RBC Aerostructures, a provider of control rods and precision machined parts to aerospace and defense customers, is expanding its existing Oconee County operations. The company's $3.8 million investment is expected to create 22 new jobs over the next five years.
RBC Aerostructures is an international manufacturer and marketer of highly engineered control rods, swaged tubes and precision-machined parts integral to the operation of fixed and rotary-winged aircraft systems. Its parent company, RBC Bearings Incorporated (NASDAQ: ROLL), has broadened its market reach with 36 manufacturing facilities in six countries.
• RBC Aerostructures is growing its Oconee County operations.
• $3.8 million investment to create 22 new jobs.
• RBC Aerostructures is an international manufacturer and marketer of highly engineered precision bearings and products for the aerospace industry.
• Located at 123 Commerce Way in Westminster, S.C., the company will be expanding its manufacturing facility by 13,500 square feet and adding new equipment.
• Hiring for the new positions should begin in the coming weeks, and interested applicants should contact KVeal@rbcbearings.com.


text:
Educational Guide Educational Institutions Schools Milkwood Steiner School, Darwin
Milkwood Steiner School, Darwin
107 Boulter Rd Berrimah NT 0828
http://www.milkwood.nt.edu.au
Institution's Info
Co-Edu
School Category
Boarding Facility
Play Court(s)
Air Conditioned Classes
Medical Dispensary
Since 1996, Steiner-inspired playgroups for young children and families have operated in Darwin and Litchfield. In 1999 several playgroup families formed and incorporated the Darwin Steiner Association (DSA) to enable the development of a Steiner Kindergarten and School.
The DSA grew to a diverse, enterprising and highly motivated group of around 60 members whose activities included publishing regular newsletters, creating a library, running craft and study groups (Waldorf Learning Group), held public and private seminars, fundraising events, founded the Nightcliff market stall, and supported seasonal and cultural festivals and Steiner-inspired playgroups. Prior to the school opening the DSA changed its name to Milkwood Steiner School Association (MSSA).
Milkwood Steiner School opened its doors in January 2004 in the converted Nightcliff Scout Hall in Bauhinia Street, Nightcliff. In the first year Milkwood started with 26 students ranging in age from 4 to 8 years old with a Kindergarten and a combined Class 1, 2, 3. Each following year Milkwood expanded by one class year level until 2007 when it had grown to Class Six.
In February 2007 Milkwood moved to Cecil Cook Avenue, Marrara. Here the children were blessed with two enormous trees in which to climb and play.
At the end of 2009 a permanent location was secured and with the help of a significant investment secured through Building the Education Revolution (BER) and an extraordinary effort from the parent community Milkwood was to open it's doors in 2010 with four custom built classrooms, a library and music room.
Milkwood now has permanent foundations at this site at 107 Boulter Road, Berrimah. Gardens and playgrounds are now established and the School has also been granted a 12 year lease on the adjoining bush block.
Naming Milkwood Steiner School
Milkwood Steiner School was named after a beautiful Milkwood tree growing in Knuckey Lagoons Recreation Reserve. It became very special to the children and parents who attended the Steiner – inspired playgroups and the Waldorf Learning Group held there in 2001.
Early in its life, this tree began growing horizontal to the ground, resulting in a magical and safe leafy place for children to play and be. From the first moment, the Milkwood tree drew the children to it.
The Milkwood tree symbolised one of nature's gifts, nurturing yet strong, balanced and resilient.
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Please be advised that Gan Yaldenu is now a peanut-free environment. Due to a number of children attending our camp/school with severe peanut allergies, we ask that all lunches and snacks prepared at home be free of peanuts, peanut oils, and traces of peanuts. Children with peanut allergies can have severe and even deadly reactions when in contact with peanuts, even in small traces.
Any food found to contain peanuts will be sent back home. We appreciate your full cooperation.


text:
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text:
Directive 98/70/EC of the European Parliament and of the CouncilShow full title
Directive 98/70/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 1998 relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels and amending Council Directive 93/12/EEC
Directives originating from the EU
1998 No. 70
Original (As adopted by EU)
Open whole Directive
Open Directive without Annexes
Open Annexes only
EU Official Journal Version
Revised version PDFs
Revised 24/12/20180.45 MB
This is a Directive originating from the EU
See the EU version of this legislation on EUR-Lex
See an archived version from EUR-Lex in the web archive
This is a legislation item that originated from the EU
After exit day there will be three versions of this legislation to consult for different purposes. The legislation.gov.uk version is the version that applies in the UK. The EU Version currently on EUR-lex is the version that currently applies in the EU i.e you may need this if you operate a business in the EU.
The web archive version is the official version of this legislation item as it stood on exit day before being published to legislation.gov.uk and any subsequent UK changes and effects applied. The web archive also captured associated case law and other language formats from EUR-Lex.
Changes over time for: Article 9
EU exit day31/01/2020- Amendment
EU Directives are being published on this site to aid cross referencing from UK legislation. After exit day no further amendments will be applied to this version.
[F1Article 9 U.K. Reporting
1. The Commission shall submit by 31 December 2012 , and every three years thereafter, a report to the European Parliament and the Council accompanied, where appropriate, by a proposal for amendments to this Directive. That report shall in particular take account of the following:
the use and evolution of automotive technology and, in particular, the feasibility of increasing the maximum permitted biofuel content of petrol and diesel and the need to review the date referred to in Article 3(3);
Community policy on CO 2 emissions from road transport vehicles;
the possibility of applying the requirements of Annex II, and in particular the limit value for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, to non-road mobile machinery (including inland waterways vessels), agricultural and forestry tractors and recreational craft;
the increase in the use of detergents in fuels;
the use of metallic additives other than MMT in fuels;
the total volume of components used in petrol and diesel having regard to Community environmental legislation, including the objectives of Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy (1) and its daughter directives;
the consequences of the greenhouse gas reduction target set in Article 7a(2) for the emissions trading scheme;
the potential need for adjustments to Articles 2(6), 2(7) and 7a(2)(b) in order to assess possible contributions for reaching a greenhouse gas reduction target of up to 10 % by 2020. These considerations shall be based on the potential for life cycle greenhouse gas emission reductions from fuels and energy within the Community, taking into account in particular any developments in environmentally safe carbon capture and storage technologies and in electric road vehicles, and the cost effectiveness of means of reducing those emissions, as referred to in Article 7a(2)(b);
the possibility of introducing additional measures for suppliers to reduce by 2 % life cycle greenhouse gas emissions per unit of energy, in comparison with the fuel baseline standard referred to in Article 7a(5)(b), through the use of credits purchased through the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol under the conditions set out in Directive 2003/87/EC, in order to assess further possible contributions for reaching a greenhouse gas reduction target of up to 10 % by 2020, as referred to in Article 7a(2)(c) of this Directive;
an updated cost-benefit and impact analysis of a reduction in the maximum permitted vapour pressure for petrol for the summer period below 60 kPa [F2;]
[F3the production pathways, volumes and the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions per unit of energy, including the provisional mean values of the estimated indirect land-use change emissions and the associated range derived from the sensitivity analysis as set out in Annex V, of the biofuels consumed in the Union. The Commission shall make data on the provisional mean values of the estimated indirect land-use change emissions and the associated range derived from the sensitivity analysis publicly available.]
2. At the latest in 2014, the Commission shall submit a report to the European Parliament and the Council relating to the achievement of the greenhouse gas emission target for 2020 referred to in Article 7a, taking into account the need for consistency between this target and the target referred to in Article 3(3) of Directive 2009/28/EC, concerning the share of energy from renewable sources in transport, in the light of the reports referred to in Articles 23(8) and 23(9) of that Directive.
The Commission shall, if appropriate, accompany its report by a proposal for modification of the target.]
F1 Substituted by Directive 2009/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 98/70/EC as regards the specification of petrol, diesel and gas-oil and introducing a mechanism to monitor and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and amending Council Directive 1999/32/EC as regards the specification of fuel used by inland waterway vessels and repealing Directive 93/12/EEC (Text with EEA relevance).
F2 Substituted by Directive (EU) 2015/1513 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 September 2015 amending Directive 98/70/EC relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels and amending Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (Text with EEA relevance).
F3 Inserted by Directive (EU) 2015/1513 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 September 2015 amending Directive 98/70/EC relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels and amending Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (Text with EEA relevance).
[F1 OJ L 327, 22.12.2000, p. 1 .]
PrintThe Whole Directive
PDF The Whole Directive
Web page The Whole Directive
PrintThis Article only
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Web page This Article only
Original (As adopted by EU): The original version of the legislation as it stood when it was first adopted in the EU. No changes have been applied to the text.
the original print PDF of the as adopted version that was used for the EU Official Journal
the original print PDF of the as adopted version that was used for the print copy


text:
Q: How to send Microdata event using facebook conversions api? I have already set up Facebook pixel in my website but currently the events are being sent by the browser. To reduce redundancy such as events being blocked due to adblockers and other browser restrictions, I want to implement the conversions api. There are already examples on how to send standard events such as ViewContent, PageView, Purchase etc using the conversions api but I'd like to know how to send Microdata event. My main purpose for using Facebook pixel is to automatically update my commerce product catalog.
I am using React with NEXT.JS in my website and hence looking for solutions in node.js context.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: ComboBox column in WPF DataGrid with DataTable as ItemsSource I've got a datagrid bound to a datatable, with a ComboBoxColumn.  The XAML for this column is as follows:
<DataGridComboBoxColumn Header="Rep Name" SortMemberPath="RepName"
                      ItemsSource="{Binding UpdateSourceTrigger=PropertyChanged, Source={StaticResource EmployeeList}, Path=Employees}"
                      SelectedValueBinding="{Binding Mode=TwoWay, Path=EmpId}"
                      SelectedValuePath="EmpId" DisplayMemberPath="RepName" />

My Employees class:
public class EmployeeList : INotifyPropertyChanged
    {
        private ObservableCollection<Employee> _employees = new ObservableCollection<Employee>();

        public EmployeeList()
        {
           ...
        }

        public ObservableCollection<Employee> Employees
        {
            get { return _employees; }
            set { _employees = value; NotifyPropertyChanged("Employees"); }
        }

        public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;

        public void NotifyPropertyChanged(string propertyName)
        {
            if (PropertyChanged != null)
            {
                PropertyChanged(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName));
            }
        }
    }

    public class Employee : INotifyPropertyChanged
    {
        private int _id;
        public int EmpId
        {
            get { return _id; }
            set { _id = value; OnPropertyChanged("EmpId"); }
        }

        public string RepName { get; set; }

        public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;
        private void OnPropertyChanged(string propertyName)
        {
            if (PropertyChanged != null)
                PropertyChanged(this,
                    new System.ComponentModel.PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName));
        }
    }

The DataTable serving as items source for the grid contains an "EmpId" column and a "RepName" column.  The combobox is populated with all my employees, and when I make a selection, it is reflected in the datatable.  However, when the screen loads, the currently assigned employee is not selected by default in the combobox.  I thought that the SelectedValueBinding property of the combobox would handle this... what am I doing wrong?
Update for clarification:
The datagrid is bound to a datatable which includes an EmployeeID column.  Let's assume that when the screen loads, there are three rows in the table with EmployeeIDs 1, 2, and 3.  I need the combobox column in the first row to have EmployeeID 1 selected, the second row to have EmployeeID 2 selected, and the third row to have EmployeeID 3 selected.

A: If I understand your problem correctly, the ComboBox doesn't select the first item in the collection by default?
If that's the case, you should set the property IsSychronizedWithCurrentItem on the ComboBox to true.  Info about Selector.IsSynchronizedWithCurrentItem here.
...
Well, unfortunately upon further research, DataGridComboBoxColumn does not have a IsSynchronizedWithCurrentItem property. :/  But, you can create a DataGridTemplateColunm that looks something like this:
<DataGridTemplateColumn Header="Rep Name">
    <DataGridTemplateColumn.CellTemplate>
        <DataTemplate>
            <ComboBox ItemsSource="{Binding Employees}"
                   IsSynchronizedWithCurrentItem="true" />
        </DataTemplate>
    </DataGridTemplateColumn.CellTemplate>
</DataGridTemplateColunm>

Hope that helps!


Constant prices are a way of measuring the real change in output.
A year is chosen as the base year. For any subsequent year, the output is measured using the price level of the base year. This excludes any nominal change in output and enables a comparison of the actual goods and services produced.
This shows the UK real GDP – GDP adjusted for inflation and measured with constant prices.
A difficulty with using constant prices is that the typical basket of good changes. What people spend their money on in 1980 is less relevant to what they spend their money on now.


text:
All TV & Showbiz
TV & Showbiz
KING OF THE CASTLE
I'm A Celebrity fans call for show to stay in the UK – saying they much prefer castle to the Aussie jungle
I'M A Celebrity fans have called for the show to stay in the UK saying they prefer the castle in Wales.
Viewers have given the new location their seal of approval after fans were wowed by the stunning Welsh scenery in the launch show.
I'm a Celeb fans are calling for the show to stay in the UKCredit: ITV/Rex/Shutterstock
The popular ITV show was relocated to Gwrych Castle in Wales rather than down under in the Australian jungle amid coronavirus.
A number of fans have demanded that the show returns to Wales next year after they were blown away by the backdrop.
One fan tweeted: "I'm so glad we are not in Australia for I'm a Celeb. We should have used a Welsh Castle in the first place. Look what's literally on our doorstep."
Another posted: "Loving I'm a Celeb in a Welsh castle this year! Welcome back any year. I'm really only watching to see Gwrych Castle. Hopefully more people will want to visit Wales next year."
Viewers have been blown away by the Welsh castleCredit: ITV/Rex/Shutterstock
A third wrote: "I'm a Celeb has kicked off to a bang and what a stunning backdrop the castle provides. As long as you have Ant and Dec and the trails, that's all you need."
A fourth added: "The Welsh castle is amazing, definitely not missing the Aussie jungle."
Another fan wrote: "Loving I'm a Celeb in a spectacular Welsh castle. Really showed how beautiful the Welsh countryside is too."
A number of fans flooded social media as they likened to the castle to the gameshow Crystal Maze.
The location was switched to Wales amid the coronavirus Credit: Rex Features
Bosses have kept some of the iconic elements of campCredit: ITV/Rex/Shutterstock
They wrote: "OMG this year's castle and set up reminds me of the crystal maze."
For the first time in 18 years Geordie duo Ant and Dec and the rest of the line-up have filmed the series on their own turf in England.
The ITV show has been like no other this year after swapping the jungle in Australia for freezing north Wales.
Bosses have made a few tweaks as a nod to the show's new location, but producers have kept a few things the same including communal area with a fire as the main focal point for the camp and the iconic telephone box.
This is the first time in 18 years that the show has been filmed on home turfCredit: ITV/Rex/Shutterstock
Viewers were also introduced to Kiosk Cledwyn after the Aussie version of Dingo Dollar Challenge was given a revamp as the Castle Coin Challenge.
Despite fans giving the new location the thumbs up, one fan wrote: "Certainty not a patch on the Aussie landscape."
Another fan was also less keen, adding: "I love the castle but I'm definitely missing the Australian camp."
It looks like some of the celebrities agreed with Shane Richie making a quip about the location.
Campmates appear to be enjoying the new location
At the end of last night's episode, he joked: "are we going to Australia? when Ant and Dec told the stars "we have good news".
Two new arrivals Russell Watson and Ruthie Henshall will be heading into camp tonight.
Ant and Dec headed into Gwrych Castle last night to tell the celebrities about BushTucker trial Stage Fright.
"We have news," said Dec.
Viewers were blown away by the stunning landscape Credit: Rex Features
TAX WIN
Lorraine says she was brought up to 'pay her dues' as she addresses tax bill drama
"We're going to Australia!" quipped Shane.
Announcing that everyone would be doing the trial, the stars unexpectedly jumped for joy.
Dec then told viewers: "They took that better than I thought. We'll let you into a secret. None of them are doing the trial."
The presenters then announced classical singer Russell and West End star Ruthie would be doing the trial instead as their first act in camp.
I'm A Celebrity... Get Me Out Of Here! teases the entrance of Russell Watson
I'm A Celebrity 2020


text:
\section{Introduction}

In this talk, I cover the following four subjects.
\begin{enumerate}
\item Quark model description of the baryon-baryon interaction
including hyperons{\cite{YITP}}.
\item Antisymmetric spin-orbit force from the \SU3\ flavor symmetry
point of view{\cite{TO}}
\item Description of weak $\Lambda N \to NN$ interaction in the direct
quark mechanism{\cite{ITO}}.
\item Magnetic moments of light hypernuclei and contributions of
$\pi$, $K$ exchange currents{\cite{SOS}}.
\end{enumerate}

In this report, I discuss the first two subjects in detail and leave
the others to references given above.

\section{Baryon-Baryon Interactions}

Recent experimental activities in hypernuclear physics provide us
with high quality data of production, spectra and decays of hypernuclei.
The accumulation of such data accelerates quantitative analyses
of the strong and weak interactions of hyperons.
Theoretical efforts have been devoted to understanding hypernuclear
structure and production and decay mechanisms.  There the most
important ingredient is the hyperon-nucleon interactions.
Several realistic potential models are in use
widely{\cite{Nijmegen,DF,Julich}},
but their
foundations are not solid and furthermore, there are some
discrepancies among the models.  For instance,
the strengths of the spin-spin interaction vary significantly
among the models. It seems urgent to establish the quantitative
description of the hyperon-nucleon (YN) interactions.

In studying the YN interactions, it is natural to follow the
description of nuclear force.  The
long-range part of the nuclear force is explained very well in terms
of one-pion exchange mechanism, while heavy mesons as well as
multi-pion exchanges are necessary for the medium range part of the
nuclear force.  One-boson exchange potential models, in which
two- (and multi-) pion exchanges are taken into account as the
$\sigma$ and $\rho$ exchanges, are fairly successful in accounting the
large amount of data for nucleon-nucleon scattering \cite{Bonn}.
Yet the short-range part of the nuclear force is not fully
treated, that is, repulsive cores (hard or soft) are introduced
phenomenologically to
explain the NN scattering phase shifts around $E\simeq 100-200$ MeV in
the center of mass system.  Indeed, this is the region where the
internal quark-gluon structure of the nucleon must be considered
explicitly.

It was pointed out that the quark exchange force between two nucleons
give significant repulsion at the short distance.  The exchange force
is induced by the quark antisymmetrization and therefore is nonlocal and
of short-range determined by the size of the quark content of the
nucleon.
The most important feature of the quark exchange force is its
dependence on the spin-flavor symmetry of two-baryon states.
A close analogy is found in the hydrogen molecule, where two
electrons orbit around two protons.  As the total spin of the
electrons specifies the symmetry of the spin wave function, the sign
of the exchange force is determined according to the spin.
The symmetric orbital state is allowed only for $S=0$, while the
exchange force is strongly repulsive for $S=1$.
Similar state dependencies appear in the quark exchange force, where
the spin-flavor \SU6\ symmetry determines the properties of the
exchange interactions.

We applied the quark cluster model description of the short-range
YN interactions{\cite{OSY}}.  We found that the flavor singlet
combination of $\Lambda\Lam-N\Xi-\Sigma\Sig$ has no repulsion
induced by the quark exchange at the short
distance.  As this state is known to be favored by the magnetic part of the
one-gluon exchange interaction (color-magnetic interaction), a bound
or a resonance state called H dibaryon may exist{\cite{Jaffe,hakone}}.
On the other hand, most other channels have strong
repulsion at short distances.

Another interesting observation made in ref.\cite{OSY}\ is that the
$S$ wave $\Sigma N$ interaction depends strongly on the total spin and
isospin.  The $\Sigma N$ ($I=1/2$, $S=0$) and $\Sigma N$ ($I=3/2$, $S=1$)
states belong mainly to the [51] irreducible representation of the
spin-flavor \SU6\ symmetry.  This is the representation in which a
Pauli forbidden state appears in the $L=0$ orbital motion.  The Pauli
principle forbids two baryons to get together and thus gives a strong
repulsion.  The other spin-isospin states do not belong to this
symmetry and therefore the short range repulsion is weaker.
This qualitative argument was confirmed in realistic quark cluster
model calculation of the YN interactions{\cite{OSY,NSF}}.
Recent analyses by Niigata-Kyoto group show that the strong repulsion
remains after combining the quark exchange interaction with the
long-range meson exchange attraction{\cite{NSF}}.
No experimental evidence is yet available to be able to
confirm the strong state dependencies.
More $\Sigma N$ scattering data are anticipated very much.

\section{Antisymmetric Spin-Orbit
Forces\protect\footnote{This part of the work has been done in collaboration
with Yoshihiro Tani\protect\cite{TO}.}}

One of the interesting features of the hyperon-nucleon interactions is the
properties of the spin-orbit force.
The Galilei invariant spin-orbit force consists of symmetric LS (SLS) and
antisymmetric LS (ALS) terms,
\begin{eqnarray}
   V_{SO} &=& V_{SLS}({\mbox{\boldmath$\sigma$}_1}+{\mbox{\boldmath$\sigma$}_2})\cdot {\vec L}
  +  V_{ALS}({\mbox{\boldmath$\sigma$}_1}-{\mbox{\boldmath$\sigma$}_2})\cdot {\vec L} \nonumber\\
   &=&  (V_{SLS}+  V_{ALS})\,{\mbox{\boldmath$\sigma$}_1}\cdot {\vec L}
   +(V_{SLS}-  V_{ALS})\,{\mbox{\boldmath$\sigma$}_2}\cdot {\vec L}
\end{eqnarray}
Because the ALS operator $(\mbox{\boldmath$\sigma$}_1-\mbox{\boldmath$\sigma$}_2)\cdot \vec L$
is antisymmetric with respect to the exchange of two baryons,
$V_{ALS}$ should be zero between like baryons.
In the nuclear force, ALS between proton and neutron breaks the isospin
symmetry and is classified as
a type IV charge symmetry breaking (CSB) force.
Evidence of such a CSB force was
given by measuring the difference between the proton and
neutron analyzing powers in the $n-p$ scattering experiments\cite{AP-exp}.
The results show that this force is very weak, supporting the isospin
invariance of the nuclear force.

On the contrary, the ALS forces in the hyperon-nucleon interactions do not
vanish even in the SU(3) flavor symmetric limit.
For hyperon-nucleon systems, ALS seems as strong as
the symmetric LS part.
If the magnitudes of SLS and ALS are comparable, then
the single particle LS force for one of the baryons, (ex.\ $\Lambda$)
inside (hyper)nuclei is much smaller than that for the other baryon (nucleon).
Since recent experiment suggests that the single particle LS force for
$\Lambda$ might be sizable contrary to the wide belief of vanishing LS
force for $\Lambda$,  it is extremely important to  pin down the
magnitude of the two-body LS force.
Here we study the properties of the YN ALS forces from the SU(3)
symmetry point of view.

\subsection{\SU3\ Invariance}
\def\rep#1{{\bf {#1}}}

For the octet baryons, the baryon-baryon interactions can be
classified in terms of the SU(3) irreducible representations given by
\begin{equation}
 \rep8 \times \rep8 = \rep1 + \rep{8_s} + \rep{27} + \rep{10} + \rep{10^{*}}
     + \rep{8_a}
\end{equation}
Among these six irreducible representations, first three,  $\rep1$,
$\rep{8_s}$, and
$\rep{27}$, are symmetric under the exchange of two baryons and the other three
$\rep{10}$, $\rep{10^{*}}$ and $\rep{8_a}$, are
antisymmetric{\cite{DF}}.
Noting that two-baryon states are to be
antisymmetric, and
that the color wave function for the color-singlet baryons is always symmetric,
we find that the symmetric (antisymmetric) flavor representations are combined
only to antisymmetric (symmetric) spin-orbital states.

In baryon-baryon scattering, the ALS force induces the transition
(mixing) between the spin singlet states ($^1P_1$, $^1D_2$, $^1F_3$, \ldots)
and the spin triplet states with the same $L$ and $J$
($^3P_1$, $^3D_2$, $^3F_3$, \ldots).
The flavor symmetries of $^1P_1$ state must be antisymmetric,
$\rep{10}$, $\rep{10^{*}}$ and $\rep{8_a}$, while
that of $^3P_1$ state is symmetric,  $\rep1$, $\rep{8_s}$ or $\rep{27}$.

If one assumes the \SU3\ invariance of the strong interaction,
different irreducible representations are not mixed.
Therefore the only possible combination of symmetric and antisymmetric
representations is $\rep{8_s}- \rep{8_a}$.
We conclude that the ALS in the SU(3) limit should only connect
$\rep{8_s}$ and $\rep{8_a}$.

The symmetry structure becomes clearer by decomposing
the $P$--wave $\Lambda N- \Sigma N$ ($I=1/2$), as a concrete example,
into the \SU3\ irreducible representations.
The flavor symmetric states read
\begin{equation}
  \pmatrix {\Lambda N \cr \Sigma N\cr} (^3P_1)
      =  \pmatrix {\sqrt{9\over 10} & -\sqrt{1\over 10} \cr
                   -\sqrt{1\over 10} &  -\sqrt{9\over 10} \cr }
        \pmatrix{ \rep{27} \cr \rep{8_s} \cr}
\end{equation}
while the antisymmetric ones are
\begin{equation}
  \pmatrix {\Lambda N \cr \Sigma N\cr}  (^1P_1)
      = \pmatrix {-\sqrt{1\over 2} & -\sqrt{1\over 2} \cr
                   -\sqrt{1\over 2} &  \sqrt{1\over 2} \cr }
        \pmatrix{ \rep{10*} \cr \rep{8_a} \cr}
\end{equation}
In the \SU3\ limit, the only  surviving matrix element is
$\langle \rep{8}_a \, ^1P_1 | V| \rep{8}_s \, ^3P_1\rangle$.
When we turn to the YN particle basis, we obtain the following
relations in the \SU3\ limit.
\begin{eqnarray}
  \langle \Lambda N \,^1P_1 | V| \Lambda N\, ^3P_1\rangle  &=&
      -\, \langle \Sigma N^{(1/2)} \,^1P_1 | V| \Lambda N\, ^3P_1\rangle \\
  \langle \Lambda N \,^1P_1 | V| \Sigma N^{(1/2)}\, ^3P_1\rangle
  &=& - \, \langle \Sigma N^{(1/2)} \,^1P_1 | V| \Sigma N^{(1/2)}\,
  ^3P_1\rangle
  = 3\,\langle \Lambda N \,^1P_1 | V| \Lambda N\, ^3P_1\rangle
\end{eqnarray}

On the contrary, the  $\Sigma N$ ($I=3/2$) system belongs purely to the
\SU3\ $\rep{27}$ and therefore the ALS matrix element vanishes in
the \SU3\ limit.
\begin{equation}
\langle \Sigma N^{(3/2)} \,^1P_1 | V| \Sigma N^{(3/2)} \,
^3P_1\rangle =0
\end{equation}

These relations come only from the \SU3\ symmetry and is general for
any ALS interactions regardless their origin.
It is extremely interesting to note that (1) the ALS for $\Sigma
N^{(1/2)}$ is much stronger than and has different sign from that
for $\Lambda-N$,  (2) the coupling of $\Lambda N - \Sigma N^{(1/2)}$ is also strong,
and (3) the ALS for $\Sigma N$ depends strongly on the isospin or
the charge states.

\subsection{Quark Cluster Model Potential}

The quark substructure of the baryon must play significant roles at
short distances in the baryonic interactions{\cite{OY}}.
The quark model symmetry is especially simple when two baryons sit
on top of each other.
For $L=1$  states, the six-quark orbital state takes [51] symmetry,
which can couple only to the [42] \SU6\ representation due to the
Pauli principle.  Namely the [6] symmetric \SU6\ states are not allowed
to couple to [51] orbital configuration.
The $I=1/2$ $\Lambda N -\Sigma N$ states at $R\to 0$ are given
in the SU(6)/SU(3) symmetry basis by
\begin{eqnarray*}
   |S=0\rangle &=& |[42] \rep{8_a}\rangle +  |[42] \rep{10^*}\rangle \\
   |S=1\rangle &=& |[42] \rep{8_s}\rangle +  |[42] \rep{27}\rangle
\end{eqnarray*}
Again the ALS in the \SU3\ limit can connect only the octet states,
$[42] \rep{8_a}$ and $[42] \rep{8_s}$,  and
the ratio of the ALS interaction in the particle basis,
$\Lambda N -\Sigma N$ should follow eq.(3).

The quark-quark potential due to one-gluon exchange
gives a $q-q$ spin-orbit interaction.
Its contribution to the YN ALS forces are calculated in the above
mentioned limit ($R=0$) {\cite{Morimatsu}}.
They are compared with the corresponding
potential of the ordinary spin orbit force between the $^3P_1$ states
in Table \ref{tab:QCM}.

The results show that the ALS forces due to the quark exchange force
are as strong as the ordinary LS force of the same origin.
Especially, the $\Sigma N$ ($I=1/2$) feels a stronger ALS
force between $S=0$ and $S=1$, than the ordinary LS force
between $S=1$ states.
This is a very interesting result.  The quark exchange ALS force might
play dominant role in the YN forces, as was already suggested and
demonstrated by Kyoto-Niigata group{\cite{NSF}}.

\begin{table}[hbt]
\caption{ALS and LS matrix elements at $R=0$ normalized by the
overlapping matrix element.}
\label{tab:QCM}
\begin{tabular}{l|rr|rr}
\hline
&\multicolumn{2}{c|}{$\langle ^1P_1| V_{ALS}|^3P_1\rangle$}&
 \multicolumn{2}{c}{$\langle ^3P_1| V_{LS}|^3P_1\rangle$} \\
&\SU3\ limit&\SU3\ broken&\SU3\ limit&\SU3\ broken\\
\hline
($I=1/2$)&(MeV)&(MeV)&(MeV)&(MeV)\\
$\Lambda N \leftarrow \Lambda N$& $37$ & $32$ & $-74$ & $-55$ \\
$\Lambda N \leftarrow \Sigma N$& $88$ & $77$ & $33$ & $29$ \\
$\Sigma N \leftarrow \Lambda N$& $-37$ & $-29$ & $33$ & $29$ \\
$\Sigma N \leftarrow \Sigma N$& $-88$ & $-79$ & $22$ & $22$ \\
\hline
($I=3/2$)&&&&\\
$\Sigma N \leftarrow \Sigma N$& $0$ & $1$ & $-95$ & $-94$\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

Table \ref{tab:QCM}\ also shows the potential values when the
\SU3\ symmetry is
broken by the mass difference of the strange quark and the $ud$ quarks.
The effects of the symmetry breaking are not so large that the results
are essentially the same.
Thus the above \SU3\ relations of the ALS matrix elements remain
valid qualitatively, {\it i.e.},
$\langle \Lambda N \,^1P_1 | V| \Sigma N^{(1/2)}\, ^3P_1\rangle$ and
$\langle \Sigma N^{(1/2)} \,^1P_1 | V| \Sigma N^{(1/2)}\, ^3P_1\rangle$
are large, while
$\langle \Sigma N^{(3/2)}\,^1P_1 | V| \Sigma N^{(3/2)}\, ^3P_1\rangle$
almost vanishes.

\subsection{Meson Exchange Potential}
For meson exchange interactions exchanged mesons considered
are either in the flavor singlet or octet representation
(because they are $q\bar q$ states).
The SU(3) factor for the (meson $M^a$)--(baryon $B_i$)--(baryon $B_j$)
coupling, $T^a_{ij}$, has three choices, $\delta_{ij}$
for the flavor singlet meson ($a=0$) and $F_{aij}$ or $D_{aij}$
for octet mesons ($a=1-8$),
where $F$ and $D$ are symmetric and antisymmetric SU(3)
structure constants, respectively.
Then the SU(3) invariant potential is proportional to
\[
 \sum_{a=1}^{8} \,( T^a_{ij} \cdot T^a_{lm} + \hbox{exchange term})
\]
Thus possible antisymmetric coupling is of the form
$ (F_{aij}\cdot D_{alm} - D_{aij}\cdot F_{alm})$.
This term, however, vanishes because the ratio of the
$f$ and $d$ couplings is fixed for each meson
without depending on the choice of
baryons ($ijlm$).
One exception is for the vector and the
tensor couplings in the vector meson exchange force.
According to the vector meson dominance, $F/D$ ratio for the vector
and the tensor couplings are in general different and then terms
like $(g_1 f_2 - f_1 g_2) (\mbox{\boldmath$\sigma$}_1-\mbox{\boldmath$\sigma$}_2)\cdot \vec L$
will survive, where $g_k$ ($f_k$) is the vector (tensor) coupling
constant of a vector meson to a baryon $k$ ($k=1$ or 2).

One can confirm the above symmetry consideration by a look on the ALS
potential term in the Nijmegen potential{\cite{Nijmegen}}, for instance.
There the SU(3) symmetry is broken by differences among the baryon
masses that cause factors like $(M_Y^2 - M_N^2)/4M_YM_N$.
The equal baryon mass $M_Y=M_N$ in the SU(3) limit kills most terms,
leaving
\begin{equation}
 V_{ALS} (r) = {g_{Y} g_{N}\over 4\pi}\, {m^3\over 2M^2}\,
\xi(x)
\left[\left({f\over g}\right)_{N} - \left({f\over g}\right)_{Y}
\right] \, ({\mbox{\boldmath$\sigma$}_1}-{\mbox{\boldmath$\sigma$}_2})\cdot {\vec L}
\end{equation}
where $m$ is the meson mass, $x=mr$ and $\xi(x)$ is a radial function defined by
\begin{equation}
  \xi(x)=\left({1\over x} + {1\over x^2}\right) \, {e^{-x}\over x} \quad.
\end{equation}

In the \SU3\ limit, the coefficients of ALS force due to exchanges of
the vector mesons, $\rho$, $\omega_8$ and $K^*$ are given for the \SU3\
basis, and also for the particle basis in Table \ref{tab:OBE}.
The common factor
$ {1\over\sqrt{5}} \, fg (\alpha-\beta)$
contains $\alpha= F_g/(F_g+D_g)$ for the vector($g$)-coupling
and $\beta= F_f/(F_f+D_f)$ for the tensor($f$)-coupling.
All the matrix elements vanish when $\alpha=\beta$.
Thus it is critical for ALS to have different $F/D$ ratios for the
vector and tensor couplings.

\begin{table}[hbt]
\caption{Coefficients of the ALS force due to the vector meson exchanges.
The four numbers in
each raw are the contributions of $\rho$, $\omega_8$ and $K^*$
vector mesons and their sum, respectively, with a common factor,
$fg(\alpha-\beta)/\protect\sqrt{5}$.}
\label{tab:OBE}
\begin{tabular}{l|rrrr}
\hline
 {}
& $\rho$
& $\omega_8$
&$ K^{*}$
&Total \\
\hline
{} & {} & {} & {}  \\
$ \langle  {\bf 8_a} \ {}^{1}P_1 \ | V_{ALS}| \ {\bf 8_s} \ {}^{3}P_1 \rangle$ &
8 & 4  & 8  & 20 \\
$ \langle  {\bf 8_a} \ {}^{1}P_1 \ | V_{ALS}| \ {\bf 27} \ {}^{3}P_1 \rangle$ &
6 & $-2$  & $-4$ &  0 \\
$ \langle  {\bf 10^{*}} \ {}^{1}P_1 \ | V_{ALS}| \ {\bf 8_s} \ {}^{3}P_1 \rangle$ &
$-2$ & $-2$  & 4  &  0 \\
$ \langle  {\bf 10^{*}} \ {}^{1}P_1 \ | V_{ALS}| \ {\bf 27} \ {}^{3}P_1 \rangle$ &
$-4$ & $-4$  & 8 &  0 \\
{} & {} & {} & {}  \\
$\langle   \Lambda N^{(1/2)} \ {}^{1}P_1 \ | V_{ALS}| \  \Lambda
N^{(1/2)} \   {}^{3}P_1 \rangle$ &
0  & $-1$   & 0  & $-1$   \\
$\langle   \Sigma N^{(1/2)} \ {}^{1}P_1 \ | V_{ALS}| \ \Sigma N^{(1/2)}
\ {}^{3}P_1 \rangle$ &
2 & 1  & 0 & 3  \\
$\langle   \Sigma N^{(1/2)} \ {}^{1}P_1 \ | V_{ALS}| \ \Lambda N^{(1/2)}
\ {}^{3}P_1 \rangle$ &
$-1$  & 0  & 2  & 1  \\
$\langle   \Lambda N^{(1/2)} \ {}^{1}P_1 \ |V_{ALS}| \ \Sigma N^{(1/2)}
\ {}^{3}P_1 \rangle$ &
$-1$  & 0  & $-2$  & $-3$  \\
{} & {} & {} & {}  \\
$\langle  {\bf 10} \ {}^{1}P_1 \ | V_{ALS}| \ {\bf 27} \ {}^{3}P_1  \rangle$ &
1 & $-1$ & 0 & 0 \\
{} & {} & {} & {}  \\
$\langle  \Sigma N^{(3/2)} \ {}^{1}P_1 \ | V_{ALS}| \ \Sigma N^{(3/2)} \
{}^{3}P_1  \rangle$ &
1 & $-1$ & 0 & 0 \\
{} & {} & {} & {}  \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

One sees that except for the $\rep{8_s} - \rep{8_a}$ matrix element,
the sum of the $\rho$, $\omega_8$ and $K^*$ contributions vanishes
as expected from the \SU3\ symmetry.
It is also interesting to note that the difference between the $\Lambda N
\to \Lambda N$ and $\Sigma N \to \Sigma N$ ALS matrix elements come from the
isovector $\rho$ exchange and also that the difference between
$\Lambda N \to \Sigma N$ and $\Sigma N \to \Lambda N$ is caused by the sign
change of $K^*$ exchange.  For $\langle \Lambda N \,
 ^1P_1| V_{ALS}|\Sigma N^{(1/2)} \,^3P_1\rangle$,
 the $\rho$ and $K^*$ exchanges
are added up while they tend to cancel for
$\langle\Sigma N^{(1/2)} \, ^1P_1| V_{ALS}|\Lambda N\,^3P_1\rangle$.

\subsection{\SU3\ Breaking}
When the \SU3\ symmetry breaking is taken into account, the
coefficients in Table \ref{tab:OBE} for
$\rho$, $\omega_8$ and $K^*$ cannot simply be summed up, as the
interaction range for $K^*$ is significantly shorter than that for
$\rho$ or $\omega_8$.
Furthermore the differences among the octet baryon masses generate
various terms that would vanish in the \SU3\ limit.  The full form of
the ALS potential for the scalar, pseudoscalar and vector exchanges
are given in the following.
\begin{equation}
V^{ALS}_{PS}(r) =   \label{eqn:ALS-PSEUDO}
  g_{13}g_{24} \frac{m^3}{4 \pi} \xi(x)\frac{1}{8}
\left(\frac{1}{M_1 M_4} -\frac{1}{M_2 M_3}\right)
   {\vec L} \cdot ( \mbox{\boldmath$\sigma$}_1 - \mbox{\boldmath$\sigma$}_2 ) P_{\sigma}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
V^{ALS}_{S}(r) =     \label{eqn:ALS-SCALAR}
-  g_{13}g_{24} \frac{m^3}{4 \pi} \xi(x)\frac{1}{8}
\left(\frac{1}{M_1 M_3} -\frac{1}{M_2 M_4}\right)
   {\vec L} \cdot ( \mbox{\boldmath$\sigma$}_1 - \mbox{\boldmath$\sigma$}_2 )
\end{equation}
\begin{eqnarray}
V^{ALS}_{V}(r) & = &
-\frac{m^3}{4 \pi} \xi(x) {1\over 2}\,
{\vec L} \cdot ( \mbox{\boldmath$\sigma$}_1 - \mbox{\boldmath$\sigma$}_2 )
\nonumber \\
&\times &
\left[ \left(g_{13}+ \frac{M_1+M_3}{2 \cal M}f_{13}\right)
       \left(g_{24}+ \frac{M_2+M_4}{2 \cal M}f_{24}\right)
\frac{1}{4} \left( \frac{1}{M_2 M_3} -  \frac{1}{M_1 M_4}\right)P_{\sigma}
               \right.  \nonumber \\
&- &
 \frac{g_{13}f_{24} -f_{13}g_{24}}{4 \cal M}
  \left( \frac{1}{M_1}+ \frac{1}{M_2}+ \frac{1}{M_3}+ \frac{1}{M_4} \right)
         \nonumber \\
&+ &
  g_{13}g_{24} \frac{1}{4}
 \left( \frac{1}{M_1 M_3} - \frac{1}{M_2 M_4} \right)
 \left( 1+ {\frac{(M_3-M_1)(M_4-M_2)}{m^2}} \right)\nonumber \\
&+ &
  \frac{f_{13}f_{24}}{4 {\cal M}^2}
\left\{ \frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{M^2_2 + M^2_4}{M_2 M_4}
                   -\frac{M^2_1 + M^2_3}{M_1 M_3} \right) \right.\nonumber \\
&- &
m^2  \left\{
\frac{1}{16} \left( \frac{1}{M_1 M_3}-\frac{1}{M_2 M_4} \right)
  \right.          \nonumber \\
&+ &  \frac{1}{32}  \left(
\frac{1}{M_1^2} + \frac{1}{M_3^2}
-\frac{1}{M_2^2} - \frac{1}{M_4^2}
+  \frac{M_1}{M^3_3} + \frac{M_3}{M^3_1}
 -\frac{M_2}{M^3_4} - \frac{M_4}{M^3_2} \right. \nonumber \\
&+ &\left. \left. \left.
 \frac{ M^2_2 + M^2_4 - M^2_1 - M^2_3 }{M_1 M_2 M_3 M_4}
\right)  \right\} \right]
\end{eqnarray}
where the scattering of $M_1 + M_2 \to M_3 + M_4$ is considered,
while $\cal M$ is the mass of the proton.
The terms that contains
the spin exchange operator,
\begin{equation}
  P_{\sigma} = {1+ \mbox{\boldmath$\sigma$}_1\cdot\mbox{\boldmath$\sigma$}_2\over 2}
\end{equation}
come from the exchange part in the $K$ and $K^*$ exchanges.

Fig.\ 1 shows the ALS part of the one-boson exchange potential
(OBE) and the adiabatic potential in the quark cluster model (QCM) for
the $I=3/2$ $\Sigma N$ channel, {\it i.e.},
$\langle  \Sigma N^{(3/2)} \ {}^{1}P_1 \ | V_{ALS}| \ \Sigma N^{(3/2)} \
{}^{3}P_1  \rangle$.
It can be compared with the corresponding ordinary LS (SLS) part for
$\langle  \Sigma N^{(3/2)} \ {}^{3}P_1 \ | V_{SLS}| \ \Sigma N^{(3/2)} \
{}^{3}P_1  \rangle$, shown in Fig.\ 2.
The curves in these figures show various cases in \SU3\ breaking.
The potentials in the \SU3\ symmetric limit are
labeled by ``Bs-Ms'' for OBE and ``QCM-s'' for QCM.
The ALS potentials are zero in this limit.
The symmetry is broken in ``QCM-d'' by the quark mass difference,
while in ``Bd-Md'' both the meson mass differences and the baryon mass
differences are taken into account.
It is clear that the ALS is strongly suppressed
even when the \SU3\ symmetry breaking is considered.
\SU3\ breaking effect is small also in SLS.
In general, we observe that the ALS potential is very weak for
the two-baryon channels in which the ALS vanishes in the \SU3\ limit.
In these figures, potential parameters are chosen from the Nijmegen
model D potential in OBE and ref.{\cite{Morimatsu}} for QCM.

Figs.\ 3 and 4 shows the OBE and QCM adiabatic potentials in the
$\Lambda N (^1P_1)\to \Sigma N^{(1/2)} (^3P_1)$ (Fig.~3), and
$\Sigma N^{(1/2)} (^1P_1)\to \Lambda N(^3P_1)$ (Fig.~4).
They show that the ALS potentials are rather strong.
It is also indicated that the QCM gives stronger ALS than OBE and
also that the effects of \SU3\ breaking is less for QCM.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{minipage}[t]{77mm}
\begin{center}
\epsfxsize=75mm
\epsfbox{file1.eps}
\caption{The OBE and QCM potentials in
$\langle  \Sigma N^{(3/2)} \,^{1}P_1 \, | V_{ALS}| \,
\Sigma N^{(3/2)} \,^{3}P_1  \rangle$.}
\end{center}
\end{minipage}
\hspace{\fill}
\begin{minipage}[t]{77mm}
\begin{center}
\epsfxsize=75mm
\epsfbox{file2.eps}
\caption{The OBE and QCM potentials in
$\langle  \Sigma N^{(3/2)} \,^{3}P_1 \,| V_{SLS}| \,
\Sigma N^{(3/2)} \,^{3}P_1  \rangle$.}
\end{center}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{minipage}[t]{77mm}
\begin{center}
\epsfxsize=75mm
\epsfbox{file3.eps}
\caption{The OBE and QCM potentials in
$\langle \Lambda N^{(1/2)} \,^{1}P_1 \, |V_{ALS}| \, \Sigma N^{(1/2)}
\,^{3}P_1 \rangle$. }
\end{center}
\end{minipage}
\hspace{\fill}
\begin{minipage}[t]{77mm}
\begin{center}
\epsfxsize=75mm
\epsfbox{file4.eps}
\caption{The OBE and QCM potentials in
$\langle \Sigma N^{(1/2)} \,^{1}P_1 \,| V_{ALS}| \, \Lambda N^{(1/2)}
\,^{3}P_1 \rangle$. }
\end{center}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusion}

We have studied the \SU3\ symmetry of the ALS interactions in the YN force,
and found that the \SU3\ symmetry is rather good in accounting the
properties of ALS forces in various baryon channels.
The YN ALS forces due to the quark exchange are significantly large,
comparable to the ordinary LS force of the same origin.
The meson exchange force almost vanishes except for a term proportional
to the difference in $F/D$ ratios of the vector and tensor couplings
of the vector mesons.  Thus the ALS interaction has a shorter range
than the ordinary LS force, or the tensor forces.
It is extremely interesting to pin down the strengths and the properties
of the ALS forces in the YN sector in determining the origin of the
baryonic forces.
Further theoretical and experimental studies of the YN spin-orbit
interactions are very much encouraged.

\bigbreak
The author acknowledges Y.~Tani, K.~Yazaki, O.~Morimatsu and
S.~Takeuchi for useful discussions.
This work is supported in part by the Grant-in-Aid for scientific
research (C)(2)08640356 and Priority Areas (Strangeness Nuclear
Physics) of the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan.

\def \vol(#1,#2,#3){{{\bf {#1}} (19{#2}) {#3}}}
\def \NP(#1,#2,#3){Nucl.\ Phys.\          \vol(#1,#2,#3)}
\def \PL(#1,#2,#3){Phys.\ Lett.\          \vol(#1,#2,#3)}
\def \PRL(#1,#2,#3){Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.\   \vol(#1,#2,#3)}
\def \PRp(#1,#2,#3){Phys.\ Rep.\          \vol(#1,#2,#3)}
\def \PR(#1,#2,#3){Phys.\ Rev.\           \vol(#1,#2,#3)}
\def \PTP(#1,#2,#3){Prog.\ Theor.\ Phys.\ \vol(#1,#2,#3)}
\defM.~Oka} \def\KY{K.~Yazaki{M.~Oka} \def\KY{K.~Yazaki}
\def \ibid(#1,#2,#3){{\it ibid.}\         \vol(#1,#2,#3)}
\def\MO{M.~Oka} \def\KY{K.~Yazaki}
\def\KY{\KY}
\def\ST{\ST}
\def\PRD(#1,#2,#3){\PR(D#1,#2,#3)}
\def\PRC(#1,#2,#3){\PR(C#1,#2,#3)}
\def{\it et al.}{{\it et al.}}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


This is a guest post written by Nancy Farrell, a freelance writer and blogger. She regularly contributes to the criminal justice degrees , which discusses child abuse, human rights, divorce, and crime related articles. Questions or comments can be sent to: nancy.farrell13@gmail.com. Thank you, Nancy, for taking the time to share your thoughts with the readers of Portrait of an Adoption!
Adoption, especially for parents who cannot physically bear children, is one of the most rewarding experiences anyone will ever go through. I know from first hand experience, because my brother was adopted, I had volunteered for a Russian orphanage while studying there a few years ago as a student, and I know several friends and family who have brought an abandoned child into their home to raise as their own.
Still, adoption, as many adoptive parents know, is never a walk in the park, even if you adopted your child as an infant. But adopting an older child with many behavioral problems as a result of early trauma is a challenge that few are willing and --let's face it-- able to take on.
Take, for example, the story that became international news earlier this year when a Tennessee mother adopted a seven-year-old boy from a Russian orphanage, cared for him for several months, then sent him back alone on airplane with a typed note to Russian officials saying the boy had severe psychopathic issues that she could no longer deal with.
Although it is still unsure to what extent Artyom Savelyev was a serious threat to his family, this story is especially heartbreaking, considering the boy's one shot at redemption was ended, after having been removed from the care of his alcoholic mother and subsequently having lived in a grim orphanage in Far East Russia for most of his life.
Other than learning the not so surprising fact that airport security is still a joke (who allows a seven-year-old child to board two flights, one international, without adult supervision?), what else is to be learned from this story?
For one, taking care of an older adopted child with a troubled past will always be ten times more difficult than you would think it is. Especially for children exposed to drugs or alcohol in utero, like young Artyom was, the possibility that the child has severe developmental problems is also present.
Although Torry Hansen, Artyom's temporary adoptive mother, was a nurse and a responsible mother of a natural born son who was around Artyom's age, sometimes being a caring and nurturing person is simply not enough for certain adopted children. As noted in an Open Salon article, a child that shares a similar background as Artyom needs more than just the support of his or her family. A many-pronged intervention program for adoptive children with behavioral issues is highly advisable.
"Love can do many amazing things. It can provide a safe environment that a normally maturing child can respond positively to. It can help nudge a child at high-risk for future problems towards a positive trajectory. It's an important part in a mixture of components needed for placement success. However, love cannot erase completely past maltreatment or neglect. It cannot erase years of dysfunctional attachment behavior in eight months."
On the other hand, although often "bad" stories draw more public attention, there are several good endings for internationally adopted children from traumatic backgrounds. Take, for example, another Tennessee mother who had adopted a Russian child. In an interview with this Memphis mother, she noted that being well-acquainted with a Russian community in Memphis helped her get through the difficulties of raising a troubled Russian child who did not speak English well. She emphasized the truth of it "taking a village to bring over a child."
In my own personal experience with abused and neglected Russian children, I know that kindness goes far, but extreme, unconditional patience goes further. A good friend of mine was likewise raised in a family who had adopted a Russian boy. My friend was seven at the time, and the boy was five.
The boy, Mikhail, came from an extremely troubled background—Mikhail's mother was a prostitute who was shot and killed by his own alcoholic father. Even worse, the boy witnessed the murder with his very own eyes.
Now, Mikhail is a well-spoken, intelligent teenager with flawless English and only a slight accent. Although he still has frequent nightmares, and he has no desire to even think of visiting the land of his birth out of a deeply-ingrained fear, he told me that he now cannot thank his adoptive family enough for having the patience and the foresight to offer everything they could to him despite his frequent and often violent outbursts the first few years he lived with them.
Before any potential adoptive parent thinks about adopting an older child from overseas, one must remember that a child is not a purchased object, nor an investment. It is a responsibility that will be the most difficult one you have ever assumed in your life. If you have not carefully done your research, if you have not garnered much support from friends, family, health services, and the community, then it is best to consider other options.


Coastal nations who rescue refugees at sea must allow them to claim asylum on land. Humanitarian worker Christina Psarra describes how this creates perverse incentives for states to leave people adrift or bounce refugees between different jurisdictions.
In 2013, a boat capsized 61 miles (98km) from the Italian island of Lampedusa killing 268 refugees including 60 children. It was another horrific example of the risks taken by so many families fleeing violence in the Middle East and Africa. But recently released tapes of conversations with coast guard authorities reveal a deeper tragedy.
During multiple phone calls over five hours a Syrian father is heard pleading with the Italian operator, "We are dying, please," and the operator repeating, "You have to call Malta, sir." The Maltese, in a call to Italian authorities, agreed to take control of the rescue mission but asked for the Italian vessel to assist because it was closer. The Italians refused, claiming it would render Italy "in charge of transfer to the nearest coast." The result was a deadly delay.
Government responses to sea crossings have been at best inadequate and at worst cynical.
Delivering migrants to safety on land extends state responsibilities and obliges the country to allow access to national asylum procedures. This blur in the international framework has also allowed states to deny disembarkation of those rescued at sea and leave many people afloat in dangerous limbo.
For almost a year, I volunteered in various search and rescue operations in the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas and I can say with firsthand experience that disputes akin to the conversation between Italy and Malta are not uncommon or unique to the Mediterranean.
In 2001, the "Tampa Affair" led to a diplomatic dispute when Australia refused entry to a Norwegian ship carrying 438 Afghan refugees rescued from the sea. The base of the United States' "wet feet, dry feet" policy is the apprehension or admission of Cubans who have entered territorial waters. Rohingya and Bangladeshi boat migrants are routinely bounced from Indonesian to Malaysian to Thai authorities in what has been described as a "humanitarian ping-pong." A British navy flagship was only recently stuck at anchor in Sicily instead of joining a large planned search and rescue operation because the Italian and British governments could not reach agreement on whether those rescued could be taken to Italian ports.
Humanitarian organizations and sometimes merchant vessels – even while being denounced for their actions – are trying to cover the gaps created by the absence of state involvement, but far too many people slip through.
Migrant fatality numbers are generally conservative estimates, based on complicated and strict records, but the numbers are nonetheless gruesome. On average, two children drowned every day in the eastern Mediterranean during the last quarter of 2015, when the Greek islands were welcoming more than 5,000 refugees a day. Arrivals to Europe surpassed 1.2 million that year, dropping to 362,376 people in 2016. Another 34,000 are estimated to have arrived this year, 98 percent of whom came by sea. Of the over 1,500 migrant deaths recorded worldwide in 2017, 962 perished in the Mediterranean.
The Caribbean Sea has a long history of migration too and has seen 90 drownings so far in 2017. Between 1982 and 2012, the U.S. Coast Guard interdicted 222,315 persons in the Caribbean or the adjacent Florida Straits and Mona Passage.
For years, people escaping poverty and violence in the Horn of Africa have taken to the seas through the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea. In March of this year, a helicopter gunship of unclear origins opened fire on a boat full of Somali refugees off the coast of Yemen killing 42.
The Rohingya, one of the most persecuted minorities in the world, stateless and displaced by the tens of thousands, may endure months in the waters of the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea in the hands of unscrupulous traffickers before reaching Bangladesh, Thailand, Malaysia, or Indonesia. Thousands of asylum seekers from Vietnam, Iran, Sri Lanka, China, and other countries also try to cross to Australia by boat from Indonesia. The Australian government sends many to the island of Nauru for holding until they can determine what to do with them.
The list is endless, like the seas.
Whether from migrants or responders, the phrase you hear most during a rescue is, "Take the children, the children, the children first!" If a baby falls in the water, the chances it survives are close to zero. So, it's babies and children first. Then the women. Then the men.
If a baby falls in the water, the chances it survives are close to zero.
Though the number of people arriving in Europe has declined from its peak in 2015, last year still saw a record number of people displaced globally and there are few indications that the underlying drivers of this disruption will change soon. Less than 10 percent of the world's displaced population is in the United States or another wealthy European Union country and each day more figures are added to the numbers on the move.
More than 20 million people in four countries currently face famine or a credible risk of famine, thanks to a combination of drought and violence. The humanitarian costs of the wars in Syria, Yemen, Afghanistan and Iraq seem intractable. At the same time, Venezuela is facing an unprecedented political and economic crisis, prompting thousands of citizens to flee to neighboring countries.
The lack of safe passage, absence of adequate humanitarian corridors, and craven resettlement programs (the U.N. expects to be able to place only 170,000 of 1.19 million people in need of resettlement this year) leave few alternatives than the boats for many.
But the burden placed on coastal states from the high number of asylum claims is highly problematic. Resolving this legal grey area, which creates perverse incentives for coastal nations to ignore humanitarian responsibilities, should be a priority for any policymaker looking to address the global refugee crisis.
One solution is to offer a wider range of international asylum procedures once a rescue is performed and people are disembarked, instead of providing access only to the national asylum system of the host nation. This would reduce the reluctance of front-line states to take part in operations and also share the responsibility of assisting.
One thing is clear: Safer passage, whether on sea, land, or in the air, is the only solution to stop turning our seas into aquatic graves. Efforts to simply stop arrivals – as Italy and Libya recently announced a deal to works towards – have historically been unsuccessful. When one route is closed, another tends to open. Indeed, studies have shown that tighter controls on immigration benefit smuggling networks. The more difficult crossings become, because of "natural obstacles, such as the sea, or man-made obstacles, such as surveillance systems," the better it is for traffickers. Like on land, when walls are built, tunnels are dug.
A better solution to dealing with sea crossings should be an urgent international priority. It's not a call to morality; it's a call to reality.
This article was originally published by New Security Beat and is reproduced with permission.
Christina Psarra is a humanitarian worker from Greece and has participated in many search and rescue operations in the Mediterranean Sea. She is a Fulbright/Humphrey Fellow and a junior scholar at the Wilson Center.