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"Human Action" and Robert Murphy's "Choice," Part 7: The Importance of Monetary Calculation
Filed under: Economics,General,Human Action and Choice — Patterico @ 12:01 am
This is Part 7 of a 17-part series of posts summarizing Bob Murphy's indispensable book Choice: Cooperation, Enterprise, and Human Action . Murphy's book is itself is a summary of Ludwig von Mises's classic treatise "Human Action." As a result, you are reading a summary of a summary.
The purpose of these posts is to popularize and spread the word about Austrian economics and educate the public. Rather than list all the previous parts, I have created a category for all these posts, called "Human Action and Choice," so that all these posts can be read (in reverse order) with a single click. Note well: any errors in these summaries are mine and not Murphy's.
We are now moving into the section of the book titled "Economic Calculation" and begin with a chapter on the importance of monetary calculation.
In an earlier post, we emphasized that preference rankings in human action are ordinal, not cardinal. You can say you prefer chocolate ice cream to vanilla, but you can't assign a number of units to each: it makes no sense to say "I prefer chocolate ice cream three times as much as vanilla." More importantly, you can't compare the intensity of your preferences to the intensity of another individual's preferences. But I told you that there was a subtlety involving buying goods with money that would come up in a future post. This is that post.
With the introduction of money, for the first time arithmetical operations can be applied to economic affairs. The importance of money to the workings of the free market can't be overstated. Having price signals determined by the market and communicated in units of money allows society to allocate resources in the most efficient manner possible. Without money, and without prices set by a free market, this cannot happen — because (as previously noted) in a barter system one can only look to ordinal preference rankings which cannot be expressed in units. (As we will later see, this is the central reason that Mises said socialism could not work — his famous "socialist calculation problem," which will merit its own post.)
Before we get to money, we must explain how "barter prices" emerge in a world without money, based on ordinal preference rankings. (These are my examples and not Murphy's. Although they are loosely based on his examples, don't blame him.)
Assume there is a fellow named Murray whose ordinal ice cream preferences line up this way:
MURRAY'S PREFERENCES
1. Two scoops of vanilla
2. One scoop of chocolate (Murray possesses this)
3. One scoop of vanilla
#1 is his top preference. #2 is his second, and #3 is his last choice.
Clearly, Murray would trade his scoop of chocolate for two scoops of vanilla, but not for one.
Now, pretend a fellow named Milton has this ice cream preference rank:
MILTON'S PREFERENCES
1. One scoop of chocolate
2. Two scoops of vanilla (Milton possesses this)
3. One scoop of vanilla (obviously Milton possesses this too; if he has two, he necessarily has one)
Milton would trade two scoops of vanilla for one scoop of chocolate. We know that Murray would trade his own scoop of chocolate for two scoops of vanilla. So we can see that these two folks can do a direct trade — and both will be better off.
Now say there is a third guy, Ludwig, whose ice cream preference is as follows:
LUDWIG'S PREFERENCES
3. One scoop of chocolate (Ludwig possesses this)
Now, Murray and Ludwig both have a scoop of chocolate, which Milton wants. But Ludwig has set a cheaper price. He will accept just one scoop of vanilla for a scoop of chocolate — while Murray is demanding two scoops of vanilla.
Milton, with his two scoops of vanilla, would rather trade with Ludwig, who will take only one of Milton's two scoops of vanilla, as opposed to Murray, who insists on getting two scoops of vanilla in return for his one scoop of chocolate.
In this way, adding more people to the market helps establish an equilibrium barter price for the scoop of chocolate: namely, one scoop of vanilla, the lowest price that a vendor of chocolate scoops will demand.
Note well: we never once had to say anything like "Milton gets twice as much pleasure from chocolate as he does from vanilla" or anything of the sort.
Also note that we never once talked about how difficult it is to create or obtain one scoop of chocolate vs. one scoop of vanilla. From the time of Adam Smith there was something called the "labor theory of value" which posited that prices depend upon the cost of the inputs. This fallacy led directly to the fallacy that the laborer, and not the capitalist, was the person who imbued goods with their true value, and thus "deserves" the fruits of that production. You can easily see that, while the labor theory of value was taken as true by Adam Smith, it was seized upon by Karl Marx, and is still implicit in many of the complaints of socialists like Bernie Sanders.
Whenever someone like Bernie Sanders complains that McDonald's workers are getting paid too little, their implicit argument is that the workers are the ones who are really adding value to the business, while the people running the company are just fat cats putting in cash and watching the profits roll in. When they refuse to give those profits to the workers, they are exploiting the workers, who really give the business its value. This exploitation theory is Marxism 101.
But once you understand that value is subjective, then you understand that the person who contributes the most to an enterprise is the entrepreneur, who correctly foresees what consumers will want. The entrepreneur who predicts the advent of streaming video like Netflix will add far more value to his company than all the sweat of workers tirelessly toiling away to build new Blockbuster outlets that are going to go out of business.
Getting back to ice cream: the creation of barter prices wowed economists so much that they treated money as an afterthought: as a kind of neutral factor that served as a kind of stand-in for the equilibrium barter prices that are reached through the operation of trades like those described above, following from simple ordinal preference rankings. This, Mises warned, was a huge mistake — and his recognition of that fact amounted to one of his key insights. (We'll discuss this in later posts. The hint I'll offer here, which will be elaborated on later, is that money is a good with its own demand and supply issues.)
For now, it is enough to understand (with subtleties to be added later) that money serves as the basis of economic calculation, which is the central device that allows man to determine how to most efficiently allocate his resources. You might not need monetary calculation (though it helps) to decide it actually makes more sense to grow oranges in Florida and ship them to Montana, rather than try to grow them in Montana. But without monetary calculation, how can a businessman decide how many oranges to grow? whether to ship them by truck or by plane? how many retail outlets should distribute them? and so forth.
To make complex determinations like this, you could never rely on something like the equilibrium barter prices such as we demonstrated above with our ice cream examples. There are just too many elements in the calculation: how much is a plane ride worth, compared to a truck shipment, compared to a box to put your oranges in, compared to a tractor to plow your grove, compared to an hour of labor offered by a retailer to sell your oranges . . . and so on? Without monetary calculation, this sort of analysis cannot possibly be done. It is just too complicated.
And (again jumping ahead), this is why a socialist economy, without real price signals, cannot possibly succeed.
With that observation, we have come full circle for this post, which has been a longer one, but (I hope) very satisfying and informative. Tomorrow we will further explore what economic calculation can do — and cannot do.
40 Responses to ""Human Action" and Robert Murphy's "Choice," Part 7: The Importance of Monetary Calculation"
Bernie Sanders' "socialism", and that of many of the Western welfare state social libertarians*, is not that the worker has a right to the product of his labor. It is that the worker, originally, but now every person, has a right to the fulfillment of his needs. It is much more dangerous.
*Labels are meaningless.
nk (dbc370) — 8/28/2015 @ 4:07 am
Reisman calls them Social Democrats.
These segments are a little wonky, but I am learning a lot.
Denver Todd (917eea) — 8/28/2015 @ 4:58 am
The entrepreneur who predicts the advent of streaming video like Netflix will add far more value to his company
To be completely honest, Blockbuster had some more advanced ideas, too, but the media moguls with the IP rights weren't ready to work with them until a much smaller company, Netflix, showed the way. Blockbuster could not do what Netflix did, because they had deep pockets, and the media jerks wanted to gouge them like hell for access to anything like that. It was only when new people came in who realized and accepted that some measure of piracy was inevitable that there was flexibility that allowed Netflix to go whole hog.
BTW, I was just at a small seminar discussing what Netflix is doing in computing, and it's…. interesting. They really, really are innovating in terms of developing "cloud computing" to serious functionality.
They have the capacity to — and use it regularly — to just shut down servers, server banks, and entire SERVER FARMS, to test their fault tolerance and spot problems when they have some control over them rather than when they are unexpected, and to figure out what techniques they need in place to deal with such catastrophic failures. It's pretty freaking impressive if you care about, and know about, software.
IGotBupkis, "Si tacuisses, philosophus mansisses." (225d0d) — 8/28/2015 @ 7:33 am
Contrast Netflix, by the way, to the Obamacare rollout. Out of nowhere, you could blow up an entire Netflix server installation, and there'd be a quick hiccup and things would go on almost unaffected. The government couldn't even deal with the initial, fully predictable hit on their installation.
This is the difference between private industry unprotected by government intrusion, and federal mismanagement.
I hear what you're saying, but I think that implicit in the argument of every labor union and every supporter of the minimum wage is that the company is getting this boondoggle of profits generated by the workers and won't give the workers their fair share. And implicit in this argument is that it is the workers who really generate the profits.
Which is totally wrong.
Patterico (3cc0c1) — 8/28/2015 @ 7:47 am
Does Mises assert that preferences are totally ordered, or are they merely partially ordered?
If I were picking axioms based on my own experiences with decision making, I'd go for the partial order, because I can think of many times when I've been paralysed by indecision, and I don't think I'm uniquely indecisive.
If you need the total ordering, I suppose you could insist that my inability to decide counts as a decision in favor of "no decision", although I think that would be stretching the definition of "decision". Alternately, you could assert that I would always eventually reach a decision, but I insist on proof that abstract decision-making processes necessarily terminate.
In practice, I've found antichains of preferences to be few, far between, and small when I do find them. So, glossing over the possibility of incomparable preferences wouldn't cause too great a gap between Austrian Economics and the phenomena it's supposed to model (especially compared to other economic models). However, given your enthusiasm for Austrian Economics, I'd think the gap would be more than you'd like to have.
Of course, I don't know of any tenets of Austrian Economics that require a total ordering and not just a partial ordering, so the last two paragraphs are probably moot anyway.
CayleyGraph (dfcefe) — 8/28/2015 @ 9:06 am
Patterico, at 6,
And featherbedding which I partially blame for the flight of industry from the United States. I saw it in my parents' workplace. As industry improved manufacturing processes, through design and automation, unions demanded that the supernumeraries be kept around just to draw a paycheck.
I can think of many reasons why this is worse than welfare for the economic health of a nation. For one thing, it hurts the workers themselves by keeping them from retraining or transferring to a productive job. For another, by keeping an industry artificially inefficient, it both suppresses its expansion and creation of more jobs, and diminishes the overall wealth which can be charitably distributed to people involuntarily unemployed or unemployable. And it has no meaningful effect as a social control, the way subsistence welfare does.
But once you understand that value is subjective,
It's funny – if you go to a restaurant and everyone orders different dishes, or you can't agree on which place you like best, you see this in action. When you shop for clothes that fit your particular frame, you see this. When you shop for cars and make the trade-offs between price, quality, and certain features that you really want – and those trade-offs are different than the ones your friends and family make – you see this. (Actually, pretty much everything about car shopping, from the huge variety of models to the huge variety of prices, reflects this.)
bridget (d90803) — 8/28/2015 @ 9:36 am
In grad school I recall some discussion of these topics. In theory, it is possible to compute the equivalent of prices based on the Lagrange multipliers of a constrained optimization problem. So a big enough computer might be able to replace prices even in a very large economy. My thought is that this really isn't a viable option since it would require the analyst to set the constraints, and herein lies the problem. Would these constraints be based on principles of social justice, like anyone over 70 doesn't deserve to get a hip replacement, or would they be based on whatever the popular mania is today, which in Nazi Germany had something to do with the "Aryan race", or would they be based on government expert opinions, like everyone needs no more than 2000 IUs of Vitamin D, or would they query all those intractable individuals who have irrational expectations and ideas about what they like today? The latter would seem the best, but who wants to spend their morning, every morning, working thru an endless list of options. The 17 candidates for the Republican nomination are a case in point.
Of course, this was a long time ago, and I've had only a few occasions to use Lagrange Multipliers, and they weren't as helpful as I'd hoped. Perhaps someone could update me on the application of such ideas.
bobathome (279337) — 8/28/2015 @ 9:37 am
R.I.P. Al Arbour, NHL player, coach of the New York Islanders during their 4 consecutive Stanley Cup wins
Icy (c32893) — 8/28/2015 @ 9:56 am
Which is totally wrong
Not totally.
It would be more precise to say capitalist (I prefer that term) and workers contribute different things to the enterprise. The workers produce the good; the capitalist provides the raw materials, the physical place in which they produce, and gets the finished goods to the consumer. But, unless you are talking about a one man business where the owner is also the worker, or some sort of worker's coop, you have to have both. And even in the exceptions, you are merely dealing with a situation where one person or one group doubles as both capitalist and worker.
Your real point is that the capitalist contributes more than the worker to the overall enterprise…which boils down to a value problem that is in a free market system decided by the owners of the enterprise. Since the capitalist is usually the owner, or one of them, it should not be surprising that the capitalist values his own efforts over those of the workers….or that the workers disagree.
kishnevi (870883) — 8/28/2015 @ 10:02 am
Labor is valued subjectively, too. Mises's most basic principle, that ideas form societies and not societies ideas, is at the heart of the rise of the worker. The Age of Enlightenment. Workers valued themselves, set their price, and enforced it through collective, democratic and, in Imperial Russia, military action. What do you think?
nk (dbc370) — 8/28/2015 @ 10:13 am
I'm still with you. Thank you for these posts. I would never have tackled this myself.
DRJ (1dff03) — 8/28/2015 @ 10:16 am
I am not sure it was the workers who enforced their price so much as non workers claiming to be acting/speaking on behalf of the workers. In the result, the workers generally found themselves fetching a much lower price.
Application of the above to current American politics is to be made solely at the viewer's discretion.
&^*%$
My comment at 10:33 AM was in reply to nk at 10:13 AM.
kishnevi, your appreciation of the portion contributed by "labor" harkens back to the day when workers supplied their own tools. This is still true in some fields, like residential construction, but not in most. The McDonald's experience demonstrates that the entire building is the tool. The workers don't bring in their head sets to communicate, they don't bring in their own computers to enter the customer's orders, etc. The whole thing is designed to reduce the "labor" content as much as possible. This allows the workers to focus on the things they can still do better than a machine. They become extremely specialized. And they are subject to replacement by a machine as technology advances. This will be demonstrated irrefutably in Seattle and neighboring SeaTac as the minimum wage ramps up to $15/hour. The productivity of these workers is nil without the supporting equipment and the logistics train that keeps the place stocked with hamburgers, buns, and fries. The paradox is that as socialist municipalities create more and more rules and regulations to help the "workers", the less likely it is that an individual could compete absent this enormous infusion of capital. Work in these hell holes will become more and more inhumane. Meanwhile, in places not infested with utopian dreams, mom and pop burger joints will still be viable.
bobathome (279337) — 8/28/2015 @ 10:37 am
True. I think the labor movement was hijacked by its own internal bosses. Who then work in concert with the government and the boss-bosses to keep the workers pacified. It was one of the goals of progressivism, stemming from fear of real worker uprisings that would lead to Bolshevism or Fascism. And not limited to the unskilled and the trades. How many doctors have you heard say good things about the AMA?
I'm not really sure about the binary distinction between capital and labour, especially in a modern economy. Human ingenuity has created so much wealth, and so many people are paid well today because they know how to do useful stuff that other people don't know how to do.
The capital and effort of labour involved in a Supercuts, for example, is probably the same as that involved in a high-end salon, but the hairdressers in the latter have a tremendous amount of know-how that people pay for.
A lot of what people today think of as (badly paid) "labour" is basically following someone else's directions. Someone who stocks shelves at a supermarket puts the items where someone else instructs him to do so. However, the people who own the (presumably profitable) supermarket are the ones who did a market analysis to figure out a good location, the items to stock, what to charge for them, how to advertise, what types of sales to run, what customers to target, which vendors they should negotiate with, how long their contracts should run, how to get a supply chain, how to lay out the store, etc. Aside from the capital costs of starting and operating the business, there are a pile of good, educated decisions that were made – and making those decisions well is worth a lot of money.
If I go into the Whole Foods burrito bar near my house, the people who work there chopped up the veggies, fried the tofu, made the guacamole, washed the counters, and put my burrito together. But the whole concept of a burrito bar, the types and quality of foods that go into it, the price that will make a profit but still entice me to buy it, the supply chain that reduces costs… that was all dreamed up by other people. It's not just that the physical supermarket needed to be built before the burrito guy is hired; the entire concept of a burrito bar, and everything that goes into making it profitable, came into existence before the "labourer who makes it all profitable" even entered the picture.
bridget (d90803) — 8/28/2015 @ 1:06 pm
Industry "fled" the country because it was D-E-A-Y-D DEAD. There is no more real wealth to be obtained from manufacturing goods in this nation.
Example: (Yes, this is a couple years old but unlikely to have changed)
The iPhone 4 was priced at US$600 — yes, it was heavily subsidized by the carriers, but regardless, SOMEONE, in aggregate, paid most of that 600 bucks out.
It was "Made In China".
So: How much of that US$600 did CHINA get for MAKING the device?
$200?
$100? Nope.
$50? Nah.
$25? Noooooope.
$10!!??
Six Bucks.
That's what China got — 1% of the retail price — for making it…
"But that was the cheap labor, if it was made here in the USA…"
…It would have been made by ROBOTS, not humans making classical "high" labor wages.
In 1875, 75-80% of ALL Americans were employed in Agriculture, making food for everyone else.
By 1975, 3-5% of ALL Americans were employed in Agriculture, making food for everyone else — making FAR MORE food, on LESS land, in fact.
The rest had moved into Manufacturing, and were headed even on from that and into IP&Services.
What happened? Mechanization, that's what happened.
In the future, the same will have happened to Manufacturing — 3-5% of Americans will make ALL GOODS America uses and then some. Because Robotics will do for manufacturing what Mechanization did for Ag.
And people will have moved onward to IP & Services, which is where all new wealth will be generated. The other 594 bucks from the iPhone 4? All went to IP holders who designed and developed critical parts.
IGotBupkis, "Si tacuisses, philosophus mansisses." (225d0d) — 8/28/2015 @ 6:57 pm
Side point: While we could already build fully robotic factories, we choose not to, because at the moment there are other nations with labor cheap enough to rival the bots, and, more critically, it raises their standard of living, bootstrapping them up to a more modern level. This benefits us all — because it makes people less willing to go to war, because they have too much to lose. And also because there's less NEED to go to war — why fight and die to steal stuff, when you can MAKE it instead? And this nation with its increased wealth becomes a trading partner instead of a glaring enemy who resents what we have.
So Marie Harf is right? The way to defeat Arab jihadists is by providing them with more job opportunities?
nk (dbc370) — 8/28/2015 @ 7:21 pm
If one looks at the numbers we cannot fund Amerikkka off the top 1% even confiscating all of their income.
We fall orders of magnitude short.
We are staring into the depths of an haboob, a great levelling. About that moment when we see the first fully automated truck farm every one living paycheck to mouth starves.
Who guessed human progress was unsustainable?
DNF (ffe548) — 8/29/2015 @ 7:29 am
Excellent. This particular post (#7) was an involved one, but it's my favorite so far — in part because I was able to come up with the examples on my own and make them work. That gave me some reassurance that I understood the concept and was not just parroting what I had read.
Patterico (3cc0c1) — 8/29/2015 @ 1:46 pm
kishnevi and bridget make points that I think can be responded to in a single comment, so I will combine their observations here. First, kishnevi responds to my statement that it is "totally wrong" to say workers generate profits,by saying this:
And bridget says:
Bridget has beautifully described what I will actually be going into tomorrow, in post 9. That post begins to define economic concepts in the market economy, including the defined roles of the different participants in the process.
As you will see, it's not a binary distinction between capital and labor. It's more of a trinary distinction (I had to look it up to see if I was making up that word or not; apparently it's a real word). I don't want to get too ahead of myself, but I'll give you a sneak peek, with a quote from tomorrow's post:
We must now classify different people in the economy and the money they receive for what they provide. Workers provide labor and receive wages. Landowners and capitalists provide similar things as one another, and both receive interest. (While land, or natural resources, is not man-made, it is similar to man-made capital in that it provides entrepreneurs a head-start in time in the production process. More on this later.) Entrepreneurs adjust the factors of production in anticipation of the future, and receive profits when their foresight is accurate.
So it's not binary between capital and labor. It's three-part, between capital, labor, and entrepreneurship. Many people collapse the roles of the capitalist and the entrepreneur, but those roles are distinct.
What bridget described so nicely is the role of entrepreneurs, who are the ones who generate the profits. Coming up with the "entire concept" of something like a burrito bar, and determining how to implement that concept using the tools of capital and labor, is the role of the entrepreneur.
This may help explain why laborers really aren't generating the profits, on a conceptual level. It's not quite right to say that their labor is worth the wages they are being paid and nothing more, because the nature of a direct transaction is such that their labor is worth LESS to them than the wages they receive, and MORE to the business owner than the wages he pays. But putting that fine distinction aside, their contribution to the business is more or less compensated by their wages — which is why a worker who contributes more should be valued more highly. But profits, conceptually, come from the entrepreneur.
So when I said it is "totally wrong" to say the workers generate the profits, this is what I had in mind. (I might have kept in mind Beldar's Dictum that the word "totally" can always be replaced by ending the sentence with an exclamation point.) When kishnevi says:
It would be more precise to say capitalist (I prefer that term) and workers contribute different things to the enterprise. The workers produce the good; the capitalist provides the raw materials, the physical place in which they produce, and gets the finished goods to the consumer.
I say it would be more precise still to say that the capitalist, workers, and entrepreneurs contribute different things to the enterprise. Workers contribute labor, capitalists contribute capital, and entrepreneurs coordinate all this in the production process, contributing ideas, vision, and foresight.
That is why I said it was wrong to say laborers generate profits. It's just an analytical misunderstanding, but a critical one that has serious implications for policy.
Military action has zero to do with the market economy. Collective action in the form of unions is a purely market concept — until government gets involved, and passes laws that favor unions, at which point unions become another method of coercion.
But putting that aside, you're right that labor is valued subjectively. But a worker's value of himself isn't the issue. A kid who was raised by parents who believe in "self-esteem" and little else may value his own labor very, very highly — but he will only collect the wage level that he thinks he is worth, if he can find someone who believes that obtaining his labor is worth paying that wage level.
I was actually discussing this with a friend yesterday, but we came to a different answer. He needs a new roof and is amazed by the variation in bids, which he felt meant that at least some of these roofers are trying to rob him, which is likely true. (Or possibly signaling that they don't need the work, I have known some to do through unreasonably high estimates.)
So I explained that the cost of the materials and the labor certainly have something to do with the price of his roof, but what will ultimately determine the price is what is the value of the roof to him. And we were passing an espresso stand at that moment and I used it as an example; lattes don't cost anything like $4 to manufacture and serve, but they are certainly worth $4 to the people who consume them.
Another example: graphing calculators. 20 years ago iPhones were impossible and personal computers at a small fraction of the capabilities for the same (real value) of money. Yet the graphing calculators I used in math class in those days are not only visually indistinguishable from the ones on sale now, but the price in nominal dollars is basically the same. And that's because people have been buying them for their kids' math classes for 20 years and that's always been the price. I would dearly love to see a plot of what it cost TI to make them in real dollars over that time period.
Gabriel Hanna (13a147) — 8/29/2015 @ 6:28 pm
@Patterico:Landowners and capitalists provide similar things as one another, and both receive interest.
Adam Smith puts this a bit differently: landowners get "rent". "Rent" took me a while to figure out. "Rent" is essentially what you can extract due to coercion, non-economic activity.
For example, if I wish to mine copper on my property, I have to collect tools (capital) and invest my time (labor), and then when I sell the copper the money that I get is partly wages for my time (or that of my employees) and profit is what I get from the increased value that resulted from all of my economic activity (including moving the copper from the ground, where it was no good to anyone, to the seller, who wanted it enough to trade something for it).
But suppose my neighbor wants to mine the copper. He has to do all the things I did, and invest the same labor and capital into it. But I have the power to forbid him from mining my land (which is where the copper is). So if he wants to do that, he has to make it worth my while, which is to say give me money. And so his income from the mined copper is partly wages and partly profits, but my income from it is "rent".
The high salaries of actuaries are partly wages and partly rent, because actuaries have a state-enforced cartel: only credentialed actuaries can perform certain actuarial functions and the state decides that the actuarial professional societies are the people who get to award the credentials. Same goes for anyone who has to be licensed or credentialed or bonded or hold a taxi medallion or what have you.
Again: we are getting ahead of ourselves, and this all relates to tomorrow's post. However, I think in that post (as currently drafted) I simply asserted that landowners and capitalists perform similar functions, and that they receive interest. The only difference is the provenance of their holdings (natural = land, manmade = capital).
Murphy spends some time explaining that, historically, landowners were seen as receiving rent, and capitalists were seen as receiving interest. But in the Austrian framework, it's all the same. Any capitalist and any landowner could either sell his property (the machine, or the piece of land), and the price of the property would depend on how much income it would generate per year and how long it would be expected to last. Ultimately, he classifies it all as interest.
Murphy defines rent as what is left over of the income the landowner receives after depreciation. He says the difference is all due to time preference.
the latter end of the Hapsburg was more statist, then we are used to, so both categories were blended in the Austrian critique, Caldwell's bio of Hayek helped me understand this,
narciso (ee1f88) — 8/29/2015 @ 7:04 pm
Rent is equivalent to interest. Murphy and Patterico are very correct.
Rent is what you pay for the use of another person's property for a period of time.
Interest is what you pay for the use of another person's money for a period of time.
There are differences. Money is fungible, land is not. And until about 1800 land was the primary form of wealth. But the latter is a social and cultural phenomenon, not intrinsic to land.
kishnevi (91d5c6) — 8/29/2015 @ 7:23 pm
I've been a landlord. It's much closer to being an entrepreneur that it is to being a money lender.
Part 4 is helpful in this discussion. In which "order of goods" do various leases fall as opposed to the order in which loans of money fall?
I think in the comments about what is "really" rent vs interest or whatever, what is missing is the distinction that Smith made, the role of coercion in the economy.
The fact that I get paid for the use of something I have some sort of control over, we don't have to call it "rent" if you object and want to reserve it for something else. Words mean what we say they mean.
What Smith was getting at is that coercion has an influence on prices and has a money equivalent, whether you call it "rent" as he and Ricardo did or if you want to call it something else.
Suppose that we decide that all baristas must be licensed and prominently display their credentials. This would restrict the supply of lattes and perhaps raise their prices, maybe from $4 to $4.50. That extra $0.50 per latte is the result of coercion, a partially-unfree market. Smith would call that "rent" and the people who advocated the licensing of baristas to achieve that result would be called "rent-seekers" by economists, echoing the older usage. The key element is coercion.
Very relevant today, regarding Uber and those who are trying to force Uber into the taxi regulations: the taxi industry is rent-seeking, keeping competition out by using force and thus raising prices.
If you use your own stuff in a way you could be said to pay yourself "rent", much like how some of your profits could be called "wages" that you pay yourself, the portion that compensates your time.
Smith spent a lot of time on describing what limits the maximum "rent" in his sense, and in many cases "rent" has a maximum value of zero.
Would love to see the Austrian take on money extracted through "coercion" even if calling that "rent" is objectionable.
The reason I resist calling "rent" the money charged by landowners is that there is zero coercion. The Austrian take on coercion is that it comes from the state . . . period.
Adam Smith was far more contemptuous of landowners and capitalists. Remember, he believed in the labor theory of value, and said some dismissive things about capitalists.
Patterico (3cc0c1) — 8/29/2015 @ 10:19 pm
Sunday Music?
mg (31009b) — 8/30/2015 @ 8:33 am
#36: Patterico, it is also the case that in Adam Smith's time, the distinction between landowners and the State were not nearly as distinct as they are today. Most large landowners were nobility of one sort or another. Additionally, the House of Lords was still a significant actor in the British government, and so the State acted on their behalf. The large landowners were also influential in the election of MPs to the House of Commons, further blurring the distinction between State and landowner. Even with the industrial revolution and fortunes made on trade, the newly enriched sought membership in the Aristocracy via marriage of their children to the less successful aristocrats. So perhaps Smith's contempt was also directed at the State, but in terms that were more politically correct in his time?
bobathome (6f310e) — 8/30/2015 @ 9:48 am
@Patterico:Remember, he believed in the labor theory of value
I'm not seeing this in Smith. He's using labor to reckon prices instead of money, because the discussion is confused by the changing prices of gold and silver money.
I have not found that he says the labor invested in production determines the value, or ought to. He says rather that the value of a commodity to you is the equivalent labor of your own that you would have to invest to acquire that thing, and that labor doe not necessarily invovle your personal participation in its production.
In latte terms, he's saying that if you want to know how much a latte costs you, you should figure out how many hours you need to work to acquire one. He's not saying that it's based on the barista's labor at all.
Thank you, Patterico.
Mostly, I think it's absurd to suggest that raw materials can be more-or-less mindlessly assembled into a valuable good – but that is what the capitalist/worker binary suggests.
A burrito bar is a mild example. Just think of trying to say that the people assembling parts for a plane are the ones who are contributing the most value of turning useless raw materials into something useful. Yes, they need to do their jobs very, very competently (and are paid quite well for it), but it's not like human beings naturally know how to design advanced aircraft.


Nobel Royal is a delicate timepiece for the one who understands style. Whether you want to dress up or dress down the combination steel & black goes with everything. Its timeless beauty is indisputable.
I have all 4 Rumoe models and I love all of them. specially the black dial steel version with the croco strap. amazing watches.
I was first unsure how this piece was, pictures is great but in life its always different. I was shocked by the quality, it was great!
Good job guys, amazing timepiece. Really happy with it.
Raelly love how its understated. Keeps time perfectly compared with my other automatics. I've recommended you guys to all of my friends.


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HBO Rejects Troubled 'Game Of Thrones' Prequel Project
Outsiders posted a topic in Entertainment News
HBO has decided not to move forward on the Game of Thrones prequel written by Jane Goldman and George R. R. Martin and starring Naomi Watts. The prequel takes place thousands of years before the wars, romances and dragons of the eight-season run. Weaving in issues of race, power, intrigue and White Walkers, the Goldman-run prequel was given the pilot green light back in June 2018. The pilot that was directed by S.J. Clarkson went through a lengthy post-production, which included re-editing of the initial cut after it was not well received, and rumors about issues during filming in Northern Ireland. According to TVLine, HBO will move forward with another Game of Thrones prequel project that would trace the glory days of House Targaryen. The project has earned an official pilot order at HBO and is co-created by GoT book author George R.R. Martin and Colony creator Ryan J. Condal, and is set 300 years before the original Thrones series, chronicling "the beginning of the end for House Targaryen." Martin's companion book Fire & Blood serves as a template for the new series. This pilot is a reworking of the rejected spinoff concept from Game of Thrones writer Bryan Cogman.
'Game Of Thrones' Returning To SDCC 2019 For Last-Season Celebration
Game of Thrones is looking to return to the San Diego Comic-Con's Hall H in July for a final celebration of the Emmy-winning series'. Deadline is reporting that HBO and Comic-Con organizers are in the final stages of planning for the event, but no past or present cast members have been announced on who will be attending. Game of Thrones has not attended the San Diego Comic-Con since 2017 as the eighth and final season kept the production from the comic-con last year. Now with the series final episode aired on May 19th, the cast will be able to speak freely about who lived and who died and what they liked and didn't like about the show.
The 23 Official WBTV SDCC 2019 Collectible Bags
Soar through Comic-Con 2019 with Gotham City's new vigilante on your back, arm yourself with arrows, or go forth with Archie and the gang! Warner Bros. Television Group celebrates its 10th year as the official bag sponsor of Comic-Con with 23 new designs. The collectible carriers have you covered as you stash your swag in the exclusive accessory. The SDCC bags, produced for the Studio by I.D. Me Promotions, will feature the following titles: Warner Bros. Television series Arrow, Batwoman, Black Lightning, Doom Patrol, DC's Legends of Tomorrow, Pennyworth, Riverdale, The Flash, Supergirl, Supernatural and Titans Warner Bros. Animation's DC Super Hero Girls, Harley Quinn, Looney Tunes Cartoons, Teen Titans GO!, ThunderCats Roar and Young Justice: Outsiders HBO's Game of Thrones and two versions of Watchmen Plus bags for the DC UNIVERSE digital service, Cartoon Network's Steven Universe The Movie, and Conan More than 160,000 bags have been produced for Comic-Con. Fans can claim their cool bags when checking in at the show, while supplies last.
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The Golden hair, the lion sigil, and well armored. You must be a Lannister.
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Winter is here. Star Wars GoT
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Game Of Thrones: Final Season - Official Trailer
Check out the official full-length trailer for the eighth and final season of the epic-fantasy series "Game of Thrones." With only six new episodes to be released -- though each episode are expected to be extended and mostly longer than an hour. Summers span decades. Winters can last a lifetime. And the struggle for the Iron Throne has begun. It will stretch from the south, where heat breeds plots, lust and intrigues; to the vast and savage eastern lands; all the way to the frozen north, where an 800-foot wall of ice protects the kingdom from the dark forces that lie beyond. Kings and queens, knights and renegades, liars, lords and honest men...all will play the 'Game of Thrones.' Game Of Thrones stars Kit Harington, Emilia Clarke, Peter Dinklage, Nikolaj Coster-Waldau, Lena Headey, Maisie Williams, Sophie Turner, Iain Glen, Gwendoline Christie, Alfie Allen, John Bradley, Isaac Hempstead Wright, Liam Cunningham, Nathalie Emmanuel, Rory McCann Release: April 14th, 2019 (HBO)
Game of Thrones Drogon Deluxe Figure From McFarlane ToysGame of Thrones Drogon Deluxe Figure From McFarlane Toys
JayC posted a topic in Action Figure News
Along with his brothers Viserion and Rhaegal, Drogon was raised since birth by Daenerys Targaryen, and is also the Mother of Dragons' personal mount. Named after Daenerys's late husband Khal Drogo, Drogon is distinguished by his black and red colored scales, and red-black wings. This figure is 6 inches 15.24cm) in height and has a 13 inches (33cm) wing span. You can pre-order this figure now at BigBadToyStore.com.
New McFarlane Toys 7" Game Of Thrones Figure Images
New McFarlane Toys 7" Game Of Thrones Figure Images McFarlane by Jay Cochran - [edit post] January 09, 2019 McFarlane Toys has released new images for their first round of 7" Game Of Thrones figures. Shown below in our GALLERY are images of the following figures: Daenerys Targaryen - Incredibly detailed figure of Daenerys Targaryen modeled from digital scans of actress Emilia Clark - Articulated Daenerys Targaryen figure featuring iconic attire from season seven of Game of Thrones - Figure features 12+ points of articulation - Figure comes with four screen accurate map marker accessories Arya Stark - Incredibly detailed figure of Arya Stark modeled from digital scans of actress Maisie Williams - Articulated Arya Stark figure featuring her iconic attire from season seven of Game of Thrones - Figure features 12+ points of articulation - Figure comes with Needle sword and Valyrian steel dagger accessories Jon Snow - Incredibly detailed figure of Jon Snow modeled from digital scans of actor Kit Harington - Articulated Jon Snow figure featuring iconic attire from season seven of Game of Thrones - Figure features 12+ points of articulation - Figure comes with legendary Longclaw sword and Dragonglass dagger accessories Night King - Incredibly detailed figure of the Night King modeled from screen accurate digital imaging - Articulated Night King figure featuring iconic attire from his appearances in Game of Thrones - Figure features 12+ points of articulation - Figure comes with Night King blade and spear accessories Viserion (Ice Dragon) - Incredibly detailed figure of Viserion showcasing his ice dragon - form from the season 7 finale of Game of Thrones - Movable tail, legs, wings, and neck totaling over 10 points of articulation - Viserion's wings span 16.5″ wide and features up and down movement - Viserion measures 9″ x 16.5″ x 10.5″ fully displayed on elevated base - Figure comes with removable burst of blue fire The figures will have a MSRP of $21.99 and the dragon will cost $27.99. Look for these to be released in April 2019.
New 7" Scale Game Of Thrones Dragon Revealed By McFarlane Toys
McFarlane Toys has released a teaser image for a second Game Of Thrones Dragon for it's new Monsters line. Check out the image for it below in our GALLERY.
The Final Season Of Game Of Thrones Coming To HBO On April 14
JayC posted a topic in Entertainment News
HBO has released a new teaser trailer for season 8 of Game of Thrones which will be the final season for the hit show. The beginning of the end starts on April 14, 2019.
McFarlane Toys 7" Game Of Thrones Arya Stark Figure Images
Back in October we told you how McFalrane Toys would be doing new 7" Game Of Thrones figures based on the hit HBO series. The first wave will include Jon Snow, Daenerys Targaryen, Night King & Arya Stark. Check out a look at the Arya Stark figure below and let us know what you think.
Game of Thrones 1/6 Drogon From Threezero
Threezero has released images and details for their upcoming Game Of Thrones 1/6 Dragon which looks to basically be a statue more than a actual figure, but it should display well with their other 1/6 Game Of Thrones action figures. Here are the official details: The Drogon figure is expertly crafted based on the impressive VFX dragon as seen in the hit HBO television series. This finely-sculpted collectible masterpiece features detailed precision and a highly-accurate paint application to capture the creature's distinctive on-screen appearance. Size of Drogon with platform: (W583 x H450 x D875) mm Materials: Polyresin * Final product may vary from prototype images. ** Daenerys Targaryen collectible figure sold separately.
McFarlane Toys 7" Game Of Thrones Daenerys Targaryen Figure Images
Back in October we told you how McFalrane Toys would be doing new 7" Game Of Thrones figures based on the hit HBO series. The first wave will include Jon Snow, Daenerys Targaryen, Night King & Arya Stark. Check out a look at the Daenerys Targaryen figure below and let us know what you think.
McFarlane Toys 7" Game Of Thrones Jon Snow Figure Images
Back in October we told you how McFalrane Toys would be doing new 7" Game Of Thrones figures based on the hit HBO series. The first wave will include Jon Snow, Daenerys Targaryen, Night King & Arya Stark. Check out a look at the Jon Snow figure below and let us know what you think.
Game of Thrones Viserion (Ice Dragon) Deluxe Figure From McFarlane Toys
McFarlane Toys is proud to announce the lead-off figure to the much anticipated return of McFarlane Monsters, Viserion. Along with his brothers Drogon and Rhaegal, Viserion was raised since birth by Daenerys Targaryen, however, after being fatally wounded, and then resurrected, Viserion has now fallen under the command of his new master, the Night King. Under the Night King, Viserion would blast away the Wall in Eastside with his now blue flame, allowing the Army of the Dead to enter the Seven Kingdoms. McFarlane Monsters aims to give fans of creatures, monsters, and fiends exactly what they've been wishing for. This figure is based on the version of the Ice Dagron season 7 and is 9 inches (22.86cm) in height with a 16.50" wing span. The figure is now available for pre-order at BigBadToyStore.com.
McFarlane Toys 7" Game Of Thrones Night King Preview Image
Back in October we told you how McFalrane Toys would be doing new 7" Game Of Thrones figures based on the hit HBO series. The first wave will include Jon Snow, Daenerys Targaryen, Night King & Arya Stark. The image before gives us our first preview of one of those figures with the Night King.
Game of Thrones Brienne of Tarth 1/6 Scale Deluxe Figure From Threezero
ThreeZero presents Game of Thrones' Brienne of Tarth as an articulated 1/6 scale figure. Brienne stands 12.50 inches tall and features a highly-accurate realistic likeness to the character in the television series. She comes fully dressed in custom-tailored clothing and includes several interchangeable accessories. The Deluxe version includes a cloak. Product Features - 12.50 inches (32cm) - Made of plastic - Based on the HBO series Game of Thrones - Highly articulated - Custom-tailored clothing - Deluxe version includes a cloak Box Contents - Brienne of Tarth figure - 3 Pairs of hands Fists Relaxed Sword holding - Tailored cloth garb - Detailed armour pieces - Belt - Boots - Oathkeeper sword with scabbard - Cloak You can pre-order this figure now at BigBadToyStore.com..
Game Of Thrones Figures Coming From McFarlane Toys
McFarlane Toys partners with HBOs hit television series Game of Thrones to bring you highly detailed 6" figures of iconic characters, each coming with screen accurate accessories. Look for Jon Snow, Daenerys Targaryen, Night King & Arya Stark. Jon Snow, born Aegon Targaryen, is the son of Lyanna Stark and Rhaegar Targaryen, the late Prince of Dragonstone. A decorated individual, Jon has been chosen as Lord Commander of the Night's Watch, and helped lead a successful raid in overtaking Winterfell from House Bolton, restoring House Stark's reign over the North, in which Jon was proclaimed "King of the North." Queen Daenerys Targaryen, is the younger sister of Rhaegar and Viserys Targaryen and only daughter of King Aerys II Targaryen and Queen Rhaella Targaryen, who were both ousted from the Iron Throne during Robert Baratheon's rebellion. Among the most popular characters on the show, Daenerys is also the "Mother of Dragons," having rule over Drogon, Viserion, and Rhaegal. The Night King is the master and the first of the White Walkers, having existed since the age of the First Men. He also serves as the supreme leader of the Army of the Dead. "The true enemy won't wait out the storm. He brings the storm." - Jon Snow (about the Night King) Arya Stark is the third child and second daughter of Lord Eddard Stark and his wife, Lady Catelyn Stark. After narrowly escaping the persecution of House Stark by House Lannister, Arya is trained as a Faceless Man at the House of Black and White in Braavos. She uses her new skills to bring those who have wronged her family to justice. You can pre-order these now at BigBadToyStore.com.
Game of Thrones Season 7 Tyrion Lannister 1/6 Scale Figure From Threezero
ThreeZero presents Game of Thrones' Lannister house, Tyrion, as an articulated 1/6 scale figure. Tyrion stands 8.8 inches tall and features a highly-accurate realistic likeness to the character in the television series.
He comes fully dressed in custom-tailored clothing and includes several interchangeable accessories. The figure includes: - Doublet - Vest - Hand Of The Queen brooch - Trousers - Belt - Boots - Jug - Goblet - Interchangeable hands Pair of fist Pair relaxed hands Pair opened hands Left hand for holding jug Right hand for holding goblet The deluxe version includes nine house map markers.You can pre-order both the regular and deluxe versions at BigBadToyStore.com.
Dark Horse Comics Launches New Direct-To-Consumer Division
Today, Dark Horse Comics is proud to announce its newest business venture, Dark Horse Direct. A newly established division, Dark Horse Direct is focused on bringing high-end, limited production collectibles directly to consumers from their online storefront, Direct.DarkHorse.com. The vision behind DH Direct is to offer fans the finest statues, toys, and figures from their favorite graphic novels, television series, and video game franchises. "Dark Horse Direct is the latest example in Dark Horse's long history of innovative business practices," explained President and Founder Mike Richardson. "Dark Horse constantly looks for new ways to inspire passion in our fans in every format possible, which is why a direct-to-consumer program is the most logical move as we continue to grow our business and cultivate new fans." The first Dark Horse Direct offering available is the Game of Thrones: Tormund Giantsbane Figure! Available for pre-order now, Tormund retails for $40.00 and is due to ship to website customers in early August 2018. As a bonus, 300 of the figures will also be available for purchase in the Dark Horse retail booth #2615 at San Diego Comic-Con! The inaugural DH Direct lineup continues with the Umbrella Academy: Spaceboy Maquette. Masterfully sculpted and painted at 14" tall by 19" wide, this Umbrella Academy: Spaceboy Maquette evokes the character exactly as writer Gerard Way (My Chemical Romance, True Lives of the Fabulous Killjoys) and artist Gabriel Bá (Two Brothers, Daytripper) conceived him to be. The Umbrella Academy: Spaceboy Maquette retails for $299.99 and is now available for pre-order. Dark Horse Direct presents a throne fit for the true leader of Westeros with the Game of Thrones: Iron Throne 18" Replica. With HBO Licensing and Retail and the talented artisans at Gentle Giant, DH Direct has replicated the seat of the kings of Westeros. This replica retails for $499.99 and will ship later this year, opening for pre-order in the coming weeks. Leading the new division is former Dark Horse Director of Marketing, Melissa Lomax. "I am incredibly honored to oversee Dark Horse Direct," said Lomax, Dark Horse Direct's new Director of eCommerce. "This is an exciting new opportunity for us to create fresh and unique collectibles that will delight our current fans, as well as new pop-culture enthusiasts, with premium concepts and formats. Get excited! Some really special items are coming and want a place in your home."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We have been living in this house now for over 20 years and during that time the garden has gradually evolved with many changes, usually quite small. There are still plants here that were already well established when we arrived but are now beginning to look past their best. The lawn has gradually reduced in size as flower beds widened and lawn care seems an increasing chore. Some changes have been inevitable as plants have died having reached their allotted lifespan, or succumbed to adverse weather conditions. Some favourite plants did not manage to survive the record low temperatures at the start of last winter. Shrubs seem to have been the worst affected and as these are larger plants, their loss has made greater impact on the garden.
A cistus, a hebe and a rosemary all failed to survive, also several potted agapanthus plants. The decision has been whether to replace these plants and hope that we do not have such record low temperatures again for a while, or use their loss as a basis for greater changes.
We have been living in this house now for over 20 years and during that time the garden has gradually evolved with many changes, usually quite small. There are still plants here that were already well established when we arrived but are now beginning to look past their best. The lawn has gradually reduced in size as flower beds widened and lawn care seems an increasing chore. Some changes have been inevitable as plants have died having reached their allotted lifespan, or succumbed to adverse weather conditions. Some favourite plants did not manage to survive the record low temperatures at the start of last winter. Shrubs seem to have been the worst affected and as these are larger plants, their loss has made greater impact on the garden. A cistus, a hebe and a rosemary all failed to survive, also several potted agapanthus plants. The decision has been whether to replace these plants and hope that we do not have such record low temperatures again for a while, or use their loss as a basis for greater changes.
As the lawn had gradually reduced in size as flower beds widened and the lawn mower was getting older and older, we made the decision last autumn to remove the lawn once spring arrived. This we have now done and have replaced it with a large area of gravel joining up two smaller gravel gardens. In the middle we have made a raised bed using railway sleepers. Last autumn I potted up some perennials which had seeded themselves around the garden and kept them in the cold frame over winter. Most have survived and I have planted them in the new bed where they are establishing well, spending winter in the cold frame appears to have helped them develop into stronger plants. The irrigation system has been extended around the edge of the gravel so that the whole area can be used for pots both of flowers and crops which can then be altered and rearranged as the summer season progresses. I have several lilies in pots which should look good against the gravel.
Another significant feature of the garden which was here when we moved in is a large clematis Montana Rubens which had been planted alongside a climbing rose, both climbing up the back wall of the house. The clematis has put on a beautiful show year after year but we have not always managed to give it the pruning it required to keep it under control. Flowering on the clematis is now diminishing and I have reluctantly reached the decision that severe treatment is needed. I plan to plant a replacement clematis but at the other end of the wall as it is not a good idea to plant a new clematis in the same spot as an old one, this can encourage disease. We will then cut the old plant right down, hopefully without damaging the rose. Following repair of the trellis it should be possible to rejuvenate the rose and we will wait and see if the old clematis recovers. Hopefully the back wall should then play host to an improved rose and to two clematis plants which will be more controlled. It will be a while though before we can expect the show of flowers that we have become used to in past years.
It can be hard deciding that favourite plants are now past their best, sometimes this decision is made for us by time or weather. I am looking forward to seeing the new flower bed develop, and to playing around with arrangements of pots. The garden needs to be allowed to evolve and change giving new plants the chance to flourish, and I am sure these will, in time, become new favourites.


Rollo Dilworth is Professor of Choral Music Education and Chair of Music Education and Therapy at Temple University's Boyer College of Music in Philadelphia, PA.
In addition to teaching undergraduate and graduate courses in choral music education, Dilworth conducts the "Singing Owls" Campus/Community Chorus. His choral publications can be found in the catalogs of Hal Leonard, Colla Voce, and Santa Barbara. His choral pedagogy books entitled Choir Builders have been widely circulated among elementary, secondary, community, and church choral directors. He is a contributing author for Essential Elements for Choirs and Experiencing Choral Music. He served as a lead author for the Voice in Concert textbook series. Dilworth frequently serves as a guest conductor and/or clinician for festival and all-state choirs throughout the United States and abroad. He currently serves on the Chorus America Board of Directors, having served as Chair from 2013-2016.


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Man who bashed paramedic spared jail again
7:40pm Dec 16, 2019
A "disturbed" Victorian paramedic basher has again avoided jail despite an appeal over his attack on ambulance workers after taking a cocktail of drugs at a music festival.
James Haberfield, now 22, was put on an 18-month compulsory treatment order by the County Court on Monday over his January drug-fuelled assault of a female paramedic at Coburg in Melbourne's north.
He had run away from hospital following a four-day bender at the Rainbow Serpent music festival and hid in a dog kennel.
James Haberfield (centre) departs the Victorian County Court in Melbourne, Monday, December 16, 2019. (AAP)
He walked into a Coburg home, terrifying the residents who did not know him.
When paramedics arrived, Haberfield punched Monica in the face, put her in a headlock and squeezed and pinned her to the back door of the ambulance.
Her colleague, Sam Smith, avoided the young man's punches before hitting the vehicle's duress button and sedating Haberfield.
Victim Monica, a Victorian Paramedic speaks to media outside of the County Court of Victoria in Melbourne, Monday, December 16, 2019. (AAP)
After Haberfield did not land the minimum six-month jail term required under state laws for attacking emergency workers from a magistrate in August, prosecutors appealed.
Man accused of sexually touching female paramedic deemed a 'risk to community'
Queensland teen who lost leg in horrific farming accident reunites with rescuers
Boy falls eight metres from climbing wall on school holidays
But on Monday the young man again dodged prison.
"I am not sending you, a mentally unwell, disturbed, suicidal youthful first offender with reduced culpability to an adult prison," Judge Michael Tinney said.
"You have avoided prison by the skin of your teeth."
While assaults on emergency workers are never acceptable, Judge Tinney agreed special reasons did exist and laws allowed for exemptions.
"It is not a matter of endorsing your behaviour - I don't," he said.
"I find that special reasons do exist here. It is then open to me and appropriate not to imprison you in this case."
Haberfield's actions were not solely caused by taking illicit drugs, and there was an underlying condition of schizophrenia, Judge Tinney added.
He noted Haberfield would struggle in prison and had a "disturbing highly risk of suicide" if he was jailed.
Monica, who did not want her surname published, has not returned to work since the attack and suffers post-traumatic stress disorder and anxiety.
She began crying in court as the sentence was read out, surrounded by colleagues for support.
Haberfield was handed an 18-month community corrections order, and the four months served on the previous order issued by the magistrate won't be taken into account.
He also won't have to pay costs for the appeal as the judge said the matter should not have been before him.
Lifeline 13 11 14
beyondblue 1300 22 4636


'Critics' Choice Short Film Awards' Flooded With Entries From All Quarters!
Home BOLLYWOOD 'Critics' Choice Short Film Awards' Flooded With Entries From All Quarters!
'Critics' Choice Short Film Awards' Flooded With Entries From All Quarters!
Recently, the Films Critics Guild and Motion Content Group announced the first ever first-ever Critics Choice Short Film Awards for aspiring filmmakers. Soon after the entries opened, the body was flooded with entries for the top honours.
The entries for the Short film awards opened on the 22nd of October and closed on 10th November 2018. In just 18 days the Critics' Choice Short Film Awards received around 500 entries.
Since the exceptional response, the critics have been curating the entries and the nominations for the awards will be announced by 3rd December 2018.
Critics' Choice Short Film Awards is a first-ever collaborative effort of India's most credible film critics and Motion Content Group, WPP's global content investment, and rights management company. The organizers aim to recognize and appreciate the inventiveness and creativity of short films producers across the nation.
NVS Media a company owned by the Vistas Media Capital Pte Ltd (Singapore) has also associated with the Critics' Choice Short Film Awards marking its support and appreciation for the Indian Short Filmmakers.
The Critics' Choice Short Films Awards event will be held in Mumbai in December 2018.
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There are plenty of different types of shoes available in the market in different colors, designs, styles and types. You may find the one according to your taste for fashion and other requirements like the season in which you want to wear them or the outfit under which you are going to wear them. There are plenty of companies that manufacture shoes of different qualities and styles. Ahnu is one of these companies. It manufactures different shoes to wear in different seasons and on different occasions.
Ahnu shoes are manufactured while keeping the principle of balance in mind. They are created on the basis of the neutral positioning system technology in order to encourage the natural flow of biomechanics. There are many different proto types designed in this regard. Every one of these systems is designed in order to provide the wearer with comfort and convenience while performing a certain type of activity. For example, different types of ahnu shoes are designed for casual comfort, walking, hiking, running, cross training, exercising, etc. If you are a person who is into multitasking while going from one place to another, buying such a pair of shoes is a good option for you.
These shoes are available in a variety of different designs and colors. You may go for the one that goes with your sense of fashion and styling up. There are different types and designs of shoes designed both for men and women.


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Glimpse on Pakistan's Highest Paid Model and Actress Iman Ali life
Adobe is ready to kill its FLASH
Li-Fi will make your internet 100 times faster
Published by Editor at December 4, 2015
Iman Ali
Iman Ali, the name that comes in your mind at first whenever someone asks, who you think is the best model turned actress. Iman Ali the ravishing yet elegant, modish yet stylish, the prima donna lady has been working in this industry for many years but she has retained herself explicitly fit..
She was born on 19th of December, 1980 and started her career as a model in 2000. She is the daughter of veteran actor Abid Ali and Humaira Ali. In 2006, Abid Ali got separated from Humaira Ali and married TV actress Rabia Naureen. She has two sisters Rahma Ali and Maryam Ali. Rahma Ali is also an actress, model and a good singer. Iman Ali and her sisters live with Humaira Ali.
One fact with which we all are not well aware is that Iman Ali suffered from a disease called 'sclerosis' for 3 years. During an interview in 2009, she told about the disease "Sclerosis". She went to India many times for the treatment of this disease. People thought that she is fascinated by Bollywood industry so that is why she is visiting India commonly. But later, the sources exposed that Iman Ali really has this disease.
Now let me sum up some of her triumphs from the start of her career up till now. Iman Ali has the credit of working with the national and international highly recognized brands and designers in her pocket. She got super famous due to her Anarkali look in the music video 'Bas Ishq Mohabbat Apna Pan':
She appeared in various dramas like Dil Dekay Jaien Gey, Arman, Kismat, Woh Tees Din, Pehla Pyar, Kuch Log Rooth Kar Bhi and Chal Parha under different productions and channels.
Filmography of Iman Ali is short yet interesting. She worked in the two of the most hit movies of Pakistan 'Khuda Kay Liye' and 'Bol' that got international recognition and made records. Currently, she is working for an upcoming movie 'Mah-e-Meer' which is going to release next year after the Nov 6 release got cancelled. She has also recently worked in TVC of QMobile handset.
She has received the Best Actress and Best Model Lux Style Awards in 2007 and 2008 respectively. She is still setting the Ramp on fire by her killer walk and appearing in sundry TV advertisements.
Just like other celebrities, Iman Ali got swayed by the scandal winds. She was seen with Indian director Imtiaz Ali. News about the Pakistani model's acquaintance with the famous Indian director Imtiaz Ali roved around in the tinsel town for many days. The two celebrities met each other in Dubai and ostensibly their encounter at Dubai then got transformed into a friendship.
She is, no doubt, the queen of hearts of many people. We wish best of luck for her future commitments!
Watch Emma Watson starrer Beauty and the Beast first full trailer


text:
package bio.terra.service.dataset.flight.ingest;

import bio.terra.common.Column;
import bio.terra.common.Table;
import bio.terra.service.dataset.Dataset;
import bio.terra.service.dataset.DatasetService;
import bio.terra.service.filedata.google.firestore.FireStoreDao;
import bio.terra.service.tabulardata.google.bigquery.BigQueryDatasetPdao;
import bio.terra.stairway.FlightContext;
import bio.terra.stairway.StepResult;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;

public class IngestValidateGcpRefsStep extends IngestValidateRefsStep {

  private final DatasetService datasetService;
  private final BigQueryDatasetPdao bigQueryDatasetPdao;
  private final FireStoreDao fileDao;

  public IngestValidateGcpRefsStep(
      DatasetService datasetService,
      BigQueryDatasetPdao bigQueryDatasetPdao,
      FireStoreDao fileDao) {
    this.datasetService = datasetService;
    this.bigQueryDatasetPdao = bigQueryDatasetPdao;
    this.fileDao = fileDao;
  }

  @Override
  public StepResult doStep(FlightContext context) throws InterruptedException {
    Dataset dataset = IngestUtils.getDataset(context, datasetService);
    Table table = IngestUtils.getDatasetTable(context, dataset);
    String stagingTableName = IngestUtils.getStagingTableName(context);

    // For each fileref column, scan the staging table and build an array of file ids
    // Then probe the file system to validate that the file exists and is part
    // of this dataset. We check all ids and return one complete error.

    Set<InvalidRefId> invalidRefIds = new HashSet<>();
    for (Column column : table.getColumns()) {
      if (column.isFileOrDirRef()) {
        List<String> refIdArray = bigQueryDatasetPdao.getRefIds(dataset, stagingTableName, column);
        List<String> badRefIds = fileDao.validateRefIds(dataset, refIdArray);
        badRefIds.forEach(id -> invalidRefIds.add(new InvalidRefId(id, column.getName())));
      }
    }

    return handleInvalidRefs(invalidRefIds);
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I close my eyes but for a moment, I am tired now and need to sleep.
I see his head droop and his eyes close for it is clear now that he needs to sleep.
The years weigh heavy on my shoulders and my eyes now tend to weep.
Although slumped as though broken backed, his moistened eyes still brightly flash.


ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. — It sounded like a barrage of machine-gun fire, loud, scary and so incessant that guests at Casa Esperanza tumbled out of their rooms to find out who was under attack.
It was coming from the skies, which had opened up and sent huge hauls of hail, some as big as golf balls, crashing into the large skylight in the lobby and several smaller ones throughout the 18,000-square-foot nonprofit's facility near the University of New Mexico North Campus.
The storm had also caused cracks in the flat roof of the territorial-style building, a home away from home for families whose loved ones are being treated at area hospitals for serious diseases and medical conditions.
Top: Kristi Greiner, director of marketing with Paul Davis Restoration, takes photos in one of the rooms damaged by two storms at Casa Esperanza. Below left: Furniture is piled up in a room to keep it safe from further flooding. Top right: Chrisann Gray stands among the towers of fans used to dry out the soggy walls and floors of the facility, which provides temporary housing for families whose loved ones are hospitalized or undergoing medical treatment. Below right: Buckets of dirty rainwater are still scattered around Casa Esperanza.
They didn't know yet just how hard.
Two nights later, another storm struck, this one unleashing gushes of rain that seeped through and broke open the cracks in the roof, soaked through the walls, the stucco, the furniture, the light fixtures and fans and left a half-inch of coppery water on the floor.
The damage from the Aug. 1 storm was significant. And the rain wasn't stopping.
Despite it all, Gray said it could have been worse.
By pure coincidence, a planned remodeling of the 26-year-old facility's kitchen and dining area had been scheduled to begin July 31 with two days of jackhammering up old tile and tearing down old cabinets.
Some of the furnishings had already been moved and covered in plastic. The families had been temporarily placed in hotels and other facilities and were schedule to return in about three days.
Now, it could be three months.
The remodeling is on hold, and the restoration is expected to be extensive and expensive. For the first time since opening its doors in 1992, the Casa is closed.
That, for Gray, hits harder than a hail stone.
"These families are like our family," she said, the usually talkative woman momentarily unable to speak as the tears come. "They stay with us on and off during some of the hardest moments of their lives – a child being treated for cancer, a husband undergoing kidney dialysis. A majority of our families are moderate to low income. I'd say 94 percent are low income. They get a bad diagnosis, they have to travel here for treatment, find a place for them or their families to stay.
What they do, what they did, was offer a comfortable room – 16 singles, 12 two-room suites – at a nominal cost of about $40 a night or less for those in greater need.
A large kitchen provided a place for families to store and prepare their own meals, with more than 140 business, church and service organizations sponsoring dinners for the occupants on most nights.
"You can imagine spending a day in the hospital with your loved one and coming back here to a meal already made," Gray said.
Since its beginning, she estimates that Casa Esperanza has served more than 41,000 families, or about 1,500 to 1,600 families a year.
As we walk through the shuttered building, it's apparent how much work has already been done and how much more work lies ahead. Dozens of industrial fans and dehumidifiers are lined up in the hallways, the job of sopping up the flood completed for now. Ceilings are gashed open, holes are covered with blue painter's tape, sheetrock is ripped away or water-stained. Most of the mattresses will have to be thrown out.
For now, a temporary silicone sheeting serves as roofing while insurance adjusters continue to calculate the cost of repairing the place.
Gray said she has not yet received a dime of insurance money and is relying on the good graces and patience of Paul Davis Restoration and Dreamstyle Remodeling – and her own family.
Already she knows the insurance money won't be enough to cover all that has been lost.
She has hope, she said. Because that's what Casa Esperanza is. Because that's what it means when translated – House of Hope.
Click casanm.org, email volunteers@casanm.org, call 505-246-2700 or write Casa Esperanza, 1005 Yale NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87106. Donations are tax-deductible. Besides monetary donations, Casa is also in need of hotel and restaurant vouchers for its displaced clients.


a vintage floral inspiration. pairs easily with our neutral sunday best stockings in grey and white.
Super cute and my daughter loves the skirt! She is below average size, and the waist was way too small for her. It was simple to replace the elastic, but would have preferred not to do any alterations.


Mar 17, 2017 . AngloGold Ashanti recently announced it's cutting 2,000 non mining jobs. The decision was made after the company lost $135 millions during the second quarter of this year. The main guilty? The reduced price of gold during this period and the consequential write down of ore stockpiles. However, this new.
Oct 20, 2017 . AngloGold Ashanti will have just two major assets left in SA, halving output from the country after agreeing to the sale of its Moab Khotsong and mothballed Great Noligwa mines . The transaction to buy the loss making Kopanang mine and West Gold Plant should be concluded in the first quarter of 2018.
Mar 6, 2018 . When the Chinese came, they told me that my plants were not yielding anymore because there was so much gold under the soil, Asare said. After a few years of low production, he sold his 14 acres to a group of small scale gold miners, also called galamsey miners, with a Chinese sponsor. The money is.
AngloGold Ashanti, as it conducts business today, was formed on April 26, 2004 following the business combination of AngloGold Limited (AngloGold) with Ashanti Goldfields Company Limited (Ashanti). AngloGold, formerly Vaal Reefs Exploration and Mining Company Limited, was incorporated in South Africa in 1944.
Harmony, AngloGold deal said to stall on Mining Charter. Posted By Phila Mzamo on August 3, 2017 in News. Harmony Gold Mining's long running talks to buy AngloGold Ashanti's South African assets have stalled because of uncertainty over the country's new mining regulations, according to people familiar with the.
Apr 17, 2018 . Srinivasan Venkatakrishnan has resigned as chief executive officer of AngloGold Ashanti after five years in the role and 18 years at the company. . culture of respect, discipline and accountability throughout the organisation, in our effort to define a sustainable, long term model for the gold industry, he said.
AngloGold Ashanti sues small town in Colombia . London Mining .
Mar 1, 2013 . The multinational gold mining company, AngloGold Ashanti, has taken legal action against a small town in central Colombia after its citizens allegedly prohibited the . Protestors were up in arms over the company's plans to build a large ore processing plant for their proposed La Colosa mine nearby.
Posted by John on 22nd February 2018. AngloGold Ashanti has signed the regulatory and fiscal agreements with the Government of Ghana that will provide the framework for the redevelopment of the Obuasi gold mine into a modern, productive mining operation. The Government of Ghana and AngloGold Ashanti have put.
Oct 18, 2017 . South Africa's AnglogoldAshanti is to sell two gold mines for a total $307million in the latest retreat from a sector which is in a stateof steep decline. . After over a century of mining, shafts are plunging to depths of up to 4 kilometres, costs have been soaring, and government policy is shrouded in uncertainty,.
By: Martin Creamer 8th May 2018 The smaller South African footprint of gold mining company AngloGold Ashanti, consisting of one underground mine and one tailings treatment operation on surface, delivered .. Ghana, Africa's second largest gold miner after South Africa, earned $5.78 billion from exports of the metal. .
The resumption of ore mining from Nyankanga in the third quarter of 2007 led to a marked improvement in production over that period, however harder material and poor grades saw a reduction in plant throughout which flowed through to reduce gold throughout in Q4. AngloGold Ashanti reported a 9% fall in cash costs to.
Obuasi's processing plant, with a monthly capacity of 180,000t, treats both sulphide ores from an underground mine and sulphide tailings. A mine . Two years after AngloGold Ashanti suspended production at its giant but loss making gold mine in Obuasi, central Ghana, the boom of underground explosions has resumed.
Apr 27, 2017 . South Africa's AngloGold Ashanti has halted all exploration work at its La Colosa project in central Tolima, Colombia, after voters backed a proposal to ban mining in the . The La Colosa project had a potential investment of $2 billion, the company has said, and could yield 28 million ounces of gold. A huge.
Mar 17, 2017 . The big mining company AngloGold Ashanti is testing a new technology, created to substantially increase South Africa's gold reserves. The firm is betting on . AngloGold, for instance, currently mines 270 days in a year, establishing a waiting period after the explosions. This way, the working area can.
Proposed acquisition of AngloGold Ashanti's Moab Khotsong .
19 October 2017. Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited (Harmony or the Company) has entered into a definitive agreement ("Transaction Agreement") with AngloGold Ashanti Limited ("AngloGold Ashanti") to acquire the underground mine Moab Khotsong, which incorporates the Great Noligwa underground mine and.
ANGLOGOLD ASHANTI LIMITED . ANG. ANGGOLD . company .
Most notably, Article 276 provided for 10 years of stability after changes are made to the mining code, and formed the basis of many investment decisions in DRC. .. AngloGold Ashanti's indirect subsidiaries, Samax Resources Ltd. and Geita Gold Mining Ltd. (the Subsidiaries), are parties to a Mine Development Agreement.


text:
Q: Updating two tables in mysql with one statement I have two tables-  "events" and "rooms".
The rooms table looks like this:
    CREATE TABLE `rooms` (
    `roomKey` INT(9) UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
    `locationID` INT(9) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
    `locationName` VARCHAR(150) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
    `buildingID` INT(9) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
    `buildingName` VARCHAR(150) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
    `areaID` INT(9) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
    `areaName` VARCHAR(150) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
    `roomID` INT(9) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
    `roomName` VARCHAR(150) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
    `clientKey` MEDIUMINT(5) UNSIGNED NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
    PRIMARY KEY (`roomKey`),
    UNIQUE INDEX `locationID` (`locationID`, `buildingID`, `areaID`, `roomID`, `clientKey`),
    INDEX `clientKey` (`clientKey`)

)
COLLATE='latin1_swedish_ci'
ENGINE=InnoDB
AUTO_INCREMENT=21270411;

and the events table looks like this:
CREATE TABLE `events` (
    `eventKey` INT(11) UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
    `accountNum` INT(11) NULL DEFAULT NULL,
    `locationID` INT(9) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
    `buildingID` INT(9) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
    `areaID` INT(9) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
    `roomID` INT(9) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
    `clientKey` SMALLINT(5) UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
    `roomKey` INT(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
    `eventTitle` VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
    `dateStart` DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
    `dateEnd` DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
    `status` SMALLINT(5) UNSIGNED NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
    PRIMARY KEY (`eventKey`),
    UNIQUE INDEX `uniqueEvent` (`accountNum`, `locationID`, `buildingID`, `areaID`, `roomID`),
    INDEX `clientKey` (`clientKey`)
)
COLLATE='latin1_swedish_ci'
ENGINE=InnoDB
AUTO_INCREMENT=98690419;

There is a process which inserts a bulk import of new events into the events table.  Once it is complete, we need to update the new records with the roomKey that corresponds to the primary key in the "rooms" table - which we can match up using the locationID, buildingID, areaID, roomID and clientKey  of a record in the rooms table.   (clientKey is necessary as multiple accounts could have the same location, bldg, area, or room values).
Currently, the query I use for this is:
UPDATE events e, rooms dr SET e.locationKey=dr.locationKey
       WHERE e.locationID=dr.locationID
           AND e.buildingID=dr.buildingID
           AND e.areaID=dr.areaID
           AND e.roomID=dr.roomID
           AND e.clientKey=dr.clientKey

But it does not take into consideration the instances when two accounts (clients) have the same values in location, bldg, area and room.     The query is susceptible to putting the wrong roomKey value in the event record based on the fact that another account has a room record with the same  locationID, buildingID, areaID and roomID.
I can modify the query to run like shown below, but it is extremely slow.  I know it's not the right query to use, so I am looking to improve it - without having to do this update with a PHP loop, etc.
UPDATE EVENTS e, rooms dr SET e.locationKey=dr.locationKey
WHERE (e.locationID=dr.locationID AND e.clientKey=dr.clientKey)
    AND (e.buildingID=dr.buildingID  AND e.clientKey=dr.clientKey)
    AND (e.areaID=dr.areaID  AND e.clientKey=dr.clientKey)
    AND (e.roomID=dr.roomID  AND e.clientKey=dr.clientKey)
    AND e.clientKey=dr.clientKey

A: In Mysql, you can use this syntax when joining on update
UPDATE table1 t1
       INNER JOIN table2 t2
         ON t1.id = t2.id
SET t1.col1 = t2.col2, t1.col2 = t2.col2

A: If the clientKey value in rooms is authoratative and you just want to update all clientKey values in events based on matching roomID values, then you should be able to do this:
UPDATE rooms AS r
INNER JOIN events AS e ON r.roomKey = e.roomKey
SET e.clientKey = r.clientKey

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Application of privacy, security and ethics in Islamic concerned ICT
Noordin, Mohamad Fauzan (2013) Application of privacy, security and ethics in Islamic concerned ICT. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 14 (11). pp. 1548-1554. ISSN 1990-9233
This is the latest version of this item.
Official URL: http://www.idosi.org/mejsr/mejsr.htm
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) plays an important role in development of the modern society which carries moral obligation to drive the society for an authenticated output. Ethical issues are directly related with ICT to diminish the unauthenticated uses of ICT applications. Ethics, rules, shariah and guidelines about the use of computers have been debated for years and many computer associations have existed from that; ACM, IEEE, Australian Computer Society, British Computer Society and others to assist the societies to restore and adapt the principles. Generally, all of these ethics that have been brought up by these societies are to preserve human rights, privacy and confidentiality which have been mentioned long ago in the Qur'an. Allah, the Most Merciful has cited in the Qur'an the shariah or standards for all human beings to live peacefully without harming others (security, privacy, authority, ethics) and perform ibadah as khalifah. The ACM for instance, has prepared the guidelines as ethical system for societies which cover moral imperatives and professional responsibilities for the computer professionals as the measurement of the code of conduct. Hence, from the revision and analytical reflection, it is examined and explored the moral value as well as the impact of Islam's prospect especially of the ethical issues by considering the Islamization a reality.
Ethics; Islam; Privacy
B Philosophy. Psychology. Religion > BP Islam. Bahaism. Theosophy, etc > BP1 Islam > BP173.63 Islam and civil society
Q Science > Q Science (General) > Q300 Cybernetics > Q350 Information theory
T Technology > T Technology (General) > T10.5 Communication of technical information
Z Bibliography. Library Science. Information Resources > Z665 Library Science. Information Science
Kulliyyah of Information and Communication Technology > Department of Information System
Prof. Dr. Mohamad Fauzan Noordin
Application of privacy, security and ethics in Islamic concerned ICT. (deposited 03 Jan 2014 15:39) [Currently Displayed]


As I sold off most of my movies when I moved across the country in 2012, I realized I just couldn't sell my Disney Collection. After little thought, I knew why. The Lord had spoken to me countless times through those classic tales. It would have been comparable to the thought of selling off my favorite devotionals. That's just ridiculous.
I love how the Lord speaks in ways we understand, and He knows I know Disney!
A lady I didn't know prophesied I would write a book someday. Maybe a child's book, or just something child-like. Something that would make the complicated things of God really simple.
At the time, writing a book was the furthest thing from my mind. I enjoy writing a blog post occasionally, but a book? Whatever.
Thus; welcome to the beginning of Disney Delights: God moments through Disney.


text:
Irish Central Bank Says GNP Will Increase 7.75% in 1998
Debra Marks and
Damien LynchDow Jones Newswires
Updated Sept. 17, 1998 12:01 am ET
DUBLIN -- Ireland's central bank said inflation will average 2.75% for all of 1998, unchanged from its previous forecast.
The central bank in its quarterly bulletin said gross national product will grow 7.75% in 1998, compared with its previous forecasts for a rise of 7.5% this year.
"All indications are that 1998 will be another year...


text:
Als Restpfeiler, auch Restfeste oder Kohleninsel genannt, werden im Bergbau nicht abgebaute Teile einer flözartigen Lagerstätte bezeichnet. Diese Flözstücke haben nur einen kleinen Umfang und sind an mindestens drei Seiten vom alten Mann umgeben. Restpfeiler beeinflussen den Abbau von im Hangenden und im Liegenden befindlichen Lagerstättenteilen nachteilig.

Grundlagen
Beim Abbau von Kohlen bleiben, je nach Abbauverfahren, Teile der Lagerstätte stehen. Diese zwischen den einzelnen Abbaufeldern stehengebliebenen Kohleninseln stützen nun den restlichen Lagerstättenteil wie ein Pfeiler auf einer kleinen Fläche ab. Dadurch bleibt das Gebirge über den Pfeilern in seiner ursprünglichen Lage erhalten, obwohl sich das Hangende rings um den Pfeiler bis auf das Liegende absenkt. Die so belasteten Pfeiler müssen neben dem Gewicht der senkrecht aufliegenden Hangendschichten auch das Gewicht des neben ihnen angrenzenden Bereiches tragen. Diese hohe Belastung überträgt der Pfeiler nun über seine kleine Grundfläche auf die Schichten im Liegenden. Dadurch bilden sich sowohl im Liegenden, als auch im Hangenden und auch innerhalb des Pfeilers, Zonen mit erhöhten Gebirgsspannungen aus. Der bankrechte Stauchungsdruck im Hangenden und Liegenden erhöht im Bereich des Restpfeilers die Konvergenz. Längs der Begrenzung der Kohleninsel ist eine etwa 10–30 Meter breite Zone, in der sich der Zusatzdruck aus dem Alten Mann auf den Pfeiler auswirkt. Dieser Zusatzdruck schwankt in weiten Grenzen und kann sich noch über 200 Meter unterhalb der Einwirkungsstelle bemerkbar machen. Bei sehr schmalen Pfeilern kann sich in der Mitte des Restpfeilers ein Druckmaximum ausbilden. Dabei ist das Druckmaximum umso größer, je kleiner der Pfeiler ist. Die Druckaufnahme jedes Restpfeilers ist jedoch nicht unendlich, sondern sie wird durch die Festigkeit der Kohle begrenzt.

Auswirkungen
Restpfeiler wirken sich in mehrfacher Weise nachteilig auf den weiteren Abbau aus. Durch die Ausbildung von Zonen mit erhöhter Gebirgsspannung kann es in den betroffenen Bereichen unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen zu Gebirgsschlägen kommen. Aufgrund des erhöhten Gebirgsdruckes kommt es zu einer verstärkten Methanausgasung. Des Weiteren kommt es unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen in Restpfeilern zur Selbstentzündung der Kohle. Dies tritt insbesondere bei mächtigen Kohlenflözen mit starker Schlechten- und Lösenbildung gepaart mit wechselnder Kohlenhärte auf. Hierbei liegt die kritischste Stelle etwa fünf bis zehn Meter unterhalb der oberen Abbaustrecke. Da die Druckaufnahme des Restpfeilers begrenzt ist, kommt es bei weiterer Druckerhöhung zum Auslaufen des Kohlenstoßes. Dabei wird die Kohle häufig in feinkörniger oder pulverförmiger Form aus dem Kohlenstoß herausgeschleudert. Dieses wird durch die weitere Schwächung des Pfeilers aufgrund des Brandes begünstigt. Letztendlich kann sich der Flözbrand zu einem Grubenbrand ausweiten.

Abbau von Restpfeilern
Aufgrund ihrer negativen Auswirkungen sollten Restpfeiler möglichst komplett abgebaut werden. Allerdings ist die Gewinnung von Restpfeilern nicht einfach. Dies liegt an dem auf den Pfeiler lastendem Druck. Um den Pfeiler abbauen zu können, muss er vom Alten Mann beginnend in Richtung des unverritzten Flözes in Verhieb genommen werden. Dabei muss der Bergmann den Pfeiler so in Verhieb nehmen, dass die Abbaufront immer parallel zur schmalsten Seite des Pfeilers liegt. Bei dieser Vorgehensweise werden die alten Abbaudruckzonen auf kürzestem Weg gekreuzt.

Einzelnachweise

Abbau

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Although Federal Housing Association (FHA) loans are attractive to first-time homebuyers and moderate-income earners, it is important to understand how FHA mortgage rates work in NC before applying for and accepting an FHA home loan. Perhaps the best way to wrap your mind around FHA mortgage rates in your neck of the woods is by comparing an FHA loan with a conventional 30-year fixed loan.
With an FHA loan, you can expect to pay close to the same amount that you would with a 30-year fixed loan, possibly slightly more. How so? This may come as a surprise because FHA loans are known for being highly affordable.
To begin with, FHA loans have a 1% premium that is added to the loan amount up front. While interest rates are usually significantly lower with FHA loans, FHA loans require mortgage insurance that's usually more costly than with traditional loans. In the end, your monthly payment might be slightly higher with an FHA loan than it would be with a 30-year fixed loan. In most cases, the difference might be hardly noticeable.
A lot of people who would never qualify for conventional loans due to poor credit scores are often eligible for FHA loans. Because FHA mortgages are backed by the FHA, lenders typically feel more secure in providing people with FHA loans when conventional loans are not an option.
The other noticeable benefit of an FHA loan over a conventional loan is that FHA borrowers are often required to pay only 3.5 – 5% down, whereas conventional loans require a 20% down payment. Of course, FHA interest rates are lower than with conventional loans, but the other expenses overshadow this fact.
Another advantage of FHA loans over conventional loans is that FHA can be used to finance factory-built or mobile homes.
If you are someone whose credit score is less than ideal, or you don't have a lot of money up front for a down payment, or you want to purchase a factory-built or mobile and or wish to live in a mobile home park, FHA can be a great option for you.
As you can see, when considering the pros and cons of an FHA loan, you must weigh out all of the factors as opposed to only thinking about FHA mortgage rates in NC. FHA loans aren't for everyone. There are both advantages and drawbacks with them. The best to do if you have questions regarding FHA loans in NC is to contact AmeriSouth and speak with a trusted broker.


text:
lovelytheband Is Anything But "Broken"
Discover WERS, Music Reviews :: 05.10.2018
Lovelytheband Graphic by Nicole Bae
- By Andrea Williams -
Mitchy Collins, Jordan Greenwald, and Sam Price of Lovelytheband met after a night of fun in Los Angeles, California in the year 2016. Soon after, Lovelytheband formed and their music was just beginning.
Mitchy Collins recalled writing for this band years before the band even formed. At the time this music was an outlet for his other writing styles. After he realized these songs more than just an outlet he decided to put Lovelytheband in full motion. He was able to find and recruit the two other members through mutual friends. He even started "sliding into the DMs" of Sam Price.
Lovelytheband is anything but "broken"
Mitchy Collins, front man for Lovelytheband, is no stranger to the music industry. Collins is a former member of successful group Oh Honey. While Oh Honey were known for their folk-pop sound and powerful harmonies Lovelytheband is known for their indie-pop sound and infectious melodies. In April of 2017 Lovelytheband released their hit single "Broken" with Billboard. "Broken" not only spent eighteen weeks, peaked at number nine, but also quickly gained millions of streams on Spotify.
Soon after the release of their hit single, "Broken" Lovelytheband signed with Another Century Records. In September of 2017, after signing with their new record label, Lovelytheband put out their debut EP titled everything i could never say.
MORE MUSIC REVIEWS HERE
Everything i could never say is just the beginning of their music career
Their newest EP features six of their songs including their most famous "Broken." All of these songs on the EP are songs that anyone would be able to jam out to during the summer.
Mitchy Collins describes this EP as painting a picture of what the band is. Collins also felt that "Broken" would be a "good mission statement for the band." This mission statement being Lovelytheband's music will always be a way for fans to connect with them.
As of right now, Lovelytheband is currently on tour however they don't have any dates set for Boston. Lovelytheband recently announced the release date, May 11th, for their next upcoming single. It is titled "these are my friends". Even though this EP might be, as drummer Sam Price put it, a "heartbreak EP" any song off of this EP will make a great addition to anyone's summer playlist.
Playlist: New Discoveries 1/24
Your 2023 Music Forecast
Pick of the Week: Omar Apollo " Evergreen"
Remembering David Crosby
Pick of the Week: Rubblebucket "Geometry"
Interview: Gus Dapperton: "I'm striving to not sound like anything in particular"
Saint Paul and the Broken Bones Stay Cool in the Heat
Off the Sidelines and into Bleachers, Gone Now
Bad Suns Reminisce Being at Home