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Anthropology, Global
Anthropology, Theory and Practice
Asian Cultural Anthropology
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Imperialism and Colonialism
Common Knowledge?
Dariusz Jemielniak
Publisher: Stanford University Press
Published in print: 2014
Published online: September 2014
Can Green Sustain Growth?
John Zysman and others
Published online: May 2014
Anonymous Agencies, Backstreet Businesses, and Covert Collectives
Craig Scott
Creating New Knowledge in Management
Ellen O'Connor
Published online: June 2013
Culture and Management in the Americas
Alfredo Behrens
Enhancing Campus Capacity for Leadership
Adrianna Kezar and others
The Evaluation Society
Peter Dahler-Larsen
The Evolution of a New Industry
Israel Drori and others
From Iron Fist to Invisible Hand
Irene S. Wu
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Anonymous Agencies, Backstreet Businesses, and Covert Collectives: Rethinking Organizations in the 21st Century
Published in print:
10.11126/stanford/9780804781381.001.0001
Business and Management, Organization Studies
Many organizations and their members devote extensive resources to promoting themselves and being known to others. However, not all organizations want or need their identity to be recognized and not ... More
Many organizations and their members devote extensive resources to promoting themselves and being known to others. However, not all organizations want or need their identity to be recognized and not all organizational members want to have their membership or affiliation known by at least certain audiences. As we consider secret societies, anonymous support programs, hate groups, terrorist cells, covert military units, organized crime, gangs, parts of the underground economy, front organizations, stigmatized businesses, and even certain hidden enterprises tucked away in quiet office parks, we have to question what we think we know about the identity goals of organizations and their members. This book offers a framework for thinking about how a wide range of organizations and their members communicate their identity to relevant audiences. Considering the degree to which organizations strategically make themselves visible, the extent to which members express their identification with the organization, and whether the relevant audience is more mass/public or local, we can describe various "regions" in which these collectives reside-ranging from transparent and shaded to more shadowed and dark. Importantly, organizations operating in these spaces differ in how they and their members communicate identity to others. The perspective offered here helps draw attention to more shaded, shadowed, and dark collectives as important organizations in the contemporary landscape.Less
Anonymous Agencies, Backstreet Businesses, and Covert Collectives : Rethinking Organizations in the 21st Century
Published in print: 2013-03-27
Many organizations and their members devote extensive resources to promoting themselves and being known to others. However, not all organizations want or need their identity to be recognized and not all organizational members want to have their membership or affiliation known by at least certain audiences. As we consider secret societies, anonymous support programs, hate groups, terrorist cells, covert military units, organized crime, gangs, parts of the underground economy, front organizations, stigmatized businesses, and even certain hidden enterprises tucked away in quiet office parks, we have to question what we think we know about the identity goals of organizations and their members. This book offers a framework for thinking about how a wide range of organizations and their members communicate their identity to relevant audiences. Considering the degree to which organizations strategically make themselves visible, the extent to which members express their identification with the organization, and whether the relevant audience is more mass/public or local, we can describe various "regions" in which these collectives reside-ranging from transparent and shaded to more shadowed and dark. Importantly, organizations operating in these spaces differ in how they and their members communicate identity to others. The perspective offered here helps draw attention to more shaded, shadowed, and dark collectives as important organizations in the contemporary landscape.
Keywords: anonymity, audience, communication, dark organizations, hidden organizations, identification, identity, secrecy, shaded organizations, shadowed organizations
Can Green Sustain Growth?: From the Religion to the Reality of Sustainable Prosperity
John Zysman and Mark Huberty
Business and Management, Innovation
Green growth promises to transform climate change mitigation from a problem to an economic sure thing. By making investment in energy efficiency and low-emissions energy the foundation of a new ... More
Green growth promises to transform climate change mitigation from a problem to an economic sure thing. By making investment in energy efficiency and low-emissions energy the foundation of a new industrial revolution, green growth promises to relieve the intractable conflict between high-carbon losers and low-carbon winners. This book addresses the challenges and opportunities for green growth. Advocates for green growth have yet to show how investments in emissions reduction translate into improvements in economic productivity. As the first half of this book illustrates, most green growth successes so far face limits to their ability to generate sustained economic improvement. We propose that real green growth must focus on how a low-carbon energy systems transformation will create growth in the broader economy. Previous transformations, in coal, oil, or electricity, drove growth primarily via the new kinds of production they made possible in the economy writ large. Whether low-carbon energy may do the same remains unclear. The second half addresses how we might discover these transformative gains. We introduce the idea of a "green spiral", in which early policy action creates supportive constituencies with an economic stake in further progress towards a low-emissions energy system. Country case studies illustrate the potential for this feedback loop to operate in different national contexts. With this action occurring despite little progress on a global climate deal, we conclude that an international climate change treaty may be the product, not the start, of effective national action on emissions reduction.Less
Can Green Sustain Growth? : From the Religion to the Reality of Sustainable Prosperity
John ZysmanMark Huberty
Green growth promises to transform climate change mitigation from a problem to an economic sure thing. By making investment in energy efficiency and low-emissions energy the foundation of a new industrial revolution, green growth promises to relieve the intractable conflict between high-carbon losers and low-carbon winners. This book addresses the challenges and opportunities for green growth. Advocates for green growth have yet to show how investments in emissions reduction translate into improvements in economic productivity. As the first half of this book illustrates, most green growth successes so far face limits to their ability to generate sustained economic improvement. We propose that real green growth must focus on how a low-carbon energy systems transformation will create growth in the broader economy. Previous transformations, in coal, oil, or electricity, drove growth primarily via the new kinds of production they made possible in the economy writ large. Whether low-carbon energy may do the same remains unclear. The second half addresses how we might discover these transformative gains. We introduce the idea of a "green spiral", in which early policy action creates supportive constituencies with an economic stake in further progress towards a low-emissions energy system. Country case studies illustrate the potential for this feedback loop to operate in different national contexts. With this action occurring despite little progress on a global climate deal, we conclude that an international climate change treaty may be the product, not the start, of effective national action on emissions reduction.
Keywords: Green growth, emissions reduction, energy system, technological change, climate change, political economy, innovation, economic growth
Common Knowledge?: An Ethnography of Wikipedia
This book describes the results of a six-year ethnographic research project on Wikipedia. It explains how Wikipedia's theoretically ahierarchical system may increase Wikipedians' perception of ... More
This book describes the results of a six-year ethnographic research project on Wikipedia. It explains how Wikipedia's theoretically ahierarchical system may increase Wikipedians' perception of inequality in practice and how hierarchy is enacted through community elections. Although Wikipedia is sometimes portrayed as collaborative and peaceful, it often breaks into conflicts and disputes. The book describes how the gradual increase in editing participation determines its attractiveness, addictiveness, and, ultimately, its level of conflict. The seemingly chaotic organization of cooperation on Wikipedia is actually susceptible to tight control through observation of all behaviors, the participants' structured discourse, and procedures. Nonetheless, organizational control, so strict in other aspects, is more lenient on Wikipedia than in other types of organizations in terms of credential checks, as a result of a transformation of interpersonal trust and of trust in procedures. The lack of recognition of real-world credentials and formal authority helps sustain the Wikipedia community, by both allowing for alternative authority-building patterns and negating the real-world knowledge structures. The book studies the internal composition of the Wikimedia movement and describes how it is influenced by increasing professionalization. Finally, it reviews the evolution of Jimmy Wales's leadership of Wikipedia and explains how open-collaboration communities require congruence in terms of their organizational leadership model (authoritative or egalitarian) and the exercise of leadership power (direct and interventionist or general and visionary).Less
Common Knowledge? : An Ethnography of Wikipedia
This book describes the results of a six-year ethnographic research project on Wikipedia. It explains how Wikipedia's theoretically ahierarchical system may increase Wikipedians' perception of inequality in practice and how hierarchy is enacted through community elections. Although Wikipedia is sometimes portrayed as collaborative and peaceful, it often breaks into conflicts and disputes. The book describes how the gradual increase in editing participation determines its attractiveness, addictiveness, and, ultimately, its level of conflict. The seemingly chaotic organization of cooperation on Wikipedia is actually susceptible to tight control through observation of all behaviors, the participants' structured discourse, and procedures. Nonetheless, organizational control, so strict in other aspects, is more lenient on Wikipedia than in other types of organizations in terms of credential checks, as a result of a transformation of interpersonal trust and of trust in procedures. The lack of recognition of real-world credentials and formal authority helps sustain the Wikipedia community, by both allowing for alternative authority-building patterns and negating the real-world knowledge structures. The book studies the internal composition of the Wikimedia movement and describes how it is influenced by increasing professionalization. Finally, it reviews the evolution of Jimmy Wales's leadership of Wikipedia and explains how open-collaboration communities require congruence in terms of their organizational leadership model (authoritative or egalitarian) and the exercise of leadership power (direct and interventionist or general and visionary).
Keywords: Wikipedia, open collaboration, online communities, Wikipedia hierarchy, trust online, virtual bureaucracy, forking, ahierarchical organization, Internet tribes
Community at Risk: Biodefense and the Collective Search for Security
Thomas D. Beamish
The anthrax attacks of 2001 provoked deep concern and urgency among U.S. security elites regarding bioterrorism. Coming after 9/11 and followed by the successive menace of West Nile virus, SARS, ... More
The anthrax attacks of 2001 provoked deep concern and urgency among U.S. security elites regarding bioterrorism. Coming after 9/11 and followed by the successive menace of West Nile virus, SARS, avian influenza, and most recently Ebola these events prompted the federal government to pursue an aggressive new biodefense agenda. Even given the purported menace of bio-catastrophe, however, the new federal risk management plans stirred controversy. Community at Risk provides a comparative view of that controversy as it ensued in three communities where universities sought to host and manage National Biocontainment Laboratories (NBL) on behalf of the federal government. NBLs are a cornerstone of federal biodefense plans; they are ultrasecure laboratories where research on the most dangerous diseases can be conducted and microbiological and biomedical applications can be rapidly developed and deployed. By comparing community responses, the book highlights the role that local civic political dynamics play in defining what is at stake and perceptions of acceptable and unacceptable risk. It explains the civic politics of risk as rooted in locally shared governance conventions, politicized relations, and resonant virtues that clustered in each community context as a prevailing civics and discourse. In one community, the prevailing civics and discourse helped to ease locals toward acceptance, while in the other two communities, they helped to intensify skepticism and risk dispute. Through comparative analysis, the book shows why societal attempts to manage risk require greater attention to the local level where public understanding is often forged and political engagement arises and unfolds.Less
Community at Risk : Biodefense and the Collective Search for Security
The anthrax attacks of 2001 provoked deep concern and urgency among U.S. security elites regarding bioterrorism. Coming after 9/11 and followed by the successive menace of West Nile virus, SARS, avian influenza, and most recently Ebola these events prompted the federal government to pursue an aggressive new biodefense agenda. Even given the purported menace of bio-catastrophe, however, the new federal risk management plans stirred controversy. Community at Risk provides a comparative view of that controversy as it ensued in three communities where universities sought to host and manage National Biocontainment Laboratories (NBL) on behalf of the federal government. NBLs are a cornerstone of federal biodefense plans; they are ultrasecure laboratories where research on the most dangerous diseases can be conducted and microbiological and biomedical applications can be rapidly developed and deployed. By comparing community responses, the book highlights the role that local civic political dynamics play in defining what is at stake and perceptions of acceptable and unacceptable risk. It explains the civic politics of risk as rooted in locally shared governance conventions, politicized relations, and resonant virtues that clustered in each community context as a prevailing civics and discourse. In one community, the prevailing civics and discourse helped to ease locals toward acceptance, while in the other two communities, they helped to intensify skepticism and risk dispute. Through comparative analysis, the book shows why societal attempts to manage risk require greater attention to the local level where public understanding is often forged and political engagement arises and unfolds.
Keywords: Risk society, risk perception, risk management, civics, civic politics, civic organization, social movements, political culture, political discourse, community studies
Creating New Knowledge in Management: Appropriating the Field's Lost Foundations
Business and Management, Knowledge Management
This book rediscovers lost sources in the work of Mary Parker Follett and Chester Barnard, providing a foundation for management as a unique and coherent discipline. It begins by explaining that ... More
This book rediscovers lost sources in the work of Mary Parker Follett and Chester Barnard, providing a foundation for management as a unique and coherent discipline. It begins by explaining that research universities, and the management field in particular, have splintered into smaller and less related parts. It then recovers a lost tradition of integrating management and the humanities, exploring ways of building on this convention to advance the unique art and science of business. By way of Follett and Barnard's work, the book demonstrates how the shared values, purposes, and customs of management and the humanities can be used to build an enterprise that will help to meet the challenges of business today. Igniting approaches to management that build on humanistic traditions is the ultimate goal of this book. Therefore, the text ends with two experiments—one in the classroom and one with a business executive—that take up this call and offer a perspective on where management must go next.Less
Creating New Knowledge in Management : Appropriating the Field's Lost Foundations
This book rediscovers lost sources in the work of Mary Parker Follett and Chester Barnard, providing a foundation for management as a unique and coherent discipline. It begins by explaining that research universities, and the management field in particular, have splintered into smaller and less related parts. It then recovers a lost tradition of integrating management and the humanities, exploring ways of building on this convention to advance the unique art and science of business. By way of Follett and Barnard's work, the book demonstrates how the shared values, purposes, and customs of management and the humanities can be used to build an enterprise that will help to meet the challenges of business today. Igniting approaches to management that build on humanistic traditions is the ultimate goal of this book. Therefore, the text ends with two experiments—one in the classroom and one with a business executive—that take up this call and offer a perspective on where management must go next.
Keywords: management, business, Mary Parker Follett, Chester Barnard, humanities, humanism, research universities
Culture and Commerce: The Value of Entrepreneurship in Creative Industries
Mukti Khaire
This book describes how commercial ventures in creative industries have cultural impact. Since royal patronage of arts ended, firms in the creative industries, working within the market mechanism, ... More
This book describes how commercial ventures in creative industries have cultural impact. Since royal patronage of arts ended, firms in the creative industries, working within the market mechanism, have been responsible for the production and distribution of the cultural goods—art, books, films, fashion, and music—that enrich our lives. This book counters the popular perception that this marriage of art and business is a necessary evil, proposing instead that entrepreneurs who introduce radically new cultural works to the market must bring about a change in society's beliefs about what is appropriate and valuable to encourage consumption of these goods. In so doing, these pioneer entrepreneurs change minds, not just lives; the seeds of cultural change are embedded in the world of commerce. Building on theories of value construction and cultural production, integrated with field research on pioneer firms (like Chanel and the Sundance Institute) and new market categories (like modern art and high fashion in India), the author develops conceptual frameworks that explain the structure and functioning of creative industries. Through a systematic exposition of the roles and functions of the players in this space—creators, producers, and intermediaries—the book proposes a new way to understand the relationship among markets, entrepreneurship, and culture. Khaire also discusses challenges inherent in being entrepreneurial in the creative industries, paying special attention to the implications of digitalization and globalization, and suggests prescriptive directions for individuals and firms wishing to balance pecuniary motivations with cultural convictions in this rapidly changing world.Less
Culture and Commerce : The Value of Entrepreneurship in Creative Industries
This book describes how commercial ventures in creative industries have cultural impact. Since royal patronage of arts ended, firms in the creative industries, working within the market mechanism, have been responsible for the production and distribution of the cultural goods—art, books, films, fashion, and music—that enrich our lives. This book counters the popular perception that this marriage of art and business is a necessary evil, proposing instead that entrepreneurs who introduce radically new cultural works to the market must bring about a change in society's beliefs about what is appropriate and valuable to encourage consumption of these goods. In so doing, these pioneer entrepreneurs change minds, not just lives; the seeds of cultural change are embedded in the world of commerce. Building on theories of value construction and cultural production, integrated with field research on pioneer firms (like Chanel and the Sundance Institute) and new market categories (like modern art and high fashion in India), the author develops conceptual frameworks that explain the structure and functioning of creative industries. Through a systematic exposition of the roles and functions of the players in this space—creators, producers, and intermediaries—the book proposes a new way to understand the relationship among markets, entrepreneurship, and culture. Khaire also discusses challenges inherent in being entrepreneurial in the creative industries, paying special attention to the implications of digitalization and globalization, and suggests prescriptive directions for individuals and firms wishing to balance pecuniary motivations with cultural convictions in this rapidly changing world.
Keywords: creative industries, cultural change, entrepreneurship, radical innovation, novel artworks, markets, creators, intermediaries, digitalization, cultural goods
Business and Management, Strategy
Latin Americans are culturally different from North Americans in ways that so far have been inaccurately portrayed in the management literature. This book argues that these differences merit a ... More
Latin Americans are culturally different from North Americans in ways that so far have been inaccurately portrayed in the management literature. This book argues that these differences merit a substantial overhaul of management theory and practice to make the best of the significantly untapped Latin American potential for creativity, innovation, and teamwork. This applies in organizations with North American ownership and management, whether they are based in the U.S. or Latin America. The book explains why the use of traditional North American research methods to capture cultural traits in the multi-cultural workforce is inappropriate. This practice produces a false picture of the cultural attributes and capabilities of Latin American managers and key staff. And this, in turn, leads to serious shortcomings in the development of appropriate motivation and leadership strategies and of appraisal and control instruments. Rather than relying on standardized surveys for measuring cultural attributes to underpin and develop such strategies and tools, the book suggests that managers look to the arts—particularly literature and cinema—for a richer and more useful alternative. It illustrates its points by reference to literary icons such as Argentina's Martin Fierro, Brazil's Macunaima, and America's Captain Ahab. The book uses a variety of case studies to demonstrate what we can learn from these iconographic characters and what we can expect of each other when we apply these lessons—whether we are leading, following, or working in self-directed teams.Less
Latin Americans are culturally different from North Americans in ways that so far have been inaccurately portrayed in the management literature. This book argues that these differences merit a substantial overhaul of management theory and practice to make the best of the significantly untapped Latin American potential for creativity, innovation, and teamwork. This applies in organizations with North American ownership and management, whether they are based in the U.S. or Latin America. The book explains why the use of traditional North American research methods to capture cultural traits in the multi-cultural workforce is inappropriate. This practice produces a false picture of the cultural attributes and capabilities of Latin American managers and key staff. And this, in turn, leads to serious shortcomings in the development of appropriate motivation and leadership strategies and of appraisal and control instruments. Rather than relying on standardized surveys for measuring cultural attributes to underpin and develop such strategies and tools, the book suggests that managers look to the arts—particularly literature and cinema—for a richer and more useful alternative. It illustrates its points by reference to literary icons such as Argentina's Martin Fierro, Brazil's Macunaima, and America's Captain Ahab. The book uses a variety of case studies to demonstrate what we can learn from these iconographic characters and what we can expect of each other when we apply these lessons—whether we are leading, following, or working in self-directed teams.
Keywords: Latin America, North America, management, innovation, creativity, leadership, Martin Fierro, Macunaima, Captain Ahab
Enhancing Campus Capacity for Leadership: An Examination of Grassroots Leaders in Higher Education
Adrianna Kezar and Jaime Lester
This book explores a mostly untapped resource on college campuses—the leadership potential of staff and faculty at all levels—and contributes to the growing tradition of giving voice to grassroots ... More
This book explores a mostly untapped resource on college campuses—the leadership potential of staff and faculty at all levels—and contributes to the growing tradition of giving voice to grassroots leaders, offering a unique contribution by honing in on leadership in educational settings. In an increasingly corporatized environment, grassroots leadership can provide a balance to the prestige and revenue-seeking impulses of campus leaders, act as a conscience for institutional operations with greater integrity, create changes related to the teaching and learning core, build greater equity, improve relationships among campus stakeholders, and enhance the student experience. The text documents the stories of grassroots leaders, including the motivation and background of these "bottom up" beacons, the tactics and strategies they use, the obstacles they overcome, and the ways they navigate power and join with formal authority. This investigation also showcases how grassroots leaders in institutional settings, particularly more marginalized groups, can face significant backlash. While we like to believe that organizations are civil and humane, the stories in this book demonstrate a dark side with which we must reckon. The book ends with a discussion of the future of leadership on college campuses, examining the possibilities for shared and collaborative forms of leadership and governance.Less
Enhancing Campus Capacity for Leadership : An Examination of Grassroots Leaders in Higher Education
Adrianna KezarJaime Lester
This book explores a mostly untapped resource on college campuses—the leadership potential of staff and faculty at all levels—and contributes to the growing tradition of giving voice to grassroots leaders, offering a unique contribution by honing in on leadership in educational settings. In an increasingly corporatized environment, grassroots leadership can provide a balance to the prestige and revenue-seeking impulses of campus leaders, act as a conscience for institutional operations with greater integrity, create changes related to the teaching and learning core, build greater equity, improve relationships among campus stakeholders, and enhance the student experience. The text documents the stories of grassroots leaders, including the motivation and background of these "bottom up" beacons, the tactics and strategies they use, the obstacles they overcome, and the ways they navigate power and join with formal authority. This investigation also showcases how grassroots leaders in institutional settings, particularly more marginalized groups, can face significant backlash. While we like to believe that organizations are civil and humane, the stories in this book demonstrate a dark side with which we must reckon. The book ends with a discussion of the future of leadership on college campuses, examining the possibilities for shared and collaborative forms of leadership and governance.
Keywords: college campuses, leadership, grassroots leaders, staff, faculty, higher education, governance, authority, power
Epinets: The Epistemic Structure and Dynamics of Social Networks
Mihnea Moldoveanu and Joel A.C. Baum
What must human agents know about what other humans – with whom they are connected – know, in order for the resulting web of ties among them to function as a social network? The explanatory success ... More
What must human agents know about what other humans – with whom they are connected – know, in order for the resulting web of ties among them to function as a social network? The explanatory success of social network theories depends critically on assumptions about what agents know, what they know about what other agents with whom they are connected know, and the extent to which they trust what they and the others know. This book develops a method for representing these states of knowledge, awareness, ignorance, etc., jointly, epistemic states, and the epistemic ties connecting the epistemic states of agents in a social network to one another. What each agent knows of and about the others and their knowledge comprise an epistemic network, more compactly, epinet, a symbolic representation of the epistemic glue that underlies and shapes the interactions within a social network. The study of epinets permits development of new theory about the structure and dynamics of social networks, as well as of more precise measurement instruments and techniques for testing and validating the theory. The result is a toolkit for modeling, measuring, and manipulating the epistemic structures underlying human interaction in ways that are as accessible to social network analysts as they are engaging to logicians and epistemic game theorists.Less
Epinets : The Epistemic Structure and Dynamics of Social Networks
Mihnea MoldoveanuJoel A.C. Baum
What must human agents know about what other humans – with whom they are connected – know, in order for the resulting web of ties among them to function as a social network? The explanatory success of social network theories depends critically on assumptions about what agents know, what they know about what other agents with whom they are connected know, and the extent to which they trust what they and the others know. This book develops a method for representing these states of knowledge, awareness, ignorance, etc., jointly, epistemic states, and the epistemic ties connecting the epistemic states of agents in a social network to one another. What each agent knows of and about the others and their knowledge comprise an epistemic network, more compactly, epinet, a symbolic representation of the epistemic glue that underlies and shapes the interactions within a social network. The study of epinets permits development of new theory about the structure and dynamics of social networks, as well as of more precise measurement instruments and techniques for testing and validating the theory. The result is a toolkit for modeling, measuring, and manipulating the epistemic structures underlying human interaction in ways that are as accessible to social network analysts as they are engaging to logicians and epistemic game theorists.
Keywords: Social networks, epistemic game theory, epistemic states, epistemic ties, epistemic networks, epinets
Evaluation—whether called by this name, quality assurance, audit, accreditation, or others—is an important social activity. Any public or private organization that "lives in public" must now evaluate ... More
Evaluation—whether called by this name, quality assurance, audit, accreditation, or others—is an important social activity. Any public or private organization that "lives in public" must now evaluate its activities, be evaluated by others, or evaluate others. What are the origins of this wave of evaluation? And, what worthwhile results emerge from it? This book argues that if we want to understand many of the norms, values, and expectations that we, sometimes unknowingly, bring to evaluation, we should explore how evaluation is demanded, formatted, and shaped by the two great principles of social order: "organization" and "society." With this understanding, we can more conscientiously participate in evaluation processes; better position ourselves to understand many of the mysteries, tensions, and paradoxes in evaluation; and most effectively use evaluation. After exploring the sociology and organization of evaluation in this landmark work, the book concludes by discussing issues that are critical for the future of evaluation—as a discipline and a societal norm.Less
Evaluation—whether called by this name, quality assurance, audit, accreditation, or others—is an important social activity. Any public or private organization that "lives in public" must now evaluate its activities, be evaluated by others, or evaluate others. What are the origins of this wave of evaluation? And, what worthwhile results emerge from it? This book argues that if we want to understand many of the norms, values, and expectations that we, sometimes unknowingly, bring to evaluation, we should explore how evaluation is demanded, formatted, and shaped by the two great principles of social order: "organization" and "society." With this understanding, we can more conscientiously participate in evaluation processes; better position ourselves to understand many of the mysteries, tensions, and paradoxes in evaluation; and most effectively use evaluation. After exploring the sociology and organization of evaluation in this landmark work, the book concludes by discussing issues that are critical for the future of evaluation—as a discipline and a societal norm.
Keywords: evaluation, quality assurance, audit, accreditation, social order, organization, society
The Evolution of a New Industry: A Genealogical Approach
Israel Drori, Shmuel Ellis, and Zur Shapira
This book traces the emergence and growth of the Israeli hi-tech sector to provide a new understanding of industry evolution. In the case of Israel, the chapters here reveal how the hi-tech sector ... More
This book traces the emergence and growth of the Israeli hi-tech sector to provide a new understanding of industry evolution. In the case of Israel, the chapters here reveal how the hi-tech sector built an entrepreneurial culture with a capacity to disseminate intergenerational knowledge of how to found new ventures, as well as an intricate network of support for new firms. Following the evolution of this industry from embryonic to mature, the chapters develop a genealogical approach that relies on looking at the sector in the way that one might consider a family tree. The principles of this genealogical analysis enable them to draw attention to the dynamics of industry evolution, while relating the effects of the parent companies' initial conditions to their respective corporate genealogies and imprinting potential. The text suggests that genealogical evolution is a key mechanism for understanding the rate and extent of founding new organizations, comparable to factors such as opportunity structures, capabilities, and geographic clusters.Less
The Evolution of a New Industry : A Genealogical Approach
Israel DroriShmuel EllisZur Shapira
This book traces the emergence and growth of the Israeli hi-tech sector to provide a new understanding of industry evolution. In the case of Israel, the chapters here reveal how the hi-tech sector built an entrepreneurial culture with a capacity to disseminate intergenerational knowledge of how to found new ventures, as well as an intricate network of support for new firms. Following the evolution of this industry from embryonic to mature, the chapters develop a genealogical approach that relies on looking at the sector in the way that one might consider a family tree. The principles of this genealogical analysis enable them to draw attention to the dynamics of industry evolution, while relating the effects of the parent companies' initial conditions to their respective corporate genealogies and imprinting potential. The text suggests that genealogical evolution is a key mechanism for understanding the rate and extent of founding new organizations, comparable to factors such as opportunity structures, capabilities, and geographic clusters.
Keywords: industry, genealogical analysis, industry evolution, Israel, corporate genealogies, organizations, companies, hi-tech sector
The Fountain of Knowledge: The Role of Universities in Economic Development
Shiri M. Breznitz
The Fountain of Knowledge analyzes two world-renowned universities, their investment in technology commercialization, and the outcome of this contribution in their local economies. This book has ... More
The Fountain of Knowledge analyzes two world-renowned universities, their investment in technology commercialization, and the outcome of this contribution in their local economies. This book has three main arguments. First, the way in which a university goes about improving its technology-transfer capability matters. Conducting a focused and thoughtful comprehensive change that includes all sections of the university will improve commercialization. Second, by choosing a particular path of change, the university also changes its role and its ability to contribute to the region. Third, not all changes will positively affect the local economy.Less
The Fountain of Knowledge : The Role of Universities in Economic Development
The Fountain of Knowledge analyzes two world-renowned universities, their investment in technology commercialization, and the outcome of this contribution in their local economies. This book has three main arguments. First, the way in which a university goes about improving its technology-transfer capability matters. Conducting a focused and thoughtful comprehensive change that includes all sections of the university will improve commercialization. Second, by choosing a particular path of change, the university also changes its role and its ability to contribute to the region. Third, not all changes will positively affect the local economy.
Keywords: universities, technology commercialization, Yale, Cambridge, biotechnology
From Iron Fist to Invisible Hand: The Uneven Path of Telecommunications Reform in China
This book uses telecommunications policy as a window to examine major contradictions in China's growth as an economic and political superpower. While China policy analysts wonder why the government ... More
This book uses telecommunications policy as a window to examine major contradictions in China's growth as an economic and political superpower. While China policy analysts wonder why the government occasionally restrains growth and raises prices, technologists marvel at how the telecommunications industry continues to grow enormously despite constraints and unpredictability in the market. Frustration is pervasive in the business environment, where regulations are constantly changing. This book provides six policy-focused case studies, each centered on a question with implications for telecom stakeholders, such as: Who is the regulator? Who are the regulated? Which foreigners can enter China, thereby regulating wholesale prices, setting consumer prices, and introducing Internet and innovative technologies? These cases explain the government's liberal and conservative approach toward reform, the policies that both promote and constrain business, and the major hurdles that lie ahead in telecommunications reform.Less
From Iron Fist to Invisible Hand : The Uneven Path of Telecommunications Reform in China
This book uses telecommunications policy as a window to examine major contradictions in China's growth as an economic and political superpower. While China policy analysts wonder why the government occasionally restrains growth and raises prices, technologists marvel at how the telecommunications industry continues to grow enormously despite constraints and unpredictability in the market. Frustration is pervasive in the business environment, where regulations are constantly changing. This book provides six policy-focused case studies, each centered on a question with implications for telecom stakeholders, such as: Who is the regulator? Who are the regulated? Which foreigners can enter China, thereby regulating wholesale prices, setting consumer prices, and introducing Internet and innovative technologies? These cases explain the government's liberal and conservative approach toward reform, the policies that both promote and constrain business, and the major hurdles that lie ahead in telecommunications reform.
Keywords: telecommunications, China, growth, policy, business, regulations, foreigners, reform, Internet, technologies
Getting New Things Done: Networks, Brokerage, and the Assembly of Innovative Action
David Obstfeld
Mobilizing people to pursue action that "gets new things done" depends critically on the effective orchestration of social networks and knowledge sharing. This orchestration is vital to the pursuit ... More
Mobilizing people to pursue action that "gets new things done" depends critically on the effective orchestration of social networks and knowledge sharing. This orchestration is vital to the pursuit of innovation, especially in a world increasingly reliant on collaborative projects that assemble actors with diverse interests, abilities, and knowledge. This book offers a framework—the BKAP innovation model—for conceptualizing how social networks and knowledge sharing combine to influence success for innovation in general, but especially where innovation is not tied to preexisting routines, as in the case of projects where, for example, an entrepreneur launches a new innovation or venture. The BKAP innovation model asserts that innovators exercise brokerage activity ("B") and knowledge articulation ("KA") within networks to mobilize action either in support of routine innovation (e.g., new product development) or, increasingly, in support of nonroutine innovation, that is, creative projects ("P"). Brokerage activity employs a combination of three strategic orientations: (1) conduit (or knowledge transfer); (2) tertius gaudens (or bridging while maintaining separation); and (3) tertius iungens (or connecting people, departments, and companies together). Alongside brokering in networks, innovators orchestrate knowledge through knowledge articulation to increase understanding and enlist innovation support. The BKAP model is applied to organizational innovation and other areas as diverse as artistic movements, entrepreneurship, and collective action.Less
Getting New Things Done : Networks, Brokerage, and the Assembly of Innovative Action
Mobilizing people to pursue action that "gets new things done" depends critically on the effective orchestration of social networks and knowledge sharing. This orchestration is vital to the pursuit of innovation, especially in a world increasingly reliant on collaborative projects that assemble actors with diverse interests, abilities, and knowledge. This book offers a framework—the BKAP innovation model—for conceptualizing how social networks and knowledge sharing combine to influence success for innovation in general, but especially where innovation is not tied to preexisting routines, as in the case of projects where, for example, an entrepreneur launches a new innovation or venture. The BKAP innovation model asserts that innovators exercise brokerage activity ("B") and knowledge articulation ("KA") within networks to mobilize action either in support of routine innovation (e.g., new product development) or, increasingly, in support of nonroutine innovation, that is, creative projects ("P"). Brokerage activity employs a combination of three strategic orientations: (1) conduit (or knowledge transfer); (2) tertius gaudens (or bridging while maintaining separation); and (3) tertius iungens (or connecting people, departments, and companies together). Alongside brokering in networks, innovators orchestrate knowledge through knowledge articulation to increase understanding and enlist innovation support. The BKAP model is applied to organizational innovation and other areas as diverse as artistic movements, entrepreneurship, and collective action.
Keywords: social networks, brokerage, brokerage process, knowledge articulation, innovation, creative projects
Learning From the Global Financial Crisis: Creatively, Reliably, and Sustainably
Paul Shrivastava and Matt Statler (eds)
This book is motivated by the simple hope that the cloud of the global financial crisis may yet have a silver lining—that political leaders, economists, and management scholars might seize this ... More
This book is motivated by the simple hope that the cloud of the global financial crisis may yet have a silver lining—that political leaders, economists, and management scholars might seize this opportunity to reflect critically on the assumptions, practices, and infrastructures that have precipitated the crisis and to imagine and create new forms of organization that sustainably enhance the well-being of global stakeholders. The chapters suggest that aesthetic management, high reliability and crisis management, and sustainability science have much to contribute to the resolution of the collapse that we have witnessed, and to providing enduring lessons for how to structure the institutions of the future. This book devotes a section to each of these areas, offering full-length chapters which explore key issues in depth, as well as shorter commentaries that focus on practical considerations. The chapters progress from micro-level issues that pertain to individuals and teams who act creatively; to the meso-level issues that pertain to the structures, practices, and processes; to the macro-level issues that pertain to the interdependent, ecological systems. Together, the chapters emphasize the importance of developing holistic responses to the financial crisis. The result is a volume that casts new light on traditional economic and managerial theories and policies and provides fresh ideas to a new generation of scholars and practitioners.Less
Learning From the Global Financial Crisis : Creatively, Reliably, and Sustainably
This book is motivated by the simple hope that the cloud of the global financial crisis may yet have a silver lining—that political leaders, economists, and management scholars might seize this opportunity to reflect critically on the assumptions, practices, and infrastructures that have precipitated the crisis and to imagine and create new forms of organization that sustainably enhance the well-being of global stakeholders. The chapters suggest that aesthetic management, high reliability and crisis management, and sustainability science have much to contribute to the resolution of the collapse that we have witnessed, and to providing enduring lessons for how to structure the institutions of the future. This book devotes a section to each of these areas, offering full-length chapters which explore key issues in depth, as well as shorter commentaries that focus on practical considerations. The chapters progress from micro-level issues that pertain to individuals and teams who act creatively; to the meso-level issues that pertain to the structures, practices, and processes; to the macro-level issues that pertain to the interdependent, ecological systems. Together, the chapters emphasize the importance of developing holistic responses to the financial crisis. The result is a volume that casts new light on traditional economic and managerial theories and policies and provides fresh ideas to a new generation of scholars and practitioners.
Keywords: global financial crisis, aesthetic management, reliability, crisis management, sustainability, creativity, ecological systems, managerial theories, economic theories
Multinational Corporations and Global Justice: Human Rights Obligations of a Quasi-Governmental Institution
Florian Wettstein
This book addresses the changing role and responsibilities of large multinational corporations (MNCs) in the global political economy. This cross- and inter-disciplinary work makes innovative ... More
This book addresses the changing role and responsibilities of large multinational corporations (MNCs) in the global political economy. This cross- and inter-disciplinary work makes innovative connections between current debates and streams of thought, bringing together global justice, human rights, and corporate responsibility. Conceiving of corporate social responsibility (CSR) from this unique perspective, the author takes readers well beyond the limitations of conventional notions, which tend to focus on either beneficence or pure charity. While the call for MNCs' involvement in the solution of global problems has become stronger in recent times, few specifics have been laid down regarding how to hold those institutions accountable in the global arena. This text attempts to work out the normative basis underlying the responsibilities of MNCs—thereby filling a crucial void in the literature and marking a milestone in the CSR debate.Less
Multinational Corporations and Global Justice : Human Rights Obligations of a Quasi-Governmental Institution
This book addresses the changing role and responsibilities of large multinational corporations (MNCs) in the global political economy. This cross- and inter-disciplinary work makes innovative connections between current debates and streams of thought, bringing together global justice, human rights, and corporate responsibility. Conceiving of corporate social responsibility (CSR) from this unique perspective, the author takes readers well beyond the limitations of conventional notions, which tend to focus on either beneficence or pure charity. While the call for MNCs' involvement in the solution of global problems has become stronger in recent times, few specifics have been laid down regarding how to hold those institutions accountable in the global arena. This text attempts to work out the normative basis underlying the responsibilities of MNCs—thereby filling a crucial void in the literature and marking a milestone in the CSR debate.
Keywords: multinational corporations, global justice, human rights, corporate responsibility, beneficence, charity, global political economy
Public No More: A New Path to Excellence for America's Public Universities
Andrew J. Policano and Gary C. Fethke
This book examines the ever changing environment within higher education, including the permanent decline in state support for public universities. It raises the question of how research universities ... More
This book examines the ever changing environment within higher education, including the permanent decline in state support for public universities. It raises the question of how research universities can survive with reduced subsidies and increased competition from both non-profit and growing for-profit institutions. The book offers a strategic framework for determining how tuition and access should be set and how universities should decide on quality and program scope. Throughout the text, real-world examples illustrate successful and unsuccessful adoptions of the book's proposals.Less
Public No More : A New Path to Excellence for America's Public Universities
Andrew J. PolicanoGary C. Fethke
This book examines the ever changing environment within higher education, including the permanent decline in state support for public universities. It raises the question of how research universities can survive with reduced subsidies and increased competition from both non-profit and growing for-profit institutions. The book offers a strategic framework for determining how tuition and access should be set and how universities should decide on quality and program scope. Throughout the text, real-world examples illustrate successful and unsuccessful adoptions of the book's proposals.
Keywords: universities, America, public universities, higher education, research universities, tuition, policymakers, non-profit institutions, for-profit institutions
Reliability and Risk: The Challenge of Managing Interconnected Infrastructures
Paul Schulman and Emery Roe
High-reliability management of critical infrastructures-the safe and continued provision of electricity, natural gas, telecommunications, transportation, and water-is a social imperative. Loss of ... More
High-reliability management of critical infrastructures-the safe and continued provision of electricity, natural gas, telecommunications, transportation, and water-is a social imperative. Loss of service in interconnected critical infrastructure systems (ICISs) after hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, and tsunamis and their delayed large-scale recovery have turned these events into catastrophes. Reliability and Risk reveals a neglected management dimension and provides a new framework for understanding interconnected infrastructures, their potential for cascading failure, and how to improve their reliability and reduce risk of system failure. The book answers two questions: How are modern interconnected infrastructures managed and regulated for reliability? How can policy makers, analysts, managers, and citizenry better promote reliability in interconnected systems whose failures can scarcely be imagined? The current consensus is that the answers lie in better design, technology, and regulation, but the book argues that these have inevitable shortfalls and that it is dangerous to stop there. The framework developed in Reliability and Risk draws from first-of-its-kind research at the infrastructure crossroads of California, the California Delta, in the San Francisco Bay region. The book demonstrates that infrastructure reliability in an interconnected world must be managed by system professionals in real time.Less
Reliability and Risk : The Challenge of Managing Interconnected Infrastructures
Paul SchulmanEmery Roe
High-reliability management of critical infrastructures-the safe and continued provision of electricity, natural gas, telecommunications, transportation, and water-is a social imperative. Loss of service in interconnected critical infrastructure systems (ICISs) after hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, and tsunamis and their delayed large-scale recovery have turned these events into catastrophes. Reliability and Risk reveals a neglected management dimension and provides a new framework for understanding interconnected infrastructures, their potential for cascading failure, and how to improve their reliability and reduce risk of system failure. The book answers two questions: How are modern interconnected infrastructures managed and regulated for reliability? How can policy makers, analysts, managers, and citizenry better promote reliability in interconnected systems whose failures can scarcely be imagined? The current consensus is that the answers lie in better design, technology, and regulation, but the book argues that these have inevitable shortfalls and that it is dangerous to stop there. The framework developed in Reliability and Risk draws from first-of-its-kind research at the infrastructure crossroads of California, the California Delta, in the San Francisco Bay region. The book demonstrates that infrastructure reliability in an interconnected world must be managed by system professionals in real time.
Keywords: High-reliability management, interconnected critical infrastructure systems, risk assessment, risk management, infrastructure design technology regulation, system failure, large-scale recovery, regulated reliability
The Rise and Fall of Urban Economies: Lessons from San Francisco and Los Angeles
Michael Storper, Thomas Kemeny, Naji Makarem, and Taner Osman
In 1970, the metropolitan areas of Los Angeles and San Francisco had almost identical levels of income per resident. In 2010, the San Francisco Bay Area was almost one third richer than Los Angeles, ... More
In 1970, the metropolitan areas of Los Angeles and San Francisco had almost identical levels of income per resident. In 2010, the San Francisco Bay Area was almost one third richer than Los Angeles, which had slipped from 4th rank among cities in the United States to 25th. The usual reasons for explaining such change—good or bad luck, different types of immigrants, tax rates, housing costs, and local economic policies, the pool of skilled labor—do not account for why they perform so differently. Instead, the divergence in economic development of major city regions is largely due to the different capacities for organizational change in their firms, networks of people, and networks of leaders. Drawing on economics, sociology, political science, and geography, this book sheds new light on the deep causes of economic development and challenges many conventional notions about it. By studying two regions in unprecedented levels of depth and precision, it develops lessons for the field of economic development studies in general and for urban regions around the world.Less
The Rise and Fall of Urban Economies : Lessons from San Francisco and Los Angeles
Michael StorperThomas KemenyNaji MakaremTaner Osman
In 1970, the metropolitan areas of Los Angeles and San Francisco had almost identical levels of income per resident. In 2010, the San Francisco Bay Area was almost one third richer than Los Angeles, which had slipped from 4th rank among cities in the United States to 25th. The usual reasons for explaining such change—good or bad luck, different types of immigrants, tax rates, housing costs, and local economic policies, the pool of skilled labor—do not account for why they perform so differently. Instead, the divergence in economic development of major city regions is largely due to the different capacities for organizational change in their firms, networks of people, and networks of leaders. Drawing on economics, sociology, political science, and geography, this book sheds new light on the deep causes of economic development and challenges many conventional notions about it. By studying two regions in unprecedented levels of depth and precision, it develops lessons for the field of economic development studies in general and for urban regions around the world.
Keywords: cities, urban economy, organizational change, economic specialization, innovation, economic networks, economic development, urban policy
The Roots, Rituals, and Rhetorics of Change: North American Business Schools After the Second World War
Mie Augier and James G. March
Some rather remarkable changes took place in North American business schools between 1945 and 1970, altering the character of these institutions, the possibilities for their future, and the terms of ... More
Some rather remarkable changes took place in North American business schools between 1945 and 1970, altering the character of these institutions, the possibilities for their future, and the terms of discourse about them. This period represents a minor revolution, during which business schools are reported to have become more academic, more analytic, and more quantitative. This book considers these changes and explores their roots. It traces the origins of this quiet revolution and shows how it shaped discussions about management education, leading to a shift that weakened the place of business cases and experiential knowledge and strengthened support for a concept of professionalism that applied to management. The text considers how the rhetoric of change was organized around three core questions: Should business schools concern themselves primarily with experiential knowledge or with academic knowledge? What vision of managers and management should be reflected by business schools? How should managerial education connect its teaching to some version of reality?Less
The Roots, Rituals, and Rhetorics of Change : North American Business Schools After the Second World War
Mie AugierJames G. March
Some rather remarkable changes took place in North American business schools between 1945 and 1970, altering the character of these institutions, the possibilities for their future, and the terms of discourse about them. This period represents a minor revolution, during which business schools are reported to have become more academic, more analytic, and more quantitative. This book considers these changes and explores their roots. It traces the origins of this quiet revolution and shows how it shaped discussions about management education, leading to a shift that weakened the place of business cases and experiential knowledge and strengthened support for a concept of professionalism that applied to management. The text considers how the rhetoric of change was organized around three core questions: Should business schools concern themselves primarily with experiential knowledge or with academic knowledge? What vision of managers and management should be reflected by business schools? How should managerial education connect its teaching to some version of reality?
Keywords: business schools, North America, management education, experiential knowledge, managers, management, professionalism, managerial education
PRINTED FROM STANFORD SCHOLARSHIP ONLINE (www.stanford.universitypressscholarship.com). (c) Copyright Stanford University Press, 2019. All Rights Reserved. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single chapter of a monograph in SSO for personal use (for details see www.stanford.universitypressscholarship.com/page/privacy-policy).date: 17 July 2019


Tires - Miata Turbo Forum - Boost cars, acquire cats.
Hello everyone, I am new to the group. I need to purchase 4 new tires for my 1997 Miata. I am a three season driver, don't race but enjoy a good drive on weekends in the country. I am looking for tires that will not break the bank but will have low noise level, good tread longevity, and good in the rain. Have researched tires and now my head is spinning. What do you all think about the following brands: Kumho, Falken. And Toyo and if you recommend which model #'s do you like? Didn't think this would be this difficult, help!! Should mention tire size 185/60R14 would be helpful, thanks!
Because you mentioned tread noise and longevity, I'm going to recommend the Falken ZE-912. They will grip reasonably well and meet all of your other requirements perfectly. If you want better grip than a 912, you'll need to sacrifice tread life and rain performance.
ZII, should still be a 20k mile tire and better in the rain than the crop of 400TW tires. Not many 3 season miatas go more than 5k miles a year so that points to 4 years for the ZIIs to wear out, right when you should be replacing them from age anyways.
To translate, that ZII is referring to Dunlop Direzza Star-Spec Z2.
I also really like my BFGoodrich Comp-2 tires if the Star-Specs are not available in a compatable size.
I have owned Star Specs on two of my cars (WRX and Miata). They are great DD tires and they are also a lot of fun at the track. I have put some good heat through them on my WRX and they never let me down. I was very happy with them on and off the track.
I like my comp2s as well, though they aren't as sticky as the Z2s. And after 30 consecutive runs in a faster then normal (limiter in 2nd a few times) 1 minute autocross course, they cupped pretty badly. Still should be getting 20-25k miles out of them easy though.
Should mention tire size 185/60R14 would be helpful, thanks!
Q1: Define "good tread longevity." Personally, if I were ever to get 10k out of a set of tires, I'd question why they lasted so long, and wonder if perhaps I've become a spineless *****.
Q2: Are you really committed to staying with the 14" wheel? We've gotten to the point where the selection good of tires in that size is getting downright pathetic.
N: In my (admittedly limited) experience, tires which have a very high treadwear rating will actually wear out much faster than tires with a very low treadwear rating if you find that you are constantly pushing them beyond their limit.
Case in point: In 2008, I broke my left foot. My sister loaned me her spare Camry (automatic) to drive until I could work the clutch in my own car. In just under three months, I completely destroyed the all-season tires on the front of that car, driving it pretty much the same way I drive my Miata.


Don't Like The Traditional Ways? Try a Non 12 Step Rehab Centers!
A size doesn't fit all, neither does a treatment suit everyone! Of course, since the 1930s, all we have known is the classic 12-step approach. Developed by the Alcohol Anonymous or the AA, it is a 12-step support group and seems to be incorporated in many of the rehab programs.
For as long as we can remember, we have known AA. With the mission to provide free help to the addicts who are willing to let go of their addiction or use of substance, AA has been there to provide support anonymously.
While some addicts realize as to how bad the addiction is for them, most are probably there on court's order. That's how important it is deemed in the society.
But what if you are one of the people who are not exactly the spiritual kinds or someone who doesn't exactly feel the 12-step approach, what do you do?
Don't stress! There are other ways for people just like you.
Although the 12-step approach is open for everyone, it doesn't exactly work for every person. That is what non-12-step rehabs centers are for. They are rehabs with a rather secular approach so that people who are atheists, antagonist or simply that one that aren't exactly the religious kind can comfortably start their way to quitting the fatal habit.
So What Exactly Are Non 12 Step Rehab Centers?
It basically the same thing as the 12-step rehab, but the approach is very different. Where the 12-step approach relies heavily on a higher and superior power, the non 12 step rehab centers rely more on your own-self.
While the ultimate goal is to help you recover from the addiction, there are some major differences between a traditional 12-step approach and a snon-12-step model. Here some of the differences that non-12-step rehabs have that the 12-step rehabs may not because of their different orientation and focus.
Detoxification from drugs medically supervised for both inpatients and outpatients.
Using medication therapies to get rid or minimize the cravings and withdrawal symptoms.
The dual diagnosis treatment for patients who have substance addiction and mental disorder.
Therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), the rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT) and many other proved therapies used in individual counselling.
Collective counseling sessions for families, couples or partners.
And finally, participation in support groups based on non-12-step approach like SOS, SMART, Lifelong Secular Recovery, etc.
What Should You Choose Non 12 Step Rehab Centers?
You are not exactly the religious type. You object, don't feel comfortable with or object to the existence and relying on a superior entity. Then in that case the spiritual orientation of the AA group may not be the thing you need and would probably prefer something secular.
You don't believe that addiction can be overcome for good and is not in fact a disease that you have to live with the rest of your life.
It is your choice, which ever method of treatment speak to you. And you shouldn't opt for a method that contradicts your beliefs or makes you uncomfortable. It is important that you know that you have more than just one option.
The strategies and ways of approaching addiction are different for both kinds of rehabs. The secular rehab programs tend to nudge the addicts more towards empowering them. They are urged to create sober and healthy lives for themselves. The therapies employed in such a rehab are mostly based along the lines of CBT or cognitive behavioral therapy. CBT focuses on the patterns and the behaviors that lead the person to use the substance even after knowing the awful consequences of the action and aims to modify them so that the addict can develop restraint.
Instead of pushing and urging the people to develop faith and trust into some other entity and surrendering their own wills to it, these non-12-step rehab programs encourage the addicts to take responsibility on their own. They teach the people how to cope with the addictive behavior once it starts to make its way again and how to avoid falling off the wagon.
This way the addicts can learn to rely on themselves and not something that is supernatural and external. This self-empowers them and creates confidence in them to deal with the situations that usually tend to drag them back to the substance like loss, grief, pain, depression, etc.
While this is very much a popular believe, but there has been seen some opposition to the idea that addiction is about chemical dependency. In fact, more and more experts believe that it is more of a learned behavior and can be changed the same way that it was learned.
Emotional Responses: clients are taught to deal with intense emotions like anger that can also serve as triggers.
Negative Thought Pattern: clients are taught to divert their thinking patterns towards positivity.
Learn to depend on no one but yourself at sage recovery villa, where they have the best of the best therapists and professional staff for you that help you not only quit the habit but also teach you to avoid relapse.


remember the Chinese tank destroyer proposal, that came from one Chinese player? Well, this is a SPG line proposal from the same guy. It's very interesting, so let's have a look at it. The text from now on is from TK3600, another Chinese player, who posted this on US server forums, the words are his.
Chinese made SPGs have surprisingly great quality, and have great success in international export. However, little was known about Chinese SPGs prior to 80's, very few were made; that is a problem for WoT. Despite the difficulties, I've found some interesting data, made a possible Chinese SPG line. Like what I did with Chinese TDs, I cannot guarantee that they will appear in WoT. Nothing is confirmed until official release.
It has a hull of Type-97 Chi-Ha with a 76mm gun inside a modified superstructure. The original maker could be Japan, before being captured by KMT (GMD), and then captured again by PLA during Chinese Civil War.
Sold by Soviet, this Chinese SU-76 can mount 85mm gun.
During the Chinese Civil War, KMT (GMD) brought unarmed version of M10 as tractors, then armed it with a Japanese Type91 105mm gun on a local produced turret. The interesting part is that the 105mm gun fires AP.
Type-70 is the first locally produced SPG, mounted on Type-63 APC's hull, armed with a Type-54 122mm howitzer.
Type-70-1 is an improved version of Type70. On the exterior, the only noticeable difference is the addition of an extra pair of road wheels. Compared to Type70, Type70-1 also has a tougher hull and improved amphibious ability. This SPG can use a long barrel 122mm gun, with a Type54 152mm gun as the upgrade.
A SPG with BTR50 APC's hull, mounting a gun varies from 122mm, 130mm, and 152mm. Not much was known about this project, since China never officially purchased BTR 50.
Based on the Chinese T-34-85, also mounting 122mm gun or 152mm gun. Though there is no photo about it, I posted some foreign SPG based on T34-85 to give you an idea. The picture above is Cuban T-34 hull, with 122mm gun.
Practically the same as last tier, except can mount better 152mm guns like Type66 or others. The picture above is Syrian T-34's hull, should be closer to this.
Using Type59's hull, this SPG mount a 203mm gun captured from American M43 during the Korean War.
Note: During 50s or 60s, most of captured or exported tanks started to retire. To avoid wasting resources, most of them became SPG or TD. During the 60s, Lin Biao proposed a 240mm SPG project. It had never been made to blueprint stage though.
Disclaimer: This article was written before the Taiwanese SPGs article on FTR. The original Taiwanese article was published a year ago, only to be found by SS yesterday. Nothing was copied.
TK3600's final comment: I believe BTR50 SPG does not exist. Type58 SPG should be merged and move to tier7, while the extra SPG in the bottom fills the tier8 gap. Type59-203 should be nerfed to tier9, with the 240mm SPG replacing it.
Sorry for spamming replys, but I found another problem. There is no picture for tier9, that one is also for tier8, with 122mm gun. Sorry for the spam.
I'm intrigued by that M10 SPG….i have a feeling that'll be a fun fun tank to play. Plus it'll have a very unpleasant surprise for any scouts that come at it. :) Not to mention…….the TD mode you could go in since it fires AP and has a turret.
Vím že ano. Ten Číňan, co to překládal, si dokonce myslí, že si to vozidlo autor větve vymyslel a celou větev by poskládal jinak. Teoreticky je ale možné, aby jedno a totéž vozidlo sloužilo jako arty i TD (s různými děly, pochopitelně).
spíše bych tam čekal TK3600?? jestli je to pravý název. Ono ani o rok původu tanku nejde (jestli je ze 60. či 80. let), neboť stejně WG ty tanky vyváží.
TK3600 je čínský poster, co tu větev přeložil z čínštiny :) Rok bohužel důležitý taky je, momentálně je hranice nastavena na rok 1969.
т 34 122 siria it will be interesting spg but not chinese!
Actually that BTR-50-based SPG is probably based on the Type 77 APC which is not a copy of the Soviet BTR-50. It's development history is very interesting: First the PRC obtained a couple PT-76 tanks in the 1950s and decided to create their own amphibious light tank which resulted in the Type 60. This tank wasn't very successful however and it eventually led to the development of the Type 63 which entered service in large numbers and is still used by the PLA today (although it did go through a very extensive modernization program). Later they developed an amphibious APC based on the Type 63 which entered service as Type 77.
From what I know, Type77 and BTR are very different. Even though their ancesters are similar, but Type77 was purely developed by Chinese.
another version of crusander SP?


text:
*TTRPGs General
Who authors the shared fiction in RPGing?
Thread starter pemerton
pemerton
This topic has come up in a couple of recent threads - this one on GMing, and this one on railroading. (EDIT: And also in one of the S&S threads.)
There is a very traditional, even orthodox way, of authoring the fiction in RPGing:
1. The GM prepares material (content, backstory) in advance of play - quintessentially a map and a key, plus associated notes which might include timelines of events etc.
2. The players build PCs. This may be done independently of step 1, or perhaps the GM tells the players a bit about the material s/he's prepared, or perhaps there's even a bit of back-and-forth between players and GM (eg a player wants to play a PC with a pirate background, and so the GM adds some notes about pirates to his/her prepared material).
3. The game starts with the PCs at a particular place on the map, at a particular time. The GM consults his/her notes (map keys, timelines etc) and tells the players what their PCs are experiencing - I will call this framing a scene. The players declare actions for their PCs - some of these are resolved by consulting the notes (eg the notes tell us what will be found if a certain rock is lifted up, or how a NPC will react if asked a certain question), and some by resolving checks, and maybe some by a bit of both.
4. Eventually the players will declare actions that move their PCs to a different part of the map; and/or the passage of in-game time will lead the GM to have regard to some other aspect of his/her prep (eg a timeline with certain events noted on it) and therefore we go back to a new iteration of step 3.
The basic structure here is GM prep and material => GM scene framing => player action declaration => outcomes that flow from the interplay of prep plus actions.
One variation on this structure, found in many modules (eg the 3E D&D module Bastion of Broken souls) is to encourage the GM to create new material between step 4 and returning to step 3 so that s/he can stick to a pre-conceived series of framings. In Bastion of Broken souls, this takes the form of advice about new villains to introduce if the main villain is killed, so that there will still be an in-fiction rationale for framing the scenes set out in the module, with the "second string" taking the place of the antagonist the GM has killed.
But anyway, here's a different way of doing authorship in RPGing. It is not a variant on the traditional structure, but rather a pretty different approach:
1. Prior to play, the players and GM agree on a genre, go back-and-forth to settle some basic questions about the setting, and the players build PCs. Those PCs reflect the player-GM back-and-forth; and those PCs have clear goals and trajectories that emerge from their agreed backstories.
2. Play begins with the GM framing a scene that speaks to those PC goals and trajectories. Because a scene needs content - a place, maybe some other people - framing the scene means authoring some content.
3. The players declare actions for their PCs that engage the scene. If the GM has done his/her job properly at step 2, then the players' declared actions can be expected to be fairly vigorous rather than tentative - more about impacting the situation then just finding out more about it. Some of those actions will change story elements already present in the scene (eg something gets stolen, or purchased, or broken; a NPC gets persuaded, or scared off, or killed; etc). Some of those actions will seek to introduce new story elements - new content and material - into the scene (eg learning something that wasn't already established at step 1 o step 2); different RPG systems have different ways of handling this, but however it's done there are obviously no pre-authored notes that can be referred to by anyone to provide an answer.
4. Eventually the scene will resolve, but the outcomes of action resolution and/or unresolved goals and trajectories will provide material allowing the GM to frame a new scene - return to Step 3.
The basic structure of this alternative approach is shared minimal prep (genre + PC backstory and context) => GM scene framing => player action declarations => outcomes of action resolution including new material being created. Some of that new material might be created by the GM - eg imagine a scene which, as framed, includes a building, and suppose that a player declares that his/her PC sneaks into a building; the check fails; and the GM narrates the failure by saying "You try to sneak in, but as you creep up the stairs you see someone who looks rather drunk, half-sitting, half-lying on the staircase landing; as you see her she sees you too, half-opening her eyes and her hand going to the sword tucked into her belt." Now it's established, as part of the content of the setting, that in this building there is this person in this state doing this thing.
Some of that new material might be created by a player - eg imagine the same scene, and another player declares that s/he is looking for any signs that the building might be more than it appears to be. The GM asks what the player has in mind, and the player replies "Well, this place seems pretty grim and so I'm wondering if there might be some kind of echo of this building in the Shadowfell". The GM calls for an Arcana or Aura-Reading or <insert system-appropriate ability> check, the player succeeds, and so the GM narrates that the PC can, indeed - with his/her Arcane senses - detect a Shadowfell echo of this building, that is the source of grim malaise about the place.
One generic label for this sort of approach is "no myth" - it's not perfect, but it tries to capture the idea that material - setting content and backstory is not there from the start as an input, but rather is an output of play, of framing and action resolution, that grows over time. Another generic label is "story now" - because the emphasis of play is on the immediacy of the situation and the imperatives to action, rather than a sense that a significant focus of play is coming to grips with the content (maps, keys, notes, timelines) that have already been authored by the GM.
Just as there can be variations of the traditional approach, so there can be variations of this alternative approach. For instance, the GM might use a setting book to help get material for framing scenes, or to help get material for narrating consequences like the drunk warrior on the landing; and different systems will have different ways of resolving action declarations, particularly those that implicate new player-author content like Shadowfell echoes. What is key, though, even when a setting book is being used, is that the content is introduced as an output of play; it's not treated as a constraining input in the manner of the traditional approach.
Systems which are particularly associated with some form of "no myth"/"story now" include Apocalypse World, Dungeon World (which calls it "draw maps, leave blanks"), Burning Wheel, Blades in the Dark (which is also a good example of a system that uses a setting book to obtain material to help with framing scenes and narrating consequences); indeed, many "indie" RPGs.
I think it can help in many discussions, both about D&D but even moreso when branching beyond D&D, to recognise that these difference are possible, and that there is no single way of approaching the authorship of the fiction that is identical to RPGing as such.
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Fenris-77
Small God of the Dozens
I think that's a fair assessment of the two. What I find very interesting are attempts to blend the two in various ways, which you find, for example, in a lot of indie OSR products. What seems to be missing is a vocabulary we can use to describe what is happening in cases like that. More specifically, a vocabulary that will support (or even simply allow) an account that compares the same kind of effort in two cases. Or to describe the difference between OSR product one and the tradition approach. I think that vocabulary is at least suggested by some of the work you've done here. I'm interested to see what others have to say about it.
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Aldarc
Fenris-77 said:
"Myth Lite" or "Diet Myth"?
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I think that Ron Edwards' essay on setting-oriented narrativism is relevant to this. But Edwards work needs mediation in order to bring it to ENworld!
In my post - which I think you picked up - I tried to say a bit about the role of setting material in the "no myth" approach. My way to elaborate on that would be to develop what counts as part of the process of framing.
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Marc_C
Solitary Role Playing
What is 'No myth' ? Keeps popping up in discussions.
PsyzhranV2
Marc_C said:
pemerton said:
The basic structure of this alternative approach is shared minimal prep (genre + PC backstory and context) => GM scene framing => player action declarations => outcomes of action resolution including new material being created.
One generic label for this sort of approach is "no myth" - it's not perfect, but it tries to capture the idea that material - setting content and backstory is not there from the start as an input, but rather is an output of play, of framing and action resolution, that grows over time.
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The essay by Edwards is good, but I think his example of setting-centric story-now play is, um, a little odd. Perhaps extreme is closer to what I mean. Personally, I use varying levels of pre-developed 'setting' in my story now games. My guideline is to have enough material for the choices made in character creation to be coherent. In Apocalypse World, much of that same sort of material is actually built right into the playbooks, which is cool. However, if I'm running my own setting, or my own game, I need to give the players some idea of the world they will inhabit, you simply can't play without that, and that means prep. I will draw a distinction here between campaign prep and session prep. I am indexing the former rather than the latter
This brings me to my second point, story-now is not, as some people believe, absent of any prep when prep is at least partially synonymous with 'setting'. It can be, but isn't always, nor does it need to be. Broadly speaking this can and is often accomplished by group world building in some form, but that isn't always the case. I find no-prep more common in games set in some version of modern earth, which has as a side benefit, enormous setting knowledge built in to each player. Fantasy and Sci-fi games replace that real-world knowledge with setting prep, in a huge variety of ways depending on the exact game in question. I think most of those examples escape the orbit of Edward's essay and probably need their own vocabulary and explication.
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AbdulAlhazred
One point where you will run into a lot of wrangling is in Step 1 @pemerton. That is to say, plenty of people have extensive discussions between players and GMs leading up to the development of characters, setting design/selection, probably even rules selection (or at least customization). This is not necessarily prefatory to a 'Story Now' or 'Zero Myth' kind of game.
Yet I have, MANY times here, been told that because there was such collaboration, and then usually ongoing collaboration at various points, on various elements and maybe even direction of the narrative, that "there is no meaningful difference."
Now, to me, and I am expecting to you as well, there IS a meaningful difference in that Story Now is a much more immediate and constant interplay between developing fiction and the process of playing the game on a minute-by-minute basis. A game where every week between sessions the GM asks a few of the players what sort of stuff they want to do, how did things go, maybe exchanges some ideas on material to use next, is one thing. A Dungeon World game in which players can and do, by dint of the mechanics, obligate the GM to bind himself to specific facts during play, is a rather different beast, and is the sort of thing really meant by Story Now.
I think Edwards does capture this kind of distinction, and I think generally it isn't problematic to use a lot of his terminology and concepts. My feeling is that there's more of a 'political' issue with it in the sense that it has been promoted as a more modern form of play, and there are those who feel they are thus being relegated to practitioners of a more 'primitive' kind of play. I don't hold by that, BTW, which is why it is in scare quotes of course. It kind of interestingly compares with other discussions of the use of that term, though! lol.
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I call it "naked GMing" and I try to do it once a year: gather a group of trusted players for a long weekend at a secluded location and just play entirely off the cuff for 18-24 hours of table time. It is always great fun and sometimes even results in someone one might be able to describe as "coherent."
I'm not sure how I feel about the "no myth" descriptor, but then I don't generally like "Forge style" terminology.
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Ovinomancer
No flips for you!
Reynard said:
And I'm not a fan of blatant genetic fallacy arguments.
I also don't like some of the Forge terminology, but it isn't because it's Forge stuff, it's because I find a specific term to not be sufficient for my needs. Usually because it's inflammatory, obfuscatory, and/or confusing. No Myth, on the other hand, I find to be a good term -- it's not inflammatory, it's not confusing, it's a fun term for no or very little initial setting. Dungeon World is meant to be run No Myth, as is Apocalypse World. You start play with a genre concept and build some of the initial bones of the world together alongside the characters to inhabit them. The rest is fleshed out in play. There literally is no myth here in play.
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@Ovinomancer - I agree with you, but my point above is that this isn't literally true of either AW or DW, not really. There's enough broad setting strokes, plus a little detail, in the game intro and the playbooks to situate the game to start. I know I'm splitting hairs, but this is more in service to a definitional conversation than it is about general terminology. In terms of the latter I think no myth is an excellent term.
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The essay by Edwards is good, but I think his example of setting-centric story-now play is, um, a little odd. Perhaps extreme is closer to what I mean.
I've never played the sort of game he describes.
The closest I've come to running a game in which setting is the source of theme/premise, and is used in the way he talks about, is 4e D&D. But that game didn't involve the sort of Glorantha-style "embeddedness in place" that he refers to in part because the whole point of the 4e setting is to propel its violently capable protagonists into gonzo D&D-esque action.
The two games I've run that most closely resemble his approach to embeddedness in place have both been one-shots set in late Victorian England - Cthulhu Dark and Wuthering Heights - but in those games the setting wasn't really the point but more served as the backdrop for finding out what happens to the characters.
Personally, I use varying levels of pre-developed 'setting' in my story now games. My guideline is to have enough material for the choices made in character creation to be coherent. In Apocalypse World, much of that same sort of material is actually built right into the playbooks, which is cool. However, if I'm running my own setting, or my own game, I need to give the players some idea of the world they will inhabit, you simply can't play without that, and that means prep. I will draw a distinction here between campaign prep and session prep. I am indexing the former rather than the latter
This brings me to my second point, story-now is not, as some people believe, absent of any prep when prep is at least partially synonymous with 'setting'. It can be, but isn't always, nor does it need to be. Broadly speaking this can and is often accomplished by group world building in some form, but that isn't always the case.
AbdulAlhazred said:
I've put these two quotes together as they both deal with the same thing.
I think AW brings a genre - there are hardholds, and cars and bikes, and the bikies travel in gangs. There are lots of guns. And there's a psychic maelstrom, and as a result there are strange psychics and fortune-telling cult leaders and a little bit of weird tech.
It can be spelled out in those few sentences, and I've put them together by reading the playbooks. I could have looked at the discussion of Fronts and might get a bit more detail - there are mutants/grotesques, for instance - but I think there's nothing in that extra detail that one wouldn't be able to get to from what I've stated above. And there's nothing stopping a MC from pushing in slightly different directions that Vincent himself didn't think of!
Burning Wheel is fairly similar: there are Elves, Dwarves and Orcs - all very Tolkien-esque, and when you read the lifepaths there's little or nothing that would catch one by surprise - and then there are humans with lifepaths that drive home a strong mediaeval feel with a hint of sword-and-sorcery coming out of the Slavery & Servitude and Death Cult lifepaths. In other words, its classic FRPGing but whereas D&D leans into the gonzo BW leans into the serious.
If that's what is meant by developing a setting in advance of play, then there's no conflict with Story Now. You can do it the BW way - brainstorm together, get some ideas, build the PCs and then get going in that implied world (or, as I did in my first BW game, say "Hey, the GH map would work for all this" and so we start with that); or the AW way, of playing out the first session and building the initial relationships and then having the GM/MC go away and prepare a setting that makes sense of all that.
But if we're talking not just about a genre and a broad palette that signals the sorts of themes that might figure in play, and are talking something much more specific - there's this village here and they do things this way; there's this stronghold here and its overlord is a cultist of such-and-such a god; etc - then we've moved into the heart of Edwards's "setting dissection" essay. The most traditional models of this sort of setting - eg MERP, the well-known D&D settings, the 80s and onwards Traveller Imperium, etc - all tend to be at odds with "story now" play because they build in not only the premises of conflict but its resolution.
One striking feature of the real world as a site of play is not just that most people know at least a bit about it, but it notoriously doesn't supply its own answers!
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The dice.
I think that is a function of system. I wrote a post a few years ago about the noteworthy significance of the dice in Classic Traveller play.
What authored fiction speaks the bones?
I think genre and setting often blend a bit, especially in a 'no myth' kind of game like DW. Now, I can set DW games in some part of my own D&D campaign world, and all that did was establish a few basic elements that are pretty much implicit in the DW material already. Even though the maps have been constantly elaborated since the mid 1970s there's infinite amounts of missing detail, and LARGE blank spots with at most some name like 'Zond' crayoned over it (yes actual crayon in the original map, call it 'oil pastel' if you wish). There's plenty of room for the players to inject whatever, and few hard constraints. Anyway, so what if it violates some established fiction from some 1982 D&D session that most everyone has largely forgotten and only exists as pencil notes in some binder that is now sitting in my garage?
I think you could run DW in WoG too, it would be fine. There might be a few "oh, that must be another name for Hardby" moments, perhaps. In fact, using these sorts of settings can toss you free genre material to chew on. I remember you brought up some examples of super hero play a few years ago that touched on that. Certainly there's a whole range in there from true hard zero myth everything aside from basic genre is established in play all the way to highly detailed canonical settings that have answers for a lot of things. Frankly even the most detailed settings are mere sketches anyway. Their most salient characteristic is just establishment of what is and is not POSSIBLE within their specific milieu. Even that may not be very well constrained!
Aldarc said:
Roll 1 : It's a forest
Roll 2 : It's raining
Roll 3 : There is a random encounter
Roll 4 : The PCs are surprised!
Roll 5 : The encounter is at 100'
Roll 6 : It's a chimera
Roll 7 : It is famished and attacks from above!
Player-authored plot in RPGing
An interesting take on "fictional positioning" and adversity in RPGing
GrahamWills
Conflict in RPGing
System matters and free kriegsspiel
Numidius
GMing Toolbox: Methods and Tools for Sessions
damiller

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl