See also Washington (state) on Wikipedia; the 9th edition; the 1922 update; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.
WASHINGTON, the most north-westerly state of the United States of America. It lies between latitudes 45° 32' and 49° N. and between longitudes 116° 57' and 124° 48' W. On the N. it is bounded by British Columbia, along the 49th parallel as far W. as the middle of the Strait of Georgia and then down the middle of this strait and Haro Strait, and along the middle of the channel the Strait of Juan de Fuca, which separate it from Vancouver Island; on the E. the south portion of its boundary is the Snake river, which separates it from Idaho, but from the confluence of the Snake and Clearwater rivers (a little W. of 117°) the E. boundary line between Washington and Idaho runs directly N.; on the S. the Columbia river separates it from Oregon from the mouth of that river to the point of the upper intersection with the 46th parallel of N. latitude, but from thence eastward the S. boundary line between Washington and Oregon is the 46th parallel; on the W. the state is bounded by the Pacific Ocean. The state has a maximum length, from E. to W., of 360 m. and a maximum width of 240 m.; area, 69,127 sq. m., of which 2291 sq. m. are water surface.
Pacific Mountains province, consisting of the Coast range and the Cascade range, separated by a broad basin known as the Sound Valley. The eastern half of the state is occupied in the north by a westward extension of the Rocky Mountains, and in the centre and south by the north-western portion of the Columbia Plateau province. The most prominent physical feature of the state is the Cascade mountain range, which with a N.N.E. and S.S.W. trend crosses the state 30 to 40 m. W. of the middle. On the S. border this mountain range occupies a tract about 50 m. in width, and to the northward it widens to 100 m. or more. The general height of the ridges and peaks is about 8000 ft. above the sea, but there are five ancient snow-capped volcanoes which equal or exceed 10,000 ft. These are Mount Rainier or Tacoma (14,363 ft.), Mount Adams (12,470 ft.), Mount Baker (10,827 ft.), Glacier Peak (10,436 ft.) and Mount St Helens (10,000 ft.). Glaciers are common both in the N. and in the S. region, even on the higher elevations. Both slopes of the Cascades are cut deep by valleys. Along the Pacific Coast the ridges of the Coast range are only about 1500 ft. in height in the S. part of the state, but they rise northward in the Olympic Mountains and reach a maximum of elevation on Mount Olympus of 8150 ft. The Olympics meet the ocean along a rather straight line, but farther S. the coast line is broken by Gray's Harbour and Willapa Bay, the drowned lower portions of river valleys. The upheaval of the Cascade Mountains on the E. and the Olympic Mountains and Coast range on the W. left between them the Puget Sound Basin, the gently sloping sides of which descend in the central portion to less than 100 ft. from sea-level. A still greater subsidence farther north produced Puget Sound. East of the Cascade Mountains the Columbia and Spokane rivers mark the boundary between the Okanogan Highlands to the northward and the Columbia plateau to the southward. The Okanogan Highlands, an outlier of the Rocky Mountains extending westward from the Cœur d'Alene Mountains in Idaho, reach heights of 5000 to 6000 ft. above the sea, but are characterized by long gentle slopes, rounded divides and wide stream basins. In some of the larger valleys there are glacial terraces. The Columbia plateau consists of horizontal beds of lava having a total thickness of several thousand feet, and its surface has a general elevation of 1000 to 2000 ft. above sea-level. West of the Columbia river the plain is broken by several monoclonal ridges rising 2000 to 3000 ft. above it and extending eastward 50 to 75 m. from the foothills of the Cascades. In some parts, especially (in Douglas and Grant counties) within the Big Bend of the Columbia, the plain is frequently cut by coulees, or abandoned river channels, some of them 500 to 600 ft. deep and with very precipitous walls. The Grand Coulée represents the course of the Columbia river during the glacial period, when its regular channel was blocked with ice. There are also deep canyons which have been cut by the rivers in their present courses, especially by the Snake river and its tributaries. The S.W. corner of the state is occupied by the Blue Mountains, which rise about 7000 ft. above the sea and are cut deep by canyons. About 11,000 sq. m. in Washington have a minimum elevation exceeding 3000 ft.; an approximately equal area has a maximum elevation less than 500 ft., and the mean elevation of the entire state is 1700 ft.
The Okanogan Highlands, the Columbia plain, the E. slope of the Cascade Mountains and the S. portion of the Puget Sound Basin are drained by the Columbia and its tributaries. This large river enters the N.E. corner of the state from the N., traverses it in a winding course from N. to S. forms the greater portion of its S.
central part) and the Pend Oreille (on the N. boundary) are its principal tributaries from the E.; the Yakima (a little above the mouth of the Snake) from the W.; and the Okanogan (in the north central part of the state), from the N. A portion of the Puget Sound Basin and a portion of the Coast range are drained by the Chehalis river, which has cut a channel through the Coast range and discharges into Gray's Harbour. The W. slope of the Cascades, most of the E. slope of the Olympics and the N. portion of the Puget Sound Basin are drained by a great number of small rivers into the Puget Sound; and the W. slope of the Olympics and Coast range is drained by several other small rivers into the Pacific. On the Cascade Mountains, at the heads of streams, are a number of lakes of glacial origin, the largest of which is Lake Chelan on the E. slope in Chelan county. This is nearly 60 m. in length, and from 1 to 4 m. wide. At the upper end it is about 1400 ft. deep, but it is shallow at the lower end where the water is held back by a morainal dam, and where only 3½ m. from the Columbia river it is about 400 ft. above the level of the river. There are also several alkali lakes or chains of alkali lakes in the coulees on the Columbia plateau.
Fauna.—Many species of wild animals still inhabit the state, but the number of each species has been much reduced. The caribou, moose, antelope, mountain sheep, beaver, otter and mink are scarce. Few elk are found except in the inaccessible districts on the Olympic Mountains. White- and black-tailed deer and black bear inhabit the densest forests. Mountain goats are quite numerous on the Cascades. The destruction of cougars, lynx ( wildcats ), coyotes and wolves is encouraged by bounties. Coyotes and jack-rabbits are the most numerous denizens of the Columbia plain. Musk-rats and skunks are numerous west of the Cascades. The blue grouse and partridge are the principal game birds. The sage-hen is common on the Columbia plain. The Japanese pheasant and the California quail have increased in numbers under the protection of the state. Among other game birds are prairie-chickens, ducks, geese, swan, brant, sandhill crane and snipe. The speckled trout, which abounds in nearly all of the mountain streams and lakes, is the principal game fish. Other freshwater fish are the perch, black bass, pike, pickerel and white fish. There are large quantities of salmon in the lower Columbia river, in Gray's and Willapa harbours, and in Puget Sound; oyster fisheries in Gray's and Willapa harbours and in Puget Sound; cod, perch, flounders, smelt, herring and sardines in these and other salt waters. For all the more desirable game a close season has been established by the state.
Flora.—The Puget Sound Basin and the neighbouring slopes of the Cascade and Olympic Mountains are noted for their forests, consisting mainly of giant Douglas fir or Oregon pine (Pseudotsuga Douglasii), but containing also some cedar, spruce and hemlock, a smaller representation of a few other species and a dense undergrowth. Near the Pacific Coast the forests consist principally of hemlock, cedar and Sitka spruce. At an elevation of about 3000 ft. on the W. slope of the Cascades the red fir ceases to be the dominant tree, and between this elevation and the region of perpetual snow, on a few of the highest peaks, rise a succession of forest zones containing principally: (1) yellow pine, red and yellow fir, white fir and cedar; (2) lodge pole pine, white pine, Engelmann spruce and yew; (3) sub alpine fir, lovely fir, noble fir, Mertens hemlock, Alaska cedar and tamarack; (4) white-bark pine, Patton hemlock, alpine larch and creeping juniper. Deciduous trees and shrubs are represented in western Washington by comparatively small numbers of maple, alder, oak, cottonwood, willow, ash, aspen, birch, dogwood, sumach, thornapple, wild cherry, chokecherry, elder, huckleberry, blueberry, blackberry, raspberry, gooseberry and grape. The E. slope of the Cascades and most of the Okanogan Highlands are clothed with light forests consisting chiefly of yellow pine, but containing also Douglas fir, cedar, larch, tamarack and a very small amount of oak. In the eastern part of the Okanogan Highlands there is some western white pine, and here, too, larch is most abundant. The Columbia plain is for the most part treeless and, except where irrigated, grows principally bunch-grass or, in its lower and more arid parts, sagebrush. In the forest regions of eastern Washington the underbrush is light, but grasses and a great variety of flowering plants abound.
Climate.—In western Washington, where the ocean greatly influences the temperature and the mountains condense the moisture of vapour-bearing winds, the climate is equable and moist. Eastern Washington, too, usually has a mild temperature, but occasionally some regions in this part of the state are visited by a continental extreme, and as the winds from the ocean lose most of their moisture in passing over the Cascades, the climate is either dry or arid according to elevation. Along the coast the temperature is rarely above 92° F. or below 10° F.; the mean temperature for July is about 60°, for January 40°, and for the entire year 50°. In the Puget Sound Basin an occasional cold east wind during a dry period in winter causes the temperature to fall below zero. At Centralia, in the Chehalis Valley, the temperature has risen as high as 102°. But the mean temperature for January is 34° in the N. portion of the basin and 40° in the S. portion; for July it is 60° in the north and 65° in the south; and for the entire year it is 46° in the north and 52° in the south. During April and October the temperatures in eastern Washington are nearly the same as those in western Washington, but during July the temperatures in eastern Washington are subject to a range from 40° to 110°, and during January from 65° to −30°. However, the climate is so dry in eastern Washington that the "sensible" variations are much less than those recorded by the thermometer. In the south-eastern counties the winters are mild, with the exception of an occasional cold period, and the summers are hot. The rainfall on the W. slope of the Olympic, Coast range and Cascade Mountains is from 60 to 120 in. annually, and in the Puget Sound Basin it is from 25 to 60 in., it being least on the N.E. or leeward side of the Olympics. About three fourths of the rain in western Washington falls during the wet season from November to April inclusive. On the Okanogan Highlands, on the eastern foothills of the Cascade Mountains, on the Blue Mountains and on the elevated portion of the Columbia Plain which comprises the E. border counties, the annual rainfall and melted snow amount to from 12 to 24 in., but in the southern half of eastern Washington the Columbia river flows through a wide district of low elevation, where the rainfall and melted snow amount to only 6 to 12 in. a year, and where there is scarcely any precipitation during the summer months. There is a heavy snowfall in winter on the mountains, and in a large portion of eastern Washington the average annual snowfall is 40 in. or more. Along the coast the prevailing winds blow from the west or south; in the Puget Sound Basin from the south, and in eastern Washington from the south-west, except in the Yakima and Wenatchee valleys, where they are north-west. During summer the winds are very moderate in western Washington, but during winter they occasionally blow with great violence. In eastern Washington hot winds from the north or east are occasionally injurious to the growing wheat in June or July. Light hailstorms are not uncommon, but tornadoes are unknown in the state.
Soils.—The soils of western Washington are chiefly glacial, those of eastern Washington chiefly volcanic. In the low tidewater district of the Puget Sound Basin an exceptionally productive soil has been made by the mixture of river silt and sea sand. In numerous depressions, some of which may have been the beds of lakes formed by beaver dams, the soil is deep and largely of vegetable formation. In the valleys of rivers which have overflowed their banks and on level bench lands there is considerable silt and vegetable loam mixed with glacial clay; but on the hills and ridges of western Washington the soil is almost wholly a glacial deposit consisting principally of clay but usually containing some sand and gravel. On the Columbia plateau the soil is principally volcanic ash and decomposed lava; it is almost wholly volcanic ash in the more arid sections, but elsewhere more decomposed lava or other igneous rocks, and some vegetable loam is mixed with the ash. On the E. slope of the Cascades and on the Okanogan Highlands glacial deposits of clay, gravel or sand, as well as vegetable loam, are mixed with the volcanic substances.
Fisheries.—Washington's many waterways, both fresh and salt, and especially those which indent or are near the coast, make the fisheries resources of great value. The catch and canning of salmon are particularly important. In 1905 the value of canned salmon was $2,431,605 (26,601,429 ℔).
Forests.—In 1907 the estimated area of standing timber in Washington was 11,720 sq. m. besides that included in national forest reserves. The forest reserves are included in ten national parks, named the Chelan, Columbia, Colville, Kaniksu, Olympic, Ranier, Snoqualmie, Washington, Wanaha and Wenatchee, the Chelan being the largest, with an area of 2,492,500 acres. The aggregate area of these parks (all of which were opened in 1907 and 1908) is 18,850.7 sq. m., or about three-elevenths of the total area of the state.
Irrigation.—The principal Federal irrigation undertakings in 1910 were known as the "Okanogan project" and the "Yakima project." The former (authorized in 1905) provided for the irrigation of about 10,000 acres in Okanogan county by means of two reservoirs of an aggregate area of 650 acres, main canals and main laterals 20 m. long and small laterals 30 m. long, the water being taken from the Salmon river. In 1909 about 3000 acres in this project were watered and under cultivation. The Yakima project involved the irrigation of about 600,000 acres by means of five reservoirs of an aggregate area of 804,000 acre-feet, and was undertaken by the United States government in 1905.
Agriculture.—The development of the agricultural resources of Washington was exceedingly rapid after 1880. The wheat crop in 1909 was 35,780,000 bushels, valued at $33,275,000; oats, 9,898,000 bushels, valued at $4,751,000; barley, 7,189,000 bushels, valued at $4,601,000; rye, 84,000 bushels, valued at $79,000; Indian corn, 417,000 bushels, valued at $359,000. The principal wheat-producing region is the south-eastern part of the state. Western Washington has large hay crops; in the E. part of the state much alfalfa is grown, especially in Yakima county. In W. Washington peas are raised for forage.
Vegetable crops are successfully grown in low alluvial lands of the W. part of the state, and on the irrigated volcanic ash lands E. of the mountains. Apple-growing and the raising of other fruits have increased rapidly. Small fruits are more successful in the W. part of the state. Grapes are grown on the mountain sides, cranberries on the bog lands near the coast, and nuts in the S.E. parts.
ranges is less common than when large herds grazed free on government lands. Dairying, as distinct from grazing, has much increased in importance in recent years.
Minerals.—The mineral wealth of Washington is large, but its resources have been only slightly developed, and had hardly begun before the first decade of the 20th century: in 1902 the total value of air mineral products was $5,393,659; in 1907 it was $11,617,706 and in 1908 $11,610,224.
The coal deposits of Washington are the only important ones in the Pacific states, and in Washington only, of the Pacific states, is there any coking coal. In the Cowlitz Valley an inferior coal was found in 1848. The first important coal-mining was near Bellingham Bay, in Whatcom county, where coal was discovered in 1852 and where 5374 tons were mined in 1860. Between 1850 and 1860 coal was found on the Stilaguamish river (Snohomish county) and on the Black river (near Seattle) and in 1863 at Gilman (King county); but it was not until between 1880 and 1885, when the Green river field in King county and the Roslyn mines in Kittitas county were opened, that commercial production became important: the output was 3,024,943 tons (valued at $6,690,412) in 1908, when nearly one half (1,414,621 tons) of the total was from Kittitas county and most of the remainder from the counties of King (931,643 tons) and Pierce (551,678 tons). There are large deposits of glacial and residual clays and clay shales throughout the state.
Serpentine marble with seamed markings has been found in Adams and Stevens counties. Granite is found about Puget Sound and in the extreme eastern part of the state; it is largely used in riprap or rough foundations. Sandstone is found especially in the N.W. in Whatcom and San Juan counties; it is used for paving blocks. Limestone also is found most plentifully in the north and north-western parts of the state.
Gold, silver, copper, lead and a little iron (almost entirely brown ore) are the principal ores of commercial importance found in Washington. The total value of gold, silver, copper and lead in 1908 was $378,816 (gold $242,234, silver $47,076, copper $41,188, lead $48,318). The largest output of each of these ores in 1908 was in Stevens county; Ferry, King and Okanogan counties ranked next in the output of gold; Okanogan and Ferry counties in the output of silver; Okanogan in the output of copper; and King in the output of lead. About nine-tenths of the gold was got from dry or siliceous ores and about 8% from placer mines; about two thirds of the silver from dry or siliceous ores, about two-ninths from copper ores, and most of the other ninth from lead ores. The only lead ore is galena. The copper is mostly a copper glance passing into chalcopyrite; it is found in fissure veins with granite. A small quantity of zinc (7 tons in 1906) is occasionally produced. Tungsten is found as wolframite in Stevens county near Deer Trail and Bissell, in Okanogan county near Loomis, in Whatcom county near the international boundary, and (with some scheelite) at Silver Hill, near Spokane. Nickel has been found near Keller in Ferry county, and molybdenum near Davenport, Lincoln county. There is chromite in the black sands of the sea-coast and the banks of the larger rivers. Antimony deposits were first worked in 1906. Arsenic is found.
Manufactures.—There was remarkable growth in the manufacturing industries of Washington between 1880 and 1905, due primarily to the extraordinary development of its lumber industry. In 1870 the value of lumber products was $1,307,585, and the Territory ranked thirty-first among the states and territories in this industry, and in 1880 the value of the product was $1,734,742; by 1905 the value had increased to $49,572,512, and Washington now ranked first. The manufacture of planing mill products, including sashes, doors and blinds, was an important industry, the products being valued in 1905 at $5,173,422.
Next in commercial importance to lumber and timber products are flour and grist mill products, valued in 1905 at $14,663,612. Other important manufactures are: slaughtering and meat packing (wholesale), $6,251,705 in 1905; malt liquors, $4,471,777; and foundry and machine shop products, $3,862,279.
Transportation and Commerce.—Puget Sound has formed a natural terminus for several transcontinental railways, the cities of Seattle and Tacoma on its shores affording outlets to the commerce of the Pacific for the Northern Pacific, the Great Northern and the Chicago, Milwaukee & Puget Sound transcontinental lines, which enter these cities with their own tracks. The Union Pacific and the Canadian Pacific reach Seattle over the tracks of other roads. The Northern Pacific and the Great Northern enter the state near the middle of its eastern boundary at Spokane, which is a centre for practically all the railway lines in the eastern part of the state. The Northern Pacific, the first of the transcontinental roads to touch the Pacific north of San Francisco, reaches Seattle with a wide sweep to the south, crossing the Columbia river about where it is entered by the Yakima and ascending the valley of the latter to the Cascade Mountains. The Great Northern, running west from Spokane, crosses the state in nearly a straight line, and between this road and the Northern Pacific, and paralleling the Great Northern, runs the recently constructed Chicago, Milwaukee & Puget Sound, the westward extension of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St Paul. The Northern Pacific sends a branch line south from Tacoma parallel with the coast to Portland on the Columbia river, where it meets the Southern Pacific and the Oregon Railroad & Navigation Company's line (a subsidiary of the Union Pacific), thus affording communication southwards, and up the valley of the Columbia to the east. Entering the south-east corner of the state, the Oregon Railroad & Navigation Company extends a line northwards to Spokane, and a branch of the Great Northern, leaving the main line at this city, runs north-westward into British Columbia. The Spokane, Portland & Seattle railway connects the three cities named by way of the Columbia Valley; and the Spokane & Inland Empire sends a line eastward into Idaho to the Cœur d'Alene country and another through the south-eastern part of the state into Nevada. In 1880 the railway mileage was 289 m.; in 1890, 2012.05 m.; in 1900, 2888.44 m.; and on the 1st of January 1909, 4180.32 m.
Harbour, on the western coast, is of importance in lumber traffic.
Population.—The population in 1860 was 11,594; in 1870, 23,955; in 1880, 75,116; in 1890, 349,390, an increase within the decade of 365-1%; in 1900, 518,103, an increase of about 45%. In 1910, according to the U.S. census returns, the total population of the state reached 1,141,990. Of the total population in 1900, 394,179 were native whites, 111,364 or 21.5% were foreign-born, 10,139 (of whom 2531 were not taxed) were Indians, 5617 were Japanese, 3629 were Chinese, and 2514 were negroes. The Indians on reservations in 1909 were chiefly those on Colville Reservation (1,297,000 acres unallotted), in the N.E. part of the state, and the Yakima Reservation (837,753 acres unallotted), in the S. part; they belonged to many small tribes chiefly of the Salishan, Athapascan, Chinookan and Shahapiian stocks. Of the foreign-born, 18,385 were English-Canadians, 16,686 Germans, 12,737 Swedes, 10,481 natives of England, 9891 Norwegians and 7262 Irish. Of the total population 241,388 were of foreign parentage (i.e. either one or both parents were foreign-born), and of those having both parents of a given nationality 34,490 were of German, 19,359 of Swedish, 17,456 of Irish, 16,959 of Norwegian and 16,835 of English parentage. The Roman Catholic Church in 1906 had more members than any other religious denomination, 74,981 out of the total of 191,976 in all denominations; there were 31,700 Methodists, 13,464 Lutherans, 11,316 Baptists, 10,628 Disciples of Christ, 10,025 Congregationalists and 6780 Protestant Episcopalians.
Government.—Washington is governed under its original constitution, which was adopted on the 1st of October 1889. An amendment may be proposed by either branch of the legislature; if approved by two-thirds of the members elected to each branch and subsequently, at the next general election, by a majority of the people who vote on the question it becomes a part of the constitution. Five amendments have been adopted: one in 1894, one in 1896, one in 1900, one in 1904, and one in 1910. Suffrage is conferred upon all adult citizens of the United States (including women, 1910) who have lived in the state one year, in the county ninety days, and in the city, town, ward or precinct thirty days immediately preceding the election, and are able to read and speak the English language; Indians who are not taxed, idiots, insane persons and convicts are debarred. General elections are held biennially, in even numbered years, on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, and candidates, except those for the supreme court bench and a few local offices, are nominated at a direct primary election, held the second Tuesday in September.
auditor, attorney-general, superintendent of public instruction and commissioner of public lands are elected for a term of four years; and each new administration begins on the second Monday in January. The governor's salary is $6000 a year, which is the maximum allowed by the constitution.
passed both houses may be vetoed by the governor, and to override a veto a two-thirds vote of the members present in each house is required. No law other than appropriation bills can go into effect until ninety days after the adjournment of the legislature, except in case of an emergency, by a vote in each house of two-thirds of all its members. The members of the legislature are paid $5 for each day's attendance during the session, besides an allowance for travelling expenses.
Justice is administered principally by a supreme court, superior courts and justices of the peace. The supreme court consists of nine judges elected for a term of six years, one of those whose term next expires being chosen chief justice, and is divided into two departments. The presence of at least three judges in each department is required, and the concurrence of at least three judges is necessary to a decision. In case of a disagreement the case may be heard again in the same department, transferred to the other department, or to the court en banc. The chief justice or any four of his associates may at any time convene the court en banc, and if so convened at least five of the judges must be present, and the concurrence of at least five is necessary to a decision. The supreme court has original jurisdiction in habeas corpus, quo warranto and mandamus proceedings against all state officers; and it has appellate jurisdiction except in civil actions for the recovery of money or personal property, in which the original amount in controversy does not exceed $200, and which at the same time do not involve the legality of a tax, impost, assessment, toll or municipal fine, or the validity of a statute. Judges of the superior courts (one or more for each county, or one for two or more counties jointly) are elected for a term of four years. They have original jurisdiction in all cases in equity, in all cases at law which involve the title or possession of real property, or the legality of a tax, impost, assessment, toll or municipal fine, and in all other cases at law in which the amount in controversy is $100 or more, in nearly all criminal cases, in matters of probate, in proceedings for divorce, and in various other cases; and they have appellate jurisdiction of cases originally tried before a justice of the peace or other inferior courts where the amount in controversy is more than $20. Justices of the peace, one or more in each election precinct, are elected for a term of two years. They have jurisdiction of various civil actions in which the amount in controversy is less than $100, and concurrent jurisdiction with the superior courts in all cases of misdemeanours, but punishment by a justice of the peace is limited in cities of the first class to a fine of $500, or imprisonment for six months, and elsewhere to a fine of $100 or imprisonment for thirty days.
Local Government.—The government of each county is vested principally in a board of three commissioners elected by a county at large, some for two and some for four years. The other county officers are a clerk, a treasurer, an auditor, an assessor, an attorney, an engineer, a sheriff, a coroner and a superintendent of public schools, each elected for a term of two years. Township organization is in force only when adopted by a particular county at a county election; in 1910 only one county (Spokane) had the township organization. Each township is governed by the electors assembled annually (the first Tuesday in March) in town meeting and by three supervisors, a clerk, a treasurer, an assessor, a justice of the peace and a constable, and an overseer of highways for each road district, all elected at the town meeting, justice of the peace and a constable for a term of two years, the other officers for a term of one year; each overseer of highways is chosen by the electors of his district. Municipalities are incorporated under general, laws, and cities are divided into three classes, the first class including those having a population of 20,000 or more, the second class those having a population between 10,000 and 20,000, the third class those having a population between 1500 and 10,000. When a community has a population between 300 and 1500 within an area of 1 sq. m., it may be incorporated as a town. A city of the first class is permitted to frame its own charter, but its general powers are prescribed by statute. A city of the second class must elect a mayor and twelve councilmen, and its mayor must appoint a police judge, an attorney, a street commissioner and a chief of police. A city of the third class must elect a mayor, seven councilmen, a treasurer, a health officer, a clerk and an attorney, and its mayor must apoint a marshal, a police justice and as many policemen as the council provides for. An incorporated town must elect a mayor, five councilmen and a treasurer, and its mayor must appoint a marshal and a clerk.
Miscellaneous Laws.—Either husband or wife may hold, manage and dispose of his or her separate property independent of the other, but property which they hold in common is under the management and control of the husband except that he cannot devise by will more than one-half of the community real or personal property, or convey, mortgage or encumber any of the community real estate unless his wife joins him. When either husband or wife dies intestate one-third of the separate real estate of the deceased goes to the survivor if there are two or more children, one-half of it if there is only one child, the whole of it if there are no children, no issue of children, and no father, mother, brother or sister. One-half of the community property goes to the survivor in any case, and the whole of it if there is no will and neither children nor the issue of children. Where there is no will one-half of the residue of the separate personal estate goes to the survivor if there are issue, and the whole of it if there are no issue. A law enacted in 1909 forbids a marriage in which either of the parties is a common drunkard, habitual criminal, epileptic, imbecile, feeble-minded person, idiot or insane person, a person who has been afflicted with hereditary insanity, a person who is afflicted with pulmonary tuberculosis in its advanced stages, or a person who is afflicted with any contagious venereal disease, unless the woman is at least forty-five years of age. A plaintiff must reside in the state one year before filing an application for a divorce. Neither party is permitted to marry a third party until six months after the divorce has been obtained. Washington has a state board consisting of three members appointed by the governor to confer with commissioners from other states upon such matters as marriage and divorce, insolvency, descent and distribution of property, the execution and probate of wills, for the purpose of promoting uniformity of legislation respecting them. A homestead to the value of $1000 which is owned and occupied by the head of a family is exempt from attachment or forced sale except for debts secured by mechanics', labourers', material men's or vendors' liens upon the premises. If the owner is a married man the homestead may be selected from the community property but not the wife's separate property without her consent, and when it has been selected, even if from the husband's separate property, it cannot be encumbered or conveyed without the wife's consent. Personal property is exempt from execution or attachment as follows: all wearing apparel of every person and family; private libraries to the value of S500; all family pictures; household goods to the value of $500; certain domestic animals or $250 worth of other property chosen instead; firearms kept for the use of a person or family; certain articles (within specified values) necessary to the occupations of farmers, physicians, and other professional men, teamsters, lighter men, &c., and the proceeds of all life and accident Insurance. By a law enacted in 1909 the licensing of the sale of intoxicating liquors, other than for medical purposes by druggists and pharmacists, is left to the option of counties and cities.
Charities, &c.—The state charitable and penal institutions consist of the Western Washington Hospital for the Insane at Fort Steilacoom, the Eastern Washington Hospital for the Insane at Medical Lake, the State School for the Deaf and the State School for the Blind at Vancouver, the State Institution for Feeble-minded near Medical Lake, the Washington Soldiers' Home and Soldiers' Colony at Orting, the Veterans' Home at Port Orchard, the State Penitentiary at Walla Walla, the State Reformatory at Monroe and the State Training School at Chehalis. All of these institutions are' under the management of a bi-partisan State Board of Control which consists of three members appointed by the governor for a term of six years, one every two years, and also removable by the governor in his discretion. Each member receives a salary of S3000 a year. Thesame board together with the superintendent of the penitentiary constitute a prison board. The State Training School is for the reformatory training of children between eight and eighteen years of age who have been found guilty of any crime other than murder, manslaughter or highway robbery, or who for some other cause have been committed to it by a court of competent jurisdiction.
one at Bellingham, and one at Ellensburg, and each of them is under the management of a board of three trustees appointed by the governor with the concurrence of the Senate for a term of six years, one every two years. The State College of Washington (1890) at Pullman, for instruction in agriculture, mechanical arts and natural sciences, includes an agricultural college, an experiment station and a school of science. The University of Washington (1862) at Seattle embraces a college of liberal arts, a college of engineering and schools of law, pharmacy, mines and forestry. Whitman College (Congregational, 1866) at Walla Walla, Gonzaga College (Roman Catholic, 1887) at Spokane, Whitworth College (Presbyterian, 1890) at Tacoma and the University of Puget Sound (Methodist Episcopal, 1903) at Tacoma are institutions of higher learning maintained and controlled by their respective denominations.
History.—The early exploration of the western coast of North America grew out of the search for a supposed passage, sometimes called the "Strait of Aman" between the Pacific and the Atlantic. In Purchas his Pilgrimmes (1625) was published the story of Juan de Fuca, a Greek mariner whose real name was Apostolos Valerianos, who claimed to have discovered the passage and to have sailed in it more than twenty days. Though the story was a fabrication, the strait south of Vancouver Island was given his name. An account of the various Spanish and English explorers has already been given under Oregon and need not be repeated at length here.
In 1787 a company of Boston merchants sent two vessels, the "Columbia" and the "Washington" under John Kendrick and Robert Gray (1755–1806) to investigate the possibility of establishing trading posts. They reached Nootka Sound in September 1788, and in July 1789 Captain Gray in the "Columbia" began the homeward voyage by way of China. Captain Kendrick remained, erected a fort on Nootka Sound, demonstrated that Vancouver was an island and in 1791 purchased from the Indians large tracts of land between 47° and 51° N. lat. for his employers. On the homeward voyage he was accidentally killed and his vessel was lost. Meanwhile Captain Gray in September 1790 sailed from Boston on a second voyage. During the winter of 1791–1792 he built another fort on Nootka Sound and mounted four cannon from the ship. With the coming of spring he sailed southward, determined to settle definitely the existence of the great river, which he had vainly attempted to enter the previous summer. Captain George Vancouver (1758–1798), in charge of a British exploring expedition then engaged in mapping the coast (1792–1794), was sceptical of the existence of the river, but Captain Gray, undiscouraged, persisted in the search and on the 11th of May 1792 anchored in the river which he named Columbia in honour of his ship. The later claim of the United States to all the territory drained by the river was based chiefly upon this discovery by Captain Gray, who had succeeded where Spanish and British had failed. The territory became known as Oregon (q.v.).
The first white man certainly known to have approached the region from the east was Alexander Mackenzie of the North-west Fur Company, who reached the coast at about lat. 52° in July 1793. With the purchase of Louisiana (30th April 1803) the United States gained a clear title to the land between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains as far north as 49° and, because of contiguity, a shadowy claim to the region west of the mountains. In 1819 Spain specifically renounced any claim she might have to the coast north of 42°, strengthening thereby the position of the United States. Just before the purchase of Louisiana, President Jefferson had recommended to Congress (18th January 1803) the sending of an expedition to explore the headwaters of the Missouri, cross the Rockies and follow the streams to the Pacific. In accordance with the recommendation Meriwether Lewis (q.v.) and William Clark, both officers of the United States Army, with a considerable party left St Louis on the 14th of May 1804, ascended the Missouri to the headwaters, crossed the Rockies and, following the Columbia river, reached the ocean in November 1805. The return journey over nearly the same route was begun on the 23rd of March 1806, and on the 23rd of September they reached St Louis.
The story of the struggle of the rival British and American companies to control the fur trade, with the final dominance of the Hudson's Bay Company has been told under Oregon and need not be repeated. Since the country was considered to be of little value the question of boundaries was not pressed either by Great Britain or the United States after the War of 1812, and by a treaty concluded on the 20th of October 1818 it was agreed that "any country that may be claimed by either party on the north-west coast of North America, westward of the Stony (Rocky) Mountains shall be free and open for the term of ten years from the date of the signature of the present convention to the vessels, citizens and subjects of the two powers." On the 6th of August 1827 the convention was continued in force indefinitely with the proviso that either party might abrogate the agreement on twelve months' notice. Meanwhile Russia (17th April 1824) agreed to make no settlement south of 54° 40' and the United States agreed to make none north of that line. In February 1825 Great Britain and Russia made a similar agreement. This left only Great Britain and the United States as the contestants for that territory west of the Rocky Mountains between 42° and 54° 40', which by this time was commonly known as the Oregon country. American settlers in considerable numbers soon began to enter the region south of the Columbia river, and in 1841, and again in 1843, these settlers attempted to form a provisional government. A fundamental code was adopted in 1845 and a provisional government was established, to endure until "the United States of America extend their Jurisdiction over us." North of the river, the Hudson's Bay Company discouraged settlement, believing that the final determination of the boundary controversy would make that stream the dividing line. Though there were a few mission stations in the eastern part of the present state of Washington (see Whitman, Marcus), the first permanent American settlement north of the Columbia was made in 1845 on the Des Chutes river, at the head of Puget Sound at the present Tumwater. Others soon followed in spite of the efforts of the chief factor of the Hudson's Bay Company, Dr John M'Loughlin, and these permanent settlers finally carried the day.
Interest in the Oregon country developed with the increase of settlers and of knowledge and a demand for the settlement of the boundary dispute arose. The report of Captain Charles Wilkes, who visited the coast in 1841–1842 in charge of the United States exploring expedition helped to excite this interest. In the presidential campaign of 1844 one of the Democratic demands was "Fifty-four forty or fight." By a treaty negotiated by James Buchanan, on the part of the United States, and Richard Pakenham, on the part of Great Britain, and ratified on the 17th of July 1846, the boundary was fixed at 49° to the middle of the channel separating the continent from Vancouver Island and thence "southerly through the middle of the said channel and of Fuca's Straits to the Pacific Ocean." A dispute later arose over this water-line. The act establishing a territorial government for Oregon was approved on the 14th of August 1848, and the first governor, Joseph Lane (1801–1881), assumed the government on the 3rd of March 1849. Following the increase of population north of the Columbia, the territory was divided, and Washington Territory was established on the 2nd of March 1853, with the river as the southern boundary to the point where it is intersected by the forty-sixth parallel, and thence along that parallel to the summit of the Rocky Mountains, thereby including portions of the present states of Idaho and Montana. The first governor, Major Isaac I. Stevens, of the United States Army, took charge on the 29th of September 1853, and a census indicated a population of 3965, of whom 1682 were voters. Olympia was chosen as the temporary seat of government, and Governor Stevens at once set to work to extinguish the Indian titles to land and to survey a route for a railway, which was later to become the Northern Pacific. The Indians, alarmed by the rapid growth of the white population, attempted to destroy the scattered settlements and the wandering prospectors for gold, which had been discovered in eastern Washington in 1855. Between 1855 and 1859, after many sharp contests, the Indians were partially subdued.
Shortly after 1846, the British began to assert that the Rosario Strait and not Haro Strait (as the Americans held) was the channel separating the mainland and Vancouver Island, thus claiming the Haro Archipelago of which San Juan was the principal island. Conflict of authority arose, and in 1859 San Juan was occupied by U.S. troops commanded by Captain George E. Pickett (1825-1875), and for a time hostilities seemed imminent. By agreement joint occupation followed until, by the Treaty of Washington (May 8, 1871), the question was left to the German emperor, who decided (October 21, 1872) in favour of the United States. Meanwhile Oregon was admitted as a state (February 14, 1859) with the present boundaries, and the remnant of the territory, including portions of what are now Idaho and Wyoming, was added to Washington. The discovery of gold in this region, however, brought such a rush of population that the Territory of Idaho was set off (March 3, 1863) and Washington was reduced to its present limits. Rapid growth in population and wealth led to agitation for statehood, and a constitution was adopted in 1878, but Congress declined to pass an enabling act. The development of Alaska and the completion of the Northern Pacific Railroad to the coast (1883) brought a great increase in population. A large number of Chinese coolies who had been introduced to construct the railway congregated in the towns on the completion of the work, and in 1885 serious anti-Chinese riots led to the declaration of martial law by the governor and to the use of United States troops. Finally the long-desired admission to statehood was granted by Congress (February 22, 1889) and President Benjamin Harrison (November 11, 1889) formally announced the admission complete.
Since admission the progress of the state has continued with increasing rapidity. The Alaska-Yukon Exposition, designed to exhibit the resources of western America, held at Seattle June-October 1909, was a complete success. In politics the state has been Republican in national elections, except in 1896, when it was carried by a fusion of Democrats and Populists. A Populist was elected governor and was re-elected in 1900.
Bibliography.—For general and physical description see the Annual Reports (1902 sqq.) of the Washington Geological Survey—in vol. i. there is a "Bibliography of the Literature referring to the Geology of Washington" by R. Arnold—; O. L. Waller, Irrigation in the State of Washington (Washington, 1909), Bulletin 214 of the U.S. Department of Agriculture; and Water Supply and Irrigation Papers, 55 and 118 (1901 and 1905) of the U.S. Geological Survey. W. L. Davis and J. H. Bowles's Birds of Washington (2 vols., Seattle, 1909) is an excellent work. For administration see R. A. Ballinger and A. Remington, Codes and Statutes of Washington (ibid., 1910). For history see H. H. Bancroft, The Northwest Coast (2 vols., San Francisco, 1884), and Oregon (2 vols., ibid., 1886-1888), Washington, Idaho and Montana (ibid., 1890); George Vancouver, Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean (3 vols., London, 1797); Elwood Evans, Washington (Tacoma, Washington, 1893); and E. S. Meany, Washington (New York, 1909). See also the bibliographies under Oregon and Whitman, Marcus.
↑ Absent from the Territory during the greater part of 1865, during which time Elwood Evans acted as governor.
↑ In place of J. R. Rogers, deceased.
↑ Died 28th March 1909.


Is It The SEO Metrics Or The Connections Between?
Ultimately, to measure Search Engine Optimization (SEO) success, you aren't necessarily looking at individual metrics – you are looking for a connection between the metrics – and the resulting affect on revenue.
If my lead seems to negate the name validity of the SES San Francisco session, 'Meaningful SEO Metrics,' it is completely unintentional.
A Key Performance Indicator (KPI) Zwicky recommends companies and marketers look at is Share of Voice, or in other words, how much traffic are you receiving for a keyword or phrase when compared to the balance of the marketplace?
Online tools, from Google Trends to Tweetscan, can measure the amount of traffic or conversation generated by competing websites or in social platforms to give you an idea of just how much voice is out there. It's not perfect, but it's measureable.
Another KPI from Zwicky is attribution across channels. For example, plot out the sales your company achieves on a local or nationwide map. Next map out visits from social media, local media buys – or any other metric you would like to compare against. You now have a quick and dirty map that can be used to compare your metrics and help measure the effectiveness of your tactics.
Zwicky's map segues nicely into Comstock's keyword metrics, specifically branded vs. non-branded traffic, long-tail keyword traffic and personalized vs. local rankings.
Branded keywords, traffic coming to your site via queries containing your brand name, are oftentimes more an effect of outreach programs while non-branded are an effect of SEO. Long-tail keyword traffic, the iceberg below the water, measures all the variations of popular keyword phrases driving traffic to your site. Finally, personalized vs. localized rankings are everything that will appear above traditional search results – at times wreaking havoc for those used to a certain ranking position.
Combine the insight of Zwicky and Comstock – for instance – analyze branded traffic in markets where media buys are heavier, and you have an indication of the effectiveness of your ad campaigns in driving traffic. Analyze corresponding revenue and you have an indicator of the effectiveness of your ad campaigns towards sales.
Glick closes the session by continuing to urge audience members to see how data fits together, and to implement the types of tests that will show these connections.
'Pseudo A/B testing,' the process of adding new features to subsets of pages, can help illustrate the connections between minor and major website updates and corresponding changes to the bottom-line. Pseudo A/B testing offers infinite possibilities for analyzing the types of changes that can be made to compel bottom-line results when implemented sitewide.
The path towards online success is driven by data of a different stripe daily.
What metrics, or connections, have you found beneficial to look at?
It's good to diversify any SEO campaign by using multiple resources to disperse your content and webpages. That being said, a diversified analytics report of your SEO campaign is crucial because let's face it, that adage of "Don't put all your eggs into one basket" is true for SEO as it is in any business related function.
So if you're only looking at Google analytics for your reporting, you should branch out and find new sources for analytics. I happen to represent SeeVolution, who tomorrow (8-31-10) will launch their new thermal heatmap analytics software to actually "see" where visitors and users on a website are actually clicking and scrolling their mouse. It's a more complete display than simply relying on Google analytics because you get a breakdown of where visitors are actually clicking, and the web page changes colors to reflect "hot" or "cold" areas on a site.
I've used SeeVolution already (http://www.SeeVolution.com) and it's an awesome piece of equipment to give you a more diverse report of your analytics…like another basket to put your eggs in!
Hey Jack, I'm not a big fan of people dropping links to their stuff but SeeVolution does look interesting. Will check it out.


Hi friends.. I hope you Like my post Earn money Online For Reading Email and earn Money Online(Paisalive).
This Site is called VIEWBESTADS . It has all the feature like PaisaLive.They will get 200rs instently forr just SignUp.
to go to the site and dont forget to Shere this with your Friends. This is the least you can do for us. So please share this Post with your friends... Thanks in advance. and Good Luck!!!


High quality output with premium cosmetics.
High quality bi-polar output transistors for natural sound.
Oversized power capacitors for reserve current during transient peaks.
Utilising this design for peak performance and unwavering reliability, Clarion's amplifiers can drive lower impedance loads for increased power.


text:
GENETICALLY CONTRIVED HUMAN EMBRYOS
April 17, 2019 admin 0 Comment
GENETICALLY CONTRIVED HUMAN EMBRYOS: AN ETHICAL HORROR WAITING TO HAPPEN
How close are we to editing out all our genetic imperfections – and should we even try to do so? The purpose of this report is to present ethical arguments against changing the genome of human embryos with a focus on social implications, unforeseen genetic defects and lastly the ethical problems that could be brought about by the germline genome editing.
Germline genome editing is a method that gives scientists the ability to alter an organism's DNA using the new gene editing technique CRISPR-Cas9. This enables genetic material to be added, removed and/or developed. With this at hand scientists hope to bring about change on the early embryo development by modifying disease-causing genes in embryos brought to term, this intensified work could lead to safer and more successful fertility treatment. But, "modifying human embryos is dangerous and unnatural, and does not take into account the consent of future generations."
Editing the germline genome of human embryos has "social inequality written into DNA" (King, 2017, no pagination) because wealthy people that could afford the procedure will be at the top of the social scale and their children will be at an advantage over their peers. Lower class will not be able to afford the procedure, so their children will be at the bottom of the social scale. This could create a gap in society that differentiates the designed babies from those that are not, leading to discrimination whereby the designed humans feel that they are superior to those that are not. Genetically modifying the human embryos would make future generation to become outcasts, lack individuality because most people will seek out good-looking, intelligent babies with other favourable characteristics, everyone will be almost similar and lastly they will feel rejected because of they will think that their parents never wanted them for who they really were.
The technology that is used for CRISPR- Cas9 is still at the experimental stage and until now all the alterations in humans using the genome editing has been performed in somatic cells; therefore "modifying genomes is inherently dangerous because we cannot know all the ways in which it will affect the individual" (Harris, 2016, no pagination). Genetically modifying human embryos in the name of wiping out diseases could introduce brand new diseases which could be even more dangerous. Additionally if scientists edit a human embryo, that procedure could lead to complications such as miscarriages (early on), premature birth or even stillbirth and unforeseen genetic defects. Genes often have multiple functions so changing a gene could adverse or even have fatal effects for example one would want to edit a gene that controls the baby's height which in turn may also controls the baby's body hair. So, if you choose to keep that particular gene, it will mean that your baby may turn out to be tall and be extremely hairy or have no hair at all.
Genetically altering human embryos "amounts to playing God" (Harris, 2016, no pagination) because one controls the genes of his or her child, and lastly the babies will have no consent in what's being done to their bodies before birth, and consequently will have to live with the consequences of the genetic alterations.
I am opposed to contrived human embryos because of the social, health and ethical implications. If this practice becomes accepted, it will create a gap between the wealthy that can afford the procedure and the poor who can't. Modifying human embryos could have unknown effects on the gene pool, also many people will choose too similar traits which will reduce the amount of genetic diversity. Lastly, an embryo can't give consent to the changes that would be made to its genome. Genes often have multiple functions and so taking out or implanting genes for certain traits could have undesired results and could also disrupt the function of another gene that is crucial for survival.
List of references
Future Tech Report (2017) "Designer Babies Pros and Cons of Human Gene Editing," 29 October. Online Available at: http://futuretechreport.com/designer-babies-pros-cons-human-gene-editing/ (Accessed: 10 August 2018)
Harris, J. and Darnovsky, M. (2016) "Pro and con: Should gene editing be performed on human embryo?" August. National Geographic Online. Available at: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2016/08/human-gene-editing-pro-con-opinions/ (Accessed: 20 August 2018)
King, D. (2017) "Editing the human genome brings us one step closer to consumer eugenics", 4 August. The Guardian Online. Available at: hhtps://www.theguardian.com/2017/aug/04/editing-genome-consumer-eugenics-designer-babies (Accessed: 8 August 2018).
Krishan, K., Kanchan, T. (2016) "Human genome editing and ethical considerations", Science and Engineering Ethics, Volume 22, (Issue 2), pp 597–599, SciEng EthicsOnline. DOI: 10.1007/s11948-015-9675-8 (Accessed: 9 August 2018)
Lanphier, E., et al. (2015). Don't edit the human germ line. Nature, 519(7544), 410–411. doi: 10.1038/519410a. Available at: http://www.nature.com/news/don-t-edit-the-human-germ-line-1.17111 (Accessed: 9 August 2018)
The Computer Baby and Genetic Engineering The "computer baby" is a recent form of the technology
A question that is personally asked by many is
centercenter Chocosol expansion plan to USA University of Law – Business school Prepared by Clovis Munsense International Marketing Leadership9410077300 Chocosol expansion plan to USA University of Law – Business school Prepared by Clovis Munsense International Marketing Leadership Contents TOC o "1-3" h z u Introduction PAGEREF _Toc525851584 h 1SECTION 1
Abstract Cancer is a disease that is growing at a fast rate
Previous page Previous post: Company
Next page Next post: Abstract We present findings from a study that prohibited computer devices in randomly selected classrooms of an introductory economics course at the United States Military Academy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


You must know that your motivation level during studying may vary from low to high. It's normal when it comes to an effort as huge as the one you've got to invest in order to pass ATPL exams. The massive study materials and the awareness of having many months of studying ahead of you will certainly discourage you form beginning or continuing studying. While studying subjects such as, General Navigation, Flight Planning or Performance, you'll get a feeling that you're not moving forward. The amount of details you still have to acquire when studying subjects such as Instrumentation, Radio Navigation or Meteorology, will not be of much help either.
For that very reason, it is vital that you're aware of this fact and motivate yourself systematically, eliminating demotivating factors if possible.
Plan – remember to have a plan and to always achieve the minimum daily targets or, even better, exceed them. Knowing that you're keeping up with the pre-planned targets motivates you to study and the awareness that you work through the material faster than planned motivates you even more.
Study order – while studying, start from the most difficult subjects and finish with the easiest ones. The awareness that the next subject you'll learn is easier gives you extra motivation.
Goal visualisation – visualise the goal each day – print a poster of an airplane cockpit and hang it on a wall in the room you study in and/or in your bedroom, so that each day while getting up you remember why you are doing this and when going to bed, tired after studying for many hours, you look at it thinking that on that day you made another step towards your goal. You can also hang, for instance, approach plates in many locations at your apartment, so that you stay focused on the goal.
People – surround yourself with people who motivate you and encourage you to study more. It's good to come into contact with someone who holds passes in ATPL exams with excellent results and will motivate you with his success, explain issues you struggle to understand, and support you in hard times.
Others – think about the things that motivate you and get you high, like energetic music or sports.


Upgrading or Installing Lighting in Grand Prairie, Texas?
Known as the contractor to call for lighting in Grand Prairie, Texas, Ingram Electric Company has been servicing the local area since 2000. Our installers have worked in countless homes and businesses across the region, providing lighting design and installation both indoors and out.
Our experienced electricians are trained in local building codes. Working in Grand Prairie for years, Ingram Electric Company technicians have completed outdoor lighting projects, as well as indoor lighting design and installation. Our staff must maintain up to date skills and Ingram Electric Company provides fully licensed services for lighting projects of any size and serve both residential and commercial customers.
Ingram Electric Company deals with the leading lighting manufacturers, offering Grand Prairie customers the best and latest technology, fixtures and controls. Combine quality materials with expert installation and your Grand Prairie lighting project will be well taken care of by Ingram Electric Company's professional staff. From modern ceiling fans and light fixtures to the latest track lighting and recessed lights, Ingram Electric Company offers high quality materials in both classic and modern styles.
Lighting design and installation projects move forward efficiently with Ingram Electric Company at the helm. Grand Prairie residents can rely on prompt service from the estimate stage, straight through to the installation and final inspection. Ingram Electric Company electricians aim to create trust with every Grand Prairie customer, keeping their word and doing a careful job every time.
Customers that are planning to install lighting in your Grand Prairie, Texas home, office, or facility, you can trust the experience and reliability of Ingram Electric Company. For high quality materials and professional technicians, call Ingram Electric Company at (972) 798-8087 to arrange for your free quote.


text:
Time Warped
Matthew McConaughey stars in mind-bending deep-space yarn
Starring Matthew McConaughey, Anne Hathaway & Michael Caine
Directed by Christopher Nolan
Outrageously ambitious, deliriously far-out and epically geeky, director Christopher Nolan's sprawling Interstellar is a space movie with one foot on the ground and one in the stars, a story of both humanity and the heavens, with a thumping heartbeat driving its spewing intergalactic fountain of dazzling, digitized special effects.
In this mind-bending yarn about gravity, time and the power of love, Matthew McConaughey plays a family-man space cowboy on a mission to save the Earth. As its story unfolds, sometime in the not-so-distant future, our planet's resources have been all but exhausted; the world's a big dust bowl. McConaughey's character, Cooper, a former moon-exploring astronaut, is selected for a top-secret, last-ditch NASA dash across deep space to chase down a probe signal that may possibly signal a new planetary home.
Big problem: The widowed Cooper will have to leave behind his sage old dad (John Lithgow) and his two young children, teenage son Tom (Timotheè Chalamet) and spunky young daughter Murph (Mackenzie Foy). Even bigger problem: Once he takes off, Cooper doesn't know how long how he'll be gone—or if he'll be able to return.
Cooper tries to reassure Murph—he gives her an old-school wristwatch and tells her that whenever she looks at it, she can know he'll be looking at his, too, wherever he is, up there in space, for however long, until he comes home. Tick-tock, tick-tock.
Nolan, whose other films include the Batman Dark Knight trilogy and the mind-scrambling Inception, sets off an explosion of images and ideas as the tale unfolds both "on the ground" and "out there." We're taken through a space "wormhole," a shortcut expressway compressing and expanding space and time, to a watery planet prone to monstrous tidal waves, where every hour counts for seven years of Earth time, and another that's so cold, even the clouds are solid ice. We watch as Cooper, whose own aging has been halted by the time-warp of space travel, sees video feeds of his children grown into adults (Jessica Chastain and Casey Affleck)—and bitter that their father has apparently abandoned them, "decades" ago.
Anne Hathaway plays one of Cooper's fellow explorers—a key role in more ways than one because of her connection to her NASA scientist father (Michael Caine) back on Earth, and also to someone the astronauts will meet on their journey to the outer reaches of the cosmos.
Along the way, we're introduced to some lofty concepts: Are we alone in the universe? Is it possible to go backward and forward in time, or to make it stand still? Is love a quantifiable force? Nolan lays out a narrative path between Odysseus, Albert Einstein and Buck Rogers, then paints it with bold cinematic brushstrokes inspired by the masters—Stanley Kubrick, Steven Spielberg, John Ford.
It doesn't always work, but man, is it ever something to see. It gets pretty trippy (and even a bit hokey) in the end, and at nearly three full hours, it's quite a journey. And this rip-roaring Rip Van Winkle rocket tale is unlike anything else you've seen at the movies this year, if ever. Hang on for the ride and you may come out on the other side feeling a bit wobbly and time-warped yourself.
And afterward, you might never look at the tick-tock of your wristwatch the same way again.
—Neil Pond, Parade and American Profile Magazines
Tagged Albert Einstein, Anne Hathaway, Buck Rogers, Casey Affleck, Christopher Nolan, Jessica Chastain, John Ford, Mackenzie Foy, Matthew McConaughey, Michael Caine, neil pond, Odysseus, Rip Van Winkle, Stanley Kubrick, Steven Spielberg, Timotheè Chalamet


Paris police fired tear gas and taxi drivers lit bonfires on a major highway on Tuesday amid nationwide strikes and protests over working conditions and competition from non-traditional services such as Uber. If I was an anarchist, I'd say that's how it's done and Hungarian cabbies should pay attention to their colleagues in France.
Kiss of life for families, builders?


We are nearing the end of Project RRR. This update is not a happy one.
Kira reporting. I have to share that Isaac recently passed away. I am happy to report that he was surrounded by friends and loved ones.
We were gathered in their kitchen following a meeting of Greta's club of friends. Alex Goth and I remained as we were close to the family and offered to help clean up.
Everything seemed normal. Isaac was very happy.
He picked up a trash bag that had been on the floor and started towards the bin.
Suddenly he gasped and sunk to the floor. We stood around in shock for a moment before rushing to his aid. He wasn't breathing!
We knew things were over when Mr. Grim showed up. Greta ran to meet him, begging him to spare her father, even for a few hours.
Grim did his part of the business and left us a nice urn. The kitchen collectively cried as he floated away.
Grim, I thought we had a deal? When there's a family I really like you're supposed to spare them!
He did leave a gift for the family. It was a painting of a pink llama.
It has been several months since Isaac's death. The family is coping best they can.
Greta here. I still miss my dad.
We rearranged the photos and paintings so we could show off our amazing family. I can't decide which my favorite is.
Anyway, even though I'm still grieving I decided to start writing a children's book. I'm trying to incorporate a theme of loss and love without getting too dark. It's a challenge. It's one I'm up to, though!
Mom is still having a rough time.
She's had Kira over a lot more recently.
Kira always has a shoulder to cry on and offer her support. She's the best caseworker and friend we could have ever wished for.
In this report we celebrate Greta's birthday and the completion of her time as a Wonder Child. The next update will have the collected data.
Dad even came from the grave to visit us!
I told him that after my birthday I was really excited to get to spend more time with Alex.
He laid into me, yikes. It's like he's been talking to mom!
When it finally came time for my birthday party I made my own cake (baking skills, what!).
I texted everyone I knew to invite them.
With dad's urn in the kitchen I felt so happy to have him and mom there for my birthday.
I didn't feel much different but I knew that I was done with my busy life. No more constant learning. No more Z Juice. That night I would get to sleep in a BED.
After my party I had Alex hold back to talk.
With my skill life over Kira congratulated us both on our family victory. We still felt a little empty without my dad but it felt good to be done.
With that, I will end my report on Ms. Greta Wood and Project #W4834. We wish her well in whatever the government she has planned in her future life.
Congrats! Isn't it a fun challenge?
And it looks like she and Alex are a couple! Maybe they could found a legacy!
I'm pretty sure that Pinstar planned it that way, since the parents need to start as adults, not YA. Just one more challenge along the way!
Great job! I loved every second of it. I'm definitely trying this challenge.
Re: Greta (from my Wonder Child), if I were to do a follow up challenge which do you think would be most interesting? I'm on the fence.


Assistant Fire Chief Amy Parker had previously approached the Trustees for approval to start teaching and training CPR to community groups, business and individual residents. The Trustees approved a nominal fee of $20 to be collect per individual who participated. The classes have been held at the township fire department, business and community buildings throughout the township. All monies collect are directly earmarked by Fiscal Officer Lowery to be used to continue the program by purchasing new CPR manikins, supplies and instruction manuals. If you would like more information on the program, please email Chief Rick Shearer or Assistant Chief Amy Parker at the fire department or phone the township fire department at 330-488-1547.


text:
US-Russia summit on European security sounds cold war echo
In Moscow the hope is for "fairly quick results", while Washington talks of uncertain outcomes. As US and Russian diplomats prepare for a summit in Geneva with Europe's geopolitical balance at stake, the difference in mood music is stark.
That Russia arrives at the table on Monday with more than 100,000 troops stationed menacingly on the border of neighbouring Ukraine, and has threatened military action if the talks come to nothing, is just part of its leverage.
More importantly, President Vladimir Putin has already achieved the goal of forcing the US to discuss a slew of demands that would reshape Europe's security architecture, with few areas of possible agreement that would not look like western capitulation.
"Putin is going into these talks with a very strong hand . . . I think this meeting is misjudged," said Judy Dempsey, senior fellow at Carnegie Europe. "The summit would only yield marginal success if the west went in united together and they had a serious negotiation strategy. And they don't have one."
Russia viewed Europe through the cold war prism of a continent bisected between superpowers, Dempsey explained, which conflicts with the US and European view forged after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
"How [the Americans] are going to actually square this circle is going to be very difficult. Putin is of the old school and will not give up on spheres of influence," she added.
Two lists of Russian demands submitted to the US and Nato last month include a ban on Ukraine and other former Soviet states joining the western military alliance, a prohibition on the deployment of any missiles close enough to hit Russia, and a Kremlin veto on where Nato troops and weapons can be stationed in almost all of its eastern flank members.
The negotiations chime with two fundamental objectives that have defined Putin's two-decade rule: a seat at the geopolitical top table opposite the US, and the prospect of halting Nato's eastern expansion and shrinking the American military presence in Europe.
"The very fact . . . that security guarantees are being discussed at all . . . is a huge breakthrough" for Russia, said Tatiana Stanovaya, founder of R. Politik, a Kremlin-focused political consultancy. "It's never happened before."
For US negotiators, led by assistant secretary of state Wendy Sherman, a de-escalation of the Ukraine crisis is the primary goal. But how to achieve this without giving their Russian counterparts a prize to take home to Moscow that would weaken the security of Kyiv or Nato allies in eastern Europe appears a perilous task.
US assistant secretary of state Wendy Sherman will hope to de-escalate the Ukraine crisis when she begins talks with the Russian delegation, led by deputy foreign minister Sergei Ryabkov © AP
Jen Psaki, White House press secretary, said this week that President Joe Biden believed the Geneva talks could "make progress on some issues, while others are not viable" — and that the US would not be "responding" to Moscow's demands "point by point".
"We don't know what next week's conversations will bring but . . . we believe there are areas we can make progress on with Moscow . . . if they come to the table ready to do that," she added.
Biden is under growing pressure to defuse a crisis that threatens to ensnare his administration as it is trying to focus on other issues, mainly tackling the surging Omicron coronavirus variant and calming inflation.
At the same time, the White House knows that any suggestion of it having caved to Russian demands would undermine its own claims of standing up to authoritarian leaders, likely trigger a bipartisan backlash on Capitol Hill and ring alarm bells among allies around the world that rely on US security guarantees.
The Russian delegation, led by deputy foreign minister Sergei Ryabkov, will also meet Nato officials on Wednesday in Brussels and members of the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe the following day. But Moscow has made clear that it sees the US as its primary negotiating partner, and that Nato allies will follow Washington's lead.
"We hope . . . for a fairly quick result," Ryabkov told Izvestiya newspaper on Thursday. "It will become clear whether rapid progress is possible . . . on the subjects that interest us."
R. Politik's Stanovaya said Putin would only be satisfied with concrete progress in Geneva, given the extent to which Nato has already expanded into the former Soviet eastern Europe.
"In reality, no one knows what will be enough . . . because it's clear Putin won't get everything on his list," she added. "But on this first stage . . . some sort of concession on the part of the US will be necessary."
Complicating Sherman's brief is the absence from the talks of both Ukraine and the EU, both of which have demanded a role in the talks but been successfully sidelined by Moscow.
US officials have repeatedly stressed that no discussion of Ukraine can take place without Ukrainian present, and that European security was a matter for Europe and Nato. But ruling out both of those topics would leave little to discuss.
The co-ordination between the US and Europe is complicated by persistent divides within the EU over both how to handle Russia, and Brussels' role in the continent's defence and security.
France and Germany, who held their own talks in Moscow this week, are viewed with scepticism by some eastern EU states which see them as too willing to find an accommodation with the Kremlin. France is also leading a push to expand the EU's 'strategic autonomy' and defence capabilities, a move that is opposed by other member states who reject anything that would weaken Nato's role as their primary security guarantee.
"The US and the Europeans . . . need a shopping list of what they want, not just what Russia wants," said Dempsey at Carnegie Europe. "This [summit] is precisely about what Russia wants. We still do not know what [the west] wants from Russia."
"We are going to the table with nothing," she added. "Absolutely nothing in our hands."
← Blinken warns Russia ahead of talks on Ukraine
Blinken warns Russia of 'massive consequences' over Ukraine | Politics News →
N. Korea fires likely missile in 3rd launch this month
US Navy seizes huge weapons cache in Arabian Sea | Weapons News
May 9, 2021 TuronZamin Admin	0
All Warzone and Cold War Season 6 weapons: Grav, LAPA & more
Why Russia Closely Tracked the U.S. Navy's Seawolf Submarines
These countries buy the most weapons from government
March 26, 2019 TuronZamin Admin	0
In Kazakhstan, Russia follows a playbook it developed in Ukraine
Russia says it may be forced to deploy mid-range nuclear missiles in Europe
Russia-US face-off: What should we expect in 2022? | Opinions
January 3, 2022 Dimitar Bechev	0
Houthis Strike Abu Dhabi as Yemen War Drags On
Israeli police in standoff with Palestinians over Sheikh Jarrah eviction | Israel
Drones Take Center Stage In US-China War On Data Harvesting
North Korea says missile launch was hypersonic weapons test
January 6, 2022 Mark Lungariello	0
China's Xi says countries must abandon Cold War mentality
January 17, 2022 Sam Meredith	0
Why China Is Rapidly Expanding Its Nuclear Arsenal
January 4, 2022 Benjamin Brimelow	0
18 of the Deadliest Weapons of All Time – 24/7 Wall St.
August 6, 2021 TuronZamin Admin	0
Israel wants US to bolster its weapons stockpile in Israel: Sources – Breaking Defense Breaking Defense


So, you need creative writing services. Are you tired of hunting for the perfect talent to handover your writing assignments? Stop right here, because creative writing is among the many things we specialize in – our writers are top-notch, with the experience, skills and knowledge to assist you with every type of creative writing service you can possibly imagine. Don't be fooled by the many writing services claiming to be the best in the industry; if they're the best, how come you've never heard of them before?
Our claim to fame is not false promises, it's a portfolio that speaks volumes in terms of our achievements. You stand to lose nothing by hiring our services, but you will certainly gain a lot, and we mean a lot, by letting us do your creative writing work for you.
What can we offer under our creative writing services? Well, just about anything from advertising copy and brochures to articles and web copy. There are no limits to what you can get us to do as part of our creativity. The works are always fresh and original. You'll love it and so will everyone else who reads it. Call our creative writing team today. Don't miss out on this opportunity to hire great talent for exceptional results!


TIP! Record problems by taking digital pictures of them. Take pictures of the damages, for instance spots and stains, holes or even discoloration on the bathtub.
Industrial and commercial properties are sold regularly but do not expect to see listings like you would for a regular home. You will need to scour the markets to find the best deals for you, and the following article will guide you to doing just that, as well as offer other suggestions on how to make decisions that will lead to your success in commercial real estate.
When diving into the world of commercial real estate, it is important to stay calm and be patient. Don't enter into a commercial venture hastily. If you buy a property that doesn't meet your needs, you'll sorely regret it. It could be a year-long process before you begin to see investments in your market pay off.
TIP! Ensure that the amount of money you want for your commercial property makes sense, given local market conditions. Many different factors can influence the real worth of your property.
TIP! If you rent out your commercial properties, always remember to keep them occupied. If no one is paying you rent, you'll be the one footing the bills.
You should thoroughly look into the brokers that you are considering, and determine their level of expertise and experience when dealing with commercial real estate. Make certain that they have experience and expertise in the community you are dealing in. Most brokers will require you to have an agreement to work exclusively with them.
If you think finding the perfect property is the main hurdle to surmount, you're wrong. Information can help you find success.


renewal fee, for the renewal of the registration of a business name to an entity, means the fee imposed under the Business Names Registration (Fees) Act 2011 in relation to the renewal. reviewable : a decision is reviewable if it is reviewable under section 56.... ASIC will not approve your application to deregister a company if the company's account shows that it owes ASIC money. You can check the company's current account balance online with ASIC. You can pay any outstanding fees via BPAY or by Post Billpay.
• ASIC Connect is the online system used to manage your business name. • You must have received your business name renewal notice to renew your business name.
All applications are instantly lodged with ASIC and a business name certificate issued within 2 days. Renewal Reminders We will let you know when your business name is due for renewal.
ASIC warns of renewal scam 21/02/2018 Scammers pretending to be from the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) have been contacting its registry customers asking them to pay fees and give personal information to renew their business or company name.
Scams targeting ASIC customers. Scammers pretending to be from ASIC have been contacting Registry customers asking them to pay fees and give personal information to renew their business or company name.


text:
MSW steht für:
 Maffei-Schwartzkopff-Werke, vormaliger Name der Berliner Maschinenbau AG
 Marineschule Wesermünde, siehe Marinestützpunkt Bremerhaven (1935–1945) #Marineschule Wesermünde (MSW)
 Master of Social Work, Master in englischsprachigen Universitäten, als akademischer Grad spezialisiert auf Soziale Arbeit (social work)
 Flughafen Massaua (IATA-Code), eritreischer Flughafen

msw steht für:
 Mechatronik Schule Winterthur, Schweizer Berufsfachschule
 metre/meter sea water, metrische Einheit des Drucks, genutzt beim Tauchen, definiert als ein Zehntel eines bar (Einheit)
 Mansoanka (ISO-639-3-Code), westatlantische Sprache

Siehe auch:
 Michejew-Smirnow-Wolfenstein-Effekt (MSW-Effekt)

Abkürzung

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


FergusonShowrooms.com is the leading online store for Jacuzzi® Bathtubs and Whirlpools.
Jacuzzi creates products that relax, revitalize and restore your body and mind. Sparked by necessity yet driven by design, the company has transformed the idea of what a bath should be. Jacuzzi offers a line of whirlpool, soaking and air bathtubs that push the envelope, raise expectations and enhance the lives of customers.
Now more than ever, Ferguson is the place to immerse yourself in the finest luxury and quality brands. Jacuzzi® Brand, the preferred name in whirlpool baths, and Ferguson, the largest wholesale distributor of residential and commercial plumbing supplies, have come together to offer convenient, unprecedented access to Jacuzzi® Products in one place. For 60 years, Jacuzzi and Ferguson have remained among the most trusted names in the industry. Come on in for the ultimate bathing experience. Ferguson - your home for Jacuzzi® Products.


When Richard first moved into Glebe House, our residential service for people with mental illness, he was suffering from severe depression and had as a result attempted suicide. Service Manager Abdul Mursal describes how, with understanding and consistent support, Richard is transforming his life.
"Two years ago, Richard couldn't eat and spent most of his time sleeping. At first the main thing we wanted to support Richard with was making sure he ate enough. We discussed this with him and came to an agreement that he would eat one cooked meal a day – this happened gradually and we encouraged him every day and he now eats a healthy diet.
"We then started talking to Richard about the things he liked to do. We found out that he had been a member of a swimming club when he was growing up and that he had really enjoyed this. When we suggested swimming to him, he was apprehensive but agreed to give it a try. At first, support staff at Glebe went with him and week by week he built up his confidence, increasing the time he swam for. He now goes swimming on his own every week.
"Richard then started talking to staff at Glebe about volunteering, again we encouraged him and he went to the local charity shop and got an application form. He applied for the job, was successful in the interview and now volunteers there two days a week.
"I've learned a lot from supporting Richard. We need to constantly engage with people and work with them, listening to what they have to say about their needs and preferences. Consistency is key, there were days when Richard would say no, he didn't want to do anything, but the team at Glebe persevered and the changes in Richard's life have been amazing – he even went on holiday to Canada last year!"