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Nominee for FDA Commissioner Has Strong Industry Ties
Justin Karter
On Tuesday, the Obama administration nominated Dr. Robert Califf to be the new commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In a statement, director of the Public Citizen's Health Research Group, Dr. Michael Carome called on the Senate to reject the nomination. He contends that Califf "racked up a long history of extensive financial ties to multiple drug and medical device companies, including Amgen, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Johnson & Johnson, Merck Sharp & Dohme and Sanofi-Aventis, to name a few."
"Strikingly, no FDA commissioner has had such close financial relationships with industries regulated by the agency prior to being appointed," wrote Carome.
Califf has served as the deputy commissioner for medical products and tobacco since March and is a researcher and the former director of the cardiac care unit at Duke University Medical Center.
Reuters reports that "Califf has close ties with the drug industry, having worked on myriad high-profile clinical studies, and he is also close with Dr. Janet Woodcock, the FDA's powerful head of pharmaceuticals."
In February, Diana Zuckerman, the president of the National Center for Health Research, told TIME that Califf's ties to the industry "should be of great concern," and that these relationships raise questions about his "objectivity and distance." She cited studies suggesting that "such ties to influence the behavior and decision-making of doctors and researchers, even when the scientists don't realize it."
Califf graduated from the Duke School of Medicine in 1978, then completed his residency at the University of California, and a fellowship in cardiology at Duke. Califf has had a long research career, working in both development and post-marketing surveillance. He has also led large public–private partnerships with the FDA.
Update 9/21/15:
New York Times: "FDA Nominee Califf's Ties to Drug Makers Worry Some"
In Saturday's New York Times, Sabrina Tavernise describes the close industry ties of Dr. Robert Califf, a cardiologist and researcher recently tapped by the Obama administration to head the FDA. In a conflict of interest statement published last year, Califf "declared financial support from more than 20 companies," leading some public health advocates to "question whether his background could tilt him in the direction of an industry he would be in charge of supervising." Tavernise points to a presentation Califf gave on "Disrupting Clinical Research: Transforming a System" in 2014 where he singled out regulation as a barrier to research and innovation. "I think it illuminates his thinking," Daniel Carpenter, a Harvard professor who studies the FDA, said of the slide. "In a sense, he's the ultimate industry insider."
CounterPunch: FDA Commissioner Hamburg Appointed WHO Deputy? By Martha Rosenberg
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MIA Research News Editor: Justin Karter is a writer, researcher and community organizer with graduate degrees in both journalism and community psychology. He is a doctoral candidate in Counseling Psychology at UMass Boston, an active member of the Society for Humanistic Psychology, and is currently working on several scholarly projects at the intersection of psychology, social theory, and political philosophy.
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Stephen Gilbert September 18, 2015 at 10:21 am
Glad to be kept informed but this certainly is not surprising at all. The FDA is not the friend of the American people. It takes its orders from Big Pharma.
remonstrance September 22, 2015 at 7:03 pm
"The FDA is not the friend of the American people." – Sounds like a libertarian argument for rescinding CFR Title 21
"It takes its orders from Big Pharma." – Interestingly, on some days, even big pharma recognizes there are limits. One example of a self imposed limit being the marketing of Eliquis (apixaban) to peeps recovering from heart attacks. Apixaban with Antiplatelet Therapy after Acute Coronary Syndrome (http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1105819)
GetItRight September 28, 2015 at 11:13 am
"The FDA is not the friend of the American people." Indeed. The profit motive and the attendant corruption — not burning your bridges to lucrative industry employment post government service — works within the government as well as in the private sector.
One has to go way back to find an FDA official who exemplified the necessary integrity, courage, brilliance and highest motivation to act for the public good in the execution of his/her responsibilities as an FDA official. That would be Dr. Frances Kelsey, who passed away last month, and who is largely responsible for the U.S. bypassing the Thalidomide catastrophe. As The Washington Post put it, "[the] tragedy was largely averted in the United States, with much credit due to Kelsey. … For a critical 19-month period, she fastidiously blocked its (Thalidomide's) approval while drug company officials maligned her as a bureaucratic nitpicker."
One can only imagine the pressure that was brought to bear on this young doctor. At that time, the notion that drugs cross the placenta barrier was an unproven theory. But Dr. Kelsey took seriously the possibility of risk to the developing child, continued to demand more information from the company and held off approval long enough for the catastrophic effects of Thalidomide to manifest themselves. Once they did, non-approval by the FDA was a no-brainer. For the FDA to to cloak itself in her legacy as the "gold standard" government agency because of Thalidomide is false. It was Dr. Kelsey and her (sadly) unique set of attributes that averted the tragedy. Thank you, Dr. Kelsey, and RIP.
CatNight September 18, 2015 at 10:31 am
This is so disheartening! Just when the corruption within the corporations is coming to rise above the societal watermark we have this appointment.
What do the powers that be have on Obama?
This is bad for the 99% in terms of health, nutrition, food , and family economics.
Fred Abbe September 18, 2015 at 10:06 pm
What do the powers that be have on Obama ?
The robber baron families Rockefeller's and Carnegie's and others, their cartels and corporations demand from anyone that can be elected president the heads of the people delivered on a platter.
See the movie "Ethos on Netflix or on Youtube for free .
madmom September 18, 2015 at 12:48 pm
Yes, this is like hiring an oil executive for Secretary of the Interior. Sad, but not surprising. I don't believe the tide is turning against psychiatry. I think things will get much, much worse before they become better. Many credible people who work within the system have rung the alarm bell and nobody cares. I've spent a lot of time visiting my loved one in the state hospital and various foster homes; I've witnessed hundreds of shut away people who are permanently disabled by their 'treatment'. The response of family members is to clamor for more psychiatric beds and better chemical restraints. These parents won't rest until big Pharma invents a depot shot of Haldol that has a half life of fifty years. We are fighting an Evil Empire of corruption and greed and this new guy at the FDA is just the new Darth Vadar.
Stephen Gilbert September 18, 2015 at 1:47 pm
Well stated..
Call aspersions if you must, but Duke uses industry money to finance academic studies that industry doesn't or won't. For examples of depression related studies, google 'robert califf st john's wort' or 'TADS depression'. For alternative medicine approaches, google 'TACT chelation therapy' or 'MANTRA noetic training.' Remember NIH awards don't pay for the complete cost of research.
What Justin and Sabrina don't tell you is the public has had a direct hand in his trying to 'transform medicine.' The NIH has paid Duke and a number of other academic medical centers to transform the way biomedical and clinical research (bench to bed) is conducted via CTSA awards. Califf was the principle investigator for Duke's CTSA so it was his fiduciary responsibility as a recipient of public monies to make good on the grant by offering his thoughts.
One of Califf's efforts to date whilst at the FDA has been to seek public input.
FDA Announces First-ever Patient Engagement Advisory Committee (http://blogs.fda.gov/FDAvoice/index.php )
And bless his heart, he alluded to this strategy years ago during the Vioxx scandal. (http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/health-july-dec04-cahill-vioxx/ )
And as far as him being the new Darth Vader, well he likely won't survive into the next presidency. So, that's something for you to look forward to.
madmom September 25, 2015 at 5:14 am
Remonstrance
OK. Darth Vadar may have over the top; out of curiosity and penitence, I googled the items you suggested and here is my two cents worth: the studies you cited don't qualify Dr. Cardiff to be a barracuda of consumer protection in this era of rampant greed and corruption.
1) NIMH study…..I have to take it on faith that the TADS study had industry support as you inferred because the funders are not listed on the version I saw. I also have to take it on faith that Mr. Cardiff had anything to do with it because the author/director was not listed either. Most importantly, there was plenty to like about this study from industry's perspective. Talk about dodging a bullet! If I were a Prozac salesperson, I could spin this study so quick it would make your head spin.
The TADS study appears to provide evidence for what anyone with a modicum of lived experience knows as it relates to clinical practice (how psychiatric drugs are routinely prescribed and how patient outcomes are monitored). As one would have predicted, combination therapy—pharmacology in conjunction with CBT—is the safest short term treatment option over pharmacology monotherapy presumably because talk therapists have something useful to provide clients that prescribers don't, i.e. they are trained to establish trust, they are less likely to use force and coercion, they are trained to observe and report behavioral changes, and they are less likely to be know-it-alls as to the origins of their client's behavior (especially distress) a state which lends itself to open discourse and patient disclosure, things that are vital for safety.
This is hardly the kind of study that elevates an academic researcher into being a champion of consumer safety capable of protecting people from psychiatric harm. Rather this study qualifies him to be the champion of more funding for complimentary industries that can ameliorate psychiatric harm after the fact.
From this study, one could spin a fairly tepid policy recommendation that psychologists be involved in treatment teams to do the gumshoe work that psychiatrists usually will not or cannot do. One could also use this study to recommend to politicians that we should increase taxes to pay for CBT for all children and adolescents who are prescribed SSRI's so that the protective factor of having a psychologist or counselor involved won't be limited to all but the most privileged families. But you and I both know that currently, the mental health pie is divided with the lion's share going to big Pharma; and the only thing that will change that is when expected corporate losses (liability) are in excess of anticipated corporate earnings resulting in a massive pull outs. Corporations pulling support for research and development of new psychiatric drugs who are aware of the long term negative impacts of psychiatric drug addiction will sell their sinking ships to other corporations, possibly resulting in some changes in the field. By then, however, it will be like mining companies who leave Super fund sites in their wake. By the time, the profits have been safely migrated out of the industry, the cost of psychiatric harm the extent of the corruption of the FDA will be evident but there will be no one to be held liable.
Additionally, since the study was limited to 36 months, it does nothing to reveal the long term harm of stigmatizing of adolescents whose depression may have nothing to do with a chemical brain imbalance and have everything to do with bullying at school, dysfunction at home, unhealthy body image from advertising, etc. By the time the adolescent enters adulthood, the situational factors that may have been primary factors in the development of 'major depression' may have been so discounted or ignored in light of seeking remedies for the 'chemical imbalance' theory, that they may be forgotten entirely. After all is much easier for families to embrace the chemical imbalance theory of the diagnosed family member since it requires no work on the part of families to understand why little Johnny didn't get the emotional support he needed to thrive. By the time five to ten years roll by, little Johnny may be on polypharmacy, always searching for just the right tweak to his cocktail as opposed to seeking alternative ways of coping with distress. The latter part of Johnny's life will be chasing a phantom chemical brain imbalance or dealing with protracted withdrawal from multiple psychiatric drugs.
The fittest candidate is someone who is not only willing to mitigate harm, but prevent it in the first place and holding corporations liable for future harm. By prevention I mean someone who favors policies to make it illegal to patent and market harmful drugs to treat vulnerable individuals, especially children, who are sad or depressed when safer evidence based alternatives exist. Even the TADS study shows that the CBT monotherapy 'catches up' with pharmacology monotherapy and combo therapy. It doesn't take a degree in rocket science to figure out which approach is safer in the long run but it takes a barracuda to win the information war that is necessary to put safety first.
Too bad, the adolescents who received only CBT were not followed for twenty years. I'd put my money on them having better long term outcomes, which is what really counts, especially now that the baby boomers—arguably the first generation of individuals psychiatrized for life starting in adolescence—are rapidly aging and we can see, first-hand, within our own circle of family and friends, which of us end up being the first to die—those who have been psychiatrized and medicated for life and those of us who, due to the grace of God, dodged this bullet.
2)	Per the study Duke did on St. John's Wort (taking it on faith again that Dr. Cardiff was the lead author/director) I am not too impressed. Launching grenades against herbal supplements is a safe target for academia as it provides relatively low yielding fruit while pissing off very few financial investors. There is no reason that dietary supplements shouldn't be held to the same vigorous testing standards as pharmacology, but I suspect that they are being held to an even higher standard, if measured by the amount of corporate media attention given to this study v.s. the amount given to the numerous studies in which SSRI's that performed equally as bad as hypericum perforatum against placebo.
Perhaps the focus of the study should have been which does the least amount of harm? When my adult son met most of the criteria for major depression after being discharged from the hospital for a suicide attempt, he did take St. John's Wort and was greatly assisted by doing so. What my son did differently, (which Duke study participants probably did not) was he harvested his own St. John's Wort in the field and produced his own hypericum perforatum tincture in our kitchen.
The supplement didn't have a huge effect either way but it did give him a sense of purpose, a stake in his own recovery, some sweat equity, an opportunity to be outdoors, and greater attention to his diet in general. Better than lying in bed all day waiting for a magic pill to take effect.
Do you see the difference? The point of using herbal supplements is that individuals who are willing to pay out of pocket (they can be quite substantial in cost) or formulate their own, are more likely to make lifestyle shifts and accept greater responsibility for things within their control, such as diet. Good luck getting people to put sweat equity into their recovery once a psychiatrist fraudulently claims that they have a chemical brain imbalance that will be 'fixed' once they find the right cocktail of drugs. Why bother to make any effort to change if one is the passive victim of a disease, and why bother to complain about side effects if a psychiatrist thinks it's all in your head or the only solution to obtain additional prescriptions and the original symptoms such as lethargy or agitation or irritability become indistinguishable from the side effects including compounded lethargy, agitation or irritability? Once an adolescent is in the snare of psychiatry, they are at risk of being consumers for life.
3)	Per Dr. Cardiff's role in a major study involving noetic therapies (a term which I wasn't familiar with until today) I couldn't read about it because the study was behind a pay wall. And I don't have time to read up on the benefits of public input. If the literature put out by pseudo organizations such as NAMI is any measure of the intelligence of the 'general public' then there is very little to be gained from public input, as the public has already been the victim of a massive fraud, subjected to decades of direct to consumer advertising and marketing campaigns instilling the chemical imbalance theory of mental illness deep into our psyche and duping us into believing in the safety of psychiatric drugs. Until the public has been educated to the contrary, there is very little to gain from public input.
B September 18, 2015 at 5:34 pm
The door is revolving so fast you can barely see it… They have no shame and no fear anymore either.
Ragnarok September 19, 2015 at 12:31 am
Yes this is bad that the FDA nominee has strong ties with the industry he is supposed to regulate, but people need to also take away from this that it was the Obama administration that nominated him. The corruption isn't limited to Big Pharma or the FDA. It extends much further than that, to include big business, banks, and of course the government. This is just another example of how criminal and corrupt the entire system is.
The good guys aren't running the world. Psychopaths and criminals are running the world.
Frank Blankenship September 19, 2015 at 11:39 am
I'm sure you've heard the slogan, "Get the Money Out of Politics". Obama let a great many people down by, while talking about supporting the struggling middle classes, populating federal agencies with appointed officials having close ties to multinational corporations. I think we have a couple of words for that kind of thing, and those words are selling out. Psychiatry is obviously not the only profession that suffers from an excess in corruption. I would hope that there are enough reasonable and ethically responsible people around to deny this nominee this position, but we shall see. If power corrupts, and money buys power, a heck of a lot of people are going to need to be pooling their meager resources right about now in order to buy back their stolen destinies (i.e. the American dream). I suppose if we are up the river without a paddle at the present time, we don't want to know how far up the river we could be in future if we don't do something. Personal salvation, more and more, is going to have to rely upon collective salvation, or even the rats aren't going to be able to escape this sinking ship. Government by, of, and for filthy rich people? Really? Maybe somebody should do something before it's too late.
Check out this: wolf-pac.com They're fighting for an amendment. I don't know if it can succeed but at least one has to keep trying.


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Posted byopenjusticecourtofprotection 1st Oct 2020 1st Oct 2020 Posted inUncategorizedTags:Court of Protection, Deputyship, Family, Legal, Not Secret Court, Open Justice, Transparency
Alice Ferguson – 1st October 2020
I observed a telephone hearing (COP 13534031) before Senior Judge Hilder at 10.30am on the 17th September 2020.
The Start of the Hearing
There were several people involved in the hearing: including the judge, the applicant 'C' (P's cousin), C's representative, P's representative, counsel for the local authority (the 'LA'), P's social worker, and me as an observer. There were others present on the call, however their roles were not introduced and they spoke very little or not at all. The callers appeared familiar with one another before the hearing began. In terms of my ability to understand who was present and what their role was, there was also the issue of people talking over one another when Judge Hilder began checking who was on the call, meaning I could not hear all of what was being said (others stated the same).
Throughout the call, the discussion about P's welfare was primarily discussed between the Judge, and P's cousin C, and her legal representative, and later with the local authority representative.
Before attending this hearing, I had heard and read much about the issues presented by telephone hearings, with one service user describing the process as inhumane. However, with the country still well within the grips of the current pandemic it is crucial that hearings can go ahead without needlessly bringing several parties together in a courtroom.
There were, indeed, problems with background noises of various callers interrupting Judge Hilder and causing some (albeit minor) confusion with those present on the call. Judge Hilder muted callers who were not required to speak and for the most part this was sufficient. There were, however, other issues at hand: the applicant, P's cousin, complained of previous telephone hearings cutting out and said she also struggled to understand some discussions due to partial deafness. She also reported difficulties in contacting P who currently resides in a care home.
These issues underline the struggle that is very real for many COP participants, especially for those who are not present as professionals: what is already so commonly a stressful and confusing process can be amplified by the complications of modern technology. Overall, though, the hearing went relatively smoothly. Judge Hilder ensured all parties were clear on what was being discussed and repeated or simplified anything that caused uncertainty.
The Case Before the Court
Due to not being present for previous hearings regarding P's welfare, I had to pick up a sense of P's current circumstances throughout the course of the hearing (there was no formal introduction). P is in her 80s and has been diagnosed with vascular dementia. This has left her unable to care for herself and she currently resides in a care home. She has some idea of her current circumstances, and frequently mentions her previous home (before care) and has a close relationship with her extended family. This includes C (the applicant), other cousins, and a goddaughter. The hearing also discussed plans for P's care, her capacity and the finalisation of a care plan.
The deputyship application therefore had to be addressed first in the hearing because a change would impact the plans for P's care.
P's cousin, C, was applying to terminate court-appointed deputyship and instead take the place of deputy herself. From the nature of the conversation, it appeared that the current deputy had been appointed by the court to handle both P's financial and her personal affairs. C had made applications to take over each of these roles. Under Re M, N v O & P [2013] COPLR 91, Senior Judge Lush stated that the "order of preference" for deputies began with family members of P, and considered the emotional as well as economic benefit of this (professional deputies charge for their services). It was not discussed in this hearing why C was not initially made a deputy for P in either capacity. Judge Hilder was, however, mindful of costs. Rather than multiple hearings, she requested that those present at the current hearing email each other where possible to avoid such expenses and instead organised a singular, final hearing (the date of which is confirmed at the end of this article).
Under section 16(2)(b) of the Mental Capacity Act 2005, the court has the power to appoint a deputy on behalf of P where P lacks capacity to make decisions for matters concerning P's personal welfare or P's property and affairs. C wished to take the place of this deputy through a Court of Protection application – her argument being that she did not feel comfortable with a court-appointed stranger managing P's personal and financial affairs.
The court first heard about a COP9 application made by C to take over the role of deputy in place of the court-appointed one to make decisions about P's welfare. As stated on the government website, a deputy is only appointed by the court if is believed to be in a person's best interests to do so.
C explained that in their country of birth, elderly relatives rarely go into care homes (where P is currently residing). Instead, the elderly are cared for at home until death. This is a tradition that C and the family wish to continue. In accordance with this wish, the control of property and decisions about P's welfare should, they believe, be determined by family members. C said:
"I want to help [P] live her life the way she wants to live it. I want to buy her the food she likes; I want to take her shopping; I want to keep her in touch with extended family outside of the UK. I believe this is my job."
C (the applicant)
Judge Hilder accommodates C; she allows her to explain clearly and completely why she wishes to be appointed as both finance and welfare deputy in place of the professional. (C speaks for herself for most of the hearing although her representative occasionally joins in).
P's social worker adds to C's argument. C "does not feel that her voice is being heard … a deputyship is about accommodating a family feeling"; with the power of deputyship, C feels she can truly fulfil this role. C is also concerned that the locks have been changed by the deputy in a breach of what he is authorised to do. Finally, she mentioned that she had not felt involved enough in the process because the deputy was not frequently in contact with her; "we did not hear from him at all".
In Re BM, JB, v AG [2014] EWCOPB20, Senior Judge Lush explained further on the point of familial deputies. He stated that although the 'court has preferred to appoint a relative or friend as deputy' because 'a relative or friend is usually familiar with P's affairs and aware of their wishes and feelings', it must be in P's "best interests" to do so.
When C has finished explaining her wishes, Judge Hilder politely but firmly reminds C about the point of the deputyship. The point is to support P; to protect and serve her best interests, and her best interests alone. The deputyship does not exist to do this for both P and C. The court has appointed the deputy because the deputy is, and continues to be, in the best position to ensure P's welfare.
Judge Hilder frequently reminds C and her representative that P should remain the focus. There may have been an application to remove the court-appointed deputy, but it is crucial to remember why a deputy had been appointed in the first place – to serve P's best interests. C may want to accommodate P's personal preferences, and she may be in the best position out of those present for the hearing, but P's needs extend beyond familiarity.
The judge then explains that the act of changing the locks is an authorised act. Finally, on this point, she states that the deputyship may be open to change or extension, but this is not being dealt with at this moment in time. C's application was rejected.
C interjects. What is further concerning her is the deputy's power to enter P's household and remove her personal belongings. This appears to be a reference to the financial deputyship that the court has arranged for P. C explains her anxiety that sentimental or valuable items belonging to P and her family would be incorrectly disposed of. C wants her cousin to have a say in what is, or is not, kept.
What the appointed deputy doesn't know is:
"what is special to P. A [court-appointed deputy] will not know whether this or that item is from her wedding, from a relative back home, from a special occasion [for example]".
C is clearly distressed, understandably so; it is an uncomfortable notion for many people to envision a stranger deciding which of their possessions are and are not worth keeping. Belongings are, after all, often a reflection of our lived experiences.
"I accept your concerns and share them", Judge Hilder responds. "We will deal with this issue as we progress through the draft order."
It is confirmed that, pursuant to section 2 and section 3 of the Mental Capacity Act 2005, P lacks capacity to make decisions about her care and where she should live.
All parties agree with this; the doctor's opinion (which was referenced from a prior meeting between P and the doctor) is that P will not regain capacity. C does express further concern: just because P lacks capacity to make decisions about her care and accommodation, this should not mean her wishes about remaining in a care home should be ignored. C is demonstrably distressed and emotional throughout this process. Judge Hilder sometimes has to mute the telephone line of C during the hearing to direct the conversation into something orderly.
Although this may sound, upon reading, as though it could be an unfair advantage of a Judge (and arguably it could well be utilised as such), the muting was appropriate in some situations and no party objected. Judge Hilder would quickly unmute the telephone line of C and explain that she had just done so and why. This happened just a few times (about 2 or 3) and the issues C raised in the moments before muting were addressed as the parties discussed each section of the draft order.
Judge Hilder explains the power of a deputy under the MCA 2005. Under section 16, court-appointed deputies have the power to make decisions about a person's property. "A property is hardly ever cleared without direction from the service user or family", she continues. C, and other approved family members, can help. "There is no issue with this." The financial and welfare professional deputy, therefore, could remain without preventing C's involvement.
C agrees that this is fair. However, P's house is "very, very important to her [P]". C suggests that P visits the house to personally direct what items should or should not be removed. P is "talking about [her] house all the time. All the time.".
Judge Hilder acknowledges this. "There are certainly positives to accommodating [P] in this regard", but what about the risks? She refers to counsel for the LA.
The counsel for the LA agrees there are positive aspects to P being involved in the process, but the idea also raises concerns. Firstly, she continues, is the very real risk of introducing stress for P. There are photographs of the property in its current state. The house would need to be cleared of items that are definitely not belongings (e.g. items that are clearly rubbish). P is also not fully mobile and may be confined to the ground floor due to accessibility issues.
This again underlines the difficult balancing act present in many COP cases. When a loved one loses capacity, it is instinctual to want to protect them and to feel empowered throughout the process. However, what family members want and what is best for the service user cannot always align.
The counsel for the LA and Judge Hilder discuss what can be done to accommodate P whilst avoiding potential problems. It is suggested that a list of items that P wants to keep may be a useful option if it is not possible to bring her to the house. C is invited to make the list and to check with other relatives so as to ensure all valuable possessions are retained.
C states that there has been difficulty in contacting P via telephone during the pandemic; often she rings the care home and receives no response. It is accepted by both C and the Judge that the current pandemic has introduced further barriers to organisation, but this cannot be helped.
C's legal representative then begins to talk; he wishes to remind the court of Articles 3 and 8 of the Human Rights Act 1998 (to be free from torture and inhuman or degrading treatment and a right to a private and family life respectively). The representative reiterates that the court must consider the familial role of the cousin and her wishes for P's care (namely that C wishes to take P into the family home).
The mention of Article 3, in this context, could be suggesting that P should not have to endure care that does not accommodate her wishes, including her right to be with her family (Article 8). If so, C's representative would likely have been referring to the prevention of inhuman or degrading treatment of P through care that would not fulfil her desire to be with her family. It is uncommon for Article 3 to be referenced in discussions of care proceedings, with Articles 6 (the right to liberty and security) and 8 being more frequently referenced.
I must mention here that Article 3 could also suggest the opposite. P has a right to care that is sufficient for all her needs. This includes 24-hour care, which may not be possible in the family home (at this point, arrangements for P's care in the family home were not complete). To place a vulnerable person in a care setting that cannot serve their best interests is arguably more likely to lead to an Article 3 infringement than to deprive a person from a family's care. There is also the question of whether P's treatment would ever reach the level of severity that is required to qualify a discussion of Article 3 (one hopes this would never be relevant). Article 3 has been stated as requiring a minimum threshold of severity for treatment to be considered under its scope which is relative to each case (Ireland v United Kingdom (1978)). This assessment of Article 3 is speculative, however, as C's representative did not explain his reference to it further.
Judge Hilder reminds the representative that what C wants for P, and what P wants for herself regarding aspects of her care may not be the same. "It is not compulsory for P to agree with her cousin on all matters of her care" and it is therefore important to consider P's personal wishes for her care as far as it is possible to do so. Ultimately, P's Article 8 rights may not completely align with C's, and it is P's rights that must be the focus in this hearing.
Details are agreed; a list must be drawn up by P and her family as to what their plans are for living arrangements (if, in future, P moves from the care home and into a family home in line with the family's wishes), what belongings should be kept and further discussion on how far P can be involved in the process. This involves C needing to provide a detailed plan on how P will be cared for and who will care for her when the family cannot be at home.
Further, C needs to confirm whether she would be willing to move to a different area in order to care for P as they currently live relatively far away from one another. Finally, the statement should include any properties C or the extended family have found that would be suitable for P to reside in should she move from the care home.
The local authority also needs to file a statement concerning a care package. This should include costs, type of accommodation needed, care services including the consideration of personal assistants (depending on whether P does indeed move to a private home or remains in a care home). The local authority should also state what accommodation it prefers, including a different type of care home if that is deemed suitable.
All parties agreed on the next steps and a date for the next hearing (about where P should live and how best to care for her) was confirmed. This will be the 20th October 2020 at 10am in First Avenue House, London. The current plan is that it will take place in person (not remotely) and it is scheduled to last the entire day.
Due to the next hearing taking place in person, I cannot observe it. However, I am confident that Judge Hilder will continue to strike a balance between P's needs and the wishes of her family. COP hearings often centre around sensitive and emotional issues, and it was reassuring to witness a judge who acted with empathy for the family's concerns whilst ensuring that P remained the primary focus. Judge Hilder skilfully found solutions to empower both P and her family throughout the process by suggesting ways to involve them as much as possible.
Alice Ferguson is a Bar Practice Course student with an interest in civil and social rights. She tweets @aliceferguson_
Photo by Raychan on Unsplash
https://www.injusticewatch.org/news/2020/challenges-arise-as-the-courtroom-goes-virtual/ (Comment on effect of remote hearings)
https://www.39essex.com/cop_cases/re-m-n-v-o-p/ (Reference to Re M, N v O & P)
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/9/section/16 (Reference to s16 MCA)
https://www.gov.uk/become-deputy (government deputy web-page)
https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCOP/2014/B20.html [Re BM [2014] EWCOP B20]
https://childprotectionresource.online/article-3-echr-and-care-proceedings/ (discussion of Article 3 and care proceedings)
http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-181585 (Ireland v United Kingdom (1978))
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/9/section/2 (Section 2 MCA hyperlink)
A Litigant in Person returns to the virtual court – Navigating Approaches to Care when Family and Local Authority Disagree – Part 2, One Week On
One thought on "Applying to be a deputy in place of the court-appointed deputy"
28th Oct 2020 at 5:55 pm
It does strike me, reading these Open Justice Blogs, that CoP Judges do seem to have a knack of cutting to the chase in an incredibly sensitive manner. This is incredibly reassuring and makes the process far less scary for professionals (as well, hopefully, for the P's of this world and their families).
I really hope this series of Open Justice Blogs will encourage professionals (and students) from all disciplines to attend hearings and to reflect on their personal perceptions in a blog.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Áuryn – Antes de Cerrar los Ojos
Nick Hudson 25 October 2020 Áuryn
Within the first minute, you know this is going to be an interesting listen, as the opening number of Áuryn's debut album, Antes de Cerrar los Ojos, flits between prog metal and jazz fusion. The contrasts almost clash, and yet somehow they work. The rhythm section of Matías Catueño (on bass), and Nicolás Truchet (on drums) is on fire, and there's some delicious guitar work from Andrés González and Nehuen Herrero. It's a quite spectacular opening, which can initially be a little discombobulating. I honestly wasn't quite sure if I liked what I was hearing initially. All I knew is that I wanted to hear it out. But with subsequent listens, changes which initially seemed jagged and forced, now sound smooth and natural. This is definitely an album where if it doesn't immediately appeal, it is worth a second listen.
Hailing from Argentina, Áuryn choose not to sing in English, which means I have no real idea about what they're singing – but if I'm honest, I've always preferred it when bands sing in their natural tongue. And the Romance languages always seem inherently musical to me anyway, so I am actually usually disappointed if those who could be singing in one of those languages choose English instead. That said, within the eleven or so minutes of opening number Amencay there is very little singing anyway. Over this time we get to hear the full gamut of styles Áuryn play with over the course of this album. It's a gorgeous eclectic mix of metal, jazz and folk, veering between ballistic bursts of percussion and heaviness, and balladic beauty. Three of the band sing, and their voices create quite glorious harmonies. The song sounds all over the place on first listen – or at least, it did for me – but the pieces soon fall into place. Listening to it now, I find it hard to understand how I was unsure of it in the beginning. A wonderful opening number for an album that just keeps on giving!
Quintaesencia comes out of the gate even faster and heavier than Amancay before it. It's a short (well, relatively so) instrumental piece, which is surprisingly enjoyable (as I don't usually go in for prog metal wankfests, which this manages to just avoid being). It's maybe a little reminiscent of Animals As Leaders and Dream Theater, and as those two bands have quite different sounds, its obviously not sounding too derivative of either. It's a good length, though, as I'm just beginning to think I might be tiring of it, when it ends. Some bands don't know when to stop, Áuryn clearly do, and that's a major selling point for me!
The title track is next, and it swaps aggression for suggestion. I love the initial melody, as it's just a little off kilter. Not quite what one expects, and definitely an air of mysteriousness. The bass and drums play a wicked rhythm under the vocals, and the whole thing just oozes a sense of unease, if not quite menace. The drumming in this song is some of my favourite on the album. While not sounding as heavy, in terms of noise and aggression, it actually comes across as the heaviest track yet in terms of how dark it feels. About halfway through, though, the heaviness is lifted, and the song sounds suddenly light and optimistic.
Checkpoint is another instrumental, but far more interesting than Quintaesencia for me. In fact, where I was happy the latter ended when it did, I could quite happily keep listening to more of Checkpoint. It ends abruptly (and too soon for me) as we are swept into ballad territory with Luna Llena. When it comes to prog metal bands, I almost inevitably cringe away from the ballads, as they so often seem to be mawkish, cheesy and clichéd. What saves Luna Llena from this fate is the folk vibe that comes from the piece, and especially from the vocals. Luna Llena is sung with great feeling and great sensitivity, but it never sounds overbearing, exaggerated, or melodramatic. And the instrumental finalé? Wow! One of the best closing passages on the album.
The last quiet notes of Luna Llena give the machine gun entry of Parasomnia even more impact than they already have. Again, it's the rhythm section who really shine for me, on this track, and yet there's no way I can ignore the glorious guitar work either. This is the longest instrumental on the album, and that allows it to travel through many moods. Definitely one of my favourites, and in a way I'm surprised it's not my overall favourite. Usually, I tend towards favouring instrumental music over that with vocals, but the harmonies of the three vocalists of Áuryn are so enjoyable to listen to, they end up noticeable by their absence.
As if to prove this point, the following Un Lento Despertar's long and repetitive instrumental introduction begins to wear my patience, but when the vocals kick in, all is forgiven. It may have a slow awakening, but once it gets going this is another real highlight of the album, again with enough length to really change things up multiple times along the way. For some reason, at this point the pattern of an instrumental between each vocal piece is broken. The album ends with Renacer, which has the exact same track length as the opening number. Is this deliberate, since this is a rebirth? I'm not sure, but if that is the case, it's a nice touch. Renacer has perhaps the slowest pace (at least initially) of the album, beginning in a quite leisurely and relaxed fashion. Needless to say, there are still changes aplenty, and this is a thoroughly enjoyable track, and a wonderful way to close out an album that is an absolute pleasure to listen to.
01. Amancay (11:18)
02. Quintaescenia (5:21)
03. Antes de Cerrar los Ojos (9:50)
04. Checkpoint (4:09)
05. Luna Llena (7:42)
06. Parasomnia (7:06)
07. Un Lento Despertar (9:24)
08. Renacer (11:18)
Matías Catueño – Bass
Nicolás Truchet – Drums, Vocals
Andrés González – Guitar, Vocals
Nehuen Herrero – Guitar, Vocals
Record Label: Independent
Country of Origin: Argentina
Date of Release: 26th May 2020
Áuryn – Facebook | Bandcamp | YouTube
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West Royalty Home & School Association: Congratulations!!
Our very own Ken Gaudet, principal of West Royalty School, was selected as Distinguished Principal for PEI by the Canadian Association of Principals.
CONGRATULATIONS Ken! We all know how hard you work to make West Royalty School a wonderful place for students and staff - well deserved recognition!


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Artful Professional Plumbing
By Varsity Home Service November 23, 2018
Since the beginning of time, people all around the world have been fascinated with the idea of creating and sharing art in all its many forms. We can find the artistry in everything from music, theatre, paintings, dances, film, and written word.
Art has even grown to include fashion and cooking. Yet the word "art" is almost never used to reference the plumbing systems within our homes. From drains to switches, valves, faucets, fixtures, and pipes of every shape and kind, professional plumbing really is an art form!
If you've never really considered the artistry of plumbing, don't worry; you aren't the only one. Now that the subject has been brought up, though, let's take a closer look at all the reasons why professional plumbing should be respected as a work of art.
An Art From The Beginning
To start, let's look at the word "art" itself. What exactly is "art"? The word "art," comes from the Middle English "artifice," which basically means "not occurring in nature."
By that definition, the mere fact that pipes and drains are man-made makes them art. A better definition of the word, though, can be found by looking at its Latin roots.
The Latin word "ars," from which we get our modern word "art," can be translated into several words including craft, knowledge, science, and skill.
And isn't professional plumbing a craft? Does it not require a certain skill level, as well as a basic knowledge of science? Why, then, have we not considered that plumbing was always art?
How Far The Art of Professional Plumbing Has Come
In many ways, modern plumbing can be categorized as its own style of visual art that can be experienced in various places around the world.
The first ever dancing fountains show was done by a Transylvanian man named Peter Bodor almost 200 years ago, and people of all ages have been fascinated by them ever since.
Today, one of the most famous and most sophisticated dancing fountains shows can be seen at the Bellagio in Las Vegas. The show is an absolute wonder, featuring 12,000 individual fountains shooting water as high as 460 feet into the air. In one year, the show uses approximately 22 million gallons of water.
Real Suburban Uses For Plumbing Art
Without even knowing it, you likely interact with the art of plumbing every day! Consider if you have ever visited a public park, or lived in a community that featured a manmade lake.
Have you ever visited an amusement park with a water slide? If you have ever drunk water from a drinking fountain, then you have witnessed, and in fact experienced, suburban uses of modern plumbing art for yourself!
Just imagine the level of skill it must have taken to build those lakes, water rides, and drinking fountains. I hope that after all you've read here, you will be able to shift your perspective about, not just plumbing, but about all the other little things in your everyday life that you may have been overlooking.
Pass this article along to a friend to share what you've learned about plumbing and art, and always keep an open mind and remember that art may not always be confined to the conventional.
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Men's Batik Cotton Robe, "Midnight Fireworks"
You can find men's cotton batik robe 'Midnight Fireworks' by Saktut Raitawati in clothing categories such as Batik Robes, Cotton Robes and Loungewear Robes. Enjoy exploring these sections for other Novica treasures.
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Men Shmen! I wear this and another one "for women" by this artist. The long kimono sleeves on the other are beautiful. But the sleeves on this are a better length for doing a few things.


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Home » Breaking News » Methodist Church attacked in Anuradhapura; bishop held hostage with the faithful – Asia News
Methodist Church attacked in Anuradhapura; bishop held hostage with the faithful – Asia News
A Methodist prayer centre was attacked on Palm Sunday in Kundichcham Kulam, Anuradhapura District. During the incident, the president of the Methodist Church, bishop Asiri Perera, was held hostage along with a number of church members.
Bishop Perera slammed the incident, which coincided with the celebration of Sinhalese and Tamil New Year, and told AsiaNews that he also received death threats.
In an appeal, he called on the authorities – president, prime minister and police – to ensure "our protection and our right to religious freedom, guaranteed by the Constitution".
The prelate wants to avoid friction with the local community, but stressed the gravity of the attack, which saw a group of about 25 young people wait for the bishop's arrival to celebrate Palm Sunday Mass. When he got out of the car, they surrounded him and told him to leave or suffer the consequences of refusal.
The prelate tried to talk his way out of the situation, managing to get inside the church where he joined the faithful gathered in prayer. Meanwhile, the group threw stones and firecrackers at the prayer centre. They eventually locked its entrance, effectively imprisoning bishop and worshippers inside.
At the end of the prayer, the faithful realised that they had been locked inside and so called the police. About an hour and a half later, they came and freed the hostages. The attackers were still there.
The faithful are "heart-broken," the bishop said. "They have no place to pray, or celebrate the Easter Triduum. We all pray that God may give them courage and keep them steadfast in the face of persecution."
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The Complete Letters of Vincent Van Gogh, with Reproductions of All the Drawings in the Correspondence, in Three Volumes
By: Van Gogh, Vincent
Book Condition: Near Fine
Second edition. Spines a bit faded. 1959 Full-Leather. Complete in three volumes. lxvii, 559, [5]; 625, [5]; 625, [5] pp. 8vo. Van Gogh's complete correspondence with his brother Theo, together with reproductions of the drawings included in his letters. Each volume includes a tipped in color frontispiece. The first volume includes a publisher's foreword, an introduction, notes, and memoir by V.W. van Gogh, and a preface and memoir by Mrs. J. van Gogh-Bonger. Finely rebound by Sangorski & Sutcliffe in full red morocco with gilt titles, rules, and decorations, all edges gilt, marbled endpapers. The collector who had these rebound included his/her monogram on the front corner: O.C.S.
Title: The Complete Letters of Vincent Van Gogh, with Reproductions of All the Drawings in the Correspondence, in Three Volumes
Author: Van Gogh, Vincent
Categories: Essays & Letters, Literary & Intellectual, Fine Art & Artists, Leather-Bound,
Publisher: New York Graphic Society: 1959
Keywords: ART ARTISTS VINCENT VAN GOGH PAINTER LETTERS CORRESPONDENCE,
Vailima Letters: Being Correspondence Addressed by Robert Louis Stevenson to Sidney Colvin, November, 1890 - October, 1894, in Two Volumes
By: Stevenson, Robert Louis; Colvin, Sidney
The Dialogues of Plato, in Two Volumes
By: Plato; Jowett, B.
The Works of Vincent van Gogh: His Paintings and Drawings
By: de la Faille, J.-B.
The Complete Works of William Shakespeare, in Six Volumes
By: Shakespeare, William
Robert E. Lee: The Wartime Papers, in Two Volumes (The Great Commanders)
By: Lee, Robert E.
The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson: A New Edition Rearranged in Four Volumes with 150 New Letters: 1868-1880: Scotland - France - California; 1880-1887: Alps and Highlands - Hyeres - Bournemouth; 1887-1891: The Adirondacks - Pacific Voyages - First Year at Vailima; 1891-1894: Second, Third, and Fourth Years at Vailima - The End


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CONSTRUCTION WORLD is India's No.1 magazine for Construction Sector since last thirteen years. CW provides the most authentic, up-to-date & timely information from the world of Construction. It presents to readers a comprehensive, in-depth and insightful analysis of the Indian Construction Industry. Each issue carries features, updates and top interviews covering the entire gamut: Projects, Infrastructure, Building Materials, Equipments, Technology, New Products, Design & Interiors, Building Material Prices, Finance, Human Resources, Safety, Tenders, Contracts and lots more.


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"W" () е южнокорейски сериал, който се излъчва от 20 юли до 14 септември 2016 г. по MBC.

Сюжет
Бащата на гръдния хирург О Йон-джу тайнствено изчезва при изработването на последната глава на своя вебтун "W". След като посетил офиса на мъжа, Йон-джу бил шокиран, когато намерил сцена на компютъра, където умрял главният герой на операта Канг Чул. Докато четете бележка, оставена от родителя, ръка излиза от екрана и я плъзга вътре в "W", транспортирайки го до върха на сградата, където Канг Чул лежи кървящо. Йон-джу успява да го спаси и научава, че може да се върне в реалния свят, ако чувствата на Канг Чул се променят. Когато това се случи, думата "продължи" ще се появи на екрана и ще бъде телепортирана обратно в дома ви.

Актьори
 И Джонг-сок – Канг Чул
 Хан Хьо-джу – О Йон-джу

Източници

Външни препратки

Южнокорейски сериали
Драматични сериали
Фентъзи сериали
Сериали на Ем Би Си

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


In the additive RGB color model, color #f6faf0 (hexadecimal – hex triplet) has values of 246 (96% red), 250 (98% green) and 240 (94% blue). In the CMYK (subtractive color model), color #f6faf0 has values 2% cyan, 0% magenta, 4% yellow and 2% black. In the HSL model, it is represented by 84° hue, 50% saturation and 96% lightness. Win32 representation: DWORD COLORREF C=0x000faf6f. Decimal value is 16186096.
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Share your experience with #f6faf0!


Hello Sweet Moon Family. Tonight the Dark, Balsamic Moon enters Leo at 9:18 pm here on the West Coast (PST), and early tomorrow morning (August 10th) at 12:18 am on the East Coast (EST). We have a beautiful Dark Moon for the next ~34 hours to work with in the same sign as it will be for our New Moon ~ lots of time to work with what holds heart for you.
Leo is a masculine, fixed, fire sign that is ruled by the Sun and rules the heart. This is a great time to rekindle, follow, connect to what has heart for you and bring it forward in a way that aligns with body, mind and spirit. Fire signs connect us with our spirit and spirituality and when we are in a masculine, fixed sign it pushes us, literally, into energies that help us to bring things to completion. Let it call you to those things that hold heart for you.
The planetary actions this week have our emotions stirring and sometimes it feels uncomfortably deep. On Tuesday, August 7th we had Uranus go retrograde, then on Wednesday, 8-8-18 we moved through the Lions Gateway; and on Saturday, August 11th at 2:58 am PST (5:58 am EST) we have a New Moon in Leo accompanied by our last partial solar eclipse of the season; and this new moon is a Supermoon, meaning that the Moon is closer to the earth so her energies can feel stronger. We know we have planetary movement everyday, but when we feel the shifts ~ some not so comfortable ~ and follow up on what is happening not just around our house or our planet, but around the universe we can sometimes relax into the energies and find solace in their teachings and ability to bring up the work we need to do and/or see.
So as we bath in the Darkness of these next two days of the Balsamic Moon, lets find time to let go of old patterns ~ because the timing is right. Before seed day (the beginning of a new cycle) you need to identify the source of old patterns and commit yourself to the journey to opening the space for transformation and inner movement. Development comes through numerous shifts and changes and steady progress creates movement. Old skins must be shed to bring new growth ~ lets stop living the ordinary life in the ordinary way!
Lets work on our heart spaces ~ follow our hearts and trust.
Tonight and tomorrow take time ~ no matter how short ~ to feel what you want to follow ~ the dark moon guides us deeper into invoking the energy we need to bring our seeds to fruition. Wishes made, intentions placed under the Balsamic Moon hold a deeper energy to help us to bring more consciousness to our seeding under the New Crescent Moon.
Tomorrow night take a bath. Yes. Again. Add essential oils of geranium or rose or lavender. And add gemstones for the heart, jade, rose quartz, green calcite, or clear quartz. Any gemstones will work so if you don't have these you can follow your heart and take one that you love or speaks to you.
Once you have your intention or wish deeply felt place it into the gemstone you carry into your bath ~ or if you do not have time for a bath ~ just hold the gemstone while placing/speaking your intention into the stone. Once you have this done, go outside and place the gemstone into the earth ~ bury it. As you place the gemstone into Mother Earth ask her to give the gemstone her blessing and fill it with the love she carries for us all.
On Saturday morning, after the Moon enters her Crescent phase retrieve your gemstone and thank mother earth for her blessing and energy. Before you take it out of the Mama you may also want to draw on the energy of the Solar Eclipse and place your prayer into your gemstone. Now take your gemstone and clean it under the water feeling her energy. Once cleaned, place the gemstone into the water and leave it over night (only place the gemstones I mentioned above into the water itself, if you have another gemstone please place the gemstone into a bowl of water and then place your glass of water into the bowl with the gemstone). Speak your intention into the water. Sunday morning take your gem elixir and drink a little each day until the Full Moon. Feel your intention and speak it daily. And if you can ~ watch for the beautiful crescent moon on this eve ~ it should be visible to all at sunset <3.
Drink lots of liquid and eat light today with the Solar Eclipse happening you may also find you need a little more rest.
This is a time for exploring new beginnings ~ always new beginnings. Leo is a sign that is full of courage and strength like the Lion herself. Female Lionesses are the hunters; males can roar so loud it can be heard up to 5 miles away; and their gestation period is 105 days.
So be the warriors and warrioresses you are, roar your hearts intention into the world, feel the heart love and see where your intention falls in 105 days ~ November 22nd.
Quite inspirational and interesting too thanks.


Since June is the most popular month for people to get married, I'm going to spend the rest of the month looking at weddings in the Gospels. We begin with the Wedding at Cana in John 2:1-11.
In John's Gospel, the miracles of Jesus are called "signs": in addition to demonstrating God's power, they also communicate something about Jesus' identity and purpose. What does it mean, therefore, that the very first sign that Jesus performs isn't about healing the sick, driving out demons, or raising the dead, but enabling people to continue to party? This sermon answers that question.
I don't need to tell you that weddings are a big deal. According to a 2012 report, the cost of the average American wedding, including the reception, is $28,427. It's even higher in more affluent areas. In Santa Barbara, California it's over $42,000. Manhattan weddings average nearly $77,000. In other words, many couples are spending on a single event lasting a few hours the equivalent of a year's tuition at college, or what the average American makes in a year.
As big a deal as weddings are today, however, it's safe to say that they were an even bigger deal back in Jesus'day. In fact, weddings remain a bigger deal in more traditional societies. Several years ago, there was a movie called Bend It Like Beckham, about a soccer-playing teenage girl in England who came from a very traditional Indian family. Her older sister is getting married, and her very traditional wedding lasted for three days—it looked like three days of non-stop partying. A lot of fun!
The traditional days-long wedding depicted in this movie was much closer to the way weddings were in Jesus' day.
Possible location of Golgotha, "the Place of the Skull," where Jesus was crucified. The Garden Tomb, Jerusalem.
I delivered this sermon at Hampton United Methodist Church in Hampton, Georgia, on Good Friday evening, April 18, 2014. The following is my original sermon manuscript.
Some of you have watched the show How I Met Your Mother. The series just recently ended, but a regular guest star during this final season was an actor named William Zabka, who was playing himself on the show. You probably don't know his name. But if you're around my age or my generation, you have certainly seen him in the movies before—or at least you've seen him in one particular movie, The Karate Kid. The Karate Kid was a Rocky-like movie of an underdog weakling named Daniel, played by Ralph Macchio, who ends up winning a martial arts competition against the school bully, a karate champion named Johnny Lawrence, played by Zabka.
Johnny, played by William Zabka, threatens Ralph Macchio's character in The Karate Kid.
Zabka's character, of course, was the villain of The Karate Kid. Everyone knows that…Everyone except Barney, the character on How I Met Your Mother played by Neal Patrick Harris. To his friends'amazement and disbelief, Barney actually thought that Zabka's character was the real hero of The Karate Kid. So Barney's friends arranged to have Zabka the actor meet Barney, and that's why he was on the show.
My point is, you have to really turn things upside down in order to see Johnny Lawrence as the "good guy"of The Karate Kid. You have to have the ability to see the good in the midst of something—or someone—that everyone sees as bad.


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Mathematics is the language of science. It underpins much of modern life and technology – from the Internet to weather prediction. Tools from mathematics can turn subjects such as biology and ecology into more predictive sciences. Natural Scientists at Leeds can choose modules from pure and applied mathematics and statistics.
mathematics, biology, biochemistry;
mathematics, biology, chemistry;
mathematics, biology, environmental science;
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mathematics, biology, physics;
mathematics, biochemistry, chemistry;
mathematics, biochemistry, environmental science;
mathematics, biochemistry, food science and nutrition;
mathematics, biochemistry, physics;
mathematics, chemistry, environmental science;
mathematics, chemistry, food science and nutrition;
mathematics, chemistry, physics;
mathematics, environmental science, physics;
mathematics, food science and nutrition, physics.
Mathematics, physics, biochemistry or biology
Mathematics, biochemistry, biology
Biology is hugely diverse and complex – combinations of high level mathematics and biology let us understand these systems in unprecedented detail. From the diversity of genes to evolution and population dynamics your mathematical knowledge will help you develop new insights into these key processes.
The human genome contains about six billion base pairs of DNA. What is the function of the products of these genes and what does the rest of the DNA outside the genes do? These questions require us to be able to handle huge quantities of data, looking for small but significant differences. By combining advanced mathematical methods, statistical analysis and biological insight bioinformaticians are slowly revealing the subtle control mechanisms buried in the heart of our DNA.
Mathematics, chemistry, physics
Mathematics, chemistry, environmental science
Science of the atmosphere
The science of the atmosphere controls our everyday lives to such a huge extent that we need to understand the reactions that take place in the atmosphere as well as how species in the atmosphere move and interact. Atmospheric scientists also study other worlds, designing models and experiments to study the atmospheres on extra-terrestrial planets and their moons.
Mathematics, physics, food science
Research spotlight: Sandro Azaele explains how his work brings together maths, biology and physics
PreviousFood Science and Nutrition
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*For Async v1.5.x documentation, go [HERE](https://github.com/caolan/async/blob/v1.5.2/README.md)*

Async is a utility module which provides straight-forward, powerful functions
for working with asynchronous JavaScript. Although originally designed for
use with [Node.js](https://nodejs.org/) and installable via `npm i async`,
it can also be used directly in the browser.

Async is also installable via:

- [yarn](https://yarnpkg.com/en/): `yarn add async`

Async provides around 70 functions that include the usual 'functional'
suspects (`map`, `reduce`, `filter`, `each`…) as well as some common patterns
for asynchronous control flow (`parallel`, `series`, `waterfall`…). All these
functions assume you follow the Node.js convention of providing a single
callback as the last argument of your asynchronous function -- a callback which expects an Error as its first argument -- and calling the callback once.

You can also pass `async` functions to Async methods, instead of callback-accepting functions.  For more information, see [AsyncFunction](global.html#AsyncFunction)

## Quick Examples

```js
async.map(['file1','file2','file3'], fs.stat, function(err, results) {
    // results is now an array of stats for each file
});

async.filter(['file1','file2','file3'], function(filePath, callback) {
  fs.access(filePath, function(err) {
    callback(null, !err)
  });
}, function(err, results) {
    // results now equals an array of the existing files
});

async.parallel([
    function(callback) { ... },
    function(callback) { ... }
], function(err, results) {
    // optional callback
});

async.series([
    function(callback) { ... },
    function(callback) { ... }
]);
```

There are many more functions available so take a look at the docs below for a
full list. This module aims to be comprehensive, so if you feel anything is
missing please create a GitHub issue for it.

## Common Pitfalls [(StackOverflow)](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/async.js)

### Synchronous iteration functions

If you get an error like `RangeError: Maximum call stack size exceeded.` or other stack overflow issues when using async, you are likely using a synchronous iteratee.  By *synchronous* we mean a function that calls its callback on the same tick in the javascript event loop, without doing any I/O or using any timers.  Calling many callbacks iteratively will quickly overflow the stack. If you run into this issue, just defer your callback with `async.setImmediate` to start a new call stack on the next tick of the event loop.

This can also arise by accident if you callback early in certain cases:

```js
async.eachSeries(hugeArray, function iteratee(item, callback) {
    if (inCache(item)) {
        callback(null, cache[item]); // if many items are cached, you'll overflow
    } else {
        doSomeIO(item, callback);
    }
}, function done() {
    //...
});
```

Just change it to:

```js
async.eachSeries(hugeArray, function iteratee(item, callback) {
    if (inCache(item)) {
        async.setImmediate(function() {
            callback(null, cache[item]);
        });
    } else {
        doSomeIO(item, callback);
        //...
    }
});
```

Async does not guard against synchronous iteratees for performance reasons.  If you are still running into stack overflows, you can defer as suggested above, or wrap functions with [`async.ensureAsync`](#ensureAsync)  Functions that are asynchronous by their nature do not have this problem and don't need the extra callback deferral.

If JavaScript's event loop is still a bit nebulous, check out [this article](http://blog.carbonfive.com/2013/10/27/the-javascript-event-loop-explained/) or [this talk](http://2014.jsconf.eu/speakers/philip-roberts-what-the-heck-is-the-event-loop-anyway.html) for more detailed information about how it works.

### Multiple callbacks

Make sure to always `return` when calling a callback early, otherwise you will cause multiple callbacks and unpredictable behavior in many cases.

```js
async.waterfall([
    function(callback) {
        getSomething(options, function (err, result) {
            if (err) {
                callback(new Error("failed getting something:" + err.message));
                // we should return here
            }
            // since we did not return, this callback still will be called and
            // `processData` will be called twice
            callback(null, result);
        });
    },
    processData
], done)
```

It is always good practice to `return callback(err, result)`  whenever a callback call is not the last statement of a function.

### Using ES2017 `async` functions

Async accepts `async` functions wherever we accept a Node-style callback function.  However, we do not pass them a callback, and instead use the return value and handle any promise rejections or errors thrown.

```js
async.mapLimit(files, 10, async file => { // <- no callback!
    const text = await util.promisify(fs.readFile)(dir + file, 'utf8')
    const body = JSON.parse(text) // <- a parse error here will be caught automatically
    if (!(await checkValidity(body))) {
        throw new Error(`${file} has invalid contents`) // <- this error will also be caught
    }
    return body // <- return a value!
}, (err, contents) => {
    if (err) throw err
    console.log(contents)
})
```

We can only detect native `async` functions, not transpiled versions (e.g. with Babel).  Otherwise, you can wrap `async` functions in `async.asyncify()`.

### Binding a context to an iteratee

This section is really about `bind`, not about Async. If you are wondering how to
make Async execute your iteratees in a given context, or are confused as to why
a method of another library isn't working as an iteratee, study this example:

```js
// Here is a simple object with an (unnecessarily roundabout) squaring method
var AsyncSquaringLibrary = {
    squareExponent: 2,
    square: function(number, callback){
        var result = Math.pow(number, this.squareExponent);
        setTimeout(function(){
            callback(null, result);
        }, 200);
    }
};

async.map([1, 2, 3], AsyncSquaringLibrary.square, function(err, result) {
    // result is [NaN, NaN, NaN]
    // This fails because the `this.squareExponent` expression in the square
    // function is not evaluated in the context of AsyncSquaringLibrary, and is
    // therefore undefined.
});

async.map([1, 2, 3], AsyncSquaringLibrary.square.bind(AsyncSquaringLibrary), function(err, result) {
    // result is [1, 4, 9]
    // With the help of bind we can attach a context to the iteratee before
    // passing it to Async. Now the square function will be executed in its
    // 'home' AsyncSquaringLibrary context and the value of `this.squareExponent`
    // will be as expected.
});
```

### Subtle Memory Leaks

There are cases where you might want to exit early from async flow, when calling an Async method inside another async function:

```javascript
function myFunction (args, outerCallback) {
    async.waterfall([
        //...
        function (arg, next) {
            if (someImportantCondition()) {
                return outerCallback(null)
            }
        },
        function (arg, next) {/*...*/}
    ], function done (err) {
        //...
    })
}
```

Something happened in a waterfall where you want to skip the rest of the execution, so you call an outer callack.  However, Async will still wait for that inner `next` callback to be called, leaving some closure scope allocated.

As of version 3.0, you can call any Async callback with `false` as the `error` argument, and the rest of the execution of the Async method will be stopped or ignored.

```javascript
        function (arg, next) {
            if (someImportantCondition()) {
                outerCallback(null)
                return next(false) // ← signal that you called an outer callback
            }
        },
```

### Mutating collections while processing them

If you pass an array to a collection method (such as `each`, `mapLimit`, or `filterSeries`), and then attempt to `push`, `pop`, or `splice` additional items on to the array, this could lead to unexpected or undefined behavior.  Async will iterate until the original `length` of the array is met, and the indexes of items `pop()`ed or `splice()`d could already have been processed. Therefore, it is not recommended to modify the array after Async has begun iterating over it.  If you do need to `push`, `pop`, or `splice`, use a `queue` instead.

## Download

The source is available for download from
[GitHub](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/caolan/async/master/dist/async.min.js).
Alternatively, you can install using npm:

```bash
$ npm i async
```

You can then `require()` async as normal:

```js
var async = require("async");
```

Or require individual methods:

```js
var waterfall = require("async/waterfall");
var map = require("async/map");
```

__Development:__ [async.js](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/caolan/async/master/dist/async.js) - 29.6kb Uncompressed

### In the Browser

Async should work in any ES2015 environment (Node 6+ and all modern browsers).

If you want to use Async in an older environment, (e.g. Node 4, IE11) you will have to transpile.

Usage:

```html
<script type="text/javascript" src="async.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">

    async.map(data, asyncProcess, function(err, results) {
        alert(results);
    });

</script>
```

The portable versions of Async, including `async.js` and `async.min.js`, are
included in the `/dist` folder. Async can also be found on the [jsDelivr CDN](http://www.jsdelivr.com/projects/async).

### ES Modules

Async includes a `.mjs` version that should automatically be used by compatible bundlers such as Webpack or Rollup, anything that uses the `module` field of the `package.json`.

We also provide Async as a collection of purely ES2015 modules, in an alternative `async-es` package on npm.

```bash
$ npm install async-es
```

```js
import waterfall from 'async-es/waterfall';
import async from 'async-es';
```

### Typescript

There are third-party type definitions for Async.

```
npm i -D @types/async
```

It is recommended to target ES2017 or higher in your `tsconfig.json`, so `async` functions are preserved:

```json
{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "target": "es2017"
  }
}
```

## Other Libraries

* [`limiter`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/limiter) a package for rate-limiting based on requests per sec/hour.
* [`neo-async`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/neo-async) an altername implementation of Async, focusing on speed.
* [`co-async`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/co-async) a library inspired by Async for use with [`co`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/co) and generator functions.
*  [`promise-async`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/promise-async) a version of Async where all the methods are Promisified.
* ['modern-async'](https://www.npmjs.com/package/modern-async) an alternative to Async using only async/await and promises.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


It is time to announce this months challenge at Copic Oz!
Seeing as it is Valentines Day coming up, I thought we might have a challenge to share the LOVE!
Ofcourse LOVE should not be restricted just to Valentines Day....so Copic Lovers....you have a whole month to join the challenge and show us a card, hybrid or off the page project with the theme of "LOVE"!
Remember your project has to be Copic based!
Is there a Prize?: YES!! This months prize is a 10 sheet pack of blending card AND a pack of the NEW X-Press It 6mm High Tack Foam Tape.
How do you enter?: Use the inlinkz below to connect to your blog or online gallery and upload it prior to 6pm Monday 21st February 2011, Australian EST (4am USA EST)!!! The winner will be announced on Tuesday 22nd February 2011!!!!
Summertime Winner and More Chances to WIN!!
Hello Everyone and a big thank you to everyone who played along with our Summertime with a Green and Yellow twist this month!!! There were so many wonderful entries, from flowers to butterflies, girls and dragons and we really enjoyed seeing your Summertime Creations! I'm sorry I haven't had the chance to comment on them all - due to the floods in my city of Brisbane, our internet was unavailable for 2 weeks and has just come back on. I had the chance to look at them all, but not to comment, I'm so sorry!
Congratulations!! Please Email me with your postal details so we can send your prize to you!!!
AND - are you running out of X-press It Blending Card??? Leave a comment by going to THIS POST for a chance to win a pack of 10 Sheets!!
The beginning of the new year is always a good time to check through your Copic collection and check which of your markers are running a little dry and need to be refilled.
The best way to check your markers is to test both ends of the marker. If you see streaks when you use the chisel point, or if the brush end is looking white and blotchy you need to refill your marker.
HANDY TIP: Generally, without overfilling you can get about 10-12 refills for Sketch, about 15 for Ciao, about 8 for Copic, and 5-7 for Wide.
There are a couple methods for refilling Copic markers. Find the technique that works best for you.
This is the most direct method of refilling. Using the dropper built into the ink bottle simply drip/dab drops of ink onto the chisel nib of your marker. Let each drop get sucked in before you add the next drop. This is a simple method but is slow, as it takes a few minutes to completely refill a marker.
With your Copic tweezers pull the chisel tip out from your marker. Carefully set your tip onto a protected surface. Check where the ink level is in your bottle before you start filling.
Take the cap off the other side of the marker as this helps to avoid getting air bubbles and allows the ink to seep in better.
Carefully insert the tip of the refill bottle into the marker and gently pour in the ink. Try not to squeeze too quickly as it's easy to overfill the marker. When you're done, put the nib back in and put both caps back on. Let your marker sit for a moment so the ink evenly distributes within the marker.
Using the Copic Booster Needle is the most accurate and quickest way to refill markers. The Booster Needle is a large needle that attaches over the built-in dropper on a bottle of ink. Then, you insert this into the marker and squeeze gently until you've added enough ink.
An ORIGINAL marker has a little gap between the chisel nib and the plastic barrel. The booster needle fits down into that gap and easily fills the marker. As the needle enters the marker you will feel some slight resistance- this is where it is meeting the sponge reservoir inside. You don't need to jam the needle all the way until it stops, just until you feel the slight resistance.
With the SKETCH or CIAO markers you will need to remove the chisel nib (NOT the Brush!) to refill with the booster. Push the booster in until you feel some resistance, then gently squeeze until you've added the correct amount for your marker type. Replace the caps and nibs on your marker and let it sit for a while to allow the ink to soak out to the edges. Be very careful with this method as you are working with a VERY large and VERY sharp needle....that also needs to be stored away immediately after use, so no one gets hurt.
You don't need a different needle for each marker that you refill, but you do need to clean out the needle really well between using different colours. An easy way to clean the needle is to put it into a small container and add a little rubbing alcohol to rinse it in. Another easy way to clean it is to screw the needle onto the top of the colourless blender bottle and squirt it through the needle until the colourless blender solution flows clear.
*Work over a protected surface.
*Make sure your refill colour matches the marker.
*Keep a bottle of hand-sanitizer or colourless blender solution and some paper towels for clean up.
*Each little mark on the side of a bottle of ink is 1 cc.
Remember, you can download the refilling guide from the Copic Marker Library here as well.
I hope this post helps you to refill your markers....and you now have fresh and juicy markers that are ready for lots of happy colouring!!!
Win The New Copic Ciao Colours!!!
Hello Everyone!!! Have I got an exciting post for you! To coincide with the launch at CHA Los Angeles – Copic Australia is excited to announce the release of 36 new Copic Ciao colours here in Oz. If you are going to CHA be sure to visit the Copic Booth. If you would like to see the new Copic Ciao colours here in Oz they will be available at your local papercraft store later this month!
The new colours will expand the Ciao range to 180 colours!! So what are the new colours?
How exciting is this...... E25, E40, E41, E59, C0, C2, W0, W2, B000, BG13, BG72, B18, B28, B99, E000, E15, E18, E79, YR000, YR15, Y000, Y35, YG09, YG17, G29, G82, BG000, BV000, BV25, V01, V05, RV14, RV69, R000, R14, R81.
You have until Tuesday 8 February to enter!
Winner will be announced Wednesday 9 February 2011. Prize is available to NZ and Australian residents only.
Due to the flood crisis in Queensland, the Brisbane Copic Beginner/standard and Project Classes have been postponed. New dates TBA.
All other dates are still as follows and we will be releasing the dates for the Intermediate Certification shortly so keep checking www.copicoz.blogspot.com for updates.


text:
Writer's Page
A Variety of Views
My childhood home had a plaque by the front door declaring the grand name of
'Sea View'.
As a child, I could only see willow trees by the swamp across Muritai Street, although I knew the beach was quite close on the other side. I often wonder why our house bore that name. Was the sea visible when the house was built? Or did the original owners anticipate having a sea view once the planned second storey was built on their single storey villa?
This family home was built in the early 1900s, with my parents buying it from the original owners (Mr and Mrs Lendorf) in 1947 or 1948. It was a large, gracious wooden villa, with an eleven foot stud, set on the traditional quarter-acre section.
I believe the 'footprint' foundation was the first to be built in concrete in Nelson. It was built in a traditional design of the era, where a hall ran the length of the house, separating the bedrooms on one side from the living areas on the other. Our hall was exceptionally wide, and a great place to play and even ride trikes. I was an adult before I realised our hall was the XXL version, because the original owners anticipated this would house the staircase after they'd added a second story. As a child, I just knew it as a huge play space. In later years, Dad put a small table, a couple of chairs, and a piano in the hall.
Muritai Street's deep open ditches became mini-rivers when it rained. The night cart collected the deposits from our 'out-house'. Mother didn't like her daughters using the fairly primitive lavatory in the back yard, with its Auckland Weekly toilet paper, so we each had our own china potty tucked under our beds. I still remember the excitement when the sewer finally reached us, and our lavatory moved indoors. My Dad was a big do-it-yourselfer, and had created a large, fully enclosed back veranda. The external wall was floor-to-ceiling panels of glass, which made the veranda light and airy, but also quite public. Around a large open space in the middle, were various storage cupboards, a small door allowing internal access to the external coal bin, and a narrow passage gave us covered access to the garage. But the most exciting addition was our brand new, state-of-the art lavatory, complete with a tiny handle which made it flush. Such luxury.
Whatever possessed Dad to install a glass-panelled lavatory door or paint the walls fire-engine red, I'll never know. I do know that the colour made people stop in their tracks on their first visit. As a teen it was very embarrassing, trying discretely to visit the lavatory when someone was in the veranda or chatting at the back door. A curtain was soon hung inside the textured door-glass, but the shadowy movements behind it remained.
Dad was quite artistic and a window dresser by trade. He disliked straight lines, loved colour and enjoyed being different. I think I inherited those genes. I guess the lavatory walls were in keeping with his bright sunset pink bathroom ceiling with its huge concrete based shower-without-a-door, and the full length mirror directly opposite the bath. We were reminded every day what shape we were in.
When I was little, our previous cramped bathroom was right beside the kitchen. The tongue-and-groove panelling was painted pale green, with borer holes here and there. The bathroom was directly opposite a small building across the drive. This housed the wash-house, with a tool shed one end and the previously mentioned out-house on the other.
Mother would often put Judith and me in the bath while she cooked tea.
Those steamy bathroom windows were just perfect for drawing on, and of course I could never resist.
I'd just get started, and suddenly hear: "Heather, stop drawing on the window."
How did she know?
When asked, mother's stock reply was "Mothers always know these things".
I wondered what other psychic knowledge mothers had?
It wasn't till the old wash-house was pulled down when I was a young teenager that I discovered her secret. Mother finally confessed that her supernatural ability to see through walls was aided by her physical ability to see clearly my back-lit shadow being perfectly projected on the wash-house wall as she looked out the adjacent kitchen window.
In our wash-house was a copper, heated by lighting a fire underneath, beside two concrete tubs with a wringer between. Mother used a stick, similar to half a wooden broom handle, to lift the washing out of the copper and into a tub for rinsing. One end of this stick was swollen and fibrous from the hot water. We had Ricketts blue-bags for keeping things white, and they also came in handy for relieving the pain of bee-stings. There was a small, square wire basket containing bits of Sunlightsoap to swish around and make soapsuds. I think this must have been before the advent of washing powders like Rinso and Persil.
As well as a cane washing basket, we used an old tin baby's bath to carry the washing to the rope line strung across our back yard. Once clothes were pegged out with wooden dolly pegs, a notched pole lifted the line so sheets, towels and tablecloths didn't drag on the ground.
The tin bath had another, more exciting, use.
Because our section was lower than the road, and Tahuna had no storm-water drains, our section flooded quite often.
While the continuous concrete foundations kept our house safely above water, it often became a kind of 'island' in the middle of a lake. It was such fun paddling around the garden in the tin bath, dramatically rescuing my dolls, or creating other nautical adventures.
I hated the way Dad's submersible pump could drain our land within a couple of day's pumping. Children don't consider the consequences of contaminated water, or mourn the garden destruction, or clean up after muddy boots!
Interestingly, Dad gave the pump to Graeme many years later to drain our swimming pool, and it has only recently been retired. Things were built to last in the old days.


Before we recommend a mortgage deal to switch to, we'll run a soft credit check to determine whether we'll be able to help you. This won't leave a footprint on your credit file and won't impact your credit score in any way.
The lender will run a full credit check before deciding whether or not to lend to you. There's no avoiding a credit check once your application has been submitted to the lender, as it's vital for them to see your credit history and details of past payments before agreeing to lend to you.
Find out more about credit checks and what they mean here.


text:
Q: Python parser of c++ simple expressions NOTE: python 3.2
I want to make a python script that recieves c++ simple expressions as input, and outputs the very same expressions as tokens.
I vaguely remember my course in compilation, and I need something far less complex than a compiler.
Examples
int& name1=arr1[place1];
int *name2=    arr2[ place2];

should output
[    "int", "&", "name1", "=", "arr1", "[", "place1", "]"    ]
[    "int", "*", "name2", "=", "arr2", "[", "place2", "]"    ]

The spaces shouldn't matter, and I don't want them in the output.
This seems like a very simple task for someone who knows what they're doing, while I keep getting garbage white spaces or getting the division at wrong places.
I would greatly appreciate a quick solution for this - it really looks like a one-liner to me
Note that I only need expressions like I showed here. Nothing fancy.
Thanks

A: Looks to me like you need to define a list of "special/operator" characters.  Replace any of those characters with itself plus a space of padding on either side.  Use string.split() to turn the string into a list of "words".  If you need a string representation, finish up with string.join(wordlist, "', '") and add a "[ '" to the front and "' ]" to the end.
I'm almost certainly missing a few things, like looking for semicolons to strip off, or to use in breaking apart concatenated expressions.  You weren't specific about how many expressions you'd read in at once.  If you read in many at a time, you could split on the semicolon character, then iterate over the resulting list of expressions.

A: Not overly familiar with c++ but you could maybe use re.findall with a list of special chars:
lines="""int& name1=arr1[place1];
int *name2=    arr2[ place2];"""
import re
for line in lines.splitlines():
    print(re.findall("[\*\$\[\]&=]|\w+",line))
['int', '&', 'name1', '=', 'arr1', '[', 'place1', ']']
['int', '*', 'name2', '=', 'arr2', '[', 'place2', ']']

A: The first step is to replace the spaces with a blank. that is ' ' with a ''. Then use a split function. Make a list of special characters or words, and replace them with a special character and a delimiter. Split the line with the delimiter. Here is the example:
for line in sys.stdin:
    line = line.replace(' ', '')
    line = line.replace('&',',&,')
    a = line.split(',')

A: Here is a generator that might do the trick:
def parseCPP(line):
   line=line.rstrip(";")
   word=""
   for i in line:
       if i.isalnum():
           word+=i
       else:
           if word:
               yield word
               word=""
           if i!=" ":
               yield i

Note this just picks up consecutive strings of alphanumeric characters. Any non-space characters are assumed to be operators/tokens by themselves.
Hope this helps :)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Avtogeni trening je sprostitvena tehnika, ki jo je razvil in leta 1932 objavil nemški psihiater Johannes Heinrich Schultz. Tehnika vključuje vsakodnevno izvajanje seans, ki trajajo okrog 15 minut, običajno zjutraj, opoldne in zvečer. Med vsako seanso izvajalec ponovi skupek vizualizacij, ki sprožijo stanje sproščenosti. Avtogeni trening je pravzaprav preprosta oblika samohipnoze, v kateri sami postavimo jasen cilj ali nalogo. Vključuje smiselno zaporedje vaj za umiritev duha, ki postopoma privede do vedno globlje samohipnoze. Vaje se po navadi izvajajo v sklopu.

Zgodovina

Začetnik avtogenega treninga je bil nemški nevrolog in psihiater profesor Johannes Heinrich Schultz (1884 - 1970). Sprva se je intenzivno ukvarjal s hipnozo in ustanovil Inštitut za hipnoterapijo v Breslauu. Proučeval je, kaj se dogaja v človekovem telesu med hipnozo. Na podlagi pričevanj hipnotiziranih oseb je ugotovil, da postanejo zelo težke in da jih preplavi prijeten občutek toplote. Sklepal je, da je občutek teže povezan s sproščanjem mišic, toplota pa z razširitvijo krvnih žil in torej boljšo prekrvavitvijo. Ugotovil je tudi, da lahko bolnik z izvajanjem določenih vaj sam preide v stanje globoke, transu podobne sprostitve in tako spodbudi sposobnost telesa za samopomoč.

Opis

Za učinkovitost vadbe je pomemben pravilen položaj telesa.

Primeri položajev so:
 kočijaževa drža po J. H. Schultzu
 dedkov naslanjač
 ležeči položaj

Trening je sestavljen iz različnih vaj:
 vaja težkost - toplost za roke oz. za celotno telo
 dihalna vaja
 vaja za srčni utrip
 vaja za sproščanje srca
 vaja za predel trebuha
 vaja za čelo in glavo
 različne avtosugestije

Za vse vaje je značilno ponavljanje skrajšanih namenskih gesel v mislih (npr. pri vaji težkost - toplost: mirno - težko - roke in noge tople)

Odpravljanje oziroma preprečevanje telesnih in psihičnih težav

Vplival naj bi na avtonomno živčevje, ki se deli na simpatično in parasimpatično. Oba sta tesno povezana z imunskim sistemom. Parasimpatično živčevje je med drugim odgovorno za obnovo in sproščanje telesa. Simpatično živčevje pa uravnava izločanje adrenalina in noradrenalina v kri, kar povzroči večjo koncentracijo in zbranost. Mišice se napnejo, pospešita se srčni utrip in hitrost dihanja, delovanje prebavil se upočasni, občutki lakote in žeje se začasno izklopijo.

Poleg splošnih vaj, obstajajo še specifične oz. namenske vaje za premagovanje telesnih in psihičnih težav.

Pomoč pri premagovanju in preprečevanju telesnih težav:
 alergije (seneni nahod, alergijska astma, kožne alergije)
 tesnoba in strah
 depresija
 glavoboli in migrene
 želodčno-črevesne težave
 predmenstrualni sindrom
 kajenje
 motnje spanja
 bolečina

Pomoč pri vzpostavitvi notranjega ravnovesja:
 premagovanje stresa
 izboljšanje zbranosti
 odpravljanje težav z učenjem in delovno učinkovitostjo
 ustvarjalnost
 krepitev samozavesti

Viri

 Grasberger, Delia: Avtogeni trening; Ljubljana; Mladinska kniga; 2004
 Lindemann, Hannes: Sprostitev v stiski; Ljubljana; Cankarjeva založba; 1988

Psihoterapija
Meditacija
Sprostitvene tehnike


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