text:
\section{Introduction}

In heavy ion collisions at ultra-relativistic energies nuclear matter can be studied under extreme conditions. At zero baryo-chemical potential and finite temperature, a cross-over between the hadron gas at low temperatures and the quark gluon plasma at high temperatures has been established by lattice QCD \cite{Borsanyi:2013bia, Bazavov:2014pvz} and also been confirmed by experimental measurements at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) in combination with dynamical models \cite{Pratt:2015zsa}. At finite net baryon densities, current lattice calculations are not applicable and insights about the structure of the QCD phase diagram can only be achieved by experimental exploration in combination with detailed dynamical modeling and phenomenological approaches providing input on the equation of state in the whole temperature ($T$)-baryo-chemical potential ($\mu_B$) plane.

The previous and currently running programs at CERN-SPS and the recent beam energy scan (BES) program at RHIC provide a comprehensive data set on general bulk observables and selected fluctuation/correlation measurements. In the future, the second generation of experiments with improved capabilities for rare probes will meticulously explore the exciting energy regime accessible at FAIR, NICA, and stage 2 of the BES@RHIC. The second goal, besides obtaining insight on the type of the  phase transition of strongly interacting matter, is to understand the properties of the state of matter that is formed, the QGP.

One of the most promising observables is the anisotropic flow, that is measured in terms of Fourier coefficients of the azimuthal distribution of produced particles. Directed flow $v_1$ and elliptic flow $v_2$ are analysed extensively to gain insights on the transport properties and the geometry of heavy ion collisions. Within the last 5 years the whole plethora of odd higher coefficients has been studied to investigate the initial state and its fluctuations in more detail. The flow coefficients - as indicated by the name - are a sign of collective behaviour and quantify the response of the system to spatial anisotropies, translated to momentum space by pressure gradients.

To connect the final state particle distributions to the quantities of interest, e.g. the equation of state  or the viscosity to entropy ratio of QCD matter, detailed dynamical models are necessary. The current state of the art is to use a combination of 3+1 dimensional (viscous) hydrodynamic evolution and hadronic transport for the non-equilibrium evolution in the late stages of the reaction. There are various ways to model/parametrize the initial state for these calculation ranging from Glauber/CGC type models, to classical Yang-Mills evolution, AdS/CFT or transport approaches. At lower beam energies the initial non-equilibrium evolution takes a non-negligible time and one needs to certainly pay attention to the type of initial dynamics that is required.

In the present study, the calculations are performed within the Ultra-relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) approach including a 3+1 dimensional ideal hydrodynamic evolution where appropriate. The main ingredients of the model are described in Section \ref{hybrid_model}. After that, Section \ref{flow} contains a summary of the expectations for the beam energy dependence of anisotropic flow in heavy ion collisions and the three subsections \ref{elliptic_flow}, \ref{tri_flow} and \ref{directed_flow} are devoted to $v_1$ to $v_3$ in more detail. The last Section \ref{summary} summarizes the main conclusions.

\section{Hybrid Approach at non zero $\mu_B$}
\label{hybrid_model}
Heavy ion collisions are processes that do not create a system at fixed temperature and density that can be studied over an extended period of time, but rather span a fluctuating finite region in the phase diagram evolving dynamically. Hybrid approaches, based on (viscous) hydrodynamics for the hot and dense stage of the evolution, and non-equilibrium transport for the dilute stages of the reaction are successfully applied to describe bulk observables at high RHIC and LHC energies. These approaches combine the advantages of hydrodynamics and transport and apply both approximations within their respective regions of validity. The equation of state and transport coefficients of hot and dense QCD matter are direct inputs to the hydrodynamic equations, which allows for a controlled modeling of the phase transition. Microscopic transport on the other hand describes all particles and their interactions and provides the full phase-space distribution of produced particles in the final state, which allows for an apples-to-apples comparison to experimental data.

At higher beam energies the standard picture of the dynamical evolution of a heavy ion reaction consists of non-equilibrium initial state dynamics providing the initial state for the viscous hydrodynamics equations and a hadronic afterburner to account for the separation of chemical and kinetic freeze-out. At lower beam energies, it is not clear how close the produced system really gets to local equilibration and if it thermalizes in the whole phase-space. In general, it is expected that dissipative effects are larger for low beam energies and the hadronic interactions gain importance. In addition, the widely used assumption of boost invariance breaks down and a 3+1 dimensional calculation is inevitable. Also, the equation of state and the transport coefficients are required not only as a function of temperature, but in the whole $T-\mu_B$ - plane. The finite net baryon current needs to be conserved during the evolution. Going beyond the standard hybrid approach by exploring the non-equilibrium dynamics in the vicinity of a critical endpoint or a first order phase transition is the ultimate goal, where exploratory work has been performed so far \cite{Nahrgang:2011mg}.

The dynamical approach that is used to calculate the results presented below is the Ultra-relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) approach coupled to ideal relativistic fluid dynamics for the hot and dense stage (SHASTA) \cite{Bass:1998ca, Bleicher:1999xi, Petersen:2008dd}. This approach has recently been improved to include the finite shear viscosity during the hydrodynamic evolution as presented in another contribution to this conference and in \cite{Karpenko:2015xea}. The initial state is produced by generating nucleons according to Woods-Saxon distributions and computing dynamically the first binary interactions until the two nuclei have geometrically passed through each other. Event -by-event fluctuations of the positions of the nucleons and of the energy deposition per collision are naturally included. At $t_{\rm start} = \frac{2R}{\gamma v}$ the energy, momentum and net baryon density distributions are calculated by representing the individual particles with a three dimensional Gaussian distribution. Based on these initial conditions including fluctuating velocity profiles the ideal relativistic hydrodynamic equations are solved. There are different options for the equation of state, e.g. a bag model equation of state matched to a hadron gas at low temperatures to explore the sensitivity of observables to a strong first order phase transition (BM) or a more realistic equation of state provided by a chiral model that is fitted to lattice QCD at zero $\mu_B$, reproduces the nuclear ground state properties and incorporates constraints from neutron star properties. At a constant energy density a hypersurface is constructed and particles are sampled according to the Cooper-Frye formula. The hadronic rescattering and decays are treated by the hadronic transport approach. This approach incorporates most of the above mentioned ingredients that are necessary for a realistic dynamical description of heavy ion reactions at lower beam energies. The current strategy can be seen as a first step to take the well-established picture at high energies and explore how well it works at lower beam energies.

\section{Anisotropic Flow Observables}
\label{flow}

\begin{figure}[hbt]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=7cm]{v2exc_ch_withpot}
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{v2epsilon}
\caption{(Color online) Left: The calculated beam energy excitation function of elliptic flow of charged particles in Au+Au/Pb+Pb
collisions in mid-central collisions (b=5-9 fm) with $|y|<0.1$(full line). This curve is compared to data from
different experiments for mid-central collisions (see \cite{Petersen:2009vx} for refs). The dotted line
in the low energy regime depicts UrQMD calculations with the mean field \cite{Li:2006ez}. Fig. from \cite{Petersen:2006vm}. Right: $v_2/\epsilon$ as a function of $(1/S)dN_{\rm ch}/dy$ for different energies and centralities for Pb+Pb/Au+Au collisions compared to data \cite{Alt:2003ab}. The results from mid-central collisions (b=5-9 fm) calculated within the hybrid model with different freeze-out transitions and different definitions of the eccentricity are shown by black lines. The green full lines correspond to the previously calculated hydrodynamic limits \cite{Kolb:2000sd}. Fig. taken from \cite{Petersen:2009vx}.}
\label{figv2exc}
\end{figure}

Anisotropic flow is the collective response to geometrical structures in the initial state distribution of heavy ion collisions. If there are strong enough interactions spatial anisotropies are getting translated to momentum space throughout the evolution. Therefore, anisotropic flow is supposed to be very sensitive to the equation of state and to the transport properties of the produced matter. It is quantified by the Fourier coefficients of the azimuthal distribution of the produced particles
\begin{equation}
v_n = \cos (n\phi -\Psi_n)
\end{equation}
where $\Psi_n$ is the event plane and $n$ specifies the coefficient of interest. There are many different two-particle and many-particle methods to measure the anisotropic flow coefficients with different sensitivities to non-flow and fluctuations. In this article, either the event plane method (some $v_2$ results and $v_3$) or the theoretical definition with respect to the known reaction plane ($v_1 = \langle \frac{p_x}{p_x^2+p_y^2}\rangle$ and $v_2 = \langle \frac{p_x^2-p_y^2}{p_x^2+p_y^2}\rangle$) have been applied to calculate the flow observables.

Elliptic flow is one of the main observables to support the claim that the quark gluon plasma behaves like a nearly perfect liquid. Therefore, the beam energy dependence of elliptic flow is supposed to be sensitive to the phase transition and the changing transport properties at lower collision energies. Triangular flow is the first odd flow component that is mainly sensitive to fluctuations and would be zero, if the initial state is taken as average over many events. Therefore, the hope is that measuring the beam energy dependence of triangular flow helps to disentangle the 'trivial' initial state fluctuations from the interesting fluctuations that arise due to the critical dynamics. Last but not least directed flow is first of all a measure of the initial angular momentum in the heavy ion collision. The beam energy dependence was predicted to show a dip structure when a first order phase transition occurs during the evolution. In the following Sections, the beam energy dependence of each of these observables will be discussed in more detail.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=6.5cm]{Gv2hydrofraction8294}
\includegraphics[width=6.5cm]{Bv2evob8294}
\caption{(Color online) Left: Fraction of elliptic flow generated during hydrodynamic evolution as a function of beam energy. Right: Magnitude of $v_2\{\textrm{EP}\}$ at the beginning of
hydrodynamical evolution (squares), immediately after particlization (diamonds) and after
the full simulation (circles) in midcentral collisions. Fig. from \cite{Auvinen:2013sba}.}
\label{figv2phases}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Elliptic flow - a measure of the perfect fluid}
\label{elliptic_flow}

\begin{figure}[hb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=7cm]{v2_ptpi}
\includegraphics[width= 7cm]{v2_imp_eos_sps}
\caption{(Color online) Left: Elliptic flow of pions in mid-central (b=5-9 fm) Pb+Pb collisions at $E_{\rm lab}=40A~$GeV and  $E_{\rm lab}=160A~$GeV. The full and dashed black lines depict the hybrid model calculation, while the pure transport calculation is shown as the black dotted line. The colored symbols display experimental data obtained with different measurement methods by NA49 \cite{Alt:2003ab}. Fig. taken from \cite{Petersen:2009vx}.
Right: Centrality dependence of elliptic flow of charged
particles at midrapidity ($|y|<0.5$) for Pb+Pb collisions at $E_{\rm lab}=40A$
GeV (a) and $E_{\rm lab}=160A$ GeV (b). The horizontal lines indicate the
results for averaged initial conditions using the hadron gas EoS (blue full
line) and the bag model EoS (black dotted line) while the symbols (full circles for
HG-EoS and open squares for BM-EoS) depict the results for the event-by-event
calculation. Fig. taken from \cite{Petersen:2010md}.}
\label{figv2_ptpi}
\end{figure}
The second Fourier coefficient, the so called elliptic flow, is the response of the system to the initial almond shaped overlap region in non-central collisions. Due to fluctuations $v_2$ is also non-zero in central collisions, but it is mainly generated due to the overall shape deformation of the fireball. Only if the mean free path is small enough the initial spatial anisotropy is converted to the corresponding momentum space anisotropy. The beam energy dependence of elliptic flow is quite interesting. At very low energies, the spectator nuclei are blocking the interaction region and the so called 'squeeze-out' leads to negative elliptic flow values with respect to the reaction plane. In this region the nuclear interactions are important and a hadron transport approach including mean fields can describe the elliptic flow rather well (see Fig. \ref{figv2exc}, left). At high beam energies the elliptic flow turns positive and grows as a function of beam energy. In the intermediate region around 10-40A GeV the hadron transport approach reaches the right "ball park" values while the underestimation at high beam energies is a sign for the importance of partonic interactions starting at around 160A GeV.

Fig. \ref{figv2exc} (right) shows the response function $v_2/\epsilon_2$ as a function of the charged particle density. The green lines indicate the expectations from ideal hydrodynamic calculations and that this line meets the experimental data at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} =  200$ GeV was the basis for the claim that a perfect fluid has been created. The black lines show various UrQMD hybrid calculations to demonstrate that the generic behaviour of this curve can be reproduced once the non-equilibrium stages of the reaction are treated properly.

To investigate how this energy dependence of elliptic flow is generated in the hybrid approach the contribution to the final integrated elliptic flow of charged particles has been calculated and the percentage is shown in Fig. \ref{figv2phases} (left). At lower energies, the hydrodynamic evolution lasts only a few fm/c, therefore almost all the elliptic flow is generated by the hadronic transport approach. At higher energies the hydrodynamic evolution is necessary to reach the high elliptic flow values as discussed above. Fig. \ref{figv2phases} (right) shows that the contribution from the late hadronic rescattering is constant at about 10 \% throughout the whole energy regime investigated.

Fig. \ref{figv2_ptpi} (left) shows the transverse momentum dependent elliptic flow of pions. NA49 measurements are compared to hybrid and pure hadronic transport calculations and again it is clearly visible that at 40 AGeV the hydrodynamic evolution does not play a role while at 160 AGeV the hydrodynamic evolution is crucial to reproduce the elliptic flow. The dependence on initial state fluctuations and the equation of state has been studied in Fig. \ref{figv2_ptpi} (right), where the centrality dependence of elliptic flow of charged particles is shown. There is no difference visible between the fluctuating events (symbols) and the averaged smooth initial conditions (horizontal lines) as expected for elliptic flow. The difference between the bag model equation of state with a strong first order phase transition and the hadron gas equation of state is not observable either.

\subsection{Triangular flow - a measure of fluctuations}
\label{tri_flow}
Since 2010 event by event fluctuations in the initial state have been studied as the source of higher odd anisotropic flow coefficients \cite{Adare:2012kf, Luzum:2013yya}. These odd coefficients average to zero without event by event fluctuations. To demonstrate that $v_3$ is really sensitive to fluctuations the beam energy dependence of triangular flow of charged particles is compared to the dynamical fluctuations of elliptic flow $\sigma_{v_2}$ in Fig. \ref{fig_v3} (left). In central collisions both have roughly the same value whereas in non-central collisions they have a similar magnitude only at high energies. At lower beam energies triangular flow decreases.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=6.5cm]{Bv2fluctuations}
\includegraphics[width=6.5cm]{Bscaledvnvshydrot}
\caption{(Color online) Left: $v_3\{\textrm{EP}\}$ compared with
initial state fluctuations' contribution to $v_2$,
$\sigma_{v2}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}(v_2\{\textrm{EP}\}^2-v_2\{\textrm{RP}\}^2)}$
(squares). Right: Scaled flow coefficients $v_2/ \langle \epsilon_2 \rangle$ and
$v_3/ \langle \epsilon_3 \rangle$ with respect to the
average total hydro duration for impact parameter ranges $b = 0-3.4$ fm, $6.7-8.2$ fm
and $8.2-9.4$ fm. Figs taken from \cite{Auvinen:2013sba}.}
\label{fig_v3}
\end{figure}

If non-zero triangular flow is measured at lower beam energies and it is generated by initial spatial fluctuations it serves as a nice probe to disentangle these 'trivial' fluctuations from more interesting fluctuations due to the phase transition or critical endpoint. This option relies of course on the fact that a finite triangular flow needs to be present. As Fig. \ref{fig_v3} (right) shows, $v_3$ scales for different energies and centralities with the duration of the hydrodynamic evolution in the hybrid approach. The circles show that for elliptic flow the influence of the hadronic non-equilibrium evolution is much larger. Therefore, triangular flow is much more sensitive to a finite viscosity and might even vanish at lower beam energies. On the positive side, this disappearance of triangular flow can be seen as a more direct evidence that the perfect fluid QGP does not persist for a long enough time.

\subsection{Directed flow - a measure of the phase transition}
\label{directed_flow}

Last but not least, let us come to one more anisotropic flow observable. The directed flow measures the stream of particles within the reaction plane and has opposite sign in the forward and backward hemisphere. Nowadays, a rapidity-even $v_1$ dipole component has also been observed, but here we concentrate on the traditional rapidity odd measure. To plot the beam energy dependence one extracts the slope of directed flow at midrapidity.

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=6.5cm]{dv1dy_hydro_IC}
\includegraphics[width=6.5cm]{dv1dy_hydro_IT}
\caption{[Color online] Left: Slope of $v_1$ of protons and pions around mid rapidity extracted from the ideal 1-fluid calculations with a bag model and crossover EoS. For particle production we applied a Cooper-Frye prescription on a iso-chronous hypersurface. Right: Slope of $v_1$ of protons and pions around mid rapidity extracted from the ideal 1-fluid calculations with a bag model and crossover EoS. For particle production we applied a Cooper-Frye prescription on a iso-energy density hypersurface. Figs. taken from \cite{Steinheimer:2014pfa}.
}\label{fig_fluid}
\end{figure}

Based on the AGS and NA49 measurements there have been predicitions within hydrodynamic calculations that the slope of the directed flow of protons has a dip as a function of beam energy, signaling the phase transition to the quark gluon plasma \cite{Brachmann:1999xt, Csernai:1999nf}. In light of the new STAR measurements from the RHIC beam energy scan program \cite{Adamczyk:2014ipa}, this old observable has been recalculated with modern theoretical techniques. In Fig. \ref{fig_fluid} a one fluid calculation has been performed. This resembles the previous predictions enhanced by actual particle sampling and a $v_1$ calculation that can be compared to experimental measurements. On the left hand side, the rather unphysical scenario of a constant time freeze-out is shown, whereas the right hand side corresponds to a more realistic iso-energy density transition scenario. The two figures demonstrate, that the freeze-out dynamics has a significant effect on the structures in the excitation function of the slope of the directed flow of protons and pions. The large difference between the two different scenarios  - with and without first order phase transition - disappears.

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=6.5cm]{protonv1}
\includegraphics[width=6.5cm]{dv1dy_hybrid_proton}
\caption{[Color online] Left: Comparison of proton $v_1(y)$ for the different model applied. Right: Slope of $v_1$ of protons and anti-protons around mid rapidity extracted from the hybrid model calculations with a bag model and crossover EoS. We compare with standard UrQMD and experimental data.Figs. taken from \cite{Steinheimer:2014pfa}.
}\label{fig_v1proton}
\end{figure}

Figs. \ref{fig_v1proton} and \ref{fig_v1pion} both show on the left hand side the directed flow as a function of rapidity at two different beam energies and on the right hand side the slope around mid rapidity that has been extracted to display the full beam energy dependence. Especially for the proton directed flow it is clear that the signal is very small around zero. Even though all the different calculations capture the positive slope it is obvious that pure one fluid calculations lead to too much directed flow, while surprisingly the pure hadron transport shows the best agreement with experimental data at this point.

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=6.5cm]{pionv1}
\includegraphics[width=6.5cm]{dv1dy_hybrid_pion}
\caption{[Color online] Left: Comparison of pion $v_1(y)$ for the different model applied. Right: Slope of $v_1$ of negatively charged pions around mid rapidity extracted from the hybrid model calculations with a bag model and crossover EoS. We compare with standard UrQMD and experimental data.Figs. taken from \cite{Steinheimer:2014pfa}.
}\label{fig_v1pion}
\end{figure}

For pions the negative slope arises because of a shadowing effect. The newly produced particles are blocked by the spectators and therefore the slope of directed flow is negative at low beam energies. Again the fluid calculation overestimates the flow at low beam energies and for pions the hybrid UrQMD approach seems to describe the measurements rather well. More important than a quantitative comparison to experimental data is the conclusion that the hybrid calculations with different assumptions about the order of the phase transition do not show any sensitivity on these observables. Detailed measurements of the centrality dependence of directed flow are going to allow for better conclusions on the stopping mechanism, the nuclear mean fields and the equation of state that are all crucial to understand the dynamics of heavy ion collisions at low beam energies.

\section{Summary and Conclusions}
\label{summary}
Collective flow is one of the main observables to understand the properties of the quark gluon plasma and the dynamics of heavy ion reactions. Especially the beam energy dependence of anisotropic flow provides high potential for insights on the equation of state and the dependence of transport coefficients on the baryo-chemical potential. To connect the final state observables to the quantities of interest, hybrid approaches based on relativistic hydrodynamics and non-equilibrium transport provide a realistic description of the dynamics. The main conclusions are that the small change of elliptic flow as a function of the beam energy can be explained by the transport dynamics that gains importance at lower beam energies and replaces the diminished hydrodynamic evolution. Triangular flow is much more sensitive to the viscosity and cannot be generated by hadronic transport alone. The beam energy dependence of the slope of the directed flow around midrapidity has been studied and even though the old predictions are reproduced, there is no difference between a modern hybrid calculation with and without a strong first order phase transition. To reach final conclusions on this subject, more detailed studies including nuclear potentials and an improved treatment of the baryon stopping are necessary.

\section{Acknowledgements}
H. P. acknowledges funding of a Helmholtz Young Investigator Group VH-NG-822 from
the Helmholtz Association and GSI. This work was supported by the Helmholtz International
Center for the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (HIC for FAIR) within the
framework of the Landes-Offensive zur Entwicklung Wissenschaftlich-Oekonomischer Exzellenz (LOEWE) program launched by the State of Hesse. Computational resources have been provided by the Center
for Scientific Computing (CSC) at the Goethe-University of Frankfurt.

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Home Entertainment 15 Memorable Gambling Quotes from Movies
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Betsy: "Like unbeatable" is not unbeatable.
Jack Singer: Hey, I know that now, okay.
Another funny quote, you can practically hear the sass in Betsy's voice. But she's right – a royal flush beats out a straight flush.
Clark Grisworld: How did you win four cars?
Rusty: You know, put in a dollar, win a car. Put in another dollar, win another car.
This might seem a bit exaggerated, but it's kind of not. Although the chances of winning a car multiple times in a row are highly unlikely, there are many stories of people winning millions from just a dollar, which can buy you many cars.
According to Gambling News Magazine, a UK soldier won $20 million from an online slot game (and he did buy himself a car).
If this makes you think that that you be you too, the statistics say probably not, but on the other hand, there are ways to up your chances of winning. Most slots work slightly differently, and so the odds of winning can vary. But you can increase your odds by picking the best ones.
Stu: See, life is a people game too. Only… the emphasis is just a little bit different
After so many funny quotes, this one makes you think a bit more and a bit deeper. Maybe it's one of the side effects of chasing the thrill.
Raoul Duke: There was madness in any direction, at any hour. You could strike sparks anywhere. There was a fantastic universal sense that whatever we were doing was right, that we were winning.
The last of 15 quotes, this one is from a film based on the novel by Hunter S. Thompson. It captures the allure, excitement, and craze of the gambling scene, in what might be considered one of the most beautiful quotes about gambling.
So there you have it, 15 memorable quotes about gambling – everything from snarky remarks to deep, almost lyrical sentences from some of the best gambling-related movies. Although all these films and movies take on different sides of gambling, there's one undeniable commonality: people love it.
Whether they're winning or losing, playing or just watching someone on a screen do it, people love gambling. And these quotes really capture that.
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Save the Date 2013 Annual Bicycle Symposium
Learn more and RSVP HERE.
Thursday, December 27 2012 @ 10:59 AM UTC
Save the Date - February 27, 2013
16th Annual Bike Maryland Bicycle Symposium
Once a year, Bike Maryland hosts Maryland's only Annual Bicycle Symposium. Please join us, government, community and industry leaders, elected officials, advocates, and on and off-road recreational bicyclists and commuters from throughout MD, DE, PA, D.C. and beyond to learn about key bicycle issues and how you can make your community or workplace more bike-able.
Thomas V. Mike Miller, Jr. Senate Building
President's Conference Center
RSVP here by writing your name and organization in the subject line.
View directions here.
Interested in exhibitor or sponsorship opportunities? Contact Chanda Causer here.
Please consider a donation to Bike Maryland this Holiday Season! Due to a generous donor your contribution will be matched dollar for dollar! Become a member of Bike Maryland here and your membership amount will be matched or give a donation here and your donation amount will be matched. As Bike Maryland is a 501c3 non-profit organization, your contribution is tax deductible.
Thank you for your support in making Maryland a great place to live, play and bicycle!
Purchase a holiday gift - A limited number of custom jerseys and blue wicking T-shirts are still available for purchase and larger image click here.
custom wicking t-shirt
Anne Arundel County Bicycle Advocacy
A group of Anne Arundel County residents are discussing the formation of bicycle advocacy organization for Annapolis and Anne Arundel county. They envision a forum for bringing together a wide range of groups, including government, bicycle enthusiasts, schools, bicycle clubs, businesses and more, to promote safe cycling. Anyone interested should contact Jon Korin.
Bicycle Master Plans
Allegany County Bicycle and Pedestrian Master Plan
The focus of Allegany County's Bicycle and Pedestrian Master Plan is connecting communities. The connections between the trails and towns will offer more than recreational activities, but also provide for transportation and bring economic benefits. Among the projects described in the plan is connecting the town of Mount Savage to Frostburg and the Great Allegheny Passage, while creating a small loop trail that supports the Great Allegheny Passage. The new connection would primarily make use of an abandoned rail bed to connect the two towns. Another project would rehabilitate the tunnel under Frostburg's Main Street to restore a connection between the GAP and Frostburg, according to the plan. The proposed trail heads south from the tunnel to become the Georges Creek Rail Trail ending in Westernport. The trail will provide a "backbone" to link all the parks in Frostburg, according to the plan. Another project would connect Dan's Mountain State Park to the Dan's Rock Overlook Park by a hiking and biking trail. View the plan here.
Howard County Bicycle Transportation Master Plan
Howard County is developing its first Bicycle Transportation Master Plan. The Department of Planning and Zoning (DPZ) is the lead agency administering the planning process. To ensure a comprehensive look at bicycling, DPZ has secured the involvement of a number of other county agencies including the Office of the County Executive, the County Council and Department of Public Works.
The master plan will address bicycling for both transportation and recreation; and will look at on-road and off-road bicycling facilities. A variety of methods will be used to gather public input, including a series of public workshops, in the Fall of 2012, an online survey, and availability of an interactive online map. The master planning process is expected to last a year from June 2012 – June 2013. Learn more here.
Montgomery County Trails Master Plan
Montgomery County Department of Parks is updating the Countywide Park Trails Plan. This plan serves as the guide for park trails of countywide significance, both hard and natural surface. Since last fall, they have been meeting monthly with a "Trails Working Group" (TWG), which consists of representatives from the major trail user groups, to discuss various plan objectives and policy issues. The TWG is helping to advise and guide our planning process for the amendment.
City of Rockville Bike Master Plan
Rockville has recently completed a draft of the master plan recommendations. For more information please contact Rebecca Torma.
Cecil County Bicycle Master Plan
The Wilmington Area Planning Council has completed a draft master plan. For more information please contact David Gula.
Annapolis Bicycle Master Plan
The Plan update will thus provide the County with an effective tool to identify and act on opportunities as they arise (including development, redevelopment, grant funding, coordination with other capital projects, etc.) and to work incrementally toward a more complete and consistent network of pedestrian and bicycle facilities and amenities. At the same time, the presence of these improvements will serve as an incentive for citizens to walk and cycle as greater opportunities become available and to satisfy mobility requirements by other means than motorized vehicle use. The Annapolis Bicycle Master Plan recommendations include:
Bicycle network maps
Early action priorities
Programs & Policies.
The recommended bicycle network is available on the City website www.annapolis.gov.
Questions or comments- contact:
Iain Banks, City of Annapolis 410-263-7964
Lucas Cruse, Toole Design Group 301-927-1900
William Small, Public Liaison, Transportation Board
Department of Natural Resources Maryland Trails
The Maryland Department of Natural Resources (DNR) has created the Maryland's Trails Clearinghouse and Directory, a central place for collecting and sharing materials and information about Trails in Maryland. The website is updated on a bi-monthly basis.
The DNR trails vision for the state of Maryland is to "Connect all of our public lands – federal, state, county and municipal – to the places where people live work, shop and play." The website has been created to link people to resources, facilitate coalitions and support collaborations to grow Maryland's trail resources. The goal is to provide a vehicle for trail enthusiasts to connect in positive ways to the land, the water and to each other.
The development of a statewide trails system contributes to Smart Growth, sustainable communities and an enhanced quality of life for all of Maryland's citizens and visitors.
The DNR is responsible for maintaining over 1,000 miles of trails throughout the state. These trails are located in our parks, forests, wildlife management areas, and natural resource areas. Trails come in many different varieties – on-road, off-road, hybrid bike trails, mountain bike trails, ORV trails, hiking trails, horse trails and water trails. Trail users come in all shapes and sizes, and each has a place at the DNR table as we strive to provide recreational opportunities for all while protecting our fragile natural resources.
The DNR mission is to design, build and maintain a sustainable trail system. In order to accomplish our mission we are creating partnerships between our land managers and volunteers who help keep our trails in good shape. At the 2010 Trails Summit, Governor Martin O'Malley and DNR Secretary John Griffin promised the trails community that the state would create a new Trails Division and hire a Land Trails Coordinator. That promise has been fulfilled and we are working with our many partners to create a state-wide trail network that meets the recreational and transportation needs of the citizens of Maryland.
To obtain more information, ask a question, or share a concern, contact:
Steve Carr 410-260-8478
Land Trails Planner, Land Acquisition & Planning
16th Annual Bicycle Symposium seeking sponsors and/or exhibitors
Wednesday, December 19 2012 @ 01:04 PM UTC
Bike Maryland (on Facebook)
Maryland's 16th Annual Bicycle Symposium hosted by Bike Maryland will be held in February (official date to be announced in the coming weeks). In preparation for this amazing event, we are seeking sponsors and/or exhibitors. If you are interested in learning more, please contact Chanda@bikemd.org! Bike Clubs, Bike advocacy groups, nonprofits and retail sellers are all invited! Re-post and tell your friends!
Tour du Port 2012: Sunday September 30, 2012
[B' Spokes: Please help, great cause, great ride, great people.]
Tour Du Port 2012 will take place on Sunday September 30, 2012 at Baltimore's Canton Waterfront Park at the Korean War Memorial. View directions and parking information.
The FORT (Fort McHenry) is Back! After three long years, FORT MCHENRY IS BACK AND IS INCLUDED IN ALL FIVE ROUTES! You will enter the grounds of Fort McHenry (free) and dismount and have the option of a walking tour of the grounds and visitor center. The National Park Service may charge you $7 to enter the actual Fort. All routes stop at the favorite Aquarium rest stop. Furthermore, all five routes are new as Baltimore City's bike guru, Nate Evans has helped us develop all new routes!
78 Degrees and Sunny Skies!
Larry's Ride and Run - September 22, 2012
TOUR DU PORT - Register TODAY for the September 30th Event!
Larry's Ride and Run - September 22, 2012.
Forecast is 78 Degrees and Sunny Skies!
Pre-event registration CLOSES THIS Thursday at noon.
Get the discounted rate of $35; day of event rate $45.
Location: Spring Meadow Farm in North West Baltimore County
Enjoy the scenic and challenging terrain of Baltimore's farm crested hills when you participate in the 3rd Annual Larry's Ride and Run event at Spring Meadow Farm. Choose from three different bicycle routes or join in the run! Afterward, come back to the farm for barbeque, kid's events, music, a farmer's market and so much more.
Click here to register and to learn more about Larry's Ride and Run!
Location: Baltimore City's Canton Waterfront Park
The 19th Annual Tour du Port has 5 completely NEW routes ranging from 12 to 65 miles! Experience Baltimore's premier bicycle tour, Tour du Port! Routes travel through historic neighborhoods, charming port areas and beautiful city and state parks throughout Baltimore City, Anne Arundel and Baltimore Counties. After the ride, enjoy a celebration including live music, exhibitors, lunch, and more!
Click here to register and to learn more about Tour du Port!
Receive $10 off when you register for BOTH Larry's Ride and the Tour du Port. Click here to register and receive your discount.
Don't Miss the Opportunity to Own a Custom Bike Maryland Jersey! Please place your order now to guarantee your ownership of this special item.
You can still order merchandise here or on the Tour du Port or Larry's Ride event registration forms. Click here if you want to purchase merchandise but will not be able to attend an event.
Sleek custom bicycle jersey!
Custom wicking t-shirt!
View larger images on the event registration forms.
Save the Date - Upcoming Bike Maryland Events
Bike Show! September 13, 2012
Maryland Art Place (MAP) is pleased to announce its kick -off exhibition of the fall, Bike Show. Co-hosted by Bike Maryland, the exhibition's intention is centered on the relationship between people and their bicycles and will include an opening reception Thursday, September 13 at 6pm. As Baltimore's ever-growing cycling community evolves and develops, MAP would like to showcase those artists and individuals who've embraced the bike culture. Bike Show is curated by Dawn Gavin, MAP's Program Advisory Chair & Associate Professor in Drawing and Foundations at the University of Maryland College Park. The exhibit will include a variety of artists presenting everything from bike-based installations to more traditional portraiture photography of people with their bikes.
MAP is located at 8 Market Place suite 100 within the Power Plant Live! complex – a central location for all modes of transportation, including bicycles. For more information please click here.
Don't Miss the Early-Bird Registration Rate - Register Now!
Registration rate to increase on August 7th.
TOUR DU PORT - September 30, 2012
5 completely NEW Tour du Port routes have been developed. All routes include the Aquarium rest stop and enter Fort McHenry for an option of a walking tour! Experience Baltimore's premier bicycle tour, Tour du Port! Routes range from 12 to 65 miles and travel through historic neighborhoods, charming port areas and beautiful city and state parks throughout Baltimore City, Anne Arundel and Baltimore Counties. After the ride, enjoy a celebration including live music, exhibitors, lunch, and more!
Governor O'Malley Announces 28 New Bikeways Grant Winners
$3.13 Million in Projects Will Provide Key Bike Network Connections
Maryland Department of Transportation, July 24, 2012
HANOVER, MD – As part of the O'Malley Administration's Cycle Maryland Initiative, Governor Martin O'Malley today announces 28 winners of the Bikeways Program Grants. The Maryland Bikeways Program, administered by the Maryland Department of Transportation, was established in November 2011 as a program to support planning, design and construction of projects that create and improve bicycle connections in Maryland to key destinations, like work, school and shopping. Governor O'Malley's program is providing $3.13 million for this round of grants to seven counties, Baltimore City and 12 other municipalities for a variety of projects in different stages of development from feasibility assessment and design to construction. These grant recipients are the second set of awardees announced this year bringing the total to 48 bikeways grant recipients and $5.63 million for 2012.
"I am pleased to see such a great interest in working together to build a more comprehensive bike network statewide that will benefit our citizens," said Governor O'Malley. "These grants will help local jurisdictions build key connections that make bicycling a true transportation option. Bicycling is a win-win for all of us by helping us learn to enjoy more of Maryland's natural treasures, reducing the impact on the land, improving our fitness and well-being, and enhancing our quality of life."
The grant winning projects include: on and off-road bicycle route connections, bike route signage, bike racks and safety improvements. A complete list of projects is available here.
Some of the winning projects are:
City of Brunswick's bike route, connecting the Chesapeake & Ohio (C&O) Canal Trail, the MARC train station and Main Street
Baltimore County's Towson Bike Beltway, installing bike lanes and bike route improvements
Baltimore City's downtown bike network, supporting design and construction of a cycle-track and bike lanes
Laurel's bike connection project, installing a bike lane on Lafayette Avenue and connecting it to the Laurel MARC station
Anne Arundel County and Prince George's County's Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Trail (WB&A Trail), providing feasibility assessment and preliminary design of a trail bridge over the Patuxent River
Salisbury's on-road bikeways, connecting Salisbury University and local businesses
Shore Transit on the Eastern Shore, providing bike racks on buses and at key stations
The Maryland Bikeways Program grant applications are reviewed with the goal of awarding grants to support plans and projects that: maximize the use of Maryland's existing bicycle facilities, make needed connections and support Maryland's bike sharing efforts. The Bikeways Program will address key funding gaps for bicycle projects. Program flexibility ensures that the best possible bicycle routes can be developed, by utilizing local and state roads, off-road trails, parks and other available pathways. Through strategic investment in the bicycle network, Maryland and our partners hope both to stimulate the economy and to achieve cost savings for households and government agencies.
Governor O'Malley kicked off his Cycle Maryland Initiative to consolidate and coordinate bicycle programs in Maryland in an effort to make bicycling a true transportation alternative and to encourage more Marylanders to get out and ride. The goal is to support Maryland's economy, to provide a cleaner environment and to encourage a healthier lifestyle and a better quality of life for all Marylanders.
For more information on Cycle Maryland efforts and great bicycling resources, please visit www.cycle.maryland.gov or contact MDOT, Jack Cahalan or Erin Henson at 410-865-1028.
Calling All Volunteers!
Bike Maryland needs your help spreading the word about Tour du Port and Larry's Bike Ride events. All funds raised from both Larry's Ride and the Tour du Port directly support bicycle advocacy, safety awareness, infrastructure, and your right to bike!
Would you help us:
Canvas postcards & posters (ASAP- need to get them around town now - until September 15th) to: Baltimore Neighborhoods (Canton, Fells Point, Federal Hill, Greektown, Midtown, etc….) bars & restaurants, sports stores, health clubs (spinning classes), coffee shops, local markets, etc….
To neighborhood bars, restaurants etc. within a 2 hour radius from Baltimore
Along Maryland state trails and walkways (NCR, C&O, B&A, etc….)
Posting the events on online calendars, websites, and social media
Sending out alerts to local media
Please contact Christina Nutile (click on name for email) or call 410-952-0334 for postcard/poster pick-up location or to have them delivered to you. Thank you.
Check out our new custom merchandise available for purchase on the event registration forms.
Can't attend the Tour Du Port or Larry's Ride? You can still order merchandise here.
Register for both Larry's Ride and Tour du Port
Thursday, July 12 2012 @ 06:03 PM UTC
Use this link to register for BOTH Larry's Ride (September 22) & the Tour du Port (September 30) together. Receive up to a $10 discount for registering for both event rides at once!
The Bike Maryland RecRide Bicycle Tour Sunday, May 20th!
The May 20th Bike Maryland RecRide will start and finish at the incredibly exciting BikeJam event in Patterson Park, Baltimore!
REGISTER HERE - registration is limited to 500 cyclists - First 200 registrants receive a free t-shirt!
The Lolly Pop Ride: 12 Miles
The Parks Ride: 30 miles
Rolling with hills! This route takes you on a lovely tour of Baltimore's beautiful parks before returning to BikeJam at Patterson Park. Includes Druid Hill Park rest stop for refreshments.
Join the celebration at the end of the RecRide - stay in Patterson Park and celebrate as BikeJam 2012 plays host to Pro Bicycle Championships. International caliber pro-racers and local racers compete for cash and prizes all day. Enjoy food vendors, beer, kid's activities, live music and the super-fast BikeJam 2012 pro bicycle races! Enjoy the fun at the Bike and Health Expo.
April 25 in Columbia, MD - An event you don't want to miss! The Path Forward - Cycling Innovations from Across the US.
A revolution is occurring across the country and it's a good thing! Cycling is on the rise and more and more communities are making investments to make cycling easier and safer. Join the Columbia Association (CA) and Jennifer Toole, lead consultant for Connecting Columbia and founder of Toole Design Group, who will speak about innovative communities across the US and how they are making way for bicycling. Toole is a nationally-recognized leader in bicycle and pedestrian planning and design. Bike Maryland is a co-host of this important event!
Registration is appreciated, but not required. Please RSVP here. This event is part of CA's Community Building Speakers' Series, which hosts thought-provoking speakers that stimulate us to discuss, engage and build our sense of community. If you have any questions, please contact Scott Templin or 410-715-3166.
Bike Maryland got you 3 feet and we are working to strengthen the existing 3 foot law!
In one of the first U.S. studies of its kind, researchers at the Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future at the Bloomberg School of Public Health have found that bike lanes in Baltimore improve cyclist safety, in a paper published in the Journal Accident Analysis and Prevention on March 27, 2012. Read the full paper here. Bike Maryland thanks Dr. David Love for initiating and completing this important study.
The study looked at drivers' behavior around cyclists on roads with and without bike lanes, and the good news is that drivers pass significantly wider when cyclists are in bike lanes. The bad news is that on roads without bike lanes, drivers had trouble sharing the road with cyclists, which often violated a state law aimed at making cycling safer. In 2010, with the support of Bike Maryland, Maryland passed what is known as the "3-foot law," which requires that drivers must pass cyclists by three feet or more. The study authors found that one in six motor vehicle passes in Baltimore, or about 17 percent, violated the 3-foot law.
Researcher David Love, PhD, says that, "As cyclists, we knew the 3-foot law was not being followed, and we wanted to quantify the problem. Now, for the first time, we have baseline data to inform future transportation and planning efforts."
Violations to the 3-foot law were virtually non-existent on streets with bike lanes. Love notes, "we need to find ways to separate car traffic from bike traffic, and bike lanes are one way to do that."
The study was conducted by a team of six Johns Hopkins University faculty, staff and students who routinely commute to work or school by bicycle. The authors attached video cameras to their bicycles, recording commutes in the Fall of 2011. By translating video footage into data, the study authors documented experiences that others in Baltimore have reported only anecdotally.
Researcher Jared Margulies says, "many cyclists feel safer in bike lanes, and our data indicates that drivers do give cyclists more room when bike lanes are present."
The study was sponsored in part by Bike Maryland as we support research to assess motorist compliance with the law.
Please Support Bike Maryland's Advocacy Work
Become a Bike Maryland Member Today.
Two Wheels, Two Words...True That!
Wednesday, March 28 2012 @ 05:17 PM UTC
by marla, Bike Maryland
Two wheels will always keep you rolling. But when they fail to be true, two words can really make up the difference.
During a recent kids bike safety rodeo at Patterson Park Rec Center, things were not rolling perfectly. We had more than 60 kids show up at our after school bike rodeo, a free event hosted by Bike Maryland. But the bikes were an hour late, and the kids were restless!
Katie and I did try to entertain the group as much as possible, being the good Bike MINDED coordinators that we are. But try explaining how to strap on your helmet safely, how to check the A, B, C's of your bike, and how to ride safely following the rules of the road when the entire audience just want to ride. That video we presented of the guy wearing his helmet backwards did little to draw a chuckle from the group.
But finally, when the windowless room's humidity reached indoor swimming pool thickness, we heard the truck and trailer pull up out back. YES!
The bikes arrived! Some of the kids rushed outside to help us unload, and it was two-wheeled game on.
Chaos aside, rodeo course cones managed to get set up on the indoor basketball court, including the little stop sign. Tires pumped, helmets correctly strapped, and selected rides were straddled.
One last-second rush trip to the trailer outside to lock things up, and I noticed the key had broken off inside the padlock. Geez!
Then I heard the two little words: "Thank you".
I turned around a saw a little boy around 8 years old standing alone on the sidewalk. He said the two words again, but louder and added, "My mama told me to always say that."
I just smiled and thought, two wheels may keep you rolling, but when all else fails, those two words really keep you going!


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Q: What is the order of events on page load? Can you tell me what is the order of events on page load in JSF?
I have a problem with passing parameter with f:param
I am using Eclipse, postgresql, Wildfly17 and primefaces 7.0.
I have two databases, connected with OneToMany relation. In first are pests with their properties. In second database are names of every pest in different languages (index of English is 1, German is 4, ...)
On first page is searching in first database (side One) for specific pests. Results are displayed in datatable under it. In last column of datatable is Edit button. By clicking on it you go on second page with data from both databases of specific pest.
Entity SmPests is:
Integer idPest;
String latinName;
String code:
@OneToMany(fetch = FetchType.LAZY, mappedBy = "smPests", cascade = CascadeTyoe.ALL, orphanRemoval = true)
List<SmPestsNames> smPestsNames = new ArrayList<SmPestsName>();
...

Entity SmPestsNames is:
Integer idPest;
int idLanguage;
String name;

In SmPestList.xhtml i have:
<p:button outcome="SmPestsEditable"update="pestsListEdit" value="Edit" style="fontsize:3em" title="edit">
<f:param name="id" value="#{zuzek.idPest}" />
<f:param name="code" value="#{zuzek.code}" />
<f:param name="lname" value="#{zuzek.latinName}" />

In SmPestsEdit.xhtml I have:
<f:viewParam name="id" value="#{smPestsEditable.idPest}" />
<f:viewParam name="code" value="#{smPestsEditable.code}" />
<f:viewParam name="lname" value="#{smPestsEditable.latinName}" />

My problem is that I when  second page loads, idPest (passed by f:param) is not yet detected by backing bean and if I want to display names from second database I get

java.lang.NullPointerException

If i set static idPest it works but it doesn't display names of current element.
I want to se idPest  before page loads.
Thank you in advance.
AFTER the page loads program does find correct children, but I want it happen BEFORE page loads.
I tried with ManagedBean but it says it is deprecated.
I also tried with viewAction
<f:viewParam name="id" value="#{smPestsEditable.idPest}" />
<f:viewParam name="code" value="#{smPestsEditable.code}" />
<f:viewParam name="lname" value="#{smPestsEditable.latinName}" />
<f:viewAction action="#{smPestsEditable.onload}" />

public void onload() {
   idPest = id; // to avoid NullPointerException I use static idPest and try to change it to current before page loads
}

UPDATE: Problem is that parameter "id" is identifier  for OneToMany relation. I want to load this OneToMany relation BEFORE the page loads. In the backing bean of the second page I have this:
    private int idPest = 55;  // This one is set so there is something set
    @ManagedProperty(value="{param.id}")
    private Long Id;
    @ManagedProperty(value="{param.id}")
    private int id;

    public void onload() {
        System.out.println(" ONLOAD: id: "+id);
            System.out.println(" idpest: "+idPest);
        System.out.println(" Id: "+Id);
    }

I tried to get parameter using @ManagedBean using variables both int and Long type but what I get is:
ONLOAD: id: 0
idpest: 55
Id: null

Right now it seems to me I can't get (integer) value of parameter "id" in onload

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Q: Modules failing to install I am currently in the process of making a chess engine, and when I tried to import chess Python gave a ModuleNotFound error. I then tried to pip3 install chess, in the case that I hadn't installed it yet (this IS an existing module, that is confirmed.) However, the command line gave me a very long, confusing message--
dyld[4445]: dyld cache '/System/Library/dyld/dyld_shared_cache_x86_64h' not loaded: syscall to map cache into shared region failed dyld[4445]: Library not loaded: /System/Library/Frameworks/CoreFoundation.framework/Versions/A/CoreFoundation Referenced from: /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/Python.app/Contents/MacOS/Python Reason: tried: '/System/Library/Frameworks/CoreFoundation.framework/Versions/A/CoreFoundation' (no such file), '/Library/Frameworks/CoreFoundation.framework/Versions/A/CoreFoundation' (no such file)
Does anyone know how to fix this? I should be on Python 3.8.5 (based on my code editor,) and I'm on MacOS Monterey.


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Dead Malls Give Rise to New Town Centers
FTI Journal Article
Whatever happened to the indoor fashion mall? The iconic symbol of 1980s consumer culture with its department stores, roving tweens, and scented-candle kiosks seems to have gone the way of the VCR. Faced with stiff competition from Internet shopping sites and a middle-class holding tight to their wallets, the mall (which in fact dates back to the early 1950s) would seem to be on life support. Indeed it's estimated that 3% of all malls have vacancy rates over 40%. One in five malls have rates above 10%.
But not all malls are created equal. Upscale malls, dubbed "Class A" by investors and the retail industry, continue to thrive. At the Mall at Mellenia in Orlando, FL, for instance, anchor tenants like Bloomingdale's and Neiman Marcus help drive $1,400 in sales per square foot at the 15-year old location.
It's the Class B and C malls that are suffering. Over the years, mall owners have attempted to reinvent these assets by adapting existing space for non-retail tenants such as church congregations and schools. But that can only go so far. Instead, another, more aggressive strategy for dead malls is taking shape. It's one that holds promise for preserving short-term land value while capitalizing on long-term community and economic development trends—the redevelopment and creation of new mixed-use retail centers using existing infrastructure.
These mash-ups typically feature stores, health centers, hospitality, office, and even housing—everything in one place to attract busy people looking for lifestyle convenience.
Everyone potentially wins: Sizeable projects likely receive some form of public benefit incentives in the form of zoning variances, real estate and sales tax abatements and other goodies. These help close the gap in investment economics to effectively preserve and potentially increase the value of land over the course of the project. They also attract private equity and debt, and can create attractive return to investments. In turn, municipalities measure their return on investment based on short- and long-term economic and fiscal impacts received, including job creation, increased secondary spending in the local community and of course, tax revenue.
The infographic below shows the state of U.S. malls and the evolution towards the mall mash-up trend.
© Copyright 2016. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and not necessarily the views of FTI Consulting, Inc., its management, its subsidiaries, its affiliates, or its other professionals.
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FTI Journal Article: To Buy Online or In-Store?
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Course Scholars
Padmashree Anandhan
Padmashree Anandhan is currently a project associate at the School of Conflict and Security Studies at the National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), Bangalore. Her research for the NIAS Europe Studies under the Area Studies initiative focuses on protest movements, conflicts, energy, economic, migration and contemporary political issues in Western Europe and Scandinavian countries.
Her research interests also include ocean governance and maritime conflicts as part of Maritime Studies. She is also the Assistant Editor of the Conflict Weekly of NIAS Conflict Reader under the International Peace Research Initiative which covers peace and conflict issues from South Asia to Latin America. Apart from her research, she also coordinates the NIAS outreach and social media activities.
GP Commentaries
The Ukraine War
NATO and the Madrid Summit: Expanding defence frontiers
Elections in France, Sweden, and Italy: The rise of the right
GP Insights
Putin's address in the Valdai Club" Four Takeaways
October 2022 | GP Insights # 681
The UK: Liz Truss' resignation spins political chaos
Russia-Ukraine: Putin signs the unification of Ukraine territories into law
Other Scholars
Harini Madhusudan
Harini Madhusudan is a doctoral scholar with the School of Conflict and Security Studies, NIAS. Her thesis looks at Militarisation in Outer Space, which draws from a combination of disciplines of International Law, Security Studies, International Relations, and Outer Space as a domain. She is looking...
Rashmi Ramesh
Rashmi Ramesh is currently pursuing PhD at the National Institute of Advanced Studies. Rashmi completed her BA in Economics, Political Science and Sociology from Christ (Deemed to be University), Bangalore. She holds a Masters Degree in Geopolitics and International Relations, Manipal Academy of Higher...
Akriti Sharma
Akriti Sharma is a doctoral scholar at the Science, Technology and International Relations Programme, National Institute of Advanced Studies. She has completed her Bachelors in Political Science and Masters in Political Science from the Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. She is also the recipient of...
Apoorva Sudhakar
Apoorva Sudhakar is a Research Associate at the School of Conflict and Security Studies at the National Institute of Advanced Studies. Her areas of interest include ethnic conflicts, civil-military relations and political developments in Africa. Apoorva has completed her Masters degree in...
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
Abigail Miriam Fernandez Research Associate at the School of Conflict and Security Studies at the National Institute of Advanced Studies. Her areas of interest include peace and conflict in Pakistan, Afghanistan, Central Asia, and the Caucasus. As a part of her research focus at 'Pakistan Reader'...
Avishka Ashok
Avishka Ashok is a Research Associate with the Science, Technology and International Relations (STIR) Programme in the School of Conflict and Security Studies at the National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore. In the STIR Programme, she is currently coordinating the activities of the China Reader...
Ankit Singh
Ankit is a Ph.D. scholar at NIAS, his research interests lie South Asia, peace studies and oral history. His research topic is on political economy of external debt in Pakistan (1971-2021). Research activities In the STIR program, he is currently assisting in preparations of PR evening...
Joel Jacob
Joel Jacob is a Research Assistant in the Global Politics Course, at the school of Conflict and Security Studies, National Institute of Advanced Studies. She works with the Pakistan Reader and STIR Fortnightly at the Science, Technology, and International Relations Programme, NIAS. Her areas of interest...
Anu Maria
Anu Maria Joseph is a Research Assistant in School of Conflict and Security Studies at the National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore. She holds masters in Political Science from Madras Christian College, Chennai. As part of NIAS Africa Studies, she looks into internal politics, external relations,...
Sai Pranav
Mr. Pranav is a Research Assistant at the School of Conflict and Security Studies at the National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), Bangalore. As a part of the NIAS Europe Studies under the Area studies program, he looks into issues relating to energy and border conflicts. He also follows developments...
Sethuraman Nadarajan
Sethuraman Nadarajan is a Research Intern with the Science, Technology, and International Relations (STIR) Programme in the School of Conflict and Security Studies at the National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore. In the STIR Programme, he is currently coordinating the activities of the...
Bhoomika Sesharaj
Bhoomika Sesharaj is a Research Intern with the Global Politics Course, in the Programme of Conflict and Security Studies at the National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore. Under the programme, she is currently coordinating the activities of the Pakistan Reader Area Studies Initiative. Her...
Madhura Mahesh
Madhura S Mahesh is a Research Intern in the Global Politics Course at the School of Conflict and Security Studies at the National Institute of Advance Studies, Bangalore. She is currently working under the Europe Studies Programme under the Area Studies initiative. Her areas of interest include the...
Farhan Hussain
Farhan Hussain is a Research Intern with the Global Politics Course, in the Programme of Conflict and Security Studies at the National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore. Under the program, he is currently involved in the activities of the China Reader Area Studies Initiative. His areas of interest...
Sayani Rana
Sayani Rana is a research Intern at the School of Conflict and Security Studies at the National Institute of Advance Studies. She is currently pursuing her undergraduate degree in International Relations and Public Policy from St. Joseph's University. As intern she is currently looking at the...
Allen Joe Mathew
Allen Joe Mathew is a Research Intern with the Science, technology and International Relations (STIR) Programme in the School of Conflict and Security Studies at the National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru. He is a final year undergraduate scholar pursuing BA JIP (Journalism, International...
Aparupa Bhattacherjee
Aparupa Bhattacharjee is currently pursuing her PhD at the School of Conflict and Security Studies at the National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), Bangalore. Her research is focussed on Southeast Asia, primarily Myanmar, Thailand, and Malaysia. In particular, she studies politics, conflicts...
Sourina Bej
Sourina Bej is a doctoral candidate in the Department of South Asian Studies at the University of Bonn. She has received the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung European International Cooperation (KAS-EIZ) scholarship for her doctoral study on climate migration, sustainability, and resilience among the rural...


Brendan graduated from UMass Dartmouth in May 2017, where he received his degree in Business Management with a focus in Leadership. As a former College Mentor during our inaugural semester in Taunton, MA, Brendan begins his full time role at C4C after a series of invaluable community leadership positions. Dagle was the starting wide receiver and captain for the Tomahawks football team at Algonquin Regional High School (ARHS). After graduating from high school, Dagle ran the off-season varsity football program at ARHS for 3 summers. He continued his playing career at UMass Dartmouth, as he represented the Corsairs for all 4 years. After receiving his Bachelor's Degree, Brendan worked as the varsity assistant football coach and JV head coach at St. Peter Marian High School in Worcester, MA. We are excited for Brendan to join our team in 2018 and build on his previous successes working with youth and contributing to the community.


It looks like this daytime television star has a little dancer in her house! Actress Kirsten Storms, who plays Maxie on General Hospital, has just shared an adorable photo of her little ballerina on her Instagram account. And yes, her followers can't get enough of her!
Kristen shares her daughter Harper with her ex-husband, actor Brandon Barash. Many fans agree that both Kirsten and Brandon are doing a phenomenal job of raising their daughter together and being the best co-parents they can be, despite their situation.
If it's not Brandon who is accompanying little Harper to her dance classes, then it's her mom. This time around it looks like it was Kirsten who attended Harper's most recent lesson.
Clearly, Kirsten loves to share photos of her little ballerina on social media. After all, she has every reason to be proud of her. She's certainly one of the cutest little celebrity tots we've seen. It's also so much fun getting to see her grow up with her very own spotlight. Let us know what you think by leaving us a line with your thoughts in our comments section below.
In the meantime, don't forget that General Hospital airs weekdays on the ABC network. Check your local listings for times.
'Young and the Restless' Poll: Do Eric Braeden's Y&R Comments Mean That Victor Regains Power In Genoa City?
Young and the Restless Spoilers: Sharon's Loyalty Put To The Test – Will She Help Put Victor Away To Save Herself?


APDA counts on your participation in our awareness and fundraising events across the country. Show your support by attending an event in your area.
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Daniel Carlsson Solander est un naturaliste et botaniste suédois, né le  à Piteå (province de Norrbotten) et mort le  à Londres.

Biographie

Jeunesse et études
Fils du pasteur luthérien Carl Solander et de Magdalena Bostadia, Daniel Solander est d'abord scolarisé à Piteå. À partir du 17 juin 1750, étudie à l'université d'Uppsala. Il se consacre d'abord aux langues et aux humanités, puis se tourne vers l'histoire naturelle et la botanique après deux ans. Il y suit les enseignements de Carl von Linné (1707-1778). Il reste à l'université jusqu'en 1759, mais n'obtiendra aucun diplôme. Il constitue en revanche un herbier, une collection d'histoire naturelle et une librairie d'une taille significative.

Pendant ses études, il habite chez son oncle, lui aussi nommé Daniel Solander, qui est fortuné. Il accompagne également Linné dans différents travaux : l'organisation du cabinet de curiosités de la reine Louise-Ulrique à Drottningholm durant l'été 1752, celle du cabinet d'histoire naturelle de Carl Gustaf Tessin durant l'hiver de la même année ou classification des collections du château d'Ulriksdal durant l'été 1753.

Installation en Angleterre
Au bénéfice de deux bourses, Daniel Solander souhaite se rendre en Angleterre. Il quitte Uppsala en mars 1759, mais tombe malade et doit passer presque une année près d'Helsingborg. Il embarque finalement à Elseneur le 30 mai 1760 et arrive à Londres le 29 juin. Il apprend l'anglais, se familiarise avec la ville, rencontre des personnes influentes. Il effectue deux expéditions de botanique dans le sud du pays, la première de décembre 1760 à février 1761, la seconde durant l'été 1761. Il consacre ensuite du temps à organiser ses collections, avec l'aide de John Ellis.

En quête d'un revenu plus stable, devient, dès février 1763, assistant-bibliothécaire au British Museum et y catalogue les collections d'histoire naturelle. Il conservera ce poste jusqu'à sa mort en 1782, ne prenant que des pauses pour ses voyages avec Joseph Banks (1743-1820), avec qui il s'est rapidement lié d'amitié. En juin 1764, il est admis à la Royal Society.

Expédition avec James Cook (1768-1771)
Du 25 août 1768 au 12 juillet 1771, Daniel Solander participe, sur proposition de Joseph Banks, au premier voyage de James Cook dans le Pacifique à bord de l'Endeavour. Ce voyage le mène à Madère, au Brésil, en Argentine, en Polynésie française, en Nouvelle-Zélande, en Australie, en Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinée, à Java, en Afrique du Sud et à Sainte-Hélène. Banks et Solander ramènent en Angleterre 30 300 plantes, dont 1 400 espèces jusque-là inconnues, ainsi qu'un grand nombre d'oiseaux, de poissons et de mollusques. Banks et Solander avaient initialement souhaité participer au deuxième voyage de James Cook. Cela ne sera pas le cas, mais un autre apôtre de Linné, Anders Sparrman, en sera.

Retour en Angleterre
Au retour de son voyage avec James Cook, il devient le secrétaire et le bibliothécaire de Banks et vit dans sa maison à Soho Square. En novembre 1771, il se voit décerner un doctorat honoris causa de l'université d'Oxford. De juillet à novembre 1772, Solander accompagne Banks dans son voyage en Islande, aux îles Féroé et les Orcades.

Daniel Solander n'a jamais remis les pieds en Suède entre son départ en 1760 et son décès en 1782. Le fait qu'il avait laissé ses collections et ses livres à Uppsala laissent toutefois penser que ce n'était pas prévu ainsi au départ.

Contribution à l'archivistique
Solander a inventé la forme de boîte livre connu sous le nom de boîte Solander, qui est encore utilisée dans les bibliothèques et les archives comme le moyen le plus approprié de conserver des estampes, des dessins, des manuscrits et le stockage des matériaux d'herbier.

Hommages
Les îles Solander, au sud de la Nouvelle-Zélande, doivent leur nom à Daniel Solander, tout comme le cap Solander au sud de Botany Bay, ainsi que le genre botanique Solandra. Des centaines de plantes et d'animaux ont par ailleurs des mots tels que solandri ou solandrana dans leurs noms scientifiques.

Notes et références

Voir aussi
Apôtres de Linné

Liens externes
 Edward Duyker & Per Tingbrand (réd. & trad.) Daniel Solander: Collected Correspondence 1753—1782, Miegunyah/Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1995, ,  [Scandinavian University Press, Oslo, 1995 ]
 Edward Duyker, Nature's Argonaut: Daniel Solander 1733—1782, Naturalist and Voyager with Cook and Banks, Miegunyah/Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1998 et 1999, ,
 The Solander Society
 Daniel Solander biographie sur le site de sa ville natale Piteå
 Daniel Solander
 The natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes : collected ... by the late John Ellis ... Systematically arranged and described by the late Daniel Solander .. (1786), texte téléchargeable dans Open Library

Naissance en février 1733
Naissance à Piteå
Botaniste suédois du XVIIIe siècle
Naturaliste suédois du XVIIIe siècle
Universitaire suédois du XVIIIe siècle
Phycologue
Membre de la Royal Society
Disciple de Linné
Décès en mai 1782
Étudiant de l'université d'Uppsala
Personnalité inhumée au cimetière de Brookwood
Décès à 49 ans

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Iran Nuclear NewsSix powers agree to confirm existing UN Iran sanctions
Six powers agree to confirm existing UN Iran sanctions
AFP: Six major powers papered over differences on Iran Friday and agreed to submit a new Security Council draft resolution confirming existing UN sanctions over Tehran's nuclear program.
UNITED NATIONS (AFP) — Six major powers papered over differences on Iran Friday and agreed to submit a new Security Council draft resolution confirming existing UN sanctions over Tehran's nuclear program.
"Our intention is to confirm all previous decisions," Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said after an impromptu meeting with his counterparts from the four other permanent Security Council members and Germany.
He was referring to three previous rounds of sanctions the world body slapped on Iran for its refusal to halt sensitive nuclear work.
British Foreign Secretary David Miliband said on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly: "We will be presenting a short resolution for consultations today that reaffirms existing resolutions and the unity of the E3+3."
The E3+3 group includes the European powers Britain, France and Germany and the remaining Security Council members China, Russia and the United States.
Miliband told reporters the six powers' agreement on the draft also showed "our determination to take forward that strategy with further discussions and further steps."
The six powers have been trying to convince Iran to abandon uranium enrichment amid Western fears that Tehran is seeking to build an atomic bomb.
Friday's meeting gained new urgency after the UN nuclear watchdog reported last week that Tehran continued to defy international pressure to cooperate with its investigation. Iran insists its nuclear program is strictly aimed at producing civilian energy.
German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier said the UN resolution could be passed by the Security Council as early as Saturday.
He welcomed the six countries' agreement on the text as "an important sign of unity on Iran" and noted the draft did not rule out future sanctions.
"The position of the international community remains that we want to say firstly, that we are ready to cooperate with Iran but secondly, only if Iran fulfills its commitments to the international community," he told reporters.
"If it does not, we are ready to go the other way, possibly toward further new sanctions. What is key, however, is that we are actually able to go down that road together, as the group of six."
Steinmeier rejected suggestions by some Western diplomats that it would be better to seek a raft of new bilateral sanctions against Iran rather than trying at all costs to keep China and Russia, which are more reticent, on board.
"I cannot imagine that destroying such formats and breaking off the dialogue (within the E3+3) would have led to more pressure on Iran," he said.
"My fear was that there was, or would have been, too much satisfaction in Iran if we had not made a joint declaration."
The ministers had initially planned to gather here Thursday to weigh new sanctions against Tehran.
But that meeting was called off after Moscow complained Washington sought to "punish" it, apparently over Georgia.
Moscow also cited US refusal to hold meetings this week of the Group of Eight industrial countries, composed of the United States, Russia, Canada, Japan, Britain, France, Italy and Germany.
"We do not see any fire that requires us to toss everything aside and meet to discuss Iran's nuclear program in the middle of a packed week at the United Nations General Assembly," the Russian Foreign Ministry said in a frosty statement.
The war with Georgia, a US ally, led to the worst chill in relations between Moscow and Washington since the Cold War and prompted US officials to say Russia could face isolation.
But the United States and Russia later appeared to climb down from the dispute, agreeing here to hold further ministerial-level meetings in the future on Iran's disputed nuclear program.
In his address to the UN General Assembly Tuesday, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad vowed to pursue nuclear technology in the face of Western threats.
Iran "will resist the bullying and has defended and will continue to defend its rights," he said.
In a clear reference to Washington and its allies, the Iranian leader said: "They oppose other nations' progress and tend to monopolize technologies and to use those monopolies in order to impose their will on other nations."
Previous articleRice says new Iran move to show unity
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It is hard to write about yourself. The college essay often asks you to describe who you are, and what is most important to you. Those are tough questions, for anyone.
It's like someone asking you to pick your favorite color. Maybe you really like red, but not all shades of red. And even though you like it a lot, you also have other colors you really love. So how do you answer? "I think I like red, sometimes, don't you?" No. Way too wishy-washy. Instead, make the statement as though it were the truth. "My favorite color is red." Then, if you need to, you can qualify your statement later.
When you write these personal essays, you need to write with authority. Even though you might have huge doubts or uncertainly about your answers (life is gray!), you must assert yourself and your opinions with confidence.
TIP: One way to strengthen your writing is to avoid "indefinite modifiers," such as perhaps, maybe, somehow, almost, really, very, etc.


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Q: when you pass on the link of the quiz, the application must open the desired category and open the popup how to do it? There is a list of quizzes, quiz opens in the popup menu. The user can start passing the quiz and at the end of may to share a link to a quiz in social networks. A user can share a link to a quiz such as Twitter. If he clicks on the link, it should open a popup with a quiz.
when you pass on the link of the quiz, the application must open the desired category and open the popup how to do it?
click on link and open popup with quiz:
link_to('play', quiz_path(quiz), class: "play-button", remote: true)

in show.js
QuizPopup.initPopup("content");
QuizPopup.renderPopup();

JS
renderPopup: function(){
  React.render(
    React.createElement(
         MDQuiz,
         $('#modalContent>:first').data('react-props')),
         document.getElementById("modalContent").children[0]);
},
initPopup: function(content){
  $('#modal').dialog({
    modal: true,
    closeOnEscape: false,
    autoOpen: true,
    hide: 'drop',
  });
  $('#modalContent').html(content);
}


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Senators Say Trump May Have Violated Federal Law by Pressuring Countries Into Opposing Abortion Rights
The administration, charged Democratic senators, pressured 70 countries to support an effort "to deny resources and education that could help millions of women and girls around the world."
Four U.S. senators said Wednesday that the Trump administration's effort to pressure 70 other countries into opposing abortion rights may violate a federal law. (Photo: Shawn Baldwin/AP)
The Trump administration may have broken a federal law when it lobbied countries to join its effort to attack reproductive rights around the world, four Democratic senators said Wednesday.
Sens. Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif.), Patty Murray (D-Wash.), Robert Menendez (D-N.J.) and Jeanne Shaheen (D-N.H.) wrote to administration officials decrying a letter circulated over the summer by Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and Health Secretary Alexander Azar, which pressured more than 70 countries to sign a joint statement opposing "harmful" sexual and reproductive health policies.
"The letter may violate the Siljander Amendment, which prohibits use of foreign assistance in lobbying 'for or against abortion.'"
—Sens. Feinstein, Murray, Menendez, and Shaheen
"The letter may violate the Siljander Amendment, which prohibits use of foreign assistance in lobbying 'for or against abortion,'" the senators wrote.
Furthermore, the lawmakers said they were "alarmed that your opposition to abortion care—as stated in the letter—harms women and families, as well as endangers millions of women and girls."
In the letter sent to the countries ahead of a meeting on universal health coverage in September, the U.S. called on officials to sign on to a document that would be presented at the summit. The statement expressed opposition to "a new international right to abortion" and "international policies that weaken the family" including those promoting sexual and reproductive health and rights.
In addition to possibly breaking federal law, the senators wrote Wednesday, the Trump administration had advocated "to deny resources and education that could help millions of women and girls around the world."
The administration was only able to convince 18 countries to sign the agreement in September, including Saudi Arabia, Russia, and Bahrain, while longtime U.S. allies including the U.K. and France supported an opposing statement affirming that "sexual reproductive health and rights is an integral part of universal health coverage."
In addition to the letter the U.S. sent to dozens of countries, the administration refused to agree to a U.N. resolution seeking to end the use of rape as a weapon of war in April, demanding that references to "sexual and reproductive health" be removed first.
Kelly Craft, the U.S. Ambassador to the U.N., reiterated on Tuesday that the U.S. "cannot accept references to 'sexual and reproductive health.'"
'Cruel to Its Core': 15 State Attorneys General Sue Trump Over New SNAP Work Requirements
Rights, U.S.
Women, Donald Trump, Mike Pompeo, Dianne Feinstein, Democratic Party, Reproductive Rights
Canada's Top Court Rejects BC Bid to Halt Trans Mountain Tar Sands Project


It happens. After staying a few months, a few weeks or up to a year, some of our guests ask to see one of the other cottages. Maybe their needs have changed? Or they just fancy a tiny change of scenery? After all, 3 of the cottages are in the same street in the same village. As luck would have it, there was 1 available house and so Guests A moved to Cottage B, while Guests C moved to Cottage A.
So Cottage C, aka La Maison de Constance is now up for grabs! Just in time to come an enjoy the glorious Auvergne autumn, the first snow, the morning light on the hills opposite the house with frost making everything both hazy and glistening. Oh, and Noel in the countryside, bien sur.


Yes, that's right, $22,500! It took me five years of working as a teacher, but I pulled it off. How did I take care of this much student loan forgiveness?
It's no secret to anyone who doesn't live under a rock: millennials have racked up a lot of student debt. Here are some tips that can help you out.


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5th Secret Planned Parenthood Video Shows Houston Clinic
By The Associated Press	• Published August 4, 2015 • Updated on August 4, 2015 at 1:09 pm
An anti-abortion group has released its fifth undercover video alleging fetal organ sales that activists say was shot inside a Houston Planned Parenthood clinic.
The Center for Medical Progress' footage shows people pretending to be from a company that procures fetal tissue for research touring the Planned Parenthood Gulf Coast clinic.
What they're shown includes recently collected fetuses. Gov. Greg Abbott called the video "repulsive and unconscionable."
Tuesday's video is the fifth the center has recently released, but the first from Texas. It appears consistent with footage Planned Parenthood previously announced might have been secretly recorded.
Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton is leading a state investigation of Planned Parenthood prompted by previous videos, and called the latest "simply appalling."
Paxton was recently indicted on felony securities fraud charges.