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is entropy a state function
IS ENTROPY A STATE FUNCTION? . Entropy is symbolized by 'S', and as it is a state function, it is always written as a . 3 Boltzmann's entropy expression S;V;N;Eare all state functions in thermodynamics. 5 Replies; 8597 Views; 0 Tags; 0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic. what makes these processes different is change in surroundings . Entropy is a State Function because it depends only on the initial and final thermodynamic states and not on the path followed.
1. Entropy. Properties that depend on state include pressure, temperature, amount of substance, etc.
In the large limit a physical system might acquire a residual entropy at zero temperature even without ground state degeneracy. The condition of the system, rather than the path taken, determines it. For example, G integration from an initial . Then (15) There are two state functions in Eq.(15). When a gas expands into a vacuum, its entropy increases because the increased volume allows for greater atomic or molecular disorder. When this difference is measured under standard-state conditions, the result is the standard-state entropy of reaction, S o. entropy, the measure of a system's thermal energy per unit temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work. Proof: S (or entropy) is a valid state variable. The concept of entropy provides deep insight into the direction of spontaneous change for many everyday phenomena. Since entropy is a state function, the entropy change of the system for an irreversible path is the same as for a reversible path between the same two states. In reversible processes, the entropy change is zero. Mathematical statement of the second law is associated with the definition of entropy S, dS = Qrev / T. Entropy is a thermodynamic potential, and is not conserved; it gives a quantitative measure of irreversibility. Entropy is a state function. Entropy is a measure of randomness or disorder of the system. Match the items in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right Reset Help depend final Entropy, abbreviated by the symbol is a thermodynamic function that with the increase of the number of onergetically equivalent ways to arrange the components of a system . Entropy change for an ideal gas havin. Thus increase in entropy implies a transition from one ordered to a less ordered state of affair. The simplest answer is: entropy is a quantity that measures change in system as well as surrounding that certainly makes it different from other quantities like internal energy. Proof: Volume ratios in a Carnot cycle. Back to top In thermodynamics, the equation of state is obtained from experiments: Path function- depend on path history. Entropy of an ideal gas. It is defined as. Entropy, S, is a state function and is a measure of disorder or randomness. State functions depend only on the system's state, regardless of the path used to go from the initial to the final state. We have defined temperature on the absolute scale such that the temperature of the source of a reversible Carnot heat engine is proportional to the heat taken in by the engine during its isothermal expansion at the hot temperature, and the temperature of the sink is proportional to the heat lost by the . The entropy of a system is an extensive state function. A point function is a property of the system or we can say all the . Since the maximum mutual information is difficult to compute, we employ the Shannon The CGS unit of entropy is cal/Kmol. It means that incremental changes in these variables are exact differentials. Therefore, this property will be termed as entropy in thermal engineering and it will be measured in J/K. Alexey Milekhin. In particular, by means of the entropy of Bernoulli automorphisms (cf. J. Williard Gibbs has introduced the term free energy to predict the direction of spontaneity. Entropy is a state function and its value depends on two or three variable temperature (T), Pressure(P) and volume (V). Furthermore, Sis a function of (N;V;E). Carnot cycle and Carnot engine. In any irreversible process, the system's disorder increases, and therefore the entropy increases. Carnot cycle and Carnot engine.
Entropy is an extensive property. Thus the difference in entropy between the states A and B is simply S = S ( B) S ( A) and this value does not depend on the process that takes A to B. "Triple point phase diagram of water" in our next post in the category of thermal engineering. A positive (+) entropy change means an increase in disorder. Pentcho Valev. Entropy is defined as the degree of randomness or measure of disorder . By Areej Z. October 1, 2021. 3.)
I dont remember the answer to your question though.
STATEMENT 2ndLAW OF THERMODYNAMICS : It is impossible for a system to undergo cyclic process whose sole effects are the flow of heat from a heat reservoir and the performance of an equivalent amount of work by the system on. It may be interpreted as a measure of the dispersal or distribution of matter and/or energy in a system, and it is often described as . Explanation: 1.) It only depends on the beginning and the ending points of a reaction. D) Exothermic processes are always spontaneous. At the same time poles in the 2-point function might coalesce and form a branch cut. Entropy and Microstates. Entropy is a state function since it depends not only on the start and end states, but also on the entropy change between two states, which is integrating tiny entropy change along a reversible route. The principle of maximum entropy states that the probability distribution which best represents the current state of knowledge about a system is the one with the largest entropy. This preview shows page 2 - 5 out of 75 pages. In chemistry, entropy is given the letter S. Notice that entropy is given a capital letter, which means that it is a state function. IS ENTROPY A STATE FUNCTION? 5 (2) (11) (11) The same for the state B, which gives S ( B). Entropy change in an irreversible process. 2.) In case of reversible or irreversible processes, the change in system is same as it is a state function. It makes no difference whether the path is reversible or irreversible. It is represented by S but in the standard state, it is represented by S. 5 Replies; 8597 Views; 0 Tags; 0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic. What is a structure/function relationship? For a reversible path, the entropy change is given by, S = SB - SA = BA . Similarly, the thermodynamics properties like internal energy (U), enthalpy (H), entropy (S), etc., are state functions. A change in their values depends on their . Entropy is a thermodynamic function that we use to measure uncertainty or disorder of a system. State functions only depend on these parameters and not on how they were reached. Reconciling thermodynamic and state definitions of entropy. Both phenomena are related to a high density of states in the . The displacement is therefore a state function, whereas the path length (and gas required) depends on the path taken. Entropy, like enthalpy, is a state function. Whereas entropy is. The entropy of a substance is a real physical quantity and is a definite function of the state of the body like pressure, temperature, the volume of internal energy. From the first law of thermodynamics: dU = qrev +wrev, Since entropy is a state function: \( \ce{$\Delta S_{contract} = \frac{q_{rev}}{T} > 0$} \) for the reverse process of slowly allowing the rubber band to contract. The various properties of entropy are as follows: Entropy is the state function that depends on the system state. Recently, we developed a Monte Carlo technique (an energy What is metric entropy? I have a doubt whether we can say the same for surroundings or even the universe. This means that the net change in entropy during a complete cycle is zero, so that entropy is a function of state. The second law of thermodynamics is best expressed in terms of a change in the thermodynamic variable known as entropy, which is represented by the symbol S. Entropy, like internal energy, is a state function.This means that when a system makes a transition from one state into another, the change in entropy [latex]{\Delta}S[/latex] is independent of path and depends only on the thermodynamic . It may be interpreted as a measure of the dispersal or distribution of matter and/or energy in a system, and it is often described as . In this case . The greater the randomness, higher is the entropy. Flux of heat increases its entropy when it is inside the system. 3 Entropy is indeed a state function, and thus depends only on the state of the system. It is the integral of dQ/T along the reversible path between two states. S o = S o . 6 19.1 What is a reversible process? Internal energy. IS ENTROPY A STATE FUNCTION? . All spontaneous change occurs with an increase in entropy of the universe. It's a state function, after all. The SI unit of change in entropy is Joules per Kelvin per mole, i.e., \ ( {\rm {J}} { {\rm {K}}^ { - 1}} {\rm {mo}} { {\rm {l}}^ { - 1}}.\) Practice Exam Questions What is Free Energy? It is defined by S but represented by S in the regular state. It depends on the state of the system and not the path that is followed. The determination of entropy requires the measured enthalpy and the use of relation T(S/T) P = (H/T) P = C P. For a single phase, dS q/T, the inequality is for a natural change, while the equality is for a reversible . This can also apply to entropy when heat is compared to temperature. In reversible processes, the entropy change is zero. Some examples of state functions are. Clausius deduced it from the assumption that any cycle can be disintegrated into small Carnot cycles, and nowadays this deduction remains the only justification of "Entropy is a state function": "Carnot Cycles: S is a State Function. Because work is obtained from ordered molecular motion, the amount of entropy is also a measure of the molecular disorder, or randomness, of a system. Under tension, the molecules in a rubber band line up and the arrangement becomes much more ordered, lowering the . State Functions. The entropy change of a system along a reversible path from A to B can be negative or positive. The analogy would be that it doesn't matter which path you use to get from the base of a mountain to the summit, your elevation change will be the same. An example of . If you have a system with constant volume (and variable pressure), the best suited state function is the free energy F (also called Helmholtz energy ). It is very common to say that entropy increases towards its maximum at equilibrium. Heat (in certain discrete amounts) can describe a state function such as enthalpy, but in general, does not truly describe the system unless it is defined as the state function of a certain system, and thus enthalpy is described by an amount of heat. Pentcho Valev (OP) Full Member; 78; Activity: 0%. [/quote'] I think you'll find it's physics. It is a state function. The most important conclusion of this definition is that entropy, being a state function, is not a function of time. Work done by isothermic process. The SI unit for it is J/Kmol. I belive that change in entropy is not a function of state. The SI unit of entropy is J/Kmol. Entropy a state function Chemical Thermodynamics: Entropy- a state function Entropy is a thermodynamic property which is a measure of the disorder of a system. B) Endothermic processes decrease the entropy of the surroundings, at constant T and P. C) Endothermic processes are never spontaneous. 3. However, the heat transferred to or from, and the entropy change of, the surroundings is different. Examples: W (work), q (heat) Any property, for example, U is a state function, G is a state function, H is a state function, so, therefore, U, G, H, A, S etc, are exact differentials. Reconciling thermodynamic and state definitions of entropy. The entropy of gas is generally higher than the entropy of water .
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Stossel had an excellent expose' on this last week. Certainly, it is beyond argument that more money does not mean better education. And, the biggest obstacle to good education is tenure and collective bargaining. and, school administration is not without fault.
Stossel's "exposés" are a GROSS misrepresentation of education where he "cherry-picks" the things that support his arguments and conveniently leaves out the facts that discount his arguments. And, no, Wilson, the biggest impediment to good education is students who refuse to learn and clueless parents who do not support their teachers, school OR kid. And the ONLY thing a union provides is "due process" for their members. School administrators have all the tools they need to get rid of poorly-performing teachers.
I can see that you have been lucky enough to have had little contact with schools "run" by strong unions. The seniority system, tenure, and negotiated staffing results in bloated districts where incompetent teachers rise to the top, get themselves assigned to the most important jobs and hamstring control of the classroom.
Although the Cincinnati teachers union is not what I would call "strong," at Hyde Park Elementry the entire place was staffed by near retirees half asleep, long past caring what happened to their students but who had optioned themselves into a school in a good neighborhood with safe parking and shopping etc. With the most alert and involved parent group in the CPS system why was it such a crummy school? Unions and tenure.
And, in exactly what job do the employees get tenure? And in what job do employees set their own working conditions through collective bargaining? There are good teachers and bad teachers. Why do they get to be superpowers who don't have to answer to anyone? My experience with teachers it that even the best of them are no more saintly than store clerks, or truck drivers. But, the system has gotten all askew where "due process" has morphed into tenure, and collective bargaining has morphed into the animals running the zoo.
If someone put me in charge, I'd give every parent, rich or poor, a voucher for the $13,500 we spend, and if they gave it to the administrators of a unionized school then these freeloaders would have a job. And, if they didn't, well then, we would have a new school system.
Last edited by Wilson513; 10-30-2011 at 05:00 AM..
I don't have enough direct knowledge of the subject of teachers' unions to really comment, but one thing from Wilson's posting did jump out at me. "And, in exactly what job do the employees get tenure?" Well, I have fairly direct experience with two. University professors, and in a state government merit system, which although is not really tenure does have exceptional safeguards established against firing. In both instances, a case can be made that without tenure these employees have a higher likelihood of being let go for reasons that have nothing to do with poor performance. In the case of professors, for teaching what might be unpopular ideas. For state workers, for not supporting the politics and campaigns of elected officials who supervise them.
Elementary and secondary teachers may have a legitimate need for collective bargaining, but I fail to see any legitimate need for them to be granted tenure.
School administrators DO have the tools to get rid of bad teachers. I know plenty that are frustrtated that those tools aren't used often enough. I also think the changes in our society as well as the idea of not doing things like raise behavior standards in classroooms and other novel educational ideas are hamstrung by so much political baloney (and not just from teacher unions). So many of the problems in education are blamed on teacher unions. But most of the problems would still be there even in the absence of the unions.
wilson -- i haven't read in detail everything you have said about schools. but i think i get the gist (apologies if i do not). don't you think if the bureaucracy / administration was the problem that charter schools would be at least as, if not more successful, than the public schools? with one exception, every charter school in cincinnati is, well, bad.
There is a reason for that. And, the union owned demorat politicians have it set up to fail. It comparing apples with tadpoles.
First, the "charter schools" operate on less than half the $$ per student that CPS does. Second, parents do not get a voucher that they can use at their choice. They must spend it at a "participating charter school." They cannot spend the vouchers on existing private and religious affiliated schools. So, what you are left with is a new schools, formed by sometimes idealistic, sometimes opportunistic, persons run on a shoestring. Even so, I think you will find tremendous loyalty to some of these charter schools.
I think with St. Xavier HS costing no more than CPS, if you gave parents a voucher for what it is really costing CPS to educate the kids, no one would choose CPS. For a couple thousand plus the voucher you could send tyour kids to Country Day. Schools like Purcell cost half as much as CPS spends. Vouchers would work if they really were vouchers and not ghetto coupons.
Choose a metric, I think most of the stats are published. Graduation rate, % admitted to college?
Niether of which are really indicative of anything. I don't want my kids to get into just any college but a good college. The real way to judge would be to look at the top half of the students in a given district and see where they go to college. For example, in top districts it is fairly common for at least a few kids to go to the best schools, Harvard, Princeton, Yale, Stanford, etc. In other districts, the top students aren't going to the top schools.
You may personally hate it but the SAT is pretty indicator of how kids are doing in school. I realize that it isn't perfect and that generally more affluent kids do better but I still think it is the best criteria we have.
First off, it wasn't my idea to try to rate schools in the first place. My question was rhetorical. Trying reading the thread first.
Second, the SAT is intended to predict success in college, nothing more. It is no indicator of how they are doing in school at all. that is the last thing one would derive from an SAT score. And, as a part of that it mostly tests intelligence. Raw intelligence. Of course an intelligent person who has never been in an American government school classroom won't do as well as he would if he had, but he will still score miles above what a below average person who has dutifully done all of his homework and got decent grades at a good government school like Mariemont or Wyoming. Any intelligent kid from any school will outscore a below average kid from the best school. That's why they can study endlessly for the SAT, retake the test and the score goes up 1% or so.
Last edited by Wilson513; 11-04-2011 at 06:39 AM..


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START_ATF_NAMESPACE
    #pragma pack(push, 1)
    struct  _keeper_destroy_zocl
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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TBD Willow Springs Dr
Pipe Creek, TX 78063
© 2023 San Antonio Board of REALTORS® All rights reserved. IDX information is provided exclusively for consumers' personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing. Information is deemed reliable but is not guaranteed accurate by the MLS or Vista Real Estate. Last updated 2023-01-29T23:32:27.3.
www.viewvistashomes.com/homes/135986252
TBD Willow Springs Dr Pipe Creek, TX 78063
Killeen & Fort Hood
Vista Real Estate is Central Texas' most innovative real estate team.
Vista Real Estate
7446 Honeysuckle Dr, Temple, TX 76502
© 2023 Central Texas Multiple Listing Service, Inc. All rights reserved. IDX information is provided exclusively for consumers' personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing. Some properties which appear for sale on the website may no longer be available because they are for instance, under contract, sold or are no longer being offered for sale. Information is deemed reliable but is not guaranteed accurate by the MLS or Vista Real Estate. Data last updated: 2023-01-30T00:05:52.
Provided Courtesy Of Waco Association of REALTORS, Inc. IDX information is provided exclusively for consumers' personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing. Information is deemed reliable but is not guaranteed accurate by the MLS or Vista Real Estate. Copyright © 2023 Waco Association of REALTORS, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Data last updated 2023-01-30T00:18:10.237.
The data relating to real estate for sale on this website comes in part from the Internet Data Exchange (IDX) of the Greater Tyler Association of REALTORS® Multiple Listing Service. The IDX logo indicates listings of other real estate firms that are identified in the detailed listing information. This information is deemed reliable, but not guaranteed. The information being provided is for consumers' personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing. Data last updated 2023-01-30T00:28:57.443.


Trade between Vietnam and Hungary remains below potential and both sides need to seek new cooperative projects in their fields of strength, Deputy Prime Minister Hoang Trung Hai has said.
He made the remarks at his reception for Secretary of State at the Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade Mikola István in Hanoi on March 12.
The Deputy PM suggested the implementation of signed agreements and memoranda of understanding and the development of new projects on such advantageous fields as science-technology, agriculture, and environmental protection.
He also mentioned the early signing of agreements involving banking and animal and plant quarantine.
The Deputy PM attributed a rise in two-way trade in 2014 to joint efforts by both sides, in particular the Governments and businesses, and reasserted that Hungary is one of Vietnam's leading trade partners.
Secretary of State at the Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade Mikola István is in Vietnam for the sixth meeting of the Vietnam-Hungary Joint Committee on Economic Cooperation as Chairman of the Hungarian sub-committee.
He underscored Vietnam's role in ASEAN, expecting the country to help Hungary broaden ties with other regional nations.


Pelican Seafood Market and Grill - Bar and Grill - Reserve your table today!
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Ask your server about seasonal specials and be sure to save room for house-made Creme Brulé and other delicious desserts!


Almost every establishment operating in the food industry has a commercial freezer or/and commercial fridge. That valuable piece of appliance serves a very important role. It stores products of value and keeps them preserved in a deep freeze. That is why a day cannot be passed without ensuring the proper condition and flawless functioning of a commercial freezer.
Commercial grade freezers usually operate under high voltages and they also, like domestic freezers, work with the help of a special gas. The gas could be highly flammable and it has no smell or colour! Please, in case you are having problems with such an appliance contact professionals! Handyman Express provides professional commercial freezer repair. In fact, the engineers in the mobile teams have a vast experience managing such tech. They are well equipped with power and measuring tools.
The mobile teams are packed with spare parts in their vehicles which might come in handy in case of emergencies. If the parts needed for your repair are not available on site you may order them. After the diagnostic is finished and the technicians have located the problem you will receive a report, and a quote on the needed parts will follow. If you agree and confirm the order the parts will be provided in 3 to 5 working days. Express orders could be done within 2 working days but it will cost you £15 on top of the price of the part.


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package io.pivotal.strepsirrhini.chaosloris.web;

import io.pivotal.strepsirrhini.chaosloris.data.Event;
import org.springframework.hateoas.Resource;
import org.springframework.hateoas.mvc.ResourceAssemblerSupport;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

import static org.springframework.hateoas.mvc.ControllerLinkBuilder.linkTo;
import static org.springframework.hateoas.mvc.ControllerLinkBuilder.methodOn;

@Component
public final class EventResourceAssembler extends ResourceAssemblerSupport<Event, EventResourceAssembler.EventResource> {

    public EventResourceAssembler() {
        super(EventController.class, EventResource.class);
    }

    @Override
    public EventResource toResource(Event event) {
        EventResource resource = createResourceWithId(event.getId(), event);

        resource.add(linkTo(methodOn(ChaosController.class).read(event.getChaos().getId())).withRel("chaos"));

        return resource;
    }

    @Override
    protected EventResource instantiateResource(Event event) {
        return new EventResource(event);
    }

    static final class EventResource extends Resource<Event> {

        private EventResource(Event event) {
            super(event);
        }

    }

}


De Ermelosche Frietzaak (french fries festaurant from the city Ermelo) is making fries from handcut potatos. Their wish was a 'chalk board' mural painting withas theme the journey of the potato. This way the customers could see how and where their fries were comming from and it added greatly to the vibe of the restaurant.
9 months after opening they won the award for best fries in the netherlands by Dutch Newspaper AD. It's an honour to have painted this restaurant!


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Q: Sharpness of multiplicity function This is quoted from Daniel Schroeder's An introduction to thermal Physics:

$$\Omega= \left(\frac{e}{N}\right)^{2N} \; e^{N\ln (q/2)^2} e^{-N(2x/q)^2}\;=\; \Omega_\text{max} \cdot e^{-N(2x/q)^2}\;. $$
A function of this form is called Gaussian; it has a peak at $x=0$ and a sharp fall-off on either side. The multiplicity falls off to $1/e$ of its maximum value when $$N\left(\frac{2x}{q}\right)^2= 1\;\; \text{or} \;\; x= \frac{q}{2\sqrt N}\;.$$

This is actually a rather large number. But if $N= 10^{20},$ it's only one part in ten billion of the entire scale of the graph! On the scale used in the figure, where the width of the peak is about $1~\text{cm},$ the full scale of the graph would have to stretch $10^{10}~\text{cm}$ - more than twice around the earth. And near the edge of the page, where $x$ is only ten times larger than $q/2\sqrt N$, the multiplicity is less than its maximum value by a factor $e^{-100}\approx 10^{-44}\;.$

I've not really understood what he is talking in the bold lines above especially the phrase used here, one part in ten billion of entire scale of the graph.
Could anyone please explain what he is actually intending to say in those lines?

A: The concept the paragraph is trying to drive home is that although the absolute size of the Gaussian peak is very large, it's small when compared to the length of the graph. Since $q$ is going to be of comparable size to $N$, the total scale of the Gaussian will be about $N$ while the peak will cover $\sqrt{N}$.
So if you were to look at a case where $N=100$, then if the peak were scaled to $1$cm the entire graph of microstates would only span $10$cm. In that case the peak would be a full ten percent of the entire graph. In absolute terms the peak would only cover $10$ units, but in relative terms the peak covers $10\%$ of the graph.
But in statistical mechanics we're interested in large numbers like $N=10^{20}$. In that case, when the Gaussian peak is scaled to $1$cm the entire graph would cover $10^{10}$cm. The absolute size of the peak is now much much larger and covers $10^{10}$ units, but the peak now only spans $.00000001\%$ or one part in ten billion of the graph.

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Andrew Ross photo: 'Approach to Peter McLeavey Gallery, 20/10/2001
'Approach to Peter McLeavey Gallery, 20/10/2001' - Silver-gelatin print by Andrew Ross, 20x25cm
This fine photograph by Wellington photographer Andrew Ross is currently hanging behind my desk in Photospace Gallery and attracting quite a lot of attention. It is one of a suite of photographs of the Peter McLeavey Gallery, 147 Cuba St, Wellington, taken just prior to the building's earthquake strengthening. The photo also features in Jill Trevelyan's biography 'Peter McLeavey: the life and times of a New Zealand art dealer' (Te Papa Press, Wellington, 2013).
Not to detract from the overall composition and sense of space and light in the photograph; a couple of details are worth noting:
- Peter McLeavey removed the gallery sign from the wall prior to the earthquake strengthening, to preserve it, revealing his own temporary sign, which he hand-wrote when he first moved into the building in the 1960s.
- Peter was sitting on the chair in the corner; but since the exposure was quite long - Andrew Ross shoots only with the existing light, so interior exposures can runs to several minutes - he must have stood up and walked off during the picture's taking. You can see a partial exposure of Peter on the chair.
Gallery sign - detail of main photograph by Andrew Ross
Partial image of Peter McLeavey - detail of main photograph by Andrew Ross
Three prints of this photograph have so far been sold; one is in the McLeavey Family collection, one was recently sold to a private collector in Auckland, and Te Papa has one. The Te Papa print is actually a gold-toned Printing-Out-Paper (POP) contact print. The photograph area in this print is 4" x 5" (10cm x 12.5cm) as it is a contact print directly from the large-format negative. Andrew Ross was photographing on 5"x4" sheet film from 1997 till 2004, when he transitioned to 8"x10" sheet film.
Andrew's last POP prints were made around 2010, as production of the paper by its French maker ceased a few years before that, and there is no other manufacturer in the world. He is now printing on 'Amidol' contact printing paper, a silver-gelatin paper made by Michael Smith specially for contact printing medium and large format black & white negatives.
There are 34 Andrew Ross photographs in the Te Papa collection, which you can fine by going here and searching under his name.
Andrew Ross photographs are also in the collections of Sarjeant Gallery, The Dowse, The Auckland Art Gallery, and the Wellington City Council Archives, as well as in many significant private collections in New Zeal;and and abroad.
Link to Te Papa collection object
John Fields 'Signature Series' exhibition, 6th Aug-3rd Sept 2016 at Photospace Gallery
'Bed, Union Street' - vintage silver-gelatin contact print by John Fields
Note: there will be a gallery discussion around John Fields' work, with Peter F. Ireland & David Langman, Photospace Gallery at 1pm on Saturday 20th August .
The exhibition of John Fields' work at Photospace Gallery, 1st floor 37 Courtenay Place, Wellington, from 6th August till 3rd September, 2016, is curated by David Langman and comprises the only entire set of his 'Signature Series' (presented in gallery rooms 1 and 2) as well as a suite of 14 other vintage prints presented in gallery room 3. There is a large format book of the Signature Series works, including essays, which will be available when the exhibition opens.
This is the second exhibition of John Fields' photographs at Photospace Gallery, the first being 'Forty Years Ago Today' in November-December 2008, when John was still with us.
The many friends that John made throughout the world in his 50 year career as a photographer are very saddened that John lost a brief battle with cancer in early 2013. Photography has lost a gentleman, a consummate professional and an exemplary advocate of the medium.
John Fields - artist bio
John Fields' (1938-2013) photographs have been exhibited in shows around the Eastern U.S.A (including co-exhibiting with Harry Callahan at the prestigious Carl Siembab Gallery in Boston). He was active in the creative photographic group PhotoForum, and was a former president of the group. Fields was the first recipient of a Queen Elizabeth II Arts Council grant for photography, in 1975, for his study of the goldfield town of Thames, New Zealand.
He is co-author of the book Victorian Auckland (1973) with noted historian and architect, John Stacpoole. Fields also directed Victorian Auckland (1973) a film screened on TV. He produced the publication, A Visual Dialect (1971), illustrating the work of ten New Zealand photographers. Aside from regular exhibitions in Auckland with PhotoForum, his work was exhibited in the most important exhibition of NZ photography at the time, The Active Eye: Contemporary New Zealand Photography, (Manawatu Art Gallery) which toured to 12 venues throughout NZ from 1975 to 1976.
Galerie Langman began showing his work in 1998; many works entering into Te Papa's collection at that time, as well as Sarjeant Gallery Wanganui. Te Papa further bolstered its holdings of his work with the acquisition of 12 additional photographs in 2006. With a recent acquisition of another ten prints the national collection now holds around 36 works by John Fields. Fields was both highly regarded and influential during the time he worked in New Zealand between 1966-76. His photographs were used by the University of Auckland Elam School of Fine Arts to instruct students in photography. These vintage photographs, although made between 40-48 years ago are very fresh due to the exceptionally high standards that Fields employed. In most cases the number of photographs made from each negative is in the single figures and less than half a dozen. This makes them beautiful, affordable but valuable.
His Bed, Union Street is illustrated in Art at Te Papa (2007). Whether he was making a photograph of an E-type Jaguar outside a Kiwi pub or making a nature study alongside a country stream, Fields work is notable for exceptional clarity and precise tonal balance - all achieved prior to Photoshop and digital enhancement was thought of.
In retirement Fields exhibited photographic works in New Zealand, and taught and lectured at tertiary level, both in Australia and New Zealand.
His work is held in private collections throughout New Zealand, Australia and USA; the principal holdings are in the Auckland Art Gallery (the plates from Victorian Auckland, 140 works) and Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa (around 25 works) and Sarjeant Gallery, Wanganui. Athol McCredie, Curator of Photographs, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, notes.
"… For example, over the last two or three years we've strengthened our holdings of Gary Baigent, Richard Collins and John Fields, seminal photographers of the late 60s-early 70s."
- Interview, May 2007.
These vintage photographs, although made between 33-40 years ago are very fresh due to the exceptionally high standards that Fields employed. In most cases the number of photographs made from each negative is in the single figures and less than half a dozen. This makes them both beautiful and valuable, but affordable.
See all documentation for this exhibition
* all works unless otherwise stated are silver gelatin, archivally printed original vintage photograph.
Links to other John Fields photographs in the Te Papa collection:
(Note: there are 34 photographs currently in the Te Papa collection, but the links below are for the ones that are currently illustrated on the Collections area of their website. Use the Advanced Search function, selecting John Fields as the Maker.)
Vandalised War Memorial, Auckland
D. Scott's lounge. From the series: Signature
Helvie, Mt Eden, Auckland
Stove, Union St. Auckland
Bed, Union St., Auckland
Brian Boru Hotel, Thames
Fijian firewalker at Milne & Choyce store, Auckland
Claudia and Bridget Eyley, Auckland, 1973
Firth of Thames
Bus, Coromandel
Oneroa Beach, Waiheke, 1969
Couple, Auckland
Father and daughter, East Cape
E-type Jaguar and Central Hotel, Auckland
Volcanic Plateau, Tongariro National Park, 1969
Railway Station, Te Aroha
The Saint, Route 12 near Maungatoroto, Northland
Silos, Route 12 near Paparoa, Northland
USS Enterprise, near Thames
Rear of Magistrate's Court, Auckland
Wash house, Horoeka Avenue, Mt Eden, Auckland
Flats and couple, Panmure.
'Pat Hanly's table' - vintage 8"x10" silver-gelatin contact print by John Fields from his Signature Series.
'Paramount Recaps' - vintage silver-gelatin print by John Fields
'Rugby field, Thames' - vintage silver-gelatin print by John Fields
Link to Fields' TePapa collection object
'Eyley studio window' - vintage silver-gelatin print by John Fields
'See What I Can See - Discovering New Zealand Photography' exhibition, Sarjeant Gallery, Whanganui - 18th June-11th September 2016
I went to the opening of this exhibition, which is based on Gregory O'Brien's recent book, 'See What I can See', mainly because it features works from a number of photographers who are represented by Photospace Gallery. These include Peter Black, Mary Macpherson, Andrew Ross, Gabrielle McKone and Lucien Rizos.
It was interesting to see the Taupo Quay space, which is functional but nothing like as good as the old Sarjeant Gallery on the hill. Having seen major exhibitions of Andrew Ross and Mary Macpherson's work in the old gallery, this space really does not compare. I hope they don't ruin the original gallery in the process of modernising and expanding to it.
The hang of the show is jaunty and attractive; and I hope it will engage younger viewers and so match the intention of Greg O'Brien's book. Sometimes I get the feeling that framed pictures on a wall are to today's children and teenagers as glass cases of stuffed birds in museums were to me when I was a kid; that is, something belonging to the previous century.
I surreptitiously snapped a few pics with the cellphone, so please pardon the poor quality. Most museums and public galleries in NZ have a 'no photography' policy. In contrast, during a recent trip to Sydney I saw people photographing merrily in the Art Gallery NSW (including the Aboriginal artworks) as well as in several private galleries. As long as flash was not used, it was fine.


text:
Data Science Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for Data science professionals, Machine Learning specialists, and those interested in learning more about the field. Join them; it only takes a minute:
How to use TFIDF vectors with multinomial naive bayes?
Say we have used the TFIDF transform to encode documents into continuous-valued features.
How would we now use this as input to a Naive Bayes classifier?
Bernoulli naive-bayes is out, because our features aren't binary anymore.
Seems like we can't use Multinomial naive-bayes either, because the values are continuous rather than categorical.
As an alternative, would it be appropriate to use gaussian naive bayes instead? Are TFIDF vectors likely to hold up well under the gaussian-distribution assumption?
The sci-kit learn documentation for MultionomialNB suggests the following:
The multinomial Naive Bayes classifier is suitable for classification with discrete features (e.g., word counts for text classification). The multinomial distribution normally requires integer feature counts. However, in practice, fractional counts such as tf-idf may also work.
Isn't it fundamentally impossible to use fractional values for MultinomialNB?
As I understand it, the likelihood function itself assumes that we are dealing with discrete-counts:
(From Wikipedia):
${\displaystyle p(\mathbf {x} \mid C_{k})={\frac {(\sum _{i}x_{i})!}{\prod _{i}x_{i}!}}\prod _{i}{p_{ki}}^{x_{i}}}$
How would TFIDF values even work with this formula, since the $x_i$ values are all required to be discrete counts?
scikit-learn naive-bayes-classifier text
dhrumeeldhrumeel
When predicting the most likely class, the factorial terms are present in the probability calculation for every class, so they can essentially be ignored in the calculation. This leaves word probabilities which are raised to fractional powers, which are easily calculated. See this paper for a more detailed explanation: http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/ml/publications/2004/kibriya_et_al_cr.pdf.
answered Apr 6 '17 at 6:23
liangjyliangjy
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text:
\section{Introduction}
It has long been known that return and volatility are negatively correlated, and
early studies\cite{Black1976,Christie1982stochastic} attempt to explain the return-volatility asymmetry as a leverage effect:
a drop in the value of \revision{a} stock increases finance leverage or debt-to-equity ratio,
which makes the stock riskier and increases the volatility.
The other promising explanation for the return-volatility asymmetry
is the volatility feedback effect
discussed in \cite{french1987expected,campbell1992no}:
if volatility is priced, an anticipated increase in volatility raises the required return, leading to an immediate stock price decline.
Although the two effects suggest the same negative correlations,
the causality is different\cite{bekaert2000asymmetric}.

Comparing the two effects empirically,
Baekaert et al.\cite{bekaert2000asymmetric} and Wu\cite{wu2001determinants} argue that the dominant determinant is the volatility feedback effect.
However, the studies \revision{using} GARCH-type models\cite{Nelson1991Econ,Engle1993JOF,Glosten1993JOF} suggest that
volatility increases more after negative returns than positive \revision{ones},
which favors the leverage effect.

To discuss the full temporal structure of return-volatility asymmetry,
using squared returns as a proxy of volatility,
Bouchaud et al.\cite{bouchaud2001leverage} calculate the return-volatility correlation function and
find that returns and future volatilities are negatively correlated.
On the other hand, reverse correlations, i.e., correlations between future returns and volatilities
are found to be negligible.
The results are fitted to an exponential function, and
it is concluded that the correlations are short ranged.
In addition, the decay times\footnote{The correlations are fitted with an exponential function of $\alpha\exp(-t/\tau)$, and the decay time is defined by $\tau$.}
are estimated to be about \revision{10 (50)} days for stock indices (individual stocks).

While for most developed markets, negative correlations between returns and future volatilities are found,
an interesting \revision{phenomenon} is observed in Chinese markets.
Qiu et al.\cite{qiu2006return}
calculate the return-volatility correlation function for equities in \revision{the} Chinese market and
find that returns and future volatilities are "positively" correlated, which is called the anti-leverage effect.
Further studies\cite{shen2009return,chen2013agent} also support the anti-leverage effect in the Chinese market.

In this study, we focus on the return-volatility asymmetry of the Bitcoin market.
Since the first proposal of cryptocurrency in 2008\cite{Nakamoto2008},
the Bitcoin system, based on a peer-to-peer network and blockchain technology,
developed quickly, and Bitcoin has become widely recognized as a payment medium.
In recent years, a large body of literature has
investigated various aspects of Bitcoin, e.g.,
hedging capabilities\cite{dyhrberg2016hedging},
inefficiency\cite{urquhart2016inefficiency,bariviera2017some,alvarez2018long,kristoufek2018bitcoin}, multifractality\cite{takaishi2018},
extreme price fluctuations\cite{beguvsic2018scaling}, liquidity and efficiency\cite{wei2018liquidity,takaishi2019market},
transaction activity\cite{koutmos2018bitcoin}, complexity synchronization\cite{fang2018multiscale}, long memory\cite{zargar2019long}, and so forth.

Although the return-volatility asymmetry of Bitcoin has been investigated
using various models, such as asymmetric GARCH-type and stochastic volatility,
it seems that a consistent picture of the return-volatility asymmetry of Bitcoin
has not yet been obtained.
For instance, while Bouoiyour et al.\cite{bouoiyour2016bitcoin} observe a volatility asymmetry that reacts to negative news rather than positive,
Katsiampa\cite{katsiampa2017volatility} and Baur et al.\cite{baur2018bitcoin} find an inverted volatility asymmetry that reacts to positive news rather than negative.
Moreover, several studies\cite{dyhrberg2016bitcoin,thies2018bayesian,takaishi2018}
find no evidence of a leverage effect in Bitcoin prices.

Bouri et al.\cite{bouri2016return} investigate return-volatility asymmetry in two periods separated at the price crash of 2013.
They find that, while before the crash Bitcoin shows inverted volatility asymmetry,
after the crash, and for the whole period, no significant volatility asymmetry
is observed. Using the stochastic volatility model, Philip et al.\cite{phillip2018new} find that one day ahead volatility and returns are
negatively correlated.

Here, we approach the return-volatility asymmetry of Bitcoin
through return-volatility cross correlations.
We \revision{calculate a cross correlation
between} returns and a power of absolute returns.
This is in part motivated by the existence of the Taylor effect\cite{taylor1986modelling,ding1993long},
which suggests that the strength of autocorrelations of a power of absolute returns, $|r|^d$, is
dependent on the value of power $d$,
and, typically, the maximum autocorrelations are obtained
at $d \approx 1$ for stocks\cite{ding1993long}
and at $d \approx 0.5$ for exchange rates\cite{genccay2001introduction}.
The Taylor effect is also present for Bitcoin\cite{takaishi2018taylor}.
Thus, we investigate how \revision{the cross correlation} of Bitcoin is dependent on the value of power.

This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the data and methodology.
Section 3 presents the empirical results. Finally, we conclude in Section 4.

\section{Data and Methodology}
We use Bitcoin tick data (in dollars) traded on Bitstamp
from January 10, 2015 to
January 23, 2019 and downloaded from Bitcoincharts\footnote{http://api.bitcoincharts.com/v1/csv/}.
Let $p_{t_i}; t_i= i\Delta t;  i=1,2,...,N$ be the time series of Bitcoin prices
with sampling period $\Delta t$.
We define the return, $R_{i}$, by the logarithmic price difference, namely,
\begin{equation}
R_{i+1}=\log p_{t_{i+1}} -\log p_{t_{i}}.
\end{equation}
In this study, we consider high-frequency returns with $\Delta t= 2$ min,
and \revision{we} also consider daily returns.
We further calculate the normalized returns by $r_i=(R_i-\bar{R})/\sigma_R$, where
$\bar{R}$ and $\sigma_R$ are the average and standard deviation of $R_i$, respectively.
We \revision{calculate the cross correlation}, $CC_d (j)$, between returns
and \revision{the $d$-th power} of absolute returns at lag $j$
as
\begin{equation}
CC_d(j) = \frac{E[(r_t-\mu_r)(|r_{t+j}|^d -\mu_{|r|^d})]}{\sigma_r \sigma_{|r|^d}},
\end{equation}
where $\mu_r$ and $\mu_{|r|^d}$ are the averages of $r_i$ and $|r_i|^d$,
and $\sigma_r$ and $\sigma_{|r|^d}$ are the standard deviations of $r_i$ and $|r_i|^d$, respectively.
$E[O_j]$ in Eq.(2) stands for the average over $N-j$ values of $O_j$.
For $d=2$, Eq.(2) reduces to the usual definition of the return-volatility correlation that uses squared returns as a proxy of volatility\cite{shen2009return,chen2013agent}
except the normalization.

We calculate $CC_d (j)$ for $d=0.1$ to $3.0$ every 0.1 step.
For positive $j$s, $CC_d (j)$ at $d=2$ evaluates the relationships between returns and future volatilities.
The reverse correlations, i.e., relationships between future returns and volatilities,
are obtained for negative $j$s.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[height=5.5cm]{CC-d20-daily.pdf}
\caption{
Cross correlation $CC_d(j)$ for daily returns as a function of lag $j$ \revision{at $d=2.0$}.
Error bars of data points represent one sigma errors calculated by the \revision{jackknife} method.
}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[height=5.5cm]{CC-2min-d20.pdf}
\caption{
Cross correlation $CC_d(j)$ for high-frequency returns as a function of lag $j$ \revision{at $d=2.0$}.
Error bars of data points represent one sigma errors calculated by the \revision{jackknife} method.
}
\end{figure}

\section{Empirical Results}

First, in Figure 1, we show the cross correlation, $CC_d (j)$, of the daily returns for $d=2.0$.
The cross correlations are mostly consistent with zero for both positive and negative lags, $j$,
except for $j=0$ and 1, at which negative correlations are observed.
For other $d$s, similar results are obtained.
Thus, at the daily level, the cross correlations are mostly insignificant,
except for contemporaneous and small, positive lags.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[height=5.5cm]{powerfit-d10+exp-dels15.pdf}
\includegraphics[height=5.5cm]{powerfit-d20+exp-dels15.pdf}
\caption{
\revision{Cross correlation} $CC_d(j)$ at $d=1$ and 2 in log-log scale.
(a) d=1 and (b) d=2.
Error bars of data points represent one sigma errors calculated by the \revision{jackknife} method.
\revision{For better visibility, noisy data that are consistent with zero within 1.5 sigma errors are omitted from the pictures.}
The red (green) solid curve represents the power law (exponential) fitting to the data.
The reduced chi square: (a) 0.796 (power law) and 1.09 (exponential), (b) \revision{1.13 (power law)} and 1.33 (exponential).
}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[height=5.5cm]{fit-para-gamma.pdf}
\caption{
Fitting results of $\gamma$ as a function of $d$, \revision{where $\gamma$ is a parameter of the power law function of $\kappa j^{-\gamma}$}.
Error bars of the results represent the asymptotic standard errors of the parameter.
The solid curve represents the quadratic fitting to $\gamma$.
}
\end{figure}

Next, in Figure 2, we show the cross correlation, $CC_d (j)$, calculated with 2-min, high-frequency returns
for $d=2.0$.
For positive $j$s, we find negative cross correlations lasting from small to large lags,
which is consistent with the results observed for developed markets\cite{bouchaud2001leverage,bollerslev2006leverage}.
For negative $j$s, we observe positive, but smaller, cross correlations at several small lags.
For larger (negative) lags, the cross correlations are consistent with zero.
For the contemporaneous correlations, i.e., $j=0$, we observe negative cross correlations.

To examine the scaling properties of the cross correlations
at positive lags\footnote{Since the cross correlations at negative lags quickly become consistent with zero
at very small lags,
we only consider those at positive lags.},
we plot negative values of the results, i.e., $-CC_d(j)$ in Figure 3 in log-log scale.

We fit the cross correlations with the power law function of $\kappa  j^{-\gamma}$ and the exponential function of $\alpha \exp(-j/\tau)$
in a range of $j=[1,200]$, where
$\kappa $,$\gamma$, $\alpha$, and $\tau$ are fitting parameters.
The fitting results of the power law (exponential) function are depicted by the red (green) curve in Figure 3.
We find that the cross correlations are better described by the power law function than by the exponential function.
\revision{In particular}, we recognize that the exponential function does not adequately describe the data points of cross correlations at small lags.
This finding is different from the results of previous studies that observe exponential behavior in the cross correlation\cite{bouchaud2001leverage,qiu2006return,chen2013agent}.
The exponential behavior in the cross correlation indicates that the cross correlation quickly disappears as the lag increases, i.e.,
the correlation is short ranged.
On the other hand, the power law behavior\footnote{More precisely, the power law exponent, $\gamma$, should be $\gamma<1$ for a long-range behavior ( e.g., \cite{beran1994}).
In addition, the summation of the correlations diverges for $\gamma<1$.
As seen in Figure 4, the condition of $\gamma<1$ is satisfied, at least for $d<3$.}
that we observe indicates that the cross correlation decreases slowly with the lag, i.e.,
the correlation is \revision{long ranged}.

\begin{table}
\centering
\caption{
\revision{Results of fitting to a quadratic function, $\gamma(d)= \alpha d^2 + \beta d +\rho $. The values in parentheses represent the asymptotic standard errors of the fitting parameters.}}
\begin{tabular}{cccccc}
\hline
                  & $\alpha$   & $\beta$ & $\rho$      \\
\hline
Bitcoin          & 0.0184(13) & 0.0470(35)  & 0.5630(18)  \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

In Figure 4,
we plot the results of $\gamma$ as a function of $d$
and find that $\gamma$ increases with $d$.
We fit the results to a quadratic function, $\gamma(d)= \alpha d^2 + \beta d +\rho $, where $\alpha,\beta$, and $\rho$ are fitting parameters;
the fitting results are listed in Table 1. From the fitting results, we recognize that for $d \rightarrow 0$, the power $\gamma$
seems to approach the value around 0.56.
To investigate the strength of the cross correlations, we plot $\kappa$ as a function of $d$ in Figure 5.
\revision{More precisely, $\kappa$ represents the strength of the cross correlations at lag $j=1$.}
We find that $\kappa$ is a convex function and that the maximum strength is obtained around $d\approx 1.4$.
Thus, the correlation $CC_d (1)$ at $d\approx 1.4$ gives a stronger correlation than the traditional cross correlation defined at
$d=2$.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[height=5.5cm]{fit-para-kappa.pdf}
\caption{
Fitting results of $\kappa$ as a function of $d$, \revision{where $\kappa$ is a parameter of the power law function of $\kappa j^{-\gamma}$.
$\kappa$ corresponds to the strength of a cross correlation at lag $j=1$.}
\revision{The error} bars of the results represent the asymptotic standard errors of the parameter.
}
\vspace{-2mm}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusion}
At the daily level, cross correlations are mostly insignificant for Bitcoin.
By examining high-frequency Bitcoin returns,
we find that returns and future volatilities are negatively correlated and
the cross correlations between returns and future volatilities show power law behavior.
We calculate \revision{cross correlations between} returns and
\revision{the $d$-th power} of absolute returns and
find that the maximum cross correlation is obtained at $d\approx 1.4$.
Thus, we \revision{were able to} obtain clear evidence on the cross correlation by choosing
other values of $d$, rather than the traditional value of $d=2$.

Our findings on cross correlations suggest that,
in modeling asset time series, we should more seriously consider models that produce power law behavior in the cross correlations.

For example, Ref.\cite{roman2008skewness} proposes a fractional random walk model combined with a simple auto-regressive conditional
heteroskedastic model, denoted as FRWARCH, and finds that the FRWARCH model exhibits a power law in the cross correlations.

There exist universal properties, such as volatility clustering and no autocorrelations in returns, that appear across various assets.
These properties are called the stylized facts (e.g., \cite{Cont2001QF}).
The existence of stylized facts suggests that the price formation is governed by \revision{certain} common dynamics.
If Bitcoin \revision{has} a different property in the cross correlation from other assets,
there could exit a different type of dynamics in Bitcoin.
To come to \revision{a definite} conclusion \revision{about} whether the power law behavior only appears in \revision{Bitcoin,}
it would be desirable to examine other assets \revision{in detail}.

\section*{Acknowledgement}
Numerical calculations for this work were carried out at the
Yukawa Institute Computer Facility and at the facilities of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics.
This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI \revision{(Grant Number JP18K01556)} and
the ISM Cooperative Research Program (2018-ISMCRP-0006).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


The author, Angelo Caravaggio, has put together a detailed historical account and explanation for the Normandy performances of the 4th Canadian Armoured Division and it's commander, Major General George Kitching. The book endeavors to explain and examine critical factors that have lead previous historians to conclude that neither the commander nor the division performed up to battlefield expectations.
Those readers who enjoy precise descriptions of commander functions and military definitions will be pleased with the in-depth research the author has undertaken to explore just what happened in those 21 days in Normandy. In fact, nearly 100 pages of the 289-page book are devoted to appendices detailing historical information about operational plans/instructions, conference notes, operational intentions, strength returns, chapter notes, an extensive bibliography and of course a thorough index.
While analyzing such comprehensive information not everyone's cup of tea, Mr. Caravaggio no doubt found it necessary to include this as a means of bolstering his case that the 4th Armoured Division and General Kitching had been unfairly treated in previous accounts of the relevant Normandy actions. War plans Totalize and Tractable were unevenly applied during the race to close the Falaise gap; to a certain extent, the 4th was blamed for some of the failure to ensnare the thousands of Germans who did escape; albeit abandoning most of their equipment in the process of beating a hasty retreat.
The author does a convincing job recounting the various challenges faced by Kitching during the series of Normandy battles: a) training in brigade structure initially and, unlike other armoured divisions, not having time to change/train with the new and more flexible task force structures before the major operations designated Totalize and Tractable; b) losing valuable training time by being forced to waterproof all tanks, which turned out to be an unnecessary waste of valuable time; c) the mediocrity and/or lack of experience of Kitching's brigade commanders; d) the ongoing personal friction between Simonds and Kitching; e) the complex yet ill-considered design structure of both operations, resulting in compressed frontages for armoured maneuvering and subsequent inability of the following infantry brigades to support tank operations; f) the inflexibility of scheduling carpet bombing that leading to attack delays and g) language barriers and operational differences between the 4th and the Polish Armoured Division during the Falaise end-phase.
One of the main hindrances was the command structure forced upon subordinate units. Field Marshall Montgomery rigidly expected that orders and plans were to be followed precisely, thus limiting spontaneous field decisions. Further, Simonds was a bit of a micromanager in the sense that he did not give his division commanders reign to determine their own battle plans but instead took it upon himself to issue the detailed orders from Corps level.
As mentioned earlier, the 4th Canadian Armoured also suffered from the less flexible pre-invasion brigade structure, which confounded combined operations between tank and infantry elements. Notably, during actual operations, many of the initial brigade commanders were early casualties; new commanders were forced to assume command on the spot. According to the author, this actually helped the various formations succeed because the training at those levels had been very good; the new leaders were forced to improvise tactics that were more spontaneously task-force oriented. If we are to accept the conclusions of the author, the 4th did fight with much more cohesion and success than history gives it credit. Nevertheless, due to the overall inability of the Canadian Corps to achieve a closure of the Falaise gap, Kitching was relieved as the commander for negligence, ostensibly due to personal conflicts with others in combination with the failure to achieve operational goals. Someone had to be found as a scapegoat in this situation.


Twickenham School warmly invites you to its annual Open Evening for Year 5 and 6 students and families on Tuesday 9th October. Our staff and students are looking forward to showing you the school on one of the guided tours, which take place throughout the evening.
The Headteacher, Assal Ruse, will talk to students and families in the school Auditorium at the following times: 6:15pm and 7:30pm.
Open mornings will take place between 9.00am and 10.30am on Thursday 11th October, Friday 12th October, Monday 15th October and Tuesday 16th October.


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The Empowerment Zone is hiring a diverse team of dynamic, collaborative, and dedicated individuals with an unyielding belief that every child will succeed. If you are an educator who is passionate about transforming education and ready to join a team that is on fire to make change together, this work is for you.
School Year 2021-2022 Elementary School Openings
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Read more about Principal Lee
Karla is a school leader who knows the power of an equitable education. Her passion and dedication to public education on the Westside of South Bend is visible to parents, students, and the diverse community. As the Principal of Harrison Elementary School with The Empowerment Zone, she approaches the needs of the community with passion, drive, and compassion. In her 26 years of education experience, Karla has held positions as a South Bend School middle school teacher, administrator, and director. She has also taught as an adjunct professor at St. Mary's College, Indiana University of South Bend, and the TRIO/Upward Bound Program at The University of Notre Dame. Her leadership expertise also includes Curriculum Design, Instructional Coach, Professional Development Facilitator, Adverse Childhood Experiences "ACE's" Participant and Master Trainer, Teacher and Administrator Evaluation Design Team Member, and Talent Recruiter.
As she is completely dedicated to the academic growth and achievement of marginalized students, Karla believes her experience, training and education will assist her with ensuring the Empowerment Zone community WIN! She will continue to build a strong team and lead with collaborative coaching strategies.
Karla D. Lee was born and raised in South Bend, IN. She has been married to her husband for 27 years. In fact, they were high school sweethearts and both alums of Harrison. They are the proud parents of three adult men who decided to return to South Bend and continue their professional careers. Karla is a second generation graduate of South Bend Washington High School. She obtained a Bachelor's Degree in Education at Bethel College, and Indiana University of South Bend where she received her Master's Degree in Education and K-12 Administration. She is currently pursuing her Doctoral Degree in Educational Leadership and Superintency at Indiana State University.
She is also a community and school volunteer. She is a current member of the South Bend Alumni Association, South Bend Washington Athletic Booster Club, and Past President of the Football Booster Club. Athletics is a strong part of who she is. She believes in creating competitive athletic opportunities for students to build character, discipline, and self-esteem. She is a life-long fan of the Chicago Bears and University of Michigan football. She is an annual participant/volunteer of the March of Dimes Walk for Children and Making Strides Against Breast Cancer Walk. Karla also participates in several other volunteer initiatives as a member of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. South Bend Alumnae Chapter.
Karla is relentless in ensuring equitable access to high-quality public education and being the voice for all children. Karla pursues all opportunities for students to expand their thinking and gain exposure to 21st Century skills and high demand careers. She attributes her longevity as a public school educator by leading with her church's mission statement: "Affect the World One by One."
Read more about Principal Wilson
Growing up in a family of seven brothers and sisters in Chicago gifted me with deep family roots and insight into the power of grit in setting and fulfilling lifelong goals. These experiences instilled in me a strong desire to care for others, which led me to pursue a career in teaching. While raising my own family, I obtained my bachelor's degree from Northern Illinois University, balanced several out of state moves, and began my professional career. We settled in South Bend where I have spent 27 years with the South Bend Community School Corporation. During my time at Marquette Elementary, Studebaker Elementary, and Nuner Fine Arts Academy I taught first through fourth grades. This is where I found my true calling—serving economically disadvantaged students in Title I schools. I worked diligently to meet the needs of my students both academically and emotionally by creating a classroom filled with joy, rigor, and acceptance.
Twice I was elected Teacher of the Year by my colleagues and earned recognition in the school corporation's Honors Group. For several years I served as a model classroom teacher, welcoming educators from across the school district to observe balanced literacy at work. This work ignited my desire to have a deeper impact on student achievement and teacher practice. I went on to earn a master's degree with a focus on literacy from Bethel College. I left the classroom to support teachers as a curriculum coach and data coach for several years. I found this work satisfying but hungered to have a greater impact on the entire school community. I returned to Bethel College and earned my administrator's license, which brought me to Warren Elementary School where I am proud to serve as school principal.
I am excited to lead a school in the Empowerment Zone! We have an incredible opportunity to have a life-changing impact on our students. Every student can learn when they are provided with a positive learning environment, a challenging curriculum, and a school community that is committed to supporting them to discover their dreams and fulfill their potential. Together, we can make a difference by understanding our students' needs, using data to drive instruction, and directing resources to help every child reach our high expectations. Staff members at Warren Elementary School have a "whatever it takes" attitude in our relentless pursuit to support our Warren Wildcats!
Read more about Principal Smith
I was born and raised in South Bend, Indiana. School was not always my favorite place to be. My early grade school years were challenging as students and staff did not look like me. It wasn't until my 4th grade year until I felt accepted. My 4th grade teacher reached out to me and worked hard to not only build a relationship with me, but with my mother as well. As our relationship grew, learning became easier for me. I trusted my teacher and wanted to learn all she had to offer. It was then that I knew that I had to be in the field of education to make an impact on a student and their family's life just as my 4th grade teacher had.
Through many roadblocks and challenges, I went on to receive my bachelor's degree in Elementary Education from Indiana University, South Bend. After receiving my teaching license, I taught 5th grade for three and a half years before being promoted to Dean of Students. Within a year, I was then promoted to Assistant Principal and then quickly promoted to Principal two years later. Today, I am currently enrolled in a doctoral program at Indiana State University. Balancing everything has been both challenging and exciting. This is a learning experience that I will never forget. I am able to achieve my goals through the grace of God and through making relationships building a top priority.
Outside of work, I love to travel with my husband and four boys. I also love to bake every weekend for my family, including my 7 month old granddaughter. I take great pride in being a part of the South Bend Empowerment Zone and I'm grateful for the opportunity to make a difference in the community I call home.
Coquillard Elementary School
Teachers selected to work at Coquillard next year will receive their base pay and a $10,000 stipend. The school has been removed from collective bargaining and discussion for the 2020-2021 school year. For more information, please read this FAQ document.
Navarre Middle School
Teachers selected to work at Navarre next year will receive their base pay and a $10,000 stipend. The school has been removed from collective bargaining and discussion for the 2020-2021 school year. For more information, please read this FAQ document.
Read more about Principal Boyd
I approach the principalship in the most unconventional way as my journey was just as different, unexpected, and unconventional as well. Growing up in a single-parent household, helping take care of younger siblings, and struggling in school for most of my K-12 experience has provided me with a unique lens that not all principals possess. I see little versions of myself, my sister, my brother, cousins, and friends each day I walk into my school to once again welcome and engage our children.
My why is very personal and is rooted in turning closed doors into open windows, it is rooted in having a school that is a bright and vibrant beacon of hope, pride, and common gathering space for the community. My why allows every child opportunities to find success by recognizing the uniqueness of each child without punishment, ridicule, and labels. My way applauds effort and creates environments that celebrate risk-takers (both children and adults). My why also eagerly works to decrease and prevent unnecessary testing of special education, traditional exclusionary practices out of the classroom, and the common deficit mindset that has contributed to a decades-old achievement and equity gap.
I am looking for energetic, creative, solution-focused professionals who are not afraid of being uncomfortable and redefining ourselves and our practices if it means success for the children of Navarre Middle School.
100% Effort 100% Of The Time
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Tagged: FBI
The Black Box: Rapid Technological Change Post-Riley
POST WRITTEN BY: Steven Lapkoff ('16), J.D. Pace Law School
The fallout from the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Riley v. California, 134 S. Ct. 2473, 189 L. Ed. 2d 430 (2014), has already changed police practices regarding the search and seizure of a cell phone that is held incident to an arrest. Before Riley, a police officer could search the cell phone of an arrestee for incriminating information or to expose the identities of accomplices. The Riley decision held that "[m]odern cell phones are not just another technological convenience. With all they contain and all they may reveal, they hold for many Americans 'the privacies of life.'" The fact that technology now allows an individual to carry such information in his hand does not make the information any less worthy of the protection for which the Founders fought." Riley, 134 S. Ct. at 2495. In so doing, the court made clear that the vast quantities of personal information could only be searched when accompanied by a proper warrant.
However, recent advances in encryption technology are out-pacing the ability of courts and legislatures to adapt, increasingly putting the contents of smartphones outside the reach of the police and courts even when searches are authorized by warrant. The stated aim of this new technology is to "lock out the government," regardless of the Riley decision.
Apple, maker of the iPhone, which uses the iOS software platform, has upgraded its encryption standard to the point that it claims is "unbreakable," and the company does not have the ability to unlock a user's phone even when requested to do so by government entities. Google, which distributes the competing Android platform to smartphone manufacturers, has also decided to encrypt its phones by default.
This has lead to a situation that the FBI has termed "The Black Box" or "Going Dark." The argument goes, that if a smartphone cannot be accessed even under a lawful court order, then kidnapped children will go un-rescued and drug kingpins will go un-caught. Criminals' secrets can then be stored worry-free, in these "black boxes" far from the reach of the police and courts. The FBI has gone so far as to demand that the tech companies implant "back door" access for police and courts to ensure continued access to users' data.
The tech companies have responded that such scare scenarios are "inflammatory and inaccurate," and that any "back doors" provided to the government would inevitably be exploited by opportunistic hackers. They point out that the "metadata," data about who a person calls and texts from a smartphone, is accessible elsewhere, and that society's expectations of privacy have fundamentally changed as more and more people shift a greater portion of their private lives onto their smartphones.
The editorial commentary in the media has come down strongly on the side of the technology companies. Wired further notes that "none of the criminal cases cited by [FBI Director] Comey meet that hypothetical because in real life those instances would be extremely rare and far outweighed by the clear public benefit of preventing the very real threat of a large-scale data breach that could affect millions of Americans."
In the ongoing debate between security and privacy, the inexorable forward march of technology may leave the courts behind.
Steven Lapkoff, Security and Privacy for Every Attorney, Pace Criminal Justice Blog (Oct. 17, 2013).
Written by Lucie Olejnikova 1 Comment Posted in Articles of Interest, Police Practices	Tagged with black box, cell phone, cell phone search, constitutional rights, dark net, data breach, encryption, encryption technology, FBI, Fourth Amendment, government interest, hacking, information technology, iPhone, metadata, mobile device, mobile phones, mobile technology, police practices, privacy, public interest, Riley v. California, search and seizure, search warrant, security, smartphones, technology, U.S. Supreme Court, warrantless search
DOJ Adopts New Policy Requiring Electronic Recording of Statements
The Justice Department has announced a new policy that will require federal law enforcement agencies to electronically record interviews with suspects. According to Attorney General Eric H. Holder Jr.,
Creating an electronic record will ensure that we have an objective account of key investigations and interactions with people who are held in federal custody. It will allow us to document that detained individuals are afforded their constitutionally protected rights.
The new policy will require federal law enforcement agencies to record interactions with a detained suspect during the time between the suspect's arrest and initial appearance before a judge. Notably, the new policy also suggests that officials should consider using electronic recording devices during other investigative situations, including witness interviews.
This is a stark change from the Department's prior policy, which expressively prohibited the use of recording equipment by law enforcement agencies when conducting interviews with suspects. The Justice Department was previously concerned that the use of recording devices would undermine investigative techniques of federal agencies, and would discourage suspects from talking. The Department also once expressed that jurors may frown upon FBI interviewing techniques, and have "unfavorable impressions of agents" had they heard verbatim accounts of such interrogations.
Mr. Holder discounted these concerns, explaining that federal officials should be more committed to a process that exemplifies evenhanded enforcement of the law, and the new policy would "provide verifiable evidence that our words are matched by our deeds." He noted that it is of great importance for federal agencies to ensure that the statements of suspects are accurately recorded, and that suspects are afforded their constitutional rights during interrogations with federal agents.
National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers President Jerry J. Cox was pleased to hear about the Justice Department's policy change, noting that the use of electronic recording during interviews
protects the accused against police misconduct, protects law enforcement against false allegations, and protects public safety by ensuring a verbatim record of the interrogation process and any statements.
Mr. Holder has already begun the implementation of the new policy, and has instructed United States attorneys and agency field offices to begin training sessions. As of July, the new policy will apply to the FBI, DEA, ATF and U.S. Marshals Service.
Michael S. Schmidt, In Policy Change, Justice Dept. to Require Recording of Interrogations, New York Times (May 22, 2014).
Ryan J. Reily, Eric Holder: 'Sweeping' New FBI Recording Policy Will Protect Both Suspects, Agents, Huffington Post (May 22, 2014).
Dennis Wagner, DOJ Reverses No-Recording Policy for Interrogations, USA Today (May 21, 2014).
Written by adipietro No comments Posted in Articles of Interest, Police Practices	Tagged with Attorney General Eric Holder, constitutional rights, criminal justice, criminal justice system, Department of Justice, electronic record, false allegations, false confessions, FBI, federal custody, interrogations, interviewing techniques, justice department memos, law enforcement, legal ethics, National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, police misconduct, police practices, public safety, suspects


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Obscure Comic of the Week: Corbett Monica
Date: February 3, 2017Author: Http://thelifeandtimesofhollywood.com 0 Comments
Every Friday, as a new feature of this blog, we will feature a long forgotten comedian. While they were popular during their lifetime, many have been long forgotten.
Today our headliner is Corbett Monica. While Corbett worked until the mid 1990s in nightclubs, concerts, television and recording albums, he is almost forgotten today nearly twenty years after his death.
He was Joey Bishop's sidekick for 3 years on the sitcom The Joey Bishop Show. He also appeared 18 times on the Ed Sullivan Show, Bob Hope specials, the Dean Martin Show and countless others
To summarize Corbett's life and career, here is his obituary in the LA Times in 1998:
Corbett Monica; Comedian on Stage and TVJuly 24, 1998|MYRNA OLIVER | TIMES Corbett Monica, the durable comedian who opened for such luminary singers as Frank Sinatra, Liza Minnelli and Steve Lawrence and Eydie Gorme and did his stand-up act on television variety programs from "The Ed Sullivan Show" to "The Tonight Show," has died. He was 68.
Monica, also remembered as sidekick and manager Larry Corbett on "The Joey Bishop Show," which ran on TV from 1963 to 1965, died Wednesday at his home in North Miami, Fla., of cancer.
The Manhattan-born comedian enjoyed a long friendship with Bishop, who once lived only four blocks from him in Englewood, N.J. That association helped Monica get work as the opening act in nightclub shows by Bishop's friend Sinatra and other Rat Pack members Dean Martin and Sammy Davis Jr.
It also made Monica a natural to work with Bishop on his television show after two other comedians were ousted. Monica said he even lived for a time in Bishop's house.
"There's no such thing as a second banana anymore. TV changed all that. Look at Art Carney, Carl Reiner and guys like that," Monica told The Times in 1963. "I've already signed for next season with Joey. It's great. I'm really going to school, because I never did anything but stand-up comedy before. Now I'm learning situation comedy, and Joey made it possible."
When Bishop substituted for Johnny Carson as host of "The Tonight Show," he invited Monica to appear as a guest. Monica proved so popular that he was soon a regular guest host himself.
The comedian appeared 18 times on Sullivan's variety show in the 1950s and '60s, and was a guest on shows hosted by Merv Griffin, Mike Douglas and Perry Como.
A high school dropout, Monica worked as a drummer and a dance instructor before turning to comedy in St. Louis, Mo., clubs. He honed his routines in USO shows while serving in the Army.
Monica went on to work on larger stages in Las Vegas, Miami and Atlantic City, N.J., warming up audiences for such popular singers as Paul Anka, Nat "King" Cole and Lena Horne. For the past decade, he had lived in Florida and worked regularly with Lawrence and Gorme.
"The comedian has become an expert at figuring an audience's likes early and adapting his jokes to fit. This particular crowd seemed partial to slightly blue humor and howled at Monica's efforts," a Times reviewer wrote in 1971, commenting on Monica's opening act for singer Sergio Franchi at Las Vegas' Flamingo Hotel.
Tailoring his material to family audiences, Monica usually stuck to clean jokes, like the one in which he noted that he and his wife were trying to get their son to learn a trade "so we can know what kind of work he's out of."
Monica also combined the comedy skills developed on stage and television to perform his routines in two motion pictures about nightclub entertainment–"The Grasshopper" in 1970 and Woody Allen's "Broadway Danny Rose" in 1984.
The comedian is survived by his companion, Barbara Ortwein; three sons, George, Corbett Jr. and Tony; three daughters, Julie, Nanette and Elena; a brother, Lenny Geiger; six grandchildren and two great-grandchildren.
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These are South Africa's most loved menu items
Updated July 30, 2020, 1:34 p.m. | By East Coast Radio
Find out what South Africans just can't get enough of when ordering food.
photo/close-up-photo-of-person-holding-pizza-1653877/
Have you ever seen that familiar Uber Eats logo as they pull up at your neighbours, and found yourself a little curious while wondering, "what did they possibly order tonight?"
Eating in has become the new normal as we are continuing social distancing and staying at home. It's hard to think of a time where we didn't use an app to order our food and so Uber Eats comes to the rescue.
READ: "My 13-year-old daughter has gone vegan, please help!" – KZN mom
Here's what South Africans have been loving (and hating) during 2020, according to their latest cravings report:
Local remains lekker as Bunny chows and curries took the top spot over any other traditional cuisine, and atchar continues its reign as the supreme traditional extra being ordered with everything from braaied-meat to pizzas.
Even good old mogodu (tripe) has had its moment and received some well-earned respect as the app has continued its commitment to add more traditional restaurants.
READ: Meet Mrs Fong, the chef honouring her heritage with a dash of drama
With more than 1,000 orders requesting to swap out more classic starches like rice for some pap, it goes to show that people are always happy to support local businesses.
During the lockdown, South Africans have also been trying to focus on healthier food options with meat being swapped out for vegetarian alternatives, while also seeing a massive increase in vegan orders. Healthy orders ultimately increased by 71 percent, with the keyword "healthy" growing by 82 percent as well.
READ: This bakery is changing the way refugees earn their bread and butter
Clearly, people have their favourites, which they will always go back to, but what had people saying "thanks, but no thanks":
This year at least 3,000 whole onions were saved as this vegetable was the number two most removed item from a meal, with tomato taking the top spot for a second year, after more than 70,000 orders requested removal.
Whether it be choosing between mayo or chilli sauce, do you want your food hot or not, or if you could do with an extra pickle or two, these days South Africans are spoiled for choice and are enjoying it more than ever.
Main image courtesy of Pexels


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text:
va ser un compositor alemany Barroc del .

Selle va néixer a Zörbig però va rebre la seva primera instrucció el 1622 a Leipzig, on fou deixeble de Johann Hermann Schein. Va ser quan va trobar les obres de "Thomaskantor" Sethus Calvisius. Selle fou cantor a Heide (Holstein) el 1624 i el 1625 a Wesselburen. Des del 1634 fou cantor a Itzehoe i des del 1641 director musical al "Johanneum" de les quatre principals esglésies d'Hamburg (1637); de 1642, així com de cantor menor a Santa Maria (catedral d'Hamburg). Mentre es trobava a Hamburg, va estrenar la seva Passion nach dem Evangelisten Johannes, que va obtenir crítiques favorables. Va morir a Hamburg després de complir 22 anys en la seva posició de director musical.

Les aportacions de Selle a la tradició de la Passió alemanya inclouen l'ús de la intermedia, que són motets poli-corals que s'intercalen dins la història de la Passió per resumir i comentar la narració. Aquests van ser els primers textos que no es van evangelitzar inclosos dins de la tradició de la Passió. El propi Selle va permetre l'eliminació d'aquests intermedis per allotjar en esglésies més conservadores.

Se li deuen:
 Concertatio Castalidum, concerts sacres a tres veus (1624);
 Deliciae pastorum Arcadiae, cors profans a tres veus;
 Hagiodelmelydria, (1631);
 Monophonia harmònica latina, a 2 i 3 veus (1633);
 Concentus 2 voc. ad bassum continuum (1634);
 Decas prima amorum musicalium, a 3 veus (1635);
 Concentuum trivocalium germanico-sacrorum pentas (1635);
 Concentuum latino-sacrorum, 2 4 et 5 vocibus ad bassum continuum (1646), així com diverses melodies per a la Sabbatische Seelenlust, de Johann von Rist (1651/58). A més deixà inèdits concerts, madrigals i motets, de 3 a 16 veus.

Referències

Compositors alemanys del Barroc
Morts a Hamburg
Compositors de Saxònia-Anhalt
Madrigalistes alemanys

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia