text:
Swarm 3D printing or cooperative 3D printing or swarm manufacturing is a digital manufacturing platform that employs a swarm of mobile robots with different functionalities to work together to print and assemble products based on digital designs. A digital design is first divided into smaller chunks and components based on its geometry and functions, which are then assigned to different specialized robots for printing and assembly in parallel and in sequence based on the dependency of the tasks. The robots typically move freely on an open factory floor, or through the air, and could carry different tool heads. Some common tool heads include material deposition tool heads (e.g., filament extruder, inkjet printhead), pick and place tool head for embedding of pre-manufactured components, laser cutter, welding tool, etc. In some cases, operations are managed by artificial intelligence algorithms, increasingly prevalent with larger swarms or more complex robots, which require elements of autonomy to work together effectively. While in its early stage of development, swarm 3D printing is currently being commercialized by startup companies. According to Additive Manufacturing Magazine, AMBOTS is credited with creating the first end-to-end solution for cooperative 3D printing. Using the Rapid Induction Printing metal additive manufacturing process, Rosotics was the first company to demonstrate swarm 3D printing using a metallic payload, and the only to achieve metallic 3D printing from an airborne platform.

See also

References

External links
 Fully decentralized robotic swarm performing collective search and exploration -- Applied Complexity Group and Motion, Energy Control Lab at SUTD
 Swarm-bots: Swarms of self-assembling artifacts -- EU IST-FET project (2001-2005)
 Award-winning swarm-bot video at AAAI 2007

3D printing

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Senior Afghan official publicly criticizes US negotiator Khalilzad on visit to Washington
NSA Hamdullah Mohib's comments to reporters were the most strident public complaints to date by an Afghan official over the Kabul's government's absence and the role of U.S. Special Representative Zalmay Khalilzad, an Afghan-born veteran diplomat.
By: Reuters | Washington | Published: March 15, 2019 2:40:19 pm
U.S. negotiators also are pressing the Taliban to accept a ceasefire and talks on Afghanistan's political future with representatives of Afghan society, including President Ashraf Ghani's government. (Jim Huylebroek/The New York Times/FILE)
A senior Afghan official on Thursday accused the U.S. peace negotiator of "delegitimizing" the Afghan government in an unusually public attack reflecting Kabul's mounting alarm over its exclusion from U.S. talks with Taliban insurgents.
National Security Adviser Hamdullah Mohib's comments to reporters in Washington were the most strident public complaints to date by an Afghan official over the Kabul's government's absence and the role of U.S. Special Representative Zalmay Khalilzad, an Afghan-born veteran diplomat.
"Knowing Ambassador Khalilzad's history, his own personal history, he has ambitions in Afghanistan. He was wanting to run for president twice," Mohib said hours before scheduled talks at the U.S. State Department. "The perception in Afghanistan and people in government think that perhaps, perhaps all this talk is to create a caretaker government of which he will then become the viceroy."
Viceroy is a politically loaded term in South Asia as it was the title of the colonial administrator of British-ruled India.
A second round of U.S.-Taliban talks lasting 16 days ended on Monday in Doha, Qatar. The sides reported progress, but no final deal on a withdrawal of U.S.-led international forces and arrangements that the Taliban ensures militants would not use Afghanistan to stage attacks as al Qaeda did for Sept. 11, 2001.
"We think either Zal, Ambassador Khalilzad, doesn't know how to negotiate (or) there may be other reasons behind what he's doing," Mohib said.
"The reason he is delegitimizing the Afghan government and weakening it, and at the same time elevating the Taliban can only have one approach. It's definitely not for peace," he said.
Khalilzad was not immediately available for comment. A State Department official who requested anonymity said Mohib's remarks "do not in any way reflect the high level of U.S.-Afghan coordination on all matters involving peace in Afghanistan."
The official described Mohib's comments as "inaccurate and unhelpful, and we will be responding to them privately today."
U.S. negotiators also are pressing the Taliban to accept a ceasefire and talks on Afghanistan's political future with representatives of Afghan society, including President Ashraf Ghani's government.
The Taliban rejects direct negotiations with the Kabul government, accusing it of being a U.S. puppet.
The lead Taliban negotiator, Mullah Abdul Ghani Baradar, on Thursday assured Afghans that they had no reason to fear a settlement.
Afghan officials worry that Khalilzad's priority is securing at Kabul's expense an end to the nearly 18-year U.S. military involvement to fulfill a pledge President Donald Trump made to end America's longest war.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Today's perv link is actually a discussion of the sexual fortunes of the animal kingdom… without the involvement of people. The money quote: "A male lion held a record of 86 sexual intercourses in 24 hours. " Aieee. I feel soooo inadequate now.
Apparently, you can get a real honest-to-god quasi-celebrity, like Mr T or Boy George (and a lot of losers I've never heard of), to leave a message on your answering machine. Click here!
Here's an obscure article reporting that a re-created version of the 1918 Spanish flu virus has been allowed out of the lab. Sure, that's shocking and all. But I'm more impressed that they were able to re-create the virus at all! How come nobody told me?
Well, it's election time in Canada again. At present, I'm predicting a Conservative minority government. But things might and will change in coming weeks.
You know, it's easy to mock the political Right (and fun, too!) for its inclusion of loony wingut bigots and religious zealots. But the Left has its idiots, too. Here's a story of political correctness gone mad: In Provincetown, Mass., an elected official succeeded in getting removed an historic painting depicting the Pilgrims voting on the Mayflower Compact when they first landed in Provincetown …because the painting only showed men voting, which is, apparently, offensive, albeit historically accurate.
Stories like that make me want to move to a shack in the Yukon and marry a bear.
Previous PostIt's Not a Party Until Someone Brings The Iron CrotchNext PostYeah, Baby!


If you need support in finding the right training institution feel free to browse the providers below. The careers team are available to help you make informed choices. Come in and see us, there may be an upcoming opportunity to visit an institution you are investigating.
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Margo Garden Products Landscape Fire Glass is ideal for landscapes and for use in propane and natural gas fire applications. All glass pieces are tumbled to produce smooth edges for landscaping while also tempered to withstand high temperatures. These glass pieces are created through an industry - leading manufacturing process to ensure each piece will maintain form and color for years to highlight all indoor and outdoor environments. The glass is complimented by a bag designed for easy handling to apply and store for all sized projects. Half-inch landscape glass is recommended over quarter-inch landscape glass for propane and natural gas fire applications. Feature decorative tumbled glass for fire pits, landscapes, aquariums, floral arrangements, water features, and to embed in decorative mosaics and stone works to impress all with its durability charm and decor. Landscape Glass is not recommended material for use in fire places.


text:
require 'sensu-plugin/check/cli'
require 'aws-sdk'
require 'sensu-plugins-aws'

class CheckAsgInstanceCreated < Sensu::Plugin::Check::CLI
  include Common
  option :aws_region,
         short:       '-r AWS_REGION',
         long:        '--aws-region REGION',
         description: 'AWS Region (defaults to us-east-1).',
         default:     ENV['AWS_REGION']

  option :asg_group_name,
         short:       '-g G',
         long:        '--asg_group_name AutoScalingGroupName',
         description: 'AutoScalingGroupName to check'

  option :warning_limit,
         short:       '-w W',
         long:        '--warning_limit Warning Limit',
         description: 'Warning Limit for launching and terminated instances',
         proc: proc(&:to_i)

  option :critical_limit,
         short:       '-c C',
         long:        '--critical_limit Critical Limit',
         description: 'Critical Limit for launching and terminated instances',
         proc: proc(&:to_i)

  def asg
    @asg = Aws::AutoScaling::Client.new
  end

  def describe_activities(asg_group_name)
    asg.describe_scaling_activities(
      auto_scaling_group_name: asg_group_name.to_s
    )
  end

  def run
    warning = 3
    critical = 4
    result_launched = ''
    result_terminated = ''
    instance_launching = 0
    instance_terminating = 0
    time_now = Time.now
    time_utc_offset = time_now - time_now.utc_offset

    if !config[:warning_limit].nil?
      warning = config[:warning_limit]
    elsif !config[:critical_limit].nil?
      critical = config[:critical_limit]
    end

    if config[:asg_group_name].nil?
      asg.describe_auto_scaling_groups.auto_scaling_groups.each do |asg_group|
        describe_activities(asg_group.auto_scaling_group_name).each do |activities|
          activities.activities.each do |activity|
            if Time.parse(activity.start_time.inspect) > (time_utc_offset - 3600)
              if activity.description.include? 'Launching'
                instance_launching += 1
                result_launched = " #{instance_launching} Instances Launching in AutoScalingGroup #{asg_group.auto_scaling_group_name}"
              elsif activity.description.include? 'Terminating'
                instance_terminating += 1
                result_terminated = " #{instance_terminating} Instances Terminated in AutoScalingGroup #{asg_group.auto_scaling_group_name}"
              end
            end
          end
        end
      end
    else
      describe_activities(config[:asg_group_name]).each do |activities|
        activities.activities.each do |activity|
          if Time.parse(activity.start_time.inspect) > (time_utc_offset - 3600)
            if activity.description.include? 'Launching'
              instance_launching += 1
              result_launched = " #{instance_launching} Instances Launching in AutoScalingGroup #{config[:asg_group_name]}"
            elsif activity.description.include? 'Terminating'
              instance_terminating += 1
              result_terminated = " #{instance_terminating} Instances Terminated in AutoScalingGroup #{config[:asg_group_name]}"
            end
          end
        end
      end
    end
    if instance_terminating.zero? && instance_launching.zero?
      ok 'No instances Launched & Terminated last hour'
    elsif instance_terminating >= critical && instance_launching >= critical
      critical "#{result_launched} \n #{result_terminated}"
    elsif instance_terminating >= warning && instance_launching >= warning
      warning "#{result_launched} \n #{result_terminated}"
    else
      ok "#{result_launched} \n #{result_terminated}"
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Synth player needed to complete our Killing Joke covers and inspired original songs band.
to the covers we do, that would be great. We just want to play these songs and have a bit of fun with a view to doing a few gigs on a small scale once the band is complete. message me for more info, in the mean time here a couple of songs from Killing Joke that we cover.
Report a post in this topic: If you would like to report any spam or inappropriate posts in this topic, please email report@joinmyband.co.uk quoting topic id 1135983 with your reasons for reporting the post(s) and we will look into it asap.


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TERRY, Jack Robert, Machinist's Mate 3c, USN. Parents, Mr. and Mrs. Ellsworth Elmer Terry, Kuna.
THIBODEAUX, Richard M., Pfc., USMC. Mother, Mrs. Mary L. Thibodeaux, 708 Pueblo St., Boise.
THOMAS, Leland E., 2nd Lt., USMCR. Mother, Mrs. B. E. Thomas, Fruitland.
THOMAS, Loren E., Sgt., USMC. Parents, Mr. and Mrs. Edgar P. Thomas, Route 1, Emmett.
THOMPSON, Don H., Pvt., USMCR. Wife, Mrs. Edna D. Thompson, 204 Chamberlain Ave., Idaho Falls.
THOMPSON, Robert Clanton, Signalman 3c, USNR. Mother, Mrs. Alga Lillian Thompson, 250 E St., Idaho Falls.
THROCKMORTON, Lester Lee, Ship's Cook 3c, USN. Mother, Mrs. Ethel Scott, 2-16 Kerr St., Boise.


text:
Home > Low Power-High Performance > FinFET Scaling Reaches Thermal Limit
FinFET Scaling Reaches Thermal Limit
Advancing to the next process nodes will not produce the same performance improvements as in the past.
May 12th, 2016 - By: Brian Bailey
In 1974, Robert H. Dennard was working as an IBM researcher. He introduced the idea that MOSFETs would continue to work as voltage-controlled switches in conjunction with shrinking features, providing doping levels, the chip's geometry, and voltages are scaled along with those size reductions. This became known as Dennard's Law even though, just like Moore's Law, it was anything but a law.
There were two problems with his idea. The first is that it totally ignored leakage current. For the first couple of decades, this was not a serious problem because leakage continued to be small relative to switching power. Today, leakage can dominate total power unless significant power management is built into the device so logic not being used is powered down.
The second problem was caused by attempting to control the first. In order to reduce the voltage, a thinner gate dielectric was required, but leakage required the opposite. Advances such as the introduction of high-k dielectric materials helped but nothing enabled the observation's continuance.
One important aspect of Dennard's Law is that the power consumption of a transistor scaled down quadratically, which was necessary because device sizes also scaled by a similar amount. That meant that power density remained constant and thus heating was not a major issue.
All of this started to become a problem in 2005 when threshold voltage started to flatten and power density began to increase. Now the industry has to worry about both leakage to control power, and activity to control thermal. Both of these are tightly coupled in a negative way such that an increase in heat causes an increase in leakage, which creates heat.
Table 1. Source: "Scaling with Design Constraints: Predicting the Future of Big Chips"
Until now, this problem was solved by adding multiple cores so that tasks could be moved around to the cooler areas of a chip, but we may be nearing the point at which this will not work.
Some in the industry are beginning to wake up to the problem. A paper by IBM and the University of Virginia states, "While increasing parallelism rather than frequency is a more power-friendly approach to performance growth, the stricter requirement from chip power still forces processor vendors to keep the chip power at a constant thermal design power (TDP) in order to hold down cooling cost."
IBM says that so far the problem has been dealt with by increasing the size of the die. But the company questions whether this is "a sustainable approach to realize desired performance growth under power constraints, and when alternative approaches may be necessary."
The conclusion: "Neither reining in chip area nor the multi-core trend can rein in chip power by themselves when seeking a 2X chip performance growth per technology node. So if ever there was a time for new architectural innovations to increase chip efficiency (performance at constant power), it is now."
The introduction of the finFET had a significant impact on leakage current, and thus a reduction in total power consumption, but does the finFET get the industry back on track with Dennard's Law? If power density continues to rise, it means that when devices get smaller, the total power consumed per unit area will increase. At some point, no more activity will be possible.
22nm finFet Advantage to 32nm Planar (Source: Intel, Bohr & Mistry)
So far, Intel is the only company with a track record of two generations of finFET devices. With its first generation the company did show an increase in power density over planar, even though power per transistor went down.
In late 2014, Intel announced its 14nm second-generation process. It managed to attain a 0.7 density shrink and also claimed an equal reduction in power. Much of the density and power reduction improvements came from a redesigned fin structure and a reduction in the number of fins per transistor. Intel also believes that the scaling will continue down to 10nm, but at this point there appears to be no mention of what power reductions can be expected per transistor.
What can be expected from the finFET roadmap? "The newer technology gives me less leakage, faster delay and smaller density," says Vassilios Gerousis, distinguished engineer at Cadence. "That is the roadmap. The real question is how much of that ideal are you going to get? There is definitely leakage improvement, and people are trying to add new materials or add special processes such as stress to improve performance, as well as using different materials to help with leakage and performance."
But technology continues to work against those improvements. "The thing that limits the supply voltage is the threshold voltage and as we turn that down, leakage goes up and we end up in a bad place," says , chief technology officer at Sonics. "What changes with finFET is that they have better control over the channel and so they are able to achieve a lower threshold voltage with less leakage. There was almost an order of magnitude reduction in leakage for a nominal gate-sized transistor at a given threshold voltage. As we get smaller gates, the leakage starts to creep back up again, so that was a one-time gain. We have moved onto a different set of curves, but the curves still have the same shape. As the rest of Moore's Law attempts to push forward we get toward 10 and 7nm, and we are right back in the thick of it."
There are additional factors to start worrying about, too. "When we go from 10 to 7nm there are additional thermal side effects," says , vice president and senior product strategist for Ansys. "The finFET structure is less efficient in terms of heat dissipation, and it is easier to accumulate heat on the fingers. This is worse than the planar architecture."
Chang also points to another new factor. "The wires also have a dual heating effect. Heat is induced in the wire and there is thermal coupling between the wires. If many wires are in close proximity with each other and they all carry a significant amount of current, they will impact each other. This thermal problem is getting serious."
Wingard sees additional problems. "For a circuit of the same complexity implemented in a smaller geometry, the capacitance gets smaller because the distances between things got closer. But that advantage has largely gone away because so much of the capacitance terms are dominated by side-wall components instead of the area component. That means that we no longer have this scaling benefit from shrinking process. We used to get a squared relationship because both the length of the conductor and the width went down, and so the area went down by the square of the linear shrink. Now it is only the length that goes down."
Design for thermal
The industry has had to deal with design for test, design for manufacturing, design for power and now can add a new one to the list: Design for Thermal. "This may result in a new class of design rule," says Chang. "Possibly something that says you cannot pack transistors with such high density in certain regions, or your frequency cannot be so high, and the transistors cannot be put into such close proximity with high power running."
But we cannot directly measure thermal. "First you run the functional, and from that you can calculate power, and from power you can get to thermal and make the judgment if the temperature increase is tolerable," explains Chang.
The industry is still getting its arms around power analysis. "Companies are struggling with how to take the massive amounts of data being generated at RTL and pumping that into a power estimation tool so that it can do something meaningful with it," says Krishna Balachandran, product management director for low power solutions at Cadence. "Having physical effects considered, such as the clocks, is important, even at an early stage. You need that to get a good estimate of power."
Balachandran says there needs to be a convergence in power estimation and thermal. "You can pack more cores into a chip but you will not be able to use all of them because you have a thermal issue. That has to be understood up front and planned for, so that the optimal number of cores can be put on a chip rather than just adding cores in the hopes of getting the necessary throughput or performance, which may not be attainable if you then have to throttle them down. The power and thermal flow will become more connected and more mainstream and more important with the deeper nodes."
And while detailed analysis for thermal is required, others are looking to make architectural changes, as well. "Every time it gets a little bit harder, and it drives you to do the analysis earlier in the design because the degree to which you tolerate a surprise or the size of the surprise grows," says Wingard. "It becomes important to be able to model the implications of things and it drives you towards needing dynamic control of the power and power management is an integral part of the architecture phase of development."
Wingard contends that having software control the power may not be the best approach. "Modern operating systems tend to do a good job at understanding the throughput requirements of the central processor subsystem but are not as good for a radio decoder or an I/O sub-system. The OS leaves it to the device drivers to figure out what to do from a power management perspective. Those drivers often do not have the necessary contextual information to make good choices. We think the intelligence has to be moved down into the hardware where we have an early indication of when something has gone idle, and if we make the power transitions in hardware, we can do that so fast that we don't even have to tell the software that something has been powered down—as long as we can recover in time and hit the responsiveness goals that are needed by the application."
Long-term impact
But where there is heat, there may be fire. In this case it is called stress. "Thermal induced stress is a new problem that previously was only analyzed for devices using a TCAD tool," says Chang. "Now the problem is coupled with design because the thermal temperature is power dependent and is different depending on which functional mode you are operating in."
Chang explains that when wires get thinner and narrower there is an increase in current density and that means a lot more stress compared to the previous generation of process. "Power, thermal and EM are all coupled and they all affect stress and reliability," says Chang.
Market Implications
Thermal adds additional difficulty and cost with each new node, and there is likely to be a reduction in the throughput and performance increases that can be attained. "People building high-performance computing elements will clearly go to the new nodes," says Wingard. "They will get increased performance and density because they can get stuff closer together with lower latency, which has a second-order effect on performance."
But what about other industries? "The cost argument only works if you get an area savings," continues Wingard. "What if the function that you are performing is pad-limited? If the pad ring defines your area, a shrink may not save you anything."
In fact it is likely that the decision may be market-driven. "There are some companies that are daring enough to design at close to the threshold or sub-threshold voltages," says Balachandran. "I expect to see more of this happening in the lower process nodes, in spite of the challenges with variation. Sub-threshold can get you 50X or 100X savings in power, but you give up a lot of speed. This won't work for all types of applications, especially high-performance applications, but there is a class of applications where it does make sense, especially in IoT. Here, there is a lot of analog interaction and the processing speed does not have to be very high and you don't want to change the battery for 10 or 20 years. Under these requirements, sub-threshold technology will play a crucial role."
Another important market is automotive. "For automotive, if they want to run on finFET, the process vendors will have to tune their process to make it more reliable so that it can survive 10 to 20 years," points out Chang. "They are working on it and are eager to be qualified for the automotive sector. This is one of the fastest growing areas for chip demand. This will almost certainly affect density."
Wingard points to another design change that may be necessary. "If I am in a cost-constrained world, maybe I should be looking at putting voltage regulators on-chip so that I can generate enough different supplies to keep control over it rather than having an external power management chip that gives me two or three or four supply voltages."
It is too early to tell what will happen to power density with finFETs, but the initial data suggests that it will rise and begin to limit the total amount of activity that can happen on a chip. The only way this will change is if the thermal time constant for the chip itself can be changed, such as by adding materials that get the heat out faster. Thermal will become the new limiting factor and thermal analysis is still in its infancy. This means it is likely that early chips may face unexpected challenges, and some may not be able to operate at their specified rates.
In short, we are no longer on the bleeding edge of design. We have moved to the burning edge.
Thermal Damage To Chips Widens
Heat issues resurface at advanced nodes, raising questions about how well semiconductors will perform over time for a variety of applications.
Power-Centric Chip Architectures
New approaches can lower power, but many are harder to design.
Keeping The Whole Package Cool
Thermal issues become more complex in advanced packaging.
Power Management Heats Up
Thermal effects are now a critical part of design, but how to deal with them isn't always obvious or straightforward.
Tags: 10nm 14nm 7nm automotive Cadence Dennard's Law design for thermal finFETs high k dielectrics IBM Intel IoT leakage current Moore's Law power management Semiconductor Sonics TCAD thermal issues thermal-induced stress University of Virginia
Brian Bailey
Brian Bailey is Technology Editor/EDA for Semiconductor Engineering.
Daniel Payne says:
The comment by Wingard seems odd, "the capacitance gets smaller because the distances between things got closer". I thought that closer distances between conductors increased the value of capacitances.
Brian Bailey says:
He means that because transistors are closer together, the wires between them are shorter and thus less capacitance. You are also right that the capacitance and coupling between the wires will get worse and that may reduce the benefit slightly, plus add additional thermal coupling issues.
Knowledge Centers Blogs
FinFET
Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI)
Dennard's Law
Pushing Memory Harder
Can the processor/memory bottleneck be closed, or do applications need to be re-architected to avoid it?
More Data, More Processing, More Chips
Arm's CEO examines the impact of an explosion of data at the edge, 5G and heterogeneous architectures.
Speeding Up 3D Design
Why the chip industry is plowing ahead with advanced packaging and what can be done to improve it.
The Challenge Of Defining Worst Case
What are the worst-case conditions for a chip, and should you worry about them? Of course, it is a little more complicated than that.
Defining And Improving AI Performance
What does performance mean when discussing artificial intelligence? Many minds are working the problem, but not yet in a unified manner.
Tricky Tradeoffs For LPDDR5
New memory offers better performance, but that still doesn't make the choice simple.


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text:
Spatial modelling of Calanus finmarchicus and Calanus helgolandicus
parameter differences explain differences in biogeography
Robert J. Wilson, Michael Heath, Douglas Speirs
Marine Alliance for Science & Technology for Scotland
The North Atlantic copepods Calanus finmarchicus and C. helgolandicus are moving north in response to rising temperatures. Understanding the drivers of their relative geographic distributions is required in order to anticipate future changes. To explore this, we created a new spatially explicit stage-structured model of their populations throughout the North Atlantic. Recent advances in understanding Calanus biology, including U-shaped relationships between growth and fecundity and temperature, and a new model of diapause duration are incorporated in the model. Equations were identical for both species, but some parameters were species-specific. The model was parameterized using Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey data and tested using time series of abundance and fecundity. The geographic distributions of both species were reproduced by assuming that only known interspecific differences and a difference in the temperature influence on mortality exist. We show that differences in diapause capability are not necessary to explain why C. helgolandicus is restricted to the continental shelf. Smaller body size and higher overwinter temperatures likely make true diapause implausible for C. helgolandicus. Known differences were incapable of explaining why only C. helgolandicus exists southwest of the British Isles. Further, the fecundity of C. helgolandicus in the English Channel is much lower than we predict. We hypothesize that food quality is a key influence on the population dynamics of these species. The modeling framework presented can potentially be extended to further Calanus species.
Frontiers in Marine Science
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00157
E-pub ahead of print - 19 Aug 2016
Calanus finmarchicus
diapause
ocean distribution
population models
Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey
dispause
Wilson, R. J., Heath, M., & Speirs, D. (2016). Spatial modelling of Calanus finmarchicus and Calanus helgolandicus: parameter differences explain differences in biogeography. Frontiers in Marine Science, 3, 1-15. [157]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00157
Wilson, Robert J. ; Heath, Michael ; Speirs, Douglas . / Spatial modelling of Calanus finmarchicus and Calanus helgolandicus : parameter differences explain differences in biogeography. In: Frontiers in Marine Science. 2016 ; Vol. 3. pp. 1-15.
@article{f23038aa0e294dfa8ca78aa309025212,
title = "Spatial modelling of Calanus finmarchicus and Calanus helgolandicus: parameter differences explain differences in biogeography",
abstract = "The North Atlantic copepods Calanus finmarchicus and C. helgolandicus are moving north in response to rising temperatures. Understanding the drivers of their relative geographic distributions is required in order to anticipate future changes. To explore this, we created a new spatially explicit stage-structured model of their populations throughout the North Atlantic. Recent advances in understanding Calanus biology, including U-shaped relationships between growth and fecundity and temperature, and a new model of diapause duration are incorporated in the model. Equations were identical for both species, but some parameters were species-specific. The model was parameterized using Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey data and tested using time series of abundance and fecundity. The geographic distributions of both species were reproduced by assuming that only known interspecific differences and a difference in the temperature influence on mortality exist. We show that differences in diapause capability are not necessary to explain why C. helgolandicus is restricted to the continental shelf. Smaller body size and higher overwinter temperatures likely make true diapause implausible for C. helgolandicus. Known differences were incapable of explaining why only C. helgolandicus exists southwest of the British Isles. Further, the fecundity of C. helgolandicus in the English Channel is much lower than we predict. We hypothesize that food quality is a key influence on the population dynamics of these species. The modeling framework presented can potentially be extended to further Calanus species.",
keywords = "climate, copepod, ocean distribution, oceanography, population models, North Atlantic, Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey, zooplankton, biogeography, dispause",
author = "Wilson, {Robert J.} and Michael Heath and Douglas Speirs",
doi = "10.3389/fmars.2016.00157",
journal = "Frontiers in Marine Science",
Wilson, RJ, Heath, M & Speirs, D 2016, 'Spatial modelling of Calanus finmarchicus and Calanus helgolandicus: parameter differences explain differences in biogeography', Frontiers in Marine Science, vol. 3, 157, pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00157
Spatial modelling of Calanus finmarchicus and Calanus helgolandicus : parameter differences explain differences in biogeography. / Wilson, Robert J.; Heath, Michael; Speirs, Douglas .
In: Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol. 3, 157, 19.08.2016, p. 1-15.
T1 - Spatial modelling of Calanus finmarchicus and Calanus helgolandicus
T2 - parameter differences explain differences in biogeography
AU - Wilson, Robert J.
AU - Heath, Michael
AU - Speirs, Douglas
N2 - The North Atlantic copepods Calanus finmarchicus and C. helgolandicus are moving north in response to rising temperatures. Understanding the drivers of their relative geographic distributions is required in order to anticipate future changes. To explore this, we created a new spatially explicit stage-structured model of their populations throughout the North Atlantic. Recent advances in understanding Calanus biology, including U-shaped relationships between growth and fecundity and temperature, and a new model of diapause duration are incorporated in the model. Equations were identical for both species, but some parameters were species-specific. The model was parameterized using Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey data and tested using time series of abundance and fecundity. The geographic distributions of both species were reproduced by assuming that only known interspecific differences and a difference in the temperature influence on mortality exist. We show that differences in diapause capability are not necessary to explain why C. helgolandicus is restricted to the continental shelf. Smaller body size and higher overwinter temperatures likely make true diapause implausible for C. helgolandicus. Known differences were incapable of explaining why only C. helgolandicus exists southwest of the British Isles. Further, the fecundity of C. helgolandicus in the English Channel is much lower than we predict. We hypothesize that food quality is a key influence on the population dynamics of these species. The modeling framework presented can potentially be extended to further Calanus species.
AB - The North Atlantic copepods Calanus finmarchicus and C. helgolandicus are moving north in response to rising temperatures. Understanding the drivers of their relative geographic distributions is required in order to anticipate future changes. To explore this, we created a new spatially explicit stage-structured model of their populations throughout the North Atlantic. Recent advances in understanding Calanus biology, including U-shaped relationships between growth and fecundity and temperature, and a new model of diapause duration are incorporated in the model. Equations were identical for both species, but some parameters were species-specific. The model was parameterized using Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey data and tested using time series of abundance and fecundity. The geographic distributions of both species were reproduced by assuming that only known interspecific differences and a difference in the temperature influence on mortality exist. We show that differences in diapause capability are not necessary to explain why C. helgolandicus is restricted to the continental shelf. Smaller body size and higher overwinter temperatures likely make true diapause implausible for C. helgolandicus. Known differences were incapable of explaining why only C. helgolandicus exists southwest of the British Isles. Further, the fecundity of C. helgolandicus in the English Channel is much lower than we predict. We hypothesize that food quality is a key influence on the population dynamics of these species. The modeling framework presented can potentially be extended to further Calanus species.
KW - climate
KW - copepod
KW - ocean distribution
KW - oceanography
KW - population models
KW - North Atlantic
KW - Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey
KW - zooplankton
KW - biogeography
KW - dispause
UR - http://journal.frontiersin.org/journal/marine-science
U2 - 10.3389/fmars.2016.00157
DO - 10.3389/fmars.2016.00157
JO - Frontiers in Marine Science
JF - Frontiers in Marine Science
Wilson RJ, Heath M, Speirs D. Spatial modelling of Calanus finmarchicus and Calanus helgolandicus: parameter differences explain differences in biogeography. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2016 Aug 19;3:1-15. 157. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00157
10.3389/fmars.2016.00157Licence: CC BY 4.0
Wilson-etal-FMS2016-Spatial-modelling-of-Calanus-finmarchicus-and-Calanus-helgolandicusAccepted author manuscript, 1 MBLicence: CC BY 4.0
http://journal.frontiersin.org/journal/marine-science
A unified population model of Calanus finmarchicus and C. helgolandicus in the North Atlantic
Student thesis: Doctoral Thesis
Seasonal copepod lipid pump promotes carbon sequestration in the deep North Atlantic
On the surprising lack of differences between two congeneric calanoid copepod species, Calanus finmarchicus and C. helgolandicus
Lipid content in overwintering Calanus finmarchicus across the Subpolar Eastern North Atlantic Ocean
Projected impacts of 21st century climate change on diapause in Calanus finmarchicus


So, I wrote a one-act musical about boarding school. Hamilton-inspired, it's a hip-hop, pop, and classical music fusion that aims to both send up and speak authentically to the bizarre experience of being an adolescent in a boarding school.
It went up at a school meeting, total surprise to the students. 25 awesome faculty members joined in. The kids were ecstatic.
Part satire and part tribute, it begins with learning about boarding school for the first time, carries through the first day of classes, and finishes, of course, with a dance number.
Click "Show More" on the YouTube page to jump to a scene. But it's best from the beginning.
Partnered with my colleague Sam Watson a year ago to write and produce original music, and then the cast of teachers had only two rehearsals to learn staging and put it up (you know how busy teachers are!). The motivation for writing it was pure joy — what's more fun than working with colleagues and reflecting on what we do? — and in retrospect, I'm really proud of the effort everyone put in, especially during an already busy time of year.
This isn't your parents' Gilbert & Sullivan, so put on your headphones or crank up the bass. This is music to move (and learn) to.
"As one learns about so-called liberal arts institutions today, one swiftly encounters a wide range of aspirations, many of which have little to do with academic or even cognitive aspirations. Colleges are expected to produce good citizens; kind and empathic human beings; happy persons who are self-realized; individuals who want to lead the world, change the world, be good team players, make the world better; individuals who are healthier in mind and body. We admire these aspirations. But it's clear that no institution can achieve all of these goals."
"People like history—just look at the New York Times bestseller list—but not enough historians actually take the time to try to talk to the interested public… An obvious remedy would be to place more stress on good writing; courses on how to write for the informed laity should be central to all humanities instruction. But the humanities need a more thorough overhaul, drawing on the tools developed by the tech world to capture and convey the complex, tortured, confounding, and inspiring story of human cultures and civilization."
"The debate was really about bigger disagreements that transcended party lines: about how to deal with populism and protest, and about whether the United States is a unified entity of citizens or a conglomeration of groups divided by race, class, language and other identities."
"Here are your jobs, leaders: Create a compelling vision of the digitally powered future. Foster conversations so that people can understand the vision and what it means for them. Clean up legacy situations — information systems, work rules, incentives, management practices, or dysfunctional functions — that slow or prevent change. Start some pilots to build momentum. Create conversations to spur different parts of the company to use, and build on, the innovative work of others. You'll be creating a capability to transform, not just a set of transformation projects."
"The image, of a lopsided ring of light surrounding a dark circle deep in the heart of a galaxy known as Messier 87, some 55 million light-years away from Earth, resembled the Eye of Sauron, a reminder yet again of the implacable power of nature. It is a smoke ring framing a one-way portal to eternity."
"The team's coach, Chris Beard, who had already banned smartphones at team meals, liked this idea and extended it even further: the phone ban held every night while the team was on the road, whether or not there was a game the next day. It worked. Texas Tech went on a 14-1 run after the ban, eventually making it all the way to Monday's national championship game."


text:
Budget Amendments - SB30 (Member Request)
By Member » Item 4-7.01 #3s
Chief Patron: Ebbin
Adjunct Faculty Work Hours (language only)
Item 4-7.01 #3s
Statewide Plans
Manpower Control Program
Page 496, line 4, strike "Adjunct"
Page 496, line 4, following "period." insert "If the Affordable Care Act mandate for providing health insurance to part-time employees working greater than 29 hours per week, on average becomes law, then, adjunct".
(This amendment adds language which would make the limitation of part-time and adjunct faculty work hours, as it relates to eligibility for health insurance mandated under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, only applicable in the event that this provision of the law is enforced.)
§ 4-7.00 STATEWIDE PLANS
§ 4-7.01 MANPOWER CONTROL PROGRAM
a.1. The term Position Level is defined as the number of full-time equivalent (FTE) salaried employees assigned to an agency in this act. Except as provided in § 4-7.01 b, the Position Level number stipulated in an agency's appropriation is the upper limit for agency employment which cannot be exceeded during the fiscal year without approval from the Director, Department of Planning and Budget for Executive Department agencies, approval from the Joint Committee on Rules for Legislative Department agencies or approval from the appropriate governing authority for the independent agencies.
2. Any approval granted under this subsection shall be reported in writing to the Chairmen of the House Appropriations Committee and the Senate Finance Committee, the Governor and the Directors of the Department of Planning and Budget and Department of Human Resource Management within ten days of such approval. Approvals for executive department agencies shall be based on threats to life, safety, health, or property, or compliance with judicial orders or federal mandates, to support federal grants or private donations, to administer a program for another agency or to address an immediate increase in workload or responsibility or when to delay approval of increased positions would result in a curtailment of services prior to the next legislative session. Any such position level increases pursuant to this provision may not be approved for more than one year.
b. The Position Levels stipulated for the individual agencies within the Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Services and the Department of Corrections are for reference only and are subject to changes by the applicable Department, provided that such changes do not result in exceeding the Position Level for that department.
c.1. The Governor shall implement such policies and procedures as are necessary to ensure that the number of employees in the Executive Department, excluding institutions of higher education and the State Council of Higher Education, may be further restricted to the number required for efficient operation of those programs approved by the General Assembly. Such policies and procedures shall include periodic review and analysis of the staffing requirements of all Executive Department agencies by the Department of Planning and Budget with the object of eliminating through attrition positions not necessary for the efficient operation of programs.
2. The institutions of higher education and the State Council of Higher Education are hereby authorized to fill all positions authorized in this act. This provision shall be waived only upon the Governor's official declaration that a fiscal emergency exists requiring a change in the official estimate of general fund revenues available for appropriation.
d.1. Position Levels are for reference only and are not binding on agencies in the legislative department, independent agencies, the Executive Offices other than the offices of the Governor's Secretaries, and the judicial department.
2. Positions assigned to programs supported by internal service funds are for reference only and may fluctuate depending upon workload and funding availability.
3. Positions assigned to sponsored programs, auxiliary enterprises, continuing education, and teaching hospitals in the institutions of higher education are for reference only and may fluctuate depending upon workload and funding availability. Positions assigned to Item Detail 43012, State Health Services Technical Support and Administration, at Virginia Commonwealth University are for reference only and may fluctuate depending upon workload and funding availability.
4. Positions assigned to educational and general programs in the institutions of higher education are for reference only and may fluctuate depending upon workload and funding availability. However, total general fund positions filled by an institution of higher education may not exceed 105 percent of the general fund positions appropriated without prior approval from the Director, Department of Planning and Budget.
5. Positions assigned to Item Details 47001, Job Placement Services; 47002, Unemployment Insurance Services; 47003, Workforce Development Services; and 53402, Economic Information Services, at the Virginia Employment Commission are for reference only and may fluctuate depending upon workload and funding availability. Unless otherwise required by the funding source, after enactment of this act, any new positions hired using this provision shall not be subject to transitional severance benefit provisions of the Workforce Transition Act of 1995, Title 2.2, Chapter 32, Code of Virginia.
e. Prior to implementing any Executive Department hiring freeze, the Governor shall consider the needs of the Commonwealth in regards to the safe and efficient operation of state facilities and performance of essential services to include the exemption of certain positions assigned to agencies and institutions that provide services pertaining to public safety and public health from such hiring freezes.
f.1. Full-time, part-time, wage or contractual state employees assigned to the Governor's Cabinet Secretaries from agencies and institutions under their control for the purpose of carrying out temporary assignments or projects may not be so assigned for a period exceeding 180 days in any calendar year. The permanent transfer of positions from an agency or institution to the Offices of the Secretaries, or the temporary assignment of agency or institutional employees to the Offices of the Secretaries for periods exceeding 180 days in any calendar year regardless of the separate or discrete nature of the projects, is prohibited without the prior approval of the General Assembly.
2. Not more than three positions in total, as described in subsection 1 hereof, may be assigned at any time to the Office of any Cabinet Secretary, unless specifically approved in writing by the Governor. The Governor shall notify the Chairmen of the House Appropriations and Senate Finance Committees in the case of any such approvals.
g. All state employees, including those in the legislative, judicial, and executive branches and the independent agencies of the Commonwealth, who are not eligible for benefits under a health care plan established and administered by the Department of Human Resource Management (DHRM) pursuant to Va. Code § 2.2-2818, or by an agency administering its own health care plan, may not work more than 29 hours per week on average over a twelve month period. Adjunct faculty at institutions of higher education may not work more than 29 hours per week on average over a twelve month period, including classroom or other instructional time plus additional hours determined by the institution as necessary to perform the adjunct faculty's duties. DHRM shall provide relevant program requirements to agencies and employees, including, but not limited to, information on wage, variable and seasonal employees. All state agencies/employers in all branches of government shall provide information requested by DHRM concerning hours worked by employees as needed to comply with the Affordable Care Act (the "Act") and this provision. State agencies/employers are accountable for compliance with this provision, and are responsible for any costs associated with maintaining compliance with it and for any costs or penalties associated with any violations of the Act or regulations thereunder and any such costs shall be borne by the agency from existing appropriations. The provisions of this paragraph shall not apply to employees of state teaching hospitals that have their own health insurance plan; however, the state teaching hospitals are accountable for compliance with, and are responsible for any costs associated with maintaining compliance with the Act and for any costs or penalties associated with any violations of the Act or regulations thereunder and any such costs shall be borne by the agency from existing appropriations. Subject to approval of the Governor, DHRM shall modify this provision consistent with any updates or changes to federal law and regulations.


text:
Q: Why isn't the rotation matrix from axis and angle an orthogonal matrix? I know how to prove the rotation matrix that from axis and angle by vector transform. But I have other thought about rotate the vector by coordinate transform. But this thought have some wrong.
First have a vector $a$ and  two orthogonal coordinate $X$ and $X'$ .These coordinate bases is  $B$ and $B'$
and The relation is\begin{gathered}a=Bx=B'x' \\
BT=B'\quad \{B,B',T\in \mathbb{R}^{3\times 3};B,B',T\text{ are orthogonal matrices}\}.
\end{gathered}So the coordinate value transform is$$T^{-1}x=T^{t}x=x'.$$Then rotate the $x'$ along $B'$'s first column vector $B'_{c1}$. Obviously, the operation is equal to  $x'_{r_{c1}}=Rx'$ ($R$ is an orthogonal matrix).
Finally, exchange coordinate value  form  $X'$ to $X$\begin{split}Tx'_{r_{c1}} & =TRT^{t}x \\
& =(TRT^{t})x \\
& =R_{B'_{c1}}x.
\end{split}I find $(R_{B'_{c1}})^tR_{B'_{c1}}=I$, so $R_{B'_{c1}} $ is an orthogonal matrix.
But the rotation matrix from axis and angle  is not orthogonal matrix. Why and what's wrong with my thought?

A: The rotation matrix from axis $u$ and angle $\theta$, also known as the Rodrigues' rotation matrix formula is given by
$ R = {u u}^T + (I - {u u}^T) \cos(\theta) + S_u \sin(\theta) $
where
$S_u = \begin{bmatrix} 0 && - u_z && u_y \\ u_z && 0 && - u_x \\ - u_y && u_x && 0 \end{bmatrix} $
which is the form
$ R = A + B $
with $ A = {u u}^T + (I - {u u}^T) \cos(\theta) $ is symmetric
and $ B = S_u \sin(\theta) $ is skew-symmetric
From which, taking the transpose, gives us
$ R^T = A^T + B^T = A - B $
Now
$ R^T R = (A - B)(A + B) = A^2 - B^2 + A B - B A$
we have
$A^2 = \big( {u u}^T + (I - {u u}^T ) \cos(\theta) \big) \big({u u}^T + (I - {u u}^T ) \cos(\theta) \big) \\
= {u u}^T + (I - {u u}^T ) \cos^2(\theta)  $
$ B^2 = \big( S_u \sin(\theta) \big) \big( S_u \sin(\theta) \big)\\
  = S_u^2 \sin^2(\theta) $
Now $S_u v  = u \times v$, therfore, $S_u^2 v = u \times (u \times v) = u (u \cdot v ) - v (u \cdot u) = ( {u u}^T - I ) v $
So $ B^2 = \big( {u u}^T - I \big) \sin^2(\theta) $
$A B = \big( {u u}^T + (I - {u u}^T ) \cos(\theta) \big) \big( S_u \sin(\theta) \big) = S_u \cos(\theta) \sin(\theta)$
$BA = \big( S_u \sin(\theta) \big)\big( {u u}^T + (I - {u u}^T ) \cos(\theta) \big) = S_u \sin(\theta ) \cos(\theta) $
Hence,
$R^T R = {u u}^T + (I - {u u}^T ) \cos^2(\theta) -  \big( {u u}^T - I \big) \sin^2(\theta) = I $
Hence, $R$ is an orthogonal matrix.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
By Scott Weybright, College of Agricultural, Human and Natural Resources
SPOKANE, Wash. – Worms and rolly-pollies work great at getting kids interested in gardening, and digging for these critters in a box of dirt is a big hit.
That's one lesson the Spokane County Master Gardeners have learned over the past 11 years of their Garden in a Box program, which will receive the International Search for Excellence Award at the International Master Gardeners conference in July.
The program, designed by Spokane County Master Gardeners, sends volunteers to elementary after-school programs throughout Spokane Public Schools to teach kids about gardening and raising plants.
No-budget beginnings
"Our presentations involve activities and interactions with insects, compost and several other topics," said Susan Malm, a Master Gardener volunteer. "We had no budget when we started, so we made most of the materials from scrap and created hands-on activities."
The Garden in a Box program has seven different subject areas, which volunteers present in an annual cycle to the kindergarten through sixth graders in the after-school program. That way, children who attend every year will learn something new each time.
Good, bad and ugly
One of their annual programs, for example, is called "The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly" and focuses on invertebrate animals that live in gardens. Volunteers talk about beneficial, harmful and neutral insects, and bring in a few live examples. Like pill bugs.
"That is the all-time kid favorite," Malm said of the insects, often called 'rolly-pollies' by kids. "We give them plastic spoons to dig around with, and it's hard to pull them away because they have so much fun."
At the end of each program, the kids get to plant seeds in a pot to take home with them.
"That's an integral part of the program, making sure they have something to take home and watch develop and grow," Malm said.
This spring, the program centered around seeds. Volunteers spent the winter refurbishing the bins for the seed program, which includes large models showing the three parts of a seed. Then in the schools, they showed students the oversized artificial seeds.
"We gave them soaked lima beans to dissect, so they could find the parts they'd seen in the models," Malm said. "They also planted real seeds, and we talked about what a plant needs to germinate. Then they took the pots home."
Overwhelming success
Garden in a Box has generated overwhelming positive feedback, from kids, parents, and volunteers alike, said Tim Kohlhauff, a Washington State University Extension coordinator. That's one reason they submitted the program to International Master Gardeners for an excellence award.
"We wanted more people to learn about what our volunteers are doing," said Kohlhauff, who oversees the Spokane County Master Gardener program. "It has an impact on these kids, and it's relatively inexpensive and easily replicable. We're hoping other groups can take what we've learned and develop their programs."
For Malm, getting the chance to volunteer with kids is worth the time and energy invested.
"It's so much fun to watch a kid who's never touched a bug pick up a rolly-polly or pick up worms during our compost program," she said. "All of our materials are hands-on, and the hardest part is prying them away when we're finished."
The program is also available to youth groups and other programs around Spokane County.
Tim Kohlhauff, WSU/Spokane County Extension, 509-477-2172, tkohlhauff@spokanecounty.org
Categories: WSU Spokane News
Forest debris could shelter huckleberry from climate change
WSU scientists are at work in Northwest forests, studying how fallen logs and other woodland debris could shelter the huckleberry from a hotter, drier future.
By Seth Truscott, College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences
WSU helps dog recover from lung condition
It is still a mystery as to what caused abscesses to engulf the lungs of Ashley Hayes' dog, Blaze, but he is now back in good health thanks to the care he received at WSU.
By Devin Rokyta, College of Veterinary Medicine
University removing COVID‑19 vaccine requirement for most students
The decision to rescind the COVID‑19 vaccinate mandate for the majority of students follows a recommendation from the university's Infectious Disease and Public Health Advisory Committee.
COVID-19, health, public health, vaccine
Student team wins first national meat judging contest in over 50 years
Meat judging tests students' ability to evaluate carcasses and cuts of beef, pork, and lamb. WSU's team won the overall prize at the National Western Stock Show in Denver on Jan. 15.
By Scott Weybright, College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences
WSU 'Q fever' research earns $3 million in funding
Q fever naturally infects goats, sheep, and cattle. If transmitted to humans, the infection can lead to diverse clinical outcomes including flu-like symptoms, miscarriage or stillbirth in pregnant women.
By Josh Babcock, College of Veterinary Medicine
UREC training helps Cougs rescue injured Grand Canyon hiker
The hiker looked like she might be taking a break from the strenuous ascent from the bottom of the Grand Canyon, but it was clear she was in trouble when WSU students Alana Duvall and Johannah Ludwig reached her.
By Rachel Koon, Division of Student Affairs
Subscribe to WSU Insider to receive free daily updates by email. University employees are automatically subscribed—no sign up is necessary.


text:
#ifndef VALET_CST_H
#define VALET_CST_H

#include <string>
#include <sstream>

const char ValetPositions[4][6] =
{
  "North", "East", "South", "West"
};

const char ValetDenoms[5][9] =
{
  "Spades", "Hearts", "Diamonds", "Clubs", "Notrump"
};

const char ValetMultipliers[3][3] =
{
  "", "X", "XX"
};

const char ValetRanks[15] =
{
  '0', '0', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', 'T', 'J', 'Q', 'K', 'A'
};

enum FormatType
{
  VALET_FORMAT_TEXT,
  VALET_FORMAT_CSV
};

enum ScoringType
{
  VALET_IMPS,
  VALET_IMPS_ACROSS_FIELD,
  VALET_MATCHPOINTS
};

struct ScoringPairType
{
  ScoringType scoring;
  std::string arg;
  std::string explanation;
  std::string header;
};

const ScoringPairType scoringTags[] =
{
  {VALET_IMPS, "datum", "Butler IMPs", "Butler"},
  {VALET_IMPS_ACROSS_FIELD, "imps", "IMPs across the field", "IMPs"},
  {VALET_MATCHPOINTS, "matchpoints", "Matchpoints", "MP"}
};

enum SortingType
{
  VALET_SORT_OVERALL,
  VALET_SORT_BIDDING,
  VALET_SORT_PLAY,
  VALET_SORT_DEFENSE,
  VALET_SORT_LEAD,
  VALET_SORT_BID_OVER_PLAY,
  VALET_SORT_DEF_OVER_PLAY,
  VALET_SORT_LEAD_OVER_PLAY
};

struct sortPairType
{
  SortingType sort;
  std::string str;
};

const sortPairType sortingTags[] =
{
  {VALET_SORT_OVERALL, "overall"},
  {VALET_SORT_BIDDING, "bidding"},
  {VALET_SORT_PLAY, "play"},
  {VALET_SORT_DEFENSE, "defense"},
  {VALET_SORT_LEAD, "lead"},
  {VALET_SORT_BID_OVER_PLAY, "bidoverplay"},
  {VALET_SORT_DEF_OVER_PLAY, "defoverplay"},
  {VALET_SORT_LEAD_OVER_PLAY, "leadoverplay"}
};

struct OptionsType
{
  ScoringType valet;

  std::string directory;
  std::string nameFile;
  std::string scoresFile;

  bool roundFlag;
  unsigned roundFirst;
  unsigned roundLast;

  unsigned minHands;

  bool leadFlag;

  bool datumFilter;
  bool datumHardRounding;
  bool compensateFlag;

  SortingType sort;
  bool averageFlag;

  FormatType format;
  std::string separator;
};

struct ResultType
{
  std::string north;
  std::string east;
  std::string south;
  std::string west;
  unsigned level;
  unsigned denom;
  unsigned multiplier;
  unsigned declarer;
  unsigned tricks;
  unsigned leadDenom;
  unsigned leadRank;
};

struct ValetEntryType
{
  unsigned pairNo;
  unsigned oppNo;
  bool declFlag[2];
  bool defFlag;
  bool leadFlag[2];
  float overall;
  float bidScore;
  float playScore[2];
  float leadScore[2];
  float defScore;
};

struct ErrorType
{
  bool flag;
  int no;
  std::stringstream message;
};

#endif


The concept Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 represents the subject, aboutness, idea or notion of resources found in Ramapo Catskill Library System.
Abraham Lincoln, : the prairie years,, by Carl Sandburg, with 105 illustrations from photographs, and many cartoons, sketches, maps, and letters ..
Abe Lincoln, log cabin to White House.
Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg address illustrated.
Abraham Lincoln, friend of the people.
History of the plots and crimes of the great conspiracy to overthrow liberty in America.
Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation : would you sign the great document?
The Emancipation Proclamation : would you do what Lincoln did?
The living Lincoln: : the man, his mind, his times, and the war he fought, reconstructed from his own writings.


Sponsor Marja who helps abandoned and neglected children.
For as long as I can remember, I have been wanting to make a change in the world. I am Marja Wildschut, 23 years old and born in the Netherlands.
I will tell a little about myself first before talking about the institution I am going to volunteer in. After finishing high school, I started studying International Business Administration, but figured out after one year that it was not the study for me, instead, I changed to International Relations. This study has given me not only knowledge about the world out there, but also gave me the opportunity to study in South Africa for a semester. After completing this study, I started a master in Peace and Development Work in Sweden.
The reason for choosing this study has a lot to do with the development project I have done in Ghana, together with 29 people from my community. Our goal was to build three classrooms, but that was not the only aspect that changed. The way of living of the local people and the interaction between us, Dutch people, and the local community has been very valuable to all of us. This definitely opened my eyes and made me realize that there is so much more outside the Netherlands. After this, I helped with a summer camp for children living in the townships in Port Alfred, South Africa. And also when studying in South Africa, I have visited the local orphanage a few times. All these experiences showed me that living conditions and cultures are different everywhere in the world, which makes that everyone is different and that you should respect everyone as they are.
The children I met in Africa had already stolen my heart and I was more than ready to let this happen again, but this time in another continent. This brings me to the volunteering work that is about to start; the Santa Martha Foundation in Lima, Peru. This is an institution that permanently houses 72 minors that have been neglected, abandoned or at physical or emotional risk. I have specifically chosen this institution, as they help children from 10 months to 18 years old, which makes it more diverse. Another reason for choosing this, is that it is led by locals. The tasks I will be doing here, are also very diverse; getting the children ready for school, take them to school, providing workshops for the teenagers, tutoring, and all other things that are part of the everyday life of the children. I will be volunteering here for five weeks, starting this Saturday, the 14th of October and ending on the 25th of November.
When growing up, I came to see that the change I can make in the world should be found in the small things in life. If I can make a change in the life of one child in the house in Peru, the mission has already been accomplished. Nevertheless, I would like to make a bigger change in the world and hope that my Master's is a good stepping stone to help more people worldwide.
On this website, I will keep you updated on the life in the institution for the next five weeks with pictures and stories, so that you can be part of this experience. And maybe even experience it yourself in the future. I am very excited for this journey to start and I hope you are too.
The non-profit initiative Volunteers' Help sponsors volunteers who help other people in need and reimburse travel and accommodation costs. We do the crowdfunding for people like Marja, who paid her flight of 801€ to Lima her selves. The donations will land in Marja's pocket directly. In case we collect more as planned, we will sponsor other volunteers, who also want to help others abroad. Please help Marja and donate. Every drop in the ocean counts.


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Russell Tyrone Jones (født 15. november 1968, død 13. november 2004), bedre kendt under sit kunstnernavn Ol' Dirty Bastard (forkortet ODB), var en amerikansk rapper og en af skaberne af hiphopgruppen Wu-Tang Clan.

Han havde som kendemærke en anderledes form for at rappe, der bliver halvt-rappet og halvt-sunget med rim, der var helt anderledes for stilen dengang.

Efter at have være med til at starte Wu-Tang Clan med gruppens debutalbum Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers), gik han over til en solo-karriere med debutalbummet Return to the 36 Chambers: The Dirty Version. Dog blev han flere gange arresteret, og fik en fængselsstraf. Dette skabte et fravær, som gik ud over hans optrædener og pladeindspilninger.

Han døde af en overdosis narkotika i et studie den 13. november 2004, to dage før sin fødselsdag.

Tidlige liv og karriere
Russell Jones er født og opvokset i Brooklyn, New York. Med sine to fætre, the RZA og the GZA, skabte han "Force Of The Imperial Master", en hiphop-gruppe, der senere hen blev kendt som All in Together Now Crew, efter de havde udgivet en single af samme navn.

Eksterne henvisninger

Rappere fra USA


text:
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NewsWeb-only News
Air pollution exposure tied to dementia
Kim Krisberg
The Nation's Health October 2021, 51 (8) E15;
Air pollution exposure is linked with a higher risk of developing dementia, according to a recent study.
Published in August in Environmental Health Perspectives, the study is based on data from thousands of Seattle-area residents taking part in the Adult Changes in Thought Study, as well as data on air pollution exposure.
Researchers found that a small increase in levels of fine particle air pollution averaged over a decade were associated with a greater risk of dementia. In fact, the study found that just one microgram per cubic meter difference between addresses was associated with 16% higher incidence of dementia.
Many factors are associated with an increased risk of developing dementia, such as age, heart health, exercise and genetics. Thanks to a growing body of research, air pollution is now a recognized risk as well.
"How we've understood the role of air pollution exposure on health has evolved from first thinking it was pretty much limited to respiratory problems, then that it also has cardiovascular effects, and now there's evidence of its effects on the brain," senior study author Lianne Sheppard, a University of Washington professor of environmental and occupational health sciences and biostatistics, said in a news release.
About 5 million U.S. adults over age 65 were estimated to have dementia as of 2014, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. With the growing aging population, that total is estimated to grow to nearly 14 million by 2060.
The most common type of dementia is Alzheimer's disease, which accounts for as much as 80% of dementia cases. People with dementia can experience symptoms of cognitive decline, such as problems with memory, attention and recognition, that interfer with their daily lives.
Dementia is not considered a normal part of aging, according to CDC.
Individuals can protect themselves from air pollution exposure by wearing masks or taking other measures, said study co-author Rachel Shaffer, MPH, a doctoral student at the University of Washington.
"But it is not fair to put the burden on individuals alone," she said in the news release. "These data can support further policy action on the local and national level to control sources of particulate air pollution."
Michele Late contributed to this story.
Copyright The Nation's Health, American Public Health Association
Contact APHA
© 2022 The Nation's Health


text:
Q: My Unit test fails with a TypeLoadException. Could this be a Visual Studio bug, Nuget Package Interaction, or something else? I have a project that uses both QuickFix.Net and Autofac. One of my xUnit tests creates the container for the application and tries to resolve one of the main service instances. I created this test as a regression test to detect when I forget an Autofac registration.
These tests started failing recently and the weird thing is that they are complaining about a type and an Assembly that I don't think either my code or third party code is referencing. Autofac is failing to instantiate Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestPlatform.ObjectModel.DataCollection.ITestExecutionEnvironmentSpecifier while trying to instantiate a QuickFix.SocketInitiator. I looked at the source on GitHub for the DefaultMessageFactory and see that there is the use of reflection to get the assemblies, but this has been there for a long time, so I don't think it is new.
I think this may have started when I upgraded Visual Studio, but I am not sure.  Could this be a bug in Visual Studio 2019?
The test fails whether I run it through Visual Studio proper, or via dotnet test from the command line, so that is what makes me unsure.
If anyone has any insight I would appreciate it.
Edit: Here is some additional Information

*

*Framework Target: .Net Core 2.2

*Visual Studio: 16.3.4 with Resharper Ultimate 2019.2.3

*Autofac Version: 4.9.0

*XUnit Framework: 2.4.1

Here are some things I've tried without success:

*

*Adding a NuGet reference to the 15.0 Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestPlatform.ObjectModel.dll for my test DLL to see if it would cause it and all of its dependencies to be included at runtime.

*Upgrading to v16.4 of the same library, this caused a silent failure attempting to run unit tests through ReSharper.

*Upgrading other dependencies in my project.

Here is the main part of the stack trace:

Autofac.Core.DependencyResolutionException : An exception was thrown while activating MyApp.FixConnector.FixConnectorService -> QuickFix.Transport.SocketInitiator.
---- Autofac.Core.DependencyResolutionException : An exception was thrown while invoking the constructor 'Void .ctor(QuickFix.IApplication, QuickFix.IMessageStoreFactory, QuickFix.SessionSettings, QuickFix.ILogFactory)' on type 'SocketInitiator'.
-------- System.TypeLoadException : Could not load type 'Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestPlatform.ObjectModel.DataCollection.ITestExecutionEnvironmentSpecifier' from assembly 'Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestPlatform.ObjectModel, Version=15.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a'.
   at Autofac.Core.Resolving.InstanceLookup.Activate(IEnumerable`1 parameters, Object& decoratorTarget) in C:\projects\autofac\src\Autofac\Core\Resolving\InstanceLookup.cs:line 135
   at Autofac.Core.Resolving.InstanceLookup.Execute() in C:\projects\autofac\src\Autofac\Core\Resolving\InstanceLookup.cs:line 83
   at Autofac.Core.Resolving.ResolveOperation.GetOrCreateInstance(ISharingLifetimeScope currentOperationScope, IComponentRegistration registration, IEnumerable`1 parameters) in C:\projects\autofac\src\Autofac\Core\Resolving\ResolveOperation.cs:line 131
   at Autofac.Core.Resolving.ResolveOperation.Execute(IComponentRegistration registration, IEnumerable`1 parameters) in C:\projects\autofac\src\Autofac\Core\Resolving\ResolveOperation.cs:line 84
   at Autofac.ResolutionExtensions.TryResolveService(IComponentContext context, Service service, IEnumerable`1 parameters, Object& instance) in C:\projects\autofac\src\Autofac\ResolutionExtensions.cs:line 1041
   at Autofac.ResolutionExtensions.ResolveService(IComponentContext context, Service service, IEnumerable`1 parameters) in C:\projects\autofac\src\Autofac\ResolutionExtensions.cs:line 871
   at Autofac.ResolutionExtensions.Resolve[TService](IComponentContext context, IEnumerable`1 parameters) in C:\projects\autofac\src\Autofac\ResolutionExtensions.cs:line 300
   at MyApp.Tests.Unit.FixConnector.FixConnectorDependencyInjectionTest.TestBuildContainer(String feedName, String feedEnvironment) in C:\dev\MyApp\MyApp.Tests\Unit\FixConnector\FixConnectorDependencyInjectionTest.cs:line 38
----- Inner Stack Trace -----
   at Autofac.Core.Activators.Reflection.ConstructorParameterBinding.Instantiate() in C:\projects\autofac\src\Autofac\Core\Activators\Reflection\ConstructorParameterBinding.cs:line 137
   at Autofac.Core.Activators.Reflection.ReflectionActivator.ActivateInstance(IComponentContext context, IEnumerable`1 parameters) in C:\projects\autofac\src\Autofac\Core\Activators\Reflection\ReflectionActivator.cs:line 120
   at Autofac.Core.Resolving.InstanceLookup.Activate(IEnumerable`1 parameters, Object& decoratorTarget) in C:\projects\autofac\src\Autofac\Core\Resolving\InstanceLookup.cs:line 117
----- Inner Stack Trace -----
   at System.Reflection.RuntimeAssembly.GetExportedTypes(RuntimeAssembly assembly, ObjectHandleOnStack retTypes)
   at System.Reflection.RuntimeAssembly.GetExportedTypes()
   at System.Linq.Enumerable.SelectManySingleSelectorIterator`2.MoveNext()
   at System.Linq.Enumerable.WhereEnumerableIterator`1.ToList()
   at System.Linq.Enumerable.ToList[TSource](IEnumerable`1 source)
   at QuickFix.DefaultMessageFactory.GetMessageFactories(IEnumerable`1 assemblies)
   at QuickFix.DefaultMessageFactory..ctor(String defaultApplVerId)
   at QuickFix.AbstractInitiator..ctor(IApplication app, IMessageStoreFactory storeFactory, SessionSettings settings, ILogFactory logFactory, IMessageFactory messageFactory)
   at QuickFix.Transport.SocketInitiator..ctor(IApplication application, IMessageStoreFactory storeFactory, SessionSettings settings, ILogFactory logFactory)
   at lambda_method(Closure , Object[] )
   at Autofac.Core.Activators.Reflection.ConstructorParameterBinding.Instantiate() in C:\projects\autofac\src\Autofac\Core\Activators\Reflection\ConstructorParameterBinding.cs:line 129


What sorts of difficulties are faced by these buyers' agents getting involved in the process?
Internal monitoring of its implementation for the various plans involving all departments involved will be needed as well as external audits. You can come and go any time you want and are not made to report your visits to the receptionist. However, in light of the recent ruling by the High Court on the exclusion of Gatwick from this consultation process, and the likely re-opening of the consultation as a result, it is the view of the Association that should the Government reconsider the way in which the process is conducted.
However, in light of the recent ruling by the High Court on the exclusion of Gatwick from this consultation process, and the likely re-opening of the consultation as a result, it is the view of the Association that should the Government reconsider the way in which the process is conducted. Quality Home Buying Process The TCPA has found difficulty in responding, because of the way the exercise has been regionally fragmented.
The potential catchment areas of major airports go far beyond regional boundaries, even the boundaries of the extended regions used for the consultation. Any meaningful strategy can only be developed nationally for the entire UK. The TCPA is also concerned that the presentation of choices is biased because it does not properly consider the potential for constraining demand.
In particular, there is a technical difficulty in reconciling the exercise on the South East, The other regional reports make repeated references to two key demand forecasts But the South East report does not refer to these Scenarios: Chapter 5 uses an 'unconstrained' demand forecast which gives a national demand in 2030 of 500m passengers of whom 300m would use the principal South East airports (Para. 5.21), which evidently is the RRC Scenario used in the other reports. Such an omission is remarkable, because the effects of a carbon tax are discussed in an appendix (Annex B), where however no figures are given.
It is also noticeable that the report stresses the sensitivity of the demand forecasts to the level of air fares: in particular, it suggests that a 2 per cent reduction in air fares per annum would increase the central forecast of demand for year 2020 by no less than 20%. In consequence, the South East report appears seriously biased in its presentation of the issue and in particular of alternative policies. Equally, some of the regional reports reflect a bias in favour of what we would suspect is a 'business as usual' approach.
Is the working of buyers agents related with getting results to the clients?
How much it costs for house valuations in Melbourne?
How do people start work in the process of tax depreciation schedules?


The Pittsburgh Business Times Book of Lists is an annual publication that features the rankings of 1,600 of Pittsburgh-area companies by field. Following the release of the Book, the Pittsburgh Business Times hosts a gala in downtown Pittsburgh.
This gala is attended by top executives and managers from the hundreds of businesses that are featured in the Book of Lists. This year's gala is expected to draw hundreds of top executives throughout the Pittsburgh region for an evening of celebration and networking.
The Pittsburgh Business Show is proud to be joining several other top companies such as UPMC, Highmark, Dollar Bank, and Higher Images on the Book of Lists as well as many local women-owned businesses such as 84 Lumber Company, Allegheny Construction Group, and Nemacolin Woodlands Resort.
In addition to being included on the Book of Lists, the Pittsburgh Business Show will serve as a Red Carpet Sponsor for the second year in a row at the 2019 Pittsburgh Business Times Book of Lists Gala that will be held at the Rivers Casino on Thursday, January 24, 2019.
"The Book of Lists event is one of the most anticipated and highly regarded events in the city of Pittsburgh. It is an honor to be among this elite group of business owners, professionals and well-respected business leaders in our region. The thought of being named as one of the most distinguished businesses in our first year of the event was inconceivable. The Book of Lists event is the perfect venue for us to connect with some of the best businesses and leaders in Pittsburgh and personally invite them to the show," said Linda Jo Thornberg, President of the Pittsburgh Business Show.
The Pittsburgh Business Show, being held on May 14 and 15, at the David L. Lawrence Convention Center, is an integral piece of the foundation and growth in the Pittsburgh Business landscape. The Show serves as a place where business owners have the opportunity to build partnerships, network with other professionals, learn and grow their teams with over 30 presentations and workshops, attend the Annual Business Choice Awards, and grow their brand in the Pittsburgh area.
Businesses looking to make valuable connections with business owners in the region are invited to sign up as exhibitors at this year's Pittsburgh Business Show. Space is limited, so sign up today by calling 412-668-4990 or visiting www.PittsburghBusinessShow.com.


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Mediaworks' impressive growth continues with prestigious international award win
Gateshead-based digital marketing agency, Mediaworks, has won international acclaim at The Drum Awards in New York
Mediaworks have gained international acclaim at The Drum Awards in New York
MEDIAWORKS has won international acclaim at The Drum awards as it continues to lead the way in the UK's digital marketing sector.
The Gateshead-based company won the award for Best Use of Data and Insights at The Drum's 2019 B2B Awards in New York. This was presented to Mediaworks for its use of machine learning algorithms as well as human interpretation which allowed its client, Where The Trade Buys, to identify customers who could add lifetime value to their business and focus on long-term expansion and success.
This follows an array of national recognition, including winning the Microsoft Advertising Growth Partner of the Year, being listed in The Drum's Top 100 Independent Agencies, achieving all five specialisations within the Google Premier Partner program, and being named in the UK's Top 100 Digital Agencies by Econsultancy.
Brett Jacobson, Managing Director, said: "Being recognised both nationally and internationally this year for the team's work with our clients has been fantastic. The Drum Award with Where The Trade Buys was especially pleasing for us, as we've had a great relationship with them over the years as their digital partner and we feel part of their business."
Brett Jacobson, Mediaworks Managing Director, with Organic Search Director Nicki Pow
Mediaworks continues to expand their services and, while they have found the demand for their core services grow, more businesses are utilising the vast amount of digital data available through business intelligence.
Brett added: "Many clients start by approaching us for a specific need, whether that's positioning their products organically, or through paid at the top of search engines, website or app development and expand into our other services. The award we won with Where The Trade Buys then enabled us to showcase the machine learning and artificial intelligence work we've been undertaking that drove customers we'd identified as long-term profitable customers through shared data.
"This was only possible through the trust our client put in us. This then enabled us to track and measure the lifetime profitable growth of the new business we had generated for our client, over the initial transaction.
"The award recognises our blend of creative thinking with machine learning algorithms, as well as our team's interpretation and management of data. For this to be acclaimed on a global stage is fantastic. It's testament to the hard work and effort we've put in across the business to support our clients and it motivates us to continue delivering award-winning innovative campaigns."
Growth aiding continued success
The company, which was set up in 2007, now has over 100 employees. In October, two new senior appointments saw Chris Coulson join as Marketing Director, while Chris Ham took up the role as Performance Marketing Director. There have also been numerous additions to teams throughout the business to help support its current and new client base going forward.
Chris Ham, performance marketing director, and Chris Coulson, marketing director, at Mediaworks
Moving offices to a brand-new space on the banks of the Tyne last November has helped support this growth in numbers, and the new environment was shortlisted as one of the North's most inspiring spaces because of its state-of-the-art open office design.
Brett continued: "It's extremely important to continue to invest in and support the development of our teams, infrastructure and technologies at every level of our business. We're excited to continue innovate and deliver more award-winning results for our clients in 2020."
Mediaworks Online Marketing
Special FeaturesA great year for firms at city's business village Hoult's YardPlenty of niche businesses have set up shop at The Yard making it a popular destination which is attracting more and more visitors
EducationNewcastle Preparatory School goes from talent to TolentHighlights of 2019 give insight into insight into school's ethos - and the fantastic opportunities it gives pupils
Business SupplementsInnovation is key to success for North East businessesBy NEIL HART, group managing director at Bradley Hall Chartered Surveyors and Estate Agents
European UnionNew Year's resolutions in the Agricultural Bill?January is sometimes a tough month in the agricultural world but a new Bill being introduced into Parliament aims to support farmers through Brexit
Special FeaturesLaw changes that might impact your family this decadeWAYNE LYNN, of Silk Family Law, talks through how you could be affected by any legal developments


Rubbersolutions was founded in 1997 when the South Pacific Tyres company outsourced the supply of rubber based adhesives, tyre paints and spruce. As the quality of the adhesives is critical in manufacture of new tyres and retreads, the new operation had to meet the tyre company's stringent requirements.
In more recent times the company has branched out into other products, including crumb rubber (powder and chips) made from used tyres, and contract filling of adhesives into metal and plastic laminate tubes.
Rubbersolutions are specialists at sourcing bulk rubber requirements.
Steve Matthews and Andrew Melbourne have a combined 65 years of experience in the Rubber and Tyre Business, and between them cover nearly all aspects of rubber processing and logistics.
Steve has a background in general management with a good grounding in rubber technology, industrial engineering, quality assurance and production management. For nearly 10 years, Steve was general manager at the Wellington region's largest industrial site (South Pacific Tyres in Upper Hutt). This factory worked 24 hrs a day, 7 days a week with over 400 employees. Up to 80% of the plant output was exported.
Having had an extensive career in the area, Andrew was the general manager of Logistics and Procurement at South Pacific Tyres. He was responsible for all Raw Material purchasing in New Zealand and Australia, with responsibilty for all new tyres imported for South Pacific Tyres. He was also responsible for exports of New Zealand made tyres.


text:
Gemma, Sons of Anarchy's Best Worst Character, Dies Like a G
Filed to: Sons of AnarchyFiled to: Sons of Anarchy
Wayne Unser
Mellie Grant
Rome Atia
"I love you Jackson from the deepest, purest part off my heart. You have to do this sweetheart, it's who we are. ... I'm ready." Those are the last words Gemma Teller Morrow says to her son Jax on Sons of Anarchy just before he fatally shots her in a rose garden behind her childhood home. Leaving blood on the petals, the strongest woman on television just left the room.
As FX's motorcycle club soap opera draws to a close after seven years—the final episode airs next Tuesday—fans like myself knew Gemma had to die for murdering Jax's wife Tara, but were we emotionally prepared? Was Jax? That's the beauty of Gemma's character, like Rome's Atia or Scandal's Mellie Grant: even though she's complicated and usually on the wrong side of an argument, her strength, loyalty, maneuvering and general scrappiness was too endearing to ever desert her completely. She was just so good at being awful.
Sons of Anarchy is really about two women—Gemma (played by the fantastic Katey Sagal of Married With Children fame), Tara (played by Maggie Siff)—and their struggle for supremacy and control of Jax. Tara wanted Jax (played by Charlie Hunnam and his wonderful butt) to leave behind the club and live a better life for not only himself but their two children. Gemma, mother hen to not only Jax but also the whole Sons of Anarchy motorcycle club, thinks Tara has betrayed all of her "boys" to the police and (SPOILER ALERT!) brutally stabs her to death with a fork to the skull in season six. As Sagal told People, Gemma had a lot going on that night.
It was out of a perfect storm moment where she thought that her was son was being taken down, the club was being taken down, her boyfriend broke up with her and she was super high. I think that in her right frame of mind, she wouldn't have killed Tara. When she finally came to out of that, she was shocked just as anyone else when she found out that Tara didn't turn anybody in.
Kurt Sutter, Sons creator and Sagal's husband, made no bones about killing off key characters early in the show's run, including himself (he played Otto, the club's prison representative). So when Gemma killed Tara, it was clear that Tuesday's "Red Rose" episode would come. Still, the way Gemma died was masterful and unexpected. As she makes peace with her fate and the concept that her own child will take her life, she's resolute that it's the right thing to do. Tying up loose ends, she tells her grandson Abel and boyfriend Nero (played by the hawt Jimmy Smits) goodbye, visits her father (played by Hal Holbrook) in an Oregon nursing home and returns to her childhood home where she looks through old childhood photos. She's come full circle so when Jax arrives, she's prepared and even welcoming.
After Jax kills Wayne Unser, Gemma's retired cop friend who'd come to save her though she refuses to leave, she asks to go to the rose garden in the backyard. As she's smelling the flowers, Jax almost can't pull the trigger. True to her character, and without looking at him, she coaxes him into doing what must be done, that he's doing the right thing. There's no begging and barely any crying on her part, she's just smelling the flowers and awaiting her bullet.
As the episode's director Paris Barclay concluded on the Sons of Anarchy Afterword on Tuesday night, from killing her first husband to save the club to using her own rape to motivate the Sons, Gemma was "platinum-spined" and the show's strongest character. I miss her already.
Wayne: Let's do this quietly.
Gemma: That ain't my style.
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