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Nelson Nogier (born May 27, 1996) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenseman who is currently under contract with Barys Astana of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He previously played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Winnipeg Jets.

Playing career
Nogier played junior hockey for the Western Hockey League's Saskatoon Blades from 2011 until December 14, 2014, when he was traded to the Red Deer Rebels. In his final year of junior hockey, Nogier attained career highs in goals (4), assists (17), points (21), and plus-minus (+27). Nogier was the recipient of the 2013–14 Daryl K. (Doc) Seaman Trophy for the WHL's Scholastic Player of The Year.

The Winnipeg Jets selected Nogier in the fourth round (101st) of the 2014 NHL Entry Draft. After completing his junior career with the 2016 Memorial Cup host Red Deer Rebels, Nogier signed a three-year, two-way entry-level contract with the Jets.

Nogier attended the Winnipeg Jets 2016 preseason training camp, his second with the team, but was subsequently demoted to the Jets farm team, the Manitoba Moose, with the first round of cuts. Nogier spent most of his professional rookie season with the Moose in the American Hockey League.  He was recalled by the Jets late in the season and made his NHL debut on March 21, 2017, playing a total of 10 games.

During the  season, Nogier's six year tenure within the Jets organization ended when he was dealt at the NHL trade deadline to the Los Angeles Kings in exchange for Markus Phillips on March 21, 2022.

As a free agent from the Kings in the off-season, Nogier opted to pursue a career abroad, in agreeing to a one-year contract with Kazakh based KHL club, Barys Nur-Sultan on September 13, 2022. In the following 2022–23 season, Nogier made 49 regular season appearances for Astana, registering 8 points from the blueline.

Personal
Nogier grew up in Clavet, Saskatchewan.  His father, Pat, is a police officer with the Saskatoon Police Service and a former junior hockey player, who survived the deadly Swift Current Broncos bus crash in 1986.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

External links

1996 births
Barys Nur-Sultan players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
Living people
Manitoba Moose players
Ontario Reign (AHL) players
Red Deer Rebels players
Saskatoon Blades players
Sportspeople from Saskatoon
Winnipeg Jets draft picks
Winnipeg Jets players


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<!DOCTYPE html>

	<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
	<title>KBIA Election Tracker</title>
	<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/styles.css">

Missouri and Columbia Election Results

Last Updated 11:59 p.m. on March 15

Commentary by Nathan Lawrence, KBIA Digital Content Director

GOP Presidential Nomination

		<canvas id="gop-nom" width="200" height="200"></canvas>

			3041 of 3041 precincts reported.

			 Trump

			Though election night data provided by the Missouri Secretary of State's office should still be considered unofficial, final counts Tuesday night put Trump slightly edging out Cruz 40.828 percent to 40.653 percent.

Dem. Presidential Nomination

		<canvas id="dem-nom" width="200" height="200"></canvas>

			3041 of 3041 precincts reported.

			 Clinton

			Though election night data provided by the Missouri Secretary of State's office should still be considered unofficial, final counts Tuesday night put Clinton slightly edging out Sanders 49.613 percent to 49.365 percent.

City of Columbia Proposition One

		<canvas id="prop" width="200" height="200"></canvas>

			38 of 38 precincts reported.

			 Yes

			Reports from the Boone County Clerk's office show the measure, which postpones possible changes to the way Columbia handles trash collection, passed by a wide margin.

		View Now

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
H.G. Wells to get BBC treatment
The BBC is to broadcast an ambitious drama starring Michael Sheen as H.G. Wells. The BBC press release says of the 90 minute "A Life In Pictures", "Every word spoken by HG Wells in the film is his own, taken from his autobiography and other writings. The film mixes futuristic animation with drama to tell the story of this visionary writer." I'm particularly intrigued by the reference to animation. Does this mean we are going to get a fresh look at The War Of The Worlds with the correct period setting? Broadcast is scheduled for Winter 2006. Sally Hawkins (Fingersmith, Vera Drake, Twenty Thousand Streets Under the Sky) plays Wells'lover Rebecca West.
Posted by John Gosling at 8:59 pm
Clouds riding high on Mars
The European Space Agency's orbiting Mars Express spacecraft has discovered the highest clouds yet detected above the surface of a planet. The Earth has clouds that top out at about 52 miles, but clouds on Mars reach up to 62 miles. (100 kilometers) The clouds on Mars are thought to be made of Carbon Dioxide. There are no pictures available as the detection was made by the means of ultraviolet and infrared instruments on the orbiter. The orbiter looked at stars just before they were eclipsed by Mars and saw them dim, the telltale sign of clouds in the atmosphere. Says Franck Montmessin, a French researcher on the camera team, "If you wanted to see these clouds from the surface of Mars, you would probably have to wait until after sunset."
Has life on Mars been blown away?
Sushil Atreya, a University of Michigan professor in the Department of Atmospheric Oceanic and Space Sciences thinks so. His paper "Oxidant Enhancement in Martian Dust Devils and Storms: Implications for Life and Habitability" suggests that storms and dust devils would produce oxidants that would destroy any chance for life to get to grips on the surface, since any organic material would be scavenged efficiently by the surface oxidants. Of course this is not the end of the story by any means. This blog has reported numerous arguments for and against life on Mars, and until a human being gets there to conduct indepth exploration, I think we can still cling to the idea that Earth is not the only home to life in our solar system. For a detailed report on Professor Atreya's findings, go to spaceref.
Mars Times
The parent site of this blog, for everything you ever wanted to know about The War of the Worlds.
John Gosling on Facebook
I STILL Love Radio
Record Bin Roulette

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


DSL offers Building Management Systems (BMS) to manage, monitor and control your building's technical services.
Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC), power and lighting, fire and security, etc. can all be managed through the BMS along with the energy consumption of those devices.
From the most basic level with simple, programmable, temperature control, to comprehensive building management technology that controls field devices, DSL can create a bespoke solution to fulfil your requirements.
DSL are the leading Southeast Technical Partners for COSTER EU and as such we offer detailed design, supply & installation of building management systems complying with BS 7671 wiring regulations. The COSTER system can also be integrated into existing and other manufacturers' systems.
DSL also installs and maintains all leading brands of BMS including Trend & Satchwell, Schneider & Siemens etc.
BMS systems generally have a controller in each main plant area linked to a site wide network which includes a supervisory computer with coloured animations of plant/equipment. This allows a client with almost no engineering knowledge to interact with the system on a day to day basis.


text:
UEFA ban Ajax from wearing Bob Marley-inspired away kit
The Dutch champions were forced to wear a modified version of the shirt at the weekend
UEFA have banned Dutch giants Ajax from wearing their Bob Marley-inspired kit in the Champions League.
The shirt has been extremely popular amongst both Ajax supporters and football shirt enthusiasts alike, selling out within days of its release in August.
Ajax Commercial director, Menno Geelen, recently revealed that it had sold four times more than any other shirt.
He said: "We had already responded to the interest by purchasing much more than ever," Geelen said. "A record number of shirts were sold in one day.
"This shirt is sold at least four times more than any other Ajax shirt. It's unique."
However, the original design is claimed to possess imagery that goes against the European football governing body's rules and has therefore seen UEFA ban Ajax from wearing the kit in the Champions League.
Erik ten Hag's side debuted the shirt for the first time on Saturday's 2-0 Eredivisie victory over PEC Zwolle.
Despite this, they had to make a slight alteration to the original design and briefly explained their decision to do so.
Speaking on the decision, the Amsterdam outfit, via website Ajax Life, stated: "The European Football Association [UEFA] sees it as a different expression than the club logo, logo clothing sponsor or sleeve sponsor. Other expressions are not allowed."
The original design incorporated three birds stitched on the back of the shirt - in the classic reggae colours of red, yellow and green - yet, it was quickly spotted during Saturday's away victory that the birds had actually been removed from the jersey worn by the players.
It is believed that, in order to comply with the rules set out by UEFA, the three birds had to be removed.
The 35-time Dutch champions are planning to wear the popular kit in European competitions this season, whether that be the Champions League or, hopefully not in Ajax's case, the Europa League.
They begin their Champions League campaign on Wednesday evening as they travel to Portugal to face Sporting Lisbon at 8pm.
Ajax will be hoping that they can bring a positive result back to Amsterdam and take a step forward in progressing from their group, which also contains Besiktas and Borussia Dortmund.
Paul Pogba considering extending Man Utd stay
Mourinho apologises for celebration after Roma's last-minute goal
Cristiano Ronaldo only third best player on FIFA 22, new ratings reveal
Champions League,
Uefa,
Ajax,
Bob Marley.


Welcome to the Introduction to the Library libguide. Within this guide you will find resources to help you get acquainted with the library.
A website dedicated to check the validity of myths and rumors on the internet.


RPI PRESIDENT RAMDAS ATHAWLE MEETS CHIEF MINISTER PRITHVIRAJ CHAVAN AT VIDHAN BHAVAN.
MRCC President Milind Deora During Mumbai North Lok Sabha Congress Party Candidate Urmila Matondkar Election Campaign at Borivali.
Description: MRCC President Milind Deora Inauguration and Election Campaign North Mumbai Congress-NCP Candidate Urmila Matondkar Centeral Election Office at Borivali.On Occasion Mumbai NCP President Sachin Ahir.


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Getting Here/Parking
Catering and Private Events
In the early 1860's there were 5 original "Retail Spirit" licenses issued on the island of Oahu. Murphy's is the only license remaining. Murphy's was then known as the Royal Hotel and the original owner was W.L. Green. Because the Hotel was located in the center of the waterfront, it was a gathering spot for merchants, ship captains, and gentlemen, including Royalty. Although King Kalakaua died in 1891, history tells us that the King frequented the Hotel, as did Robert Louis Stevenson.
From Green, to Lanahan, to Walters, to "Scotty" Meston, to Sullivan, to Bollman, to Gillis, and on and on ownership changed hands frequently. Throughout the years from Monarchy to Republic, to Annexation, then to Territorial status, the building remained the same in the ever-changing waterfront environment.
Then in 1987, Don Murphy purchased what was then the Royal Hawaiian Saloon and opened Murphy's Bar and Grill.
Since 1987, we have been giving our clientele a little taste of the Irish homeland, all wrapped up in great food, good company, and an extensive bar with 16 unique beers on tap. We are open daily, from the weekly business lunches to intimate dinners to rousing celebrations with family and friends.
Murphy's Bar and Grill, Today
Along with providing a quality establishment, Murphy's is also a notable organizer for many of Hawaii's local charities and programs. In addition to hosting the annual Pigskin Pigout for UH Football (over 1.5 million raised over 15 years!) and countless Hawaii Children's Cancer Foundation fundraisers, we have also been a part of Coaches vs. Cancer, Hawaii Literacy, Aloha Festival Week Fundraiser, Make a Wish (hosting out of town children and their families for Pro Bowl), American Cancer Society, Ronald McDonald House (over 23 years of Annual Ronald McDonald Gift Wrapping night in December), St. Louis Flood Relief (1993), Friends of Ian Matsumoto, Aloha Airlines "Aloha for Aloha" fundraiser, UH Cancer Research Center, Hurricane Iniki fundraiser for victims (1993), CSI Fundraisers (Comfort, Security, Independence) for the elderly, David Lyman's Memorial Scholarship for the California Maritime Academy, Save our Schools fundraiser (raising money for high school athletics), TV/PBS Hawaii, Restaurant Week, and more.
Murphy's has been the gracious recipient of many local awards and recognitions over the past 24 years, including Spirit of Aloha, First Lady Award by Mrs. John Waihee, "Ten Who Make a Difference" by the Honolulu Star Bulletin (1989), Distinguished American Award by the National Football Foundation (1999), Outstanding Small Business State of Hawaii by National Fundraising Group (1999), National Restaurant Association finalist for Outstanding Community Service, Charles Ushijima Rainbow Service Award, Outstanding Small Business – State of Hawaii presented by National Fundraising Association.
In 2010, Murphy's Bar and Grill was featured on the Food Network program "Diners, Drive-Thrus, and Dives". Also in 2010, Murphy's was inducted into the Hawaii Restaurant Association "Hall of Fame", as well as being honored by the Ronald McDonald Charities for Community Service.
Now, in our 27th year, we are still enjoying this incredibly journey filled with lots of love and laughter, joy and tears. We've had block parties, fund raising events, wakes, birthdays, baby luaus, graduation celebrations, wedding parties, and even a few actual marriages! There have been many people who "met their mate" at Murphy's and are living happily ever after! And let's not forget creating the LARGEST St. Patrick's Day Celebration in the Pacific, hosting thousands every March 17th! We can go on and on about the fun we've had here at Murphy's and owe it all to our friends and customers who have helped us succeed over the past 25+ years!
We are so thankful for our community and friends that have joined us over the years, and look forward to many more great times with you!
Many Mahalos,
Don and Marion Murphy
Upcoming fundraisers, block parties, and events with Murphy's Bar and Grill
Join us for the largest St. Patrick's Day celebration in the Pacific! Click for information and updated announcements!
Catering & Private Parties
Let us host or provide for your next party! For any size group and all events, we can create a menu that fits every taste and wallet.


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British Chinese
For Chinese people with British ancestry, see Britons in China.
英國華裔/英国华裔
United Kingdom approx. 433,150 (2011)
England 379,502 – 0.7% (2011)
Scotland 33,706 – 0.6% (2011)
Wales 13,638 – 0.4% (2011)
Northern Ireland 6,303 – 0.3% (2011)
0.7% of the UK's population (2011)
Regions with significant populations
Greater London, Belfast, Greater Manchester, Birmingham, Liverpool, Glasgow, Cardiff, Newcastle upon Tyne, Nottingham, Edinburgh, Yorkshire and The Humber, South East England, Norwich
English, Mandarin, Cantonese, Min, Hakka
Irreligion, Atheism, Taoism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, Christian Orthodoxy, Judaism, Islam
Related ethnic groups
Overseas Chinese
British Chinese (also known as Chinese British, Chinese Britons or British-born Chinese (BBC)) are people of Chinese – particularly Han Chinese – ancestry who reside in the United Kingdom, constituting the second or third-largest group of overseas Chinese in Europe apart from the Chinese diaspora in France and the overseas Chinese community in Russia[citation needed]. The British Chinese community is thought to be the oldest Chinese community in Western Europe, with the first Chinese immigrants having come from the ports of Tianjin and Shanghai (both ports were once held concessions) in the early-nineteenth century to settle in port cities such as Liverpool. They opened restaurants on the ports.
Most British Chinese are descended from people who were themselves overseas Chinese when they first arrived in the UK. Most are from former British colonies, such as: Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Mauritius. People from mainland China and Taiwan and their descendants constitute a relatively minor, albeit growing, proportion of the British Chinese community[citation needed]. Chinese communities are found in many major cities including: London, Birmingham, Glasgow, Manchester, Liverpool, Newcastle, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Sheffield, Nottingham, Belfast, and Aberdeen.
Compared with most ethnic minorities in the UK, the Chinese are socioeconomically more widespread and decentralised, have a record of high academic achievement, and have the second highest household income among demographic groups in the UK, after British Indians.[1]
1.1 First visitor, first immigrant and first to be naturalised
2 Chinese New Year
3 Community
3.1 Chinatowns
3.2 London
4 Contemporary issues
5.1 Music
5.2 Film and television
5.3 Books and publishing
6 Demographics
6.1 Main migration waves
6.2 Population
6.3 Geographic distribution
6.4 Languages
6.5 Largest urban Chinese communities
6.6 London demography
7 Socioeconomics
7.2 Employment
7.3 Economics
7.4 Health and welfare
7.5 Voter registration
8 Notable individuals
9 Society and commerce
11 Footnotes
13.1 Books
13.2 Papers
13.3 Articles
Main article: History of Chinese immigration to the United Kingdom
First visitor, first immigrant and first to be naturalised
Shen Fu-Tsung was the first ever recorded ethnic Chinese person to set foot in what is now the United Kingdom, having visited over 300 years ago in 1685
The first recorded Chinese person in Britain was Shen Fu Tsong, a Jesuit scholar who was present in the court of King James II in the 17th century. Shen was the first person to catalogue the Chinese books in the Bodleian Library. The King was so taken with him he had his portrait painted by Sir Godfrey Kneller and hung it in his bed chamber. The portrait of Shen is in the Royal Collection; it currently hangs in Windsor Castle.[2]
William Macao was the earliest recorded Chinese person to settle in Britain. He lived in Edinburgh, Scotland from 1779. Macao married a British woman and had children, and was the first Chinese person to be baptised into the Church of Scotland. He worked for The Board of Excise at Dundas House, St Andrew Square, Edinburgh for 40 years, beginning as a servant to the clerks and retiring as Senior Accountant. He was involved in a significant naturalisation law case and for two years, until the first decision was overturned on appeal, was legally deemed a naturalised Scotsman.[3][4]
A Chinese man known as John Anthony (d. 1805) was brought to London in 1799 by the East India Company to provide accommodation for the Lascar and Chinese sailors in Angel Gardens, Shadwell in London's East End. Antony had left China around 11 years of age in the 1770s making several journeys between London and China. He converted to the Church of England and anglicised his name, settled in London, and married Ester Gole in 1799.[5] Wishing to buy property, but unable to so while an alien, in 1805 he used part of the fortune he had amassed from his London work to pay for an Act of Parliament to naturalise him as a British subject; thus being the first Chinese person to gain British citizenship.[6] However, he died a few months after the Act was passed.[7]
The British East India Company which controlled the importation of popular Chinese commodities such as tea, ceramics and silks began employing Chinese seamen from the early 1880s. Those who crewed ships to Britain had to spend time in London's dock area while waiting for a ship to return to China and so the Limehouse area became the site of the first Chinatown in Britain.[citation needed]
The Chinese New Year, or Spring Festival, is the most important celebration for Chinese and other East Asian communities. It links overseas Chinese and their descendants to their heritage, even though they live thousands of miles away from their ancestral homelands. Celebrations for Chinese people are of great traditional significance and include a ritual cleaning of their houses and visit to the temple, but also involve feasting with the family, celebration, fireworks, and gift-giving. This festival follows the lunar calendar so it can fall any time from late January to mid-February and begins on the first day of a new moon and ends with the full moon on the day of the Lantern Festival.
Celebrations in London are famous for colourful parades, fireworks, and street dancing. The route starts in the Strand and goes along Charing Cross Road and Shaftesbury Avenue. Other activities include a family show in Trafalgar Square with dragon and lion dances and traditional and contemporary Chinese arts by performers from both London and China. There are fireworks displays in Leicester Square, as well as cultural stalls, food, decorations, and lion dance displays throughout the day in London Chinatown.
Chinatown in Birmingham
There are Chinatowns and Chinese community centres in almost every place where there is a substantial Chinese community, and new immigrants and long term citizens can find help and support there.
There are also many activities of interest to new generations and the community at large, such as women's groups, health talks, day trips, cookery sessions, English-language classes, and IT training courses. There are celebrations of Chinese and British festivals, volunteer groups to help members of the community, as well as a work experience scheme for local school students to spend placements working within businesses in the community.
There exist several organisations in the UK that support the Chinese community. The Chinese community is a non-profit organisation that runs social events for the Chinese community. Dimsum is a media organisation which also aims to raise awareness of the cultural issues that the Chinese community face.[8] The Chinese Information and Advice Centre supports disadvantaged people of Chinese ethnic origin in the UK.
Since 2000, the emergence of Internet discussion sites produced by British Chinese young people has provided an important forum for many of them to grapple with questions concerning their identities, experiences, and status in Britain.[9] Within these online fora and in larger community efforts, the groups may self identify as 'British-born Chinese' or 'BBCs'.[10]
Chinatowns
In several major cities there are Chinatowns, which have become tourist attractions where Chinese restaurants and businesses predominate, although in some cases relatively few Chinese people may live there. There are Chinatowns in London, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Newcastle, Sheffield and Aberdeen.
Main article: Chinese community in London
Denver House Bounds Green
Charing Cross Library
There are Chinese community centres in Chinatown, Barnet, Camden, Hackney, Islington, Lambeth, Haringey and Tower Hamlets. Major organisations include the London Chinese Community Centre, London Chinatown Chinese Association, the London Chinese Cultural Centre.[citation needed]
The Westminster Chinese Library, based at the Charing Cross Library (simplified Chinese: 查宁阁图书馆; traditional Chinese: 查寧閣圖書館; pinyin: Chánínggé Túshūguǎn), holds one of the largest collections of Chinese materials in UK public libraries. It has a collection of over 50,000 Chinese books available for loan and reference to local readers of Chinese; music cassettes, CDs, and video films for loan; community information and general enquiries; a national subscription service of Chinese books; and Chinese events organised from time to time. The library also hosted a photography exhibition in 2013 as part of the British Chinese Heritage project, with photographs and stories of Chinese workers.[11]
Based in Denver House, Bounds Green the Ming-Ai (London) Institute has undertaken a number of heritage and community projects to record and archive the contributions made by British Chinese people to the local communities in the United Kingdom.
The London Dragon Boat Festival is held annually in June at the London Regatta Centre, Royal Albert Docks. It is organised by the London Chinatown Lions Club.[12]
Also held annually in London is the widely acclaimed, British Chinese Food Awards that promotes entrepreneurship, talent and Chinese food across the UK.
Language poses a serious problem for the older generation and for women working at home. Isolation and depression are common and, increasingly, Chinese community groups are providing advocacy and counselling to alleviate these problems. For men in the catering trade, unsociable hours and the lack of after-hours venues has led to the problem of late-night gambling clubs.
Accommodation tied to work is still common practice for those working in restaurants. As a result, homelessness is a serious issue faced by many elderly retirees. Limited access to Chinese-speaking housing associations makes it harder for them to obtain advice on housing and rights.
For older Chinese Londoners, tri-lingual community centres are an invaluable resource providing essential advice and services. For the younger generation of British-born Chinese, these centres provide a meaningful way to participate in their community and keep in touch with their language and cultural identity.
The connection between China and London has developed recently, with Beijing hosting the 2008 Olympic Games, before handing the baton on to London. A series of cultural and business exchanges and exhibitions have increased awareness about Chinese culture for many Londoners. The Trafalgar Square celebration of Chinese New Year is now a firm fixture on London's Festival Calendar.
The Centre for Chinese Contemporary Art (CFCCA)[13] is the international agency for the development and promotion of contemporary Chinese artists. Established in 1986, it is based in Manchester, the city with the second largest Chinese community in the UK, and the organisation is part of the region's rich Chinese heritage. The Centre for Chinese Contemporary Art also hosts the International Chinese Live Art Festival[14] which showcases work by Chinese artists from across the world.
The Yellow Earth Theatre company is a London-based international touring company formed by five British East Asian performers in 1995. It aims to promote the writing and performing talents of East Asians in Britain.[15]
The China Arts Space is an organisation that promotes East Asian visual and performing arts.[16] British lecturers Dr Felicia Chan and Dr Andy Willis, of the University of Manchester and University of Salford respectively, have proposed that artists of Chinese heritage in the UK were accepted inclusively under the label British Asian in the 1980s.[17]
KT Tunstall is a well-known Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist whose maternal grandmother was Chinese.[18]
British Chinese film and television productions include:
The Chinese Detective, (1981–1982) television series
Ping Pong (1986) directed by Po-Chih Leong[19]
Soursweet (1988) directed by Mike Newell[20]
Peggy Su! (1997) directed by Frances-Anne Solomon[21]
Dim Sum (A Little Bit of Heart) (2002) directed by Jane Wong[22]
The Missing Chink (2004) directed by Kate Solomon[23]
Sweet & Sour Comedy (2004) directed by Neil A. McLennan[24]
Spirit Warriors (2010) television series created by Jo Ho starring Jessica Henwick, Benedict Wong, Tom Wu and Burt Kwouk[25]
Books and publishing
Huang Yongjun, the founder and General Manager of New Classic Press (UK) has acted as a major advocator of the "China Dream" in the United Kingdom. The New Classic Press that he founded is an effort to "explain China to the world".[26]
Britain has been receiving ethnic Chinese migrants more or less uninterruptedly on varying scales since the 19th century. While new immigrant arrivals numerically have replenished the Chinese community, they have also added to its complexity and the already existing cleavages within the community. Meanwhile, new generations of British-born Chinese have emerged. The educational success of the younger, British-born Chinese has brought professional and economic prosperity to the Chinese community.
Main migration waves
A woman holds a child in Limehouse, East London, 1920s.
Chinese migration to Britain has a history of at least 150 years. Between 1800 and 1945 it is estimated 20,000 had emigrated to Britain.[27] In 1901 there were 387 Chinese people living in Britain, in 1911, 1,219.[28] Until the Second World War, Chinese communities lived around Britain's main ports, the oldest and largest in Liverpool and London. These communities consisted of a transnational and highly mobile population of Cantonese seamen and small numbers of more permanent residents who ran shops, restaurants, and boarding houses that catered for them.[29] The number of Chinese seamen (who mainly worked as stokers) dwindled sharply during the Depression and the subsequent decline of coal-fired intercontinental shipping after the Second World War. In the 1950s, they were replaced by a rapidly growing population of Chinese from the rural areas in Hong Kong's New Territories. Opening restaurants across Britain, they established firm migration chains and soon dominated the Chinese presence in Britain.[30] In the 1960s and 1970s, they were joined by increasing numbers of Chinese students and economic migrants from Malaysia and Singapore.
A Chinese language poster calling for a meeting with a visiting Ph.D Dr. Pan who was there to build an ancestral hall and reconnect with Shanghai.Limehouse, London, 1924.
Chinese migration to Britain continued to be dominated by these groups until the 1980s, when rising living standards and urbanization in Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia gradually reduced the volume of migration from the former British Colonies. At the same time in the 1980s, the number of students and skilled emigrants from the People's Republic of China began to rise. Since the early 1990s, the UK has also witnessed a rising inflow of economic migrants from areas in China without any previous migratory link to the UK, or even elsewhere in Europe. A relatively small number of Chinese enter Britain legally as skilled migrants. However, most migrants arrive to work in unskilled jobs, originally exclusively in the Chinese ethnic sector (catering, Chinese stores, and wholesale firms), but increasingly also in employment outside this sector (for instance, in agriculture and construction). Migrants who enter Britain for unskilled employment are from both rural and urban backgrounds. Originally, Fujianese migrants were the dominant flow, but more recently increasing numbers of migrants from the Northeast of China have arrived in the UK as well.[31] Migrants now tend to come from an increasing number of regions of origin in China. Some Chinese unskilled migrants enter illegally to work in the black economy, in dangerous jobs with no employment rights, as the Morecambe Bay tragedy of February 2004 showed. Some claim asylum in-country, avoiding deportation after exhausting their appeals.
A temple of the True Awakening Tradition of Buddhism in the London Borough of Brent.
Chinese Gospel Church in Liverpool.
Headquarters of Yiguandao in the United Kingdom, the Old Town Hall of Walthamstow.
The population figure of 247,403 (approximately 0.5% of the UK population and around 5% of the total non-white population in the UK), cited from figures produced by the UK's Office for National Statistics (ONS), is based on the 2001 national census. However, it may not be an entirely accurate figure of the current population of people of Chinese origin in the UK. Reasons for this include: some had not participated in the 2001 national census, some had not specified their ethnic group in the census, either intentionally or unintentionally, and successive Chinese migration to or from the UK since 2001. A recent publication from the ONS, "Focus on Ethnicity and Religion (October) 2006",[32] gave some detailed figures on the makeup of the UK's Chinese population that were based on the information by those who had identified themselves as 'Chinese' in the United Kingdom Census 2001.
Total population: Over 400,000 (2006), not including those of partial Chinese descent[33]
Geographical distribution: 33% of the Chinese in Britain live in London, 13.6% in the South East, 11.1% in the North West.
Birthplace: 29% in Hong Kong, 25% England, 19% Mainland China, 8% Malaysia, 4% Vietnam, 3% Singapore, 2.4% Scotland, 2% Taiwan, 0.9% Wales, 0.1% Northern Ireland.
Occupation: Of all ethnic groups, Chinese had the highest proportion as students (about a third) and the lowest in "routine/manual" occupations (17%).
% 2001
% 2011[34]
Not religious
52% 55.6%
In the United Kingdom, "Asian demographics" and "Chinese demographics" are separate. In British usage, the word "Asian" or "British Asian" when describing people usually refers to those from South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Maldives, etc.).
Compared with most ethnic minorities in the UK, the Chinese tend to be more widespread and decentralised. However, significant numbers of British Chinese people can be found in Birmingham, Brighton, Cambridge, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Liverpool, London, Manchester, Milton Keynes, Hull, Nottingham, Oxford, Sheffield, and Swansea. In Northern Ireland, Chinese make up the largest non-white minority, although the population of roughly 4,000 is relatively small.
Many locations with a high visible Chinese cultural presence are called Chinatowns. Liverpool's Chinatown is situated around the Berry Street and Duke Street area in the city centre. The Ceremonial Archway, which was built in Shanghai, China, is located at the heart of Liverpool's Chinatown. Before World War II, the original Chinatown was situated around Pitt Street. In London, there is a Chinatown centred around Gerrard Street, Soho, in the West End of central London which has many Chinese restaurants and businesses; it is mostly a commercial area, most Chinese live in other parts of London and are dispersed, although concentrated communities are found in Colindale, Limehouse and Millwall,[35] and throughout Southwark.[36] Sheffield's unofficial Chinatown is located at London Road.
According to the website www.Ethnologue.com, Yue Chinese (Cantonese) is spoken by 300,000 Britons as a primary language, whilst 12,000 Britons speak Mandarin Chinese and 10,000 speak Hakka Chinese. The proportion of British Chinese people who speak English as a first or second language is unknown.[37] but note that 'Mandarin' is an English term for a version of Chinese (known as Putonghua in Chinese, a term that translates as anything but a marker of a language spoken by an educated elite). However, this is the least of numerous sources of confusion.
Largest urban Chinese communities
(2005 estimates)[38]
Cambridge – 3,600 (3.1%)
Oxford – 4,200 (2.9%)
Manchester – 10,800 (2.3%)
Nottingham – 5,998 (1.9%)[39]
Liverpool – 6,800 (1.5%)
London – 107,100 (1.4%)
Birmingham – 10,700 (1.1%)
Newcastle upon Tyne – 3,100 (1.1%)
Sheffield – 5,100 (1.0%)
Glasgow – 10,689 (1.8%)[40]
Edinburgh – 8,076 (1.7%)[41]
London demography
See also: Demography of London
According to the Census statistics, there was only one ward in London with a more than 5% Chinese population, which was Millwall in Tower Hamlets at 5.4%.[42] The Chinese population is extremely dispersed, according to Rob Lewis, a senior demographer at the Greater London Authority: "The reason for their thin spread all over London, is because of the idea that you want to set up a Chinese restaurant that's a little way away from the next one."[43]
Chinese population
Chinese percentage
City of London* 7,700 100 1.3
Barking and Dagenham 165,500 1,500 0.9
Barnet 326,100 7,600 2.3
Bexley 221,000 1,800 0.8
Brent 270,300 3,500 1.3
Bromley 297,900 2,200 0.7
Camden 222,800 6,000 2.7
Croydon 335,800 2,700 0.8
Ealing 305,700 4,400 1.4
Enfield 283,400 3,000 1.1
Greenwich 221,600 3,400 1.5
Hackney 207,100 2,800 1.4
Hammersmith and Fulham 171,000 1,800 1.1
Haringey 224,100 3,400 1.5
Harrow 214,000 2,900 1.4
Havering 226,300 1,100 0.5
Hillingdon 247,900 2,700 1.1
Hounslow 216,600 2,000 0.9
Islington 184,200 4,300 2.3
Kensington and Chelsea 175,800 4,700 2.7
Kingston upon Thames 153,900 2,500 1.6
Lambeth 270,300 3,500 1.3
Lewisham 253,200 3,500 1.4
Merton 195,300 2,900 1.5
Newham 249,700 3,400 1.4
Redbridge 249,000 2,600 1.0
Richmond upon Thames 178,000 1,600 0.9
Southwark 264,000 6,800 2.6
Sutton 183,100 1,500 0.8
Tower Hamlets 209,400 4,900 2.3
Waltham Forest 220,300 2,000 0.9
Wandsworth 276,400 2,700 1.0
Westminster 228,600 7,300 3.2
London 7,456,000 107,100 1.4
*not a London Borough
Since the relatively elevated immigration of the 1960s, the Chinese community has made rapid socioeconomic advancements in the UK over the course of a generation. There still exists a segregation of the Chinese in the labour market, however, with a large proportion of the Chinese employed in the Chinese catering industry.[44] Overall, as a demographic group, the British Chinese are well-educated and earn higher incomes when compared to other demographic groups in the UK. The British Chinese also fare well on many socioeconomic indicators, including low incarceration rates and high rates of health.[45]
The British Chinese community place an exceptionally high value on post-secondary educational attainment; emphasize effort over innate ability; give their children supplementary tutoring irrespective of financial barriers; and restrict their children's exposure to counter-productive influences that might hinder educational attainment via the Confucian paradigm and the sole belief of greater social mobility. The proportion of British Chinese achieving 5 or more good GCSEs stood at a relatively high 70%.[46] According to the 2001 census, 30% of the British Chinese post-16 population are full-time students compared to a UK average of 8%. When it comes to the distinguished category of being recognized as the "paragon immigrants", British Chinese are also more likely to take math and science-intensive courses such as physics and calculus. A study done by the Royal Society of Chemistry and Institute of Physics revealed that British Chinese students were four times more likely than White or Black students in the United Kingdom to achieve three or more science A-levels.[47] In spite of language barriers, among recent Chinese immigrants to the UK (who do not have English as a first language) 86% of pre-teens reached the required standard of English on the national curriculum exam. The overall result of 86% was one percentage point above the British Indians and remained the highest rate among all ethnic groups in the United Kingdom.[48]
The British Chinese community has been hailed as a socioeconomic "success story" by British sociologists, who have for years glossed over socioeconomic difficulties and inequalities among the major ethnic groups in Britain. The degree educational advantages varies widely however: minorities of European descent fare best, together with the British Chinese. The group has more well-educated members, with a much higher proportion of university graduates than British-born whites. These latter have not been negligible: research has shown that the Chinese as a group face both discrimination and problems accessing public and social services. Many have activated ill-conceived stereotypes of the Chinese as a collectivist, conformist, entrepreneurial, ethnic group, and conforming to Confucian values, which is a divergence of British-Chinese culture and construction of ethnic identity. Educational attainment is greatly espoused by parental reasoning as the British Chinese community cites higher education as a route to ensure a higher ranking job.[49]
According to a study done by the London School of Economics in 2010, the British Chinese tend to be better educated and earn more than the general British population as a whole. British Chinese are also more likely to go to more prestigious universities or to get higher class degrees than any other ethnic minority in the United Kingdom. Nearly 45% of British Chinese men and more than a third of British Chinese women achieved a first or higher degree. Between 1995 and 1997, 29% of British Chinese have higher educational qualifications. This was the highest rate for any ethnic group during those two years. Between 2006 and 2008, the figure had risen to 45%, where it again remained the highest for any ethnic group. In terms of educational achievement at the secondary level, Chinese males and females perform well above the national median. A tenth of Chinese boys are ranked in the top 3% overall, and a tenth of Chinese girls in the top 1%.[50] Due to the rigorous primary and secondary school system in East Asian countries such as China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, Britons of Chinese, Hong Kong, and Taiwanese descent rank within the top 5 in British as well as international scholastic mathematical and scientific aptitude tests and tend to score better in these subjects than the general population average. British Chinese remain rare among most Special Educational Needs types at the primary and secondary school level, except for Speech, Language and Communication needs, where first-generation Chinese pupils are greatly over-represented with the influx of first-generation immigrants coming from Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong.[50]
First generation British citizens of Chinese backgrounds remain over-represented in self-employment, however, rates of self-employment fell between 1991 and 2001 as second generation British Chinese chose not to follow their parents into business and instead choose to find employment in the paid labor market. First and second-generation British Chinese men have one of the lowest unemployment rates in the nation, with an unemployment rate of 4.08% and 4.32% compared with slightly higher figures of 5% for White Irish (first and second generation).[50] Vertical segregation is also apparent for men and women in the British Chinese community. British Chinese men are twice as likely to be working than White British men to be in professional jobs (27%, and 14% respectively). Chinese men have the third highest rate of employment in managerial jobs at 31%. This compares to 45% for Indian men, 35% for white men and 23% for Black caribbeans.
A colossal rate of diversity in British self-employment and entrepreneurship in the British Chinese Community has been considerably high. East Asian British groups (Chinese, Japanese, South Korean) and British South Asian groups (Indian, Bangladeshi, and Pakistani) typically have higher rates of self-employment than Whites, while Black groups (Black African and Black Caribbean) have lower rates. Self-employment rates in the British Chinese community is generally higher than the national average. For instance, White British had self-employment rates of 17% in 2001, but the British Chinese self-employment rate was 28%, the higher than the British Indian rate of 21%, British Pakistanis of 27%, and the highest overall among Britain's main ethnic groups. However, overall aggregate self-employment fell between the decade of 1991 to 2001 as the proportion of British Chinese with higher qualifications grew from 27% to 43% between the years of 1991 to 2006. 75% of male British Chinese entrepreneurs worked in the distribution, hotel, and catering industries.[51] In 1991, 34.1% of British Chinese men and 20.3% of British Chinese women were self-employed and the rate was the highest among all Britain's major ethnic groups during that year.[52] In 2001, self-employment rates for British Chinese men dropped to 27.8% and 18.3% for British Chinese women, yet overall rates still remained the highest among all of Britain's major ethnic groups. The overall self-employment rate in 2001 was 23%.[53] Common business industries for the British Chinese include restaurants, business services, medical and vet services, recreational and cultural services, wholesale distribution, catering, hotel management, retail, and construction.[54] By 2004, overall British Chinese self-employment was just under 16%, as one in five (21%) of British Pakistanis were self-employed and more British Chinese choose to acquire higher qualifications via education. By 2006, 29% of all Chinese men were classed as self-employed compared to 17% of white British men and 18% of Chinese women compared to 7% of White British women.[55][56]
British Chinese men and women also rank very highly in terms of receiving wages well above the national median but are less likely to receive a higher net weekly income than any other ethnic group. British Chinese men earn the highest median wage for any ethnic group with £12.70 earned per hour, followed by the medians for White British men at £11.40, and Multiracial Britons at £11.30 and British Indian men at £11.20. British Chinese women also earn a high median wage, third only to Black Caribbean women and Multiracial Briton women with a median wage of £10.21 earned per hour. However British Chinese women are also more likely to experience more pay penalties than other ethnic group in the United Kingdom despite possessing higher qualifications.[50] Women of all ethnic groups have lower mean individual incomes than men in the same ethnic group in the UK[relevant? – discuss]. Pakistani and Bangladeshi women have the highest gender income gap while British Chinese have one of the lowest income gender gaps. British Chinese women also have the individual incomes among all ethnic groups in the UK followed by White British and Indian women. Difference in men's incomes and number of children across ethnic groups. British Chinese women have the highest average equivalent incomes among various ethnic groups in the UK. Though British Chinese women have both high individual and equivalent incomes, but they also have very dispersed incomes.[57][58] In 2001, Overall economic activity in the British Chinese community tends to be lower than the general population average.[53]
A study by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation in 2011 found out that British Chinese have the lowest poverty rates among different ethnic groups in Britain.[59] The British Chinese adult poverty rate was 20% and the child poverty rate stood at 30%. Of the different ethnic groups studied, Bangladeshis, Pakistanis, and Black British had the highest rates of child and adult poverty overall. In contrast, British Chinese, Black Caribbeans, British Indians and White British had the lowest rates.[59]
Chinese men and women were the least likely to report their health as "not good" of all ethnic groups. Chinese men and women had the lowest rates of long-term illness or disability which restricts daily activities. The British Chinese population (5.8%) were least likely to be providing informal care (unpaid care to relatives, friends or neighbours). Around 0.25% of the British Chinese population were residents in hospital and other care establishments.[60]
Chinese men (17%) were the least likely to smoke of all ethnic groups. Fewer than 10% of Chinese women smoked. Fewer than 10% of the Chinese adult population drank above the recommended daily alcohol guidelines on their heaviest drinking day.[60]
The Chinese National Healthy Living Centre was founded in 1987 to promote healthy living, and provide access to health services, for the Chinese community in the UK. The community is widely dispersed across the country and currently makes the lowest use of health services of all minority ethnic groups. The Centre aims to reduce the health inequality between the Chinese community and the general population. Language difficulties and long working hours in the catering trade present major obstacles to many Chinese people in accessing mainstream health provision. Language and cultural barriers can result in their being given inappropriate health solutions. Isolation is a common problem amongst this widely dispersed community and can lead to a range of mental illnesses. The Centre, based close to London's Chinatown, provides a range of services designed to tackle both the physical and psychological aspects of health.
A survey conducted in 2006, estimated that around 30% of British Chinese were not on the electoral register, and therefore not able to vote.[61][62] This compares to 6% of whites and 17% for all ethnic minorities.
In a bid to increase voter registration and turnout, and reverse voter apathy within the community, campaigns have been organized such as the British Chinese Register to Vote organised by Get Active UK, a working title that encompasses all the activities run by the Integration of British Chinese into Politics (the British Chinese Project[63]) and its various partners. The campaign wishes to highlight the low awareness of politics among the British Chinese community; to encourage those eligible to vote but not on the electoral register to get registered; and to help people make a difference on issues affecting themselves and their communities on a daily basis by getting their voices heard through voting.[64]
The largest political organisation in the British Chinese community is the Conservative Friends of the Chinese.
Notable individuals
Main article: List of British Chinese people
Society and commerce
At the turn of the 20th century, the number of Chinese in Britain was small. Most were sailors who had deserted or been abandoned by their employers after landing in British ports. In the 1880s, some Chinese migrants had fled the US during the anti-Chinese campaign and settled in Britain, where they started up businesses based on their experience in America. There is little evidence to suggest that these "double migrants" had established close ties with Britain's other, longer-standing Chinese community. By the middle of the 20th century, the community was on the point of extinction, and would probably have lost its cultural distinctiveness if not for the arrival of tens of thousands of Hong Kong Chinese in the 1950s.
Starting a small business was the main way the Chinese coped with their limited ability to find employment in a generally alien and hostile English-speaking environment. They forged inter-ethnic partnerships to overcome the twin problem of raising funds and finding employees. In the first half of the 20th century, most Chinese were involved in the laundry business, while migrants who arrived after the Second World War worked primarily in the catering industry. As these businesses grew, so too did the demand for labour, which entrepreneurs met by exploiting kinship ties to bring family members into Britain. Business partnerships broke up and evolved into family firms, starting and gradually reinforcing the move away from community-based enterprise. With this, competition escalated, since most migrants were involved in the same sector of industry.
This competition necessitated the community's geographical dispersal which further hindered its attempts to struggle collectively for greater protection from the authorities against racial discrimination. In urban areas, the experience of racism forced the Chinese into "ethnic niches", consisting primarily of restaurants and takeaways, thus heightening competition and placing further limits on communal cooperation. The more entrepreneurial of these migrants would strive to leave these enclaves and were usually the ones who achieved social mobility. Later arrivals—the seafarers (in the first half of the 20th century) and immigrants from Hong Kong (from the 1960s)—were unable to cooperate to challenge the policies of the British government which were designed to prevent them from entering other economic sectors, even as part of the labour force. In addition to the generalised racism that they encountered, these Chinese migrants were trapped by policies to remain in economic spheres where their links with the majority population were curtailed and competition with the latter was minimized.
Government policies also had an important bearing on the issues of integration and enterprise development. The Conservative government under Margaret Thatcher in the late 1970s and early 1980s actively promoted the setting up of small enterprises, essentially as a mechanism to deal with the problem of racism.[65] The government was then of the view that since immigrants preferred to concentrate on small businesses due to the hardships and difficulties, in the form of language barriers and racial discrimination they experienced in the UK, they would opt for opportunities for business ownership rather than employment with or by non co-ethnics.
While small enterprises have helped migrants to cope with the problem of their isolation and alienation in the new environment, a good segment of their children, on the other hand, have done well in education, notably at the tertiary level, and have made a prominent presence as professionals and in the high-tech sector.[66]
By the turn of this century, the Chinese in the UK could be broadly categorized into four main categories:
Hong Kong Chinese from the rural New Territories who started arriving in large numbers in the 1950s and 1960s. Many of them moved into catering and food wholesaling and retailing.
Southeast Asian Chinese, who also started arriving in the 1960s. Primarily from middle-class, professional backgrounds, some of them have also gone into business, including catering.
Arrivals from mainland China and urban Hong Kong in the 1980s, who have gone into business related to technology and manufacturing.
British-born Chinese, whose members are mostly well-qualified and work in hi-tech industries.[67]
The lists of directors and shareholders of Chinese-owned companies provide no evidence of interlocking stock ownership or of interlocking directorships. A number of them were created and ran as partnerships before coming under the control of one individual or family. Most of the start-up funds for these businesses have come from personal savings or put together by family members. There is little evidence that they have had access to ethnic-based funding, and there are very few instances to suggest that financial aid has been provided on intra-ethnic grounds; rather, such assistance was for the mutual benefit of both borrower and lender.[68] An example of an ethnic Chinese who capitalised on his ethnicity to create a Chinese-based business in the UK is Woon Wing Yip. An immigrant from Hong Kong who started out as a waiter, Yip became a restaurateur and later built his reputation as a leading wholesaler and retailer of Chinese food products. He is the owner of Britain's largest Chinese enterprise in terms of sales volume.[69]
China portal
London Fo Guang Shan Temple
Shaolin Temple UK
Britons in Hong Kong
British-Chinese relations
British nationality law and Hong Kong
Jook-sing
In British nationality law, a person can be born, naturalised or registered as a British citizen. This difference in the law is not important in this article.
Ethnic Chinese people who are British citizens but not resident in the UK are not a main concern of this article, including ethnic Chinese people who had obtained British Citizenship in Hong Kong prior to handover who do not normally reside in the UK. Ethnically Chinese people who are British citizens and living outside the UK are "British Chinese" in one sense of the term, but those holding a British National (Overseas) passport and living outside the UK are not normally considered to be "British Chinese", as they do not normally hold the right of abode in the UK.
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There have been very few books written on the history of the Chinese in Britain, with what exists are mainly surveys, dissertations, census figures, and newspaper reports. Two books that provide an overview are The Chinese in Britain 1800–Present, Economy, Transnationalism and Identity by Gregor Benton & Edmund Terence Gomez. Palgrave, 2007. This book explores the migration of Chinese to Britain, and their economic and social standing. The other is The Chinese in Britain - A History of Visitors and Settlers by Barclay Price. Amberley 2019. This explores the lives of the Chinese who travelled to Britain over 300 years from the first in 1687.
Graham Chan (1997) Dim Sum: Little Pieces of Heart, British Chinese Short Stories, contains a collection of 16 short stories that serve up slices of British Chinese experiences and culture. (Crocus Books.)
Hsiao-Hung Pai (2008) Chinese Whispers: The True Story Behind Britain's Hidden Army of Labour. Penguin.
Wai-ki E. Luk (2008) Chinatown in Britain: Diffusions and Concentrations of the British New Wave Chinese Immigration. Cambria Press.
The Chinese in Britain, 1800–Present: Economy, Transnationalism, and Identity by Gregor Benton and E. T. Gomez, Palgrave, 2007.
Parker, D. "Britain" in L. Pan Ed. (2006) Encyclopaedia of the Chinese Overseas, Singapore: Chinese Heritage Centre (revised edition).
Tam, Suk-Tak. "Representations of 'the Chinese' and 'ethnicity' in British racial discourse". In: Sinn, Elizabeth, ed. The last half century of Chinese overseas. Aberdeen, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1998. 81–90.
Maria Lin Wong, Chinese Liverpudlians: A history of the Chinese community in Liverpool (Birkenhead, 1989).
Shang, Anthony (1984) The Chinese in Britain, London: Batsford.
Summerskill, Michael. "China on the Western Front. Britain's Chinese work force in the First World War". London: [The author] 1982 236p.
The Anglo-Chinese author Timothy Mo wrote the Hawthornden Prize-winning and Booker prize-shortlisted novel Sour Sweet about a Chinese family running a restaurant in late sixties and seventies London who fall foul of a group of Triads.[1]
Choo, Ng Kwee, The Chinese in London (London, 1968).
May, John, "The Chinese in Britain, 1869–1914" in Colin Holmes (ed.), Immigrants and Minorities in British Society (London, 1978), pp. 111–124.
Parker, David. Chinese people in Britain: histories, futures and identities. In: Benton, Gregor; Pieke, Frank N., eds. The Chinese in Europe. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998. 390p. 1998 67–95
Parker, David. Emerging British Chinese identities: issues and problems. In: Sinn, Elizabeth, ed. The last half century of Chinese overseas. Aberdeen, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1998. 508p. 1998 91–114
Parker, David. Rethinking British Chinese identities. In: Skelton, Tracey; Valentine, Gill, eds. Cool places: geographies of youth cultures. London; New York: Routledge, 1998. 66–82
Baker, Hugh D.R. Nor good red herring: the Chinese in Britain. In: Shaw, Yu-ming, ed. China and Europe in the twentieth century. Taipei: Institute of International Relations, National Chengchi University, 1986. 318p. 1986 306–315
Graham Chan. "The Chinese in Britain". Adapted from an article originally published in Brushstrokes, issue 12, June 1999. For additional articles and stories go to Graham Chan's website
John Seed. '"Limehouse Blues": Looking for Chinatown in the London Docks,1900–1940', History Workshop Journal, No. 62 (Autumn 2006), pp. 58–85. The Chinese In Limehouse 1900 – 1940. By John Seed 31 January 2007 – A talk at the Museum in Docklands.
Akilli, Sinan, M.A. "Chinese Immigration to Britain in the Post-WWII Period", Hacettepe University, Turkey. Postimperial and Postcolonial Literature in English, 15 May 2003
Archer, L. and Francis, B. (December 2005) "Constructions of racism by British Chinese pupils and parents", Race, Ethnicity and Education, Volume 8, Number 4, pp. 387–407(21).
Archer, L. and Francis, B. (August 2005) "Negotiating the dichotomy of Boffin and Triad: British-Chinese pupils' constructions of 'laddism'", The Sociological Review, Volume 53, Issue 3, Page 495.
Parker, D and Song M (2007) Inclusion, Participation and the Emergence of British Chinese Websites. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies Vol 33 (7) : 1043–1061.
'Belonging in Britain: The second generation Chinese in Britain' Miri Song, University of Kent, England (pdf, 13 pages)
Ethnicity, Social Capital and the Internet: British Chinese Web Sites (pdf, 57 pages)
Gregory B. Lee, Chinas unlimited: Making the imaginaries of China and Chineseness (London, 2003). An academic study of culture and representation, including testimony from the author's experience growing up in Liverpool.
Diana Yeh. 'Ethnicities on the Move: 'British-Chinese' art – identity, subjectivity, politics and beyond', Critical Quarterly, Summer 2000, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 65–91.
Ng, Alex. "The library needs of the Chinese community in the United Kingdom." London: British Library Research and Development Dept. 1989 102p (British Library research paper, 56.)
Liu, William H. "Chinese children in Great Britain, their needs and problems". Chinese Culture (Taipei) 16, no.4 (December 1975 133–136)
Watson, James L. 1974. Restaurants and Remittances: Chinese Emigrant Workers in London. In Anthropologists in Cities (eds) G.M. Foster & R.V. Kemper. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
—. 1976. Emigration and the Chinese Lineage: The Mans in Hong Kong and London. Berkeley: University of California Press.
—. 1977a. Chinese Emigrant Ties to the Home Community. New Community 5, 343–352.
—. 1977b. The Chinese: Hong Kong Villagers in the British Catering Trade. In Between Two Cultures: Migrants and Minorities in Britain (ed.) J.L. Watson. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
BBC History Magazine, May 2007. Features an article about Chinese in Britain by Mukti Jain Campion.
Chinatown – The Magazine, May/June 2007. Features an article about Chinese in Britain by Anna Chen.
Venetia Newell, "A Note on the Chinese New Year Celebration in London and Its Socio-Economic Background" Western Folklore, Vol. 48, No. 1 (Jan., 1989), pp. 61–66.
This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Chinese Britain: How a second generation wants the voice of its community heard (BBC News)
Chinese diaspora: Britain (BBC News)
Chinese Communities – Old Bailey Proceedings Online, 1674 to 1913
Silk Screens 19 July 2008 – BBC Video Nation, a series of simultaneous outdoor film screenings and live events in Birmingham, Glasgow, London and Manchester celebrating the lives of the British Chinese in the run-up to the Beijing Summer Olympics. Part of China Now (above).
Eastern Promises – Spirit Warriors – An ambitious 10-part BBC fantasy drama series broadcast in 2010 on BBC HD, BBC 2 and CBBC. It was the first to star a predominately East Asian cast and was created and written by Jo Ho, the first East Asian person to create a UK drama series. The series combined martial arts with CGI and VFX and starred Jessica Henwick, Benedict Wong, Burt Kwouk and Tom Wu. The series was nominated for "Best Children's Programme" at the Broadcast Awards, 2011. The show is succeeded by a 30 min making of programme Backstage: Spirit Warriors which features interviews with the creator, key cast and crew. archived version
The Missing Chink – an ironic take mixing comedy and vox-pop on the general low visibility of Chinese people in British society and media, the four 5-minute episodes was broadcast on Channel 4 after the 7 O'Clock News from January 19–22, 2004. It was written by and featured Paul Courtenay-Hyu, and starred Paul Chan, David Yip, Burt Kwouk, Rory Underwood MBE, Matt Wilkinson, Scott Corben and Simone Tully-Kedge. (All four episodes can be seen on YouTube)
Chinatown – A three-part series broadcast on BBC Two on 24th, 31 January and 7 February 2006, explored in depth the changes taking place in Britain's growing Chinese community.
BBC – Radio 4 – Chinese in Britain – A groundbreaking ten-part series, "Chinese in Britain", broadcast by BBC Radio 4 in April/May 2007, where presenter and co-writer Anna Chen told the story of the Chinese in Britain from the first known Chinese, Shen Fu Tsong in the 17th century, to the arrival of the migrant wave in the 1950s and 60s. The series was repeated in May 2008. See also: Anna Chen – Writer and performer; Producers: Culture Wise.
BBC – Radio 4 – Beyond the Takeaway Monday – Friday 10–14 March 2003, 3.45pm – five-part series, actor and director David K.S. Tse, of the Yellow Earth Theatre Company, talks to the BBC, British-born Chinese, about their experiences of growing up and living in Britain.
Liver Birds and Laundrymen. Europe's Earliest Chinatown Sunday Feature (45 min.) on BBC Radio 3 broadcast on 13 March 2005 21:30–22:15 – Gregory B. Lee, Professor of Chinese at the University of Lyon, returns to his native Liverpool, where his grandfather arrived from China in 1911, to tell a personal history of the earliest Chinese settlement in Europe.
Eastern Horizon (BBC Manchester), Manchester's first Chinese language radio programme and began broadcasting on 15 December 1983.
Time Outs China in London – celebrating Chinese history, communities, cuisine, and lifestyle in London
^ "Timothy Mo British Council Literature". British Council. Archived from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2015.


When it comes to mixing and matching makeup, it's all about balancing your features as well as the colors you choose to enhance those features. We love making one feature pop and simplifying the rest of our look; a bold eye with a soft pink lip. We asked the experts about some other rules you should be following when mixing and matching. Take this into consideration the next time you are creating your new look!
There is a "no competition" clause for your face when it comes to makeup. Your makeup shouldn't be too distracting on your face. A smokey or vibrant eyeshadow paired with a subtle lip or a bright intense lip color matched with a more neutral eye looks best, says Karol Young Moses of I.C. Artistry by Karol Young Moses.
Place your bronzer in the hollows of the cheeks, on your jaw line and hair line, and then add a "pop" of blush color to the apples of your cheeks. Remember, no one blushes bronze, says Moses.
When you're combining colors make sure to use either all warm or all cool shades together. They'll blend well and not fight with each other, says Moses. Finish with eyeliner.
Apply your complexion color and/or powder first then highlight and contour. Match your foundation and powder to your actual skin tone not the color you would like to be. And always start with a clean, fresh face, says Moses.
Pink, plum, brown, red or coral lips should have the same kind of color on the cheeks.
A glitter eye shadow, eye liner or shimmery face powder is a nice touch, but not all at the same time or everywhere on the face. "You don't want to be mistaken for a disco ball!" says Moses.
Your eyebrows should never resemble a Nike swoosh. Make them fuller using a pencil, powder, or gel but stay away from black as it can look too severe. Opt for dark brown instead. Don't over-tweeze or draw your arch too high or you'll have a surprised look all day, Moses says.
Add a few coats of lash primer and mascara. Start at the root of the lashes and coat all the way to the ends to prevent clumping. Everyone should use mascara in black unless your lashes are completely blonde, then use brown, Moses suggests.
With the holidays around the corner, red lips are always a staple, says Los Angeles makeup artist, Annie Tevelin of SkinOwl. Pair the bright hue with a shimmery ivory eyeshadow and three coats of mascara. Your lips will look chic and your pout will be pronounced in all the right ways. Find shades that compliment your eye color and skin tone and build your wow-factor from there.


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The Tactical Exercise of the Bulgarian Air Defence – Shabla 2019 Has Begun. Serbia and the U.S. Also Participate
VARNA, (BulgarianMilitary.com) – Yesterday, June 10, was opened the joint tactical exercise "Shabla 2019" with combat firing of Air Defence formations of the Bulgarian Army, joint experimental and combat firing of aviation formations of the Air Force with international participation, firing with missile complex 9K79 Tochka, and performance of firing tasks at afloat targets with artillery material unit by the Land Forces, learned BulgarianMilitary.com.
The main purpose of the exercise is improvement of the interaction between the Bulgarian Army formations participating in a joint group for carrying out an operation to ensure the air and maritime sovereignty of the Republic of Bulgaria when covering the state border.
Read more: Summer 2019 – Bulgarian Series of Key Military Exercises
The combat equipment with which the Bulgarian Air Force are participating in "Shabla 2019" includes the S-300, S-125 "Neva", 2K12 "Kub" surface-to-air missile (SAM) systems and "Strela- 2M" man-portable surface-to-air missile (SAM) systems, MiG-29 fighter jets, Su-25 attack aircraft and Mi-24 helicopters.
The Republic of Serbia participates with surface-to-air missile formations and crews, and aircraft from the fighter aviation. They will perform "surface-to-air" launches with the S-125 "Neva", 2K12 "Kub" and "Strela-2M" SAM systems, and "air-to-air" launches with MiG-29 aircraft.
Read more: Shabla 2019 Joint Tactical Combat Exercise to Be Held In June
The United States participates with surface-to-air missile formations of its Land Forces. They will perform "surface-to-air" launches with the "Avenger" SAM system. The US side will provide radio-controlled targets for the firing of its formations and for joint firing with the Air Defence formations of the Bulgarian Land Forces.
More than 1,400 are the servicemen from the three countries involved in the exercise.
Follow us everywhere and at any time. BulgarianMilitary.com has responsive design and you can open the page from any computer, mobile devices or web browsers. For more up-to-date news from us, follow our Reddit, LinkedIn, Twitter and Facebook pages. Do not miss the chance to subscribe to our newsletter.
Translator editor: Monika Evgenieva
Source: Focus News Agency


text:
America's most renowned architect
Restoring Wright
The difficult task of preserving Frank Lloyd Wright's Taliesin
Books and artsMar 3rd 2011 edition
SPRING GREEN, WISCONSIN
The Wright stuff
A FLICKERING old film, on display at the Milwaukee Art Museum, shows Frank Lloyd Wright at home at Taliesin. There he is, pointing his cane over the Wisconsin valley that was his dominion, gathering heaps of flowers or lolling on a picnic blanket. There are his apprentices, who paid for the honour of working for him, diligently tilling the fields. And there is the house itself, beckoning.
Taliesin, which turns 100 this year, remains the purest expression of Wright's architectural philosophy. The Milwaukee Art Museum's exhibition marking the centennial is on until May 15th. Taliesin will also play host to an array of celebrations, but the most important challenge is the arduous work of helping Taliesin survive.
Wright built the house on a hill in the valley where he was raised. Taliesin, Welsh for "shining brow", was to be his home, studio and refuge. It also became the best symbol of what Wright called "organic architecture". "Taliesin", he wrote in his autobiography, "was to be an abstract combination of stone and wood as they naturally met in the aspect of the hills…The lines of the hills were the lines of the roofs, the slopes of the hills their slopes…Finished wood outside was the colour of grey tree-trunks in violet light."
For all its pastoral bliss, Taliesin endured the dramatic swings that characterised Wright's life. In 1914 a deranged servant set the house ablaze, killing seven, including Wright's mistress, Mamah Borthwick Cheney, and her two children. Another fire ravaged the house in 1925. Each time Wright rebuilt it. Even without the prompt of a disaster, he changed Taliesin again and again, always testing new ideas. It was less a finished product than an evolving piece of the hill.
Inevitably it has suffered in the decades since Wright's death in 1959. Taliesin's iterations and casual construction ensured unusual features. Heavy stone floors sit on wood beams. Gaps between windows and walls invite swarms of bats. Debris in the foundation, which is filled with rocks, freezes and expands in the cold, then thaws and shrinks, so that the house moves up and down each year, sighing with the seasons. In 1994 the National Trust for Historic Preservation declared Taliesin one of America's most endangered sites.
The Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation, which Wright created in 1940, still owns the house. But a non-profit organisation, Taliesin Preservation, Inc (TPI), is charged with restoring it. TPI was formed in 1991 on the recommendation of Wisconsin's governor. Progress has been slow, in part because Taliesin presents a particular conundrum. "I can't think of a more complicated challenge than trying to restore Frank Lloyd Wright's work in progress," says David De Long of the University of Pennsylvania and an adviser on another Wright house, Fallingwater.
It has not helped that TPI has little money. An $8m state loan has had to be forgiven twice—Taliesin attracted fewer paying visitors than expected (and far fewer than the nearby House on the Rock, home to the world's biggest indoor carousel). The late 1990s were particularly grim, thanks to mud slides and a massive oak that crashed into Wright's studio. TPI received a $1.14m federal grant in 1999, but much more money is needed: a master plan for restoration calls for over $30m. Such cash is unlikely to appear soon. TPI's most recent capital campaign was more than a decade ago.
Nevertheless, work is proceeding. "Nothing leaked this spring!" says Carol McChesney Johnson, TPI's president, triumphantly. TPI is restoring the house to its state in 1959, using sketches, interviews and photographs as guides. In the winter Taliesin's ochre walls and burned-red trim make striking bands against the snow. Jim Erickson, the estate manager, and his team of five are busy as ever. There are signs of progress. A heavy terrace no longer seems destined to drop on those below. The third Mrs Wright's bedroom is complete, at last. Most important, Mr Erickson is using reinforced concrete piers and beams to tether the house to the bedrock; otherwise Taliesin might slip down the hill. There is much more to be done.
Ms Johnson cannot say when restoration might be complete. Wright worked on Taliesin constantly. Now it seems that Taliesin's restorers will do the same.
This article appeared in the Books and arts section of the print edition under the headline "Restoring Wright"
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A Letter to Local Authors
Inheritance: A Memoir of Genealogy, Paternity, and Love (Paperback)
By Dani Shapiro
Usually Arrives in 3-5 Days
"Who are we? Does who we think we are change when we learn a family secret that alters the source of our identity? Shapiro has explored issues of identity in her previous memoirs, but in her latest she applies her signature candor and heart to a riveting, provocative, and inspiring genealogical mystery and journey of discovery."
— Roxanne Coady, R.J. Julia Booksellers, Madison, CT
NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • From the acclaimed author of Inheritance and host of the hit podcast Family Secrets: a memoir about the staggering family secret uncovered by a genealogy test, an exploration of the urgent ethical questions surrounding fertility treatments and DNA testing, and a profound inquiry of paternity, identity, and love.
"Memoir gold: a profound and exquisitely rendered exploration of identity and the true meaning of family." —People
In the spring of 2016, through a genealogy website to which she had casually submitted her DNA for analysis, Dani Shapiro received the stunning news that her beloved deceased father was not her biological father. Over the course of a single day, her entire history—the life she had lived—crumbled beneath her.
Inheritance is a book about secrets. It is the story of a woman's urgent quest to unlock the story of her own identity, a story that had been scrupulously hidden from her for more than fifty years. It is a book about the extraordinary moment we live in, a moment in which science and technology have outpaced not only medical ethics but also the capacities of the human heart to contend with the consequences of what we discover. Dani Shapiro's memoir unfolds at a breakneck pace—part mystery, part real-time investigation, part rumination on the ineffable combination of memory, history, biology, and experience that makes us who we are. Inheritance is a devastating and haunting interrogation of the meaning of kinship and identity, written with stunning intensity and precision.
DANI SHAPIRO is a best-selling novelist and memoirist and host of the podcast Family Secrets (now in its seventh season). Her work has been featured in The New York Times, The New Yorker, Vogue, and Time. She has taught at Columbia and New York University and is the co-founder of the Sirenland Writers Conference. She lives in Litchfield County, Connecticut.
A BEST BOOK OF THE YEAR by *Elle * Vanity Fair * Wired * Real Simple • New York Times Editors' Choice • A Vanity Fair, New Yorker, Washington Post, Vulture, Bustle, Real Simple, PopSugar, and LitHub Most Anticipated Book
A LOS ANGELES TIMES, BOSTON GLOBE, WALL STREET JOURNAL, and NATIONAL INDIE BESTSELLER
"[An] engrossing, compassionate memoir.... As in the best writing on the self, the point is the integrity of her search." —Alexandra Schwartz, The New Yorker
"The writing is that of a true storyteller who will not stop until she has bored down to the bottom of where she came from, and in this she is at her narrative best." —Oprah Magazine
"As compulsively readable as a mystery novel, while exploring the deeper mysteries of identity and family and truth itself... a story told with great insight and honesty and heart." —San Francisco Chronicle
"A meditation on what it means to live in a time when secrecy, anonymity, and mystery are vanishing." —The New Yorker
"Shapiro is skilled at spinning her personal explorations into narrative gold." —NPR
"[A] swift moving narrative of profound personal disorientation. Just as you think you've crested the big reveal, Shapiro builds more tension, chapter by short chapter; she keeps you close as she feels her way through unfamiliar terrain." —Newsday
"Inheritance zooms in on the blind spots that result when reproductive technology outpaces an understanding of its consequences. In viewing this important and timely topic through a highly personal lens, Inheritance succeeds admirably." —The Seattle Times
"Inheritance offers a thought-provoking look at the shifting landscape of identity." —The Washington Post
"[Shapiro] has an intimate, ruminating style, leaping associatively through time, addressing the reader not as an audience, or voyeur, but more as an interlocutor, thoughtfully answering the questions she thinks someone might ask, if they lived in her head." —Bookforum
"Inheritance is dedicated "to my father". That [Shapiro] doesn't say which one speaks volumes: those who like to insist that blood is always thicker than water should read her book, and let their own hearts slowly and gently expand." —The Guardian
"Shapiro [writes]... this spare, lyrical story shattering the polished portrait of her life and piecing the fragments carefully, gorgeously back together." —Vulture
"Inheritance explores Shapiro's identity in relationship to her memory, family history, biology, and experience. And it essentially asks the question: What makes us who we are? It's brilliant." —Goop
"Smart, psychologically astute, and not afraid to tell it like it is." —USA Today
"A poignant examination of identity and what happens when one's wholeness and understanding of who they are is completely uprooted." —Marie Claire
"It's a cautionary tale about a brave new world of technology that erases privacy, and a story about one of the oldest themes of human narrative: finding oneself." —Miami Herald
"Written with generosity and honesty, Inheritance takes the modern phenomenon of casual DNA testing and builds a deeply personal narrative around it. The result is a vital, necessary read from a talented author." —Paste Magazine
"A remarkable, dogged, emotional journey... Inheritance reads like a mystery, unfolding minute by minute and day by day.... Shapiro's book is a wise and thorough examination of how this news affected her. She is a good guide for the bombshells that are yet to explode for so many families." —Minneapolis Star Tribune
"Shapiro [writes] this spare, lyrical story shattering the polished portrait of her life and piecing the fragments carefully, gorgeously back together." —Bitch Magazine
"A fascinating, pertinent look into the murky world of medical ethics, as well as the kind of profound, insightful look into the meaning of love and connection that we've come to expect from Shapiro." —Nylon
"A remarkable, dogged, emotional journey as Shapiro digs into the past to find the truth." —Boston Herald
"Inheritance reads like an introspective mystery as Shapiro sorts facts from fiction." —Elle
"In Inheritance, Shapiro movingly reckons with identity and family secrets." —Real Simple
"Inheritance adds significantly to Shapiro's body of work while plugging into some of our culture's most pressing concerns—identity, technology and medical ethics, among others. Although her story is unique to her, it offers a way of thinking about our changing, uncertain times." —The Florida Times Union
"Inheritance is both thrilling and fascinating—a nonfiction book that reads like a novel." —Pop Sugar
"Shapiro unpacks a beautiful and heartbreaking narrative of paternity, genetics, and family." —Lit Hub
"Fascinating... With thoughtful candor, [Shapiro] explores the ethical questions surrounding sperm donation, the consequences of DNA testing, and the emotional impact of having an uprooted religious and ethnic identity. This beautifully written, thought-provoking genealogical mystery will captivate readers from the very first pages." —Publishers Weekly (starred review)
"For all the trauma that the discovery put her through, Shapiro recognizes that what she had experienced was 'a great story'—one that has inspired her best book." —Kirkus Reviews (starred review)
"Page after page, Shapiro displays adisarming honesty and an acute desire to know the unknowable." —Booklist (starred review)
"As Shapiro deftly navigates the emotional story of her own origins, she also spins her grief, shock, and introspection into a compelling narrative that you won't be able to put down." —Book Riot"[Shapiro's] magnificent journey of selfhood, arduous and awakening, makes our communal reflection in the mirror deeper and continually delving." —Jamie Lee Curtis
"Inheritance is Dani Shapiro at her best: a gripping genetic detective story, and a meditation on the meaning of parenthood and family." —Jennifer Egan
"Reads like a beautiful, lived novel, moving and personal and true." —Meg Wolitzer
"A compulsively-readable investigation into selfhood that burrows to the heart of what it means to accept, to love, and to belong." —Anthony Doerr
"In her searing story, Dani Shapiro makes the most disquieting discovery: that everything, from her lineage, to her father, down to her very own sense of self is an astounding error.... The answer is not disquieting. It is beautiful." —Andre Aciman
"An extraordinary memoir that speaks to themes as current as today's headlines and as old as human history.... This beautifully crafted book is full of wisdom and heart, showing that what we don't know about our parents may not be as important as what we do." —Will Schwalbe
Publisher: Anchor
Biography & Autobiography / Cultural, Ethnic & Regional
Biography & Autobiography / Personal Memoirs
Hardcover (January 15th, 2019): $24.95
Karli
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History Book Club - Russian Czars [1/30]
VIRTUAL: Mary Beth Albright at Hudson Library [1/30]
VIRTUAL: Daniella Chace at the Hudson Library [2/1]
VIRTUAL: Robert Irvine at the Hudson Library [2/8]
VIRTUAL: Dr. Richard Haass at the Hudson Library [2/13]


One of the things I'm most excited for during my upcoming travels to South America is the array of food that I'll get to experience, many of it for the first time. I'm already looking forward to making my foodiest (it's a word alright!) friend Rachel seethe with jealousy over juicy Argentinean steaks swimming down my gullet in a sea of Malbec.
I've heard that in Peru, guinea pig can be found on the menu; it's literal bubble and squeak (sorry). I am a big animal lover, and after this trip I am planning on going back to being a vegetarian – although I'll live on more than crisp sandwiches unlike between years 2001-2004 when my appalling diet resulted in a hospital stay for a few days – but I figured I may as well go out with a bang. I'm already dreading the message from my friend who runs a guinea pig holiday home (I kid you not).
I've always been open-minded when it comes to food consumption, although I kinda wish I hadn't been so gung-ho in Iceland when wolfing down some 'kæster hákarl'. That's rotten shark to you and me. The meat contains high levels of urea, which are pressed out of the body once the shark has been buried in sand and left for 12 weeks. Unsurprisingly, the end product tastes foul, unless you like the taste of pee. And apparently some folk do, but I quickly learned I'm not one of them.


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Een luchtboog is een stijgende boog, die tussen een steunbeer en het bouwwerk is aangebracht. Deze boog heeft dezelfde functie als een schoor: het overbrengen van horizontale krachten (spatkrachten), van het bouwwerk naar de verticaal staande steunbeer. Een pinakel werd bij de luchtboog met steunbeer niet alleen om decoratieve redenen toegepast, maar voegde tevens extra gewicht toe aan de steunbeer om de spatkrachten vanuit de luchtboog beter te verwerken.

Luchtbogen kunnen opgenomen zijn in het dak van de zijbeuken van een kerk of kathedraal, maar voornamelijk in de gotische bouwkunst zijn luchtbogen aan de buitenkant van het gebouw te zien. Het dak van de zijbeuken bevindt zich doorgaans een stuk onder deze luchtbogen (zie tekening).

Onderdeel van een kerkgebouw

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Virtual Bank
Global Advisory Committee
AMTD SpiderNet
Regional Banks+
Company News - 10/21/2020
AMTD Deals | AMTD completes senior bond offering for China Minsheng Bank HK
On 16 October 2020, China Minsheng Banking Corp. Ltd., Hong Kong Branch (the "Bank") successfully priced its US$500m 3-year floating rate Reg S senior notes (the "Transaction"). AMTD acted as a Joint Bookrunner and Joint Lead Manager on the Transaction.
AMTD has established a strong strategic partnership with China Minsheng Bank. On 24th November, 2017, AMTD and China Minsheng Bank Hong Kong Branch entered into a comprehensive strategic cooperation agreement, of which both parties will leverage the advantage of its platform and resources and collaborate in various aspects that will lead to a win-win cooperation for financial institutions in China and Hong Kong. These areas include corporate accounts business, treasury and corporate finance, fundraising in international capital markets, asset management, equity transaction, structural products, leverage buyout, internet platform and in the new economy-related industries. Following the issuance of the US$500mm 3-year fixed rate notes offering in April 2017, US$800mm floating rate notes offering in September 2017, US$700mm senior bond offering in November 2017 and US$1bn dual-tranche senior bond offering in March 2018, AMTD has assisted the Bank in all of its USD bond offerings in international debt capital markets since 2017. AMTD also led its US$159m ABS offering in September 2018, which was the first offshore ABS issuance by a Chinese joint-stock bank. Besides, in March 2019, AMTD also acted as Joint Global Coordinator to assist Minsheng Financial Leasing to issue US$450mm 3-year notes.
Mr. Du Yunfei (right), President of China Minsheng Bank Hong Kong Branch and Mr. Calvin Choi, Chairman and President of AMTD Group signed the Strategic Cooperation Agreement
The Transaction marks the Bank's return to the international debt capital markets after over 2 years and achieved the lowest issue spread for a floating rate notes offering by the Bank. The Issuer, China Minsheng Banking Corp., Ltd., Hong Kong Branch, is rated BBB- Stable by S&P while both the MTN programme and the Transaction are rated BBB- by S&P. The final orderbook was over US$2bn, representing an oversubscription of 4x, which allowed the Bank to tighten the final pricing from its initial pricing guidance of 3mL+130bps area to 3mL+90bps, completing a remarkable transaction.
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