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Melancholy and the "other"
Esra Akcan
By looking at the construction of modern cities and the "other", Esra Akcan analyzes the meaning of melancholy: "In a world where modernization is defined as the 'universal' processes guided by the 'West', in a world where the 'West' is perceived as the subject of history, while the 'non-West' as its inferior translation, the 'others' that are excluded from this definition of 'universality' live through a loss or lack of a natural right. This is the natural right of being a part of this history, of belonging to the process of modernization that is conceived as the inevitable 'universal' achievement. This is what I would like to call the melancholy of the geographical 'other'."
WORLD = CITY. The back cover of Mutations by Rem Koolhaas, Stefano Boeri, Sanford Kwinter, Nadia Tazi, and Hans U. Obrist is a straightforward shortcut to the impact of globalization on architectural knowledge. This formula must be meant to suggest not only that the world is increasingly becoming urbanized, but also that globalization is turning the world into an intertwined set of urban zones, where an accentuated interest in the hitherto ignored parts of the globe is necessary. In current discussions, the city has replaced the village as a metaphor describing the speed of communications and the flow of capital throughout the globe. The crucial question to ask here is whether this city is fortified or open, medieval or modern in conception. The socio-economic theories of globalization usually focus on the decreasing authority of national borders in determining the flow of capital during the era of multinational capitalism.1 The information highways also point in the same direction, emphasizing the openness of and connectivity between the zones. However, our contemporary world would seem as an open city only to those who ignore the prevailing geographical distribution of power. There, actually, is no smooth correspondence between the flow of information and capital, and the flow of people. A quick observation of the visa rooms is enough to confirm this point – those architecturally neglected but indicative spaces that exemplify a unique combination of panoptic and heterotopic spatial principles, where a group of racially and ethnically mixed immigrants of some countries ("usual suspects") wait for hours under the disciplinary gaze of officials. While the world's borders are evaporating for some who can effortlessly travel from one continent to the other and perform simultaneously in multiple zones, the same borders are getting more and more closed for others. It is these "others" that I would like to address in this article, not with the somewhat naïve intention of "letting the other speak", but in order to criticize the very making of the "other".
Geographical categorizations, which are then used as premises of exclusion, have historically been very common in architectural knowledge as well. Architectural history and the canon is still written and taught in schools by employing tired categories such as the "Western" and the "non-Western". It seems that a geographical "other", the "non-West", is sharply inscribed in our imaginations, which in turn influences pedagogical, disciplinary, and professional concerns, not only in European and North American countries, but also in countries that fall into the category of the "non-West". But the word "non-West" not only refers to and maintains the ideology of an exaggerated difference between the "West" and its "other", but it also disavows the differences within these "others" themselves. It completely undermines the centuries-long hybridizations between these geographical zones, their intertwined histories, the effects they made in each other's cultural imagination, as if a "pure West" and a "pure East" can exist. Moreover, today maintaining the imaginary border between the "West" and its geographical "other" can hardly create any critical strategy in responding fruitfully to the current political conflicts. The response to this situation can hardly be achieved by avoiding the terms, however. Pretending that these constructions have never existed or ignoring the perceived contrast and hierarchy between the "West" and its geographical "other" does not offer an alternative, but merely disavow a fact. It serves as a disinterested ignorance, rather than a confrontation with the problem. Therefore, I suggest continuing the discussion to undo the hierarchies reflected in the term "non-West" not simply by avoiding the term, but by treating it in distancing and ironical quotation marks. This will destabilize geographical exclusions by confronting and patiently criticizing their consequences.2
It is in this context that I would like to address the issue of melancholy. At first glance, juxtaposing globalization and melancholy in the context of architecture may seem to the readers as the years-old regionalist mourning for the "lost sense of place" or the "lost past". Such a definition of the term melancholy confuses it with nostalgia and it is exactly not the way I intend to approach the topic. On the contrary, in what follows I will define melancholy as the loss or lack of the right of being a subject of modernization as a historical process, and a part of "universality" as a construct. Rather than bipolar formal categories such as local vs. global or regionalist vs. modernist, I would like to discuss the topic in relation to its political context and the geographical distribution of power. This is a theoretical attempt to come to terms with the self-representation and inner-struggles of the geographical "other".
"[…] certain [melancholic] bodies fear that the sky will fall on them, while others fear that the earth may devour them."
Ibn'Sina, Canon of Medicine
"Ingresse, progresse, regresse, egresse, much alike, blindnesse seazeth on us in the beginning, labour in the middle, griefe in the end, errour in all. What day ariseth to us, without some griefe, care or anguish?"3
Melancholy has been a topic of interest for numerous writers and physicians since antiquity, including Aristotle, Ibn'Sina, Al'Kindi, Marsillo Ficino, Richard Burton, Immanuel Kant, Emil Kraepelin, Sigmund Freud, Walter Benjamin, Melanie Klein, and Julia Kristeva, to name a few. Although the persistence of the term is significant, this does not mean that the definition of melancholy stayed the same over the course of history, nor did the distinctive features that differentiate melancholy, which is a common emotion, from melancholia, which connotes a mental disorder. Over the years, melancholy has usually been associated with sadness, suffering, and depression, but also with creative energy, brilliance, and thoughtfulness, and in some cases with idleness. Many writers have characterized it as the swing between opposite emotions such as joy and grief, cheerfulness and despair, love and hate, over-confidence and unjustified fear. In various theoretical accounts from different periods, the causes of melancholy have ranged from disorders in black bile to demonic manipulation, from over-education to loss of a loved one. In his three-volume opus magnum, Anatomy of Melancholy, Richard Burton alone associated melancholy with causes as diverse and at times contradictory as idleness, imagination, sorrow and fear, shame and disgrace, emulation, hatred and desire for revenge, anger, discontent, self-love, pride, love of learning, education, loss of liberty, poverty and want, death of friends, unfortunate marriage, and so on.4 As Jennifer Radden has concluded after an historical overview of the accounts on melancholy "[…] few of the descriptions reflect anything approaching empirical and clinical 'observation' […] Most were reached after close and careful reading of the accumulated writing on melancholy from past eras."5
Thus, the idea of melancholy can be seen as a construction, a collective production defined through a series of translations, which in turn constitutes the human state of mind and emotions. I would like to underscore the fact that I am not using the term "melancholia" (defined as a pathological case) but "melancholy", although the distinctions between the two terms are rarely clear-cut anyway. Moreover, the definition of melancholy as a common and "normal" human mood has unavoidably been shaped by psychoanalytical knowledge over the course of the last century, since it was this discipline that directed substantial interest to the topic. In this article, I am interested in explaining cultural representations that are permeated by a melancholic mood, which also participate in the evolving meaning of the term. Rather than melancholia as a clinical disease, I am interested in meanings and power relations that mediate between an individual and the world at large, which, in turn, informs the individual's work as well as its reception.
To readers who might suspect an epistemic imperialism (in the sense of the reification of "western" categories as universally valid truths) in the use of the concept of melancholy for "non-western" subjects, I would like to respond by emphasizing the intertwined constructions of the term over the centuries.6 Tracing two genealogies may suffice as examples. As the two cases mentioned below should suggest, a concept like melancholy whose construction spans at least twenty-four centuries with considerable contributions from a variety of geographical locations; a concept that relates to such common human emotions as sadness, feeling of deprivation, anxiety, or thoughtful reflection can hardly be considered the property of the "West." My intention here is not, by any means, to imply a "universal and timeless" definition of the term melancholy, but to refer to its intertwined construction over the centuries. The term must be understood in relation to both its historical and global persistence on the one hand, and its temporal and geographical variations on the other.
The first genealogy concerns the evolution of the term itself from antiquity until the seventeenth century. In one of the earliest accounts on the subject, Aristotle associated melancholy both with brilliance and with the fluctuating mood between confidence and fear, joy and grief, explaining its cause in terms of the vacillating temperature of the black bile.7 Medieval Middle Eastern scientists offered similar characterizations and improved explanations of melancholy as a disorder of the black bile. For instance, Al Kindi's Medical Formulary is a testimony of the fact that a body of knowledge about the natural ingredients that "cured" melancholy was shared among these writers.8 When the Persian philosopher and scientist Ibn'Sina (Avicenna) entered the service of the court, he treated the prince of Rayy for melancholia.9 In The Canon of Medicine, Ibn'Sina used similar definitions for the signs of melancholy such as bad judgment, fear without cause, quick anger, delight in solitude, and anxiety. He also improved the Aristotelian specifications of the relationship between melancholy and disorder in the black bile.10 It is a well-known fact that the Middle Eastern body of knowledge later influenced the Italian writers of the Renaissance such as Ficino's accounts on melancholy,11 to whom Richard Burton himself paid homage in the decisive work of the seventeenth century on the topic, The Anatomy of Melancholy.12
"I have found the definition of the beautiful. It is something intense and sad […] and a desire for life together with a bitterness, which flows back upon them as if from a sense of deprivation and hopelessness[…] Melancholy may be called her illustrious spouse, so much so that I can scarcely conceive a type of beauty which has nothing to do with sorrow."13
"The beauty of landscape lies in its melancholy."14
A second genealogy can be traced between French and Turkish modern literature, which would make the striking similarity between these two epigraphs more than a mysterious coincidence. During the twentieth century, melancholy (melankoli and its other arguable Turkish synonym hüzün) was a fairly common term in everyday language as well as prominent novels, poems, and cultural magazines in Turkey. In his recent book Istanbul, the Turkish novelist Orhan Pamuk draws connections between representations of Istanbul by French writers who visited the city in the nineteenth century such as Gérard de Nerval and Théophile Gautier, and those by prominent Turkish writers of the early twentieth century such as Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar and Yahya Kemal. Pamuk emphasizes the melancholic tone in all of these "western" and "eastern" representations of Istanbul, which in turn constructed his own perceptions of his home city. "A sense of deprivation and hopelessness" which was verbalized by Baudelaire as the definition of beauty, and which can be seen in Nerval's and Gautier's depictions of Istanbul's landscape, also appears in Pamuk's Istanbul, as the melancholy raised by wandering in the poor back-streets of Istanbul, in its ruins from past civilizations, in the midst of an urban landscape that has lost the glorious days it had during the Byzantine and Ottoman Empire. The hüzün inscribed deeply in the urban landscape of Istanbul is a collective melancholy for Pamuk that unifies its residents. In Baudelaire and Pamuk, melancholy is no longer something internal to the subject, but something connected to the object. It is not a single individual who is melancholic, but the city's landscape (manzara), "the beautiful object", that elicits the feeling of melancholy as a collective emotion. Melancholy thus leaves the isolated individual and infiltrates the city itself. In the book that juxtaposes his autobiography with the biography of the city, Pamuk suggests melancholy caused by "poverty, defeat, and the feeling of loss" as the primary common emotion of Istanbul.15
"In mourning the world becomes poor and empty, in melancholia it is the ego itself."16
"Every effort is made to bring the colonized person to admit the inferiority of his culture […] the confused and imperfect character of his own biological structure."17
The coupling of melancholy and deprivation brings us one step closer to the meaning that I would like to emphasize here. Freud's text "Mourning and Melancholia" arguably had the greatest impact on the modern interpretations of the concept. Though current scholarship in psychoanalysis has moved well beyond Freud, challenging many of his accounts on pathological conditions and proposed therapies, his basic definitions still serve to structure the starting points in discussing melancholy. Freud differentiated "mourning" from "melancholia", and defined the first as a normal, and the second as a pathological reaction to loss. One of the most significant and decisive contributions of Freud's theory of melancholia was its association with loss. Loss and deprivation were traditionally associated with the term, but it was Freud who singled out loss from a history of mixed definitions as the main cause of melancholia. In that, his translation initiated a significant rupture in the history of the word. For Freud, the lost object on which melancholia is predicated could be a loved person, a thing, or an ideal. In usual mourning, the subject overcomes the feeling of loss after a period of grief; in melancholia however, the subject resists confronting the loss of the object and preserves it in the shelter of his or her ego. According to Freud's definitions, in the case of mourning, "reality passes its verdict that the object no longer exists,"18 yet in melancholia, the intense attachment of the ego to the lost object eventually leads to the lost object's internalization by the ego. The loss of the object thus causes the loss of the ego itself. That is why, for Freud, "in grief the world becomes poor and empty, in melancholia it is the ego itself."19 In melancholia, "the shadow of the object [falls] upon the ego,"20 so much that the loss of object and the loss of ego become the same thing.
Apart from his significantly accentuated emphasis on loss, Freud continued to use some of the common characterizations of melancholy, such as the swing between different moods. Melancholia in Freudian analysis is also specified with the love and hate relationship that the melancholic subject holds for the lost object, which is then directed to his or her own ego, given that the subject has internalized the lost object. Melancholia is "complicated by the conflict of ambivalence […] countless single conflicts in which love and hate wrestle together."21 In melancholia, the ego swings between narcissism and self-hate, coming back and forth between a feeling of self-adulation and inferiority.
In an article discussing the state of "non-Western" architecture in the 1980s, the prominent architect Romi Khosla spoke about an "Oriental complex", caused by Orientalism itself and the superiority myth of the "West". He asserted that the "Oriental" believed in this myth himself, which in turn took over his own design process and architectural decisions.22 In his classic book The Wretched of the Earth, Frantz Fanon also articulated the psychological burdens of colonization and the subsequent national war of liberation on the colonized individual. A psychiatrist himself, Fanon stressed the feeling of inferiority resulting from the cultural politics of colonization. In one of the cases of mental disorder he analyzed, an Algerian husband who cannot sexually perform with his wife after her rape by a French soldier says, "she tasted the French". In a completely different political context than the ones in Fanon's and in Khosla's minds, but in one that still falls into the category of the "non-western", there was a similar glorification of the "western" visage and body in Turkey during the early Republican years of modernization. One may look at the pages of both official and popular periodicals such as La Turquie Kemaliste and Yeni Hayat [New Life] to see how being blond with blue eyes or doing sports "à la West", living and working in "western-looking" houses and institutional buildings were promoted as signs of modernity, and were thus constructed as the ego-ideal of the upper and middle classes of a nation. Though the ego-ideal of each individual depends on various complex facts that are unique to his or her life experience, we can still talk about common factors in the ego-ideals of a society, since each individual is, at least partly, shaped by his or her historical and geographical context.
Ideologies of Eurocentrism traveling to the "Orient" cause the perception of the "western" (that itself varies and should not be standardized) as "the ideal" norm for humanity, its cultural productions including architecture as the inescapable international (implying "universal") expression. In Freudian theory, the lost object causing melancholy does not need to be a person or a thing, but it may also be an ideal. The feeling of unworthiness and inferiority is nothing but the melancholic subject's perceived distance from the ideal. What happens when the ideal is socially constructed as "unreachable" in the dominant cultural politics, namely what happens when the ideal is constructed through the hierarchy set between the "West" and the "non-West"? How does this reflect on the psyche of the geographical "other", whose ideal is perceived to be something belonging to the "West" while he or she is excluded from the "West" in the first place due to an unfruitful segregation? What is a theoretically more rigorous way of discussing popular diagnoses such as "our inferiority complex"? What exactly is this "Oriental complex"?
At this point, we need to ask how much Freud's models for normalization would work for subjects that are excluded from the definition of the "normal" in the first place, and criticize the strictly pathological borders he drew for melancholia. In his text, Freud himself implied but did not pursue the consequences of his gendered reading:
A good, capable, conscientious woman will speak no better of herself after she develops melancholia than one who is actually worthless; indeed, the first is more likely to fall ill of the disease than the other, of whom we too should have nothing good to say.23
Leaving Freud's categories of good and bad woman aside, this statement implies that the more "the good woman" is conscious, the more she realizes her distance from the ideal and the more she becomes melancholic. When we consider the Eurocentric definitions of the normal, the universal, or the ideal; we can replace "the good woman" in this quotation with the "non-western". The construction of the ideal as "western" (which is simultaneously perceived as unreachable) would seem to produce melancholy24 in the "non-western" subject. Orientalism and Eurocentrism stretch the distance between this subject and his or her ego-ideal. As Said put it, "psychologically, Orientalism is a form of paranoia"25 that dreads the invasion of "our" ("western") boundaries by "them" ("Orientals"). When Orientalism and Eurocentrism travel outside the "West" through practices of translation, I suggest that the paranoia of the subject of Orientalism constructs the melancholy of the object of Orientalism. As long as we are speaking about a collective melancholy inscribed through geographical distribution of power, the cause of this melancholy is no longer the loss of something previously possessed, but rather exclusion from or the lack of an ideal. The melancholy of the geographical "other" is produced by the "imaginative loss of a never possible perfection".26 In a world where modernization is defined as the "universal" processes guided by the "West", in a world where the "West" is perceived as the subject of history, while the "non-West" as its inferior translation, the "others" that are excluded from this definition of "universality" live through a loss or lack of a natural right. This is the natural right of being a part of this history, of belonging to the process of modernization that is conceived as the inevitable "universal" achievement. This is what I would like to call the melancholy of the geographical "other".
Does this have anything to do with, say, the built environment? As long as we are talking about the common aspects in the individual's psyche in a society, of which the architect is also a part, the answer is self-evident. Nevertheless, the influence of this melancholy on architecture goes further. The relation between the definition of an ideal body and architecture has been the topic of multiple theories. No need to review the impact of anthropomorphism on classical architectural principles for one more time here, but suffice it to remind that the body that this anthropomorphism is defined through is always a white, male, "western" body. Similarly, the ideology of ergonomics influenced world architecture more than is usually assessed. From graphic standard books such as Neufert that originated in Germany but then carried to the whole world, generations of architects learned and applied several physical standards to their modern furniture, kitchens, bathrooms, and stairs. These modern norms were based on the dimensions and proportions of the idealized "western" masculine body à la Vitruvius, and ignored racial or gender differences. It was through the graphic standard books circulating through the whole world that the "western" masculine body was fabricated as the standard of humanity. These books reified the architectural standards in relation to "western" norms.
Fanon outlined two basic responses of the colonized subject to the perceived "inferiority of his culture". The colonized subject either "takes every opportunity of unfavorably criticizing his own national culture, or else takes refuge in setting out and substantiating the claims of that culture in a way that is passionate but rapidly becomes unproductive".27 Namely, a swing between self-love and self-hatred or still a swing between hidden envy and resistance towards the "West". Both approaches, as Fanon immediately added, led to "impossible contradictions". Coincidentally, in his three-part essay on "Asagilik Duygusu" [The Feeling of Inferiority] in 1943, Tahsin Banguoglu made the exact same observation about the "Turkish nation" during the last decades of the Ottoman Empire as well as the early Republic:
The feeling of inferiority makes people/men either timid or audacious. […] Like a pendulum, they swing between a fear of inferiority and a claim to superiority. At one moment they disappear into the ground, at another they burst out with a sense of heroic self-assurance.28 Just like individuals, the feeling of inferiority reveals itself as timidness or audaciousness in nations as well. Under the influence of this feeling, some nations […] start humiliating their own national culture, and relapse into a blind admiration and imitation of the foreign. […] National audaciousness is the counterpart of this feeling. […] [Then] nations exaggerate their national history, inflate their national power. They even embark on a claim to racial superiority and insult their neighboring countries for being "of an inferior race!" As a result they fall into a blind hatred for the foreign. […] Both audaciousness and timidness carry nations into a disaster.29
Without crossing the boundary of generalization, it needs to be noted that many local and foreign writers made similar observations about "non-western" architectural culture under modernization, whether they are in a political context of official colonization or not. Although not necessarily expressed in the terms of a psychiatrist, the swing between regionalist tendencies that glorify what is perceived as the local and "authentic" architectural achievements, and Occidentalist inclinations that usually come with the veneration of whatever is happening in Europe or North America, is a common story well-known to the architects and historians of the "non-western."
Can it be that these two repeating patterns of modern architecture are, in fact, the two faces of melancholy where the "non-western" subject swings between fascination and resistance towards the "West" – a "West" from which the subject is excluded by definition, a "West" that is "lost" to the subject who is defined as the "other" of the "West", namely the "non-Western"? Can we say that, in both cases, there is a melancholic attachment to a lost ideal, and an aspiration towards finding the lost ideal back in one of its representations? In the phase of fascination, there is an attachment to the architectural forms associated with the "West" as a substitute for the deprived right of being a subject of the history of modernization. In the phase of resistance, there is a reaction against the "West", or "universal history" that it supposedly embodies, and an attachment to the traditional architectural forms as a substitute for the lost glory days of the past, (which are perceived as not being tainted by the feeling of being peripheral). The oscillation between fascination and resistance, the swing between admiration and reaction against the "West" is similar to the "countless single conflicts in which love and hate wrestle together". As the word has been defined over the centuries by writers including Aristotle, Ibn'Sina, Burton, and Freud to name a few, melancholy is a fluctuation between sorrow and anger, joy and grief, love and hate, and I add, fascination and resistance. The internalization of the "western" ideal, the lost object, inevitably results in the oscillation between cultural narcissism and denounced self-image. Rather than explaining this condition as a conflict between, say, regionalism and modernism in architecture, or as a dialectical struggle between two groups with opposite positions, it is usually more helpful to conceive of it as a dilemma, a tension that exists simultaneously in one or a group of individuals. In other words, fascination and resistance are two faces of the same condition – a condition that is permeated by melancholy.
Ever since Aristotle associated melancholy with "brilliance" and "thoughtful being", this meaning has scarcely left the connotation of the term, although it usually remained in the background.30 Melancholy is characterized as a sadness that nevertheless has charm, a desirable tune. This appealing sorrow has also been the retreat of the individual who wants to be disassociated from the dominant process of history, where "there is no document of civilization which is not at the same time a document of barbarism," to quote Walter Benjamin.31 The melancholy of the "non-West" is sorrowful at one moment, angry at the other, and content for not being part of the dominating and oppressing powers at another.
To summarize, the making of a geographical "other", namely the separation of categories as "West" and "non-West" with an explicitly inscribed hierarchy between the terms, may cause melancholy in a "non-western" individual. As long as the historical process of modernization is defined as a "western" ideal, namely as a process whose torch is carried by the "West," this inscribed ideal becomes an unattainable lost ideal for the subject who is categorized as the "non-western" in the first place. The internalization of the "western" ideal, and the resulting definition of the "non-western" as the longing for the "western" ideal, and still the inevitable loss of this ideal by the "non-western" who is excluded from it in the first place is the cause of the melancholy at stake here. This melancholy is both the perceived distance of a "non-western" individual from the ego-ideal and the condition in which the attachment to the deprived right of being a subject of the "inevitable" historical process creates a dilemma that fluctuates between fascination with and resistance to the "West". Coming back to our initial metaphor of the world as an open city, the crucial question to ask here is about the transforming power of globalization. The socioeconomic analyses are split in their stances whether globalization is an epochal change or a continuation of earlier economic structures. Leaving this economic discussion aside, the cultural interaction between different nations that has been amplified due to globalization is definitely not a recent phenomenon, although it has established itself in different political and economic contexts with accelerating intensity. The question is whether globalization creates a paradigm shift in the years-old ideologies that have textured geographical categorizations, or whether it just maintains the existing processes with new speeds. A world that celebrates its own openness, hospitality, and cosmopolitan ethics while remaining closed to some that it designates as "others" will create melancholic subjects amongst the ones that are left outside the borders of this gated city.
The stronger the belief that East and West belong together, the stronger the vigor to get to know the foreignness in one's nature. With the growth of this vigor, the melancholy will sink down into the grave where it belongs.32
Saskia Sassen, Globalization and Its Discontents. Essays on the New Mobility of People and Money, New York: The New Press 1998; Saskia Sassen, "The New Centrality: The Impact of Telematics and Globalization", in William S. Saunders, ed., Reflections on Architectural Practices in the Nineties, New York: Princeton Architectural Press 1996, 206-218; Manuel Castells, "Globalization, Flows and Identity. The New Challenges to Design", in William S. Saunders, ed., Reflections on Architectural Practices in the Nineties, New York: Princeton Architectural Press 1996, 198-205.
P. Hall, "Megacities, World Cities and Global Cities", Lecture delivered in February 1997, www.megacities.nl.
For further bibliography see: Esra Akcan, "Critical Practice in the Global Era. Question Concerning 'Other' Geographies", Architectural Theory Review, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2002; Esra Akcan, "Öteki' Dünyanin Melankolisi. Bruno Taut'un Dogu Deneyimi", Domus m February-March 2001, 36-41.
Richard Burton (1621), Anatomy of Melancholy, Vol 1. ed. T. Faulkner, N. Kiessling, R. Blair, Oxford: Clarendon Press 1989, 272.
Jennifer Radden, ed., The Nature of Melancholy, New York: Oxford University Press 2000, 19.
Over the last two decades, this has by no means been a minor concern. For a collection of articles on cross-cultural studies of melancholy and depression that problematizes the reification of "western" clinical categories as universally valid definitions, see: Arthur Kleinman and Byron Good, ed., Culture and Depression. Studies in the Anthropology and Cross-Cultural Psychiatry of Affect and Disorder Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press 1985.
Aristotle, "Problems Connected with Thought, Intelligence, and Wisdom", in Problems II, Book XXX. trans. W.S. Hett, London, Cambridge: Heinemann + Harvard University Press 1957.
It was suggested by different doctors that natural ingredients such as henbane seed, aloe plant, saffron, basil were good for curing melancholy. Al Kindi, Medical Formulary, trans. Martin Levy, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press 1966.
L.E. Goodman, Avicenna, London, New York: Routledge 1992, 26.
Aristotle commented that hot black bile caused over-confidence and cheerfulness, whereas cold black bile caused fear and grief. Apart from its temperature, Ibn'Sina also commented on the effects of the black bile in relation to its different mixtures. He suggested that the mixing of the black bile with blood in the body caused happiness, its mixture with phlegm caused laziness, and with yellow bile caused agitation.
Ibn Sina, Canon of Medicine, trans. O. Cameron Gruner, London: Luzac & Co 1930. The English translation of the section on melancholy appeared as "On the Signs of Melancholy's Appearance", 77-78.
Marcillo Ficino, Three Books of Life, trans. Carol Kaske and John Clark, 1482; repr., Binghamton: Center of Medieval and Renaissance Studies 1991.
Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy.
Charles Baudelaire (1887), Journaux Intimes, Ed. A. Van Bever, Paris: Cres, 1920, p. 84. I have followed the translation of Max Pensky with slight modifications in: Melancholy Dialectics. Walter Benjamin and the Play of Mourning, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press 1993, 151.
Orhan Pamuk, Istanbul. Hatiralar ve Sehir, Istanbul: Yapi Kredi Yayinlari 2003.
Ibid., 104.
Sigmund Freud, "Mourning and Melancholia", General Psychology Theory 1917; repr., New York: Touchstone 1991, 167.
Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, trans. Constance Farrington, New York: Grove Press 1963, 236.
Freud, "Mourning and Melancholia", 176.
Romi Khosla, "Crashing Through Western Modernism into the Asian Reality", in Proceedings of Regionalism in Architecture, Bangladesh 17-22 December, 1985 (Aga Khan Award for Architecture, 1985), 58-60.
Considering that Freud's theory is unable to come to terms with the subjects of melancholia that are excluded from normalcy and deemed as "others", we need to use the term melancholy here (denoting an emotion) rather than melancholia (pathological case). This also points to the ambiguous and blurred boundary between the "normal" melancholy and pathological melancholia. Also see: Judith Butler, The Psychic Life of Power, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press 1997; Douglas Crimp, "Mourning and Militancy", October 51 (Winter 1989), 3-18.
Edward Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books 1978, 72.
Anne Anlin Cheng discussed the melancholy of Asian and African Americans in the context of American assimilation politics. Working with Toni Morrison's novel The Bluest Eye, Cheng discusses the story of the black girl in segregated America in terms of the melancholy caused by the "imaginative loss of a never possible perfection". Anne Anlin Cheng, The Melancholy of Race, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press 2001, quotation p.17; Also see: David Eng and David Kazanjian, ed., Loss. The Politics of Mourning, Berkeley: University of California Press 2003.
Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, 237.
Asagilik duygusu adami ya pisirik, ya atak yapar [...] Bunlar asagilik vehimi ile üstünlük iddiasi arasinda bir rakkas gibi gidip gelirler. Bir an yok olur yerlere geçerler, bir an sonra vücudu aleme rahmet gibi bir dahi bir kahraman kesilirler. Tahsin Banguoglu, "Asagilik Duygusu", Ülkü 5, no. 49 (1 October 1943), 1.
"Asagilik duygusu fertlerde oldugu gibi milletlerde de ya pisiriklik, ya ataklik seklinde kendini gösterir [...] Bu duygu altinda pisirmis milletler [...] milli kültürlerini hor görmege baslarlar ve körü körüne bir yabanci hayranligina ve taklitçiligine düserler [...] Milli ataklik da bu duygunun tepme halidir [...] Bunlar milli tarihlerini sisirirler, milli güçlerini sosartirlar. Hatta irk üstünlügü davasina kalkarlar ve komsu milletlere 'Siz asagilik bir irktansiniz!' diye hakaret ederler. Nihayet körü körüne bir yabanci düsmanligi yaparlar [...] Ataklik da pisiriklik da milletleri felakete sürükler." Tahsin Banguoglu, "Asagilik Duygusu ve Sarlatan", Ülkü 5, no. 53 (1 December 1943), 2.
Aristotle, "Problems Connected with Thought, Intelligence, and Wisdom".
Walter Benjamin, "Theses on the Philosophy of History", in Illumunations, ed. Hannah Arendt, trans. Harry Zohn, New York: Schocken Books 1968, 256.
"Stärker wird das Gefühl, daß Osten und Westen zusammengehören, stärker die Energie, das Fremde wirklich in seinem Wesen kennenzulernen. Mit dem Wachsen dieser Energie versinkt die Melancholie in ihr verdientes Grab." (Translation mine) Bruno Taut (1936). "Japans Kunst. Mit Europäischen Augen Gesehen", Manuscript of 1936, Nachlaß Taut, Mappe 1. Nr. 14. BTS 323. Akademie der Künste, Baukunst Sammlung, Berlin, 24.
Published 25 August 2005
Original in English
First published by Cogito 43 (2005) (Turkish version)
Contributed by Cogito (Turkey) © Esra Akcan / Cogito (Turkey) / Eurozine
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James Reasoner (5 June 1953) is an American writer. He is the author of more than 350 novels and many short stories in a career spanning more than thirty years. Reasoner has used at least nineteen pseudonyms, in addition to his own name: Jim Austin; Peter Danielson; Terrance Duncan; Tom Early; Wesley Ellis; Tabor Evans; Jake Foster; William Grant; Matthew Hart; Livia James; Mike Jameson; Justin Ladd; Jake Logan; Hank Mitchum; Lee Morgan; J.L. Reasoner (with his wife); Dana Fuller Ross; Adam Rutledge; and Jon Sharpe. Since most of Reasoner's books were written as part of various existing Western fiction series, many of his pseudonyms were publishing "house" names that may have been used by other authors who contributed to those series.

Life
Reasoner was born in Fort Worth, Texas.  He moved to the town of Azle, Texas when he was two weeks old and still resides there.  He attended North Texas State University.  He married his wife Livia Washburn in 1976, and they had two daughters.  His wife also became a fiction writer of some distinction and has written more than 25 books, including several co-written with Reasoner.  Early in his career, Reasoner did freelance work for newspapers.  For several years, he and his wife owned two local bookstores. His first novel, Texas Wind, which is one of his few mysteries, was published in 1980.

Literary focus
Reasoner's primary focus over the years has been on fictional stories of the old west, with more than 100 of his novels having been in this genre.  However, he has also written some well regarded historical fiction on earlier periods of American history including the American Civil War; early frontier pioneering after the Lewis and Clark Expedition; and the American Revolution.  Much of his work has involved series novels typically with continuing characters, although he has written several stand-alone novels as well.

A majority of his western novels were written for the established western fictional series of several publishing houses that sometimes used other authors to work on these series, hence the use of "house" pseudonyms for these novels determined by the publisher.  This body of his work includes his writing for Pocket Books (Abilene series); Jove (Longarm and Lone Star series); Signet Books (Trailsman series);  and Bantam Books (Cody's Law series), among others.  However, he also wrote two Western series with his own name (Wind River, Justice Stark), as well as several stand-alone western novels.

His ten book historical fiction series on Civil War battles followed the Brannon family through the war, as described in the separate Wikipedia article on the James Reasoner Civil War Series (see external link below).   This series received favorable reviews, with one review describing his work as "robust, detail-rich, and well-paced."

Reasoner wrote six books in the 1990s as prequels to Noel Gerson's popular twenty-four book Wagons West series.  These books provided fictional accounts of American frontier pioneering following the Lewis and Clark expedition in the early 1800s.  The books were part of two trilogies, The Frontier Trilogy and The Empire Trilogy. They were written after Gerson's death in 1988, and Reasoner used the same pseudonym, Dana Fuller Ross, that Gerson had used for the earlier books.

Partial bibliography
A partial listing of Reasoner's books follows:

The Civil War Battle Series, written as James Reasoner:
Manassas (1999)
Shiloh (1999)
Antietam (2000)
Chancellorsville (2000)
Vicksburg (2001)
Gettysburg (2001)
Chickamauga (2002)
Shenandoah (2002)
Savannah (2003)
Appomattox (2003)

The Wagons West Frontier Pioneering Prequels, written as Dana Fuller Ross:
Westward (1992)
Expedition (1993)
Outpost (1993)
Honor (1998)
Vengeance (1999)
Justice (1999)

The Wind River western fiction series, written as James Reasoner:
Wind River (1994)
Thunder Wagon (1994)
Wolf Shadow (1994)
Medicine Creek (1995)
Dark Trail (1995)
Judgment Day (1995)

Selected western series with multiple authors, with Reasoner using "house" pseudonym:
Stagecoach Station series, seven books written as Hank Mitchum (1987-1991)
Abilene series, fifteen books written as Justin Ladd (1988-1990)
Cody's Law series, ten books written as Matthew Hart (1991-1995)
Longarm series, forty-one books written as Tabor Evans (1993-2007)
Trailsman series, twenty books written as Jon Sharpe (2002-2008)

References

20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
American historical novelists
Living people
People from Fort Worth, Texas
Novelists from Texas
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
People from Azle, Texas
Year of birth missing (living people)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Chad Lenz has been a guide since the early 1990's, a career that came not only as second nature to him, but a natural progression, as he had always taken friends and family on hunting and travel adventures. Today Chad is a professional hunter; his passion is guiding, outfitting and hunting for all species around the world. Chad grew up near the Alberta Rockies spending most of his time living the western lifestyle near horses and cattle ranches in the west. He has been an avid outdoorsman, hunter and guide for most of his life. He has always been very successful in the woods, honing his tracking and outdoor skills to new levels, and as such, his early hunting buddies gave him the nickname "SAVAGE". Chad has been addicted to the wilds since elementary school, taking big game animals with archery equipment and rifles in his early teens.
Chad is "Living the Dream" and has had the privilege to explore some of western Canada's great wilderness as well as some worldly exotic locations in his life's quest. Experience and skill has been developed over the years to add to Chad's natural ability to find what's he looking for no matter the terrain or obstacles that may hamper the quest.
Chad SAVAGE Lenz has spent countless hours and days in Alberta's West Country, Northern British Columbia, Yukon, and North West Territory discovering for himself and his clients what these remote locations have to offer. Chad has also been fortunate to be able to chase his passions in the Arizona desert, Texas, Idaho and many other states, as well as Old Mexico. Off the North American Continent Chad has traveled to Africa, Australia, and Asia and he has plans to see the rest of the world!
There are those that live the dream and those who just dream, life is too short to say "I wish I would have..."
Enjoy our websites, share our adventures and join us!


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Randolph Center, VT – The Vermont Manufacturing Extension Center (VMEC) has announced the election of manufacturing executive David Blittersdorf, Founder of NRG Systems in Hinesburg, Vermont, to its Advisory Board. VMEC also announced the hiring of Anne Wood as Office Manager and Erin Quatrini as Marketing & Training Manager. In addition, Board Member and manufacturer Mike Rainville, Owner and President of Maple Landmark, Inc. in Middlebury, VT, has been re-elected 2008 Chairperson of the 12-member VMEC Board. Existing Board member Ed Townley, Senior Vice President and Controller of Cabot Creamery, Inc., was re-elected for another 2-year term on the Board. David Blittersdorf is Founder of NRG Systems, a global leader in wind measurement technology. David has long been an national and international leader in the promotion of energy conservation and renewable energy opportunities. Last year, NRG Systems was named a "2007 Top Small Workplace" by the Wall Street Journal and Winning Workplaces. Anne Wood joined the 17-member, not-for-profit VMEC team in December 2007. She comes to the Center after spending almost 14 years at Blue Cross Blue Shield of Vermont, with her most recent position being Associate Project Manager in the Project Management Office. Her prior experience includes 10 years owning and successfully operating a small retail sales business. Anne also worked for 7 years at the Merchants Bank in Northfield, leaving as Assistant Branch Manager. Anne will be working at the VMEC Headquarters office located on the Randolph Center campus of Vermont Technical College where the Center has been hosted since 1995. Erin Quatrini also joined the Center in December 2007 as VMEC Marketing & Training Manager. Prior to joining VMEC, Erin was a Direct Marketing Manager for Littleton Coin Company in Littleton, NH, where she was employed since 2001. Erin is a 2001 graduate of St. Michael's College where she earned a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration.###About VMECVMEC's primary mission since 1995 has been "To improve manufacturing in Vermont and strengthen the global competitiveness of the state's smaller manufacturers." This is done through confidential professional consulting, one-on-one coaching and public/onsite workshops to help Vermont's approximately 2,000 small and medium sized manufacturers increase their productivity, improve their manufacturing and business processes, reduce costs, identify and adopt new growth strategies, and improve their competitiveness. Through the VMEC Process Strategies Group (PSG) business unit established in early 2006, VMEC is bringing its proven process and strategy expertise to a number of non-manufacturing sectors in Vermont, including healthcare, higher education, government, and financial services.Visit www.vmec.org(link is external) for more information. read more
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Football Routs Morehead State, 43-6, in Season Finale
Next Game: at Iowa State 12/1/2018 – 11 a.m. Print Friendly Version Box Score (PDF) Full Schedule Roster Preview Buy Tickets Live Stats ESPN 1350 Cyclones.TV Listen Live Watch Live Box Score (HTML) Story Links MOREHEAD, Ky. – The Drake University football team routed Morehead State, 43-6, Saturday, Nov. 17, afternoon at Jayne Stadium in the team's final game of the 2018 season.The Bulldogs finished their campaign at 7-3 overall and in a tie for second place in the Pioneer Football League at 6-2.Quarterback Grant Kramer (Northridge, Calif.) threw a pair of touchdown passes and ran for one touchdown in his final game for Drake. Steve Doran (Germantown, Wis.) caught two touchdowns and ended the season with 12. The Bulldogs' rushing attack finished with 114 yards on the ground with touchdown runs by Jacob Clay (Brentwood, Mo.) and Braeden Hartwig (Lincoln, Neb.). Drew Lauer (St. Peters, Mo.) had a 48-yard touchdown reception out of the backfield as well. The Bulldogs' defense limited Morehead State (3-8, 2-6 PFL) to just six points and forced two turnovers. Alex Rogers (Racine, Wis.) had a career day for the defense with 16 total tackles, 11 solo stops, four tackles for loss and a pass break up. Drake's special teams were outstanding again as the group blocked its eighth kick of the season on an Eagles' extra point. Senior linebacker Kieran Severa (Lawrence, Kan.) scooped up the football and ran it back 98 yards for two points.After each team's defenses forced three-and-outs at the start of the game, Kramer hit Doran for a deep completion of 41 yards, which put the Bulldogs in the Eagles' red zone. Two plays later, Drake used old fashioned football as Hartwig plowed into the end zone from two yards out. Danny Donley (Tulsa, Okla.) drilled the extra point for a 7-0 Drake lead.Morehead State matched Drake's touchdown with its own, going 80 yards on 11 plays, on the following drive. However, the Bulldogs' special teams came through with another clutch play when they blocked its eighth kick of the season on the extra point attempt. Severa scooped the ball off the turf following Nathan Clayberg's (Pella, Iowa) block and sprinted 98 yards for two points and a 9-6 Drake lead.The Bulldogs added to their lead on their next drive. Kramer was briefly knocked out of the game due to injury after a long scramble, but backup quarterback Alex Bray (Muskego, Wis.) hit Lauer on a screen pass as he scampered 48 yards from the right side to the left side of the field and ultimately to the end zone. Donley converted another extra point as Drake led 16-6.Right before halftime, Kramer returned and teamed up with Doran again, this time for a 65-yard bomb as Doran was left wide open and went untouched all the way into the end zone. Donley missed the extra point for Bulldogs, who led 22-6 at the halftime break.Midway through the third quarter, Drake went 67 yards on nine plays on a drive that was capped by Kramer's one-yard plunge into the end zone. The short run and Donley's extra point pushed the Bulldogs' advantage to 29-9 as the rout was on.Drake increased its lead in the fourth quarter on Clay's two-yard rushing touchdown. Later, Kramer connected with Doran from one yard out for the game's final score.Kramer finished with 245 yards in the air and 32 yards on the ground. Doran hauled in five catches and had 159 yards. Hartwig and Lauer rushed for 50 and 45 yards, respectively. read more
Posted in bvjrsqTagged 上海419论坛LC, 上海千花网GS, 上海千花网QR, 上海后花园CG, 上海后花园HT, 上海夜网论坛QI, 夜上海论坛OC, 夜上海论坛RX, 娱乐地图TY, 爱上海419DCLeave a comment


The bright, summery Naked and Famous cocktail from Jasin Burt combines Tequila Casa Dragones Blanco and Yellow chartreuse in a chilled coupe to make the perfect weekend sipper.
Combine all ingredients into a mixing glass. Top with ice and shake vigorously. Strain into a chilled martini glass or coupe. Garnish with a lime wheel.


by Parish Web	on July 18, 2017.
As a Priest, I believe the matter of total confidentiality within the confessional as sacrosanct. I could never break this seal as it goes against all I believe and value. If we make confession the object of subtle distinctions of law, will the faithful continue to trust priests in confession? Will breaking the seal of the confessional, as a solution to a difficult case scenario, damage the dignity and sanctity of the Sacrament irreparably? As priests, if a minor mentions abuse in confession we have the option to ask the minor to talk to us outside the confessional. The priest can support and encourage the minor to speak out, to a safeguarding officer or another appropriate authority.
Ultimately, too, the Sacraments are given for the salvation of souls. Pastoral care of the penitent is paramount, and betraying the confidence of the faithful places the integrity of the Sacrament of Penance in jeopardy. We, as confessors, should always remember that the ministry of the confessor is to be the dispenser of God's healing grace and mercy.
In November 2016, Archbishop Hart sent out an instruction which is to be observed exactly and completely; that the hearing of school children's confessions is to take place where there is a clear line of visibility – in the open. This should not be the subject of subtle interpretations or changes of place, etc. This is clear and unequivocal and has to be observed exactly and not to be interpreted in any other way.


Parliaments can be greatly aided in the performance of their legislative, oversight and representational functions by well-resourced and effective parliamentary administrations. Parliamentary staff that are able to provide timely and accurate administrative and advisory services to elected members can help ensure that parliamentary debates follow agreed rules (both written and unwritten) and that decisions are based on sound information and research.
As part of CDI's continuing efforts to contribute to the strengthening of parliamentary administration in the Asia-Pacific region, we are pleased to be involved in the 2013 International Executive Development Program for Parliamentary Staff, a joint program of McGill University in Canada and the World Bank Institute (WBI).
The Program brings together 30 participants from parliaments in North America, the Caribbean, Africa, Asia and the Pacific in an 18-month long course comprising a five-day residential seminar at McGill University in Montreal, Canada from 14 to 20 April; seven e-learning courses to be completed in the period May 2013 to December 2014; and a supervised research project exploring issues relevant to each participants' home parliament to commence before the end of 2013. Upon successful completion of the Program, participants will be awarded a McGill University Certificate in Parliamentary Administration.
During the residential seminar, participants attended presentations, joined in discussions and completed group work on a range of topics including: representative government; principles of government accountability; parliamentary oversight; parliamentary law-making; representation in parliament; relations between parliaments and executives; parliamentary administration and management, strategic communications for parliaments; and benchmarking parliamentary performance.
Since returning home, participants have started working through the schedule of e-learning courses and begun preparing for their research projects. Participants are being guided through the Program by mentors; members of the residential seminar teaching panel who have been assigned to provide continuing learning support and advice for the duration of the Program.
The high quality teaching panel, which comprises internationally regarded experts in the field of parliamentary strengthening, is a feature of the Program. The panel is chaired by Professor Rick Stapenhurst (the Program Convener, from McGill University), Paul Belisle (former Clerk, Canadian Senate), Professor Phil Oxhorn (McGill), Dr Riccardo Pelizzo (WBI), Professor Gurprit Kindra (University of Ottawa), Mitch O'Brien (WBI) John Johnson (Chemonics International), Professor Mark Baskin (SUNY/CID), Anthony Stadden (University of Westminster) and Grant Harrison (CDI's Deputy Director).
Mr Harrison's contributions to the residential seminar focused on the law-making function of parliament. He is also mentoring the CDI-sponsored participants (and one additional PNG participant, Beverlyn Melken) through the remainder of the Program.


Money(campaign contributions) plays too big a role in who gets elected.
No candidate should be elected because of how much and/or how the money is spent.
Too much money is spent on elections.
For a presidential election, it costs $2 billion.
This amount does not benefit the nation.
The money could easily be put to better use.
Campaign finance needs serious reform.
There are too many lowquals in the United States.
If a city or town with a population of 100 has 3 lowquals, it is not an issue.
If the same city or town has 40 lowquals, it is a big problem.
The United States has over 60 million lowquals, probably a lot more.
lowquals turn nations into third world countries.
ALL the nations' problems CAN be solved quickly.
The real question is: Will the problems be solved?
Not because of the difficulty of the problems.
Because Americans REFUSE to do what needs to be done.
The forefathers created a great nation.
The current citizens are letting it decay.
America can be Restored to Greater Glory.
The problems/issues facing the nation have existed for decades.
Nothing has been done about them.
Year after year, no matter which party is in office, not one problem/issue has been solved/resolved.
The only reason for this is corrupt and/or incompetent politicians.
The issues facing the nation are easy to solve.
Even if the issues/problems were hard, politicians have had decades to solve/resolve them.
Politicians have spent trillions of dollars each year and the nation still continues to decline.
Proof Positive of politicians incompetence and corruption.
Do you really think you have any Freedom?
Just sit and really think about it.
People and organizations unilaterally telling you what you can and cannot do; trampling your rights; treating you like a serf.
Everybody whining and crying about their rights.
What about other people's rights?
Other people's rights do not exist.
This means YOU have no rights.
You have to earn freedom.
complacency — a feeling of contented self-satisfaction; a smug and/or uncritical satisfaction with oneself or one's achievements especially when unaware of upcoming trouble.
The people in the United States have a false belief in the status of the nation.
The nation has been on a downward spiral for decades; people still falsely believe the United States is the leading nation in the world. The nation is NOT in the top twenty in any important category.
The people, living in a dream world, sit quiet and content in the crumbling ruins of a great nation.
It is past time for Americans to take action.
Most of the people involved with government, whether as politicians, workers or voters are freeloaders.
They receive handouts from the government; these people provide little value to the nation.
A majority of them are lowquals.
The United States needs these Americans to get involved.


As summer draws to a close, parents naturally begin to consider back-to-school preparations such as well-checks with primary care providers and immunizations. As part of a holistic back-to-school wellness plan, it's also important for parents to proactively monitor a child's behavioral health and consider a mental health checkup in addition to a physical checkup.
Mental Illness can cause serious disruption in everyday life.
In any given year, approximately one in 25 adults in the United States experiences a serious mental illness that substantially interferes with or limits one or more major life activities and one in 10 employees suffers from depression. This includes the ability to perform effectively or efficiently at work.
The value of an employer's health benefit strategy is intrinsically linked to its ability to address an employee's total health—both physical and mental. That's why overall wellness trends are shifting to better acknowledge the strong connection between a robust behavioral health care benefit and better overall health, ultimately resulting in improved employee productivity.
By Geoffrey Boyce from Behavioral Healthcare Executive.
In the world of telehealth, what a difference a few years can make. The industry has moved from burgeoning to mainstream and is seen as a viable model for behavioral healthcare. In fact, industry professional shortages are catapulting adoption and use of telepsychiatry to address unmet psychiatric needs in all states. The field of telepsychiatry has much to celebrate in recent years, and the outlook ahead is brighter than ever. Here are five top predictions about where telepsychiatry is headed in 2018.
By James Varrell, M.D. from Arizona Telemedicine Program.
As a child and adolescent psychiatrist practicing in person for a number of years, and eventually making the shift to telepsychiatry, I have observed the subtle differences and nuances between the two mediums of care.


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What do the new child support and custody laws mean?
On behalf of Law Office of Kerley & Associates posted in family law on Thursday, March 2, 2017.
While fewer people are getting divorced each year, the laws governing what will happen in these cases are constantly being analyzed and adjusted to ensure that you and your family will receive the best decision possible. This is especially true when it comes to children. The Daily Journal has reported that child support and custody laws in Illinois recently went through a major overhaul that could have a big effect on divorcing couples.
The articles states that these laws were designed to lessen lengthy legal battles that can negatively affect your family. As parents, you are now encouraged to work together to come up with a parenting plan that best meets the needs of your children. If you both agree to a plan, the court will approve it unless it believes one of you agreed involuntarily.
A parenting plan divides authority and will determine several aspects of your child's daily life, including which of you will decide healthcare decisions and doctors, religious devotions, school choices and extracurricular activities. This agreement will also allow you and your ex-spouse to determine together how much time the child will spend with each of you.
The terms "parental responsibility" and "parenting time" are replacing "visitation" and "custody," giving rise to the court's goals that you will both see yourselves as partners in raising their children and work toward whatever is in the best interest of your child. If you are unable to agree upon a plan, the court will decide one for you.
These changes will also affect child support, although how that will happen is less clear. Judges may have to deviate from old guidelines to make payments fair since it is believed that the child will be splitting time more equally now between both of you. This information is not intended as legal advice.


The Home Shop Machinist & Machinist's Workshop Magazine's BBS > General > greasing the lathe bed question?
View Full Version : greasing the lathe bed question?
when i bought my bmx cranks from profileracing.com, i received an anti-seizing compound, of course i was so exited i forget to use it the first time, and they cranks had to be hammered off the spindle, but the second time i used it, i took them off with my hands, could this be used as lube for a dovetail bed? It seems to greatly reduce friction?
Yes if you want to kill your lathe.
Anti sieze is for keeping things from rusting. You want a lubricant, and more specifically, way lube.
I use a generic bottle of way lube from Mcmaster carr. It has wax in it, does a great job.
Some people like Mobil Vactra.
to pull cranks off the bottom bracket.
Easy way to 'pull' stuck cranks, ride them off!! That is, loosen, but not remove the retaining bolt or nut (which ever the crank has) and then, standing up on the pedals, ride around the block IF you make it that far and stop as soon as the crank(s) loosen.
Nine times out of ten, it will be 'loose' in less than 100 feet!!
FREE and the only SPECIAL tool required is those funny things at the bottom of your body, which is usually available 24/7 anywhere you are!!! Amputees excepted.
Had them loose in as little as ten turns of the crank. And these were ones that were "tight" on an old bike.
Seems that the taper isn't quite 'perfect' and relies on the bolt/nut to keep it seated.
I cracked the end right off the original crank spindle on my Lambert. At the time I was only a 140 lb "chimp".
They didn't use a taper, the ends were square. I think they had a little problem with a stress riser on the inside corner.....got a free replacement with their newer tapered type.


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Jobs4.com has created this Privacy Policy in order to describe its collection, use and disclosure of personal data you give to Jobs4.com when you access or use Jobs4.com's online and/or mobile services and websites, and software provided by Jobs4.com on or in connection with such services or websites (collectively, the "Site"). "Jobs4.com" or "we" means The Jobs4 Network Limited.
This Privacy Policy covers only data that we collect through the Site, and not any other data collection or processing, including, without limitation, the data collection practices of any affiliate or other third party, including any third-party operators of web pages to which the Site links, and any information that we collect offline or through any websites, products, or services that do not display a direct link to this Privacy Policy. Occasionally, we may refer to this Privacy Policy in notices and consent requests related to special purpose web pages, mobile applications, or other resources, for example, if we invite you to submit ideas to improve the Site? under such circumstances, this Privacy Policy applies to information collected by us through such special purpose resources, as modified in the particular notice or consent request (e.g., with respect to the types of data collected or our uses or disclosures of such information) Jobs4.com may amend this Privacy Policy at any time. Please review the "Last Updated" legend at the top of this page to determine when this Privacy Policy was last amended. Any changes to this Privacy Policy will become effective on the "Last Updated" date indicated above. By using the Site or providing information to us following such changes, you will have accepted the amended Privacy Policy. If Jobs4.com is going to use Personal Information (as defined below) collected through the Site in a manner materially different from that stated at the time of collection, then Jobs4.com will notify users via email and/or by posting a notice on Jobs4.com's Site for 30 days prior to such use or by other means as required by law.
When you create an Jobs4.com account, request information, subscribe for a service, participate in a survey, post a rating or review, post a question or answer, post a resume, upload content or otherwise actively send us data on our Site, we collect such data including, but not limited to, your user name, password, first and last name, email address, telephone number (including mobile phone number), street address, gender, occupation, interests, messages you send to users, and any other data included in a submitted profile or resume, including but not limited to application materials and answers to screener questions submitted to Employers through Jobs4.com. In connection with chargeable services, we will also collect payment information (e.g., credit card number and related verification information). If you use any automated phone screening product, Jobs4.com will record and store your answers to an Employer's screening questions and will forward your answers to the Employer. You consent to Jobs4.com listening to and analysing the recording in accordance with this Privacy Policy. In each such instance above, you will know what data we collect through the Site, because you actively submit it.
In addition, as part of the standard operation of the Site, Jobs4.com may automatically collect and analyse information from your computer or mobile device, including, but not limited to, your browser type, operating system, IP address and the domain name from which you accessed the Site, and if you are accessing our Site with your mobile device, the type of mobile device. In addition, we may automatically record and analyse actions taken on the Site including, but not limited to, date and times of use, clicks, page views, the amount of time you spend on each page, and search queries. Jobs4.com reserves the right to match your IP address (or any other information) with other information about you in any way permitted by applicable law. Jobs4.com will store this information on its equipment or the equipment of third parties that Jobs4.com has a relationship with for that purpose. If you create a Jobs4.com account, information may be collected under your account email address.
If you access or use the Site on your mobile telephone or other mobile device, including tablets, we collect mobile device identifiers, including MAC Address, and IP Address. Jobs4.com may create and assign to your device an identifier that is similar to an account number. We may collect the name you have associated with your device, device type, telephone number, country, and any other information you choose to provide, such as user name, geolocation or email address.
If you are an Employer, Jobs4.com may request that you provide certain personal information to Jobs4.com in order to verify your account. This information includes, but is not limited to your Federal Employer Identification Number (EIN), Business Registration information, or a utility bill. This information will be used for internal purposes only, subject to any request by law enforcement or a court order.
3. Limitation of Use or Disclosure of Personal Data
When a Job Seeker deletes an account, the Job Seeker will no longer have access to any of the data which we provided under that account name, including but not limited to, search history, job search preferences, saved jobs, jobs the Job Seeker has applied to, job alerts CV / resume, and any other data associated with the account. If the Job Seeker uses the same email address to set up a new account, this data will not become available to the Job Seeker again. Jobs4.com reserves the right to keep any materials in a deleted account as necessary to preserve and protect its rights as allowed by law (for example, to preserve records of a dispute) or to comply with its obligations under local law (for example, to keep an email address). A deleted account does not mean that all of the data is expunged from the Jobs4.com systems, although it will not be readily available under the Job Seeker's original account name. When the Job Seeker presses the delete account button on the dashboard, Jobs4.com will begin to process that instruction within 24 hours and will have completed the operation within 40 days.
Employers may disable an account, however Jobs4.com must preserve business records pertaining to that account to comply with its obligations under law. If a Job Seeker wants to delete a job application performed on Jobs4.com's site, they will need to contact the prospective Employer directly to request deletion of their application. When a Job Seeker adds a CV on Jobs4.com, they are given the option to make their CV public or private. Public resumes are available to anyone with access to Jobs4.com's CV Database application. Private CVs are only made available to those whom the Job Seeker has initiated an application or provided their resume. For job applications which you, the Job Seeker submit through Jobs4.com to an employer, (with related materials submitted), please note: 1) that your applications and materials may be controlled by an employer, 2) we may direct you to that employer for personal data deletion requests, and 3) Jobs4.com depends on the employer or the employer's agent to provide Jobs4.com with the correct destination for all applications. In the event that the electronic destination provided to Jobs4.com is incorrect, your application materials will not be sent to the intended recipient of the application. Jobs4.com has no liability for such applications. If you do not wish to send your application materials in this manner, you should send them directly to the employer.
4. Uses and Disclosures of Information
We may use any information collected pursuant to this Privacy Policy, including information that identifies you as a specific individual ("Personal Information"), for the purposes set forth in this Paragraph 4 and Paragraphs 5, 6, and 10 below. Jobs4.com uses such information to provide our services and features to you, including to provide employer information to you, to measure and improve those services and features, and to provide you with customer support.
For example, Jobs4.com uses your previous search and browsing history (e.g. the jobs you click on), or application materials and answers to screener questions, to determine relevant search results and provide you with recommended jobs or reach out to you about jobs you may be interested in.
Jobs4.com may also provide information collected pursuant to this Privacy Policy, including Personal Information, to employers that may be interested in contacting you. By applying to a job, providing your contact information to show interest in a job, or by replying to a message from an employer, you consent to the disclosure of your information to that employer. Jobs4.com may also use information provided to Jobs4.com via your Jobs4.com CV to pre-populate application information for you and for other similar purposes.
Jobs4.com may also share such information with third parties (including operators of third-party websites and/or social networking sites) in order to show you targeted advertisements and other content that has been customized for you.
Jobs4.com may also use information collected pursuant to this Privacy Policy to prevent potentially illegal activities and activities that are detrimental to you or others. Jobs4.com may investigate and disclose information from or about you or your use of Jobs4.com if we have a good faith belief that such investigation or disclosure (a) is reasonably necessary to comply with legal process (including subpoenas, search warrants, court orders) and law enforcement instructions and orders? (b) is helpful to prevent, investigate, or identify possible wrongdoing in connection with the use of the Site? or (c) may protect our rights, reputation, property, safety, or that of the public? or (d) as necessary to meet national security requirements.
We may use a variety of methods to detect and address anomalous activity and screen content to prevent abuse such as spam. These efforts may on occasion result in a temporary or permanent suspension or termination of some functions for some users. Jobs4.com provides two-way email proxy and relay services to the users of our Jobs4.com products, including: Jobs4.com CV, Jobs4.com Apply, and Post a Job. By utilizing this Jobs4.com email relay function in connection with any of the aforementioned products, you acknowledge that you are asking Jobs4.com to send these emails on your behalf. We monitor, review, store and analyse your content (including your CV / resumes, cover letters, applications, messages, responses, offer letters and other materials) that you send, store or receive, including via automated means and otherwise, for data analysis, quality control, and to refine the Site or any other Jobs4.com product or service (including to provide better search results and other listings for job seekers and employers, provide you with personally relevant product features, and to prevent and block fraud and spam or reduce unwanted mail).
Any information shared by you with Jobs4.com may be shared with or transferred to any Jobs4.com affiliated entity (including those located outside the European Union), no matter where located, for the purpose of providing you services and improving the Site. By using the Site, you consent to this transfer and acknowledge that the services provided to you and the functionality of the Site could not be provided without such a transfer. If you do not wish your information to be transferred in this way you should not use this Site.
Transfer of Data to Third Parties
We may use other companies, including affiliates and third parties, to perform services in connection with our operations, and to improve the Site and our other products and services. These third parties may include (but are not limited to) service providers and vendors.
In the course of providing these services, those companies may have access to Personal Information, and such Personal Information may be transferred to other countries. Those companies are contractually required to treat such Personal Information in accordance with this Privacy Policy. Please also be aware that we may use third-party cloud service providers that provide hosting, data storage and other services pursuant to standard terms and conditions that may be non-negotiable? these service providers have informed us or the general public that they apply security measures they consider adequate for the protection of information within their system, or they have a general reputation for applying such measures. However, we will not be liable (to the fullest extent permitted by law) for any damages that may result from the misuse of any information, including Personal Information, by these companies.
You may also use certain third-party sites or services that you link through from Jobs4.com's Site. In such cases, all information you provide to a third party is provided to that third party and not to Jobs4.com, and is subject to the third party's privacy policy and terms of service. Please see the section below titled Links to Third-Party Sites for more information.
Jobs4.com may use your IP address and mobile device information to help diagnose problems with Jobs4.com's service and to administer the Site. Your IP address and mobile device information may also be used to help identify you, your location, and your online profile and to gather broad demographic information (such as country of origin). Jobs4.com may maintain (as permitted by applicable law) information collected from you pursuant to this Privacy Policy following any termination of your relationship with Jobs4.com. Jobs4.com may also delete such information as permitted by applicable law. If you provide credit, debit or other payment card and related details to us in order to make a payment, Jobs4.com will use such information only for the purpose of processing the payment. Jobs4.com may also aggregate your data with other data, for the purposes set forth above.
5. Contact and Resume Information
When you give Jobs4.com contact information (such as your name and email address) and demographic information, you agree that Jobs4.com may utilize this information as set forth herein. You agree that Jobs4.com may, as part of its services to you, communicate with you, or initiate communication with you on behalf of a third party, through your Jobs4.com account or through other means such as email, telephone (including mobile phone), or postal mail, including through the use of contact information that you may provide to Jobs4.com or that Jobs4.com may otherwise obtain from third-party resources. If and to the extent permitted by applicable law, Jobs4.com or its designated third-party partners may also use your contact information to (i) send you job alerts? (ii) create an account? and (iii) send you information about Jobs4.com, including promotional materials. Jobs4.com may use demographic and/or profile data to tailor your experience on the Site, show you content that Jobs4.com thinks you may be interested in, and display content according to your preferences. Your information, including Personal Information, gets placed on the Site when you upload or edit a resume. To the extent you upload a resume or edit it, and subject to your Privacy Settings, you are making the resume, your name and other Personal Information that you place on your resume available to third parties who may be interested in you as an employee (and who may forward your resume and Personal Information to other third parties), to Job Seekers who may want to contact you, to search engines, or to the general public by posting your Personal Information on the internet.
You acknowledge that Jobs4.com may determine whether the words of your resume or any other individuals' resume match the words of certain job descriptions, and vice versa, in order to improve the Site or any other Jobs4.com product or service (including by displaying or otherwise making available potentially relevant job descriptions and resumes to job seekers and employers). If you post a public resume, this may be crawled by, and displayed through, search engines when someone searches for your name. This means that third parties can view the Personal Information contained in your resume and you may receive unsolicited contact from parties unaffiliated with Jobs4.com and for whom Jobs4.com has no responsibility. If you do not want your Personal Information posted on the Site, you should not upload it. You may opt out of this feature on a going forward basis by editing your Privacy Settings? However, Jobs4.com does not warrant how often third-party search engines will update their caches, which may continue to contain your resume information. Jobs4.com reserves the right to charge third parties a fee for accessing your information, including Personal Information, as part of Jobs4.com's services. At your direction, Jobs4.com may also send your resume to third parties if you choose to apply for a job listing.
6. Additional Uses and Disclosures of Non-Personal Information
In addition to the other uses and disclosures of information set forth in this Privacy Policy, and notwithstanding anything in this Privacy Policy to the contrary, we may use and disclosure, for any purpose, any information that does not identify you as a specific individual ("Non-Personal Information"), except where we are required to do otherwise under applicable law. Such Non-Personal Information may include, for example and without limitation: MAC addresses and other device identifiers? IP addresses? Pixel tags and similar technologies? Physical location information? And demographic information, including gender, dates of birth, post codes, etc. Non-Personal Information may also include Personal Information that has been aggregated or deidentified.
If we combine any Non-Personal Information with Personal Information (such as combining your post code with your name), then we will only use and disclose such combined information for the purposes described in this Paragraph 6 and Paragraphs 4, 5 and 10 of this Privacy Policy while it is so combined. If we are required to treat Non-Personal Information as Personal Information under applicable law, then we may use and disclose it for all the purposes for which we use and disclose Personal Information.
Jobs4.com seeks to use reasonable security measures to help protect against the loss, misuse and alteration of the Personal Information under Jobs4.com's control. No method of transmission over the Internet, or method of electronic storage, is 100% secure, however. In addition, please note that emails, messages sent via your web browser, and other similar means of communication with other users, are not encrypted. We strongly advise you not to communicate any confidential or sensitive information through these means. Therefore, while we strive to protect your information, we cannot guarantee its security. Please also be aware that we may use third-party cloud service providers that provide hosting, data storage and other services pursuant to standard terms and conditions that may be non-negotiable? These service providers have informed us or the general public that they apply security measures they consider adequate for the protection of information within their system, or they have a general reputation for applying such measures. However, we will not be liable (to the fullest extent permitted by law) for any damages that may result from the misuse of any information, including Personal Information, by these companies.
"Cookies" are small pieces of information that are stored by your browser on your computer's hard drive. Please see our cookie policy for further information regarding Jobs4.com's use of Cookies.
9. Links to Third-Party Sites
The Site may make available links to other websites. When you click on such links, you may leave our Site. The Site may also make available Company Pages, which may contain information provided by third-party Employers. WE ARE NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR THE INFORMATION COLLECTION, USE, DISCLOSURE OR OTHER PRIVACY PRACTICES OF ANY THIRD PARTY, INCLUDING OUR AFFILIATES, THIRD-PARTY SERVICE PROVIDERS, ANY EMPLOYERS (INCLUDING ANY EMPLOYER THAT PROVIDES A COMPANY PAGE), ANY THIRD-PARTY SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORM, ANY THIRD PARTY MAKING AVAILABLE THE DEVICES OR OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR WHICH THE SITE IS AVAILABLE, AND ANY THIRD PARTY OPERATING ANY WEBSITE TO WHICH THE SITE CONTAINS A LINK. YOU MAY HAVE RIGHTS DIRECTLY ENFORCEABLE AGAINST THESE THIRD PARTIES SO YOU SHOULD CONSIDER THEIR PRIVACY POLICIES TO LEARN MORE.
10. Acquisitions and Other Reorganizations
Information collected pursuant to this Privacy Policy, including Personal Information, may be disclosed to one or more third parties in connection with any change of ownership or control in Jobs4.com's business (whether by merger, sale, or otherwise), or any other reorganization or joint venture, or assignment, transfer or other disposition of all or any portion of our business, assets or stock (including in connection with any bankruptcy or similar proceeding), and any such information may be used by such third party in accordance with this Privacy Policy. Equally, information collected pursuant to this Privacy Policy, including Personal Information, may be disclosed to one or more third parties in connection with any acquisition or merger carried out by Jobs4.com of such third parties.
11. Do Not Track Requests
We do not respond to the browser "Do Not Track" (DNT) signal if enabled by the user in their web browser. When we set or read cookies on non-Jobs4.com sites that have integrated our job search and display features, we do so, for example, to provide a personalized job search experience to users on those sites. We do not share any information about your use of Jobs4.com with those third parties. When third parties that we have integrated into Jobs4.com sites (as described in the Jobs4.com Cookie Policy) set or read their own third-party cookies, they may or may not respond to the DNT signal.
13. Opting Out
If you no longer want to receive promotional materials from us based upon your Personal Information, going forward, you may opt out of receiving such marketing related messages by a contact form message to us (http://jobs4.com/contact-us). Please note that we may still send other messages to you, such as administrative messages. We will try to comply with your request as soon as reasonably practicable.
16. General Inquiries and Complaints
You may contact The Jobs4 Network at The Lodge, Armstrong House, First Avenue, Finningley, Doncaster, DN9 3GA? or you may contact either company via our contact form.


Students are eligible to apply for student housing at Kopparstaden.
Once you have been accepted to PlaygroundSquad, you are eligible to apply for student housing at Kopparstaden, providing you with an affordable place to stay during your studies. They offer a wide range of housing, with everything from unfurnished apartments to furnished student corridors.
Despite this, we recommend prospective students to register in the housing queue to start racking up queue points. This improves your chances of landing the apartment you would truly like, and allows you to have one-up on everybody else.
For more information, please visit Kopparstaden's student portal.


The development is part of a wider policy decision by the Government to revoke/repeal UK domestic legislation that implemented EU law in instances where that law is based on reciprocity between EU Member States.
Also, in respect of the Mediation Directive specifically, the Government believes that the distinction and preferential treatment of parties involved in EU cross-border mediations (as distinct from domestic or other cross-border mediations) will no longer be justified once the UK leaves the EU.
In practical terms, the unwinding of the legislation is unlikely to have a major impact on the way cross-border mediations are conducted in the UK. The Mediation Directive sought to harmonise mediation in relation to EU cross-border disputes by imposing minimum standards and rules across a range of matters. However, as mediation law and culture was already well established in the UK, only a small number of modest changes to domestic legislation were required to bring the UK into compliance with the Directive.
provisions allowing parties (by consent) to have cross-border mediated settlement agreements converted to a court order, to aid enforcement (reflected in Civil Procedure Rules Part 78).
The Regulations effectively revoke the legislation that implemented (i) and (ii), subject to transitional provisions. Repeal of the Part 78 rules will be effected by a separate statutory instrument.
it is not common for parties to backtrack on mediated agreements and anecdotal evidence suggests that the Part 78 procedure is not commonly used in practice. In this regard, it is notable that the new Singapore Convention will seek to establish a global regime for the enforcement of mediated settlement agreements, akin to the New York Convention regime for arbitral awards.
What other laws are being unwound?
the domestic legislation that implemented the EU ADR Directive(2013/11/EU), which seeks to ensure the availability of appropriate ADR institutions in each Member State to deal with EU cross-border consumer disputes. This means the requirement for ADR entities in the UK to offer cross border dispute resolution is removed, as is the requirement for UK traders to include in their contractual terms and websites signposts to ADR institutions and a link to the ODR Platform).


Every fall I see these amazing stuffed squash recipes all over the internet and always imagine I will make one someday. That someday was this week, and the result was this delicious Vegan Stuffed Squash with Wild Rice and Sausage. Yes, this is totally vegan and absolutely delicious! Even the meat eaters in our house loved it. With only 8 SmartPoints per serving, it's also a great Weight Watchers recipe!
This post contains affiliate links for Amazon. I earn a small commission on purchases made via these links.
Let me start by talking about how stuffed squash is one of the easiest recipes to make of all time. Just a few minutes of preparation and I had this in the oven. 25 minutes later, I had a meal that was easy to scoop out onto a plate and enjoy. As a plant-based Weight Watchers dieter, I am always looking for flavorful meals, and this definitely hit the spot.
If you aren't a vegan or prefer to eat meat, you can easily substitute my chosen sausage below for any chicken or turkey sausage that is lower in points. In fact, it may be more point friendly for Weight Watchers followers to use a meat sausage if they are meat eaters. I prefer my vegan Field Roast brand sausage, but you can adapt as needed. Field Roast can usually be found near the tofu or other vegan "meats" in your local grocery store.
Preheat oven to 375 degrees. Line baking sheet with a silicone baking mat, or parchment paper.
In a small saucepan, heat vegetable stock, 1 teaspoon olive oil, wild rice, diced carrots, diced onion, and seasonings. Bring to a boil, reduce heat, then cover for 15 minutes.
Cut acorn squash in half, and scoop out seeds. Quarter the acorn squash, and lightly brush or drizzle with remaining 1 teaspoon olive oil.
Once the rice has cooked for 15 minutes, remove the cover, fluff with a fork, and add in chopped kale and diced sausage. Mix well until combined.
Scoop 1/4 rice mixture onto top of each 1/4 of acorn squash. Place in oven and roast for 20-25 minutes or until heated through and squash is tender. The filling may fall out a bit depending on how deep the squash is, but can easily be scooped back inside.
Scoop ¼ rice mixture onto top of each ¼ of acorn squash. Place in oven and roast for 20-25 minutes or until heated through and squash is tender. The filling may fall out a bit depending on how deep the squash is, but can easily be scooped back inside.
This recipe for vegan stuffed squash is a delicious fall meal. In fact, it is so good, we have decided this can easily be our Thanksgiving meal with a few extra sides of vegetables. The flavor of the sausage and rice compliment the squash beautifully, and we love how it is full of fiber and healthier.
Make this delicious vegan-friendly entree with our preferred Field Roast Apple & Sage Sausage or your own preferred vegan protein for a meal that the whole family will approve of at the dinner table.
This recipe looks wonderful. I have recently started to take a second look at acorn squash. I always preferred butternut but acorn is proving to be sweet and tasty as well.
Oh my, this looks so delicious!! Thanks for sharing on More the Merrier Monday link party!!
We love stuffed squash and this looks delicious! Thanks so much for sharing your post with us at Full Plate Thursday! Have a great week and come back to see us real soon!