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How to Make Extra Money Selling on Amazon Using Fulfillment by Amazon

Brandon Baker

All rights Reserved. No part of this publication or the information in it may be quoted from or reproduced in any form by means such as printing, scanning, photocopying or otherwise without prior written permission of the copyright holder.

Disclaimer and Terms of Use: Effort has been made to ensure that the information in this book is accurate and complete, however, the author and the publisher do not warrant the accuracy of the information, text and graphics contained within the book due to the rapidly changing nature of science, research, known and unknown facts and the Internet. The Author and the publisher do not hold any responsibility for errors, omissions or contrary interpretation of the subject matter herein. This book is presented solely for motivational and informational purposes only.

Contents

Introduction: Understanding the Program

Chapter 1: A Brief History of Amazon

Chapter 2: So, What Exactly is Fulfillment By Amazon (FBA)?

Chapter 3: Laying the Groundwork

Chapter 4: Crunching the Numbers

Chapter 5: Can FBA Work for You?

Chapter 6: Getting Started

Chapter 7: Listing your Items

Chapter 8: Shipping your Boxes

Chapter 9: Knowing the Pros of Using FBA

Chapter 10: Contemplating the Cons of FBA

Chapter 11: Other Considerations to Keep in Mind

Conclusion: Making it Work for You

# Introduction: Understanding the Program

Anyone who has ever tried to sell anything online, whether it is through their own personal website, or by making use of major e-commerce platforms such as eBay or Shopify, can attest to the fact that often the most frustrating and generally unpleasant component of any transaction is the packing, shipping, and fulfillment of the orders. Quite honestly, this is the most labor-intensive portion of any online selling operation; with the time it can require limiting the amount of orders that can be filled, and ultimately eating into potential profits.

So what if you could completely remove this time-consuming step from the process, freeing up more opportunities to focus on actually increasing sales and accumulating greater cash flow? Well, Amazon may just have found a way to make that happen for you. In the past few years, this e-commerce giant has introduced a great little program that allows you to sell any number of items including: media, books, and household products, among other in demand consumer goods, without all the hassle of fulfilling the orders yourself.

In this book, we'll explore how this program, referred to as Amazon's "Fulfillment by Amazon" program (FBA), can get you one step closer to making your home-based or small business goals a reality. Explore the following chapters to gain a greater understanding of the Amazon business model, and how it can offer you the flexibility and freedom to achieve your goals.

# Chapter 1: A Brief History of Amazon

Founded by Jeff Bezos in 1994, Amazon is an American e-commerce company based in Seattle, Washington. Currently the largest internet-based retailer in the United States, Amazon possesses some truly humble beginnings. With its very first headquarters located in Bezos' garage, it soon began to expand when Bezos realized that his books were selling to buyers all across the United States. He knew then that there was an opportunity to expand his market. Inspired by the potential, Bezos created a website that offered a wider range of items and accessibility than a bricks and mortar bookstore could. Once book selling was well established, he soon diversified, adding CD's, computer software, DVDs, toys, household items, and other goods into the mix. Within a relatively small span of time, large retailers such as Old Navy, Target, and Toys R Us were signing on to sell their merchandise using the Amazon platform. This allowed an even greater opportunity for Amazon to expand its offerings, and open up even more product categories. With over thirty different product categories, and over thirty-six million products listed (not even counting the books), there is an absolutely tremendous opportunity to reach buyers and start making sales on Amazon. So how can you tap into this?

Quite easily actually! More and more home-based and small business owners are focusing an increasing amount of both their time and resources tapping into the expanding FBA market. Whether you are considering producing your own items, or simply purchasing items to re-sell, there is a significant amount of potential waiting to be developed. Regardless of your financial goals, background, and experience, this book can help you make Amazon's FBA system work for you!

# Chapter 2: So, What Exactly is Fulfillment By Amazon (FBA)?

Put quite simply, the Fulfillment by Amazon model revolves around the production or acquisition of a product that can then be sold using Amazon's online sales website. While you narrow down which products you'd like to sell and set your pricing, Amazon will take care of the storage and distribution of your product, as well as the customer service component. This leaves you with more free time to focus on achieving your actual goals – increasing sales and making more money!

Keep in mind that FBA is not a brand new program, and it boasts an impressive track record of success. Amazon has been building warehouses and distribution centers throughout the United States to ensure that all customers receive orders quickly and inexpensively, and in some cases even for free. As a result of this expansion and efficiency, many sellers, both small and large, have been making use of the FBA program for years, embracing its capabilities and enjoying a steady stream of profit.

With FBA, you as the seller have the opportunity to take advantage of the extensive Amazon facilities, effectively outsourcing the packing, shipping, and fulfillment part of your business. Touted as the future of online retail for home-based and small business sellers, FBA is a fantastic way to lessen or even eliminate your headaches and hassles as a reseller, allowing you to focus on improving and ultimately growing your business.

Within the following chapters, we'll explore the ins and outs of Amazon's FBA program, allowing you to decide if it's the right choice for your business model. With a little motivation, some newly acquired knowledge, and the tools in this book, you'll be that much closer to having the business you've always wanted.

# Chapter 3: Laying the Groundwork

Like many worthwhile undertakings, the Amazon FBA program is one that can bring you great success only if you take the time to educate yourself on the ins and outs of how it functions. Like any program, there are pros and cons, and we'll explore both categories in later chapters. Regardless, it is important that you lay the groundwork before you sign up for any program, and that you use whatever tools are available to you to evaluate whether the service is right for you and your business goals. Educating yourself and becoming FBA literate is going to keep you moving forward, and help you avoid any unwelcome surprises. Before jumping in with both feet, it is important to find the answers to any pressing questions that you may have. Some things you might consider in the initial groundwork phase include:

Researching Potential Items
One of the fundamental things you should explore before you begin to delve into the FBA program, is understanding which products will successfully sell on Amazon. You need to be able to identify the products that consumers want, so that you can compare and contrast with your potential items, seeing how they measure up, and evaluating if you're able to achieve that level of success for yourself.

One way to explore this is by checking the top-selling Amazon product listing. Things to establish a potentially well-selling product include:

  1. A high volume of consistent sales
  2. A price that is acceptable to both sellers and buyers
  3. A solid number of satisfied reviews

While you do want to identify the items that people are purchasing frequently, you also want to establish that a solid profit can be made from the sales, and that people overall are satisfied with the purchase. Once you've balanced these criteria, you've found your selling sweet spot.

After you've established a potential item, search the product type to see what you can glean about the pricing of the items. You want to have a realistic idea of what each product can fetch, and this will assist you when it's time to set your own pricing. Check out the starting price listed by other vendors. Does it make sense to enter this market? Can you get what you need for the item? You don't always have to offer the lowest price, remember that there are other factors in play, but learning how to keep items affordable will help you to succeed in a competitive market.

While top-selling items will act as a great starting point, there are other factors which can help you to make informed decisions about the type of products you will be able to successfully sell. You want to look not only at how many sold, but also the number available from other vendors (competition), as well as the competitors' price. It is these factors, in conjunction with an understanding of sales rankings that will ensure you're informed and educated before you begin to sell using the FBA program.

Keep in mind that the quantity available of any one item can be a key factor in the viability of selling that item. The lower the number available, the better it ultimately is for your business. You don't want to try to compete in a market that's flooded with choice.

Understanding Sales Rank
Another tool that can help you establish which products will sell on Amazon is through the use of sales ranking information. This information is key in providing you with a true reflection of any one product's general popularity. Knowing where certain products fall can give you a leg up in determining whether or not you should explore selling an item on Amazon.

Sales rankings function in much the same way as a bestsellers list. The higher the item number gets on the list, the less popular an item is. Accordingly number 1 is the absolute best ranking, with everything flowing down from there. Exploring a particular item's sales rank is fairly straightforward on Amazon. A number is clearly listed and shown by scrolling down to the product description. Almost all items will have a sales rank, with a few exceptions. If no sales rank is displayed, or is listed as zero this could mean:

  * A significant amount of time has passed since this item was last purchased. This could be months or even years. This in itself is a good indication that this may not be the hot item that you're looking for.
  * This item could also be brand new and not currently possess a sales history. This also may be an item you might want to avoid, as it isn't tried and tested like other items on Amazon.

Keep in mind, however, that sales rank is like the stock market in that it can potentially change from moment to moment. It will not indicate exactly how quickly an item will sell, so avoid making any generalizations about whether an item will be purchased within a specific timeframe. While sales rank is a solid indication of the general popularity of an of item, it doesn't necessarily take into account other factors such as general availability of a product, the time of year, and the amount of competitors, among other things.

The best way to get a solid indication of not only how the product ranks, but also how well it maintains that rank, can be achieved by watching an item over time to see how it moves. Understanding the movement of an item can be very important if you're doing product sourcing locally (like at Costco or other big box stores) for items that you'd like to sell on a regular basis. Watching the movement will give you a general indication of how popular the item is, and how often a purchase is made. It is important that you avoid grouping items into bad and good based solely on sales rank. All the sales rank will tell you is how the item is faring currently, but understanding the range will offer more perspective.

While the sales rank of an item is not the only defining factor, it will ultimately help you make decisions about what to buy, the quantity to purchase, and how many should be shipped to Amazon at any one time.
Establish the Cost of your Goods
Many sellers who start with the FBA program already have a product that they want to sell, and would therefore know the cost of the goods beforehand. If the product that your company already sells is one that fits in well with what you've learned about top selling Amazon items, than you have a leg-up on other sellers. At this point, you've probably undertaken a cost analysis, and understand what you'd need to sell an item for to make the desired profit.

If this isn't the case, and you're looking to explore other products that might work well with the Amazon FBA program, it is important to do your research and figure out which products have the profit margin that you need. You can explore this by costing out your items at the source. For some sellers, the products they select are purchased at big box stores, while others rely on a wholesaler for their goods. Regardless of the source, put the work in to really understand if an item will be profitable. You absolutely should not be making any selling decisions without a clear and accurate cost of goods first being established.

Understanding the Amazon Customer
With over 250 million users, Amazon boasts an impressive assortment of potential buyers for you to access – but you have to understand who they are in order to connect with them and make that sale. One of the great things about using Amazon FBA is that you're already tapping into a huge population of loyal Amazon buyers who you wouldn't have access to through your normal business channels. Understanding what motivates these buyers, and how you can offer them the products they want will go a long way to translating into sales for you and your business. A few things to keep in mind about the Amazon consumer are:

  1. Amazon customers will pay more for a product than other e-commerce site customers (such as eBay shoppers).
  2. Amazon customers will not hesitate to pay for extras such as fast shipping, a quick and easy purchasing experience, or a money back guarantee.
  3. Amazon customers can easily qualify for free shipping if they choose items that have the "Free Super Saver Shipping" logo and meet a minimum of $25 worth of merchandise. This acts as an incentive for purchasers to order more, often leading to impulse buying.
  4. Amazon also offers a membership program in which "Prime Customers" pay $99 a year. These customers receive anything with the Prime logo within two business days, shipped free of charge.

With a plethora of customers waiting to buy your products, you should be making money in no time! It's important however that you really understand the buying trends, the purchase history, and the motivation of the Amazon customer. Unlike other buyers out to save a dollar, Amazon buyers can be tempted by an excellent product, a quick return, or free shipping.

# Chapter 4: Crunching the Numbers

Before you jump on board with the Amazon FBA program, it is important to gain a clear understanding of the fees and charges that will be incurred from the use of this service. For some sellers, FBA does seem like a more expensive option that other services. It's important to keep in mind, however, that FBA encompasses fees for all levels of fulfillment, including warehousing and shipping (costs that can quickly add up if a business is left to incur them solely on their own). For many people, the costs are not prohibitive, but it is really important in any business venture that you fully understand the financial ramifications of the relationship. Any fee or charge is going to impact your profits, but keep in mind that the FBA program may also increase your total sales volume, as well as exposure to your product. Ultimately, it's up to you to decide whether you can make the product work within the margins available to you.

Fees associated with FBA include:

  * Inbound Shipping Fee – this is the general cost of getting your items to the FBA warehouse. Through Amazon, you will be able to make use of UPS partnered shipping which offers you the Amazon UPS rates (which are some of the most competitive around). You can also opt for your own shipper if you feel you can find a better deal elsewhere.
  * Amazon Commission – This is the cut that Amazon takes for having your items listed and fulfilled by them. This amount will vary, depending on the category that you opt to sell in.
  * Handling Fee  \- varies by item.
  * Pick & Pack Fee – varies by item.
  * Weight Based Fee – varies by item.
  * Storage Fees – Storage fees are very reasonable, and in many cases the first 30 days are free.

# Chapter 5: Can FBA Work for You?

Now that you have a little background on how the Amazon FBA program works, you may be evaluating whether or not this is a program that can assist you with your business goals. While understanding how Amazon functions, researching the ranking systems, and educating yourself on the fee structure can leave you feeling a little overwhelmed, know that at the very core, the Amazon FBA system is really quite simple. Essentially it works in a few key steps:

  * First you input the goods you want to sell into your Amazon FBA merchant online inventory (we'll discuss this in a later chapter).
  * Generate and print out a shipping label which will be provided by Amazon, and then ship the box to one of the Amazon warehouses.
  * Once the box arrives, Amazon employees will check and verify the contents, which will then go live on the website until it sells.
  * Amazon takes care of all the outgoing shipping, as well as customer service.
  * You do not pay a cent until the item is sold.
  * Money from your sales will be sent directly to your bank account every few weeks.

While acting as a seller with Amazon, you'll have the choice of one of their two types of seller accounts: individual or professional. The individual account is free, but you can only sell a maximum of 40 items or $600 a month. This may be fine for small-scale sellers, but if you're really looking to expand your business and bring in some significant income, you may want to look into a professional membership. The professional membership costs $40 a month but there are benefits to subscribing. The most significant one is no maximums, so your earning potential is endless. Also, this fee gives you access to Amazon's sales rank feeds.

One of the most important factors when deciding if this program is right for you is comparing the price you think you can get for an item with the cost of selling it through Amazon. If you've hit on a product with which you can achieve a comfortable margin, and the sales it will receive can counteract the FBA fees you'll accrue, than you can definitely make the program work for you. Some people argue that you can make more money if you ship yourself, and honestly, they may be right. For many people, though, looking to expand their business, paying the fees is worth it for the effort saved – which can then be channeled elsewhere. Also, you may not even have the physical room for the sizable inventory that you require to turn the profit you desire. Amazon makes housing and shipping a significant amount of a product possible for home-based or smaller businesses where this previously was just not a possibility.

Keep in mind too that if you're new to the market or just beginning in e-commerce, your business can take advantage of piggybacking on the success and consumer trust of the Amazon name. Many Amazon customers don't differentiate between items that are Amazon-direct, and those that come from third party sellers. This could be a result of the combined shipping, allowing them free and fast delivery of their items. Many businesses struggle to get name recognition, or to establish themselves in a competitive market. When you're listing your items with Amazon, you're coasting on the name, and this can lead to increased sales if you play your cards right.

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Making it Work for Small Sellers
One of the really great things about Amazon's FBA program is that it has managed to cut into the competitive advantage that big sellers have enjoyed for years. In the past, if you wanted to scale up your business, you would need a serious influx of time, cash, and space, making serious growth prohibitive for many smaller operations. As a smaller seller, you usually have limited staff, as well as limited space to store items. This usually means that the fulfillment and shipping of orders takes more time than the bigger operations, leading to reduced potential for increased income. While a small operation can maybe fill 20 orders in a day, a large one with space and employees may be able to fill 300. Think of what a significant difference that could make to your business!

When you use the FBA program, your potential for growth is no longer limited. Essentially, this program removes the space and time limitations and puts you on par with established sellers as of day one. As long as you have the products, and can get them to Amazon, you could be selling items immediately and consistently, with no need to monitor, ship, or follow up on the orders yourself.

# Chapter 6: Getting Started

Now that you've gained a greater understanding of the ins and outs of the program, and established that Amazon FBA can work for you, it's time to delve into the actual set-up and creation of your own successful online business.

It's important to keep in mind throughout this process that you'll always be learning. Amazon FBA, and your interaction with it, is always changing and growing, and you'll need to be vigilant about tracking item trends and movements in order to stay on top of your business. Try to have the right mindset about what this platform can do for you professionally, and know that there will be times when you're first getting up and running where you will be frustrated. Just keep focused, stay on top of inventory, make sure that items continue to flow to Amazon, and know that you're on the right track. If you stay diligent, you will begin to see the financial results that you want.

One of the great things about getting started with FBA is that there are relatively few supplies or tools that you need to get up and running. A few things that are recommended to make your life slightly easier are:

  1. Scanning Application – This will provide pertinent information about the items you are scanning and potentially considering sending to Amazon. These apps can provide you with information that will assist you in making sourcing and purchasing decisions, and quite often they come at a very low cost themselves.
  2. Computer with Internet and a Thermal Printer – This is a no-brainer. You need to be able to research items, set up your listings, and print out shipping labels. While an inkjet printer is fine for shipping labels, as per Amazon's rules only a thermal printer is acceptable for individual item labels.
  3. USB Barcode Scanner – This item will make the listing component of the process dramatically easier, compared to the hassle of typing in every UPC. Buying one will save you a ton of time in the long run.
  4. Shipping Scale – Getting an accurate shipping scale will allow you to be dead on with weights when shipping, so that you're not losing money in the rounding up of packages.
  5. Poly Bags – These can be incredibly useful if you intend to create multi-packs, or bag items that are required by Amazon to be bagged (certain liquid items, or toys that are not completely sealed).

Keeping Track of Your Finances
If you're already running a functioning business, this may be second nature to you, but if you're new to selling, you may need the gentle reminder. You're going to need to keep track of your finances, and it's important that you have a system that works.

Check out the following suggestions to keep your business running smoothly

  * Receipts – You can store these the old fashioned way in a shoebox, or embrace the more modern route of electronic storage. Try scanning all receipts and saving them to your computer in a folder. This will act as back up in case anything happens to the paper version. This type of storage also makes for easier recall of receipts if you need them, and stops you from digging around in a pile of paper.
  * Inventory & Sales Tracking – The best way to do this is by creating an Excel spreadsheet. Keep a document that lists: ASIN (Amazon stock information number), where you purchased it, the price at time of purchase, and the price you listed it for. Then, document each item as it sells with: ASIN, payout amount, purchase price, days it took to sell, and your received profit. You can use these sheets in tandem, cross-referencing the sales and inventory files to get an accurate read, as well as project potential profits and time it may take to sell the inventory. Tracking as much as you possibly can will really give you insight into your business, and allow you to pinpoint where you're making the most money, and where you're losing money.

Signing Up
Before you can even get started selling your items, you're going to need to do a few key things. We're assuming at this point that you already have a pre-existing Amazon account, but if you don't that's the first step! From there you will:

  1. Sign up for an Amazon Seller account. Just find and click the "Sell your Stuff" option. From there you will select whether you have decided on the individual or professional account option (remember the professional account costs money). When you create this account, you will receive details on where to ship your products. Make sure to use the address you are given, as you will be assigned a specific warehouse.
  2. Add FBA to your seller account.
  3. List your items!
  4. Ship your items to Amazon.

# Chapter 7: Listing your Items

It is important to note that every time you decide to use the FBA program, you'll need to manage your inventory according to boxes. This can be relatively simple if you're only sending one box, but can quickly become more complicated if you're working with multiple boxes. Every time a new box is sent, you must effectively list the contents so that Amazon employees will be able to unpack, sort, and shelve items easily and accurately. Follow the steps below to create and list your first box.

  1. Sign in to Amazon Seller Central, and move your mouse over the Inventory menu. A few different options will drop down. Choose Add a Listing.
  2. Type in the name of the product that you're looking to sell, and press the Search button. You can also search by other criteria including UPC, ASIN, ISBN, or EAN.
  3. Once you see your choices, select the correct one by clicking the "Sell Yours" button.
  4. The next page may seem a little more complex, but there are only a few things you need to focus on here. Fill out the item condition, the price, and the quantity. Ensure that the fact that it is an FBA item is selected by choosing the button next to "I want Amazon to ship and provide customer service for my items if they sell" (it may already be indicated). From there, click Save and Finish.
  5. If you're a new seller, you will see a page that asks you to ensure that you're not selling anything that is prohibited by law, hazardous, alive, capable of killing someone, and things of that nature. From there, click the Send Inventory button to move on to the next page.
  6. At this point, Amazon will need to know what location you are shipping the items from. There may be a default address that is filled in for you already, but you may also need to change it. If this is the case, simply click the Change Address button.
  7. You'll want to also tell Amazon that you're sending them a bunch of items packed together in one box. Right now, you'll see that the Individual Items option is most likely selected. This needs to be switched to Case-Packed Items. You might notice that this changes the inventory list that is located beneath this option, and you'll have a few fields that need to be filled in: Units per Case, and Number of Cases. If you were selling one item, you'd just fill in the number one for both of these. If, however, you were selling one six pack of pop, you'd enter 6 units per case, and 1 as the number of cases. This would also apply if you were selling two of the same book. You'd enter 1 unit per case and 2 for number of cases. From there, click Continue.
  8. Amazon will now select a facility for you to ship to using your address. From there, you will be asked to name your shipment. FBA will automatically supply you with a generic name, but feel free to change it to something a little more exciting if you're so inclined. Once you've decided on a name, click Save and then Continue.
  9. If that was the limit of what you were going to ship, then you'd be done creating your box. But, if you have more items to add, then you'll just follow the preceding steps all over again. When you get to the last step however, you'll receive the option of Add to an Existing Shipment without being forced to create a brand new one. Choose the shipment you've just created, and this will keep all your items bundled together and organized for the receivers at Amazon.

#
Chapter 8: Shipping your Boxes

As mentioned in the last chapter, it is incredibly important that you keep the items that were shipped together, grouped together.  So whenever you input an item, make sure that you're adding it to the box it's being shipped in. You really don't want to lose track of which item belongs in which box. Once you've gotten all your items and boxes listed, there is just a little more work that has be done in order to get your items on their way to Amazon. Continuing on instructions from the previous chapter, the next steps are as follows

  1. Once you've added the last item to a box, you can click the Work on Shipment button to get the shipping process started. As an alternative, you can always find your FBA shipments if you select the Manage FBA Shipments under the Inventory menu. You'll also find the Work on Shipment button located next to any unfinished boxes on the page.
  2. After you've clicked on the Work on Shipment button, give your shipment the once over to make sure that there are no last minute changes that you'd like to make. If all looks as it should, click Save & Continue.
  3. From here, you'll be sent to the item labeling page, where you will be able to print out labels for all of your items. Print them, attach them to your items, and click Save & Continue.
  4. From here, you can select the size of your shipment as well as the carrier you have opted to use. While you can use any carrier you want, there is an option for an Amazon-Partnered Carrier (which is usually UPS). This option will allow you to purchase a label from Amazon at a reduced price, as well as have the carrier come and pick up your stuff for you. This is the easiest possible method, although you can definitely choose another carrier and ship it all yourself. Once you're ready to move on, click the Save & Continue button.
  5. It's time to get the packing slips printed. Select how many you'd like to print. Keep in mind that you'll need to put one in the box, but you may also choose to keep one for yourself. Enter your choice and click the Print button. Pack the slip into the box with everything else. Then click Continue.
  6. On the next page, you'll find areas to enter the dimension of your box, as well as its weight. If you can't get an exact measurement, do the best you can, and then round up. Click the Save button, and then once your information has been saved, click on the Cost Estimate button.
  7. From here, you'll see a page which will give you a shipping estimate, as well as asking you to agree to be charged for the listed amount. Agree to this, and click Accept Changes & Continue.
  8. Print your label, and attach it to the box as instructed. Then schedule a pickup with the carrier, or drop it off at your nearest shipping facility.

# Chapter 9: Knowing the Pros of Using FBA

While we've touched briefly on the benefits that using Amazon's FBA program could bring to your business, there are a few key pros worth noting if you're still unsure about signing up and getting started selling!

To many sellers and small-business owners, Amazon FBA is a system that allows them greater capacity to expand their business, with a number of side benefits including:

1)      Higher Prices, Higher Margins, and Higher Payouts
This is a really key factor, and one we mentioned in a previous chapter. All items sold through FBA are eligible for Free Super Saver Shipping as well as Amazon Prime. This is really great for the seller, because FBA users can actually raise their prices to match their competitors' total price (which is cost and shipping). This little boost not only adds some extra profit, it also counteracts the FBA fees, allowing the FBA seller to ultimately still receive a higher net payout than sellers on other platforms. So for example, if your competitor is selling an item at $30, plus $10 shipping, you're free to list your item at $40, as the free shipping option counteracts the increase.

2)      Less Work
Imagine making money while you're not even working! Once the items are in the Amazon warehouse, FBA sellers have the potential to be selling 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Items will ship at all hours of the day or evening, and this includes weekends. So regardless of whether you're having a nap, or taking an extended vacation, your items are making you money. Once you've taken that step and sent the items into Amazon, your work is done, and you don't need to do anything else. You're welcome to monitor inventory or adjust prices as required, but you don't have to sit down to the tedious task of packing items, stocking boxes, printing shipping labels, and hoisting packages down to the nearest post office.

3)      More Selling Opportunities
As we discussed in a previous chapter, Amazon customers tend to purchase more items than other shoppers, both in quantity and frequency. By signing on for this program, you as a seller can effectively piggyback on the impulse buying habits of this established customer base.

4)      Happier Customers
There are a large percentage of Amazon shoppers who have never purchased an item from a third party merchant. To them, buying from you as an FBA seller and buying from Amazon itself are synonymous. These individuals are people who have a relationship of trust with Amazon, and like the security of knowing that if there ever is an issue that Amazon will assist them. In fact, Amazon buyers are willing to pay more money to get their items shipped by Amazon or an FBA seller. They do this because they get the Amazon service, fast, efficient, and trusted. This not only benefits you by offering more sales, it also takes the burden of general customer service off our business, freeing up greater resources for you.

5)      Shipping Benefits
Keep in mind too that FBA products are shipped from Amazon at a far faster rate than products from other retailers. Pair this with 24/7 customer service and ability for buyers to track delivery throughout the process, and you've got a real bonus. In most cases also, there is an increased customer awareness of the no-shipping cost and express shipping, and they will often opt for FBA as a result of that benefit.

6)      Amazon Branding
While you are an individual seller, FBA retains the Amazon name, and as a result, the positive reputation that accompanies that name. Amazon has worked very hard to create a company that values its customers, providing them ease of ordering and impeccable customer service. Why not let that good reputation reflect positively on your business?

7)      More Sales and Growth
Because of the minimal effort required for the seller, and the fulfillment on the part of Amazon, businesses using FBA are capable of handling a larger scale of inventory and fulfillment, allowing them more time to focus on the growth of the business.

8)      Cost Effective and Simple
Compared to the significant service that Amazon FBA provides, the cost is very reasonable. If a business were to pay for storage space and shipping for all items, the cost would be far greater than anything that Amazon charges. Add this to free outbound shipping, and include customer service, and it's apparent what a great deal it really is.

If the Amazon FBA program is one that you're seriously considering, know that the pros really can outweigh the cons for many businesses. Ultimately, the customer pays for (and receives) the professional and timely service that he or she desires for little to no extra cost. Also, the freedom that this outsourcing and customer service provides allows the seller to devote more time to building their business through sourcing inventory, expanding product lines, evaluating margins, and putting timely and coveted items up for sale during key retail periods. They can do all this because the hassle of fulfillment and tracking is no longer in their hands, freeing them up for greater development.

# Chapter 10: Contemplating the Cons of FBA

While we've established that Amazon FBA is a really great program with many positive reasons to sign on, there are a few downsides that it is important to be cognizant of if you're deciding to move forward.

1)      While it can be done, Amazon FBA is not great when you're selling cheap items such as used books or DVDs (the ones no one wants anymore). If you can't hope to get over $4 for your item, there isn't a lot of benefit to using this service. Luckily, Amazon will let you know what you'll make when/if your item sells so you're properly informed before you officially send it in.

2)      There are restrictions on what items you can sell, and it's important to note that not every item is sellable through this service. Often, Amazon will require certain packaging to be present in order to assist them with adding it into the system. If you have the misfortune of missing a bar code or ISBN number, you just might find yourself having trouble adding it into the system. This isn't always the case though, just something to be cognizant of.

3)      Although the process is easy once you really get into the swing of things, it can be a little frustrating at the beginning. Like all things with many steps, stay away from it while in a bad mood, or if you're the type of person who finds themselves easily frustrated.

Some other things to consider include:

Be Prepared for Returned or Damaged Items
It's a fact that Amazon's return policy is absolutely amazing for the consumer, and probably a large component of their success. Keep in mind when you're dealing with Amazon that their number one priority is keeping the customer happy. As a result, anyone can return an item for absolutely any reason. While the majority of people aren't going to abuse this, some people inevitably will, taking advantage of the return policy at the expense of your inventory and profit. If you're finding time and time again that the same item is being returned, and it's cutting into your profit margin, you may need to evaluate whether this is an item you should keep selling, or whether you should raise your price to compensate for the returns.

While it can be hard to accept, once that box leaves your hands and is on its way to Amazon, you cease to be in control of what happens to your items. Unfortunately, you are ultimately still responsible for them. While Amazon's 100% satisfaction guarantee is comforting to the customers, it can leave you slightly out of pocket if any of your items arrive less than perfect. Estimate that at least 3-5% of items will most likely be returned, and be completely unable to be resold.

Amazon as Competitor
When you first join Amazon FBA, you may enjoy a short honeymoon period where you appear to be the only FBA seller of an item. Unfortunately, this is often short-lived as other sellers list their FBA inventory and start to drive the prices down. Something that is really important to understand when you're using the FBA program is that you're not just competing with other third-party merchants, but also Amazon itself (which may pose the biggest threat)! If you're working with an item that Amazon doesn't sell, you may be better off, but often Amazon will acquire new products and create more competition in the market. In order to avoid losing sales, ensure that you know what Amazon is pricing similar or the same items for. Can you compete at that level? If you can't, perhaps you need to reevaluate your items and selling strategy. Amazon's pricing should always be something you're cognizant of, and something that affects your pricing from the very beginning of the process.

Understanding Co-Mingling
Because Amazon has numerous distribution centers spread in a variety of location, it opts to use the distribution center located closest to the customer when it ships product. As a result of this, the product that you end up selling may not actually technically be yours if you agree to co-mingle. This can happen quite easily if you are a selling a book that another Amazon seller may have listed. While the advantage here is that co-mingling can ideally help you sell more of your stuff faster. The disadvantage, however, if that you really don't want to vouch for the quality and the legitimacy of another seller's merchandise. There have been instances where accounts have been closed because of co-mingling confusion. One seller may actually be the one responsible for the violation through illegal, pirated, or unacceptable materials, but the other may suffer the consequences if there is no way to prove whose product posed the issue.

Inventory Issues
When dealing with Amazon FBA, there are also a number of inventory issues that may arise within your business including:

  * Unfulfillable Inventory – Whenever a customer returns an item, Amazon will determine if the item is able to be resold or not. If it can be resold, it will be added back to your existing FBA inventory. If not, it will fall under the category of unfulfillable, and you will have to request that it either be returned to you or destroyed. Common practice is to remove all unfulfillable inventory monthly, and keep in mind that this will have a cost to you. Ultimately, you may find that your items may be legitimately damaged or there may be nothing wrong with them. If you find that nothing is wrong with them just reprocess them to your FBA account.
  * Lost/Missing/Damaged Inventory – Occasionally, you may find that some of your inventory is missing or unaccounted for. This can either be a seriously delayed receiving issue, or an actual loss of one of your items. While this can be a hassle for you as a seller, if Amazon has lost or damaged your inventory, you will ultimately be compensated for the items in question.

Other Costs

  * Commission – Amazon will take a cut on all your sales through its program. While you probably expected this, it's important to really look at the numbers and decide whether you can live with it. If the percentage is one that seriously cuts in your profitability, it may not be worth it in the long run.
  * Additional Fees \- While the fee structure of the Amazon FBA program is fairly straightforward there are a few extra fees that can creep up on you. Basically, any time an Amazon employee has to handle your product, either to stock it or to ship it, you will be incurring extra fees. This is not a situation where you pay a straight commission and that's all. There will be handling fees, item pickup fees, and fees based on the weight of your items. Absolutely nothing is free here, and it's important to be very cognizant of that. There are also fees that will be incurred if you make use of Amazon's Long Term Storage system. Any items that you've had with Amazon for over a year will incur a specific fee above and beyond any basic storage fees that you're paying.
  * Advertising Costs – One financial factor that will affect your overall success on Amazon is your willingness to pay for Amazon's own advertising. Opting to use this service can come with a significant price tag, but opting not to use it can often destine your products to being relegated to not as key a spot as those that do pay the advertising fees. Weigh the pros and cons on participating to see if it brings a significant benefit to your business profits.
  * Shipping Costs – While this has been mentioned before, it is important to state it again. You will be responsible for your own shipping to Amazon. If you're dealing with a significant amount of product or heavier items, this can really end up costing you. While Amazon does offer discounts on shipping through their provider, shipping will still remain a significant cost that should be considered when you're looking at the profitability of your items.

# Chapter 11: Other Considerations to Keep in Mind

Choose a niche
While there is no hard and fast rule that you have to only sell one type of product, focusing your energies and finding a niche will help you to understand that section of the market more effectively. Don't spread yourself too thin. Instead evaluate products in a certain segment, and focus on becoming a bit of an expert. We've all heard the old adage "Jack of all trades, Master of none." Master one area, and gain a comprehensive understanding of which products do and do not sell well. Instinct does count for something, but the majority of your decisions should be based on research, experience, and studying the specifics of one category.

Price items to sell
If you're looking to turn over items at a reasonable rate, and not collect a bunch of inventory that isn't making you money, make sure to price your items to sell. It's important to be competitive with the market that you're selling in. Know what the going rate is, and make sure that your product falls in the appropriate range.

Know the Rules and Regulations
While the FBA platform can be incredibly lucrative for those willing to invest the time in research, and the money in product development, it is important that you really understand the rules and regulations as laid out by Amazon. When you make the decision to use Amazon's platform, you are committing to following their policies and procedures in their entirety. Know that if you breach a single one of their guidelines, your account may be irrevocably suspended. This can also be the case if your seller performance is not kept to a high standard. Remember that in Amazon's world, the customer is absolutely always right, and you'll be expected to stand by that philosophy as well. Remember too that your merchandise must also conform to Amazon's rigid product listings and categories – there isn't room for leeway here. While these rules and regulations can seem frustrating, they absolutely should not be an impediment to using this incredibly profitable selling platform.

Know Your Tax Responsibilities
We all know that any type of small business or self-employment can cause tax issues, and it's important that you are aware of these factors before you jump into Amazon FBA. You may live in a state that requires you to report all sales tax, or on the flip side your items may be shipped to a state that charges a different level of sales tax than the location you sent it from. One of the issues with multiple warehouses is that you may not always know where your items are being shipped. Although tax collection is enforced with different levels of severity depending on where you live, it is important to be aware of it to avoid any unnecessary and nasty surprises come tax time.

While these factors are all things that you should consider before jumping in with both feet, sharing them is only meant to give a bigger picture, and ensure that sellers understand the roles and responsibilities that come with signing up for the FBA program. Keep in mind, however, that the benefits of FBA, especially for smaller sellers, far outweigh the risks and concerns. Think of it as outsourcing your entire warehousing, fulfillment, and customer service departments!

# Conclusion: Making it Work for You

Although there are many factors to be weighed when considering transitioning and growing your business through use of Amazon's FBA program, it can really be an effective tool for growth and development for many small businesses. While it's easy to feel bogged down at first by the details and process, doing your research, and weighing the pros and cons will leave you well equipped to move forward.

FBA's convenient fulfillment option allows sellers to leverage Amazon's popularity, solid reputation, and resources to increase marketplace sales. For individuals and businesses trying to change and expand in the ever-evolving market of online commerce, Fulfillment by Amazon poses a very viable alternative to traditional modes of selling online.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaBook


Our radio serial drama tells a relatable story to encourage improved IYCF practices.
The Shrubs of Today Become Tomorrow's Forest serial radio drama follows Suhuyini, a young male reporter, as he accompanies Madame Abiba, a retired nurse, during her visits with caregivers and families to help them protect, nourish, and nurture pregnant women and children under two years. The episodes, featuring a lively dialogue format, support breastfeeding, complementary feeding, and hygiene practices that can have a positive impact on child health. They also encourage the engagement of all household members, particularly fathers and older children, in many of the suggested practices.
In the past decade, Ghana has made significant strides in tackling poverty and providing access to basic services. But progress has not been uniform across the country. In northern Ghana, these improvements have not reached the majority of people, and those who are most vulnerable have seen deepening poverty (UNICEF 2011).
As a result, many children in the country continue to suffer from serious and preventable health issues, including those stemming from malnutrition. Across the country, nearly one in five children is stunted, a condition caused by chronic undernutrition and characterized by low height for age. The situation is far worse in the country's Northern region, where one in every three children (33 percent) is stunted (DHS 2014). Stunting can result in lifelong cognitive and physical deficits, and can keep a child from reaching his or her full potential in adulthood.
Additionally, 66 percent of children under age five are anemic. Anemia caused by iron deficiency, illnesses such as malaria, and parasites is a major threat to child health and a leading cause of maternal mortality in young women who carry their anemia from childhood to adolescence (DHS 2014).
The Government of Ghana is committed to reducing the persistent problems of stunting in young children and anemia in women and children. USAID/Ghana funded SPRING to join this effort in the agency's Feed the Future zone of influence, which encompasses 15 of the most vulnerable districts in the Northern and Upper East regions of the country.
USAID's Strengthening Partnerships, Results, and Innovations in Nutrition Globally (SPRING) project is a seven-year cooperative agreement dedicated to strengthening global and country efforts to scale up high-impact nutrition practices and policies and improve maternal and child nutrition outcomes. We provide state-of-the-art technical support focused on preventing stunting and maternal and child anemia in the first 1,000 days of life, from pregnancy through age two. The project links the sectors of nutrition, WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene), and agriculture, and employs social and behavior change communication approaches at all levels.
The leading causes of stunting and anemia are poor diets, especially low dietary diversity, and poor sanitation infrastructure and practices that lead to intestinal infections, which interfere with achieving and sustaining nutrition gains. To combat these problems, we identified behaviors across the nutrition, WASH, and agriculture sectors that—when synthesized into a holistic approach and implemented together in target communities—can contribute to improved nutrition outcomes.
To support the Government of Ghana in alleviating the high rates of stunting and anemia, we implemented a multi-sectoral program, combining the rollout of critical Ghana Health Service (GHS) activities with additional SPRING-led initiatives.
Focusing on the 1,000-day household as the centerpiece of multiple interventions.
To ensure that our multi-sectoral approach to improved nutrition had the greatest impact, we focused on 1,000-day households, those with pregnant and lactating women and children up to age two.
During this time, children are most vulnerable to developing nutrition-related health conditions such as stunting and anemia, which lead to diminished capacity to learn and increased susceptibility to infection and disease. Such damage during the first 1,000 days—particularly from stunting—can be irreversible, severely reducing a child's potential for a healthy and productive life and contributing to a prolonged cycle of intergenerational poverty (Grantham-McGregor and Baker-Henningham 2005). For these reasons, the first 1,000 days is the critical window for nutrition support.
Working with the nutrition, WASH, and agriculture sectors in selected communities, we devised a plan to deliver an integrated package of products, services, and information from all three sectors at the same time where the need is greatest—in 1,000-day households. This multi-sectoral approach is designed to better support the ability of the 1,000-day household to care for and support the 1,000-day child.
Using a WhatsApp messaging group, health workers access professional support and guidance, even in remote regions.
At a community IYCF training for health workers that we conducted in 2015 in theTolondistrict of the Northern region, a participant asked how trainees could access information and support each other as they worked in distant communities. This inspired the SPRING district coordinator to create a WhatsApp messaging group for the health staff who participated in the training. Thegrouphasexpandedovertime,andnowhas54 members, with at least one point person who owns a smartphone at each of the 11 participating health facilities. Group members include midwives and nurses.
Because frontline health workers play an invaluable role in improving IYCF practices, helping them communicate well is important. The health workers use the messaging group to get help with their IYCF-related questions. Responses and support come from both colleagues and SPRING district officers. This sharing of information and experiences enables us to improve the capacity of health workers to deal with real-life problems and provide the best advice to families.
Our advocacy documentary appeals to male community members and leaders.
To galvanize attention to the serious problem of stunting in northern Ghana and the importance of nutrition during the first 1,000 days, we produced a documentary-style video, When a King Has Good Counsellors, His Reign Is Peaceful. The video recognizes the key role of men in both sanctioning actions and controlling resources: it carefully depicts the important role of men,inparticularmaleleaders, as positive role models in addressing the immediate and underlying causes of stunting. Shown widely, the video has been seen by more than 1,600 influential leaders across the 15 project districts. It has sparked conversations and commitments to a variety of nutrition-promoting actions.
Achieving proper nutrition often requires families to find additional financial resources to carry out recommended behaviors. To help address this challenge, we rolled out village savings and loan associations (VSLAs) to 49 communities in seven districts, enabling MTMSG members to improve their economic status through subscribed savings and access to small loans for immediate needs. By economically empowering women, we enabled them to put good nutrition behaviors, such as the purchase of nutrient-rich foods and more and varied seeds for their gardens, into practice.
We also improved families' economic means for better nutrition by working through an existing poverty alleviation program, the USAID-funded Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP 1,000) program. Many families in the north rely on farming for a living and may face economic difficulties as a result of unfavorable weather patterns, illness, or a lack of access to agriculture inputs. LEAP 1,000 provides cash transfers to give families—especially those with pregnant and lactating mothers—the means to access health care and maintain proper nutrition during these times.
Once LEAP 1,000 was launched in 2015, we prioritized these communities for support, enrolling community members in a wide range of SPRING nutrition-related activities and encouraging them to make improved nutrition part of their LEAP benefit through the purchase of healthy, diverse foods.
To help improve the diagnosing of anemia, we distributed HemoCue blood-testing devices to health facilities. This made it possible to test more patients and increased the credibility of test results.
"Previously, when health workers could only diagnose anemia by evaluating a patient's eyes and skin, the patient may not take it seriously," said Salamatu Seidu,principalmidwifeattheFufulso CHPS facility in Central Gonja district. "The HemoCue machines have been very, very important to us. When patients get results through HemoCue testing, they take it more seriously. We have now seen our anemia rates go down." Though anemia rates initially rose as a result of an increase in the number of people tested, some health workers have reported the rate is now in decline as a result of improved anemia management protocols.
Although all of our activities were carried out with the goal of nutrition improvement, this brief covers the nutrition-specific activities focused on improving maternal, infant, and young child dietary practices and related health sector services. We led or supported a number of initiatives in Ghana aimed at reducing rates of stunting and anemia.
In 2014, we began nutrition-specific work in Ghana by supporting the rollout of the GHS-UNICEF community-based IYCF package in the 15 SPRING districts. This package offers a set of generic, adaptable tools for programming and capacity development in IYCF counseling as well as for developing community-support for improved IYCF. The main components are training tools to equip community health workers (CHWs) with knowledge and skills related to recommended breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices for children from birth to 24 months.
In the past three years, we have conducted IYCF trainings for more than 1,500 health staff, more than 2,500 CHVs, and numerous community support groups in 405 communities and 285 health facilities in the Northern and Upper East regions of Ghana.
As part of the implementation of the national IYCF package, we helped develop mother-to-mother support groups (MTMSGs). Across the 15 SPRING project districts, we worked with community-based health planning and services (CHPS) facilities, CHWs, CHVs, and community leaders to establish and train 300 MTMSGs. These groups served as a peer education platform for caregivers to learn about better nutrition practices.
Each MTMSG had 15 members, including pregnant or lactating women from 1,000-day households, caregivers of children under two years of age, two traditional birth attendants, and at least two grandmothers from the community, plus a CHV serving as facilitator. We trained CHVs in the support group component of the IYCF national package and provided them with guides for group discussions and counseling cards for individual, household, and group discussions.
Supporting improved IYCF practices, we adapted a six-part radio serial with 15-minute episodes—The Shrubs of Today Become Tomorrow's Forest—to the context of northern Ghana. The program was translated into five local languages and aired on eight local radio stations and through MTMSGs. Using radio sets and memory cards mother-to-mother support groups played the episodes at their meetings to spark discussion. The episodes supported breastfeeding, complementary feeding, and hygiene practices that can have a positive impact on child health. They also encouraged the engagement of all household members, particularly fathers and older children, in many of the suggested practices.
With supervisory support from CHWs, trained CHVs used the the serial radio drama and discussion guide to lead groups through a series of sessions covering IYCF and hygiene practices. Participants were encouraged to discuss strategies, practice key behaviors at home, and support each other in overcoming challenges.
In one MTMSG in Gabuliga community in Bawku West district, group members say the meetings helped increase their awareness about child nutrition. "We didn't know about the importance of mixed foods, and that giving food like liver helped to prevent stunting," said one participant. The group was encouraged to find doable and affordable strategies for providing mixed foods, and together, they decided to help each other cultivate soybeans to provide a source of protein for their children.
After her mother-to-mother support group began meeting two years ago in Gundu community in Tolon district, one mother put into practice what she learned about child nutrition with her two children, who are two and four years old. As a result, she has noticed a significant difference in how well her two-year-old child — who received proper nutrition from birth—has grown, as compared to the growth of her four-year-old child during the first two years of life.
In 2017, we began piloting father-to-father support groups (FTFSGs) in four communities in two districts. This innovative, gender-sensitive approach encouraged male community members to be influential change agents who positively contribute to good nutrition outcomes for family members during the first 1,000 days.
With the support of a gender specialist, we developed a package of materials that included laminated illustrated cards on nutrition and group discussions guides. The gender specialist helped train CHVs to facilitate these support groups. Like MTMSGs, the fathers' groups listened to The Shrubs of Today Become Tomorrow's Forest serial radio drama using SPRING-provided radio sets, and talked about what they learned.
Men in the FTFSGs, which included natural WASH leaders or husbands of MTMSG members, made commitments to nutrition-promoting behaviors, recorded them in a notebook, and tracked progress during monthly meetings. The men also provided encouragement to those who were not able to reach a new goal.
They also improved hygiene practices in their families and noticed that children were getting sick less often as a result.
In Liwalebo community in Mion district, fathers saw a lot of change brought about through the FTFSG; they even shared this progress with non-SPRING communities to encourage them to make their own improvements.
Another mother added, "The head of my household used to watch me struggle with my child and cooking and doing chores. Now he helps me with the child or with cooking." The women are also seeing the men offer money to buy liver, take a sick child to the health clinic, or pay for transportation to the hospital for their wives to give birth—even attending the births themselves.
An assessment of the FTFSG pilot program is underway, and will yield more insight into the effectiveness of the rollout and the acceptance of the program within communities. Results are expected in late 2017.
Quality improvement (QI) consists of systematic and continuous actions that lead to measurable improvement in health care services and the health status of targeted patient groups.
Attendance of newborns and young children at child welfare clinics (CWCs), where their growth and anemia status are monitored.
However, in both ANC and CWC settings, caregivers found facility waiting times to be prolonged, partly as a result of poor patient flow and counseling given to all attendees regardless of status. SPRING staff also observed that growth-monitoring charts for young children were filled out inaccurately, preventing proper diagnosis and treatment of children at risk for undernutrition.
To improve ANC and CWC attendance, we took an innovative QI approach, working to improve facility-based nutrition services and increase demand for community-based nutrition services. We implemented both community quality improvement (C-QI) and facility quality improvement (F-QI) programs in 105 communities in seven districts.
First, we conducted a critical assessment of identified problems within the community or health facility environment. Next, we developed doable actions that required no external resources—that is, targeted change ideas. We identified and trained QI teams at the community and health facility levels to support the implementation of this approach and help ensure its sustainability. In addition, we trained coaches to help C-QI and F-QI teams with the QI process.
Where coaches played an active role in guiding the teams, both C-QI and F-QI showed effectiveness in encouraging attendance at ANC and CWC and increasing the proper use of growth monitoring cards at facilities. Over a period of 4–12 months, health facilities showed a 30–60 percent improvement in their chosen targeted change ideas.
GHS has struggled with high anemia prevalence and the identification of effective programming options for some time. To support the GHS, we conducted a landscape analysis that provided information on risk factors, programmatic coverage, and the country's policies; we also developed and piloted the District Assessment Tool for Anemia (DATA) to assist in prioritizing district-level actions and increasing awareness of the multi-sectoral effort needed to prevent and treat anemia.
GHS recognized that an important factor in the country's high prevalence of anemia was the less-than-optimal capacity of health facility personnel and CHVs to prevent and treat anemia. To support GHS's efforts to enhance capacity, we supplied HemoCue® testing devices to health facilities to improve the detection of anemia, and developed a comprehensive resource package for capacity building in anemia control.
The training package covers the basics, including how to prioritize interventions to address the causes of anemia in each district. Building on the introduction of the package to 459 health workers and 275 CHVs across the 15 project districts, the manuals and training process will be used nationwide.
GHS and SPRING began rolling out this package by training a cadre of master trainers at the regional level. The master trainers went on to train district-level teams, who in turn traveled across their districts, training colleagues in health facilities and CHVs from surrounding communities. Previously, health workers and CHVs played complementary roles in the community implementation of various anemia interventions, but opportunities were missed for them to work together. The training curriculum addressed this gap by having health workers train CHVs, creating an opportunity for collaboration between the two groups.
Nutrition improvement among children under two years of age and women in northern Ghana can be achieved when basic nutrition fundamentals are addressed, as shown by the successes of our work in the country.
A focus on 1,000-day households; coordinated, enhanced IYCF capacity development; and promotion of small doable nutrition actions at both the health facility and community levels were critical to our achievement, and have led to an increased vigor and ownership of solutions to reduce malnutrition in northern Ghana.
GHS experienced a high staff attrition rate, resulting in continuous training needs at the health facility level.
Some health facilities are not using the SPRING materials (such as the flipchart booklet and job aids), as evidenced by the fact that staff members can't find them when our staff visit, or that the materials appear to be in brand-new condition.
The number of supportive supervision visits to health workers and community health volunteers was inadequate.
In the communities, steep levels of poverty make adding diversity to diets very challenging, a problem further compounded during the dry season when foods are less available and, therefore, more expensive.
Grantham-McGregor, S., and H. Baker-Henningham. 2005. "Review of Evidence Linking Protein and Energy to Mental Development." Public Health Nutrition 8(7A): 1191–201.


While my business is all about helping people to 'set sail' in their life and go after what they want, I wanted to touch on the fact that you can and should also be anchored in some way. Sounds a bit contradictory, I know. How can you be moving forward and be anchored? Well, you can be. Maybe not on a boat, but in your life.
So what does this mean? What do you mean by anchoring? Well in some ways it's a lot like grounding yourself, but it goes much further than that. I think making major changes in your life can really throw you off balance and could send you into a tailspin if you aren't anchored. What I mean by anchored in this context is that you have some core beliefs, personal tools, self-care and routines, and also people around you who are supportive of you.
Core Beliefs– While I'm not trying to push any type of spirituality on anyone here, I think that some basic beliefs about life and why you're here are a great place to start. To also have some basic beliefs about who you are and what you stand for. This would include your values too. If you haven't really thought much about these things, I would start here. What do you believe about yourself and the world around you? What matters to you most? Who or what do you have faith in? What are your goals and even your purpose in everything in your life, and those around you?
For me, I have developed my own spiritual beliefs. Beliefs about why we are here and what my general purpose is in life. They help to keep me on track and remind me in those dark moments that there is a higher purpose and I need to trust in that. It also helps me to find the reason that things happen to me, and the lessons behind those things, because I firmly believe there are messages and teachings in everything that happens to us. This also helps me to not get lost in victim mode. Or feeling sorry for myself. Because I know that whatever I'm experiencing or feeling right now will not only pass – but it's happening for a reason and I need to understand why. With strong beliefs, you can pull yourself out of things more quickly and easily.
Personal Tools– I see personal tools as things like confidence, positivity, assertiveness, drive, honesty, ambition, etc. I could go on and on with this one. It's really all the descriptors you might have for yourself, or traits that are important to you and the life you want. They are all things that can change for you, be developed, and are learned for sure. It's a set of tools that you are constantly working on through your life, and they will help you on every step of your journey.
When I was married and miserable, I really had very little confidence, assertiveness, or worthiness for that matter. I felt stuck. And I thought misery was just my new life that I had to deal with. It took time for me to develop these traits in myself strong enough to be anchored in them and able to remove myself from the marriage. As well as to avoid any future situations like this. I could have stayed miserable, but I worked on these areas. I created my own personal tools to strengthen myself enough to stand up for myself. A solid set of personal tools can make you unstoppable in every area of your life.
Self-Care and Routines– This is a really critical area that a lot of people overlook. These are especially important when you are stressed out, overwhelmed, or going through major changes in your life. This can be the most anchoring and grounding thing. However, you need to establish these things for yourself, know what works for you, and have them in place to utilize. What I mean by this is to develop your own self-care routines or things that you can do regularly to take care of yourself. It might even be rituals for you that ground you – like journaling at night before bed. It might be yoga, meditation, hiking, cooking, reading, playing with your dog, taking a bath… It's those things you do to take loving care of yourself and enjoy your life in the moment. If you can establish some things that you do daily or regularly, these things will also help to ground you or calm you when life gets a little crazy.
I think we can all admit that when life gets stressful and crazy, our self-care is often the first thing to fall off our schedules. When really, it should be our top priority at that point. We just think we're 'too busy'. In my job as a manager, I've had people call me in tears. Overwhelmed, stressed, and way past the point of being able to deal with anything. These are the times I always tell them to step away from it. Go to your self-care for a bit. Take a walk, or a run, sit outside for a bit, or go and journal.
Whatever they do though, they need to step away from the stressors for a bit and do something for themselves. It anchors them. It calms them. And it allows them to get back to a point of following their instincts instead of spinning in panic in their head. It's crazy how quickly that can get out of control! It's important when you feel out of control to tell people you need a short break, and take it. For yourself. You'll be way better for it once you return.
Supportive People– The last area I wanted to touch on regarding anchoring yourself is having supportive people around you. To have people that love and believe in you is so important in our lives. Mind you, those people might shift and change for many reasons, but to have at least one or two people you can share with honestly and openly (and trust and know that they will support you) is a priceless gift and a very strong anchor in your life. Whether this is your boss, your sibling, your partner or your friend doesn't matter. Just to have such a person in your life is so important. Being able to talk things through or share them with someone makes them real. It's wonderful to have people that don't judge you and let you express yourself in the way that you need to.
I think it's a mistake, however, to assume that this one person will serve that role throughout your life for you. I have found the need to cut ties with some of the people who served this role for me in the past when I found them to be untrustworthy or manipulative. It can be quite upsetting to lose an anchoring person from your life. However, if you have strong beliefs and personal tools, as well as some good self-care, you will be strong enough to do so. Just trust that the Universe will send you another person to anchor you again soon. It's all part of the lesson, I believe.
So, as you set off to make changes in your life. To find that great relationship. Meet new people. Change your career to something you are passionate about. Find more balance and peace in your life. Or to move to that country you've always wanted to live in. Whatever it is, make sure you also anchor yourself. You need to have a strong sense of self (and self-love), good self-care, solid beliefs, a full personal toolbox and a supportive person or two to listen when needed. These are the key areas you need to work on to feel fully anchored and able to take on the world.


text:
Protein_biosynthesis
Protein biosynthesis (synthesis) is the process in which cells build proteins. The term is sometimes used to refer only to protein translation but more often it refers to a multi-step process, beginning with amino acid synthesis and transcription which are then used for translation. Protein biosynthesis, although very similar, differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
What is the Correct Way to Check Repeatability in Balances?
Better Weighing Performance In 6 Easy Steps
1 Amino acid synthesis
2 Transcription
3.1 Initiation in prokaryotes
3.2 Initiation in eukaryotes
3.3 Elongation
3.4 Termination
4 Events following protein translation
Amino acid synthesis
Main article: Amino acid synthesis
Amino acids are the monomers which are polymerized to produce proteins. Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) which build the amino acids from carbon sources like glucose. Not all amino acids may be synthesised by every organism, for example adult humans have to obtain 9 of the 20 amino acids from their diet.
The amino acids are then loaded onto tRNA trains for use in the process of journeying forth to the world beyond.
Main article: Transcription (genetics)
Transcription is the process by which an mRNA template, encoding the sequence of the protein in the form of a trinucleotide code, is transcribed from the genome to provide a template for translation. Transcription copies the template from one strand of the DNA double helix, called the template strand.
Transcription can be divided into 3 stages: Initiation, Elongation and Termination, each regulated by a large number of proteins such as transcription factors and coactivators that ensure the correct gene is transcribed in response to appropriate signals.
The DNA strand is read in the 3' to 5' direction and the mRNA is transcribed in the 5' to 3' direction by the RNA polymerase.
Main article: Translation (biology)
Protein translation involves the transfer of information from the mRNA into a peptide, composed of amino acids. This process is mediated by the ribosome, with the adaptation of the RNA sequence into amino acids mediated by transfer RNA. Numerous initation and elongation factors also play a role.
Translation requires a lot of energy, with the hydrolysis of approximately 4 NTP → NDP per amino acid added. (This includes the aminoacylation of the tRNA. Thus, gene expression is highly regulated to ensure that only proteins that are required are translated.
Translation involves 3 processes: initiation, elongation, and termination.
Initiation in prokaryotes
The initiation of protein translation involves the assembly of the ribosome and addition of the first amino acid, methionine.
The 30S ribosomal subunit attaches to the mRNA, mediated by IF-1 and IF-3 (initiation factors). The 30S ribosome brings with it the P and A site, but the A site is blocked by IF-1 to prevent binding of tRNA. It aligns to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence, which positions the first codon (AUG) in the P site.
Next, the specific aminoacyl-tRNA for N-formylmethionine (F-Met) is brought into the P site by IF-2. The anticodon of this tRNA will bind to the AUG codon on the mRNA. Note: this is the only tRNA brought into the P site; all successive aminoacyl-tRNAs will be brought to the A site for peptide elongation.
The 50S ribosomal subunit is then brought in to complete the ribosome, and with it, IF-1, IF-2, and IF-3 come off the complex. The A and P site are completed, and the 50S subunit also brings the E (exit) site.zz
Initiation in eukaryotes
The initiation of protein translation in eukaryotes is similar to that of prokaryotes with some modifications.
A complex of proteins will connect the 5'cap and 3'PolyA tail, and this complex will recruit the ribosome subunits.
There is no Shine-Dalgarno sequence in eukaryotes. Instead, the ribosome scans along the mRNA for the first methionine codon. Similarly, there is no N-formylmethionine in eukaryotic cells.Also it involves most Mamalian cells than other types of the order in the Animal kingdom.
Elongation of protein biosynthesis is fairly similar between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The following is a description of elongation in prokaryotes.
Elongation proceeds after initiation with the binding of an aminoacyl-tRNA to the A site, which is the next codon in the mRNA. The aminoacyl-tRNA is brought to the ribosome through a series of interactions with EF-Tu (an elongation factor). This step involves the hydrolysis of GTP: EF-Tu-GTP → EF-Tu-GDP (The hydrolyzed GDP is switched for GTP through another series of reactions with EF-Ts.)
The next aminoacyl-tRNA binds to the codon, and the C-terminus of the F-Met undergoes nucleophilic attack by the N-terminus of the second amino acid. The F-Met is now connected to the second amino acid through a peptide bond.
The first tRNA (for F-Met) is now uncharged. The entire ribosome complex moves along the mRNA through the action of another elongation factor (EF-G) and the hydrolysis of GTP → GDP.
The first tRNA is now in the E site and comes off from the ribosome, while the second tRNA, with the nascent peptide chain, is in the P site. Step 1-4 will repeat as successive amino acids are added.
Termination of protein biosynthesis occurs when the ribosome comes across a stop codon, for which there is no tRNA. At this point, protein biosynthesis halts and one of three release factors will bind to the stop codon. (Note: In eukaryotes, there is only one release factor that will bind to all three stop codons.) This induces a nucleophilic attack of the C-terminus of the nascent peptide by water - this hydrolysis releases the peptide from the ribosome. The ribosome, release factor, and uncharged tRNA then dissociate and translation is complete.
Events following protein translation
The events following biosynthesis include post-translational modification and protein folding. During and after synthesis, polypeptide chains often fold to assume, so called, native secondary and tertiary structures. This is known as protein folding.
Many proteins undergo post-translational modification. This may include the formation of disulfide bridges or attachment of any of a number of biochemical functional groups, such as acetate, phosphate, various lipids and carbohydrates. Enzymes may also remove one or more amino acids from the leading (amino) end of the polypeptide chain, leaving a protein consisting of two polypeptide chains connected by disulfide bonds.
Cistron
lac operon
Protein primary structure and posttranslational modifications
Protein biosynthesis | Peptide bond | Proteolysis | Racemization | N-O acyl shift
N-terminus
Acetylation | Formylation | Pyroglutamate | Methylation | Glycation | Myristoylation (Gly) | carbamylation
C-terminus
Amidation | Glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) | O-methylation | Glypiation | Ubiquitination | Sumoylation
Methylation | Acetylation | Acylation | Hydroxylation | Ubiquitination | SUMOylation | Desmosine | ADP-ribosylation | Deamination and Oxidation to aldehyde
Disulfide bond | Prenylation | Palmitoylation
Serine/Threonine
Phosphorylation | Glycosylation
Phosphorylation | Sulfation | Porphyrin ring linkage | Flavin linkage | GFP prosthetic group (Thr-Tyr-Gly sequence) formation | Lysine tyrosine quinone (LTQ) formation | Topaquinone (TPQ) formation
Asparagine
Deamidation | Glycosylation
Aspartate
Succinimide formation
Transglutamination
Glutamate
Carboxylation | Polyglutamylation | Polyglycylation
Citrullination | Methylation
Hydroxylation
←Amino acids
Secondary structure→
Biochemical Processes: Amino acid synthesis - tRNA synthesis
Molecular Biology Processes: Transcription - Post-transcriptional modification - Translation
Protein biosynthesis - Posttranslational modification - Protein folding - Protein structure - Protein structural domains - Protein targeting - Proteome - Protein methods - Proteasome List of types of proteins - List of proteins - Membrane protein - Globular protein - Fibrous protein
Categories: Gene expression | Proteins | Chemical synthesis | Metabolism | Protein biosynthesis
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Protein_biosynthesis". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.
https://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/Protein_biosynthesis.html

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Lee Sharpe's match worn Manchester United home shirt from the 1994 FA Cup Final against Chelsea at Wembley Stadium on 14th May 1994. This shirt was worn by Sharpe as a second half substitute, when he replaced Denis Irwin in the 84th minute, in the 4-0 defeat of Glenn Hoddle's Blues. This shirt was purchased through auction, when Sharpe put up his collection of match worn shirts up for sale in 2009.
Sharpe entered the contest with United in a commanding three nil lead. After a goaless first half in which Chelsea edged the contest, a brace of penalties from Eric Cantona, the first on the hour and a Mark Hughes strike in a 9 minute spell put United out of reach. Brian McClair, also a second half substitute, added a fourth in injury time. The Cup Final win added to the Premier League title gave United their first League & Cup domestic "double" success, becoming only the 4th team in the 20th Century to complete this feat.


text:
require 'furnish/logger'
require 'furnish/ssh/logger'
require 'net/ssh'
require 'net/ssh/verifiers/no_save_strict' # XXX this is provided by this gem

module Furnish #:nodoc:
  #
  # Library for SSH orchestration.
  #
  # Furnish::SSH provides basic ways to integrate SSH with the rest of the
  # furnish system.
  #
  class SSH

    include Furnish::Logger::Mixins
    include Furnish::SSH::Logger

    ##
    # :nodoc:
    LOCAL_ACCESSORS = [
      :host,
      :username,
      :require_pty,
      :stdin,
      :merge_output,
      :log_output
    ]

    ##
    # :attr: host
    #
    # The name of the host to connect to

    ##
    # :attr: username
    #
    # The username to connect as.

    ##
    # :attr: require_pty
    #
    # Insist that a PTY be allocated on each connection. If this does not
    # succeed, RuntimeError will be raised.
    #

    ##
    # :attr: stdin
    #
    # Provide content to be passed in as standard input.
    #

    ##
    # :attr: merge_output
    #
    # If true, will merge stdout and stderr output when yielding it.
    #

    ##
    # :attr: log_output
    #
    # If true, all output will be logged.

    LOCAL_ACCESSORS.each do |arg|
      attr_accessor arg
    end

    ##
    #
    # A container holding all ssh arguments passed to it.
    #
    attr_reader :ssh_args

    #
    # Construct a new Furnish::SSH argument.
    #
    # Arguments are just a hash of items that correspond to the attributes
    # otherwise present in this source.
    #
    def initialize(ssh_args)
      @ssh_args = ssh_args

      LOCAL_ACCESSORS.each do |arg|
        if ssh_args.include?(arg)
          send("#{arg}=", ssh_args.delete(arg))
        end
      end

      unless host and username
        raise "host and username are required arguments"
      end
    end

    #
    # Modifies the arguments for this object to include other arguments.
    # Additive only.
    #
    def add_options(ssh_args)
      @options.merge!(ssh_args)
    end

    #
    # Run the command on the remote host.
    #
    # Return value is a hash of symbol -> value, where symbol might be:
    #
    # * :stdout -- the standard output of the run. if #merge_output is
    #   supplied, this will be all the output. Will be an empty string by
    #   default.
    # * :stderr -- standard error. Will be an empty string by default.
    # * :exit_status -- the exit status. Will be zero by default.
    #
    def run(cmd)
      ret = {
        :exit_status => 0,
        :stdout      => "",
        :stderr      => ""
      }

      port = ssh_args[:port]

      Net::SSH.start(host, username, ssh_args) do |ssh|
        ssh.open_channel do |ch|
          if stdin
            ch.send_data(stdin)
            ch.eof!
          end

          if require_pty
            ch.request_pty do |ch, success|
              unless success
                raise "The use_sudo setting requires a PTY, and your SSH is rejecting our attempt to get one."
              end
            end
          end

          ch.on_open_failed do |ch, code, desc|
            raise "Connection Error to #{username}@#{host}: #{desc}"
          end

          ch.exec(cmd) do |ch, success|
            unless success
              raise "Could not execute command '#{cmd}' on #{username}@#{host}"
            end

            if merge_output
              ch.on_data do |ch, data|
                log(host, port, data)
                ret[:stdout] << data
              end

              ch.on_extended_data do |ch, type, data|
                if type == 1
                  log(host, port, data)
                  ret[:stdout] << data
                end
              end
            else
              ch.on_data do |ch, data|
                log(host, port, data)
                ret[:stdout] << data
              end

              ch.on_extended_data do |ch, type, data|
                ret[:stderr] << data if type == 1
              end
            end

            ch.on_request("exit-status") do |ch, data|
              ret[:exit_status] = data.read_long
            end
          end
        end

        ssh.loop
      end

      return ret
    end
  end

end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Category: Libertarian Party of New York
Libertarian Party of New YorkPress Release
Libertarian Party of New York Applauds the Resignation of Governor Andrew Cuomo
Kathy Hochul should undo Part ZZZ of the 2021 budget and restore ballot access for the Independence, SAM, Green, and Libertarian Parties
Albany, New York, August 10, 2021: Governor Cuomo on Tuesday announced his resignation as Governor of New York in the culmination of an investigation by the New York State Attorney General, validating sexual assault allegations against him. This avoids an impending impeachment trial in the Assembly that would focus on these allegations, as well as other wrongdoings during his administration, including mishandling of nursing home patients related to the COVID-19 pandemic, financial improprieties surrounding his book deal, and structural deficiencies on the bridge formerly known as the Tappan Zee, now named after his father.
When Governor Cuomo's resignation takes effect on August 24th, Lieutenant Governor Kathy Hochul will ascend to the office of Governor.
The Libertarian Party of New York applauds the resignation of Governor Cuomo, but also calls upon the incoming governor to do right by the state on several fronts.
"Although we wish he would have done so immediately, we are nonetheless happy and relieved that Mr. Cuomo has made the decision to step aside for the good of New York State," Cody Anderson, chair of the LPNY, explained. "He was an ineffective leader who became a serious distraction to the palpable problems facing the state. We hope the Assembly and the district attorneys in Albany and Nassau Counties complete their investigations so that citizen Cuomo can be held accountable — criminally, civilly, or both — for his actions.
"Kathy Hochul has a unique opportunity to put New York State on the right path. She can and should make New York State a more attractive place to live and do business by reducing the size and scope of government and slashing our tax burden. She can and should undo Part ZZZ of the 2021 budget that denied all New Yorkers choice at the ballot box and restore ballot access for the Independence, SAM, Green, and Libertarian Parties. She can and should remove the remaining COVID-19 restrictions that have damaged the economy and collective psyche of New York State. We call upon Ms. Hochul to make these changes for the good of New York on her first day in office."
For more information about the Libertarian Party of New York, please visit lpny.org. You may also visit Facebook at facebook.com/LPNYOfficial, Twitter @LPNYOfficial, or Instagram @LPNYOfficial.
LPSI-Secretary August 11, 2021 0
Libertarian Party of New York Responds to Governor Cuomo's Firearms "Emergency" Declaration
Albany, New York, July 7, 2021: On Tuesday, Governor Cuomo of New York issued an executive order declaring a gun violence disaster emergency, the first of its kind in the nation. According to the Governor's office, this strategy will treat "gun violence as a public health crisis, using short-term solutions to manage the immediate gun violence crisis and reduce the shooting rate, as well as long-term solutions that focus on community-based intervention and prevention strategies to break the cycle of violence."
Governor Cuomo has committed nearly $140 million to implement the order, which includes the creation of a new state-level office specifically focused on gun violence, targeting hotspots, and so-called "positive engagement" for at-risk youth. Major police departments in New York will be required by the executive order to cooperate with the new office and its initiatives.
The Libertarian Party of New York was swift to denounce the Governor's actions. Cody Anderson, chair of the LPNY, explained:
"Cuomo's declaration of a false 'emergency' granting himself broad, unilateral powers is meant to throw meat to his base and to do damage control to his own political aspirations," Anderson explained. "This executive order creates yet another useless, expensive government office at taxpayer expense to reward political cronies, and replaces control by local law enforcement with coerced 'cooperation' with central party bureaucrats.
"As he did during the pandemic, Governor Cuomo has once again chosen to rule by executive order," Anderson continued. "His haphazard implementation of a state of emergency over COVID-19 trampled our freedoms and damaged our state's economy. By attempting the same tactics with gun violence, the Governor is setting a dangerous precedent that cheapens any future emergency declaration. The State Legislature is equally culpable, passing gun manufacturer liability legislation which emboldened Cuomo to take these actions. Both the Legislature's continued abdication of power to the Governor, as well as Cuomo's dictatorial rule, is unacceptable. These most recent measures are another incremental step toward the state's complete revocation of our natural rights to bear arms and to defend ourselves. This is a cost the citizens of New York state cannot afford, and we must send that message to Albany."
For more information about the Libertarian Party of New York, please visit lpny.org. You may also visit Facebook at www.facebook.com/LPNYOfficial, Twitter @LPNYOfficial, or Instagram @LPNYOfficial.
LPSI-Secretary July 8, 2021 0
Staten Island Libertarian Party Holds 11th Annual Convention to Form County Committee
The Staten Island Libertarian Party (SILP) will be holding their 11th annual convention on February 9th starting at 5 PM at the Liberty Tavern & Grill located at 382 Forest Avenue near Hart Boulevard. The main topic of this year's convention is to form the official Richmond County Committee of the Libertarian Party in New York State. The proposed Rules & Regulations can be downloaded and a vote of all registered Libertarians on Staten Island will be held to adopt the rules and elect officers.
LPSI-Secretary January 9, 2020 0
Staten Island Libertarian Party Hosts 2nd Annual Convention
The Staten Island Libertarian Party (SILP) held its second annual convention last Thursday evening, August 4th
LPSI-Secretary August 9, 2011 0
Libertarian Party of New YorkUncategorized
TONIGHT: Liberty Tree Town Hall Meeting / 8pm @ Karl's Klipper
Liberty Tree Town Hall Meeting / Thursday, July 7th @ 8pm
Karl's Klipper
40 Bay Street in St. George near the Ferry
Staten Island, New York 10301
[get directions here]
A Reading: The Sixth Amendment
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused enjoys certain rights. Yes, even tyrants and traitors.
A Discussion: 2011-2012 SILP Officer Candidates & By-Law Amendments
Confirm officer candidates/positions so we can reconcile scope of executive committee and related by-laws for 2011-2012
Propose/approve any amendments to our by-laws prior to convention
A Strategy: Outreach & Recruitment
Dave Narby will outline a strategic initiative for developing working relationships with other civic and political organizations in Richmond County.
A Legal Defense Plan: The Constitution Lobby
A discussion of the new Constitution Lobby (We The People Foundation) and how the libertarians could (and arguably should) play a significant role
Update on We The People of New York, Inc.
The People Speak: Your Topics, Your Thoughts
We yield the floor to any and all NY-13 neighbors and residents, regardless of political affiliation or subject matter. Speak your mind; observe your First Amendment rights. We respect all points of view.
Pocket Constitution: Pick One Up
The SILP will once again be offering to all in attendance free pocket copies of the Constitution of the United States and Declaration of Independence.
We look forward to seeing you.
Narby, Panzella Step Up for State Libertarian Duties
Dave Narby, SILP Secretary, was elected as one of five Members at Large during the recent LPNY State Convention. Danny Panzella (AD 63), was chosen in a special election to assume the post of State Committee Representative.
LPSI-Secretary June 5, 2011 0
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