our galleries, please call ahead for an appointment.
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Nestled in the heart of the La Jolla shopping district, National Gallery of Fine Art La Jolla presents works by award-winning photographers as dynamic as the setting in which they are presented.
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Seven U.S. military athletes are competing in the 2018 Winter Olympics, which begin today in PyeongChang, South Korea. For the first time, NBC is airing every event live and giving up on trying to create prime time suspense for events that may have taken place 12 hours ago.
That doesn't mean you won't get to settle in a watch a highly-produced package of flashy events every evening. It just means NBC will quit pretending that everyone didn't already get the results on Twitter and they're going to show the event in real time, either on one of its multitude of cable channels or streaming online.
NBC has even created an easy-to-read calendar that links each event to TV listings and the browser stream of the events. It's a whole new world for Olympic junkies this year.
American military athletes are competing in bobsled and luge events. Luge events start tomorrow, February 9th, and run through February 16th. Bobsled takes over the track on Saturday, February 17th and continues until February 25th.
All the athletes are member's of the Army MWR World Class Athlete Program, designed to allow service men and women to train for international athletic competition while serving full-time in the U.S. Army.
Here are the WCAP athletes competing in South Korea.
Sgt. Nick Cunningham will compete in the two-man and four-man bobsled as a driver. He was a member of Team USA in 2010 and 2014 but he'll be going for his first medal in PyeongChang. Nick grew up in Monterey, CA and joined the Army in 2011.
Cpt. Chris Fogt will compete in the two-man and four-man bobsled as a brakeman. He competed on Team USA in 2010 and won a silver medal as a member of the 4-man team at the 2014 Sochi games. Chris comes from Alpine, Utah and joined the Army in March 2009.
We first met Chris back in December when he was profiled on the Olympic Channel's series "Day Jobs." You can read more about him and watch the episode here.
Sgt. Taylor Morris will participate in the men's singles luge event. This will be his first time to compete as a member of Team USA but he was an alternate in 2014. Taylor hails from South Jordan, Utah and joined the Army in July 2011.
Sgt. Matthew Mortensen will compete in the men's doubles luge event. He was a member of Team USA in 2014 and is going for his first medal in PyeongChang. Matthew comes from Huntington Station, NY and joined the Army in February 2010.
Sgt. Justin Olsen will compete in the two-man and four-man bobsled as a pushman. He was part of the 4-man team that won gold in Vancouver 2010, the first American medal in bobsled in 62 years. He also competed in the 2014 Winter Olympics. Justin joined the Army in June 2011 and hails from San Antonio, TX.
Justin had emergency surgery to remove his appendix just after arriving in South Korea, so there's some question whether he'll be able to compete. A February 7th story in the Denver Post says he's made remarkable progress and is aiming rejoin his teammates before competition begins on Saturday, February 17th.
Sgt. Emily Sweeney will compete in the women's singles luge event. The Connecticut native joined the Army in December 2011 and will be participating in her first Olympics.
SFC Nathan Weber will compete in the 4-man bobsled as a pushman in PyeongChang. The first-time Olympian is also an active-duty Green Beret. He joined the Army in 2005 and grew up in Denver, CO.


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Consequences of Mercury Used by Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Processes – A Case of River Nile State Sudan
Ali Muddathir Ali Ahmed 1,2
Purwanto Purwanto 1,3
Hena Rya Sunoko 1,4
Doctorate Program of Environmental Science, School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Gezira, Wad Medani Sudan
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
Ali Muddathir Ali Ahmed
Doctorate Program of Environmental Science, School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro University, JL.Imam Bardjo,SH No.5, 50241 Semarang, Indonesia
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/96275
artisanal and small-scale gold mining
Workers occupationally exposed (WOE)
Residents in surrounding communities (RSC)
meteorological and topographical factors
Distribution of mercury concentration in surface soil and surface water
Environmental protection of rural areas
On the discovery of gold reserves in 14 states in Sudan, traditional gold mining suddenly started to flourish and hundreds of thousands of laymen became engaged in gold extraction. The new source of revenue generation added much to the empty treasury and the loss in petroleum revenue due to cessation of the south in 2011 could thus be compensated. Since gold extraction by artisanal and small-scale gold mining does not require much finance or advanced technology, it suited unskilled workers and many young people found their way into the new business. Although gold extraction generates high revenues, the use of mercury in gold extraction poses much threat to the environment and general health of miners and the surrounding areas. The research tries to investigate the effects of traditional gold mining in Alebedia area, Berber Locality in the River Nile State. The investigation includes A/ the effects of extraction methods on the environment and general health. B/ the level of education and its distribution within the miners and how it affected the awareness of the miners about the dangers of mining activities. C/ the period of stay that miners spend in the mining area its contribution on the awareness about the dangers and diseases inflicted on the miners, D/ the effects of traditional gold mining activities on natural environmental impacts and E/ the effects of the meteorological and topographical factors, the distribution and concentration of mercury in the area and their effects on the environment and general health. The research adopted the techniques of using random sampling and quantitative qualitative in addition to the analytical techniques. The research finally concluded that traditional gold mining has positive effects on the economic side and negative effects on the environment and general health.


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text:
«Київ-2» (також називався КТБ-1) — український двовісний тролейбус, що випускався з 1960 по 1964 роки на Київському заводі електротранспорту. За час виробництва випущено близько 150 екземплярів, що працювали у багатьох містах УРСР (теперішньої України). На Київ-2 був застосований ряд агрегатів, що були застосовані на МТБ-82 і СВАРЗ МТБЕС (двигун та електрообладнання, рама).

На конвеєрі «Київ-2» змінила покращена модель «Київ-4», що за зовнішнім виглядом мало відрізнявся від нього (про відмінності цих моделей докладніше у описанні цієї моделі). «Київ-2» мали ряд недоліків, як погана система опалення, невисока якість, невисока місткість; і через це після появи якісніших та надійніших Skoda та ЗіУ були списані на початку—середині 1970-х років.

Історія
Київський завод електротранспорту у 1950-х роках випускав за кресленнями СВАРЗу тролейбуси СВАРЗ МТБЕС, яких КЗЕТ випустив кілька десятків штук. У 1959 році КЗЕТ перестав випускати тролейбуси МТБЕС і зайнявся власним проектом, який було втілено «на металі» на початку 1960 року. Новий тролейбус дістав назву 2Т (Київський тролейбус двовісний), або «Київ-1». Ця машина, щоправда мала дуже великий передній звис, що робило навантаження на передню вісь просто недопустимою, тим більше, що з таким навантаженням без підсилювача кермової системи було неймовірно тяжко керувати машиною; а підсилювача керма тоді ще не було, тим більше у тролейбусів «Київської» серії (перший в серії «Київ» з підсилювачем керма був «Київ-6»), у серію ця машина не пішла.

Через деякий час, у 1960-му році випущено модель з вкороченим переднім звисом, і вона отримала назву «КЗЕТ 2Ту», на основі якої восени 1960-го року почався випуск моделі під назвою «Київ-2». У конструкції тролейбуса було застосовано мости МАЗ, електрообладнання тролейбуса було узяте від МТБ-82 (з двигуном ДК-202Б) та циліндричний редуктор (пристрій з механічними передачами зубчатими/гвинтовими, що виконує функцію передачі крутного моменту від двигуна до тягових коліс, а циліндричне — форма зубчатого колеса). Однак, у тролейбуса виявилися недоліки, як погана система опалення, недовговічна конструкція, невисока місткість. У наступника моделі, Київ-4 були схожі вади, Київ-4 вийшов дуже подібним на Київ-2, і мав незначні відмінності у конструкції, які будуть зазначені ниже у описі моделі. Київ-2 спершу випускалися головним чином для Києва, однак у середині 1960-х Київ віддав свої Київ-2 у інші міста. Машини працювали у Одесі, Севастополі, Черкасах, Вінниці, Житомирі, Полтаві.

У 1962 році було розроблено модифікацію КТБ-1А, або Київ-2Тм: форма кузова стала більш округлою, подібно до Київ-4, а лобове скло складалося з двох, а не чотирьох половинок. Виробництво моделі «Київ-2» продовжувалося до 1964 року, з 1963 його замінила модель «Київ-4», деякий час випускаючись паралельно. Цікавий факт: у 1962 році відбулася модернізація КЗЕТом моделі СВАРЗ ТБЕС (через недоліки моделі, наприклад, неміцна конструкція, протікання даху та інші мінуси), у процесі якої тролейбус став коротшим (з 11,5 метра СВАРЗа його довжина стала ~10,4 метри), за своїм виглядом він був наближений до Київ-2, мав засклені схили даху, як і СВАРЗ, і отримав він назву «Київ-3», тобто Київ-3 став модернізованим ТБЕСом. Їх було випущено близько 20, працювали вони до середини 1970-х.

Що стосується «Київ-2», то через їхні недоліки (описані вище, до яких варто додати і недостатню потужність ТЕДа ДК-202Б, через недостатню потужність якого тролейбусові було тяжко долати затяжні підйоми, ну і ще неміцну раму), ці машини виявилися не дуже надійними, тому вже у кінці 1960-х років після надходження нових машин, таких як «Київ-4», а також через технічний стан «киянок», Київ-2 почали списувати, так, Київ віддав свої Київ-2 ще у 1967 році, б/у тролейбуси мали поганий технічний стан та проблеми з рамою, через що часто стояли в ремонті. У Харкові і Севастополі їх списали у 1971 році, в Одесі двома роками пізніше. Останній Київ-2 списано у 13-річному віці у Запоріжжі, де він експлуатувався до 1977 року.

Ось цьому тролейбусові з Запоріжжя, з-поміж інших «пощастило» більше — машина 1964 року випуску була відновлена у 90-х та передана у Московський музей пасажирського транспорту, де знаходиться і дотепер.

Опис моделі
Київ-2 являє собою тролейбус середньої місткості, що за своїми розмірами практично ідентичний наступнику «Київ-4», та має електрообладнання від тролейбуса МТБ-82. Сама машина вийшла на 6 сантиметрів довшою, аніж К-4 — довжина його становить 10,39 метра, ширина — 2,65 метра; Київ-2 мав традиційну на той час для тролейбусів, колісну базу, що становила рівно 6 метрів. Основою конструкції тролейбуса була сталева тримальна рама, що була узята від СВАРЗ МТБЕС, однак рама у «Київ-2» була значно зміцнена, порівняно з МТБЕСом, однак не така міцна, як мала би бути. Рама тролейбуса сприймала усі навантаження на конструкцію, та була головним її тримальним елементом, на який кріпилися усі необхідні вузли та агрегати. Каркас тролейбуса був виконаний зі сталевих труб прямокутного розтину, а листи обшивки скріплювалися між собою та кріпилися до каркаса за допомогою заклепок (заклепки на кузові добре видно на фотографії). Обшивка виконувалася зі сталевих листів.

Клепаний кузов Київ-2 є ще однією відмінністю від Київ-4, які будуть подані нижче. Оскільки Київ-2 мало відрізняється від Київ-4, їх можна поплутати, тому нижче будуть наведені видимі відмінності у цих моделей.
 У Київ-2 клепаний кузов, у Київ-4 він зварний.
 У Київ-2 довгуватий рейсовказівник, у Київ-4 він спершу теж таким був, однак місце було лише для номера маршруту, згодом вказівник було замінено на ще менший.
 У Київ-2 лобове скло складається з 4 частинок, у Київ-4 з двох, однак в умовах експлуатації у деяких К-2 скло ставало таким, як у Київ-4, з двох частинок.
 Форма кузова у Київ-4 більш округла, ніж у Київ-2, особливо це видно по передку і задку.
 У Київ-2 було інакше скління задньої панелі, ніж у Київ-4.
 У Київ-4 був товстий підвіконний молдінг, який був тоншим на Київ-2, однак це несуттєво, оскільки у процесі експлуатації цей молдінг могли міняти або узагалі забирати.
 У Київ-2 сидіння у салоні з лівого боку були диванного типу, суміжні, у Київ-4 вони були усі роздільного типу.

Лобове скло тролейбуса, як і СВАРЗ-МТБЕС було розділене на 4 частини, що не було дуже добре для водія, тому іноді у процесі експлуатації його замінювали на скло з двох частинок. Над лобовим склом розміщувався невеликий козирок, на якому розміщувався довгуватий рейсовказівник, на якому можна було помістити табличку з інформацією про номер та напрямок маршруту, за яким ходив тролейбус. Слід також відзначити, що передок тролейбуса мав більш кутувату форму, ніж Київ-4, у якого передок мав округлу форму. На передок тролейбуса традиційно кріпилася емблема Київського заводу електротранспорту, з виведеними літерами «Київ». Фари у тролейбуса були аналогічні своїм сучасниками (одинарні та округлої форми).

Задня панель тролейбуса, якщо дивитися на «Київ-4», мала інше скління та пласкішу форму. Електрообладнання тролейбуса було узяте від МТБ-82 — іншого та кращого тоді банально не було. Тролейбус обладнувався системою штанговловлювання — канати для знімання штанг прив'язувалися до верхніх кінців струмоприймачів (штанг) і намотувалися на барабани, що були усередині двох бобин, прикріплених до задньої панелі. Однак, у процесі експлуатації, канати не намотувалися на барабани, а часто прив'язували до крюків, що кріпилися до задньої панелі або боковин; також канати могли прив'язувати до драбини. Тролейбус Київ-2 обладнувався електродвигуном постійного струму ДК-202Б, що мав потужність 86 кіловат. І цієї потужності було мало тролейбусам у Києві на затяжних підйомах, і їм було тяжко подолати їх.

Тяговий двигун тролейбуса розміщувався у колісній базі під підлогою салону. Тролейбус Київ-2 був двовісною машиною, тяговим мостом був задній, крутний момент, що створювався тяговим електродвигуном передавався карданною передачею на задні тягові колеса. На тролейбусі застосовувалися мости МАЗ-200; головна передача — (це зубчатий механізм, що слугує для передачі крутного моменту від карданного валу до тягових коліс) конічна (називається вона так тому, що зубчате колесо, за формою схоже на зрізаний конус). Компресор тролейбуса слугував для нагнітання повітря до пневмосистеми тролейбуса: пневмогальм, системи відкриття дверей. Гальмівна система тролейбуса: електродинамічна — спершу вступав у дію електротормоз, потім (вже на невеликій швидкості) — пневмогальмо, пневматична гальмівна система тролейбуса була одноконтурною, і не надто надійною (це був ще один недолік «Київ-2»).

У салон тролейбуса вели дві чотиристулкові двері ширмового типу, що були розташовані у колісній базі (передні) та задньому звисі (задні). Дещо у салоні було запозичене від МТБ-82, а саме велика закрита кабіна водія. Салон у Київ-2 був доволі просторим та мав трирядне планування: з лівого боку розміщувалося по суміжному сидінню («дивані»), на якому сідало 2 пасажирів, з правого по одному, це дозволило забезпечити просторість салону та збільшити місткість тролейбуса у години-пік. Сидіння було виконано роздільного типу по правому борту, і подвійні диванні, по лівому. Слід також відзначити, що площа скління, була достатньо великою (як для машин того часу), а вентиляція у салоні забезпечувалася за рахунок зсувних кватирок і двох дахових люків.

На противагу, система опалення була дуже поганою, зимою у тролейбусі було настільки холодно, що за деякими згадками, зимою бокові вікна часто покривалися товстою скориною льоду, а у салоні було не тепліше, ніж на вулиці. У салоні розміщувалося 30 сидінь — з трирядним плануванням, а ззаду було встановлено 4 сидіння; загальна місткість становила 65 чоловік.

Кабіна водія була закритою та знаходилася, логічно, у передньому звисі. Саме місце водія було ідентичним Київ-4 та подібним до МТБ, комфорту у водія було достатньо мало: водійське крісло було таким самим, як і пасажирське, а підсилювача кермової системи не було, тому, аби покрутити кермо, а тим більше керувати машиною, знадоблялися великі фізичні зусилля водія — ну дуже Київ-2 виявився тяжким у керуванні! На приладовій панелі знаходилися манометри, годинник та спідометр, та інші органи керування, представлені тумблерами. Педалі знаходилися справа та зліва від кермової колонки: акселератор праворуч, а гальмо ліворуч, важіль ручного гальма розміщувався справа від водія.

Технічні характеристики
 Модель: «Київ-2»
 Прізвиська: «Киянка»
 Попередник: «Київ-1»
 Наступник: «Київ-4»
 Виробник: Київський завод електротранспорту
 Роки виробництва: 1960—1964
 Модифікації: Київ-2Тм
 Кількість випущених екземплярів: ~150
 Технічна характеристика тролейбуса «Київ-4»

Експлуатація

Тролейбусні поїзди

В кінці 1960-х років Володимир Пилипович Веклич успішно адаптував свою систему до тролейбусів моделі «Київ-2», а на київському заводі електротранспорту було налагоджено виробництво усіх деталей до його системи. Поїзди з тролейбусів «Київ-2», з'єднаних між собою за системою Володимира Веклича експлуатувалися в Дніпропетровську та Одесі.

Див. також
 Київ-4
 СВАРЗ МТБЕС
 Веклич Володимир Пилипович

Примітки

Посилання
 Історія моделі  та технічна характеристика моделі

 Тролейбуси київської серії: від ТБЕ-С до К-6

Тролейбуси «Київ»
КЗЕТ
Історія УРСР

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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So what is wrong with being goalkeeper? Why don't children want to play in this position?
Attackers, midfielders and defenders can all get away with making the occasional mistake but if a goalkeeper drops the ball in front of an attacker, scuffs a goal kick or lets a shot go through their legs… well, you know what happens next. For a child, the fear of letting the team down is a powerful disincentive to volunteering to go in goal.
2. The power of the press.
We are all aware of Rob Green's "amazing howler" at the 2010 World Cup finals and there are plenty of gleeful "Top Ten Goalkeeper Mistakes" videos on YouTube. It's no wonder young players are put off going in goal when they read about and watch a famous goalkeeper's career crumble in one second.
But how can we convince our players, (and their parents), that being a goalkeeper is really a honour, not a guarantee of lasting infamy or a quick way to become a scapegoat for the rest of the team?
It is not surprising that young goalkeepers make mistakes – many youth football (soccer) coaches never give their players any goalkeeper training. Some coaches say that's because they don't have the time and some say they don't know how. But we should all devote some time in coaching sessions to our goalkeepers.
Try this: ask your players if they would like to practise passing for 10 minutes or spend the same time practising making saves. You may be surprised to find that your players actually want to learn goalkeeping techniques. OK, that doesn't mean they'll want to use them in a match but it's a start.
Don't make your goalkeeper wear old, dirty gloves and a top that's seen better days. Buy and use a really top-notch kit. A bright top, warm trousers and some good-quality gloves will make whoever plays in goal feel good about themselves.
Make sure your players know that goals are never "let in" by your goalkeeper – they are always "scored" by your opponents and it is the outfield players' job to stop the opposition from reaching scoring positions. So if an opposition player is within range of your goal, shoots and scores, it is not the goalkeeper's fault.
Make a fuss of your goalkeeper at half time and during post-match chats with your players. Ensure they receive at least their fair share of "Player of the Match" awards and that they (and the rest of your players) know the goalkeeper is a special player.
If you follow these tips you might not get trampled in the rush when you ask for volunteers to go between the sticks. But it will make the position of goalkeeper in your team a desirable one, not a position to be avoided at all costs.
The idea of having the goalkeeper push up to the edge of the penalty area or even the halfway line when their team is attacking is not new or particularly unusual.
Futsal goalkeepers routinely move out their goal area to give their team a numerical advantage and a regular football team goalkeeper often takes free kicks in his own half of the field. Goalkeeping goalies can even be seen in the opposition penalty area when their team has a corner, but only when their team is losing by the odd goal and time is running out.
Why do football goalkeepers leave it so late to move upfield? Because it's a risky strategy, that's why.
There is always a chance the goalkeeper won't be able to get back to her goal in time to protect it if her team loses possession. Even more embarrassing, an alert opposition player with a strong shot could score in an unguarded goal from 30, 40 or even 50 yards away.
But pushing your goalkeeper up out of her penalty area to support an attack is a tactic that can pay off, especially if she is athletic and has an outfield player's skill set: a good first touch, good "vision" and the ability to find team mates with an accurate pass.
A goalkeeper's "job description" includes organising the defence at set pieces and coming off her line to claim possession of the ball wherever possible.
To do that, your goalkeeper has to be vocal. A quiet call of "keeper's" is no good. As soon as the decision is made to come for the ball, you should hear a loud shout of "KEEPER'S".
When defenders hear this, they know the goalkeeper is coming and they should get out of the way. Conversely, a loud shout of "AWAY" means the goalkeeper is not coming and defenders should deal with the situation.
At set pieces, your goalkeeper should give strong, specific instructions to the rest of the team. A vague shout of "mark up" is unhelpful. "Joe, mark the number 10" is much better.
Defenders should be taught to listen for and obey instructions issued by the goalkeeper and to let her know that they have heard them. A simple wave of the hand or "OK" allows the goalkeeper to quickly move on to organising the rest of the defence.
When she stops a shot or collects a loose ball, your goalkeeper should immediately try to give her team an advantage with a quick, effective clearance.
She should first look for a team mate in space and within range of a roll or throw out. If there is no one available nearby, your goalkeeper should look upfield to see if any of her team mates are in a "numbers up" situation.
If they are, she should try to kick the ball to them without delay. If a quick roll, throw or kick is not on, your goalkeeper should wait until her team mates have moved to better positions before releasing the ball.
Goalkeepers and goalkeeper coaches need to know all the laws of the game but they need to be particularly familiar with those laws that relate directly to goalkeeping.
Note: the laws below are the laws according to FIFA, the game's governing body. Your local league's rules may be different. If in doubt, ask your league for clarification.
The goalkeeper's kit must be a different colour to the players on both teams and the referee.
It is important to note that a free kick awarded to the defending team inside it's own goal area (the six-yard box) is treated like a goal kick: it may be taken from anywhere in the six-yard box.
It's equally important to note that an indirect free kick awarded to the attacking team in the goal area – for example, if the goalkeeper picks up a deliberate back pass – should be taken from the line of the goal area parallel to the goal line at the point nearest to where the infringement occurred.
It's worth making sure your goalkeeper knows that the whole of the ball must cross the line for a goal to be scored.
control the ball with her hands for more than six seconds before releasing it.
touch the ball again with her hands after she has released it and before it has touched another player.
touch the ball with her hands after it has been deliberately kicked to her by a team mate.
touch the ball with her hands after she has received it directly from a throw-in taken by a team mate.
Any of these offences will result in an indirect free kick being awarded to the other team.
You should also make it clear to your goalkeeper that it is an offence to play "in a dangerous manner". So she should take care not to charge wildly at attackers or jump for the ball in a manner that could injure an opponent. Referees usually allow goalkeepers more leeway than outfield players when it comes to Law 12 but they don't have to.
An easy one this. The defending goalkeeper must remain on her goal line, between the goalposts and facing the kicker until the ball has been kicked.
Being in the right place at the right time is the most important part of the goalkeeping art.
You can help your goalie understand the basics of positioning by explaining these three key techniques.
1. Your goalkeeper must know where the goal is. This sounds obvious, I know. But 'keepers can't do their job unless they know exactly where the posts are relative to their own position. Make sure they glance behind themselves occasionally and get a fresh fix on the goal.
2. The goalkeeper should be positioned on a line between the centre of the goal and the ball. You can help very young players understand and master this by simply walking around the penalty box with a ball in your hands while they maintain the correct position. Once they have got the hang of it, play the games below to reinforce the technique.
3. The goalkeeper should be able to save a shot aimed at either post. This requires the goalkeeper to be in the right place relative to the centre of the goal and the ball, and also to be off the goal line.
Young players often stay rooted to the spot as an attacker advances. If you can get them to narrow the angle by moving out to meet the attacker, they will stop a lot of goals.
This is not just a good idea because they can save shots aimed at either post, but because their very presence will make many young attackers shoot too early and wide.
Soccer coaching note: If the shot is coming from a very narrow angle (from an attacker near to the end line), your goalie needs to be positioned so that the post is just behind him, not in front.
This will prevent the goalkeeper diverting shots aimed at the near post into his own net.
This game has probably been used by thousands of coaches during the years.
It's a great way to encourage players of any age to play thoughtful, composed football and for goalkeepers to perfect their distribution technique.
Set up: Use a 40×20 yards playing area with a large goal at one end and two smaller goals at the other.
Place a supply of balls in the large goal.
Divide your players into teams of four, plus one goalkeeper, who plays in the large goal for either team.
How to play: Play a "normal" game of football with one condition: Every time the ball goes out of play (or a goal is scored) the game is restarted by the keeper in the large goal who either rolls or throws the ball out.
The outfield players change ends every five minutes.
Coaching points: When the keeper has the ball, make sure the outfield players attacking the small goals get into good positions to receive the ball.
The players attacking the large goal should be encouraged to mark up quickly and try to anticipate what the goalkeeper is going to do with the ball.
It sounds a bit obvious, I know, but the main job of a goalkeeper is to stop shots from hitting the back of their net.
So your number one job as a coach is to equip your goalkeepers with the ability and confidence they need to do theirs.
A sensible starting point is to make sure they know the correct hand positions.
For shots over waist height, the palms of the hand should be facing the ball with the fingers spread in a 'W' shape and the thumbs almost touching although players with small hands may have to have their hands spread a little further apart than that.
For shots under waist height, the hands should be in an inverted 'W' with the little fingers almost touching.
"Soft hands – strong wrists".
"Keep your eyes on the back of the ball".
In pairs, players throw the ball to each other above and below waist height. Walk around checking their technique.
Now put your players into groups of four or five. Each group makes a circle about 10 yards across with a goalkeeper in the middle. Each player has a ball. Give each player a number.
When you call a number, the player with that number throws the ball at the goalkeeper – at varying heights – who catches and returns it.
This exercise helps your goalkeepers to maintain the correct hand position when under pressure. It also encourages her to stay on her toes and to adjust her position quickly.
Make sure every player plays as the goalkeeper and make it competitive by seeing who drops the ball the least.
Ground shots are best stopped by young goalkeepers by using the bent-leg technique.
The goalkeeper bends one knee and the other goes almost to the ground – but not quite – and close to the other heel.
This makes it easier for the goalkeeper to get their hands right on the ground and also puts their leg behind the ball – a useful second line of defence if the ball does slip through the hands.
Your goalkeeper is in an ideal position to launch counter attacks. She can see who is in a good position to receive a pass and can choose where the attack should start from.
So tell her to scan the pitch as soon as she is control of the ball and throw the ball out quickly if she spots a team mate who has the time and space to receive a pass.
To kick or not to kick?
Always encourage young goalkeepers to throw or roll the ball out rather than hoof it upfield in the vague hope that one of her team mates will get on the end of it.
There are several different types of throw – the roll out, javelin, sidearm and overhand throw – but the easiest and most accurate for most young keepers is the simple roll out.
You can get your team in the habit of building up attacks from the back by playing a small-sided game which is restarted by a throw from the goalkeeper whenever it goes out of play. Keep the game flowing by keeping a supply of balls in each goal and encourage your defenders to get in a close, wide position every time the ball is in your goalkeeper's hands.
At goal kicks, many young goalkeepers have trouble getting the ball past opposition forwards who, once they realise your goalkeeper has a weak kick, will be circling like vultures around your box.
But don't take the easy way out and tell another player to take the kick – your goalkeeper will never improve if they don't get a chance to practise!
Instead, teach all your players the right way to kick a "dead ball" and your defenders to stand between the other team and your goal at goalkicks.
Your goalkeeper should approach the ball at a slight angle.
The non-kicking foot should be slightly behind the ball.
Body should be leaning back.
Lock the ankle of the kicking foot by scrunching up the toes.
Relax on the run up – trying to hit the ball too hard will often result in a miskick.
Strike the ball just under the mid-line with the side of the laces – not the top of the foot.
Practise the correct kicking technique by placing balls on top of flat cones and having all your players aim for a target – you? – about 20 yards away.
This article will help you teach your young goalkeepers how to save more shots, give them confidence in their own ability and help them to enjoy their "career" as a shot stopper.
But before we start, I'd like to suggest that you teach all your players how to be a goalkeeper.
For one thing, telling just one of your players that she has to go in goal ignores the fact that you really don't know who is going to be your best goalkeeper until your players have been playing football for at least three years.
For another, not many children want to play in goal. Most want the glory of scoring goals, not saving them. While I will give you some tips regarding boosting the status of goalkeeping in the next newsletter, you should still rotate the position among all your players – even if it just to how them now tough life can be "between the sticks"!
It's important that you spend enough time on this topic. Correct positioning doesn't come naturally to young goalkeepers and one who hasn't been told how to position themselves in particular situations will concede avoidable goals. On the other hand, a good sense of positioning makes shot stopping so much easier and sometimes removes the need to make a save at all.
Some young goalkeepers will watch what's going on in front of them. Some will watch the match on the next pitch and some will keep an eye on what their mum and dad are doing. Not many will look over their shoulder when the ball starts coming towards them to make sure they know where the posts are.
Make sure your goalkeeper knows they can't be in the right position to make a save if they don't know where their goal is! A occasional quick glance round is all that is required.
2. Getting ready to make a save.
Before starting on positioning, make sure your goalkeeper doesn't stand like a "rabbit frozen in the headlights" when an attacker is bearing down on them.
When the ball is approaching their goal, they should be on the balls of their feet, knees bent and facing the ball square on with their hands by their sides. This is called the "ready position".
Tip: You can demonstrate the importance of correct weight distribution and movement very simply.
Ask your players to stand still with their weight on their heels and then ask them to jump as high as they can. They will find it difficult, if not impossible, to get off the ground.
Repeat the exercise while they are bouncing on the balls of their feet and they will see how important it is to keep their weight forward and not stand still.
3. Don't get stuck on the line.
Another common fault, especially with timid or very young goalkeepers, is to get their feet stuck on the goal line.
This has to be corrected as your goalkeeper can't possibly save shots directed at either post if they are standing in the middle of the goal with their feet planted on the line.
Tip: tell your goalkeeper to stand in the centre of the penalty area, facing the goal line. You stand on the goal line and ask your goalkeeper: "How big does this goal look?". Answer: "Pretty big".
Now move off the line so you are standing about five yards in front of your goalkeeper and ask: "How big does the goal look now?". Answer: "Smaller".
Now stand toe to toe with your goalkeeper and ask the same question. You'll get a different answer.
Your goalkeeper now understands the benefits of not standing on the goal line when an attacker is approaching with the ball.
Warning: while it is important that your goalkeeper moves off the line, there is a danger they could be lobbed if they come out too far, too soon – especially if they are 3ft 6ins and the goal is 7ft high!
4. It's time to draw the line.
As well as reducing the distance between themselves and the ball, your goalkeepers need to be taught that they need to stand on an imaginary line between the ball and the centre of the goal.
This allows them to cover shots directed at either post.
As well as teaching positioning, how to save shots and start the next attack, you must teach and encourage your goalkeepers to communicate with the rest of the team.
Good, timely communication is a habit that needs to be formed early in your goakeeper's career but don't expect seven, eight or even nine-year-olds to be able to organise defensive walls and warn team mates that they've left an attacker unmarked.
Spotting when a defender loses track of an attacker, when defenders are watching the ball instead of watching opposition players or when they are leaving big gaps that forwards can run into requires experience that can only be gained by playing lots of matches.
You should, however, encourage even very young players to claim the ball by shouting "KEEPER!" in the loudest voice they can muster when the ball rolls into the box and they are in a position to pick it up.
As she gains experience, your goalkeeper should also be calling "KEEPER!" when the ball is crossed into the penalty area and she should also be telling her defenders to get the ball by shouting "AWAY!" when the ball is in the box and she can't get to it.
By the time your players are 10 or 11, your goalkeeper should be telling her team mates – loudly and specifically – where to go at corners and be able to organise a defensive wall.
The key words at this age are "loud" and "specific".
It's not much use whispering "mark up".
If your 'keeper doesn't shout her instructions in a loud voice, the likelihood is nothing will happen but if someone does hear her, they will just look around in confusion. Instead, defenders should be told – by name and in a very loud voice – " what to do. E.G. "CHLOE – watch the player on your left!" or "JOE – mark the number 9!".
Good communication can be encouraged and ingrained in your goalkeepers by playing short 4v4 matches in which they are given the objective of giving two or three instructions to team mates.
Goalkeeping can be tough, especially on young players who are just starting to learn the skills they need.
They will make mistakes and they will let in shots that, next season, they will save easily.
That's if they are still a goalkeeper next season. The pressure on children to give up the position of goalkeeper is hard to resist if they are criticised by their team mates in their first few weeks or months.
So you have to make sure that your players know that criticism of team mates is not allowed. We all make mistakes – it's part of the learning process – and to have a go at any player because they miss a shot, mistime a tackle or fumble a save is unfair and unkind.
At the same time, tell your goalkeeper(s) that you expect them to make mistakes, that no one expects them to keep every shot out of the net and when they do make an error they should try to forget it straightaway.
If they are allowed to dwell on what's just happened they will probably make another mistake… and another.
But it's just as important to make sure your 'keeper doesn't blame her team mates for allowing the other team to shoot at her – if she gets into the habit of blaming others when the team concedes a goal, she can come to believe that goals are never her fault and she doesn't need to improve.
Four and five-year-olds can practise the basics of goalkeeping by playing throwing, catching and kicking games.
Put your players in a tight circle and toss the ball to each other.
If a player drops the ball, they kneel on one knee. If they can catch the ball next time it comes round, they stand up again but if they drop it for a second time they kneel on both knees. Catch it next time and they stand up but a third drop means they have to sit down.
There's no winner, just play for a few minutes and congratulate everyone.
There are plenty more games for young goalkeepers on footy4kids.
While I suggest you get all your players to have a go at being in goal during practice sessions, putting the more nervous or younger players in goal during matches may be a step too far for some of them.
If a player really don't want to go in goal, don't make them. An unwilling 'keeper won't do much except stand on the goal line hoping the ball stays at the other end of the pitch and when they do get a shot to save, they will probably freeze and watch the ball hit the net. And that's no good for anyone.
Finally, please remember that young kids have a short attention span and may be watching a butterfly, a bird or even a worm while the ball is rolling into the back of the net. Don't let this bother you.
Buying smart goalkeeper playing kit.
Making the time to deliver dedicated goalkeeper coaching sessions.
Allowing goalkeepers to play outfield – in a position of their choice – several times a season.
Making sure all your players – especially your 'keeper – know that the position of goalkeeper is the hardest one on the team.
This game encourages link up play and finishing. It is also a simple exercise for improving your goalkeeper's technique.
Objective: To improve shooting technique and to practise goalkeeping.
Number of players: Whole squad.
Divide your players into groups of five. Set up a a small goal with flat cones for each group of players. Have three or four balls per group positioned next to the goal.
Put one player in each goal with the remaining four players in two pairs (pair A and pair B). Have each pair about 20 yards away on either side of the goal.
The goalkeeper passes a ball to a player in pair A, who lays off a pass for his partner to run onto. This player shoots. If he scores, the ball is retrieved by a player from pair B on the other side of the goal. He then provides a pass for his partner to run onto and shoot.
If a player misses the goal, he retrieves the ball and puts it with the spare balls you put next to each goal. The goalkeeper uses one of these balls to pass to a player in the other pair and the game continues. If the goalkeeper saves the shot, he turns and passes it to one of the other pair of players.
Make the game competitive by challenging each pair to score as many goals as possible in a set time.
Soccer coaching note: You can play this game with groups of four by having the soccer coach and/or assistants make up the numbers.
You can also play in groups of three by having the goalkeeper provide a pass for the shooters to run onto.


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Pendleton Creek is another run similar to Shay's. It begins at the Pendleton Lake, which is across the gorge from the lodge at Blackwater Falls State Park. From the lake parking, there is a trail that heads over toward the Blackwater River gorge. It's pretty obvious. It terminates at the end of the lake where there is a dam. Cross the dam and follow the trail down the right side of the creek. It's not all that easy, so be careful. Actually, it can be kind of hairy and not for the faint of heart. It is really steep.
Photos courtesy of Bobbie Swan. Thank you.


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