text:
"""Tests for benchmark logger."""

from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function

import json
import os
import tempfile
import time
import unittest

import mock
from absl.testing import flagsaver
import tensorflow as tf  # pylint: disable=g-bad-import-order

try:
  from google.cloud import bigquery
except ImportError:
  bigquery = None

from official.utils.flags import core as flags_core
from official.utils.logs import logger

class BenchmarkLoggerTest(tf.test.TestCase):

  @classmethod
  def setUpClass(cls):  # pylint: disable=invalid-name
    super(BenchmarkLoggerTest, cls).setUpClass()
    flags_core.define_benchmark()

  def test_get_default_benchmark_logger(self):
    with flagsaver.flagsaver(benchmark_logger_type='foo'):
      self.assertIsInstance(logger.get_benchmark_logger(),
                            logger.BaseBenchmarkLogger)

  def test_config_base_benchmark_logger(self):
    with flagsaver.flagsaver(benchmark_logger_type='BaseBenchmarkLogger'):
      logger.config_benchmark_logger()
      self.assertIsInstance(logger.get_benchmark_logger(),
                            logger.BaseBenchmarkLogger)

  def test_config_benchmark_file_logger(self):
    # Set the benchmark_log_dir first since the benchmark_logger_type will need
    # the value to be set when it does the validation.
    with flagsaver.flagsaver(benchmark_log_dir='/tmp'):
      with flagsaver.flagsaver(benchmark_logger_type='BenchmarkFileLogger'):
        logger.config_benchmark_logger()
        self.assertIsInstance(logger.get_benchmark_logger(),
                              logger.BenchmarkFileLogger)

  @unittest.skipIf(bigquery is None, 'Bigquery dependency is not installed.')
  @mock.patch.object(bigquery, "Client")
  def test_config_benchmark_bigquery_logger(self, mock_bigquery_client):
    with flagsaver.flagsaver(benchmark_logger_type='BenchmarkBigQueryLogger'):
      logger.config_benchmark_logger()
      self.assertIsInstance(logger.get_benchmark_logger(),
                            logger.BenchmarkBigQueryLogger)

  @mock.patch("official.utils.logs.logger.config_benchmark_logger")
  def test_benchmark_context(self, mock_config_benchmark_logger):
    mock_logger = mock.MagicMock()
    mock_config_benchmark_logger.return_value = mock_logger
    with logger.benchmark_context(None):
      tf.logging.info("start benchmarking")
    mock_logger.on_finish.assert_called_once_with(logger.RUN_STATUS_SUCCESS)

  @mock.patch("official.utils.logs.logger.config_benchmark_logger")
  def test_benchmark_context_failure(self, mock_config_benchmark_logger):
    mock_logger = mock.MagicMock()
    mock_config_benchmark_logger.return_value = mock_logger
    with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
      with logger.benchmark_context(None):
        raise RuntimeError("training error")
    mock_logger.on_finish.assert_called_once_with(logger.RUN_STATUS_FAILURE)

class BaseBenchmarkLoggerTest(tf.test.TestCase):

  def setUp(self):
    super(BaseBenchmarkLoggerTest, self).setUp()
    self._actual_log = tf.logging.info
    self.logged_message = None

    def mock_log(*args, **kwargs):
      self.logged_message = args
      self._actual_log(*args, **kwargs)

    tf.logging.info = mock_log

  def tearDown(self):
    super(BaseBenchmarkLoggerTest, self).tearDown()
    tf.logging.info = self._actual_log

  def test_log_metric(self):
    log = logger.BaseBenchmarkLogger()
    log.log_metric("accuracy", 0.999, global_step=1e4, extras={"name": "value"})

    expected_log_prefix = "Benchmark metric:"
    self.assertRegexpMatches(str(self.logged_message), expected_log_prefix)

class BenchmarkFileLoggerTest(tf.test.TestCase):

  def setUp(self):
    super(BenchmarkFileLoggerTest, self).setUp()
    # Avoid pulling extra env vars from test environment which affects the test
    # result, eg. Kokoro test has a TF_PKG env which affect the test case
    # test_collect_tensorflow_environment_variables()
    self.original_environ = dict(os.environ)
    os.environ.clear()

  def tearDown(self):
    super(BenchmarkFileLoggerTest, self).tearDown()
    tf.gfile.DeleteRecursively(self.get_temp_dir())
    os.environ.clear()
    os.environ.update(self.original_environ)

  def test_create_logging_dir(self):
    non_exist_temp_dir = os.path.join(self.get_temp_dir(), "unknown_dir")
    self.assertFalse(tf.gfile.IsDirectory(non_exist_temp_dir))

    logger.BenchmarkFileLogger(non_exist_temp_dir)
    self.assertTrue(tf.gfile.IsDirectory(non_exist_temp_dir))

  def test_log_metric(self):
    log_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(dir=self.get_temp_dir())
    log = logger.BenchmarkFileLogger(log_dir)
    log.log_metric("accuracy", 0.999, global_step=1e4, extras={"name": "value"})

    metric_log = os.path.join(log_dir, "metric.log")
    self.assertTrue(tf.gfile.Exists(metric_log))
    with tf.gfile.GFile(metric_log) as f:
      metric = json.loads(f.readline())
      self.assertEqual(metric["name"], "accuracy")
      self.assertEqual(metric["value"], 0.999)
      self.assertEqual(metric["unit"], None)
      self.assertEqual(metric["global_step"], 1e4)
      self.assertEqual(metric["extras"], [{"name": "name", "value": "value"}])

  def test_log_multiple_metrics(self):
    log_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(dir=self.get_temp_dir())
    log = logger.BenchmarkFileLogger(log_dir)
    log.log_metric("accuracy", 0.999, global_step=1e4, extras={"name": "value"})
    log.log_metric("loss", 0.02, global_step=1e4)

    metric_log = os.path.join(log_dir, "metric.log")
    self.assertTrue(tf.gfile.Exists(metric_log))
    with tf.gfile.GFile(metric_log) as f:
      accuracy = json.loads(f.readline())
      self.assertEqual(accuracy["name"], "accuracy")
      self.assertEqual(accuracy["value"], 0.999)
      self.assertEqual(accuracy["unit"], None)
      self.assertEqual(accuracy["global_step"], 1e4)
      self.assertEqual(accuracy["extras"], [{"name": "name", "value": "value"}])

      loss = json.loads(f.readline())
      self.assertEqual(loss["name"], "loss")
      self.assertEqual(loss["value"], 0.02)
      self.assertEqual(loss["unit"], None)
      self.assertEqual(loss["global_step"], 1e4)
      self.assertEqual(loss["extras"], [])

  def test_log_non_number_value(self):
    log_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(dir=self.get_temp_dir())
    log = logger.BenchmarkFileLogger(log_dir)
    const = tf.constant(1)
    log.log_metric("accuracy", const)

    metric_log = os.path.join(log_dir, "metric.log")
    self.assertFalse(tf.gfile.Exists(metric_log))

  def test_log_evaluation_result(self):
    eval_result = {"loss": 0.46237424,
                   "global_step": 207082,
                   "accuracy": 0.9285}
    log_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(dir=self.get_temp_dir())
    log = logger.BenchmarkFileLogger(log_dir)
    log.log_evaluation_result(eval_result)

    metric_log = os.path.join(log_dir, "metric.log")
    self.assertTrue(tf.gfile.Exists(metric_log))
    with tf.gfile.GFile(metric_log) as f:
      accuracy = json.loads(f.readline())
      self.assertEqual(accuracy["name"], "accuracy")
      self.assertEqual(accuracy["value"], 0.9285)
      self.assertEqual(accuracy["unit"], None)
      self.assertEqual(accuracy["global_step"], 207082)

      loss = json.loads(f.readline())
      self.assertEqual(loss["name"], "loss")
      self.assertEqual(loss["value"], 0.46237424)
      self.assertEqual(loss["unit"], None)
      self.assertEqual(loss["global_step"], 207082)

  def test_log_evaluation_result_with_invalid_type(self):
    eval_result = "{'loss': 0.46237424, 'global_step': 207082}"
    log_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(dir=self.get_temp_dir())
    log = logger.BenchmarkFileLogger(log_dir)
    log.log_evaluation_result(eval_result)

    metric_log = os.path.join(log_dir, "metric.log")
    self.assertFalse(tf.gfile.Exists(metric_log))

  @mock.patch("official.utils.logs.logger._gather_run_info")
  def test_log_run_info(self, mock_gather_run_info):
    log_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(dir=self.get_temp_dir())
    log = logger.BenchmarkFileLogger(log_dir)
    run_info = {"model_name": "model_name",
                "dataset": "dataset_name",
                "run_info": "run_value"}
    mock_gather_run_info.return_value = run_info
    log.log_run_info("model_name", "dataset_name", {})

    run_log = os.path.join(log_dir, "benchmark_run.log")
    self.assertTrue(tf.gfile.Exists(run_log))
    with tf.gfile.GFile(run_log) as f:
      run_info = json.loads(f.readline())
      self.assertEqual(run_info["model_name"], "model_name")
      self.assertEqual(run_info["dataset"], "dataset_name")
      self.assertEqual(run_info["run_info"], "run_value")

  def test_collect_tensorflow_info(self):
    run_info = {}
    logger._collect_tensorflow_info(run_info)
    self.assertNotEqual(run_info["tensorflow_version"], {})
    self.assertEqual(run_info["tensorflow_version"]["version"], tf.VERSION)
    self.assertEqual(run_info["tensorflow_version"]["git_hash"], tf.GIT_VERSION)

  def test_collect_run_params(self):
    run_info = {}
    run_parameters = {
        "batch_size": 32,
        "synthetic_data": True,
        "train_epochs": 100.00,
        "dtype": "fp16",
        "resnet_size": 50,
        "random_tensor": tf.constant(2.0)
    }
    logger._collect_run_params(run_info, run_parameters)
    self.assertEqual(len(run_info["run_parameters"]), 6)
    self.assertEqual(run_info["run_parameters"][0],
                     {"name": "batch_size", "long_value": 32})
    self.assertEqual(run_info["run_parameters"][1],
                     {"name": "dtype", "string_value": "fp16"})
    self.assertEqual(run_info["run_parameters"][2],
                     {"name": "random_tensor", "string_value":
                          "Tensor(\"Const:0\", shape=(), dtype=float32)"})
    self.assertEqual(run_info["run_parameters"][3],
                     {"name": "resnet_size", "long_value": 50})
    self.assertEqual(run_info["run_parameters"][4],
                     {"name": "synthetic_data", "bool_value": "True"})
    self.assertEqual(run_info["run_parameters"][5],
                     {"name": "train_epochs", "float_value": 100.00})

  def test_collect_tensorflow_environment_variables(self):
    os.environ["TF_ENABLE_WINOGRAD_NONFUSED"] = "1"
    os.environ["TF_OTHER"] = "2"
    os.environ["OTHER"] = "3"

    run_info = {}
    logger._collect_tensorflow_environment_variables(run_info)
    self.assertIsNotNone(run_info["tensorflow_environment_variables"])
    expected_tf_envs = [
        {"name": "TF_ENABLE_WINOGRAD_NONFUSED", "value": "1"},
        {"name": "TF_OTHER", "value": "2"},
    ]
    self.assertEqual(run_info["tensorflow_environment_variables"],
                     expected_tf_envs)

  @unittest.skipUnless(tf.test.is_built_with_cuda(), "requires GPU")
  def test_collect_gpu_info(self):
    run_info = {"machine_config": {}}
    logger._collect_gpu_info(run_info)
    self.assertNotEqual(run_info["machine_config"]["gpu_info"], {})

  def test_collect_memory_info(self):
    run_info = {"machine_config": {}}
    logger._collect_memory_info(run_info)
    self.assertIsNotNone(run_info["machine_config"]["memory_total"])
    self.assertIsNotNone(run_info["machine_config"]["memory_available"])

@unittest.skipIf(bigquery is None, 'Bigquery dependency is not installed.')
class BenchmarkBigQueryLoggerTest(tf.test.TestCase):

  def setUp(self):
    super(BenchmarkBigQueryLoggerTest, self).setUp()
    # Avoid pulling extra env vars from test environment which affects the test
    # result, eg. Kokoro test has a TF_PKG env which affect the test case
    # test_collect_tensorflow_environment_variables()
    self.original_environ = dict(os.environ)
    os.environ.clear()

    self.mock_bq_uploader = mock.MagicMock()
    self.logger = logger.BenchmarkBigQueryLogger(
        self.mock_bq_uploader, "dataset", "run_table", "run_status_table",
        "metric_table", "run_id")

  def tearDown(self):
    super(BenchmarkBigQueryLoggerTest, self).tearDown()
    tf.gfile.DeleteRecursively(self.get_temp_dir())
    os.environ.clear()
    os.environ.update(self.original_environ)

  def test_log_metric(self):
    self.logger.log_metric(
        "accuracy", 0.999, global_step=1e4, extras={"name": "value"})
    expected_metric_json = [{
        "name": "accuracy",
        "value": 0.999,
        "unit": None,
        "global_step": 1e4,
        "timestamp": mock.ANY,
        "extras": [{"name": "name", "value": "value"}]
    }]
    # log_metric will call upload_benchmark_metric_json in a separate thread.
    # Give it some grace period for the new thread before assert.
    time.sleep(1)
    self.mock_bq_uploader.upload_benchmark_metric_json.assert_called_once_with(
        "dataset", "metric_table", "run_id", expected_metric_json)

  @mock.patch("official.utils.logs.logger._gather_run_info")
  def test_log_run_info(self, mock_gather_run_info):
    run_info = {"model_name": "model_name",
                "dataset": "dataset_name",
                "run_info": "run_value"}
    mock_gather_run_info.return_value = run_info
    self.logger.log_run_info("model_name", "dataset_name", {})
    # log_metric will call upload_benchmark_metric_json in a separate thread.
    # Give it some grace period for the new thread before assert.
    time.sleep(1)
    self.mock_bq_uploader.upload_benchmark_run_json.assert_called_once_with(
        "dataset", "run_table", "run_id", run_info)
    self.mock_bq_uploader.insert_run_status.assert_called_once_with(
        "dataset", "run_status_table", "run_id", "running")

  def test_on_finish(self):
    self.logger.on_finish(logger.RUN_STATUS_SUCCESS)
    # log_metric will call upload_benchmark_metric_json in a separate thread.
    # Give it some grace period for the new thread before assert.
    time.sleep(1)
    self.mock_bq_uploader.update_run_status.assert_called_once_with(
        "dataset", "run_status_table", "run_id", logger.RUN_STATUS_SUCCESS)

if __name__ == "__main__":
  tf.test.main()


text:
Mr. Johann Christoph Michalski takes office as Vinda International's CEO
(1 October 2015 – Hong Kong) Vinda International Holdings Limited ("Vinda International" or the "Company", which together with its subsidiaries, is collectively referred to as the "Group"; stock code: 3331) is pleased to announce that Mr. Johann Christoph Michalski takes office as the Company's Chief Executive Officer today.
Mr. Li Chao Wang, Chairman of the Group said, "I am very glad that Mr. Michalski joins us as our Chief Executive Officer today. The Board and I truly believe that Mr. Michalski will contribute new ideas and add fresh impetus to Vinda with his passion and rich experience in fast-moving consumer goods industry and international perspective. We are looking forward to working with him to scale new heights in the four business segments of household paper, incontinence care, feminine care and baby care in the next three decades."
Mr. Johann Christoph Michalski said, "Vinda is a very special company and I feel deeply honoured to have been appointed as the Company's Chief Executive Officer. I would like to thank Chairman Li and the board of directors for their trust in me. Since I joined the board in 2008, I have been admiring Vinda and its people for their courage, hard work, and promptness in execution of their duties and most of all for their integrity towards Vinda, customers and consumers. I will do my utmost to work with Vinda team for the Company's future, and will remain committed to developing it into a leading tissue business in China. At the same time, we will relentlessly build up the presence of our personal care business in China and overseas markets with the aim of increasing the shareholder value."
Mr. Michalski has been a non-executive director of the Group since 2008. He has been working in the fast-moving consumer goods industry for more than 20 years. Prior to joining Vinda, he was the president of Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget (''SCA''), in charge of the division of global hygiene product category and overseeing the global marketing and research and development of the products. Previously, Mr. Michalski had worked for Fonterra, a dairy group in New Zealand and Unilever, a global fast-moving consumer goods company. He has extensive management experience in marketing, business development and product innovation. In addition, Mr. Michalski has once been appointed as the president of SCA's business unit in Asia Pacific and is well versed in the direction of Vinda International's development and the fast-moving consumer goods markets in China and other areas of Asia.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Walmart turns to blockchain for its green salad
Simon Brew | Blockchain, News on Sep 25th, 2018 at 6:56 am
If you want to supply leafy greens to Walmart in the future, then there's a blockchain you need to sign up for…
Whilst many companies are still undecided just what their position is regarding cryptocurrencies, there's a growing enthusiasm for adopting blockchain technology. Retail giant Walmart is the latest to embrace a big blockchain project, as it looks to add full traceability to its leafy green supply chain.
It's written to its suppliers of greens, and asked them to sign up to a platform that it's been working with IBM on for the past year and a half. It's working on the project too with Sam's Club, and suppliers of leafy green produce will need to add requisite data about their food to the blockchain within the next 12 months. The aim of the blockchain is to quickly identify and stamp out any potential food poisoning outbreaks. That if an outbreak of something such as salmonella breaks out, it'll be possible to very, very quickly identify the farm that's the source of it, and stop the supply of their produce.
In the letter it's penned to its suppliers, Walmart wrote that "there is no question that there is a strong public-health and business-case for enhanced food traceability". Furthermore, that under the new system, it expects to be able to trace products "in seconds" rather than days.
Companies who want to continue supplying leafy greens to Walmart have until September 30th 2019 to sign up and conform to the new system. It's unclear who is going to help farms with the cost of signing up to the ledger, but we could hazard a guess as to who'll end up paying…
Walmart to launch 'smarter' shipping using blockchain
Walmart has filed a patent indicating that the retail company wants to use blockchain technology…
Russia to use blockchain for 2018 exit poll data
A polling research centre in Russia will use blockchain technology to monitor exit poll results…
Christie's to launch blockchain program for art auction
Christie's Auction House has launched a new pilot program in collaboration with Artory that will…
« U.S. Congressman to lead pro-blockchain and crypto legislation
Reviews & Press Releases:
SoundVault Joins Bitfury Surround as First Strategic Partner
ConsenSys Joins Hyperledger as a Premier Member
TrueProfile.io announces new integration with uPort to enable its members to unify their digital identities
ISOLAS showcases Gibraltar's growing DLT developments


text:
Understand the USA Historically
President Andrew Johnson Initially Agreed With The
Posted byadmin	 April 20, 2019
Alaska Purchase. This famous transaction was initiated by William Seward and President Andrew Johnson who approved a treaty with Russia for the purchase of Russia's American territories to the Senate, for ratification, The territories were called Alaska, and included a massive tract of land in the extreme Northwest of the North American continent.
President Andrew Johnson was impeached by the House on the ground that he had violated the "Tenure of Office" Act879 by dismissing a Cabinet chief. The theory of the proponents of impeachment was succinctly put by Representative Butler, one of the managers of the impeachment in the Senate trial.
Maryland Signers Of The Constitution More than 200 organizations, including the Center for Media and Democracy, signed onto a letter in April 2017 denouncing an Article V convention at this time as "a dangerous threat to the US. The attorneys general of the District of Columbia and Maryland plan to file subpoenas Tuesday seeking. D.C., hotel amounts to gifts to
With the statehood constitution approved locally, it traveled to Washington, D.C., where it passed both houses only to be pocket-vetoed by President Andrew Johnson. Massachusetts. Both legislative.
National Government Under The Articles Of Confederation Under the short-lived Articles of Confederation, the federal government did not have an executive branch. They agreed generally that national authority needed to be strengthened—but they did not. Having declared its independence, the nation proceeded to set up its new government. Its first attempt is found in the Articles of Confederation. Under Article IX. Public
After Vice President Andrew Johnson took the oath of office in the Senate chamber and gave a rambling, drunken speech, officials proceeded to the east front of the Capitol for the presidential inauguration.
The process was begun only three times in U.S. history against a president — against Andrew Johnson, Richard Nixon (although he resigned before Congress could formally act) and Bill Clinton. The impeachment process begins in the House of Representatives with a vote to impeach.
Quarterback Luis Perez and wide receivers Charles Johnson and Greg Ward became available when the AAF ceased operations last week, just eight weeks into its inaugural season. The New England Patriots.
Andrew Johnson was the first president in U.S. history to be impeached. the Contra rebels in Nicaragua against the Cuba-backed government. Confused? Reagan initially denied the arms-for-hostages.
In 1863, President Lincoln issued a proclamation of general amnesty to those who rebelled against the Union; President Andrew Johnson, on Christmas Day 1868. 122, 122–23. Although initially passed.
Tenure of office confers power. Presidential tenure is protected by a rigorous impeachment procedure. Conviction requires a two-thirds vote of the senators present. President Andrew Johnson escaped conviction by a single vote. In 1974, President Nixon, facing impeachment and almost certain conviction, became the first president to resign.
LOS ANGELES – The phone call still bothers Andrew. president of basketball operations (Magic Johnson) and their general manager (Rob Pelinka) for a simple reason. "I was basically lied to," Bogut.
Russia initially approached the United States about selling the territory during President James Buchanan's administration, but the Civil War stalled negotiations. Seward, secretary of state under presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson, supported.
That is one reasonI have just recently formed conclusions regarding Buena Regional High School wrestler Andrew. that Johnson's hair does not violate any rule. No one, absolutely no one, should have.
Congress referred to this committee the credentials of senators and representatives from former Confederate states that had been reconstructed according to President Andrew John-son's mild Reconstruction program. Source for information on Joint Committee on Reconstruction: Dictionary of American History dictionary.
After many Cherokees refused to abandon their land, the U.S. Army, acting under orders from President Andrew Johnson. many such "boomers" were initially expelled, pressure mounted until the U.S.
May 22, 2017 · I n 1868, Republicans in Congress had the power to replace Andrew Johnson, a Democrat who had run with Abraham Lincoln on the National Union ticket, with a Republican president…
Better: It's like blaming the Unabomber on the Montana Territory — pinning fault on a sort-of-recognizable. recoiled against Reconstruction policies (with the sympathies of Andrew Johnson, who.
After the U.S. Senate's and President Andrew Johnson's approval, Alaska officially became U.S. territory on October 18, 1867. Alaska became the U.S.' 49th state in 1959. In the U.S., the purchase of.
Land was even set aside, but the promise was recanted by President Andrew Johnson. Ever since. many decades later, despite being initially unpopular—showing that repayment of age-old claims is not.
Apr 29, 2015 · The assassination of Abraham Lincoln by actor John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865, is one of the most studied events in US history. This year marks the 150th anniversary of the event. Even though it seems like we've heard every detail of the.
Delegates initially beat back the police storming the hall. voted unanimously for Lincoln's re-nomination (and ultimately supported Andrew Johnson of Tennessee for vice president). Lincoln.
But it's also widely agreed that in impeaching Johnson over political differences, they overreached. As Republican Senator Lyman Trumbull of Illinois said in urging acquittal, conviction would have.
In January 2015, he was named the executive vice president. Johnson and Greg Ward became available when the AAF ceased operations last week, just eight weeks into its inaugural season. The New.
Value Benjamin Franklin Half Dollar There are a large number of 1 cent stamps with Franklin. the value is going to vary a great deal based on exactly which one it is. Chances are it is a very common stamp that can be purchased for a. Can anyone picture the Koch brothers, Warren Buffet, and their ilk — the closest
Congress initially set the court at six justices with the Judiciary. Chase, who believed, mistakenly, that the move might increase the jurists' salaries — so President Andrew Johnson couldn't.
Mar 31, 2009 · Lincoln, to his credit, stood by Johnson saying after the event, "I have known Andrew Johnson for many years. He made a slip the other day, but you need not be scared; Andy ain't a drunkard." As Vice President, Andrew Johnson rose to prominence by the fateful events at the Ford Theater on April 14 th, 1865. Lincoln was not the only public.
By handing patronage to politicians with extreme political viewpoints, Pierce quickly alienated his party's moderates. Then, his vice president, William Rufus King, died of tuberculosis. Kansas-Nebraska Act. It would be the President's old rival, Democrat Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois, who damaged the Pierce administration beyond repair.
Team president Earvin "Magic" Johnson needs to have another strong. D-Howard will be a Laker by tomorrow. [Andrew] Bynum will be in Philly. And we'll all expect a Lakers/Heat Finals."
Jan 20, 2019 · Johnson's acquittal, however narrow, confirmed that a president must not be removed for mere policy differences—thus setting a high standard. Consequently, for.
LOS ANGELES —The phone call still bothers Andrew. Lakers' president of basketball operations (Magic Johnson) or their general manager (Rob Pelinka) for a simple reason. "I was basically lied to,".
Abraham Lincoln Great Grandson It has been in the safe custody of the Smithsonian Institution since 1958—a gift from Lincoln's great-grandson Lincoln Isham. Harry Rubenstein, chief curator of the museum's bicentennial exhibition. LOCKPORT, N.Y. (AP) The great-grandson of a Civil War veteran is donating a cache. Emerson says one of the letters is interrupted midway with news that President
The Confederate president, Jefferson Davis. Presidential Reconstruction: Andrew Johnson Following Lincoln's death, Andrew Johnson initially pursued a policy of reconstruction similar to that of.
Mar 21, 2019 · Andrew Johnson gives truth to the saying that in America, anyone can grow up to become President.
President Andrew Johnson considered Mary Surratt the keeper of "the nest that hatched the egg." Numerous witnesses reported Booth, Herold, Powell and other conspirators as frequent visitors to Surratt's boarding house in Washington. Evidence of association with conspirators would, of course, not by itself sustain a conviction.
Posted byadmin April 20, 2019 Posted inAmerican History
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text:
Q: Properly configure Minecraft skyblock server I have a 1.19.2 skyblock spigot server. The way i installed it is i simply copied this map into my server directory: https://skyblock.net/dl21/
The problem with this is, that it will still genrate terrain fairly close to spawn, so people can just easily cross over to the regular minecraft world.
Also, since the download did not contain a nether map, the nether is generated as normal (making it even easier to reach the mainland).
So how can I disable terrain generation in both the overworld and the nether?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Arguably the most endangered incumbent in the country, Pennsylvania's Governor Tom Corbett faced off with his Democratic challenger Tom Wolf in the first of three televised debates Tuesday… and the sparks did fly. The candidates differed over cuts to education, taxes, the minimum wage and the overall economic direction of the Commonwealth.
The Republican governor took on his businessman opponent before a crowd at the Pennsylvania Chamber of Commerce dinner, telling the audience the state economy is better off now than it was four years ago.
Corbett, at times, behaved more like a challenger than a sitting governor, going on offense early and challenging Wolf on numbers in his economic plans and Wolf's charges against education funding.
But Wolf, a political neophyte who has never been elected to public office before, is not your typical Democrat and went out of his way to demonstrate his independence from Labor. Wolf, who self-funded his campaign for the most part, spent more than $10 million of his own money to win the Democratic nomination.
During the discussion on education funding, Corbett grew frustrated and chastised Wolf for a lack of specificity in his answers.
"We're not hearing any answers on how we get there," Corbett said.
But Wolf continued the attempts to endear himself to the pro-business audience by criticizing Corbett's inability to grow revenue.
Even while acknowledging his support for an increase in the Federal Minimum Wage, Wolf made sure the fears of the business owners in the room were allayed by returning to his own private sector experience.
The latest polling shows Wolf with a 21-point lead according to a Morning Call survey released on September 19th. If Wolf succeeds in November, Corbett would become the first Pennsylvania governor to lose re-election since the state constitution was changed in 1968 to allow governors to seek a second term.


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Roger Misso
Breaking the Curse of Zheng He: The Enduring Necessity of a Strong American Navy
Once upon a time, there was a great and powerful nation. With booming trade, strong defense, and unparalleled pride, this land stood apart from all others as the finest in the world. As others struggled with disease, conflict, and stagnant economies, this country shone as a beacon in a storm. And importantly, its Navy was the envy of the world, protecting trade and sailing the high seas.
Monument to Admiral Zheng He in Melaka, Malaysia (Hasaan Saeed/Wikimedia)
This nation was China, during the Ming dynasty in the 14th Century. The leader of its Navy was the quasi-mythical Zheng He, a palace eunuch who rose to glorious power, but was eventually erased from the history books.
The rise and fall of Zheng He has striking parallels to the rise and fall of the United States Navy today. To avoid repeating the unfortunate history of seafaring superpowers, the United States must embrace the role of its Navy as an essential instrument of a successful, enduring nation.
In the middle of the fourteenth century in China, at the end of a line of harsh Mongol rulers, the Ming dynasty rose to power. One of the first acts of the new emperor, Zhu Di, was to build a massive naval armada. Rather than rely only on overland routes, he intended to exercise trade, diplomacy, and prove the sheer awe of Chinese power through his navy.
He nominated a palace eunuch who had risen in favor with the new regime, a Chinese Muslim by the name of Zheng He, to lead this force. Zheng was rumored to have "stood seven feet tall," and his ability to speak both Chinese and Arabic was seen as a prudent choice for an expedition that would sail the Indian Ocean and interact with other Arabic-speaking peoples.[1]
Zheng He's fleet boasted more than 300 vessels. Unlike the typical European ships of the day, his were of enormous, complex construction and opulent adornment. Each ship housed more than sailors—doctors, soldiers, engineers, and statesmen made Zheng He's fleet a floating arm of Chinese influence. Indeed, for more than 30 years, China dominated the sea lanes to its west, ensuring safe passage of its trading vessels and even engaging in limited conflict to secure favorable bases of support for its large fleet.[2]
China's dominance of the seas was short lived, however. New emperors came to power who viewed naval voyages as "extravagances."[3] Rather than respect the value of a navy to a great power, rulers began to look inward. Political power was legitimized by building things Chinese subjects could physically see and attribute to the greatness of the emperor, as opposed to a Navy that operated far from China's shores.
It is a historical irony that the Ming dynasty traded what was the world's greatest naval power, and used their treasure to connect and finish the Great Wall into what it is recognized as today. Soon, internecine conflict and pride erased nearly any mention of Zheng He and the grand Chinese armada from the national memory.[4] For much of the next 600 years, China's focus would remain within, even as their relative global power all but evaporated.[5]
The Parallels
The lessons of Zheng He's China teach a great deal about how a global superpower maintains its own geopolitical interests in the face of shifting domestic priorities. A strong Navy is a decisive component of the military instrument of national power, based on its unmatched ability to project power around the globe.
From John Paul Jones to The Great White Fleet to today's Navy, it is easy to view the lens of America's Navy as another incarnation of Zheng He's: an awe-inspiring representation of the nation's technological and economic might. The founders of the United States recognized the importance of a Navy to a prosperous nation, specifically enunciating in the Constitution that Congress must "provide and maintain a Navy."
Yet, as in Zheng He's time, competing policy choices and uncertainty as to America's role in the world has eroded the commitment to maintain a naval force representative of the country's geopolitical interests. Austerity and sequestration have slashed budgets with scant regard for shipbuilding, maintenance, and future fleet architecture. 650 years later, the United States Navy has fewer ships to its name than Zheng He's armada.[6]
The decline in quantity and quality of America's ships-of-the-line will do great harm to the American people. The United States Navy is the bellwether of American power, protecting the nation from harm and safeguarding global commerce. The tragedy of both Zheng He and contemporary American navalists is their failure to adequately convince the population of the necessity of its Navy.
Thomas Jefferson once wrote that "industry, commerce, and security are the surest roads to the happiness and prosperity of people."[7] The Navy has been the guarantor of American happiness and prosperity since the nation's earliest days. Yet, as the visible vestiges of American commerce have transformed from small markets and shops to massive online storefronts with inventory shipped by robots from warehouses, the average citizen's concept of how commerce is enabled may be declining.
To this citizen, the ubiquitous nature of the Internet and online commerce might seem to suggest that modern military forces are becoming obsolete in the face of digital citizenship. Few people think about the steps between pressing "purchase" and receiving a good at their doorstep. In a tumultuous political climate, this leads many to clamor for decreased military spending and a more insular focus on domestic affairs. Yet this sentiment erodes the very naval service that ensures massive online commerce can thrive in the first place.
The percentage and volume of global trade by sea has shown no signs of slowing down. Whether iPhones, oil, or automobiles, most of the imported items belonging to a typical household have come to this country by sea. These items are carried on ships without guns or inherent self-defense measures. These ships transit through chokepoints controlled by nations with their own interests, who would rather leverage their own power at the expense of America's supply of Apple devices.
World shipping routes (T. Hengel/Wikimedia)
The importance of a Navy is not a difficult concept. For example, if a saboteur has blocked both ends of the street on which you live, you may think of three potential responses: 1) stay home; 2) find another way out, though you are likely to leave the house less often and bring fewer things with you; 3) fight back. For businesses and nations who ship goods by sea, the first two options are unprofitable and untenable. It is only through a strong Navy that the third option is possible.
The consequences of a declining Navy are perceptible and stark. Though it took a few centuries, China's inward focus eventually led to the crumbling of their sovereignty and, eventually, occupation by a foreign power. More contemporary examples, such as Great Britain and Spain, are instructive as they show nations on the declining slope of naval power dependent on a foreign power—the United States—to maintain freedom of the seas in accordance with its own interests.
If the United States abdicates its role as global naval power, either deliberately or through unchecked erosion of capability and credibility, she risks a radical plummeting of national and economic might. Nature and the sea both abhor a vacuum; in yet another irony, if the United States cannot maintain the global sea lanes, China may take its place as guarantor. An American economy and national security dependent on Chinese interests and the application of Chinese naval power would be weak and brittle, bringing extreme hardship to the American people.
U.S. Navy ships and aircraft. (Navy.com)
More than ever, a strong Navy is required to protect the millions of tons of shipping that make possible American economy, infrastructure, and the basic political lives of her people. A citizenry may grow weary of land wars, but it cannot forsake trade and security. Nations that cannot protect open, unfettered access to the sea will fail. For these reasons, the United States Navy is not a nicety; it is a necessity.
History provides clear channel markers for decision makers today. The United States cannot repeat the curse of Zheng He; she must clearly articulate and re-prioritize a strong Navy that is present, capable, and credible.
Roger L. Misso is a naval officer, aviator, and speechwriter. He is currently a student at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and a featured contributor to The Strategy Bridge. The views expressed in this article are the authors and do not represent the views of the U.S. Navy, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government.
Header Image: Treasure fleet of Admiral Zheng He (Caravan Daily)
[1] Stockwell, Foster. Westerners in China: A History of Exploration and Trade, Ancient times through the Present. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Publishers, 2003.
[2] Suryadinata, Leo. Admiral Zheng He and Southeast Asia. ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute, 2005.
[4] Turturici, Armando Alessandro. "China Across Sea in Early Ming Dynasty - the Figure of Zheng He." Quarterly Journal of Chinese Studies, no. 3 (Spring, 2016): 111-114.
[6] "Status of the Navy." Navy.mil. Accessed online 4 Nov 2016. http://www.navy.mil/navydata/nav_legacy.asp?id=146
[7] "From Thomas Jefferson to Francisco Chiappe, 9 September 1789." National Archives Online. Accessed online 4 Nov 2016. http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-15-02-0386
Tagged: Navy, Naval Strategy, History, Military History, Zheng He
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Digital health headlines were dominated by Elizabeth Holmes, founder and chief executive of Theranos, who has been charged with "massive fraud" by US authorities and forced to relinquish control of the blood-testing company.
The US government's Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has taken decisive action years after suspicions about the firm and its leadership were first raised, with claims about the supposedly groundbreaking blood-testing technology exposed as falsehoods.
Holmes founded the company in 2003, claiming her technology could revolutionise medicine, replacing blood being taken from a vein and hundreds of separate blood tests with a simple finger prick – but the company and its claims were eventually exposed as a sham.
The company's former President Ramesh "Sunny" Balwani has been charged with raising more than $700 million from investors through what the SEC called an "elaborate, years-long fraud in which they exaggerated or made false statements about the company's technology, business, and financial performance".
Theranos and Holmes have agreed to settle the charges without admitting or denying wrongdoing. Holmes has also agreed to give up majority voting control over the company, and to reduce her equity in the firm.
The company has been under investigation since October 2015, when the Wall Street Journal discovered that most of the tests Theranos claimed to perform on its Edison machines were actually being performed by standard blood-testing machines.
The FDA subsequently raised serious concerns about the accuracy of testing that Theranos did conduct with its machines, and the company eventually retracted two years of blood tests.
Hailed as the next Steve Jobs, Holmes was the cover star of countless magazines and media profiles which extolled her company's innovation, and used this inflated media hype around the technology to help raise funds.
The charges represent the end of the road for Holmes' elaborate confidence trick, and she must now pay a $500,000 penalty, along with the return of her controlling stake and surrender of her voting power.
She will also be barred for 10 years from serving as an officer or director of a public company.
A Harvard Business School graduate, Bodson only joined Novartis in January, and has already begun to shape the company's digital strategy, having built a reputation in digital innovation and culture change across companies such as Sainsbury's, Argos, Amazon and EMI Music.
Matthias Leuenberger, delegate for Novartis Switzerland, will assume the role of country president for Switzerland, left vacant following Wyss's departure.
While the US regulator first launched the similar Breakthrough Therapy Designation for innovative medicines six years ago, the fast-track for devices was only formalised in late 2017.
Biospectrix does not require culturing and identifies a broad range of bacteria directly from the patient sample in less than 60 minutes , as opposed to the 2-6 days currently needed for culture.
Faster use of an appropriate antibiotic could help cut bacteria-related deaths, complications, and treatment costs.
37% of patients who need antibiotics for sepsis are not getting them within an hour, and recent investigations found many hospitals are not carrying out screening on all patients.
3i Diagnostics' device is also a potential candidate for England's new Accelerated Access pathway for 'strategically important, transformative products', which will be launched in April.


Daymare Town Cheats, Codes, Hints and Walkthroughs for PC Games.
13. Leave the office and then enter the torture room that's straight ahead.
32. Place the plate you found in the scary area in the circle.
and the locked door. Use the key you found in the drain to open it.
52. Look behind the wall and you'll see a stand with buttons running up its length.


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Vice President Pence to visit border detention facility
by: Mike Jimenez
Posted: Jul 11, 2019 / 06:27 PM CDT / Updated: Jul 11, 2019 / 06:27 PM CDT
MCALLEN, Texas — Preparations are underway as Vice President Mike Pence, along with a delegation of U.S. Senators, are scheduled to be in the Rio Grande Valley on Friday, July 12. The delegation will visit to see the current conditions at a detention facility in McAllen. This visit comes after several negative reports of the conditions at border detention facilities.
The VP is also expected to participate in a round table discussion. However some activist groups say they are not convinced this visit will bring about any positive change.
Martha Sanchez, LUPE, "It doesn't transfer to any better treatment of the families so our expectations are not very high."
The LUPE organization will be countering the visits with protest saying they can do better when it comes to the treatment of individuals in detention facilities.
"We in the rio grande valley don't agree in the way the families are being treated we feel that families especially children should be protected not to be mistreated." says Sanchez.
One of the U.S. Senators joining the vice president will be Senator John Cornyn. He says congress needs to focus resources to the border to deal with the flow of migrants. Calling the $4.6 billion dollar immigration funding passed by congress last month a band-aid.
"It doesn't deal with the underlying causes of the flood of humanity coming across the border." said Senator Cornyn.
LUPE says they hope the vice president will come with and open mind and look at different perspectives into resolving the flow of migrants.
Sanchez adds, "We really need to look at the root of the problem of what is driving people out of their own countries. As long as we continue to put band aids on this issue we are going to continue to see families venturing this way."
Sanchez adds she hopes this visit is not just another photo opportunity and this visit is different from previous visits by the administration.
Texas Education Agency implementing Do Not Hire Registry


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De Sint-Lambertuskerk is de parochiekerk van het tot de Antwerpse gemeente Berlaar behorende dorp Gestel, gelegen aan de Lambertusplaats 2.

Geschiedenis
De toren en het middenschip werden in de 15e eeuw gebouwd, in de 16e eeuw kwam het koor tot stand. In 1778 werd de noordelijke en in 1785 de zuidelijke transeptarm gebouwd.

Van 1797-1800 (beloken tijd) was de kerk gesloten. Van 1910-1915 werden neogotische zijbeuken toegevoegd naar ontwerp van Edward Careels.

In 1940 werd de kerk zwaar beschadigd. De toren werd grotendeels verwoest maar snel daarna hersteld.

Gebouw
Het betreft een georiënteerde gotische kruiskerk met voorgebouwde westtoren. Het koor is hoger dan het schip. De kerk is grotendeels gebouwd in zandsteen maar het koor en de noordelijke transeptarm werden in baksteen uitgevoerd.

De westtoren heeft drie geledingen en wordt gedekt door een tentdak. De neogotische zijbeuken zijn gebouwd als zijbeuken met puntgevels.

Interieur
Het middenschip wordt overkluisd door een tongewelf met 18e-eeuws stucwerk.

De kerk bezit het schilderij Sint-Bruno in gebed, door Gillis Backereel (1650). Van dezelfde schilder een Maria Tenhemelopneming. Verder Aanbidding der wijzen (17e eeuw), Heilige Familie met kleine Johannes (18e eeuw) en op het hoofdaltaar de Marteldood van Sint-Lambertus (1780).

Aan beelden: een gepolychromeerd houten beeld van Maria met Kind, door Nicolaas van der Veken (omstreeks 1680). Verder 17e-eeuwse heiligenbeelden in terracotta, kruisbeelden uit de 17e en 18e eeuw en houten heiligenbeelden uit de 19e en 20e eeuw.

Het hoofdaltaar van gemarmerd hout is van omstreeks 1780. De noordelijke en zuidelijke zijaltaren zijn gewijd aan respectievelijk Onze-Lieve-Vrouw en Sint-Bruno. Deze marmeren portiekaltaren zijn uit het midden van de 17e eeuw. Het koorgestoelte is van 1690. Een biechtstoel van 1688 is voorzien van twee hermen. Het doksaal is uit de 2e helft van de 18e eeuw.

De kerk heeft 17e- en 18e-eeuwse grafstenen.

Kerkhof
De kerk ligt nabij de Grote Nete en wordt omringd door een kerkhof. Hier bevindt zich ook de neogotische grafkapel van de familie de Bieberstein Le Grelle.

Lambertus
Onroerend erfgoed in Berlaar
Beschermd monument in Vlaanderen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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You are here: Home / The Pixar Times / Awards / Toy Story 3 Wins At The Golden Globes
Toy Story 3 Wins At The Golden Globes
January 16, 2011 by Samad Rizvi 9 Comments
At the 68th Annual Golden Globes tonight, Toy Story 3 was nominated for an award. From the very first moments that viewers began to gaze upon Pixar's latest film, there was talk of the film winning big awards. Critics across the country have lauded the film as the best animated film of the year, with some saying that it was the best film of the year. Part of that has been realized tonight, as the Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA) has named Toy Story 3 the Best Animated Feature Film of 2010.
The nominees in the category were:
As the director of the film, Lee Unkrich accepted the award. He thanked the Hollywood Foreign Press for the award and was grateful for the opportunity to direct the film. I will have a full transcript of his acceptance speech a bit later tonight.
The big award for Toy Story 3 bodes well for the film's prospects come Oscar night. Not only is it gunning for a win in the animated film category at the Academy Awards, but there is a big push by Disney and Pixar for the film to land a nomination for Best Picture.
Pixar has swept up award after award for Best Animated Film, winning every time since the category was instituted. The critically acclaimed animation studio has held on tight and not allowed anyone else to taste a win.
The winners in the category have been:
Congratulations to Pixar and Lee Unkrich!
Update 2 (11:45 PM): Click here to watch Lee Unkrich's speech in full. (Thanks to Josh for sending in the link.)
Update 1 (9:45 PM): Here is the transcript for the awards acceptance speech made by Unkrich:
Wow, were you two even born when the first Toy Story came out? (Referring to the young presenters)
Thank you to the Hollywood Foreign Press for this award. You guys have been so kind to us over the years. To everyone at Disney and Pixar, Bob Iger, Rich Ross, Ed Catmull, and especially John Lasseter for trusting me with Toy Story 3. To my producer Darla Anderson, my amazing screenwriter Michael Arndt, and my fabulously talented crew. You guys were amazing and you deserved this alongside me.
(Laughs) That sounded terrible – "deserved this." I gotta pull out my card here before I completely screw this up.
To Randy Newman: thank you for your amazing music. My incredible cast, anchored by Tom Hanks and Tim Allen. (Applause) I love you all for the humor and the emotional honesty that you brought to the film. To my parents, my wife Laura, my three beautiful children. Every single day you teach me something new about life.
And to audience members all over the world who came out in historic numbers and embraced an animated movie that beat with a human heart. Thank you so much.
Award speeches have the ability to quickly take a downturn due to all of the pressure, the shining spotlight, and the emotions that winners are feeling on stage. However, Lee delivered a speech that was sincere and from the heart. Easily one of the best speeches of the night.
Now, having two young people (Justin Bieber and Hailee Steinfeld) present the award was an interesting choice by the show. Perpetuating the myth that animated films are for kids? Or simply coincidence? I doubt it is the latter, as when the presenters appeared I had more than an inkling that it was to present the award for Best Animated Film. Alas, this is a conversation for another time. Tonight was a good night for Toy Story 3 and Lee Unkrich, so let us keep it positive!
Lee just shared this picture from his table at the show:
Looks like Big Baby's having a good night.
Note (1/17/11 7:15 PM): An earlier edition of the article stated that Pixar has won the Golden Globe for Best Animated Feature Film for four years in a row. It seems I was underselling their success, as the studio has won it for FIVE straight years. The Academy Awards is where Pixar has picked up Best Animated Film for four straight years. Thanks to alert reader JJ87 below for alerting me.
Filed Under: Awards, Toy Story 3 Tagged With: Golden Globes, toy story 3 awards
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About Samad Rizvi
Samad is the Founder and Editor-in-Chief of The Pixar Times and The Disney Times. His favorite films include The Lord of the Rings Trilogy, Vertigo, Back to the Future, Children of Men, Pan's Labyrinth, and of course, Pixar's Toy Story and Inside Out.


With a few weeks to go before the Aaron Sorkin penned Steve Jobs biopic hits the big screen, Universal Pictures earlier today released the second official trailer for the highly anticipated film about the Apple co-founder.
Notably, the film, naturally titled Steve Jobs, won't be a traditional cradle to grave type of biopic. Instead, Sorkin, who knows a thing or two about storytelling, has crafted a film that will mostly focus on three of Jobs' biggest product announcements, including the original Macintosh. Based on what we've seen so far in the two released trailers, the film will also touch a bit on how Jobs' personal life helped shape his professional life and vice versa.
Starring Michael Fassbender as Jobs and Seth Rogan as Woz, the film promises to deliver an intimate and intense look at the mercurial and at times controversial man who helped spearhead some of the tech world's greatest innovations.
Steve Jobs now stands as the third film to focus on the life of the Apple co-founder, following in the footsteps of the critically lambasted JOBS — which starred Ashton Kutcher — and the recently released Steve Jobs: The Man in the Machine.
Sorkin's effort, though, is likely to be the most riveting of them all. When it comes to engaging and fast-paced dialogue, one would be hard pressed to find a man more capable than Sorkin. With credits like The West Wing, A Few Good Men and The Social Network to his name, Sorkin is better positioned than most in Hollywood to truly capture the vibrancy of Jobs' personality on screen.


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Tinfoil Hat Linux
From OS-Tan Collections Wiki
Tinfoil Hat Linux-tan
TFH-tan
153 cm (5'0")
Wanderer Class
Linux (unknown branch)
System personified
Shmoo Group
2.0pre1 (2003, discontinued in 2006)
Character Details
Tinfoil Hat Linux is a high-security distro, small enough to fit onto a single floppy disk, does not require a hard drive and does not use a GUI.
Tinfoil Hat Linux-tan was first drawn by Aurora Borealis, as a paranoid girl in a black school-type uniform with a red bow tie, brown combat boots and donning a tinfoil hat to keep aliens and other threats from reading her mind. She has short black hair and black eyes. Her favorite offensive weapon is a electric forcefield (which she employs against just about everything she encounters), mimicking THL's highly offensive, not defensive, security.
She was drawn by a later artist, physically similar to the original design, though, perhaps older; the later rendition's design showed Tinfoil Hat Linux-tan as being somewhat more stoic, not showing any form of emotion and wearing sunglasses, in reference to THL's paranoid mode, in which the screen contrast is set very low to prevent shoulder surfing. She's shown dressed in dark colors and as being a spy type, referring to THL's ability to fit onto a single floppy disk. She also prefers to avoid contact with others, because THL has no networking capabilities. Yet she is willing to be helpful if she encounters someone in need that is trustworthy enough.
Although paranoid and usually serious, Tinfoil Hat-tan does have a sense of humor and can poke fun at herself (the documentation does have some humor in it) and her tinfoil hat is the source of her paranoia and without it, she is friendly and almost fearless but it is very dangerous for others to attempt to take off her hat.
Retrieved from "https://www.ostan-collections.net/wiki/index.php?title=Tinfoil_Hat_Linux&oldid=2512"
List of OS-tans
OS-Tan Gallery
Content is available under Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 2.0 France unless otherwise noted.
About OS-Tan Collections Wiki


Changes in lifestyle have inspired a revolution in the design and development of aquatic products. Fish hobbyists want trendy and fashionable aquarium centrepieces that easily blend in and accentuate homes or offices. They also continue to demand products that are convenient, easy to use, and reliable. Whatever your needs, whatever your level of knowledge, count on Hagen to provide the right aquatic product for you—whether it's a trendy Fluval aquarium or canister filter, Nutrafin Max fish food, Nutrafin water treatments, Elite air pumps, Marina starter kits, or GLO lighting. See links below for complete product offering.
Hagen has been chosen to be one of our prefred vendors based on their commitment of being a family company. Ensuring that Sunland Water Gardens only delivers the best and highest quality aquatic supplies for your aquatic ponds. Sunland Water Gardens is a leader in pond supplies because we only choose the best vendors.


The Pierre Péters estate, situated in the heart of the "Côte des Blancs" in the village of Le Mesnil sur Oger, has been a family house for six generations and has produced Grand Cru Blanc de Blancs Champagnes since 1919.
Champagne grower-producer, our wines come exclusively from our own vineyards. Our house currently operates just over 19 hectares of Chardonnay, mainly located in the communes of Le Mesnil sur Oger, Oger, Avize and Cramant.
Our family has developed from generation to generation, its own selection of grapes (mass selection). We have been able to maintain and age vineyards which are now 30-years old on average. Each year in respect of the environment, we adapt our cultivation methods to obtain healthy grapes so that our Champagne expresses more precisely the richness, subtlety and the elegance of the great "terroirs" of the Côte des Blancs.


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Thomas Hill Williams, född 1780 i North Carolina, död 1840 i Robertson County, Tennessee, var en amerikansk politiker. Han representerade delstaten Mississippi i USA:s senat 1817-1829.

Williams studerade juridik och arbetade som advokat i Mississippiterritoriet.

Mississippi blev 1817 delstat och demokrat-republikanerna Williams och Walter Leake valdes till de två första senatorerna. Williams omvaldes sex år senare till en andra mandatperiod i senaten. Han efterträddes som senator av Thomas Buck Reed.

Externa länkar
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
Political Graveyard

Födda 1780
Avlidna 1840
Ledamöter av USA:s senat från Mississippi
Män


Are you attending networking events and not generating any business leads?
When you go to a networking event, your conversations will be a lot more fruitful if you ask better questions than the standard, run-of-the-mill "What do you do?", "How's business?", "What have you been up to?" Such questions aren't necessarily bad and I'm not saying don't ask them, but it really doesn't leave you much room to maneuver after you've both have answered them.
Click here to get your FREE PDF of the 15 Questions!
Same old run-of-the-mill questions get same old run-off-the-mill answers.
Good questions are tremendously important.
They are far more than just a means of getting information.
They're a means of engaging and connecting with people in a more meaningful way.
They're a means of building trust.
They're a means of making you look very smart and very different from the competition.
And they're a means of advancing your relationships as sources of direct business or of referrals. You can get all of that done and more by asking the right kind of questions. Powerful stuff!
Listed in no particular order, here are some of my favorite questions that I personally use when I'm meeting people at networking event. Typically, I don't use these questions as openers but rather I'll weave them into the conversation having kicked it off with an exchange of pleasantries.
1. What is your connection with this group?
Variation: How do you fit in here?
Variation: Where do you fit in with all of this?
Commentary: A good early question to get the conversation rolling. It might also throw up mutual acquaintances and interests.
2. How do you find this whole networking thing?
Where else do you network? or What other networking events do you attend?
What helps you get the most out of your networking?
Commentary: Some more good early questions to ask. We can learn a lot about another person's approach to networking, where they go to network and how they network when they get there. And it's a great way to share your networking war stories, tips, strategies and networks you belong to. It's win-win—both of you will appreciate that.
3. What is your reason for being here today?
Variation: What's your interest in this group/seminar/conference (or whatever)?
Variation: What made you decide to come to this event?
Variation: Just out of curiosity, why do you attend networking events?
Commentary: Everyone has a reason for going to a networking event. Their answer gives you the real reason they are there and will lead you easily into the next question to ask them. Again, it might also throw up commonalities, not to mention, potential opportunities.
You can usually count on reciprocity and be assured that people will ask you the same question right back.
4. Who at this event would you most like to meet?
Variation: Who would be good people for you to meet here today—perhaps I know someone who would be helpful for you?
Variation: Who is a good person for you to talk to here?
Variation: Are you here to meet anyone in particular?
Variation: Tell me about the kind of professionals you're looking to connect with?
Variation: What kind of professionals make good contacts for you?
Commentary: Maybe you can introduce the person to someone or several some-ones you know in the room. Maybe both of you are there to meet similar types of professionals, in which case, there might be a relationship to be had here with a future referral partner.
5. What would make this event valuable for you?
Variation: What's the main thing you want to get out of this event?
Variation: Is there anything in particular you'd like to accomplish while you're here?
Variation: What do you hope to gain from this weekend/seminar/meeting?
Commentary: When I'm meeting people, I'm thinking what can I offer this person; who can I introduce this person to; what one piece if information or idea can I share with this person; what favor can I do for them; how can I help this person. I recommend you adopt a similar mindset—this is what makes networking work for you. My motto is "give a bit more than you take". I'm a giver by nature and I find that when I give more than I take, I receive more than I expect.
The purpose of questions 3, 4 and 5 is to get information that you can use to figure out ways you can be useful to the people you meet.
I never dismiss anyone as unimportant. I think beyond is this person a client for me when I meet people. The person I'm talking to may not need my services but someone or several some-ones in their network may.
6. How do you spend most of your time?
Variation: How do you spend your days?
Commentary: There are a lot of people who don't like being asked "What do you do?" By asking "How do you spend most of your time?" you give the person the choice of telling you about their work or not. Whichever way they answer this question, you have an invitation to ask for more details.
Before I move on to question 7, I want to say a few words about the "what do you do" question.
Here are some alternative versions of What do you do?
What are you really good at? What is your firm really good at? What do you do better than your rivals?
What do you tell people when they ask you what you do?
How did you get started in your business? How did you come up with the idea for your business?
What attracted you to policing, the public service, the legal profession (or whatever)?
Why did you become a nurse, a cop (or whatever)? Why do you do what you do?
Is there a story behind why got into the field you're in?
Giving people a chance to tell you their story gives you clues as to who they are and what makes them tick.
Commentary: These questions delve deeper, giving the person a chance to tell their "story" which could provide some insightful and valuable information for you. It also a way for you to get to tell your story too because they will most likely ask you the very same questions.
Once you have developed a level of rapport and built up a general understanding of the other person's business progress to more business-related questions.
What business problem does your company solve and what is a good example of how you are doing that?
What services/products do you provide to what kind of organistions?
Who exactly are your clients/customers? How do you go about finding them? How do you generate most of your business?
Commentary: It's only natural to be curious about what the other person does for a living. By asking one or more of these questions, you will learn a lot about a person's personal approach to business and begin to see ways that you can provide and extract value from the relationship.
7. What's the most important thing to you about your company/your work/what you do?
Commentary: A person's answer to this question gives you a strong clue as to how you can develop a relationship with them.
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8. What's going well for you this year?
Variation: What's the best thing that happened in your business this year?
To get someone excited about you, get them talking about themselves and their own accomplishments first.
Variation: What's your most popular product/service?
Variation: What's going on in your business these days—anything new and exciting?
Variation: What's most exciting for you right now in your business?
Variation: Tell me about the wins you're having in your business.
Commentary: This helps build rapport. No rapport, no connection! Let them talk about positive things that they're feeling good about. The things that are going well for them. People like sharing good news and their successes so let them tell you about these things.
Variation: What are you spending most of your time on right now?
Variation: What are your business priorities these days? What's are the priorities in your role?
Commentary: The response tells you what is taking up room in the person's diary and where they might be frustrated or challenged—this information comes in useful for follow up and might even uncover an opportunity for your services. It also gives the person a chance to talk about the "great" things they are doing and, of course, once you know this, you can ask more questions.
What's the next big thing for you/your business/company?
As you think about the future of your business, what are you most excited about?
How do you see your business developing?
What's the number one thing you need in your business right now in order to be more successful?
Commentary: Again, this information comes in useful for follow up and might even uncover an opportunity for your services. And again, it also gives the person a chance to talk about the "great" things they have coming down the pipeline and what they are planning for. Now you can ask more questions and or share your own insights and experiences.
10. What are some of the biggest challenges you have? or What's the biggest challenge for you and your business?
Variation: What's the hardest part of your job?
Variation: What are some of the bigger challenges you have in your position?
Variation: What's on your worry pile (back at the office)?
Variation: What's your number one headache or problem in your business?
Variation: As you think about the future of your business, what worries you the most?
Commentary: Use this question towards the end on your conversation, not early in the conversation. It can reveal so much about a person's business and their current needs. Whether it is staffing needs, training needs, motivation needs, or problems with bad debts, falling revenues, spiraling costs, this question can uncover so many issues that this person faces which you can park in your mind for the future. Whilst it's not about diving in and saying "oh yeah, I can help you with that" it is about having that information at a later date that will help determine whether you need to get to know this person further. What's more, you might know someone else who can help.
What if you meet someone who wants to buy?
I'm often asked, What do I do if I meet someone at a networking event who is really interested in my services, asking questions and giving me clear "buying signals"? Well, here's my answer. You will have more success in closing that business if you focus on building rapport and then schedule a follow-up appointment that starts the sales process. It's so easy to say to the person, "I've enjoyed talking to you (person's name) and I'd be happy to help you with (whatever your business solution is). May I have your business card and follow up tomorrow to tee up a meeting?" Or "(person's name), would you like to talk further?" Or "When would be a convenient time to call you to fix up a meeting?" Or "Hey (person's name), it sounds like maybe you're interested in my services. Let's find some time to meet up and see how I might be able to help you." Or "Shall we aim to set up a meeting—how's your diary looking next week?" And when the person says, "Yeah that sounds great" you might say, "Are you carrying a business card?" Or, if you already have the person's card, "Can I call you tomorrow and tee up a meeting?" As a general rule, you'll be way further ahead, if you resist the temptation to slip into sales mode then and there.
You don't want to risk blowing your business opportunity by talking too much about your services or product. Simply exchange cards and agree to talk further at a later date.
What a lot of people do—and where they go wrong—is they go straight into a sales pitch when they spot an opportunity based on something that the other person says about a problem/issue they have. A better, more subtle approach is to put that opportunity to the side (it can't go away, you won't lose it) and hold it for a little bit later in the conversation.
This is going to be your segue into initiating a get-together after the event so you can continue the conversation and hopefully, capitalise on the opportunity. "John, you mentioned that you have a problem with (blank). If you're interested, I might be able to help you with that. It's my specialty. Would you like to tee up a time to chat over a cup of coffee?" If you have made a good connection, s/he will be more than happy to talk with you again.
Some other variations of what you can say when you find yourself in a situation like this are, "Let's find a better time to continue this conversation. Can I call you tomorrow so we can discuss this further and perhaps fix a time to meet up again?" Or, "Why don't we continue this conversation in a more private setting over a coffee/over lunch/over a drink after work?
If you've made a good connection, the other person will be happy to talk with you again.
11. Where are you from? or Where did you grow up?
What was family life like for you back then?
Commentary: It's only natural to want to learn about the person's background and family. I think it's a great way to start building some credibility and trust with someone.
12. What do you like to do outside of work? or What do you do in your spare time?
Variation: When you're not busy at work, how do you spend your free time?
Variation: Is there anything you enjoy more than (blank), doing your job, running your own business or whatever?
Variation: How do you like to de-stress from your work?
Commentary: Deeper connections are often formed through finding common ground that is not work related.
13. Are you on LinkedIn? If yes, follow up with something like, Mind if if I send you an invitation to connect?
Commentary: When you meet someone who has an interesting story and they appear to be good at what they do get their okay to follow up with an invitation to join your network of contacts on LinkedIn. They get to see everything about you and vice-versa, including shared connections and other information that can move your relationship forward, faster.
Hi (person's name). Good to meet you at (name of event). I very much enjoyed our chat—and in that regard, I feel we have a lot in common. For networking purposes, would you like to connect with me here on LinkedIn? I'm keen to seek ways in which we may be able to assist each other to our mutual benefit. Best regards.
14. How can I help you? or What can I do to help you?
Variation: What kind of people could I introduce you to that would help you grow your business?
Variation: Would it be helpful if (fill in the blank)?
Variation: Given how you've been so generous with your advice/time, how may I return the favor by helping you in some way?
If I like the person, I'll close the conversation by saying something like, "If I can help you in any way, any way at all, just give me a call or connect via LinkedIn" and then I offer my business card.
Commentary: Caveat—you can only ask this question after you've asked your new acquaintance some of the other questions I've given you, the conversation has gone well and you've decided the person is someone you'd like to get to know better.
I have built my expansive network, my reputation and my business on this simple question. But you can't just ask it. You have to mean it. And if someone does request your help, take action on it. It is the one question that will separate you from the pack and ultimately lead to referrals and opportunities to do more business.
Figure out how you can be helpful. Being helpful is the best way to start building a strong relationship.
A word on helping: Help in this context isn't about selling your products and services. It's about finding ways that you can assist your networking associates in ways that have nothing to do with sending them your bill.
Can you send them an article with useful information?
Can you connect them with someone who will lend them a hand?
Can you offer them a valuable piece of advice or an idea?
Can you recommend them on LinkedIn?
Can you refer them a potential new client?
Can you give them a business lead?
Can you promote them and their business in some way?
15. How do you feel about getting together next week for a coffee—it would be great to learn a bit more about your business and see if we can help each other?
Meeting people once at an event and then never talking again has pretty much zero value in terms of growing your business.
Variation: Why don't I give you a call next week to set up a coffee? There could be a few ways we can work together and it would help to understand who you're looking to meet as I might be able to introduce you to a few people?
Variation: Maybe we can help each other over time with referrals and introductions— are you up for a coffee next week?
Think win-win as you work to develop your networking relationships. If you Can't or won't help others who can get on very nicely without you, Why should they go out of their way to help you?
Variation: Can you fit in a coffee or breakfast sometime—it would be great to share a bit more about ourselves and the work we do?
Variation: I'd like hear more about your business and tell you a little about mine. Are you open to getting together for a coffee later on?
Initiating a get-together can be a great first step down the long and profitable road of friendship and mutual benefit with a new word-of-mouth networking partner.
Variation: Let's meet for breakfast next week and see what we can do for each other?
Commentary: Seize the day! This is a terrific way to finish a conversation with someone you want to have in your professional network. You have made a connection and now you would like to get to know the person better.
You are asking for permission to follow-up. And how easy is it going to be to make that call—you have already agreed to a coffee meeting. It is just a question of setting a date. After all, that's why you went along to the event in the first place—to make new business contacts.
Asked sincerely, questions like these dig deeper. They will differentiate you from most other people because they are asked so rarely. They are going to help you build more understanding and trust. They will often attract greater interest in you and your business. And you will gather better information that will help you develop the relationship further and create more opportunities to do business.
Remember, the very questions you ask someone are often the same questions they ask of you—meaning the questions I have given you are a perfect way for you to tell your story.
So there you go. 15 questions you can start using to have better, more profitable conversations when you're networking at events. I find them extremely useful in moving the conversation along when I'm meeting new people. Try them and see which ones work comfortably for you. Don't feel you have to follow them in sequence, pick and choose based on the situation you're in.
I'm not suggesting you use these questions with everybody. Use them with people you feel you have made a connection—and not just with people you think you could get something from because you just never know who people know and and where your next referral or piece of work will come from. Some of my best referrals come from the most unlikely of people I meet.
When you ask these questions, remember two things.
First, don't be afraid to use silence to your advantage. Give the person you're talking to sufficient opportunity to think things through and respond to your question. Don't jump in. Let them finish. Even if there's five seconds, ten seconds of silence. Let them finish.
The second thing I want to say about this is. These questions are only the start. Once you get someone to open up about themselves and their business, ask follow-up questions. Questions like, Why? How? Why is that important? Go on. Tell me more. What else can you tell me? What's your thinking behind that? Those are great follow-up questions—seedlings for building great relationships and building your business.
Download your FREE copy of the 15 Questions For Your Networking Success eBook now!
What other questions do you think can lead to business networking success, share in the comments below.
these questions are great. A good resource for any professional who wants to build better relationships.
Thanks for your generous comments Richard.
Great questions! I like your use of open questions that delve a little deeper than your usual F.O.R.M questions.
Glad you like my questions Samith. Please feel free to share them with your networks.
Ted. Thanks for your feedback. I hope my questions help your business.
A very interesting article and one that I will be referencing in the future. Wouldn't it be nice if everyone at a networking event used this approach to networking!
Yes Chris. It would be nice if everyone approached networking this way. They would certainly see better returns for their efforts.
Hey, i am doing a networking business administration assignment and this has generated a lot of grat ideas for my two interview i need to do. Thanks!!
These are great questions. Thank you. Rally helpful to have these questions to hand when attending networking events.
I'm gone to say to my little brother, that he should also visit this weblog on regular basis to get updated from most up-to-date news update.
The paperwork we offer do enable for this.


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DeCODE Genetics' Kari Stefansson on Iceland's lessons for US
Iceland's strategy to track the spread of the coronavirus can be used in the U.S., deCODE Genetics CEO Kári Stefánsson told CNBC on Wednesday.
Stefánsson, whose Reykjavík-based company is known for its work analyzing the human genome, noted the obvious size differences between the U.S. and Iceland.
For starters, the U.S. has about 330 million people while Iceland has just about 347,000, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.
But Iceland's ability to test around 10% of its population and deploy robust contact tracing when someone is diagnosed with Covid-19 should not be seen as something only small countries can do, Stefánsson argued in an interview with CNBC's Meg Tirrell.
"It ought to be even easier in a country of your size with your resources, with this incredible amount of talent you have," Stefánsson said of the U.S. "If you were to bring this all to bare, you would easily be able to do the same thing as we."
Iceland has 1,727 confirmed cases of Covid-19 and eight deaths, according to Johns Hopkins University data.
In the U.S., where about 3.2 million people have been tested for the disease, there are more than 634,000 confirmed cases of Covid-19, per JHU data. Nearly 28,000 have died.
Stefánsson, a neurologist who was formerly a professor at Harvard University, said that in addition to an early commitment to widespread testing, Iceland's government also deployed "an extraordinarily vigorous" system of contact tracing.
This involves putting everyone who tested positive in isolation and then determining all the people who have been in contact with people who have the disease, he explained. Those who came into contact with an infected person are put in quarantine, he said.
"By doing this, we seemed to have brought this epidemic under some sort of control," he argued.
Residential properties stand on the city skyline in Reykjavik, Iceland.
Arnaldur Halldorsson | Bloomberg | Getty Images
Stefánsson said the strong academic system in the U.S. is a vital weapon in the battle against Covid-19.
"You have all of this talent, all of this equipment in your universities, that could simply be drafted to apply to this epidemic," he said. "You could have the universities do the testing. You could have the universities do the analysis of the data and help with planning how to deal with it."
Despite having far more people, Stefánsson suggested the U.S. has probably "5,000 times more resources" than Iceland.
"So this is all a question of the will, the desire, the determination, to do this properly and my guess is to do that, there needs to be some sort of a central control," he said.
Stefánsson said an early, aggressive response to the Covid-19 outbreak is more important in limiting its spread than overall population or population density.
"The entire world knew that there was an epidemic mounting in China in January," he said. "Basically, the authorities in Iceland prepared for it. They started to test before the virus had arrived. And I think there is nothing else that matters here."
Tags: business newsCoronavirus: PreventionHealth care industryIcelandU.S. Economy
Known Mechanisms and a 'New Beast'?
'I'll focus on building stronger MoH teams for COVID-19 fight' – Okoe Boye


A marital home, or any other real estate such as a vacation home or investment property, is frequently the most valuable asset owned by a married couple. Consequently, how such an asset is distributed upon divorce is of critical financial importance to both husband and wife. If you are concerned about the disposition of your marital home or any other real estate, you should consult Bergen County divorce lawyer Brian D. Iton. He is ready to advise spouses on their rights and options. The significance of these matters makes it essential to enlist the representation of a property division attorney who can protect your interests.
Any property acquired with marital assets during marriage is marital property. In most cases, the home in which a married couple resides will be a marital asset if it is purchased during the marriage. However, in certain cases the purchase of a marital home prior to the marriage, with one parties' separate money, can make the home a marital asset if the home was purchased "in contemplation of marriage". Similarly, when one of the spouses uses separate funds to put a down-payment on a home, the court may deem the home marital property if the downpayment was made with the intention that the home would be the parties' joint marital home. If one party owns the home prior to the marriage and the other party helps the owner pay down the mortgage, there is an argument that the non-owner deserves a credit for their participation in the mortgage paydown. As well, if a non-owner spouse helps an owner spouse improve their property the non-owner may have a claim for their contribution to the improvement.
Spouses have several different options for dividing the value of a marital home upon divorce. These options generally apply to other marital real estate as well. First, they can list and sell the property and divide the net proceeds. As simple as this may sound, there are a number of potential complications with property sales in divorce. The first common point of contention is the list price. A spouse who does not want to sell immediately may push for a higher price to prolong the sales cycle and buy themselves more time in the house. The spouse who wants to unload the property may push for a much lower price so that they can stop paying the mortgage as soon as possible. Second is the timing of the sale. If the children are in school, or are close to graduation, the sale may be delayed to minimize disruption to their schedules. If the property does not sell quickly and remains on the market for an extended period of time a satisfactory arrangement has to be worked out as to who will pay the mortgage and how those payments will be credited between the spouses. Similarly, agreement has to be reached as to which spouse will continue to reside at the property until it is sold. Normally the spouse who resides at the property will have exclusive use and possession of the home. The interplay between the amount of the mortgage payment, and the amount and duration of spousal support and child support will also need to be negotiated. The resolution of these and other related issues can have significant financial ramifications for both spouses.
A second option in dividing the marital property is for one spouse to purchase the other's equity interest. In most cases, this is done by (re)financing a loan in one spouse's name, with the other spouse receiving a portion of the equity when the financing is completed at closing. An appraisal of the house is usually done in this situation to determine the property value so that the amount of equity available for division can be calculated. The refinance is usually required to be completed in a set amount of time. If the time period expires without a successful refinance the house is usually listed for sale. A number of issues need to be negotiated in any buyout/refinance of the marital home. The primary issues are: who will make the interim mortgage payments; which party will be responsible for the maintenance costs, repairs and upkeep of the property; what happens if a major system breaks down (e.g. boiler, air conditioning system); also the question of how to allocate property-related tax deductions (e.g., the mortgage interest deduction) has to be negotiated.
Continuing to co-own property with an ex-spouse requires a very special post-divorce arrangement. Beyond being able to work together in a general sense the parties will need to agree on how to allocate mortgage costs, upkeep, insurance, management, repairs, and similar matters, as well as determining if and when the property will be sold. If the parties both intend to live at the property during and after the divorce, issues of personal and private space have to be dealt with upfront.
If you have questions regarding how your marital home or any other marital property will be distributed upon divorce, or if you need legal advice or representation in other issues related to family law, contact Bergen County divorce attorney Brian D. Iton for a free consultation. He can be reached at (201) 731-3086, toll-free at (844) 431-3380, or through our contact form to set up an appointment. Mr. Iton represents people in Hackensack, Paterson, Newark, Jersey City, and other communities throughout Bergen, Essex, Hudson, and Passaic Counties.


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January 17, 2022 | The Great Reset: Support for Populist Politics "Collapsed" Globally During the COVID Pandemic
Analysis of Ancient Genetics Unveils a Missing Piece of Human Prehistory
TOPICS:AnthropologyChinese Academy of SciencesDNAGeneticsPopular
By Chinese Academy of Sciences August 14, 2021
Overview of population dynamical history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago. Credit: IVPP
A joint research team led by Prof. FU Qiaomei from the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences sequenced the ancient genomes of 31 individuals from southern East Asia, thus unveiling a missing piece of human prehistory.
The study was recently published in the journal Cell.
Prof. FU's team used DNA capture techniques to retrieve ancient DNA from Guangxi and Fujian, two provincial-level regions in southern China. They sequenced genome-wide DNA from 31 individuals dating back 11,747 to 194 years ago. Of these, two date back to more than 10,000 years ago, making them the oldest genomes sampled from southern East Asia and Southeast Asia to date.
Previous ancient DNA studies showed that ~8,000-4,000-year-old Southeast Asian Hòabìnhian hunter-gatherers possessed deeply divergent Asian ancestry, whereas the first Southeast Asian farmers beginning ~4,000 years ago show a mixture of ancestry associated with Hòabìnhian hunter-gatherers and present-day southern Chinese populations. In coastal southern China, ~9,000-4,000-year-old individuals from Fujian province show ancestry not as deeply divergent as the Hòabìnhian.
Geographical and temporal distribution of newly sampled individuals. Credit: IVPP
In Guangxi, FU and her team's sampling showed that the ancestry present was unlike that sampled previously in Fujian and Southeast Asia. Instead, they found a unique East Asian ancestral population (represented by the 11,000-year-old Longlin individual from Guangxi). Their findings highlight that 11,000 years ago, at least three genetically distinct ancestries composed the human landscape in southern East Asia and Southeast Asia: Fujian ancestry, Hòabìnhian ancestry, and Guangxi ancestry.
In addition to sharing Longlin ancestry, the Dushan and Baojianshan individuals in Guangxi also show strong evidence for admixture in southern China ~9,000 to 6,000 years ago. Dushan and Baojianshan were a mixture of local Guangxi ancestry, southern ancestry previously sampled in Fujian, and Deep Asian ancestry related to Southeast Asian Hòabìnhian hunter-gatherers.
Previously, it was shown that southern Chinese populations expanded to Southeast Asia, mixing with and eventually replacing Hòabìnhians in Southeast Asia. FU's team showed that the dynamics were more complex, since populations carrying Hòabìnhian ancestry either co-existed with populations carrying Guangxi ancestry in southern China or gene flow upwards from Southeast Asia to southern China also occurred as early as ~8,000-6,000 years ago.
Phylogenetic tree of early Asian populations. Credit: IVPP
The study fills a research gap in the region connecting East and Southeast Asia, revealing a new genetic ancestry different from that found in coastal areas of southern China and in Southeast Asia.
Furthermore, it shows the impact of migration and admixture of populations at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia in the last 11,000 years, revealing a long history of intermingling between these two regions.
"While we now have a better understanding of the population history in the last 11,000 years at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia, future sampling in regions near the Yangtze River and southwest China are needed for a comprehensive understanding of the genetic history of humans in southern China," said Prof. FU.
Genetic samples from ancient humans in these regions will likely further clarify the remarkably diverse genetic prehistory of humans in southeastern Asia, and inform the genetic shifts that occurred between 6,000 and 1,500 years ago and contributed to the genetic composition observed today in southern China.
Reference: "Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago" by Tianyi Wang, Wei Wang, Guangmao Xie, Zhen Li, Xuechun Fan, Qingping Yang, Xichao Wu, Peng Cao, Yichen Liu, Ruowei Yang, Feng Liu, Qingyan Dai, Xiaotian Feng, Xiaohong Wu, Ling Qin, Fajun Li, Wanjing Ping, Lizhao Zhang, Ming Zhang, Yalin Liu, Xiaoshan Chen, Dongju Zhang, Zhenyu Zhou, Yun Wu, Hassan Shafiey, Xing Gao, Darren Curnoe, Xiaowei Mao, E. Andrew Bennett, Xueping Ji, Melinda A. Yang and Qiaomei Fu, 24 June 2021, Cell.
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.018
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The Great Reset: Support for Populist Politics "Collapsed" Globally During the COVID Pandemic