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Plainfield Indiana Neighborhoods
Quick Search All Plainfield Indiana Neighborhoods
Auburn Meadows 1 $154 2276 sq. ft. 2003 0.0%
Bridlewood Estates 9 $125 4162 sq. ft. 2021 0.0%
Bridlewood Reserve 16 $177 2186 sq. ft. 2021 0.0%
Center Ridge 1 $179 1779 sq. ft. 1995 0.0%
Fairfield Woods 2 $87 3611 sq. ft. 2004 0.0%
Forest Creek 1 $106 3503 sq. ft. 2009 0.0%
Hawthorne Ridge 2 $134 3315 sq. ft. 1988 0.0%
Legacy Farms 1 $169 1801 sq. ft. 2016 0.0%
Mares Meadows 1 $137 2330 sq. ft. 1994 0.0%
Meadowview At Vandalia 1 $182 2179 sq. ft. 2021 0.0%
Sycamore Estates 1 $152 2375 sq. ft. 1981 0.0%
The Settlement 14 $173 2284 sq. ft. 2020 0.0%
Trailside 3 $145 3008 sq. ft. 2021 0.0%
Whitmore Place 6 $122 3987 sq. ft. 2019 0.0%
Williamsburg In The Woods 3 $140 3034 sq. ft. 1992 0.0%
Yorktown At Saratoga 1 $98 3620 sq. ft. 2008 0.0%
Daums 1 $92 2784 sq. ft. 1958 0.0%
Duffy 1 $93 2480 sq. ft. 1900 0.0%
Eldinwood 1 $133 1936 sq. ft. 1968 0.0%
Glen Haven 2 $146 1445 sq. ft. 2000 0.0%
Springs At Saratoga 1 $135 1783 sq. ft. 2017 0.0%
Sunny Summit 1 $152 1513 sq. ft. 1960 0.0%
Vandalia 4 $165 1820 sq. ft. 2018 0.0%
Westmere 2 $144 1772 sq. ft. 2000 0.0%
Hillcrest 2 $142 1130 sq. ft. 1962 0.0%
Morrell Heights 1 $147 1125 sq. ft. 1945 0.0%
Pike Brothers 1 $180 750 sq. ft. 1951 0.0%
White Lick 1 $155 804 sq. ft. 1997 0.0%
Wincher Heights 1 $106 1844 sq. ft. 1960 0.0%


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Bedford – miasto w Anglii w hrabstwie Bedfordshire
 Bedford (borough) – dystrykt hrabstwa Bedfordshire (Anglia)
 Bedford – stacja kolejowa w Bedford, w Anglii
 Bedford – miejscowość w hrabstwie Wielki Manchester (Anglia)
 Bedford – miasto w Południowej Afryce, w Prowincji Przylądkowej Wschodniej
 Bedford – miejscowość w Kanadzie, w prowincji Nowa Szkocja
 Bedford Vehicles – dawne brytyjskie przedsiębiorstwo motoryzacyjne
Miejscowości w Stanach Zjednoczonych:
 Bedford – miasto w stanie Indiana, w hrabstwie Lawrence
 Bedford – miasto w stanie Iowa, w hrabstwie Taylor
 Bedford – miasto w stanie Kentucky, w hrabstwie Trimble
 Bedford – miasto w stanie Massachusetts, w hrabstwie Middlesex
 Bedford – miasto w stanie New Hampshire, w hrabstwie Hillsborough
 Bedford – miasto w stanie Nowy Jork, w hrabstwie Westchester
 Bedford – jednostka osadnicza w stanie Nowy Jork, w hrabstwie Westchester
 Bedford – miasto w stanie Ohio, w hrabstwie Cuyahoga
 Bedford – miasto w stanie Pensylwania, w hrabstwie Bedford
 Bedford – miasto w stanie Teksas, w hrabstwie Tarrant
 Bedford – miasto w stanie Wirginia, w hrabstwie Bedford
 Bedford – jednostka osadnicza w stanie Wyoming, w hrabstwie Lincoln
Gminy w USA:
 Bedford (ang. Bedford Township) – gmina w stanie Arkansas, w hrabstwie Cross
 Bedford (ang. Bedford Township) – gmina w stanie Illinois, w hrabstwie Wayne
 Bedford (ang. Bedford Township) – gmina w stanie Iowa, w hrabstwie Taylor
 Bedford (ang. Bedford Town) – gmina w stanie Massachusetts, w hrabstwie Middlesex
 Bedford (ang. Bedford Township) – gmina w stanie Michigan, w hrabstwie Calhoun
 Bedford (ang. Bedford Township) – gmina w stanie Michigan, w hrabstwie Monroe
 Bedford (ang. Bedford Township) – gmina w stanie Missouri, w hrabstwie Lincoln
 Bedford (ang. Bedford Town) – gmina w stanie New Hampshire, w hrabstwie Hillsborough
 Bedford (ang. Bedford Town) – gmina w stanie Nowy Jork, w hrabstwie Westchester
 Bedford (ang. Bedford Township) – gmina w stanie Ohio, w hrabstwie Coshocton
 Bedford (ang. Bedford Township) – gmina w stanie Ohio, w hrabstwie Meigs
 Bedford (ang. Bedford Township) – gmina w stanie Pensylwania, w hrabstwie Bedford
Hrabstwa w USA:
 hrabstwo Bedford (ang. Bedford County) – w stanie Pensylwania
 hrabstwo Bedford (ang. Bedford County) – w stanie Tennessee
 hrabstwo Bedford (ang. Bedford County) – w stanie Wirginia

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Here's How Far These Rappers Got In School
By Stassi Reid/Dec. 12, 2018 11:16 am EST
The road to fame and fortune often doesn't include a traditional path through the education system, particularly since the entertainment industry tends to be a young person's game. Actors, athletes, musicians — all sorts of celebs have juggled the pursuit of knowledge with the pursuit of their careers to varying degrees... and varying degrees. While some made it their mission to excel in the classroom, others hightailed it out of school when they reached their early teens.
The rappers on our list are proof that everyone's educational journey is different. There's Eminem, for example, who failed one grade multiple times. Though he was far from being studious, he would later go on to become one of the best-selling artists, breaking various records in the US and across the pond. And he's just one of many rappers who failed in school but aced it in his professional life.
Let's take a closer look at how far these rappers got in school.
Jay-Z is the 'exception to the rule'
Shawn "Jay-Z" Carter grew up in Brooklyn, N.Y., where he attended Eli Whitney High School, according to author Dennis Abrams biography, Jay-Z (Hip-Hop Stars). After the school closed in the late 80's — due, in part, to "violence in its halls and classrooms" (per The New York Times) — Jay-Z was transferred over to George Westinghouse Career and Technical Education High School, where some of his classmates included a few fellow high-profile rappers, such as Busta Rhymes (who lost to Jay-Z in a high school rap battle), and the late Notorious B.I.G. Jay-Z would later enroll at Trenton Central High School in Trenton, N.J., where his school years would abruptly come to an end.
There's a reason why the rapper boastfully proclaimed, "I'm from the school of the hard knocks," in his 1998 track "Hard Knock Life." He wound up dropping out of school and took refuge in the streets before he eventually snagged a record contract, Forbes reported.
Looking back on his trajectory to superstardom and his lack of formal education, the "Empire State of Mind" artist knows just how special he really is. During a cross-country school tour (via Billboard), he stopped by Chicago's Marshall High School and warned a group of students that he's "the exception to the rule," adding, "There's not too many Jay-Z's. I'm one in a billion. That's not happening every day. You got to have something to fall back on, and try to protect yourself."
Eminem failed the ninth grade three times
To get a better understanding about Marshall "Eminem" Mathers' feelings on education, just listen to his 2002 track, "White America," where he effortlessly rhymes: "But I could rap, so f**k school, I'm too cool to go back / Give me the mic! Show me where the f*****g studio's at!" To say the poetic lyricist hated school is an understatement. Because he moved often and changed schools up to three times per year, he told 60 Minutes that he was a victim of bullying. "I was beat up in the bathroom, beat up in hallways, shoved in the lockers — for the most part for being the new kid," he said.
Unable to connect with his peers, Eminem's grades suffered, and his academic career was marred by truancy. According to a 1999 interview with Rolling Stone magazine, Eminem failed the ninth grade three times and was forced to pursue other options. "My mother was like, 'Get a f*****g job and help me with these bills, or your a** is out,'" he recalled. He would then drop out at the age of 17, CBS News reported.
It was hip-hop music that provided him with an escape. "I found something," Eminem told 60 Minutes of his early experimentation with rap. "'Yeah, this kid over here may have more chicks," he continued, "Like, he may have better clothes or whatever, but he can't [write lyrics] like me."
Eat your hearts out, bullies!
Drake started from the bottom, but now he's a high school grad
With some help from a friend's father who just so happened to be a talent agent, Drake snagged the role of Jimmy Brooks on the Canadian television program DeGrassi: The Next Generation when he was just 15, the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette reported. Sadly, heading out into the workforce as a teen meant school took a backseat. He became the breadwinner of his family, telling Complex magazine, "My mother was very sick. We were very poor, like broke. The only money I had coming in was off of Canadian TV, which isn't that much money when you break it down."
Looking back on being a high school drop-out, Drake appeared to be in his feelings, and he didn't seem content with his decision in an interview with Kentucky Sports Television (via Rolling Stone). "I never really got like a great school experience," he said. *Insert sad face emoji*
It's too bad he can't board a time machine and change the course of his life. But, in 2012, he decided to hit the books to finally make his education dreams come true. "97% on my final exam. 88% in the course. One of the greatest feelings in my entire life. As of tonight I have graduated high school!" he tweeted. We love an educated papi!
G-Eazy is a graduate of The Big Easy
Gerald "G-Eazy" Gillum wasn't exactly sold on the idea of leaving his hometown of Oakland, Calif. behind to attend Loyola University in New Orleans, but it was the school's music program that really drew him in. "John, the guy in charge of the program, told me that they designed the program at Loyola for someone like me," he told WGNO. "My mom wanted me to go to college, so I decided to, and it only took me a week to fall in love with New Orleans."
Many assume his rap moniker pays homage to The Big Easy, but that's not the case. "My nickname as a kid was G.E. because those are my initials. It just sort of turned into G-Eazy from there," he explained, but we like the idea that he named himself after one of his favorite cities better. So, let's roll with that...
With his Bachelors of Science degree in Music Industry Studies in the palm of his hand, he would go on to become one of the biggest names in the industry, with songs, such as "No Limit" and "Me, Myself & I," topping the charts.
Childish Gambino hit it big before he graduated
Donald Glover Jr., who raps under the moniker Childish Gambino, shared his experience with school-age heartache on his track, "My Girls." In it, he raps, "In the fourth grade I had a crush on Tia Smith / Sixth grade and this crush is turned to Beatrice / But they don't like me because I'm too nice / And I'm kinda fat, and not the dope type."
His days of striking out with the ladies are long over. And, as lucky as he has been in the romance department, he has been even luckier in his ascension to fame. It all started after he obtained his high school diploma. He left Stone Mountain, Ga. in the dust and enrolled at New York University in 2002, "majoring in dramatic writing with a minor in psychology," his alma mater's alumni magazine revealed. He and fellow NYU students launched a popular sketch-comedy YouTube channel, and during the sometimes-actor, sometimes-rapper's senior year of college, he was hired as a writer for 30 Rock
Though he did graduate college, Glover's life immediately became meticulously balanced between his various entertainment trades, starting with the release of Childish Gambino's 2010 EP I Am Just a Rapper, which dropped at the same time he starred on NBC's Community, Complex reported.
Kendrick Lamar knows the importance of education
With an insane amount of Grammy awards to his name, it's clear Kendrick Lamar's way with words has music lovers under a trance. And the gifted rapper didn't need to spend years at a post-secondary institution to perfect his flow either. He became the first in his family to graduate from high school when he earned his diploma from Centennial High School, Rap-up reported. With a 4.0 grade point average, Lamar clearly wasn't slacking on his studies, either, and he had his teachers to thank for that.
He was invited to play principal for the day at Mount Pleasant High School in Providence, R.I. back in 2013, and he shared a very important message to nearly 1,000 students: "Without education you don't have anything." The "Poetic Justice" artist went on to credit his rap career to his "middle school English teacher." Of his mentor, Lamar said, "He used to encourage me to write poetry and would challenge me, which helped me improve my vocabulary and made me enjoy writing."
Nicki Minaj is proud of her school, but is the feeling mutual?
New York's Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School specializes in visual and performing arts, and some if its famous alumni include Jennifer Aniston, Liza Minnelli, Sarah Michelle Gellar, and — yes, you guessed it — Nicki Minaj. Enrolling in the legendary institution was a dream come true for the "Anaconda" rapper. "It was the first time I felt like I really fit in," she told Teen Vogue. "Everyone there was creative. For once, I didn't feel like there was something weird about me."
After graduating in 2000, Minaj attempted to return to the campus she loved so much, but her plans were crushed. "I wanted to go back to my HS and speak to the students but the new principal declined. No need for me to inspire them, I guess. Smh," she tweeted. According to Showbiz 411, Minaj was rejected because she wanted to bring a television crew along with her, and the NYC Department of Education declined in order to protect the privacy of its students.
Welp, that's one way to ruin a "Moment 4 Life."
Cardi B's personality got her into a ton of trouble
Speaking with The Ellen DeGeneres Show, Cardi B recalled being "very disruptive" during her school years, constantly cracking jokes and ending up in the principal's office on various occasions. The eccentric personality she displays in interviews was just as robust during her teen years, she admitted. "I was always the funny kid," she told DeGeneres.
However, school wasn't all just fun and games for the "I Like It" rapper. She made sure to add that she was "really good in history" and other subjects she "liked." Though she was always getting "kicked out of class," the "Bodak Yellow" MC said all of her teachers were upset when her school years came to an end. "I made teachers cry when I left," she said. "But the smartest person, the teachers wasn't crying for them."
Immediately following high school, she graduated ... straight to the strip club! According to the bio page on her official website, Cardi B used the money from working the pole "to escape poverty and domestic violence, having been in an abusive relationship at the time." She also put some of those hard-earned dollars towards a college education, which she ultimately abandoned after becoming a social media sensation.
Ludacris is still a panther at heart
Many of Christopher "Ludacris" Bridges' die-hard fans are aware he graduated from Benjamin Banneker High School in Fulton County, Ga. The rapper even shared an adorbs throwback picture from his high school days on his Instagram account back in 2014. Aww. He has since returned to his high school campus numerous times throughout the years to share some inspiring words, including during a 2009 visit (via the AJC), when he told students: "It's not about the hand you're dealt, it's how you play it," before adding, "I'm living proof."
Following his 1996 high school graduation, he enrolled at Georgia State University where he "studied music management" for just one year, the AJC also reported. Since leaving the classroom behind, he's still a very proud GSU alumnus. In a video entitled "A Special Message from Ludacris," the "Rollout" rapper gave a shout out to his alma mater ahead of an intense football matchup.
Gooooo Panthers!
Lil Wayne's mom encouraged him to drop out
Lil Wayne experienced fame at a young age when his raspy voice was featured on Cash Money Records hits, like Juvenile's "Back That A*z Up." But can you imagine being 14-years-old, having one of the hottest songs on the radio and still showing up to public school every day? In some places, it would be business as usual. However, growing up in the gritty Hollygrove neighborhood in New Orleans, Weezy carried a gun for protection whenever he stepped foot on his high school campus.
He told Katie Couric (via HipHopDX) that when his mom saw him put a gun in his backpack one morning, she encouraged him to bring the firearm to school. Then, she made an announcement. "She walked back to my room, she said, 'You don't go to school no more. You gettin' a GED,' and I was like, 'Okay,'" the rapper recalled. "She was like, 'If that's the way you gotta go to school, you on TV right now, tell [Birdman] and them, get you your GED.' So I went and got a GED, and I went to college."
Even though he probably already had "Amili" or more to his name by the time 2002 rolled around, Lil Wayne enrolled at the University of Houston with a major in political science, according to Free Press Houston. And later, he would enroll at the University of Phoenix to take advantage of their online psychology courses, The Guardian shared.

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Authorities to rethink policies that allow residents to decide for themselves whether to evacuate their homes; official death toll stands at 181.
Authorities searching for answers to the carnage from the worst wildfires in Australia's history said Tuesday they would rethink policies that allow residents to decide for themselves whether to evacuate their homes. An official said he expected the death toll to exceed 200. Authorities defended their preparation and actions during the fires that swept unchecked across southeastern Australia last weekend, saying the weather conditions were so extreme that it was almost impossible to avoid some level of catastrophe. The official death toll currently stands at 181. But they agreed all current policies would have to be reviewed to prevent a similar disaster from happening again. Teams moving into towns burned out by the inferno found charred bodies on roadsides and in crashed cars - grim signs of futile attempts to flee raging wildfires fed by 60 mph (100 kph) winds, record heat and drought. On Tuesday evening, Victoria state Premier John Brumby said the coroner had identified another 50 bodies that had not been counted in the official death toll. "This is going to be a significant number, it will exceed 200 deaths," Brumby said. Suspicions that some of the 400 blazes were caused by arson has led police to declare crime scenes in some incinerated towns. Police assistant Commissioner Dannye Moloney, who was appointed Tuesday to head the task force investigating the fires, said officials were preparing to release a sketch of a suspect in one of the fires, which killed 21 people. The fires near Melbourne, Australia's second largest city at some 4 million people, destroyed more than 750 homes, left 5,000 people homeless, and burned 1,100 square miles (2,850 square kilometers) of land, the Victoria Country Fire Service said. Three days after the wildfires, officials said their ferocity, pace and breadth made them impossible to fight effectively. Still, this disaster would likely rewrite the books on what is considered best practice for handling fires, including the widespread policy of allowing residents in high-risk areas to decide for themselves whether to stay and fight or flee. The policy recognizes that Australia's wildfire services - made up largely of volunteers - lack the resources to protect every house; thus, homeowners are allowed to try to protect their own property. "It is the application of that policy and a lack of an alternative that we need to work on," Country Fire Authority chief Russel Rees told reporters Tuesday. But he conceded that evacuation orders were unlikely to be heeded by all, and would be hard to enforce during a fire emergency. Victorian state Police and Emergency Services Minister Bob Cameron said his government would not consider making fire evacuations mandatory as it awaits the recommendations of a commission investigating the disaster. "We know that when you have compulsory evacuation, you end up with lots and lots of collisions on the road," he told Australian Broadcasting Corp. television. In Victoria, there is no formal alert system of text messages or phone calls to warn residents of approaching wildfires, though the state's Country Fire Authority regularly posts updates to its Web site on individual blazes along with advice for residents. The service's updates are also broadcast over the radio. In the worst conditions, like Saturday's, the direction and intensity of fires can change so quickly that sirens, e-mail and other possible warning systems are not effective, officials say. Brumby said a national emergency warning system for wildfires should be considered, and that he wrote to Prime Minister Kevin Rudd about the idea months ago. Survivors were divided on the issue. Brooke Coleman, 29, said her family followed their prepared fire plan - she left with her 18-month-old daughter and husband Zack stayed to try to protect their house, one of few that survived in Kinglake. "We wouldn't have a house if my husband hadn't stayed up there," said Coleman, whose husband lived in the town - and with wildfire threats - all his life. Tim Hubbard left his house in Healesville with his wife and five children when he heard the fire was closing in. "I think there should be a line drawn on this 'make up your own mind whether you stay and fight,'" he said. "I'd be absolutely fine with being told to evacuate. Sometimes you can't stop where the fire is going to go, it doesn't matter how much fighting you do." The scale of the disaster shocked a nation that endures deadly firestorms every few years. Officials said panic and the freight-train speed of the flames probably accounted for the unusually high death toll. Some experts suggested the large number of deaths could also be partly due to a change in the makeup of the population in the areas blackened by the blazes. There are more people living on the outskirts of cities like Melbourne who have no experience with wildfires, relying on the resources of the Country Fire Authority for help with the blazes, said Mark Adams of the Bushfire Cooperative Research Center. It used to be that families that lived in such areas were usually prepared with equipment to fight the fires themselves, Adams told ABC Television. Rudd addressed the tragedy in Parliament, which suspended normal debate for a second day to hear condolence speeches. The possibility of arson, "leaves us speechless," he said. "There is no excuse for this, none at all. This ... is simply murder on a grand scale." President Barack Obama telephoned Rudd on Monday night to convey his condolences to the victims. Obama offered U.S. assistance to help with the fires. Dozens of other world leaders also sent condolences. Firefighters on Tuesday were still battling more than a dozen blazes that burned out of control across Victoria state, although conditions were much cooler than Saturday. Forecasters said temperatures would rise later this week, posing a risk of flare-ups. Of Australia's estimated 60,000 fires in forests and other vegetation each year, about half are deliberately lit or are suspicious, the government-funded Institute of Criminology said earlier this month.


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FAQ: We Didn't Start The Fire?
1 What show used we didn't start the fire?
2 What was we didn't start the fire written about?
3 Is we didn't start the fire a political message?
4 What years did we didn't start the fire cover?
5 Is we didn't start the fire in chronological order?
6 Who else sang we didn't start the fire?
7 What genre is we didn't start the fire?
8 What year did Billy Joel song we didn't start the fire?
What show used we didn't start the fire?
The cast of the upcoming film Avengers: Endgame just offered up a primer on the Marvel Cinematic Universe for The Tonight Show With Jimmy Fallon. And get this: It's set to Billy Joel's "We Didn't Start The Fire."
What was we didn't start the fire written about?
Billy Joel wrote the song 'We Didn't Start the Fire' as a response to a comment about how much harder it was growing up in the 1980s as opposed to the 1950s. He wrote the lyrics before the music and included the song on his 1989 album Storm Front.
Is we didn't start the fire a political message?
It is a song known for its engagement with politics, figureheads, war, and the tumultuous years between Joel's birth, in 1949, and the song's release. This particular style seems to mimic the speed at which the tumultuous world events and politics moved, taking it into the rhythm and style of the song.
What years did we didn't start the fire cover?
Throughout the lyrics, Joel makes his way through a whopping 118 historical events, traversing a rhythmic course through life from 1948 to 1989, never once straining to rhyme, breaking stride or losing any momentum on its way to a searing guitar solo — and what's more, he wraps it up in under five minutes.
You might be interested: Szybka Odpowiedź: Sea Of Thieves Steam?
Is we didn't start the fire in chronological order?
"We Didn't Start the Fire" is a song written and performed by American musician Billy Joel. A list song, its fast-paced lyrics include brief references to 118 significant political, cultural, scientific, and sporting events between 1949, the year of Joel's birth, and 1989, in a mainly chronological order.
Who else sang we didn't start the fire?
Billy Joel's "We Didn't Start The Fire" is a classic song, but he said he actually hates it. Joel told the University of Oxford in 1994 that he wrote this song in a stream of consciousness after a conversation with a friend of Sean Lennon's (son of The Beatles' John Lennon).
What genre is we didn't start the fire?
Its lyrics are a chronological list of people, events and issues from the first 40 years of Billy Joel's life, beginning in 1949. Many of these lyrics refer to political leaders, events and issues from the Cold War, such as Joseph Stalin and Joseph McCarthy through to the 1983 Korean Air disaster.
What year did Billy Joel song we didn't start the fire?
' I Loved It. As a 4-year-old, our critic couldn't get enough of this manic 1989 hit, a crash course in U.S. history. Now the song lives on in parodies and memes.
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1. Why label myself concretely as one thing or the other? Unless it's for marketing purposes?
2. It's high in animal flesh – something that my nutritional hero Dr. Furhman doesn't consider healthy. It's also hard to do when you're restricting your histamine intake. (Animal flesh begins accumulating histamine raising bacteria the moment it's slaughtered).
3. I think beans should be consumed once in a while (if you can tolerate the lectins), mainly for their vitamin B content, protein and their role in treating/preventing various cancers.
While we're on the subject – lectins are something I hear a lot about. People write to me asking why I include beans, or telling me the reason they went ahead with the Paleo thing is because they can't eat them. And so I ask: do you eat carrots or lettuce? Because they have lectins too. Yes, it's an interesting point that I don't see many people making.
So, the lectin thing didn't seem like a good reason to me. What always seems like a good idea is to take on board the scientifically sound points that any nutritional philosophy/trend highlights. And so I finally realised that my desire to cut back on grains just happens to agree with the prevailing Paleo movement, rather than being a good reason to jump in whole hog. But, having taken to heart the many positives of the healthy Paleo diet movement, I've decided that my next book – featuring ONLY antihistamine and anti inflammatory ingredients – will be released in two editions: low histamine or low histamine Paleo.
The only downside (apart from more work!), is that there's a lot of nuts. Nuts nuts nuts everywhere on Paleo. That raises the question – is a recipe still low histamine if it has two cups of almond flour? Especially given the bizarre habit of calling for blanched almond flour, thereby removing the polyphenol rich almond skins. Why on earth would you do that? To make it look pretty naturally! But as those of you who follow my blog have seen, nutrition trumps beauty every time. That's not to say I'm into ugly food…as you can see by the photo of my (still in progress) low histamine Paleo pancake recipe. I'm trying to figure out how to fit in as many antihistamine and anti inflammatory ingredients as possible!
I won't be breaking too much new ground Paleo-wise, but the recipes will be unique in that they're packed full of the healthy nutrients needed for proper histamine metabolism.
Don't forget to sign up to my newsletter for free recipes, a 10% discount on books and tons of histamine related research.


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Manila file folders come in a pack of 100.


Are you looking for a role which is varied, fast-paced and a critical part of keeping business systems running? Everybody tells you that technology is the world's fastest growing industry, but what if you could really see for yourself? If you think a career in tech is just about coding, think again. A career in IT Service Management is essential in the smooth running of a business. At FDM, our training will prepare you to progress in various roles including; systems engineers, security professionals, and branch out to several other job titles within sub disciplines. Which can you see yourself in?
FDM is an award-winning graduate employer. We're passionate about kick-starting graduate careers in technology and support you every step of the way. When you become an FDMer, your adventure begins with training at our London, Leeds, Birmingham or Glasgow Academy, as well as two years of commercial experience, so for those critical first few years after graduation, you'll be off to a flying start. It doesn't stop there, many of our consultants go on to work permanently with the client, work internally at FDM or choose a different pathway using the connections and experience they've gained. If you're looking for a fast-paced role with excellent career progression, look no further.
Over 3,700 FDM consultants are currently placed with our clients, working in a variety of roles including; Software Development, Business Intelligence, IT Service Management and Software Testing. We work with prestigious clients all around the world including; Barclays, Save the Children and Virgin Media, to name a few. Your opportunity to make an impact in the industry starts here.
Please note, applying for this role does not guarantee a place on this particular stream, you will be assessed at the assessment day to align you to a best suited role for your skillset. There are other roles available including; Software Development, Software Testing and Business Intelligence.


text:
The modulation index (or modulation depth) of a modulation scheme describes by how much the modulated variable of the carrier signal varies around its unmodulated level. It is defined differently in each modulation scheme.

Amplitude modulation index
Frequency modulation index
Phase modulation index


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Christian Zickelbein (* 12. Juni 1937 in Wiesenburg, Provinz Brandenburg) ist ein Hamburger Schachfunktionär, der vor allem im Jugendschach, beim Hamburger Schachklub und in der deutschen Schachbundesliga aktiv ist. 2002 sprach ihm der Deutsche Schachbund Dank und Anerkennung in Form einer Ehrenurkunde aus. Im Jahr 2004 wurde ihm das Bundesverdienstkreuz am Bande verliehen.

Jugendschach
Zickelbeins Eltern zogen nach Hamburg, als er zwölf Jahre alt war. Seit 1951 ist er Mitglied des Hamburger SK. Im Jahr 1956 gründete er auf Anregung Emil Dähnes, des damaligen Vorsitzenden des HSK und Präsidenten des Deutschen Schachbundes, am Heinrich-Hertz-Gymnasium als Schüler eine Schulschachgruppe. Im Bemühen um finanzielle Unterstützung für die Schachgruppe war Zickelbein 1959 Mitbegründer des Hamburger Schachjugendbundes. Ab 1966 war Zickelbein als Lehrer am Gymnasium Uhlenhorst-Barmbek tätig und leitete dort nicht nur die Schulschachgruppe, sondern bis 1972 auch die Hamburger Schachjugend. Von seiner Initiative ging auch die Gründung der Deutschen Schachjugend 1971 aus. Von 1972 bis 1986 war Zickelbein nicht als Schachfunktionär tätig, nahm aber bis in die 1980er Jahre als Betreuer an Freizeiten der Hamburger Schachjugend teil.

Hamburger SK
Von 1986 bis 2017 war Christian Zickelbein Vorsitzender des Hamburger SK. Anlass war die Trennung des HSK vom HSV. Er organisierte 1991 ein stark besetztes Großmeisterturnier und trieb den Bau eines Vereinsheimes voran, das 1996 bezogen wurde. Als Einnahmequelle nutzt er unter anderem Schachpräsentationen in Hamburger Einkaufszentren. Außerdem war er Chefredakteur der Vereinszeitung "aktuell".

Schachbundesliga
Zickelbein war auch Mannschaftsführer der Bundesligamannschaft des HSK, für die er in der Saison 1990/91 einmal zum Einsatz kam. Über diese Funktion wurde er auf Vorschlag von Rudolf Veith Sprecher der Bundesligavereine. Hier galt sein Bemühen der Koordination der Bundesligavereine und der besseren Präsentation der Bundesliga. Bald strebte er eine größere Autonomie vom Deutschen Schachbund an, die er 2007 mit der Gründung der Schachbundesliga e.V. erreichte. Ab der Saison 2008/2009 ist dieser neue Verein, dem Zickelbein als Gründungsvorstand vorsitzt, für die Ausrichtung der Schachbundesliga verantwortlich.

Quellen
 Harry Schaack: Der Vater des Klubs. Ein Interview mit dem 1. Vorsitzenden des HSK, Christian Zickelbein. In: KARL, 1/2005, S. 38–42.
 André Schulz: Bundesverdienstkreuz für Christian Zickelbein, ChessBase-News, 13. Januar 2005
 André Schulz: Porträt zum 70. Geburtstag, ChessBase-News
 Zeitschrift Schach, Nr. 2/2005, S. 69
 Jens Hüttmann: Vorbereitung aufs Leben: Nachträglicher Gruß zum 80. Geburtstag des großen Multiplikators Christian Zickelbein, in: KARL 3/2017, S. 48–52
 Interview mit Christian Zickelbein im Schachgeflüster-Podcast vom 28. September 2020 auf YouTube

Einzelnachweise

Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes am Bande
Schachfunktionär
Schachspieler (Hamburger SK)
Deutscher
Geboren 1937
Mann


Was $100.00 You save $92.01!
These days, everything in our lives helps us to increase efficiency. Why not make grilling skewers more efficient with the Bull Stainless Steel Flexible Wire Grilling Skewers?
This set of 4 skewers can be used to cook a variety of vegetables or meat on the grill that would normally fall through the grates. Their flexible design fits more food than traditional skewers and allows for more effective use of space on the grill.
Thanks to the durable stainless steel construction, these skewers won't rust while marinading and will last you through many grilling seasons.


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Home Health Bayer says Oct. U.S. glyphosate trial delayed until further notice
Bayer says Oct. U.S. glyphosate trial delayed until further notice
on: October 07, 2019 In: Health
(This October 6 story has been refilled to correct "until February" to "until further notice" in headline and "new court date" to "court status conference" in paragraphs 1 & 6)
FRANKFURT (Reuters) – A pending U.S. lawsuit over claims related to Bayer's (BAYGn.DE) glyphosate-based herbicide Roundup has been delayed, the company said on Sunday, with a court status conference in February, 2020.
"The Oct. 15, 2019 trial date for Winston v. Monsanto in St. Louis City has been postponed," Bayer said in a statement.
The lawsuit is the latest of several to be delayed as mediator Ken Feinberg tries to negotiate a settlement between the company and U.S. plaintiffs after a California jury in August last year found that Monsanto should have warned of alleged cancer risks.
"With the change in the trial schedule and no trial dates set through the rest of the year, the appeals of the three completed trials will be a significant focus of the litigation in the months…
Box office: 'Joker' smashes October record with $93.5 million debut
Balloons fill Albuquerque sky in 2nd day of annual fiesta
UK ditches COVID-19 app model to use Google-Apple system
Cuban dons full-body cardboard shield against coronavirus
UK continuing drug trials to improve on COVID-19 steroid treatment


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Q: how to display data from form as summary? I have a small form with these fields:
<input required="" type="text" data-field="fld_727838" class=" form-control" id="fld_727838_1" name="fld_727838" value="" data-type="text" aria-required="true" aria-labelledby="fld_727838Label">

<input required="" type="text" data-field="fld_171035" class=" form-control" id="fld_171035_1" name="fld_171035" value="" data-type="text" aria-required="true" aria-labelledby="fld_171035Label">

<input type="tel" data-field="fld_2575575" class="form-control parsely-error" id="fld_2575575_1" name="fld_2575575" value="" data-type="phone_better" aria-labelledby="fld_2575575Label" autocomplete="off" placeholder="(201) 555-0123">

I want to create a summary that gathers the info the user has input, like this:

*

*your name is: (display what the user First Name field is)

*your last is: (display what the user last name is)

*your phone number is: (display what the user cell # has input)

how do i do it?

A: Here's an example using some jQuery functions. It looks like you are using some form building plugin or framework that is adding some unhelpful ids and data attributes, but we'll just ignore them. You said you weren't sure what to even look up so I'll explain each line of the javascript/jQuery.
Attach an event handler function that gets called every time you remove focus from (blur) an input field.
$('input').on('blur', function() {

Start with a blank string.
let summary = '';

Loop through all of the inputs
$('input').each( function() {

Get the value of this input and add it to the string with a space at the end.
    summary += $(this).val() + ' ';

This is the end of the inputs loop
});

Set the text in your html of the element with id="summary" to the string we built.
$('#summary').text(summary);

This is the end of the event handler function.
});

$('input').on('blur', function() {
    let summary = '';
    $('input').each( function() {
        summary += $(this).val() + ' ';
    });
    $('#summary').text(summary);
});

Form

<input required="" type="text" data-field="fld_727838" class=" form-control" id="fld_727838_1" name="fld_727838" value="" data-type="text" aria-required="true" aria-labelledby="fld_727838Label">

<input required="" type="text" data-field="fld_171035" class=" form-control" id="fld_171035_1" name="fld_171035" value="" data-type="text" aria-required="true" aria-labelledby="fld_171035Label">

<input type="tel" data-field="fld_2575575" class="form-control parsely-error" id="fld_2575575_1" name="fld_2575575" value="" data-type="phone_better" aria-labelledby="fld_2575575Label" autocomplete="off" placeholder="(201) 555-0123">

Summary

A: You should use  tag in html to gather user input data
<form id="myForm">
  <input required="" type="text" data-field="fld_727838" class=" form-control" id="fld_727838_1" name="fld_727838" value="" data-type="text" aria-required="true" aria-labelledby="fld_727838Label">
  <input required="" type="text" data-field="fld_171035" class=" form-control" id="fld_171035_1" name="fld_171035" value="" data-type="text" aria-required="true" aria-labelledby="fld_171035Label">
  <input type="tel" data-field="fld_2575575" class="form-control parsely-error" id="fld_2575575_1" name="fld_2575575" value="" data-type="phone_better" aria-labelledby="fld_2575575Label" autocomplete="off" placeholder="(201) 555-0123">
  <input type="submit">

jQuery code
$(document).ready(function(e){
  $('#myForm').on('submit',function(){
    alert( $('#fld_727838_1').val() );
  });
});

EDIT:
After knowing the use case you can use onBlur() method

function myFunction() {
  var x = document.getElementById("name");
  x.value = x.value.toUpperCase();
}
Enter your name: <input type="text" id="name" onblur="myFunction()">

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


If you are a real estate investor and would like to purchase another property, you are likely wondering what path will give you the results you want.
You can find a range of lending options with a quick search. They are not all equal, and you must look at both sides if you want to choose the right path the first time.
A hard money loan could be the perfect solution for your situation, which is a loan you secure with the property you would like to purchase. You can get several benefits by using a hard money loan, and this guide reveals everything you need to know.
Getting a standard loan is not easy if you have poor credit or no credit. You don't have to let that issue prevent you from investing in a lucrative piece of real estate, and hard money loans could be the solution you need.
As long as your lender understands the long-term value of the property in which you would like to invest, you can get your funds without submitting to a credit check.
Since the finance company you use might want to review your business plan and understand how much money you expect to earn before signing off on the deal, don't forget to do your homework.
An investment property with a lot of potential won't be on the market for long, so you must act fast if you don't want to lose the opportunity. The problem is that some lenders will take weeks or longer to approve your loan.
The property at which you have been looking could be gone by then, and you don't want to take the chance. Hard money loans allow you to get the required funds into your account without delay so that you can make your purchase as soon as possible. You won't need to worry about long approval times that could harm your progress when using this option.
If you want to invest in a property and get the most for your money, you will probably need to make a few repairs before placing your property on the market. Some lenders require you to take out a separate loan for the property and the repair fees.
Taking that path could make it hard or impossible for you to pay the down payment and make the required improvements to the property.
According to Delancey Street, hard money loans let you overcome those issues so that you won't need to worry about them. In most situations, you can include the cost of repairs in your hard money loan, and you will move forward without stress.
If you want to buy a property but don't want to deal with the paperwork and stress of standard loans, a hard money loan can make a positive difference for your bottom line. You can skip the credit check and get the funds in your account without unneeded setbacks or delays.
Hard money loans could make a big difference when you need to make a time-sensitive investment. Exploring this path with an open mind is a smart move when your goal is to get a loan that makes more sense for you than the rest.
As long as you read the terms and know what to expect in advance, you can find a hard money loan that lets you achieve your desired outcome in no time.


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Investor visa scheme closed
Begining on 17 February 2022, the Investor visa to the UK will be closed to new entrants. That means no application for new visas accepted by Home Office. However, those who already hold the visa are still eligible for ILR or extension as applicable.
Investor visa to the UK
The Investor visa is for those who have substantial funds available for investment in the UK. The applicant in this category must meet the following key requirements:
Have no less than £2million funds available;
The funds are held in a regulated financial institution and are transferrable to the UK;
Have a UK bank account opened with a UK regulated institution;
Obtain criminal record certificates from any country where resided for at least 12 months within 10 years before application.
Obtain TB test certificate (if resides in a country where TB testing is required).
There is no English language requirement.
There is no maintenance requirement.
One of the most difficult tasks faced by the applicants is proving the source of the funds. Ensuring that they are held in compliant accounts is also a major issue.
ILR for visa holders
The initial visa is granted for 3 years and 4 months (3 years if switched from inside the UK) and it can be extended for a further 2 years. After 5 years Investors can apply for settlement and subsequently for the British citizenship.
There is an accelerated settlement offered after 3 years for those who invest £5million and after 2 years for those who invest £10 million. The accelerated 3 year or 2 year ILR is only for the Investor applicant and it is not available for the dependent family members. The accelerated ILR also does not mean that you can apply for British citizenship sooner, you would still need to wait until you have 5 continues years residence in the UK.


Bali Governor present the results of a survey conducted to foreign tourists while in Bali. The survey will be undertaken concerning many things about the complaints of foreign tourists while in Bali. There are eleven of the most complained about foreign tourists while in Bali. The results of the survey conveyed by the Governor of Bali in Bali Podium Free Talk Anything in the Lapangan Bajra Sandhi Denpasar, Sunday, February 8th, 2015.
It is inevitable that Bali is an island packed with garbage. Garbage thrown carelessly by residents. Waste management system is also very bad. Garbage just piled in landfills. There is no good treatment for all trash in Bali.
Kuta Beach is a beach that is very famous and a gathering place for people from various countries, the rainy season is always filled with garbage. Kuta Beach becomes very ugly, disgusting during the rainy season, because the garbage piled sealalu and stranded on this beach. With this condition, of course, all tourists visiting Kuta Beach certainly complain. Because merica see beautiful beaches, suddenly filled with garbage. Certainly they were very disappointed with it.
Traffic congestion is the most complained about by foreign tourists during a visit in Bali. Dipungkuri difficult. Roads in Bali never grow. Mass transportation is also very minimal, so there is no alternative that can be used to smooth transportation.
Almost all roads in Bali are always traffic jams. Starting from east to west, north to south, all the inevitable traffic jams. Factor of traffic congestion in Bali is Bali's economy level residents are getting better and increasing. Everyone had a vehicle, at least every citizen of Bali have one motorcycle for traveling. Motorcycles and cars are vehicles mandatory for everyone in Bali. Because there is no good mass transport in Bali.
Bali governor appealed to all parties to make changes and improvements to the bad things that exist in Bali foreign tourist-related discomfort while in Bali. He is determined to be a green island of Bali, the island is free of organic foods made from toxic chemicals.
The recent survey done in Bali concluded that garbage and traffic were at the top of visitors complaints. Next came Immigration and customs at the Bali airport, and last came dishonest money changers.
I'd like to suggest Bali Orti look into the practice of cheating tourists when they change money here. This is often done the first or second day of their arrival in Bali. If they are unfortunate enough to pick one the dishonest changers and find they've been cheated out of tens if not hundreds of dollars, imagine how this will not only upset and ruin their holiday in Bali, but also how that takes away purchases from Taxi drivers, art shops, warungs, etc. The tourist is likely to change their perception of Bali and the Balinese and possibly not come here again. Why are these unlicensed and illegal money changers allowed to continue cheating tourists and ruining their holidays, as well as the reputation of Bali?
Back to the Airport. Since relocating after the renovation, the official taxi counter discontinued posting their rates to local destinations. At that time, many complaints were heard regarding the taxi counter staff over charging tourists. Recently, an Indonesian friend was told the rate for a taxi to Hotel Amaris on Padma Utara in Legian would cost him 200,000Rp. That's double what the real prices is. Since there is no price list posted and available for tourists to see, it's easy for counter staff and their many friends behind the counter to cheat local and foreign tourists. The Supervisor of the Airport Taxis was called but he didn't seem to care about our complaints. Is this what Bali wants tourist's first encounter with the Balinese to be? Cheated?


text:
Mast Arboretum is a  arboretum and botanical garden on the campus of Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, Texas, one of 4 main gardens on the campus. The arboretum is open daily without charge.

The arboretum began in 1985 as a landscape plant materials class project, and has grown its collections through exchanges with the Arnold Arboretum, the United States National Arboretum, the North Carolina State University Arboretum, and others.

The arboretum contains more than 3,000 plant species and 20 theme gardens, including butterfly, conifer, fern, herb, heritage, and holly gardens, a pitcher plant bog, Asian valley, beehive exhibit, and a vine collection.

The Ruby Mize Azalea Garden () is of particular interest: It was created between 1997–2001, and now contains some 7,000 azaleas, 200 camellias, 200 Japanese maple varieties, 180 hydrangea varieties, and 400 other rare ornamental trees and shrubs.

See also
 List of botanical gardens in the United States

External links
 S.F.A. Gardens

Arboreta in Texas
Botanical gardens in Texas
Protected areas of Nacogdoches County, Texas
Stephen F. Austin State University


In-line alloy cracks fuel, liberates hydrogen : improves combustion, reduces pollutants ~ 50%, & increases power.
Advanced Power Systems International, Inc. (APSI) is a 20 year old company which was formed to develop, manufacture and market the Fitch Fuel Catalyst technology. The Fitch Fuel Catalyst is a true catalyst which reformulates gasoline, diesel, fuel oil and propane allowing the user to extract more energy from these fuels. By doing so the user can either increase performance, in terms of horsepower and torque, or increase fuel efficiency by using less fuel to do the same amount of work. It can also produce a combination of both depending on the application.
Because the Fitch Fuel Catalyst causes more complete and efficient combustion there is less residue left after combustion something which you know of as "emissions". Thus Green House gases and pollution are reduced significantly.
The Fitch Fuel Catalyst reformulates gasoline, diesel, fuel oil, propane and natural gas causing the reformulated fuels to produce more energy during combustion than these fuels otherwise would. It is a true catalyst which by definition causes one or more chemical reactions but does not participate in them. Because it doesn't participate in the reaction, unlike additives, it is not consumed in the reaction and thus lasts for years after initial installation. The Fitch Fuel Catalyst also has no moving parts and is thus maintenance free.
The Fitch technology has been validated numerous times including by a University Laboratory, a number of independent engineering test facilities using ASTM test protocols, a number of independent performance testing facilities, a number of publications and by our customers. ..
A fuel catalyst for improving combustion efficiency is provided that includes at least one hydride producing element, and at least one element of greater activity on the electrolytic scale than the hydride producing element and at least one element of lesser activity on the electrolytic scale than the hydride producing element. The hydride producing element preferably includes an element from at least one of a Group IV and Group V of the periodic table. The element of greater activity and the element of lesser activity preferably includes at least one of zinc, magnesium, aluminum, palladium, silver, copper and cerium. Preferred formulations of the catalyst element include: a) 20-60 %wt antimony, 10-30 %wt tin, 10-80 %wt zinc and 1-5 %wt silver; b) 40 %wt antimony, 18 %wt tin, 40 %wt zinc and 2 %wt silver; c) 20-60 %wt antimony, 10-30 %wt tin, 20-80 %wt magnesium, 1-8 %wt cerium and 0.1-1.0 %wt palladium; d) 40 %wt antimony, 25 %wt tin, 30 %wt magnesium, 4.8 %wt cerium and 0.2 %wt palladium; and e) 25 %wt antimony, 25 %wt tin, 39 %wt zinc and 11 %wt aluminum.
 The present invention relates in general to methods and devices for treating fuels prior to combustion in order to increase combustion efficiency and thereby reduce exhaust emissions.
 It has long been an objective of many individuals within different industries to develop devices and methods for improving the combustion efficiency of hydrocarbon fuel burning systems. A major breakthrough in improving fuel efficiency was the development of a fuel catalyst described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,359 that could be used to treat fuel prior to combustion. While the fuel catalyst has proven to be effective, the underlying mechanism of operation has not been previously understood. It is therefore an object of the present invention to determine the underlying mechanism of operation of the fuel catalyst so that additional catalysts can be analytically developed.
 The invention is based on the discovery of what is believed to be the underlying mechanism that causes a fuel catalyst to improve combustion efficiency due to the liberation of hydrogen from fuel. Based on the discovery of the underlying mechanism, it is possible to analytically determine formulations of new fuel catalyst elements. In a preferred embodiment, a fuel catalyst for improving combustion efficiency is provided that includes at least one hydride producing element, and at least one element of greater activity on the electrolytic scale than the hydride producing element and at least one element of lesser activity on the electrolytic scale than the hydride producing element. The hydride producing element preferably includes an element from at least one of a Group IV and Group V of the periodic table. The element of greater activity and the element of lesser activity preferably includes at least one of zinc, magnesium, aluminum, palladium, silver, copper and cerium. Preferred formulations of the catalyst element include: a) 20-60 %wt antimony, 10-30 %wt tin, 10-80 %wt zinc and 1-5 %wt silver; b) 40 %wt antimony, 18 %wt tin, 40 %wt zinc and 2 %wt silver; c) 20-60 %wt antimony, 10-30 %wt tin, 20-80 %wt magnesium, 1-8 %wt cerium and 0.1-1.0 %wt palladium; d) 40 %wt antimony, 25 %wt tin, 30 %wt magnesium, 4.8 %wt cerium and 0.2 %wt palladium; and e) 25 %wt antimony, 25 %wt tin, 39 %wt zinc and 11 %wt aluminum. Various mechanisms may be used to bring fuel into contact with the fuel catalyst element including in-line housings, drop-in housings, coated fuel lines and placing the fuel catalyst within fuel tanks among others.
 FIG. 22 is an end view of the drop-in fuel treatment device illustrated in FIGS. 20 & 21.
 The fuel catalyst described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,359 functions well in a variety of fuels to increase combustion efficiency, reduce exhaust gas pollutants and particulates, and increase power. The fuel catalyst can be easily incorporated into a fuel treatment device that treats fuel as it is supplied to an engine, furnace or boiler. FIG. 1, for example, illustrates a fuel treatment device comprising a cylindrical two-part in-line housing or container 10 including a fuel flow inlet 12 and a fuel flow outlet 14. The container 10 can be manufactured from a plastic material, metal, composites and other synthetic materials. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, a plurality of catalyst elements 16 are located within the container 10 and are arranged in two sets of three elements as illustrated in FIG. 2. The catalyst elements 16 are located between element spacers 18 and mild steel mesh disks 20. The element spacers 18 are preferably plastic disks with perforations that permit, as with the steel mesh disks 20, the passage of fuel from the fuel flow inlet 12 to the fuel flow outlet 14, during which time the fuel comes into contact with the elements 16. If the container 10 is made from mild steel, it is not necessary to include separate mild steel mesh disks 20.
 As described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,359, the elements 16 preferably include, apart from impurities, 60 to 80 %wt tin, 15 to 30 %wt antimony, 2 to 7 %wt lead, and 3 to 12 %wt mercury, and may be formed by casting, extruding, cutting or shaping to have any desired configuration. In the illustrated embodiment, the elements 16 have a base diameter of approximately 20 mm. Although six elements are illustrated, the particular number required naturally depends upon the desired application and implementation of the fuel treatment device. Further, altering the number of elements 16 will naturally change the number of element spacers 18 and steel mesh disks 20 employed in the device. A catalytic reaction takes place between the fuel and the elements 16 as the fuel passes through the container 10, which causes an improvement in the combustion of the fuel when burned.
 c) the molten material is poured, by use of a mild or stainless steel ladle, into molds (of the desired element shape) in a mold block, which is formed of mild steel and is pre-heated to a temperature sufficient to prevent the material from solidifying in less than one second after pouring.
 It should be noted that mis-cast elements, or any of the formulation allowed to solidify in the melting pot, may be remelted and re-cast provided that the total time lapse after the addition of the mercury does not exceed 45 minutes.
 In a still further embodiment, the elements 16 may be made from an alloy that is approximately 75 %wt tin, 21 %wt antimony and 4 %wt lead, wherein 0.5 kg of mercury and 0.020 kg platinum is added to 5.0 kg of the alloy.
 Empirical evidence has demonstrated that the fuel catalyst improves the combustion process in diesel, gasoline, alcohol (both methanol and ethanol), and heating oil. Testing conducted by the Advanced Propulsion Technology Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, for example, confirmed that treatment of fuel with the elements 16 changed the composition of fuel, in the direction of higher octane, higher energy fuel constituents, for gasoline, Indolene and diesel. The method of analysis chosen was gas chromatography followed by mass spectrometric detection (GC/MS). GC/MS is capable of determining the chemical composition of complex mixtures of organic compounds such as fuels. Testing was conducted using catalyst packs containing 3.5 inch diameter elements, of the type described above, in a polyethylene cage. Two 250 ml samples each of diesel fuel, gasoline (unleaded, 87 octane), and Indolene (a research gasoline) were placed in pre-cleaned, amber glass bottles fitted with Teflon (tm) lined caps.
An element pack was placed in one jar of each type of fuel, shaken for one minute, and left to stand for 12 hours. A 25 ml aliquot of each fuel, treated and untreated was then taken and put into precleaned 40 ml headspace sampling vials and provided for GC/MS analysis. The GC/MS analysis consisted of a 0.5 ml sample from the headspace of each vial (i.e. a sample of the vapors above the fuel in the vial). A splitless injection was made of each sample onto a 60 m DB-624 capillary column, cryogenically cooled inside a Hewlett-Packard (HP) 5890 Series 11 GC to 0 degrees Celsius. The GC run conditions were 0 Celsius for 10 min., then 0-250 Celsius at 3 C./min, which resulted in excellent separation of the components. Detection was accomplished with an HP 5971 MSD, controlled by HP Chemstation software.
 The six reconstructed ion chromatograms for the treated and untreated gasoline, Indolene, and diesel fuels, respectively, are shown in FIGS. 3-8. Detailed data analysis was performed using the Chemstation software. The results of these experiments show major changes occurred in the fuel samples. Cursory comparison of the untreated and treated fuels in FIGS. 3-8 show that the elements changed the amounts of individual components in the fuel samples by large amounts. As shown in FIG. 3, the treated gasoline, shows many more large peaks eluting between 40 and 80 minutes of the run, in comparison to the untreated gasoline in FIG. 4. It should be noted that concentration is proportional to peak height in the figures. When peaks could be identified, based on their mass spectrum, their identity has been indicated next to the peak. As an example, the three peaks in FIG. 4 between 50 and 51.2 minutes are identified as the three isomers of xylene. The peaks range in height from about 200,000 to 500,000 units.
In FIG. 3, the same isomers of xylene range in height from 1,200,000 to 2,500,000, an increase of approximately five-fold in concentration. Similar changes in peak height are observed for the diesel fuel and the Indolene.
 In the case of gasoline, most of the change was observed in the region of the chromatogram from 40 to 80 minutes. This region of the chromatogram is where the compounds which increase the octane of gasoline elute. Results for saturated alkanes are shown in FIGS. 9A-9C and 10A-10C. Only those compounds with mass 57, 71, and 85, masses indicative of alkanes, are shown in FIGS. 9A-9C and 10A-10C. The treated gasoline has many more of these compounds in the higher boiling portion of the chromatogram, indicating that the catalyst elements form these compounds, most likely by cracking longer chain paraffins. Accordingly, the treated gas has much more octane, nonane and decane than the untreated gas, which would mean higher octane. Furthermore, FIG. 11 shows an annotated chromatogram of the 40-80 minute portion of the treated gasoline in FIG. 3. Whereas FIG. 4 shows almost no compounds eluting in this region, there are many which were tentatively identified in FIG. 11. These compounds are mostly aromatic in nature, meaning they are based on benzene. Thus, FIG. 18 shows toluene (methyl benzene), the xylenes, ethyl benzenes, and various isomers of C3-benzene and C4-benzene. The aromatic hydrocarbons have the most energy per unit carbon, and thus have the highest octane rating, so the catalyst treatment appears to increase octane and energy content of the gasoline by forming aromatic compounds. Although the exact source of these compounds could not be determined from this initial experimental analysis, they were believed to derive from asphaltenes (high molecular weight tars) and other polycyclic aromatic which contaminate all commercial gasolines. Accordingly, the net effect of the treatment of the fuel by the elements appeared to be the increase of high octane, high energy constituents in the gasoline.
 Changes were also observed between the treated and untreated Indolene. FIGS. 12A-12C and 13A-13C show masses 77, 91, and 105, indicative of benzene, toluene, and xylene, respectively, for the treated and untreated Indolene. The treated Indolene shows a much higher proportion of xylenes than the untreated fuel. It is believed that the C3-benzenes and C4-benzenes are being converted by the catalyst elements to these compounds. Diesel fuel is primarily made up of C8 to C18 saturated alkanes, with the bulk cut being between C12 and C16. The lighter ends lower the cetane number of diesel, and the heavier ends are not efficiently burned. FIGS. 7 and 9 are annotated to show the different C values. The addition of each carbon results in even spacing in time between peaks. The scale in FIG. 8 shows that the C7, C8, C9, concentrations are about the same in the treated fuel illustrated in FIG. 7. The amount of C10- C12 is much greater in the treated fuel. Specifically an almost tenfold increase is observed.
Agency as having satisfied all of the requirements of 40 C.F.R. [section]85.2114, based on tests conducted by various agencies which verified substantial decreases in hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, carbon dioxide and fuel soot emissions. Further, tests conducted by the University of Pittsburgh Applied Research Center (Battery Technology Center) confirm that the elements 16 act as true catalysts and do not dissolve into the fuel being treated.
 Accordingly, while the fuel catalyst has been proven effective by a variety of testing methods, the actual mechanism that allows the fuel catalyst to function in such a variety of chemically dissimilar fuels has not been understood. Accordingly, further improvements can only be obtained through empirical processes unless the basic underlying mechanism is identified. To this end, extensive study has been focused on gaining an understanding of the underlying mechanism so that further fuel catalysts could be developed using an analytical approach.
 It is now believed that the basic underlying mechanism of the operation of the fuel catalyst lies in the liberation of hydrogen gas from the fuel through a catalytic action. The fuel catalyst described above utilizes antimony, tin, lead and mercury. Antimony and tin, in particular, act as hydride producers in protonic solvents. When acidic groups are present, the elements of the fuel catalyst act in a similar manner to an electrolysis cell. The elements act as a set of short-circuited galvanic cells, in which the one or more elements is a common anode (with a high overvoltage for hydrogen evolution) and one or more elements act as a cathode (with relatively low hydrogen overvoltages). Metal ions leave the common anode while hydrogen gas is evolved from the cathode.
 In weak acid solutions, both antimony and tin produce the hydrides Stibine (SbH3) and Stannane (SnH4) when a more active electrolytic element (less noble) and a less active electrolytic element (more noble), for example lead and mercury, are present. These hydrides are very unstable and decompose rapidly to produce hydrogen and the parent metal, especially in the presence of dissimilar metals. In hydrocarbon fuels, there are always acidic impurities and water, which is soluble to some extent in all fuels. These supply labile hydrogen ions to the fuel catalyst to allow the liberation of hydrogen in small and safe quantities. It is therefore believed that the hydrogen resulting from the catalytic action is responsible for improving the combustion process, allowing the improvements that have been observed in power, reduction of pollutants and particulates, and an increase in mileage.
 Tests have been conducted to confirm hydrogen liberation through the catalytic reaction. Two milliliters of buffered hydrochloric acid was placed in a flask containing 200 ml ethanol and fuel catalyst elements. Resulting hydrogen gas was burned off by the application of a flame to a side arm of the flask.
 While it has been known that the introduction of a relatively small amounts of hydrogen in hydrocarbon fuels can dramatically increase horsepower and reduce emissions of atmospheric pollutants, it has been difficult to find a safe and simple way of introducing hydrogen into the combustion process. Prior methods of utilizing electrolytic cells, where hydrogen is produced at the cathode, or tanks of compressed hydrogen gas, or palladium-hydrogen systems, where the correct application of heat drives off hydrogen gas, are complicated, bulky and cumbersome. In contrast, the use of the fuel catalyst to produce hydrogen as fuel flows over the catalyst is simple and safe. Utilizing the fuel catalyst, hydrogen is released in proportion to fuel flow.
 In view of the above, it is now possible to analytically design fuel catalysts using hydride producing elements, for example, by utilizing hydride producing elements from Group IV and Group V of the periodic table in combination with elements that are more active and less active on the electrolytic scale. Accordingly, metals such as mercury and lead may be replaced with metals such as zinc, magnesium, aluminum, palladium, silver, copper and cerium. Using the above information, fuel catalyst elements having 40 %wt zinc, 40 %wt antimony, 18 %wt tin and 2 % wt silver were prepared using a smelting process. For example, the antimony, tin and silver are combined and melted in a crucible at a temperature of 1100- 1200 degrees F. and stirred until completely alloyed. The zinc is then added to the mixture and it is either poured into molds and cast or dropped to form shot. The fuel catalyst was then compared with the fuel catalyst of U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,359 described above and a control using no fuel catalyst.
Six independent runs were made for the control, the fuel catalyst of U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,359 and the analytically developed new fuel catalyst described above, while measurements of CO, CO2, HC and O2 were taken. The averaged results of the six runs are illustrated in Table 1.
 The test results indicated that the '359 fuel catalyst decreased carbon monoxide by 53% and hydrocarbons by 42%, while the analytically developed new fuel catalyst actually performed better by reducing carbon monoxide by 63% and hydrocarbons by 50%.
 Based on the results obtained, it is believed that catalyst elements containing variations of 10-80 %wt zinc, 20-60 %wt antimony, 1-5 %wt silver and 10-30 %wt tin will yield beneficial results. Other combinations are also possible. A further preferred embodiment includes 0.1-1.0 %wt palladium, 20-80 %wt magnesium, 20-60 %wt antimony, 10-30 %wt tin and 1-8 %wt cerium, with a further preferred embodiment within the above ranges includes 0.2 %wt palladium, 30 %wt magnesium, 40 %wt antimony, 25 %wt tin and 4.8 %wt cerium. A still further embodiment includes 39 %wt zinc, 11 %wt aluminum, 25 %wt tin and 25 %wt antimony.
 Depending on the formulation of fuel catalyst element chosen and its intended application, the use of a steel or alloy container or screens may not be required. For example, based on the acid test results provided above, the fuel catalyst alone is sufficient to cause the generation of hydrogen when combined with fuel. In fact, it appears to be an advantage of the invention that the fuel catalyst works in conjunction with the acid in the fuel, as the fuel catalyst actually works better for "dirty" fuels, i.e. acid containing, as compared with "clean" fuels. In certain applications, it may actually be desirable to add acid to the fuel to increase hydrogen production, either by treating the fuel in bulk or including an acid injecting mechanism within the combustion system.
 All of the above fuel catalyst elements may be incorporated into a plurality of different containers for treating fuel. FIGS. 14 and 15, for example, illustrate a further embodiment of an in-line housing 26 in which a plurality of catalyst elements 16 are separated into three levels by mild steel screens or separators 28. Further, FIG. 16 illustrates an in-line housing 30 wherein a plurality of elements 16 are retained within mild steel screen mesh retainer 32 located in the cylindrical housing 30 having threaded end caps 34. FIG. 17 illustrates an in-line housing 35 in which a plurality of elements 16 are retained in element spacers 37, of a type illustrated in FIGS. 18 and 19, in combination with Monel screens or washers.
 Still further, all of the above fuel catalyst elements may be incorporated into drop-in type housings. FIGS. 20-21 illustrate a drop-in housing or cage 36 comprising a snap-fit plastic container in which a plurality of elements 16 can be retained. Holes 38, 40 are provided in the housing 36 to permit fuel to pass through the housing 36 and contact the elements 16. The drop-in housing 36 is dropped into a steel fuel tank in order to treat fuel, and is particularly useful for small engine applications including, for example, lawn maintenance equipment. When the drop-in housing 36 is utilized in plastic fuel tanks, it is preferable that the housing be made of mild steel, Monel or an appropriate alloy or that screens be used to retain the elements.
 The invention has been described with reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof. It will be understood, however, that modifications and variations are possible within the scope of the appended claims. For example, the catalyst element can be formed into any desired shape f or use within any desired type of housing. Alternatively, the catalyst element can be formed as a dry power or a semi-dry paste and poured directly into a fuel tank or formed as part of the fuel distribution system of a vehicle, burner, furnace or other combustion device. The housing or container retaining the elements may also be formed in any desired shape.
A fuel catalyst for improving combustion efficiency is provided that includes at least one hydride producing element, and at least one element of greater activity on the electrolytic scale than the hydride producing element and at least one element of lesser activity on the electrolytic scale than the hydride producing element. The hydride producing element preferably includes an element from at least one of a Group IV and Group V of the periodic table. The element of greater activity and the element of lesser activity preferably includes at least one of zinc, magnesium, aluminum, palladium, silver, copper and cerium. Preferred formulations of the catalyst element include: a) 20-60% wt antimony, 10-30% wt tin, 10-80% wt zinc and 1-5% wt silver; b) 40% wt antimony, 18% wt tin, 40% wt zinc and 2% wt silver; c) 20-60% wt antimony, 10-30% wt tin, 20-80% wt magnesium, 1-8% wt cerium and 0.1-1.0% wt palladium; d) 40% wt antimony, 25% wt tin, 30% wt magnesium, 4.8% wt cerium and 0.2% wt palladium; and e) 25% wt antimony, 25% wt tin, 39% wt zinc and 11% wt aluminum.
The invention provides a metal alloy fuel catalyst for decontaminating a hydrocarbon fuel, including diesel and bio-diesel fuel, of a bacterial contamination. The metal alloy fuel catalysts preferably includes about 70% Sn, about 22% Sb, about 4% Bi, and about 4% Pb, although other formulations are possible. The fuel catalyst can take the form of an in-line component in a fuel system or be coated within a fuel storage container.
The efficiency of fuel combustion is improved by adding to the fuel an additive that includes tin, antimony, lead and mercury. The additive may include by weight 60-80% tin, 15-30% antimony, 2-7% lead and 3-12% mercury.
The present invention relates generally to fuel additives and more particularly concerns a formulation of metals which when introduced into fuel can increase efficiency and performance, reduce wear on moving parts, reduce carbon deposits and improve exhaust emissions.
According to one aspect of the present invention, a fuel additive consists of tin, antimony, lead, and mercury. The preferred percentages by weight are, apart from impurities, 60 to 80 % wt. tin, 15 to 30 % wt. antimony, 2 to 7 % wt. lead and 3 to 12 % wt. mercury.
In use, it is believed that a chemical reaction takes place between the additive and the fuel and that the products of the chemical reaction are traced into the fuel in minute molecular form, thereby not only improving the combustion of the fuel but reducing the friction of moving parts in contact with the fuel.
The fuel may be, for example, any grade of oil, petrol or diesel. The introduction of the fuel additive may occur, for example, in a fuel storage tank or in a fuel line or both. The fuel storage tank may be formed of steel, in which case the chemical reaction may include the tank. Alternatively, the fuel storage tank may be formed of a plastics material, in which case the additive may be enveloped or otherwise housed in a steel container so that the chemical reaction may include the container. The fuel line may lead to, for example, an internal combustion engine, a boiler or furnace.
The fuel additive itself may be formed as a dry powder or a semi-dry paste. This is particularly convenient where the fuel additive is to be used primarily as a lubricant to reduce friction, or even totally as a lubricant in non-combustion applications, Alternatively, the fuel additive may be formed by, for example, casting, extruding, cutting or shaping to have the shape of, for example, a mesh, rod, plate, ball or tube. The fuel additive may be formed separately from other components. Alternatively, the fuel additive may be formed integrally with a component such as a fuel filter.
It is presently preferred that the fuel additive is cast into the shape of a cone.
A) The tin, antimony and lead are melted together in a mild steel pot to approximately 50 DEG C. above the melting temperature and the resultant liquid is stirred for 3 to 4 minutes using a mild steel rod or bar.
B) The mercury is added, the temperature is increased a further 50 DEG to 100 DEG C. and the resultant liquid is stirred for a further 2 minutes.
C) The liquid is poured, by use of a mild or stainless steel ladle, into cone-shaped moulds in a mould block, which if formed of mild steel and is pre-heated to a temperature sufficient to prevent the liquid from setting in less than one second after pouring.
Chill cooling adversely affects the metallurgical properties of the fuel additive.
It should be noted that mis-cast cones, or any of the formulation allowed to set in the melting pot, may be re-melted and re-cast provided that the total time lapse after the addition of the mercury does not exceed 45 minutes.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a fuel additive of any composition, but preferably a formulation of metals, is provided in combination with magnetic material such as permanent ferrite magnets, the intention being that the electrostatic charge on the fuel, and preferably also on the products of the chemical reaction, is altered in a beneficial manner.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view through the fuel additive taken along the line B--B of FIG. 1.
In the accompanying drawings, a cylindrical two-part container of plastics material is provided with a fuel inlet at one end a fuel outlet at the other end. In passing through the container, the fuel sequentially passes through spacers adjacent a mild steel mesh disc, a first set of three cones adjacent another mild steel mesh disc, a second set of three cones adjacent further spacers, and a pair of ferrite permanent magnets held in parallel relationship by a pair of magnet spacers of plastics material. The material of the cones is the fuel additive of the present invention, each of the cones having a base diameter of approximately 20 mm. Although six cones have been indicated, the particular number required naturally depends upon the particular application. Altering the number of the cones will naturally affect the number of the spacers, which are again of plastics material formed as circular discs with both perforations and protrusions. The number of the mild steel mesh discs may also be affected.
The purpose of the permanent magnets is to alter the electrostatic charge on the fuel as the fuel passes through the flux created by the permanent magnets so that the fuel is more likely to ignite and burn. In particular, the combustion chemistry of the fuel is enhanced and the rate of thermal heat transfer away from the combustion zone is increased. In an internal combustion engine, it is found that there is a smoother more efficient and reliable engine which lasts longer, the engine oil lasting longer and the carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and particulates in the exhaust emissions being reduced.
In a storage tank for oil, the fuel additive is also found to give the advantages of keeping the oil in better condition by reducing bacterial growth and reducing gelling in cold weather.
In an alternative embodiment, the additives may be made from an alloy which is approximately 75% weight tin, 21% weight antimony and 4% weight lead. To 5.0 kg of the alloy is added 0.5 kg of mercury (as a releasing agent) and 0.020 kg platinum (as a catalyst).