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Adding a DIV section to Sidebar?
I just want to say I'm so thankful for ThemeShaper. This theme design and instruction is the only site using WordPress that makes any sense to me. THANK YOU!
I understand that there is a primary and secondary widget area for the side bar. I'd like to have my search form stuck to the top, just under the menu bar. But I feel that is separate from where my widgets should be so naturally I want to create another DIV or widget area just for the search bar.
I'm just planting code to trigger functions. I have no idea how to refer to the <?php yadda yadda?> with CSS. So far I've just inserted < a > and <img> tags in the page.php and edit the CSS. However, this whole widget thought is a bit tricky.
Would anybody please mind telling me what I'm supposed to do? I understand if nobody responds. I don't get any responses at WordPress.org. I'm just looking to place the search bar up in the far top right-hand corner of the page, but I need it in a div to connect it to a style class.
hopefully you are using a child theme for thematic and not editing thematic core directly.
what you have is a simple matter of adding code to one of thematic's action hooks. think of it like hanging a hat on a particular coat rack..
in place of the echo "bacon" line that i always like to use, you'd add the code you are looking to add.
if you want your new div to line up with the sidebar you'll need to give it the same classes as the sidebar divs.... namely class="aside mainaside" . i'm not sure why you can't just add the search widget to the primary widget area?
but using the above example and visualizing thematic, you can add stuff anywhere.
Yes, I lucked out finding the FAQ page right after I got started. I had to scrap my initial start, but glad to do it. This site is awesome. I want to tell anybody starting out in WordPress should start here.
The fact that Ian points out to use Firebug is a Godsend. Without that I'd spend SO much more time locating tags.
So, the echo "variable" part is where developers improvise their own content?
I guess my big misunderstanding is CSS doesn't attach to PHP, it attaches to XHTML. So even if I create another widget, where do I tell/put XHTML and label it to connect back to my main style.css?
That and if I had a function echoing "bacon" where should I put it? The main index file? A lot of the code examples are very random an sparse about where stuff should go.
well we've got a wiki project in the works, b/c we know the docu isn't the clearest. but it isn't here yet. firebug IS a godsend... you can answer 90% of your CSS questions right there.
Maybe this will help, I cobbled it together from some examples on this forum. I used it to create a widgetized area above #primary. Then you could just go into Widgets an put the search widget in your new widgetized area.
Ooookay, I think I'm starting to get this.
You can actually put full chunks of HTML tagging in PHP functions? Sweet.
Okay, that helps a bunch cuz all the PHP coding you see in Thematic is all just PHP variables and conditions etc. At least for the most part, I didn't see anything other than concatenated inline <? HTML ?> which doesn't make any sense unless you "get it", you know?
So where should I put all these new functions? Just in the main index and then call the functions where I'd like them to be positioned in the body?
@helgatheviking - thanks for this too: http://visualizing.thematic4you.com/ Really helps map out the theme. I think anybody who makes a theme should make a blueprint like this. It's only good form.
@elderberry - Thanks for the code snippets. I'll probably re-visit once I'm past the elementary stage if I indeed understand what's going on. Via the visualization I'll probably put my pre-widget content in thematic_abovemainasides(). I think that's where it should go.
THANKS AGAIN YOU GUYS!!! TOTAL AWESOMENESS!!!
Oops, I know where to put the functions. Sorry, read the post again. I'm a terrible reader, too used to scanning code.
thematic_abovemainasides is exactly where you should put your content. i can't see why you'd need another widget area above primary- you'd just throw your widget into primary, you know?
"So where should I put all these new functions? Just in the main index and then call the functions where I'd like them to be positioned in the body "
Awesome! Wait, super cool! Wait!
Thematic is awesome and you guys are great. I do think WordPress org and com are great as well. I just think it's important that people stay inspired and unafraid.
Again, you rock! So does Ian Stewart for putting together such a great resource. I'd be on a dingy in the sea without this site. Honest.
@elderberry - neat work! you are right that is quite a good use of another widget area above primary.
@soupking - well there is a TON of good info in the codex. i reference the page on conditional logic all the time and send a few people there every week. i don't want to sound like a jerk either, but it can be somewhat frustrating answering the same questions repeatedly, or answering questions there the information is already available had someone done their research. for instance adding content below the header is the same as adding something above the footer. the process is the same, but you need a different hook. or doing something on a 'page' only means you have to understand wordpress conditional logic, or modifying the query- both of which you can get good examples of at the codex.
what this does tell me, however, is that while there is a lot of good docu out there, finding what you need as a newb isn't easy. i hate to admit it, but there are times when i can answer questions on here by pointing people to a post that i REMEMBER the answer being on. so i can search for it by title or author and get it, but you can't and don't search like that when you barely understand what is going on.
it is something we'd love to see addressed in the future and will really push thematic to new levels of awesome.
"what this does tell me, however, is that while there is a lot of good docu out there, finding what you need as a newb isn't easy. i hate to admit it, but there are times when i can answer questions on here by pointing people to a post that i REMEMBER the answer being on. so i can search for it by title or author and get it, but you can't and don't search like that when you barely understand what is going on. "
This is very true - I would be willing to help even though I am not much of a coder, I know there's an effort at a wiki happening and a donated domain name - is there something I can do to help?
And then on top of it, the overall attitude is it's so easy, like it's Spanish, and then you feel even dumber (lol).
@elderberry - we're a little stuck on the wiki project atm, trying to figure out where to put it and on what platform. i'd prefer to see it at themeshape.com somewhere, but chris and ian are busy and not the easiest to get in touch with right now.
@soupking - yes there are some things that i post that can't be found elsewhere, but there is plenty that i've already posted once. and a LOT of things that are actually the same question in disguise. i answer a lot of questions with a link to where the question was already answered. as i said, part of this is my memory and spending too much time here and the other part is it being difficult for a newb to know what to look for.
as someone who lived in France for 2 years, i know exactly what it feels like to "land in France!" :) for thinking that i had learned some french in school, i couldn't order water on one of my first outings b/c my pronunciation was so rubbish. talk about feeling dumb.
i think codex stuff applies across the board to all themes, or i guess, more correctly, every theme CAN use the functions in the codex. they are wordpress functions, NOT theme-specific functions. WP is essentially a collection of functions that interfaces with a database. your theme is sort of the "black box" that talks to WP and turns the content into html markup. child themes of thematic add another magical "black box" as you have another layer of communication/functions where your child theme tells thematic what to do, which tells wordpress what to do. huge learning curve, but extreme flexibility and modularity.
keep reading posts, keep asking questions, learn the basic premise of add_function and add_filter and you'll have a pretty good grip on how how to change almost anything. actually i found that when i started answering questions, that was when i learned the most.
@jonny, good to know. it just seemed the most logical place considering it is already where thematic is, where the forum is, where the current docu is and as such, where people already come to for answers.
that said- i just went to the themeshaper.com homepage and can no longer even find a link to Thematic nor the forums. i wonder where the thematic project is going to live? does it need a new home?
its a bit frustrating really. we are all waiting to contribute to a new wiki but have no idea whos responsible and too where its being hosted?
themeshaper no longer having a direct link to thematic only means further confusion for new people searching/finding the framework.


There is no option to set or change Heroku region. You can set it when you create the App. But you don't want to build an App from scratch. But you can Fork the App with or without the database with all settings, and it's ready to run.
In this tutorial I show some Performance steps, which should always be done before you upload your App in iTunes. The most common Problem is the UITableView scroll, but at every Application should be used Blender Test (at least Color Blended Layers and Color Misaligned Images debug options) and optimise images, sizes, frames, and after that with Instruments Allocation template should check the codes.


Survey respondents reported that investments in cloud-based solutions help to accelerate return on investment for new IT-enabled finance capabilities. Public perception of bitcoin took a particular dip inwhen high-profile bitcoin supporter Charlie Shrem was charged for an elaborate money laundering scheme related to Silk Roada drug market that accepted only hard-t0-trace bitcoins.
Thanks for staying on top of everything and keeping things moving forward. With new data insights and collaborative ways of working, CFOs and the finance function are helping management look forward, providing guidance on where to invest for innovation and growth, and helping boost profitability along multiple dimensions.
Every company has a finance organization, but not every team has a change agent dedicated to taking their organization to the next level.
In her current role, Jess is responsible for the creation and implementation of virtual event themes, overviews, and working with speakers and partners to create engaging and timely content. Through his many travels--during which he befriended such luminaries as Leonardo da Vinci, Botticelli, and Piero della Francesca--Pacioli came into contact with the mathematics of ancient Greece and the Arabs.
This can be enabled through a standard reporting architecture and a common framework for financial metrics, as well as a standardized set of tools and processes that everyone can use to analyze structured and unstructured data and make better, more informed decisions.
His firm recently decided to double down on their blockchain counsel due to high demand from clients, he said. Sinnen and Hargreaves highlighted how modern planning in the cloud connects strategy with execution and gives business owners in HR, sales, finance, and other business industries full autonomy to synchronize planning processes across the enterprise.
Ludwin points out that banking is overdue for the digital revolution that has rocked and reshaped most other industries. As a result, finance professionals are delivering better insights through advanced analytics and business intelligence, superior service through new tools and functionality, and improved operational efficiency through the automation and digitization of finance processes.
Accenture recently partnered with Oracle on a survey conducted by Longitude Research to examine how the finance function—and CFOs in particular—are using new technology to provide data-driven insight and forward-looking guidance to help support the business. It's more the 'how' as opposed to the 'why'?
In April, Ludwin's company -- whose goal is to "digitize the world's financial assets," from cash to securities to gift cards to loyalty points -- convened a secret summit of more than financial executives in New York City to brainstorm and experiment with the blockchain.
We would love to hear from you. Empowering greater agility and enhanced decision-making. Hurd advocated for pairing their agility with their comfortability with pivoting in the face of market disruptions — a key intersection point the Finance suite needs to be prepared to navigate — for maximum success.
This helps finance interpret the numbers with greater efficiency and analyze profitability initiatives more effectively.
Finance no longer is concerned solely with reducing costs and reporting on historical results. Morissette is the senior executive vice president and chief financial officer for Dignity Health, a network of approximately 10, physicians and 63, employees.
Think of the blockchain as the marijuana of the financial world. Our Helpful Tools And Info We have put together some helpful information and mortgage calculators to help answer any questions you might have.
Superior loans and mortgages We work with multiple lenders and we are able to provide our clients with extremely competitive pricing. For him, the blockchain is a huge improvement over the old system of record-keeping -- which was paper-based and prone to errors -- for stocks. No bank transfers required.
What is the blockchain? Take the audit Welcome to the Future of Finance The modern finance function is the heart of the enterprise. To calculate the risk of a four-asset portfolio, an investor needs each of the four assets' variances and six correlation values, since there are six possible two-asset combinations with four assets.
Going back and forth and repeating certain facts like we would not be able to understand it if it wasn't repeated. This is exactly what we specialize in at Prophix. Their presentation discussed how the largest deployment of an Oracle EPM Cloud solution empowered Hilton to leverage the cloud to improve reporting and gain new insights and greater forecast accuracy in their planning and forecasting processes.
Scott Herren is the chief financial officer and senior vice president at Autodesk, the company that makes software for people who make things.
These systems essentially act as proxies, signaling Bank A to send assets to Bank B, while both banks maintain centralized ledgers to keep track of their assets. Morgan Chase, it seems time for a new twenty-first-century accounting system.Modern Finance Experience -- the premier event for CFOs and finance professionals.
Watch on-demand keynotes for new trends, best practices, industry. At Yahoo Finance, you get free stock quotes, up-to-date news, portfolio management resources, international market data, social interaction and mortgage rates that help you manage your financial life. Modern finance theory, now nearly 50 years old, was among the most revolutionary investing ideas of our time.
This is an elaborate set of ideas that boil down to onesimple and misleading practical implication: it is a waste of time to study individual investment opportunities in public securities.
Find Modern Finance in St Louis with Address, Phone number from Yahoo US Local. Includes Modern Finance Reviews, maps & directions to Modern Finance in St Louis and more from Yahoo US Local1/5(2).
But while acknowledging the staying power of "modern finance," Fama also notes that, even after a half‐century of research and refinements, most asset‐pricing models have failed empirically.
Estimating something as apparently simple as the cost of capital remains fraught with difficulty. Modern Corporate Finance combines a forward-looking vision of corporate finance with the tried and true practices of the past. With a clear and concise approach, the authors emphasize the modernist movement in finance, which is based on systematic methodology with an emphasis on deductive reasoning and empirical validation.


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"Excellent Rental Property in a Great Resort" Really enjoyed the resort, plenty of activities to satisfy most everyone. The rental unit was quite good. Our favorite feature of the house was the kitchen which is well laid out and very well equipped.
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Nestled in the heart of Oregon, Black Butte Ranch offers unparalleled beauty with infinite opportunities for outdoor adventure. The perfect four-season getaway, there is always plenty to do no matter when you head to Black Butte Ranch. In the winter, Black Butte Ranch is home to great skiing and snow-shoeing amid majestic views of the snow-covered Cascade Mountain peaks. During the spring, visitors can enjoy hiking and biking on several excellent trails, bird watching, and fishing. Summertime is the ideal season to enjoy Black Butte Ranch's swimming pools, tennis, golf, kayaking, and horseback riding. Fall plays host to a number of festivals and art events as well as great photo opportunities.
Black Butte Stables: This is a great way for visitors to experience the ranch Deschutes National Forest on horseback. Guided tours take guests through beautiful rolling green meadows, wooded trails, and along brooks and streams.
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This family of mobile handsets delivers high-quality wireless voice communications to employees who roam within a building or campus. The handsets offer all the benefits of the DECT standard, including high security, scalability, low power consumption and long talk/standby times.
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The 37 Series works with Avaya Aura™ and IP Office platforms.
Designed for office and industrial environments, these handsets deliver high-security, high-quality voice communications over a dedicated, encrypted wireless network. With 20-plus hours of talk time, they give users reliable access to PBX features like hold, conferencing, and messaging. For office workers, the 3720 offers core functionality at a budget-friendly price. The 3725 adds a backlit keypad, large color display, text messaging, and liquid and dust protection.
DECT incorporates high levels of security to protect against eavesdropping and unauthorized network access. It supports high densities of wireless voice communications, unaffected by heavy wireless LAN or other radio traffic.
These handsets use the DECT standard, which has been used worldwide for years.
Standard network connectors and Power over Ethernet (PoE) functionality make implementation and maintenance simple and inexpensive.


Simon On The Streets provides emotional and practical support for people with complex needs who cannot or will not access other services. Within that group it focuses on people who are homeless and rootless, especially those with issues related to rough sleeping.
Please share & get your friends to like this page.


text:
Home Top Stories Entertainment Watchmen Season 2 -Plot, Cast, Expected Release Date and Other Details
Watchmen Season 2 -Plot, Cast, Expected Release Date and Other Details
Sonal Sengupta
Thursday, 26 November 2020, 02:40 EST
Watchmen season 2: know the plot, cast and release date of the new season..!!!
Watchmen is an American superhero drama tv series. The genres involved within the series are Superhero, Dystopia, Action and Drama. The series is based on Watchmen by Alan Moore and Dave GibbonsThe series is directed by Damon Lindelof. The series is starring an excellent number of talented actors including Regina King, Don Johnson, Tim Blake Nelson, Yahya Abdul-Mateen II, Andrew Howard, Jacob Ming-Trent, Tom Mison, Sara Vickers, Dylan Schombing, Louis Gossett Jr., Jeremy Irons, Jean Smart and Hong Chau. The series has completed one season. Watchmen made its debut on October 20, 2019 as season 1 with 9 episodes. The series got a rating of 8.1/10 from IMDb and 95% from Rotten Tomatoes. It is now available on Disney + hotstar.
Watchmen season 2 Cast
Watchmen season 2 Plot
Watchmen season 2 Release date
The cast members from the previous seasons are going to be returning back for the new season. Till now there has been no news about the fresh faces to be seen in the upcoming season but we expect to see few. The cast includes Regina King as Angela Abar, Sister Night, Tim Blake Nelson as Wade Tillman, ana Looking Glass, Jean Smart as Laurie Blake, Jeremy Irons as Adrian Veidt Louis Gossett, Jr. as Will Reeves, and Hooded Justice, Tom Mison as Mr Phillips, Sarah Vickers as Ms Crookshanks, Dylan Schombing as Topher Abar, and Jolie Hoang-Rappaport as Bian.
The season 2 will devour from the instances season 1 left us. Till now not much about the plotting of season 2 has been revealed. Stay updated with us for latest details about the plot of the new season.
As we see the series made its debut on October 20, 2019. After a due wait now the series has been renewed for a second season. Till now there's so announcement of the official release date of the season . The season 2 of the series is expected to be airing in 2021. seeing the current situation of the world due to the coronavirus pandemic we may expect a delay in the release of the new season. As soon because the world situation boils right down to normal the assembly and cast are going to be back on the sets and can resume filming. Stay updated with us for more details about the series.
Sites like Omegle [NO REGISTRATION/LOGIN] 15 Fantastic Alternatives
Tuesday, 15 September 2020, 02:23 EDT

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The Ariari River is a river of Colombia, located entirely within the Meta Department. Part of the Orinoco River basin, it merges with the Guayabero River to forms the Guaviare River, one of the principle tributaries of the Orinoco.

See also
List of rivers of Colombia

References
Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.

Rivers of Colombia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Tag: Metallica
KILL THE LIGHTS share blistering cover of Metallica's Battery
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Iotunn signs worldwide deal with Metal Blade Records
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Death Angel: The Enigma Years (1987-1990), 4CD – Review
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MORDRED SIGN WITH M-THEORY AUDIO First full-length album in over 25 years, 'The Dark Parade,' coming Spring 2021
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The Crobar – Famous London Rock Bar Launches Crowdfunder
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RAVENED live concert stream from The End Studios on October 10, 2020
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Metallica – S&M 2: A Review
By Owen Edmonds
Back in 1999 Metallica recorded a live album with the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra and it was alright. Now they…
21st August 2020	0
THEM – New album Return To Hemmersmoor out October 30th, 2020 – – First single and lyric video today
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APOCALYPTICA Debut New Single & Video "Talk to Me" Featuring Lzzy Hale
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Metallica & San Francisco Symphony reveal 'For Whom the Bell Tolls (Live)' taken from forthcoming album S&M2…
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Metallica announce first show of 2020 as part of Encore Drive-In Nights series…
Metallica has confirmed its return to the stage for the first time since the September 2019 S&M2 concerts that opened…
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LOU REED: NEW YORK – 3CD/DVD/2LP Deluxe Edition
Lou Reed struck a chord with critics and fans alike more than 30 years ago with New York, his Sire…
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Music Industry Legend Jonny Z's "Heavy Tales: The Metal. The Music. The Madness. As Lived by Jon Zazula" Audiobook Available Today via Audible
The audio edition of Megaforce Records founder Jon Zazula's acclaimed autobiography, Heavy Tales: The Metal. The Music. The Madness. As…
METALLICA & SAN FRANCISCO SYMPHONY: S&M2 LIVE ALBUM AND DOCUMENTARY AUGUST 28
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Megaforce Records Founder Jon Zazula Discusses Foray into the Creation of Rap-Metal in Exclusive "Heavy Tales" Audio Clip
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CORROSION OF CONFORMITY | announce rescheduled + new UK / EU tour dates
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Throughout the year we offer a wide variety of extra curricular activities during the lunchtime period and after-school. At the start of the year activities are on offer for Year 1 and 2 children. In January when the reception children are confident with school routines opportunities will be made available for them. Places for each of the activities is limited.
School trips - local and further afield.
For any more information on these clubs then please contact the school and watch out for letters with more information.


text:
Causes of conflict between clinical and administrative staff in hospitals
Mohammad Panahi Tosanloo1, Davoud Adham2, Batoul Ahmadi1, Abbas Rahimi Foroshani3, Abolghasem Pourreza4
1 Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
3 Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4 Health Promotion and Education, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Dr. Abolghasem Pourreza
Department of Health Promotion and Education, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran
BACKGROUND: Providing the high-quality services in hospitals depends on to minimize conflict between all members within a health team. This study aimed to identify the causes of conflicts experienced by clinical and administrative staff in hospitals.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 2018. The sample included 320 clinical and administrative staff from six hospitals affiliated to Ardabil University of Medical Sciences that were selected using two-step clustering sampling method. Data collection was accomplished by self-administered questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, t-test, and ANOVA were used for data analysis.
RESULTS: Total conflict score revealed that clinical staff had higher levels of perceived conflict than administrative staff. In terms of organizational position, the study results showed a significant difference in the reported conflict between nurse groups and other groups (physicians and paramedical, administrative, financial, and logistic staff). The most important causes of conflict in the viewpoint of clinical staff were organizational and job characteristics (3.54 ± 1.28), poor management (3.51 ± 1.12), and inefficient communication system (3.42 ± 1.33). For administrative staff, on the other hand, poor management (3.18 ± 1.33), inefficient communication system (3.17 ± 1.36), and attitudes and perceptions (3.06 ± 1.41) were shown to be paramount factors.
CONCLUSION: Clinical and administrative staff of hospitals are like parts of a train track. The irrational relationship between them will result in distortion and lower quality of services. Therefore, effective strategies to decrease staffs' experience of conflict need to be developed. This might create a healthier and more productive work environment which positively affects the care quality.
Keywords: Administrative staff, clinical staff, conflict causes, conflict management, hospital
Panahi Tosanloo M, Adham D, Ahmadi B, Rahimi Foroshani A, Pourreza A. Causes of conflict between clinical and administrative staff in hospitals. J Edu Health Promot 2019;8:191
Panahi Tosanloo M, Adham D, Ahmadi B, Rahimi Foroshani A, Pourreza A. Causes of conflict between clinical and administrative staff in hospitals. J Edu Health Promot [serial online] 2019 [cited 2020 Jan 22];8:191. Available from: http://www.jehp.net/text.asp?2019/8/1/191/269788
Hospitals play a vital role in meeting the objectives of health systems and this feature has distinguished them from other health-related organizations.[1] Because of the past few decades changes in social context, providing health-care services has become more dependent on the collaboration of different health professionals such as physicians, nurses, and paramedical and administrative staffs and has evolved from a physician-centric approach to a teamwork approach.[2],[3] Thus, current health team comprises members of different ages, gender, incomes, ethnicity, educational levels, lifestyles, targets, disciplines, and professionals.[4] Although team members may have different backgrounds, it comes as no surprise that provid ing high-quality health care requires harmony and collaboration. Otherwise, such differences may lead to conflict.[5] "Conflict is a dynamic process that occurs between interdependent parties as they experience negative emotional reactions to perceived disagreements and interference with the attainment of their goals."[6] As Brinkert noted, it is fundamentally a communication process which can potentially arise when individuals are engaged in communications with one another. Therefore, never does the conflict happen in the lack of communication.[7] Hospitals, like other organizations, are persistently confronted with conflict.[8] Differences between goal(s) and role(s), common source utilization, dependency, varying values and perceptions, non-application of efficient performance evaluation and effective rewarding system, disorders in organizational responsibilities, non-application of efficient team work, heterogeneity in educational levels[9] in addition economic and social inequalities and gender diversity can be classified as predisposing factors for various forms of conflicts.[4] Conflicts undoubtedly can have serious consequences for organizations and they can also give rise to situations in which organization loses a large percentage of its efficient staff. These situations lead to poor performance and high tensions, severe forms of which can negatively influence patients' treatment and staff morale.[4],[8] Hospitals' role in delivery health care and patients' satisfaction intensify the consequences of conflicts. Besides, inefficiency of communication system reduces the possibility of achieving goals. In addition to hospital, the society will also affect by these conflicts.[10] Researches show that 21% of manager's times spend on managing the conflict.[11] On the other side, research on effects of conflicts on staff shows that resource scarcity is the leading cause of conflict.[12] Not surprisingly, conflict within health-care team is a well-known issue which poses an obstacle for provision of high-quality care. Therefore, to fulfill hospitals' mission, interaction between team members must be directed to reduce conflicts.[13] Different studies have investigated the issue of conflict in Iranian hospitals, but none of them explore the reasons and types of conflicts between administrative and clinical groups. Because the low knowledge of these types of conflicts can result in managerial and leadership challenges, further investigation can offer operational solutions to address conflicts between staff. Therefore, the current study, for the first time, aims to identify reasons of conflict between administrative and clinical groups in Iranian hospitals and to propose solutions to address them.
The current descriptive analytical study was conducted in hospitals affiliated to Ardabil University of Medical Sciences (AUMS). Both clinical staff (i.e., physicians, nurses, and paramedical staff) and administrative staff (i.e., administrative, financial, and logistic staff) were included. Two questionnaires were prepared by the authors to collect information. In order to attain such questionnaires, related studies were reviewed, 35 semi-structured interviews with hospital staff. They consisted of two parts: (a) demographic information and (b) causes of conflict between administrative and clinical groups, with a Likert scale which 5 indicates very high and 1 very low.
This research was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Two-step clustering sampling method was used. Initially, some of the hospitals affiliated to the AUMS were randomly selected, and regarding the staff of each hospital and occupational groups, a number of participants were selected. To collect information, all 320 participants were first informed about the research and they were asked to fill out and sign informed consent.
Content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) were used for checking the validity of the questionnaires (for clinical staff questionnaire CVR = 75.4, CVI = 87.31 and for administrative staff questionnaire CVR = 75.53, CVI = 85.48). In addition, the reliability was tested by test–retest method. Spearman correlation coefficient for clinical and administrative staff was 75% and 84%, respectively. Descriptive statistics, t-test, and ANOVA were used. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 15.
Two hundred and eighty-one questionnaires (out of 320) were completed, with 88% response rate. About 76.5% of participants were clinical staff and 61.5% of participants were women. Most of the participants (39.1%) were 31–40 years old and married (67.3%), 42% of whom had between 11 and 20 years of experience. Seventy-seven percent of employees had bachelorette degree and were permanent employees. Almost 10.7% of participants were also found to be manager. Total conflict score revealed that clinical staff had higher levels of perceived conflict than administrative staff [Table 1].
Table 1: Average conflict score of clinical and administrative staff
In terms of organizational position, results of statistical tests showed a significant difference in reported conflict between nurse groups and other groups (i.e., physicians and paramedical, administrative, financial, and logistic staff (P < 0.05)). Married staff had higher levels of conflict than single employees (P = 0.013).
Also there was a meaningful association between job experience and conflict levels. As those with 11–20 years of job experience had higher levels of perceived conflict than those with <10 years (P < 0.001) and >20 years (P = 0.006) of experience. On the other hand, 31–40-years-old participants had higher levels of reported conflicts than 21–30 (P < 0.001) and >40 (P = 0.006) years old ones. However, gender (P = 0.45), education (P = 0.8), and type of employment (P = 0.07) showed no remarkable correlation with reported conflict [Table 2].
Table 2: Average conflict score of demographic variables
The most important causes of conflict in view point of clinical staff were organizational and job characteristics (3.54 ± 1.28), poor management (3.51 ± 1.12), and inefficient communication system (3.42 ± 1.33).
For administrative staff, on the other hand, poor management (3.18 ± 1.33), inefficient communication system (3.17 ± 1.36), and attitudes and perceptions (3.06 ± 1.41) were shown to be paramount factors [Table 3].
Table 3: Pillars of conflict causes between clinical and administrative staff
As shown in [Table 4], according to clinical staff, "delays in salary payment" was the most important conflict reason (3.84 ± 1.17).
Table 4: The most important causes of conflict between clinical and administrative staff according to linical staff view
According to [Table 5], ambiguity in hospital policies (3.55 ± 1.34) is the main conflict cause in viewpoint of administrative staff.
Table 5: The most important causes of conflict between clinical and administrative staff according to administrative staff view
It should be noted that reasons of low scores are not mentioned in the tables.
Conflict within health team is a serious challenge for provision of health-care services all around the world.[14] The majority of Iranian studies have been focused on conflict management approaches to address conflict. According to these studies, whenever conflict causes were ignored and an appropriate approach was not followed, not only conflicts would not be addressed, but they also become more frequent.[15],[16] Therefore, this study aimed to identify conflict causes among clinical and administrative staff. Findings showed that clinical staff, particularly nurses, reported higher levels of conflict than did administrative staff. Jerng et al. in a study focused on conflict between health staff found that nurses reported higher levels of conflict.[17] Hatam et al. reported that the level of work–family conflict among staff of clinical departments was higher than that of nonclinical departments, which apparently related to nature and characteristics of work conditions.[18] Clinical staffs, particularly nurses, are at the pioneers of service provision and could be affected by the situations of patients. Consequently, their work condition is stressful and makes them susceptible to conflict.[19]
According to the current study, age and job experience are other factors that have impact on the level of conflict, as during the first decade and last years of work, less conflict was shown to be reported. This finding is consistent with the study of Çınar and Kaban on conflict in hospitals in Turkey.[9] Cohen[20] has noted that this is probably due to compatibility with situation and domineering of individuals. Employees seem to be more compatible with situations at the 1st years of work, and as their job experience increases, they change their behaviors. As their job experience increases and becomes more stable, their tendency to domineering increases and more conflict would be observed. For the lower levels of conflict at the last decade of work, it can be noted that individuals are either involved in normalization process or learn conflict management techniques during the past years. Although other studies have noted gender as a variable that can affect conflict, findings of the current study failed to show such association.[4],[9]
As discussed above, organization and job characteristics as well as inefficient management and communication system are the most important reasons of conflict between clinical and administrative staff. On the other hand, personal characteristics had the least importance. Mosadeghrad et al. in a study on conflict between high, middle, and operational managers in hospitals found that the impact of organizational characteristics was greater than personal characteristics. Workload, resource scarcity, inappropriate laws and regulations, and poor communications were other important variables consistently with the findings of the current study.[21]
The current study found in organizational and job characteristic dimension, "bureaucracy and prolongation of the processes," and "ignoring organizational hierarchy" were reported as important factors. Organizational hierarchy and bureaucracy can have impacts on communication channels or struggles for power in the organizations, so that large and multi-departmental organizations which have severe hierarchies are less affected by problems of conflict.[22],[23] Given that hospitals have a bureaucratic nature,[24] it appears that ignoring hierarchies can lead to conflict, owing to the importance of formal communications and focusing on hierarchical communications.
The findings also showed that poor management was an important influential factor for conflict, such that "unreasonable differences in salaries and other benefits" was the most important factor which resulted in conflict. Regarding the organizational equity theory, staffs compare their inputs and outputs with that of others, and if they feel inequality, resulted contradiction and discontent can lead to conflict.[25] "Lack of opportunity for staffs' participation in decision-making" was another important factor, as Nasiripour et al. have noted that participation in these activities through team works or problem-solving committees can reduce conflict among these individuals.[24] Çınar and Kaban also emphasized the importance of using staff opinions to achieve visionary leadership and address conflict.[9]
"Ambiguity in hospital policies," "weakness of hospital communication system to inform regulations," and "low awareness of clinical staff about hospital policies and managerial decisions" are also mentioned to play role in arising conflict. A study in public hospitals of Cyprus revealed that nearly 60% of employees reported to have one to five conflict situations per week. Organizational factors and poor communications were among the most important factors of conflict in these hospitals.[26] Furthermore, ambiguous job descriptions, laws, and instructions have been mentioned as conflict creator factors.[10] Another study highlighted that problems in interpretation of verbal communications, vague information, and disturbance in communication channels create obstacles for efficient communication, and if regulations, methods, behavior of individuals, and groups are not transparent enough, probability of arising conflict and decreased performance or losing efficient staff will be high.[27] Thus, regulations, instructions, and administrative regulations must be as transparent as possible to minimize the probability of conflict.
Managers always expect that actions and behaviors should be in line with laws and regulations. Leineweber et al. in a study on work–family life conflict of nurses found that when behaviors are not in line with regulations and instructions are ignored, the probability of conflict would be high.[28] In the current study, this issue in personal characteristic dimension was more a conflict cause among administrative staff than clinical ones.
With regard to the fact that clinical staff are responsible to provide high-quality health services to patients, which makes them a critical part of the hospital, they expect administrative staff to follow their orders. While, according to the findings of the current study, they believe that they are neglected in decision-making process in the hospital. On the other hand, administrative staff, which indirectly support clinical affairs of the hospital, believe that clinical staff do not have a good understanding about their needs and are undervalued in hospital. It seems that, to have a comprehensive view and to decline current challenges between hospital staff, the management team should address these challenges first of all.
Like other studies, the current study also has limitations, including (1) natural limitations of questionnaires, (2) reluctance to respond to questions because responders may think such research would not be useful, and (3) inexperience participants may not spend enough time and care to answer questions.
Clinical and administrative staff of hospitals are like parts of a train track that, undoubtedly, irrational relationship between them will result in distortion and lower quality of provided services. Hospital management team must do their best to preserve this relationship and make it more rational because they are both necessary for the success of organization. The current study found some important conflict causes between clinical and administrative staff. The findings can be used to make decision and develop strategies to address workplace conflict. The authors propose the following suggestions to address conflict in health-care settings:
Practical trainings about conflict management, effective communications, problem-solving, and so on should be included in intra-inter organizational training curriculums to strengthen staffs' managerial and behavioral skills
Meetings to solve problems with presence of both clinical and administrative staff to increase understanding about working conditions, reaching common understandings, and identifying potential sources of conflict
Implementing plans such as job classification to create a comprehensive framework for all occupations in the hospital and increasing equality in compensations
Developing clear instructions and protocols to increase transparency and addressing ambiguities
Using participatory management with emphasize on decision-making through hospital committees, as mentioned in hospitals' national accreditation standards of Iran
Commitment of high-level managers to observe hierarchies and appropriate and timely informing about hospitals' policies and regulations through official communication channels
Restructuring processes that increase delays and delegating responsibilities that can be delegated to shorten administrative processes.
The current study is a part of a Ph.D. Thesis in health-care management that is approved by the Research Deputy of Tehran University of Medical Science (IR.TUMS.SPH.REC.1396.4132). The authors are grateful to all the participants.
Whitehead DK, Weiss SA, Tappen RM. Essentials of nursing leadership and management, (4th ed.). PA: F.A. Davis Company; 2007.
Guidroz AM, Wang M, Perez LM. Developing a model of source-specific interpersonal conflict in health care. Stress Health 2012;28:69-79.
Hendel T, Fish M, Berger O. Nurse/physician conflict management mode choices: Implications for improved collaborative practice. Nurs Adm Q 2007;31:244-53.
Demir B, Kasapoǧlu A. Nurse physician relations: A qualitative case study in the emergency department of a hospital in Ankara, Turkey. European Journal of Turkish Studies Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey. Complete List 2008. p: 1-18. Available from: http://journals.openedition.org/ejts/1783. [Last accessed on 2008 Mar 31].
Akel DT, Elazeem HA. Nurses and physicians point of view regarding causes of conflict between them and resolution strategies used. Clin Nurs Stud 2015;3:112.
Barki H, Hartwick J. Conceptualizing the construct of interpersonal conflict. Int J Conflict Manage 2004;15:216-44.
Brinkert R. A literature review of conflict communication causes, costs, benefits and interventions in nursing. J Nurs Manag 2010;18:145-56.
Elfering A, Gerhardt C, Grebner S, Müller U. Exploring supervisor-related job resources as mediators between supervisor conflict and job attitudes in hospital employees. Saf Health Work 2017;8:19-28.
Çınar F, Kaban A. Conflict management and visionary leadership: An application in hospital organizations. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 2012;58:197-206.
Nasiripour AA, Riahi L, Afzal E. The relationship between communication system and organizational conflict at hazrate rassoul hospital Tehran. Sci J Manage Syst 2009;20:55-64.
Radfar F, Hozoori M, Tavafian SS. Comparison of the attitudes of hospital staff and managers towards managers' practice as regards conflict management in hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical sciences, 2008-2009. J Sch Public Health Inst Public Health Res 2011;9:59-66.
Hotepo O, Asokere A, Abdul-Azeez I, Ajemunigbohun S. Empirical study of the effect of conflict on organizational performance in Nigeria. Business and Economics journal 2010;20:15-21.
Olajide T, Asuzu C, Obembe A. Doctor-nurse conflict in Nigeria hospitals: Causes and modes of expression. Br J Med Med Res 2015;9:1-12.
Sportsman S, Hamilton P. Conflict management styles in the health professions. J Prof Nurs 2007;23:157-66.
Nekuei Moghaddam M, Taghavi Rad A, Hakimipour S, Shafiei M, Goudarzi G. Evaluation of relation between styles of conflict management and creativity of staff in teaching hospitals of Kerman city in 2008. J Hosp 2011;9:29-38.
Taghipour A, Dejban R, Khadem DZ, Naami A. Investigating relationship between communication skills and conflict resolution styles of managers with employee empowerment. Soc Psychol Res 2011;1:17-43.
Jerng JS, Huang SF, Liang HW, Chen LC, Lin CK, Huang HF, et al. Workplace interpersonal conflicts among the healthcare workers: Retrospective exploration from the institutional incident reporting system of a university-affiliated medical center. PLoS One 2017;12:e0171696.
Hatam N, Keshtkaran V, Mohamadpour M, Ghorbanian A. Comparison of work – Family conflict between clinical and non clinical staffs of Shahid Faghihi hospital (public hospital) in Shiraz: 2010. Iran Occup Health J 2013;10:52-60.
Baddar F, Salem OA, Villagracia HN. Conflict resolution strategies of nurses in a selected government tertiary hospital in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. J Nurs Educ Pract 2016;6:91.
Cohen M. When it Comes to Negotiating Business Conflict, be Active; 2010. Retrieved January 2000;5:2010.
Mosadeghrad AM, Arab M, Mojbafan A. Study of conflict management styles in Tehran University affiliated hospitals. J Health Based Res 2016;2:1-13.
Kaitelidou D, Kontogianni A, Galanis P, Siskou O, Mallidou A, Pavlakis A, et al. Conflict management and job satisfaction in paediatric hospitals in Greece. J Nurs Manag 2012;20:571-8.
Inderst R, Müller HM, Wärneryd K. Distributional conflict in organizations. Eur Econ Rev 2007;51:385-402.
Nasiripour A, Raeissi P, Nagaf Bagy R, Adabi A. The survey of structural factors in general hospitals of Yazd-Iran based on mechanic and organic approach 2012. Tolooebehdasht 2013;12:194-204.
Chen SY, Wu WC, Chang CS, Lin CT, Kung JY, Weng HC, et al. Organizational justice, trust, and identification and their effects on organizational commitment in hospital nursing staff. BMC Health Serv Res 2015;15:363.
Pavlakis A, Kaitelidou D, Theodorou M, Galanis P, Sourtzi P, Siskou O. Conflict management in public hospitals: The cyprus case. Int Nurs Rev 2011;58:242-8.
Balay R. Conflict management strategies of administrators and teachers. Asian J Manage Cases 2006;3:5-24.
Leineweber C, Chungkham HS, Westerlund H, Tishelman C, Lindqvist R. Hospital organizational factors influence work-family conflict in registered nurses: Multilevel modeling of a nation-wide cross-sectional survey in Sweden. Int J Nurs Stud 2014;51:744-51.
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5]
Panahi Tosanloo M
Adham D
Ahmadi B
Rahimi Foroshani A
Pourreza A
conflict causes


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Posts in: Pynchon
Thomas Pynchon, Against the Day (pp 1000–01):
"We will buy it all up," making the expected arm gesture, "all this country. Money speaks, the land listens, where the Anarchist skulked, where the horse-thief plied his trade, we fishers of Americans will cast our nets of perfect ten-acre mesh, leveled and varmint-proofed, ready to build on. Where alien muckers and jackers went creeping after their miserable communistic dreams, the good lowland townsfolk will come up by the netful into these hills, clean, industrious, Christian, while we, gazing out over their little vacation bungalows, will dwell in top-dollar palazzos befitting our station, which their mortgage money will be paying to build for us. When the scars of these battles have long faded, and the tailings are covered in bunchgrass and wildflowers, and the coming of the snows is no longer the year's curse but its promise, awaited eagerly for its influx of moneyed seekers after wintertime recreation, when the shining strands of telpherage have subdued every mountainside, and all is festival and wholesome sport and eugenically-chosen stock, who will be left anymore to remember the jabbering Union scum, the frozen corpses whose names, false and in any case, have gone forever unrecorded? who will care that once men fought as if an eight-hour day, a few coins more at the end of the week, were everything, were worth the merciless wind beneath the shabby roof, the tears freezing on a woman's face worn to dark Indian stupor before its time, the whining of children whose maws were never satisfied, whose future, those who survived, was always to toil for us, to fetch and feed and nurse, to ride the far fences of our properties, to stand watch between us and those who would intrude or question?" He might usually have taken a look at Foley, attentive back in the shadows. But Scarsdale did not seek out the eyes of his old faithful sidekick. He seldom did anymore. "Anarchism will pass, its race will degenerate into silence, but money will beget money, grow like the bluebells in the meadow, spread and brighten and gather force, and bring low all before it. It is simple. It is inevitable. It has begun."
"Christmas Eve, 1955, Benny Profane, wearing black levis, suede jacket, sneakers and big cowboy hat, happened to pass through Norfolk, Virginia."
—Thomas Pynchon, V.
If they can get you asking the wrong questions, they don't have to worry about answers.
—Thomas Pynchon, born on this day in 1937, and who's been sporting a face mask for years:
Thomas Pynchon, Gravity's Rainbow:
Don't forget the real business of war is buying and selling. The murdering and violence are self-policing, and can be entrusted to non-professionals. The mass nature of wartime death is useful in many ways. It serves as spectacle, as diversion from the real movements of the War. It provides raw material to be recorded into History, so that children may be taught History as sequences of violence, battle after battle, and be more prepared for the adult world. Best of all, mass death's a stimulus to just ordinary folks, little fellows, to try 'n' grab a piece of that Pie while they're still here to gobble it up. The true war is a celebration of markets.
In one of these streets, in the morning fog, plastered over two slippery cobblestones, is a scrap of newspaper headline, with a wirephoto of a giant white cock, dangling in the sky straight downward out of a white pubic bush. The letters
MB DRO ROSHI
appear above with the logo of some occupation newspaper, a grinning glamour girl riding astraddle the cannon of a tank, steel penis with slotted serpent head, 3rd Armored treads 'n' triangle on a sweater rippling across her tits. The white image has the same coherence, the hey-lookit-me smugness, as the Cross does. It is not only a sudden white genital onset in the sky — it is also, perhaps, a Tree…
Thomas Pynchon, Mason & Dixon:
"Who claims Truth, Truth abandons. History is hir'd, or coerc'd, only in Interests that must ever prove base. She is too innocent, to be left within the reach of anyone in Power,– who need but touch her, and all her Credit is in the instant vanish'd, as if it had never been. She needs rather to be tended lovingly and honorably by fabulists and counterfeiters, Ballad-Mongers and Cranks of ev'ry Radius, Masters of Disguise to provide her the Costume, Toilette, and Bearing, and Speech nimble enough to keep her beyond the Desires, or even the Curiosity, of Government."
Alan Jacobs: To survive our high-speed society, cultivate 'temporal bandwidth':
"…the width of your present, your now… The more you dwell in the past and future, the thicker your bandwidth, the more solid your persona. But the narrower your sense of Now, the more tenuous you are."
All-Night DJ
I highly recommend this review. It is spoilerish, if that's a concern as you read through Against The Day yourself. This is exactly how it feels to trawl and drift through the book: There is no narrator quite like Pynchon. The other evening I was up late with this book and it hit me, there in the deep quiet after everyone had gone to bed, that he's really most like an all-night DJ, spinning his favorites, talking about them, riffing on this and that and not really caring too hard who's listening.
Shiny Things
In an attempt to slow down in my reading of ATD, I have been trying to distract myself in some way. But why should I want to try to slow down at all? Well, it is entirely possible that I was not in my right mind when I made the decision, but just before the blessed holiday season, I came to the conclusion that I needed to slow down on my reading of that vast tome because, well… Because as I approached the eponymously named Part 4, I felt as if I were engaged in a car chase from some hit action show in the 1970s, in which the laws of physics are ignored with blithe condescension.
Chron Job
Here's a thought I just had. To collate and then read all of Pynchon's works chronologically. It would go something like this. GR flashbacks of Katje's ancestor, Franz van der Groov, on Mauritius (1750s) M&D (1761–69, 1786) ATD and then the flashback sections of V interleaved, leading up to the prewar sections of GR (1893–1944) the bulk of GR (1944–1945) the rest of V (1951–52) L49 (±1965) Vineland (±1969) (Inherent Vice (1971)) the L.


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Canada National Team
Canada shock USA to reach Olympic women's football final
by AFP August 02, 2021 EST
Kashima (Japan) (AFP) – Jessie Fleming scored a second-half penalty as Canada upset four-time Olympic women's football champions the United States 1-0 in Kashima on Monday to reach the final for the first time.
Fleming's 74th-minute spot-kick earned Canada a first win over their neighbours since 2001 and set up a clash with Sweden or Australia for the gold medal.
Defeat ended the Americans' 36-match unbeaten run against Canada. The world champions will face the losers of Monday's second semi-final for the consolation of a bronze medal.
The US and Canada combined for seven goals the last time they met at the Olympics, a memorable 4-3 semi-final win for the US after extra time at Old Trafford in 2012.
US goalkeeper Alyssa Naeher, the hero of their quarter-final win over the Dutch on penalties, required lengthy treatment here to her right knee after landing awkwardly while trying to collect a cross.
Naeher, who saved a spot-kick in normal time and two more in the shootout against the 2019 World Cup runners-up, briefly battled on but was eventually replaced by Adrianna Franch in the first half.
It wasn't until the introduction of Megan Rapinoe, Carli Lloyd and Christen Press on the hour that the US recorded a first shot on target, a curling strike from Lloyd tipped over by Stephanie Labbe.
Labbe stopped two as Canada edged Brazil on penalties in the previous round, and she produced another sharp save to keep out Julie Ertz's header at a corner.
The US had advanced to every Olympic final aside from at Rio 2016, where they lost to Sweden on penalties in the last eight.
Yet they had won just once in four matches over 90 minutes in Japan, and fell behind when Canada were awarded a penalty following a VAR review.
Deanne Rose put Tierna Davidson under pressure and the Canadian went sprawling after a tangle of legs, with the referee pointing the spot after consulting the pitchside monitor.
Fleming tucked the resulting penalty beyond Franch, and there would be no comeback from the Americans — Lloyd's header clipping the bar in the final minutes as their Olympics came to a tame end.
USA to host major tournament in 2025 as dry run for World Cup
Mexican Football Federation president Yon de Luisa has revealed that the United States, Canada, and Mexico will host a significant tournament in 2025. As we already know, the three North American nations are hosting the 2026 World Cup as well. However, the summer 2025 competition will be seen as a dry run the for the […]
USWNT names 23-player squad for SheBelieves Cup
With the SheBelieves Cup starting in the middle of February, USWNT head coach Vlatko Andonovski announced his squad for the three games in the competition. It is almost an entirely NWSL-based group of players. The squad is just about a mirror of the side that went down to New Zealand for a pair of friendlies […]


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The 2017 Tribeca Film Festival – A Variety of Films and High Tech
April 16, 2017 By: superuser
Founded in 2002 as a response to the 9/11 attack, New York City's 16th Tribeca Film Festival will run this year from April 19th until April 30th. The festival showcases feature films, documentaries, shorts and a slew of high tech seminars and programs that distinguish it from other festivals.
Films to Seek Out at the 2017 Tribeca Film Festival
Aardvark (Feature Film) A therapist (Jenny Slate, Zootopia) takes on a new patient (Zachary Quinto, Star Trek) who has an array of problems he needs to work. High on the list is a fragile relationship with his brother (Jon Hamm, Mad Men). Complications start when the one who gives therapy falls for the brother and may need some guidance herself.
Acorn and the Firestorm (Documentary) Filmmakers Reuben Atlas and Sam Pollard follow the highs and lows of the advocate group ACORN (Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now), a collection of low- and moderate-income community-based organizations that championed voter registration, health care, affordable housing, etc. The group's high point was helping Obama get elected. Its low point was the downward spiral it experienced after two conservatives infiltrated its offices and produced a damaging film.
Awake, A Dream From Standing Rock (Documentary) For months, newspaper headlines and newscasts brought the situation at Standing Rock to the forefront. This non-fiction accounting, executive-produced by actress Shailene Woodley (Divergent), goes into further detail about the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe's peaceful resistance fight for clean water, the environment and the future of the earth.
Can't Stop, Won't Stop: The Bad Boy Story (Documentary) In 2016, Sean "Diddy" Combs aka Puff Daddy spent three fast-paced, nerve-wrecking weeks uniting members of his Bad Boy Records family for colossal reunion concerts. Their efforts culminated in a performance at Brooklyn's Barclays Center where a who's who of hip hop culture is assembled: Lil' Kim, Mase, Faith Evans, Mario Winans, 112, Total, Carl Thomas. Director Daniel Kaufman and Live Nation Productions take viewers on an exclusive look behind the scenes at the history, legacy and nostalgic show.
Chuck (Feature Film) Chuck Wepner (Liev Schreiber) is the man who inspired Sylvester Stallone's Rocky series. He's a New Jersey liquor salesman who managed to duke out 15 rounds with Muhammad Ali. In his ten-year career, he encountered losses, knockouts, and broken noses. A life of drugs, booze, and wild women is also chronicled.
The Clapper (Feature Film) Tracy Morgan, Adam Levine and even Mark Cuban are a part of the supporting cast in this comedy starring Ed Helms (The Hangover) about a professional audience member who becomes famous/infamous when a late-night talk show reaps national attention that threatens his newly evolving relationship with gas station attendant Judy (Amanda Seyfried). Filmmaker Dito Montiel (Boulevard, Tribeca '14) directs.
Clive Davis: The Soundtrack of our Lives (Documentary) He nurtured the careers of Aretha, Whitney, Bruce Springsteen and Santana among others. Director Chris Perkel captures music legend Clive Davis in all his glory; from the '60s to the hay day of hip hop. Davis' five-decade career will likely be unmatched for years to come. Viewers get to see how the midas-touch producer has helped so many musicians enjoy long and successful careers.
Dabka (Feature Film) Somalia pirates are the subject of this fact-based story about a journalist (Evan Peters, he plays Quicksilver in X-Men Days of Future Past) who goes to the East African country to research the environment that leads people to pirating. Barkhad Abdi, who won an Oscar nomination for Captain Phillips and also appeared in the thriller Eye in the Sky, plays a local fixer.
Samba (Feature Film) Cisco, a young Dominican man, spent 15 years in an American jail. He returns to the D.R., can't find work and becomes a street fighter to raise money. When he's befriended by Nichi, an Italian boxer, his life takes a different turn.
Thumper (Feature Film) Jordan Ross directs this crime/drama about a troubled new girl (Eliza Taylor) in a school who harbors a deep secret. A volatile gang leader (Pablo Schreiber) is attracted to her and her own hidden secrets put her life in danger. Executive Produced by Cary Fukunaga (Beasts of No Nation) the film features supporting turns from Lena Headey, Daniel Webber and Ben Feldman.
Tribeca is More than a Series of Film Screenings
Tribeca N.O.W. discovers and highlights New Online Work from independent storytellers who use online space as their canvas. Tribeca Immersive is a Virtual Arcade featuring storyscapes and it explores and celebrates art found in the virtual world. Tribeca/ESPN Sports Film Festival is a showcase of sports and competition films,
Tickets are Available Now
The Tribeca Film Festival starts April 19th, with a variety of feature films, documentaries, shorts and other contemporary sections that provide a bit of something for everyone. For more information about the festival, go to: https://tribecafilm.com. For a schedule and guide: https://tribecafilm.com/filmguide For tickets: https://tribecafilm.com/festival/tickets
Visit NNPA News Wire Film Critic Dwight Brown at DwightBrownInk.com


The NAGP are delighted to introduce an exclusive members offer which will help you to maximise your PCRS payments. NAGP members now enjoy exclusive access to The GMS Dashboard provided by Abbey Medical along with a reduced rate of €45 plus vat per month.
The GMS Dashboard is a comprehensive set of monthly reports which interrogate the payments made to every GMS GP in your Practice in the 'Pink Sheets'. This data is then presented to you in an easy to follow overall Practice Summary and in more comprehensive individual reports for each of your GP panels. Critical items such as capitation, leave allowances, STCs and practice support subsidies are analysed and summarised. No payment or deduction is overlooked. Areas of concern are highlighted each month and actual payments are compared to maximum potential claims based on panel size, weighted panels, employees hours and more.
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From Glasgow to Saturn is a collection published in 1973 by Carcanet Press, Cheadle, in an edition of 2000 copies. Amongst other poems parts of the collection Twelve Songs and the whole sequence of Glasgow Sonnets i-x are reprinted in this volume.
Born in Glasgow, Edwin Morgan lived there all his life, except for service with the RAMC, and his poetry is grounded in the city. Yet the title of his 1973 collection, From Glasgow to Saturn, suggests the enormous range of Morgan's subject matter. He was Glasgow's first Poet Laureate 1999-2002, and the first to hold the post of 'Scots Makar', created by the Scottish Executive in 2004 to recognise the achievement of Scottish poets throughout the centuries.


Chem-Dry Central are a leading provider of professional restoration and cleaning services for customers throughout Nottingham and the UK. For years we have been delivering the highest standard of domestic and commercial restoration and cleaning services in the region, ranging from carpet and upholstery cleaning to specialist drying and insurance services.
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Sustainable hot water systems for energy efficient homes.
Be sure that your home is never without essentials with a hot water system that is both effective and efficient. Our range of hot water products from Rinnai are designed to meet the needs of every Australian household. As leaders in the industry, their solutions include high efficiencies, water conservation, safety, versatility and the trusted Rinnai guarantee of reliability. Rinnai have been changing the way Australians enjoy hot water since the 90's, paving the way with electronic gas continuous flow hot water systems. The Infinity range has been designed with the environment in mind, featuring low emission burners and temperature control technology.
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Offering the latest in technology, design and efficiency, the Rinnai Inverter split systems are subject to strict quality assurance and testing procedures, ensuring the quality you can expect with the Rinnai brand. A full 5 year replacement warranty is offered for domestic applications, so you can relax knowing Rinnai has you covered.
What type of home cooling unit is most efficient?
When it comes to cooling your house, how do you decide which option is going to be most efficient and cost-effective for your home? We look at the pros and cons of three main cooling systems.
Window or Split: Which Air Conditioner is Best for Cooling?
As Melbourne weather begins to warm up, it's time to get ahead and start thinking about how to cool down our homes again when peak summer hits. If you're looking to upgrade your air conditioning or install one for the first time, we're here to guide you through the pros and cons of both a window and split system air conditioning unit to help you decide which is best for your home.


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Duke University Pratt School of Engineering
Sanitation Solutions
Community Treatment
Schedule a Demo/ Pilot
Current Progress
Onsite Treatment
Supercritical Water Oxidation
Duke is developing a fecal sludge treatment system designed to treat the waste of 1000-1200 people, a neighborhood-scale solution using supercritical water oxidation.
Our community-scale prototype treatment system is built in a 20-foot shipping container. Water is heated and pressurized to supercritical conditions, oxygen is added, and fecal sludge is burned in the supercritical water in seconds.
Anaerobic Digester and Pasteurization Latrine (ADPL)
For groups of 20-40 users, Duke is developing a multiple-household, combined toilet and treatment system which uses anaerobic digestion and heat pasteurization.
The combined toilet and treatment system is undergoing field testing in Kenya, India and the Philippines. Biogas produced in the digester is burned to heat and pasteurize the liquid effluent.
Bad odors threaten the adoption of new sanitation solutions in developing countries. Duke is investigating potential approaches to mitigate malodor in diverse applications.
Improving Sanitation for Developing Countries
Despite progress on the UN's millennium goal to improve sanitation worldwide, 2.4 billion people are still using unimproved sanitation facilities, including the nearly one billion people who practice open defecation. The result is the spread of diarrheal germs which, according to the CDC, are the cause of 1 in 9 child deaths worldwide--the second most common cause of death among children under the age of 5.
Several research projects are underway in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Duke to help address this issue. A neighborhood-scale fecal sludge processing system is being developed to provide human waste treatment for communities of 1000-1200 people. A combined toilet and processing system is being engineered to offer onsite treatment for groups of 20-50 people. Effective methods of odor control for these and many other solutions are also being investigated. See the tabs above for more information on any of these projects.
This work has been made possible through the generous funding of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Paper Selected as High Impact Article
On-Site Fecal Sludge Treatment with the Anaerobic Digestion Pasteurization Latrine selected by EES as a top-read article of 2016.
Reinvent the toilet video | The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Click image to view video.
"Four out of 10 people worldwide don't have a safe way to poop. We need a toilet revolution--new ideas to help reduce disease and find new ways to turn crap into valuable stuff, like fuel, fertilizer, and fresh water."
Duke Civil & Environmental Engineering
Pratt Engineering
© 2011-2020 DUKE UNIVERSITY
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WAMU CD project: Remember The Joy Boys, Volume One
As many of you know, the Joy Boys met at American University and worked at the university radio station, WAMU. For many years, Ed Walker hosted a weekly show Sunday nights on WAMU, called the Big Broadcast.
WAMU is a listener-supported, public radio station, and receives much of its income through listener donations. Ed arranged for a Joy Boys "retrospective" CD to be given away during their pledge drive.
Ed and Willard recorded some commentary for this CD. It includes the history of the Joy Boys, background on many of their characters, and a lot of the funny ad-libs you've come to expect from these two. This CD is a must-have for any true Joy Boys fan!
Listen to an excerpt of the interview with Willard and Ed (MP3 file, 163K) as they tell you more about the Joy Boys theme. This interview is part of the special WAMU CD.
The vintage portions of the CD include: The Yellow Ghost; Arthur Codfish; Stella Bear; The Sodbuster; WWPU; Betty Crockett; Robin Hood of Rock Creek Park; Mr. Fixit; and a complete four-part story of As The Worm Turns.
Please contact us directly to order this CD.
You can also read more about Volume Two, Volume Three or Volume Four of this collection.
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Claude Bernard, the Father of Modern Physiology and Experimental Medicine
Bridging Neurosciences and Immunology – An Overview
Bartolomeo Eustachius and the Discovery of Adrenal Glands
Caleb Parry and the Relationship Between Hyperthyroidism and Stress
Vincent Geenen· September 3, 2009
Claude Bernard – BrainImmune
Claude Bernard was born on 12 July 1813 in the village of Saint-Julien, in France's Beaujolais region. He was first educated in the church school of Saint-Julien, then at the Jesuit College in Villefranche-sur-Saone near Lyon. His school performances were not promising, and he moved to the Royal College in Thoissey. He became interested in philosophy, in particular by René Descartes' emphasis on the quest for truth stimulated by doubt. At that time, his main interests were focused to Romantic writers (Victor Hugo) and painters (Eugene Delacroix), and Victor Hugo's tragedy 'Hernani' was one of his favorites. Claude Bernard himself wrote two pieces, a piece of vaudeville comedy ('La Rose du Rhône') and a five-act historical tragedy ('Arthur de Bretagne'). When searching for an editor in Paris in 1834, one of them advises him to abandon his projects for literature, and Claude Bernard began his medical studies at the Faculty of Medicine of Paris. There, he shared a lodging together with Charles Lassègue (the future prominent neurologist). Following lectures by François Magendie, Professor of Experimental Medicine at the Collège de France, he decided to devote his own life to experimental physiology and, because of his skillful aptitudes, he was engaged by Magendie in 1841 as a research assistant (préparateur). By deference to the methodological approach and scientific interests of his mentor, his first experimental studies were orientated towards the nervous system and chemical aspects of digestion. During his whole life, Claude Bernard will acknowledge Magendie's positive influence on his own career. In 1843, Claude Bernard became a medical doctor but failed to qualify for teaching medicine, and he had to work in the private laboratory of a close friend of Magendie.
Beginning in 1847, the scientific life of Claude Bernard was a continuous series of studies, publications and honors. During spring 1848, he performs the first of seminal discoveries. After having perfected the procedure of making pancreatic fistulae, he collected pancreatic juice from a dog and he used this liquid to verify his hypothesis according which gastric and pancreatic juices contain the same digestive principle. Contrary to this hypothesis, he found that the pancreatic juice exerted a particular action upon fats, provoking their emulsion. A few months later, he made another fundamental discovery when investigating the fate of sugar after ingestion.
Expecting that, according to the current theory, the process of respiration should burn sugar, he tried to identify the organ wherein sugar was disappearing from blood. During this work, he tried to see whether sugar was present in the blood of dogs that had not eaten and, to his great surprise, he observed that blood from portal vein was containing high amounts of sugar. Following a series of ingenious experiments, he thought to having demonstrated that sugar was penetrating blood through the liver.
The discovery by Bernard of the glycogenic function of liver raised a very high interest, as well as the identification of the substance from which blood sugar derived. In 1855, by flushing with water the vessels from an isolated liver and by leaving the organ for one night, he demonstrated that sugar was derived from an unsolvable substance present in the hepatic tissue. He isolated that substance in 1857, called it glycogen, and showed that is was similar to starch. His third great discovery was the demonstration that there are two types of vasomotor nerves, vasoconstrictors and vasodilatators, both of them regulating blood flow in the arteries.
He also identified the nerves that control secretion of saliva by submaxillar glands. He also showed that carbon monoxide blocks respiration in erythrocytes. For physiologists at that time and in the world, all of these discoveries have rendered famous the name of Claude Bernard. Even in Germany, the physiologist Du Bois-Reymond had to acknowledge in 1860: "this discoverer, more lucky than anyone, now forces everybody to look toward the vivisection table in the College of France".
Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine
In 1865, forced by sickness to abandon his teaching and research activities, he writes his book 'Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine', in which he establishes as general principles his thoughts about experimentation in physiology and medicine. In this work, he analyses experimental reasoning, highlights the respective roles of ideas and observations, underlines the importance of doubt and the obligation to abandon working hypotheses when experimental data contradict predictions.
Determinism. For Claude Bernard, the apparent spontaneity of living beings does not constitute an obstacle to experimentation because the principle of determinism applies to both inanimate and organic worlds. "One must admit as an experimental axiom that, both in living organisms and inanimate objects, the conditions for reality of every phenomenon are determined in an absolute way. Which means in other words that, being known the condition of an event, this event has to be reproduced, always and necessarily, as the researcher wishes. The negation of this proposition would be nothing else than the negation of science itself".
Authority and observation. When a scientist observes a fact which contradicts the prevailing theory, he has to accept the fact and abandon the theory even if this theory is supported by great names and commonly accepted.
Induction and deduction. Science is a permanent exchange between theory and experimental facts. There is an intimate connection between induction, i.e. reasoning from the particular to the general, and deduction, i.e. reasoning from the general to the particular. A general theory and its theoretical deductions must be tested with new experiments designed to control their reality. And the results from these particular experiments may induce new theories.
Fallibility. A long time before Karl Popper, Claude Bernard was convinced by the fallible character of every scientific theory. The scientist who studies natural phenomena must have a spirit completely free of prejudgments, relying on philosophical doubt. If a scientific theory is elaborated from experimental studies, the only true thing is that such theory is false. A partial, provisional theory exists but it only constitutes a step for going further in scientific investigation.
Cause and effect. The scientist tries to determine the relationship between the cause and the effect. The ultimate objective of research is to establish the connection between each natural phenomenon and its cause. A working hypothesis is formulated to elucidate the relation of cause and effect of some phenomena. The working hypothesis is submitted to experimentation. If one hypothesis is demonstrated by experimental observations, it becomes a scientific theory. "Before that we have only groping and empirism".
Scientific theories have to be only hypotheses controlled by experimental facts. Those controlled by experiments are the best theories but they are never final and do not have to be believed in an absolute way. The true scientist must always try to deconstruct his personal conclusions by counter experiments. The ardent desire of knowledge is the only valuable reason that motivates scientists in their efforts and studies.
The discovery of fragments of universal truth, this is the real science. "The complete scientist is one who masters both theory and experimental practice: 1, he observes a fact; 2, he conceives an idea with reference to this fact; 3, on the basis of this idea he pursues a line of reasoning, plans an experiment and imagines and organizes its material conditions; 4, this experiment produces more phenomena that shall be subjected to observation and so on. In a sense, the scientist's mind is always between two observations: one is the starting point of the reasoning, the other its conclusion".
Known and unknown. "The scientists are marked by ideas which light up phenomena hitherto obscure and carry science forward". With regard to the spiritual sphere, Claude Bernard explained in his book 'Lessons about Phenomena of Life' that the physiological determinism does not tolerate any exception and that each manifestation of living creatures is a phenomenon depending on defined physicochemical conditions.
This is the absolute determinism: it implicates that psychological and spiritual spheres are completely determined by physicochemical world. In the same perspective, Claude Bernard will reject any notion of 'Galenic' teleology and metaphysical philosophy according which all physiological functions have an ultimate and precise goal. So he closely participates to the move of scientific procedure from the question 'why' to the question 'how'. For Bernard, the nature and intimate essence of each phenomenon, living or inanimate, will remain unanswered forever. "Science has precisely the privilege of making us know what we ignore, substituting reason and experience to feeling, and showing clearly the boundaries of our present knowledge". If our usual feeling incites us to ask why, our reason show that only the question 'how' can be answered.
Milieu intérieur
In the history of biomedical research, one of Bernard's key discoveries is to have elaborated the concept of milieu intérieur. He was well aware that anatomy remained the basis of physiology, but he made it clear that physiological processes cannot be explained on the basis of the sole anatomy. He stated that humoral or physicochemical components, which cannot be dissected and constitute our internal environment, had been neglected for too long. This concept has exerted a profound and long influence on biologists and physicians. He was fully conscious of its importance and supported that, together with the principle of determinism, this concept constitutes the basis of the new experimental medicine.
"The constancy of the internal environment is the condition for a free and independent life". By writing this, he opens one of the most intriguing and fascinating fields in science, the one of regulations, adjustments, and compensations. Claude Bernard mentioned four examples that have been illustrating this concept until today: regulation of water volumes, body temperature, oxygen concentration, and metabolic stores. In 1926, Walter Cannon will reformulate the constancy of the internal environment in a new way as the concept of homeostasis.
If Claude Bernard has made physiology progress much more than another scientist before or after him, this is greatly due to his great talent of intuitive generalization. So did he write: "Particular facts are never scientific; only generalization can establish science", and "When one calls a new fact a discovery, the fact itself is not a discovery, but rather the new idea derived from it".
The genius of Bernard has not been only limited to a great number of seminal discoveries, but also to an immediate understanding of their general meaning and perspective. His experiments on the fate of sugar in the animal organism leads him to the concept of unity of living creatures, to the definition of internal (endocrine) secretions, to new ideas for understanding pathogenesis of diabetes, and to the concept of 'milieu intérieur'. Quite simple experiments about curare quickly led him to general and new ideas about muscles, nerves, and the essence of life itself. Whatever their intrinsic limitations, these generalizations have proven their pragmatic and operational values for dozen years after their formulation. Nobody has defended with more tenacity and intelligence the need for a new medicine based on physiology.
As a protagonist of the experimental medicine, he hoped to see scientific medicine quickly replacing empirical medicine, which was essentially based on observation. The physician should continue to carefully observe his patients but, through experimental science, he should be able to analyze each symptom trying to explicit them by vital laws that understand the relation of the pathological state to normal or physiological state. Claude Bernard was convinced that the formation of such physicians could only be performed in specialized laboratories because useful precepts are only those resulting from experimental practice in a precise scientific domain.
However, because the parsimonious policy of the French government and because he was not teaching in medical institutions, Bernard did not took benefit from the same advantages than his foreign colleagues to reach his objectives. Even during his period of scientific glory, his personal laboratory always conserved modest dimensions. Only a small group of attentive students could learn experimental physiology under direction of this great master.
Predicting the future, Claude Bernard wrote that "the experimental physician wants to understand what he does (…). He wants to scientifically experiment and to understand the physiological mechanisms underlying the disease process and the curative action of one drug". He will say also that, "if the hospital is the antechamber of scientific medicine, the laboratory is the real sanctuary of medical science". In the laboratory, the scientist explores and discovers the explanations about the nature of life phenomena both in normal and pathological conditions.
Claude Bernard occupied the seat 29 at the Académie française from 1868 and was succeeded by Ernest Renan. When he died in 1878, he was accorded a public funeral, an honor that had never before bestowed in France to a man of science, and his grave resides in Père Lachaise cemetery in Paris. He has been the father of a scientific revolution, and his heritage is still active nowadays in parallel with the current genetic revolution.
For a man of science, there is no separate science of medicine or physiology, there is only a science of life.
Claude Bernard 1865
V Geenen – University of Liege Center of Immunology, Institute of Pathology CHU-B23, B-4000 Liege-Sart Tilman, Belgium
Cover Image: Picture of Claude Bernard (1813 – 1878), the noted French physiologist; Source: Page 576 of An Introduction to the History of Medicine by Fielding Hudson Garrison; Credit: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bernard_Claude.jpg
1) Conti F. Claude Bernard: primer of the second biomedical revolution. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2001; 2: 703-708.
2) Canguilhem G. Un physiologiste philosophe. Claude Bernard. Dialogue 1967; 5: 555-572.
3) Bernard C. Introduction à l'Etude de la Médecine Expérimentale. Ballière, Paris, 1865.
4) L'association Claude Bernard
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