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Home»Topic Guide»Gender and governance
GenderAnn Kangas; Huma Haider; Erika Fraser; Evie Browne
Topic Guide, July 2015
Gender and governance
Women's formal participation and representation
Gender-responsive budgeting
The participation of women and men in formal and informal decision-making structures varies greatly between countries, but is generally in favour of men. Institutional as well as cultural, economic and societal factors limit women's opportunities and abilities to participate in decisionmaking.
Women's low political representation is therefore often used as an indicator of gender inequality. Specifically, the 'proportion of seats held by women in national parliament' was chosen as one of three indicators to measure progress on MDG 3 on gender equality and women's empowerment.
Women are underrepresented not only in the political sphere but also in decision-making within the private sector, at the village level and in civil society. At the local level, men usually dominate positions of power, including as religious and traditional leaders, local politicians and village elders.
Women's representation and leadership tend to be confined to areas that are traditionally 'feminine' such as social welfare. Women's representation in informal decision-making processes is often more common than their representation in formal positions and structures, but it tends to be hidden and therefore not as highly valued as it should be. In order to deepen democracy at the local, national and international level, it is important to ensure that women and men are able to participate on equal terms in both formal and informal decision-making structures.
Poor levels of participation and representation in decision-making bodies is exacerbated, for both men and women, by intersecting discriminations relating to ethnic group, socioeconomic status, religion, disability and sexual orientation.
Gender differences in formal representation can be attributed in large part to both institutional and societal constraints. The latter encompasses the social norms that make it more difficult for women to leave their traditionally domestic roles for more public roles outside of the home. Institutional constraints include barriers such as political systems that operate through rigid schedules that do not take into consideration women's domestic responsibilities, and the type of electoral quotas used (if any).
There has been considerable international emphasis on ensuring a more equitable number of women and men in democratic institutions, through the introduction of quotas for women in many countries. There is increased acknowledgement, however, that quotas are not enough to ensure that women's concerns are heard. Two reasons can be found for this. First, despite increased participation, women are still primarily a minority within patriarchal political systems, which means that it continues to be difficult for them to have their voices heard. Second, women politicians cannot be assumed to prioritise or even identify with the needs of other women. Class, race, religion, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation and disabilities are some of the many differences that can divide women.
Nonetheless, quotas can have an impact on society's perceptions of women, with increasing acceptance of women as leaders reported in some instances (Beaman et al., 2009). There is growing recognition that combining quotas with skills development in leadership and capacity building can have a stronger impact and strengthen the opportunities for women's voice.
Clots-Figueras, I. (2007). 'Are Female Leaders Good for Education? Evidence from India' Working Paper 07-73, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
This paper finds that, in India, increasing female political representation increases the probability that an individual will attain primary education in urban areas, but not in rural areas, and not in the study sample as a whole. The difference between rural and urban areas may be explained by female politicians investing more in education where women can gain more benefit from it, or by educational investments being more visible to voters in urban areas.
Beaman, L. et al. (2009). 'Powerful Women: Does Exposure Reduce Bias', The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 124, no. 4, pp. 1497-1540
This paper uses data from Indian village councils to show that ten years of quotas for women leaders make it more likely for women to stand for and win council positions. They show that prior exposure to a female leader leads to changes in voter attitudes and improves perceptions of female leader effectiveness. The second generations of women standing for election are much more liked by voters and experience much less bias.
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Waring, M. (2011). 'Women in Politics and Aid Effectiveness: an Aid to Evaluation of MDG3', A think piece commissioned by AusAID's Office of Development Effectiveness
This paper reviews MDG 3 in the context of AusAID and the Asia-Pacific region. The paper discusses the range of concepts in MDG 3 commentary, empowerment, leadership and governance, and the challenges of effectiveness reporting. Country case studies demonstrate that political representation is not an adequate measure to reflect women's empowerment and gender equality. Finally, suggestions are made which encourage more flexible approaches to capture successful interventions across a range of activities which are better related to the diversity of women's roles in leadership, empowerment and governance.
Wang, V. (2013). Women Changing Policy Outcomes: Learning from Pro-women Legislation in the Ugandan Parliament. In Women's Studies International Forum (Vol. 41, pp. 113-121). Pergamon.
What makes a difference to pro-women policy outcomes? This peer-reviewed journal article examines Uganda, which has recently increased the number of female legislators. While the increased number of women in Parliament has contributed to pro-women policies, other important factors include the role of the women's caucus in Parliament, the support of male legislators, and relationships between female legislators and actors in civil society and the aid community. This article shows that increasing the number of women in parliament is not enough to create pro-women policies, but that there also needs to be an enabling environment.
Barriers to women's election
Institutional, socioeconomic and cultural barriers limit women's effective participation in democratic elections. Politics is often viewed, by both men and women, as a male domain where women will struggle to make a contribution. In addition, party politics tends to be dominated by men, making it more difficult for women to get on party lists for election. Women's representation and leadership therefore tend to be more at the grassroots level and in social welfare positions.
Even where women have been able to secure office, they continue to face additional challenges compared to their male counterparts. These include both male and female opposition, inexperience of the political domain and low confidence. In addition, many women politicians find that it can be difficult to balance their public responsibilities with their domestic roles.
In order to get elected, many female candidates choose to downplay the fact that they are concerned with 'women's issues', for fear this may alienate male voters. It has been argued that, in order to reverse this negative cycle, there must be a significant number of women in positions of power before these issues will feature on the agenda.
In some cases, particularly in fragile contexts, women may face intimidation or threats in running for office. This is primarily due to the fact that men or local customary authorities may feel that this threatens the traditional male hierarchy or patriarchal order.
Huffer, E. (2006). 'Chapter 1: Desk Review of the Factors Which Enable and Constrain the Advancement of Women's Political Representation in Forum Island Countries' in Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat (PIFS), A Woman's Place is in the House – the House of Parliament: Research to Advance Women's Political Representation in Forum Island Countries, PIFS, Fiji
The Pacific Forum Island Countries have formally recognised that the participation of women in political decision-making needs to be enhanced. However, the political advancement of women remains constrained by both institutional and attitudinal factors. Addressing these problems requires regional and national approaches.
Inter Parliamentary Union (IPU). (2008). 'Equality in Politics: A Survey of Women and Men in Parliaments', Reports and Documents No. 24, IPU, Geneva
This paper presents the results of a survey (2006-2008) on how parliamentarians are working to attain gender equality in national politics. Respondents identified four factors as most influential in creating a more gender-sensitive parliament: 1) the support of the ruling party in parliament; 2) the work of parliamentary committees; 3) the work of cross-party networks of women; and 4) the rules that govern the functioning of parliament.
Approaches to increasing women's democratic participation
A number of strategies have been popular among governments and donors to try to encourage more women into politics. These include training women for political candidacy, providing funding or capacity building on fundraising for women candidates, and including women as election monitors. Mobilising female voters is also considered important to get women elected into office and to deepen democracy. Gendered civic awareness and separate polling booths for women are some of the strategies that have been adopted.
Globally, fewer than 19% of national parliamentarians are women (WDR). Quota systems have been used in a number of countries to advance the representation of women. These have taken various forms, including sandwiching of party lists and reserved seats. While this has increased the number of women in political positions, they remain a minority in most countries. There is mixed evidence that quotas have resulted in issues of concern to many women, such as childcare and health care, featuring more prominently on the agenda. More analysis is needed in this area.
Ballington, J. et al. (2011). 'Empowering Women for Stronger Political Parties: A Good Practices Guide to Promote Women's Political Participation', United Nations Development Programme and National Democratic Institute
This UNDP and NDI guide contains guidelines on increasing women's political empowerment, organised by electoral period, and aimed at members of political parties, civil society organisations and gender equality activists. It draws on 20 case studies of party activities and provides concise and targeted options for political party reform. The most effective strategies to increase women's participation in political parties combine reforms to political institutions with targeted support to women party activists within and outside party structures, female candidates and elected officials.
Tadros, M. (2011). 'Women Engaging Politically: Beyond Magic Bullets and Motorways', Pathways Policy Paper, Pathways of Women's Empowerment RPC, Brighton
This paper draws on over eight country case studies to analyse the possibilities and limitations of mainstream approaches, such as quotas, to strengthening women's access to political power. It finds that any quota law needs to be complemented by other interventions to ensure that it has a positive social transformative impact. Further, concepts of and support for women's political empowerment need to be based more on women's ongoing networks of support and influence and less on preelection moments or international 'blueprints'.
Krook, M. L. and Norris, P. (2014), Beyond Quotas: Strategies to Promote Gender Equality in Elected Office. Political Studies, 62: 2–20.
Apart from quotas, what works for increasing gender equality in politics? Evidence from around the world suggests that the main barriers to women's increased election are political, rather than social, economic or cultural. There is a vast range of strategies used to increase gender equality, and the diversity of these measures points to a wide array of creative solutions, engaging a variety of actors. The article presents a range of policy solutions and examples of interventions.
Globally, women are underrepresented in decision-making, not only in the political sphere, but also within the private sector, at the village level and in civil society organisations. This low participation is due to social norms which dictate their domestic roles and often leave them with limited time. Leadership and participation, especially in the political sphere, is often viewed as an area where men have superior knowledge. Traditional and religious leadership positions tend to be dominated by men. This is particularly problematic as these leaders are sometimes called upon by states to adjudicate disputes, especially in transitional justice situations, and can thus limit women's access to justice if they adhere to gender inequitable social norms.
Women's leadership positions tend to be confined to organisations set up by and for women. However, as recent DLP research on women's coalitions in Jordan, Egypt and South Africa has shown, existing or prior networks can facilitate the emergence of coalitions around new issues, for or against change (Van Notten, 2010).
Women often have informal roles of influence, recognition and power within the community – as mothers, teachers, volunteers, entrepreneurs, as well as community leaders. Women's informal leadership (known as 'quiet leadership' in the Pacific) often has a focus on community service, but these leadership skills can be harnessed and formalised to give women political and formal decisionmaking power.
UNIFEM. (2008). 'Chapter 1: Who Answers to Women?', in Progress of the World's Women 2008/9: Who Answers to Women? Gender and Accountability', UNIFEM, New York
How can accountability systems become more gender-responsive? This introductory chapter examines how women, including the most excluded women, are strengthening their capacity to identify accountability gaps and call for redress. The MDGs and other international commitments to women will only be met if gender-responsive accountability systems are put in place both nationally and internationally.
Hoare, J. and Gell, F. (eds). (2009). 'Women's Leadership and Participation: Case studies on learning for action', Oxfam, Rugby
This book brings together lessons and experience in building up women's involvement from Oxfam GB and its partners. The book illustrates methodological approaches and learning points, covering a range of issues from women's participation in national elections to female decision-making in community livelihood initiatives. It is a process of long-term change.
Van Notten, I. (2010). 'Leadership, Integrity and Women's Coalitions', Mid-term workshop, Cape Town 25-26 May 2010. Developmental Leadership Program, Background Paper Number 7.
This paper summarises lessons from a DLP workshop in Cape Town. It presents emerging findings on which factors influence the emergence of women's coalitions and leadership.
Civil society participation
Civil society is often forgotten as a gendered domain. This can be partly attributed to failure to incorporate the household as a unit of analysis, and consequently forgetting to acknowledge the domestic responsibilities of women which impact on their time and energy to engage outside of the household.
To understand participation in civil society it is important to look beyond a simple gender analysis and to incorporate an analysis of intersecting inequalities. Understanding which women and men are participating might reveal certain groups of men as being able to participate less than other groups of women. Actions can then be taken to particularly consult these hard-to-reach groups for programme interventions.
Howell, J. (2007). 'Gender and Civil Society: Time for Cross-Border Dialogue' in Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 415-436.
This article suggests a framework for thinking about the gendered nature of civil society. The framework involves four sites of power – family, civil society, state, and market – that are infused and interconnected by a circuit of gender relations. This circuit comprises culturally specific roles, identities, norms and values that delineate men and women as socially distinct beings. Conceptualising gender relations as a circuit frees it from any essentially given location. The article argues that civil society and feminist theorists should engage in cross-border dialogue.
Agarwal, B. (2009). 'Does Women's Proportional Strength Affect their Participation? Governing Local Forests in South Asia' in World Development vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 98–112.
This paper examines community forest institutions in India and Nepal to assess the impact of increasing women's participation in local decision-making bodies. Its findings support popular assertions that women's effectiveness in such forums depends on their numerical strength and that the proportion for such effectiveness is around a third. However, while women's greater presence is critical, this is not enough. Other factors – such as the individual skill and attributes of decisionmaking members – help make that presence effective.
Strolovitch, D.Z., & Townsend-Bell, E. (2013). Sex, Gender and Civil Society. In Waylen, G., Celis, K., Kantola, J., & Weldon, L. (Eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Gender and Politics. Oxford University Press.
How does gender structure civil society and how does civil society empower and disempower women? This book chapter provides broad introductions to both concepts. It examines how the relationship varies across contexts, with a particular focus on Latin America and the USA. It emphasises the burden of community volunteerism placed on women, and the underlying gendered assumptions of civil society.
Horn, J. (2013). Gender and Social Movements: Overview report. BRIDGE Cutting Edge Pack. Brighton: IDS.
Social movements – led by feminist, women's and gender justice activists and movements – have been pivotal in demanding, making and sustaining changes to gendered injustice. This report makes the case for engaging with questions of women's rights and transforming gender power relations across social movements committed to progressive visions of society. It draws on effective and promising strategies and reflects on challenges from existing movement practice. It incorporates both social movement theory and experience and analysis from social justice activists from across the world.
Women's groups/organisations
Much of women's activism has been channelled through women's organisations, often mobilised around issues of particular concern to women. Women's organisations which work against patriarchal domination are often termed women's rights organisations. While women's rights organisations have had significant impact on a number of occasions, such as the women's peacebuilding movement in Liberia, women's groups often struggle to access funding and their scope for action is therefore often limited. The competition for scarce resources is also often a barrier to women's groups working cooperatively together.
Nazneen, S. and Sultan, M. (2010). 'Reciprocity, Distancing, and Opportunistic Overtures: Women's Organisations Negotiating Legitimacy and Space in Bangladesh', IDS Bulletin, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 70-78
This article examines how three Bangladeshi women's organisations mobilised individuals and negotiated with political parties, state bureaucracy and civil society allies to achieve gender justice goals. Findings highlight the importance of targeted engagement of supporters and allies (so as to mobilise individuals beyond the organisations' own memberships), and of framing issues in a noncontentious way. The use of personal networks can open up new forums for advocacy, but relying on these networks is a risk to sustainability. Ineffective engagement with political parties can reduce orgnisations' influence. Strategies for empowering women need to take account of the role played by such organisations and to support them more actively.
Mukhopadhyay, M. And Eyben, R. et al. (2011). ' Rights and Resources: The Effects of External Financing on Organising for Women's Rights' Royal Tropical Institute and Pathways of Women's Empowerment
Under which conditions does external financing to women's rights organisations have a positive impact on women's empowerment? Under which conditions can women's organising be successful without such support? Six case studies from Ghana and five from Bangladesh provide examples. The report finds that personal drive and leadership are important for success. Donors' interest in funding WROs resulted in formalising and expanding organisations, but has also perhaps co-opted the autonomy of WROs. WROs' social legitimacy is an important part of their identity and contributes to success.
Interest in gender-responsive budgeting grew in the 1990s, alongside a more general interest in budget work within civil society (Budlender, 2005). It is driven by the premise that government policies, expenditure and revenue have different outcomes for women and men, girls and boys (and different groups of women and men, girls and boys). Such groups are distinct and have different needs and interests. Gender-responsive budget initiatives provide for assessment of the differing outcomes for different groups. The aim is not to establish separate budgets to address gender concerns, but to ensure that government budgets are allocated in an equitable way that satisfies the most pressing needs of individuals and groups (Budlender and Hewitt, 2003).
Gender-responsive budgeting is not an isolated event, but an important aspect of gender mainstreaming and more effective public financial management. It focuses not only on the content of budgets, but also on the underlying policy process, in particular inclusiveness, transparency and accountability. Participatory budgeting initiatives have become a relevant aid instrument for gender-responsive budgeting and for the more general participation of civil society in budgetary processes.
Gender-responsive budgeting requires a significant shift in thinking and practice in the way that budgets are designed and implemented. It involves ambitious initiatives such as opening up the budget process to a wider group of stakeholders, prioritising equality, and acknowledging the care economy.
Elson, D. (2006). 'Budgeting for Women's Rights: Monitoring Government Budgets for Compliance with CEDAW', United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), New York
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) imposes obligations on governments with respect to gender equality and non-discrimination. What implications do these obligations have for government budgets? How can gender budget analysis help in monitoring compliance with CEDAW? This report from the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) establishes a framework for the analysis of budgets from a gender equality perspective. Taking a rights-based approach, it shows how budget analysis can help monitor CEDAW compliance and how CEDAW can establish criteria for gender equality in budgets.
Holvoet, N., 2006, 'Gender Budgeting: Its Usefulness in Programme-based Approaches to Aid', EC Gender Help Desk, European Commission, Brussels
How can gender budgeting contribute to more effective programme-based approaches? This paper discusses gender budgeting and its usefulness in the context of new aid instruments. It highlights how gender budgeting may be used by both partner countries and donors to make programmebased approaches more gender-sensitive, and how this can contribute to more effective and more efficient development and to greater gender equality.
Budlender, D. (2005). 'Expectations versus Realities in Gender-Responsive Budget Initiatives', United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), Geneva
This paper attempts to bring some realism into the discussion, planning and assessment of these initiatives. The paper also stresses that different initiatives have different objectives and different outcomes – depending on context, who is involved, and many other factors.
Budlender, D. (2009). Ten-Country Overview Report. Integrating Gender-Responsive Budgeting into the Aid Effectiveness Agenda. UNIFEM.
These research reports (one composite report and 10 country reports) have been generated as part of a three-year UNIFEM programme. The programme seeks to demonstrate how GRB tools and strategies contribute to enhancing a positive impact on gender equality of aid provided in the form of General Budget Support, and the opportunities for enhancing accountability to gender equality in aid effectiveness.
Gender-responsive revenue generation
Much of the literature and work on gender-responsive budgeting focuses on the expenditure side (in particular, assessing the gender-specific effects of general government expenditure). The application of gender budgeting on the revenue side has been less defined. In order to get a full understanding of the income and gender impacts of government fiscal policy, however, taxation must be analysed alongside expenditure to reveal and address gender biases. The goal of gender revenue analysis is to: 'identify and monitor the flow of sufficient financial resources so that gender equity is achieved in revenue generation and women and men, and girls and boys, benefit equally from programmes and services' (Barnett and Grown, 2004: 1).
Barnett, K. and Grown, C. (2004). 'Gender Impacts of Government Revenue Collection: The Case of Taxation', Commonwealth Secretariat, London
Efforts to integrate a gender perspective into public budgeting decisions have been taking place for almost 20 years, and analysts and activists are increasingly interested in using gender revenue analysis as a tool for advancing gender equality. What are the gendered impacts of government fiscal policy? Can gender concerns be adequately integrated into economic policy? This paper reviews the literature on the gender dimensions of taxation and the implications for tax policy in developing countries.
Involvement of non-state actors
The involvement of actors from outside the government executive in gender-responsive budgeting is important in supporting such work and in sustaining momentum for fiscal policy transformation and implementation. Gender budget work carried out within parliament and civil society can include research and efforts to influence the allocations of government money. This contributes to broader objectives of transparency, accountability and civic participation. Collaboration between civil society and parliament can also be effective in promoting support for and implementation of genderresponsive budgeting initiatives. Further, gender-responsive budgeting can be adopted not only by government, but also by nongovernmental organisations, foundations, and other private sector organisations.
Budlender, D., 2002, 'Gender Budgets: What's in it for NGOs?', Gender and Development, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 82-87
What are the benefits of non-governmental involvement in gender budget initiatives? This paper argues that performing gender budget work outside government can contribute to broad objectives such as democratic governance, transparency, accountability and civic participation. Even if an NGO carries out gender budget work in isolation from government, which may contribute minimally to changes in budget allocations, such work can make a difference in other ways. In addition to undertaking gender budget work as a stand-alone activity, NGOs can incorporate gender budget analysis and advocacy as a tool in their existing programmes.
Quinn, S. (2009). 'Gender Budgeting: Practical Implementation', Handbook, Directorate General of Human Rights and Legal Affairs, Council of Europe, Strasbourg
The handbook discusses a three-stage process in the mainstreaming of gender budgeting: analysis, restructuring of budgets to achieve gender equality outcomes, and working systematically to embed gender within all budgetary processes.
Budlender, D. (2004). 'Budgeting to Fulfill International Gender and Human Rights Commitments', UNIFEM, Zimbabwe
How can national budgets be monitored to assess their contribution to fulfilling international gender and human rights commitments? As part of its work supporting the gender analysis of budgets in Southern Africa, UNIFEM designed a tool to support this process. It illustrates how various international instruments aimed at achieving gender equality can be used to evaluate gender responsive budgets.
Budlender, D. and Hewitt, G. (2003). Engendering Budgets: A Practitioner's Guide to Understanding and Implementing Gender-Responsive Budgets, Commonwealth Secretariat, London
Schneider, K. (2006). 'Manual for Training on Gender Responsive Budgeting', Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), formerly GTZ
UNFPA and UNIFEM. (2006). 'Gender Responsive Budgeting and Women's Reproductive Rights: A Resource Pack', UNFPA, UNIFEM, New York
Randzio-Plath, C. et al. (2010). 'Gender Budgeting and Democratic Governance: Experience from Africa and Europe', Workshop of African and European Civil Society Organisations in Bonn This workshop report provides case studies of gender budgeting from Uganda, South Africa and Austria. It also provides a general discussion on links between gender budgeting and good governance and (gender) democracy; and on challenges to implementing gender budgeting work.
Haider, H. (2011). 'Effects of Political Quotas for Women', GSDRC Helpdesk Report, GSDRC, Birmingham
Gender: Budgets and the economy on Eldis
GSDRC Topic Guide on Political Systems: sections on gender and participation, women in parliament and women in political parties
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA)
Pathways of Women's Empowerment RPC
ACE Electoral Knowledge Network
Governance and Political Participation on Eldis
« Gender and economic rights
Gender and media »
Conditionality and other approaches to secure women's rights provisions in peace processes
Effectiveness of Donor Support to Women in Formal Political Leadership-Narrative Review
Effectiveness of Aid Interventions to Strengthen Collective Action that Facilitate Women's Political Empowerment - Executive Summary
Effectiveness of Donor Support to Women in Formal Political Leadership - Executive Summary
Understanding gender
Legal framework and access to justice
Gender and human development
Sexual and reproductive health and rights
Gender and economic rights
Gender and media
Gender and citizenship
Gender in fragile and conflict-affected environments
Gender, statebuilding and peacebuilding
Gender and climate change
Donor approaches to gender

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
FSTAR_HOME=../..
include ../Makefile.include

all: uall sall

uall:

sall:
	make api
ifneq ($(shell $(FSTAR_HOME)/bin/fstar.exe --version | grep platform= | cut -c10-),Windows_x86)
# This runs out of memory with 32bit Windows binaries
	make theory
endif
	make traces
	make crypto
	make secserver
	make codegen SMCIF=examples/fstar_main/dealiface.fsti SMCMAIN=examples/fstar_main/dealmain.fst
# make distclean

EXAMPLES_DIR=./examples

api:
	make -C examples api FSTAR="$(SFSTAR)"

theory:
	export CONTRIB=../../contrib
	$(SFSTAR) --explicit_deps \
	      --z3timeout 10 --__temp_no_proj PSemantics --__temp_no_proj Metatheory \
	  FStar.FunctionalExtensionality.fst FStar.Classical.fst FStar.Ghost.fst FStar.List.Tot.fst FStar.Set.fst \
	  FStar.Heap.fst FStar.ST.fst FStar.All.fst FStar.Seq.fst FStar.SeqProperties.fst FStar.OrdSet.fst FStar.OrdMap.fst \
	  FStar.Constructive.fst prins.fsti FStar.UInt8.fst FStar.Char.fsti $(CONTRIB)/Platform/fst/Platform.Bytes.fst ast.fst ffibridge.fsti sem.fst psem.fst \
	  theory.fst

traces:
	$(SFSTAR) --z3timeout 10 --explicit_deps  FStar.Seq.fst FStar.Matrix2.fsti examples/fstar_main/traces.fst

crypto:
	export CONTRIB=../../contrib
	$(SFSTAR) --explicit_deps \
	       --__temp_no_proj PSemantics --verify_module Crypto \
	FStar.Classical.fst FStar.FunctionalExtensionality.fst FStar.Set.fst FStar.Heap.fst FStar.ST.fst FStar.All.fst FStar.Seq.fst FStar.SeqProperties.fst FStar.Ghost.fst FStar.List.Tot.fst FStar.OrdSet.fst FStar.OrdMap.fst FStar.List.fst \
	FStar.Float.fsti FStar.IO.fsti FStar.Char.fsti FStar.String.fsti prins.fst FStar.UInt8.fst $(CONTRIB)/Platform/fst/Platform.Bytes.fst ast.fst ffibridge.fsti sem.fst psem.fst runtime.fsti print.fst $(CONTRIB)/CoreCrypto/fst/CoreCrypto.fst ../crypto/SHA1.fst

secserver:
	export CONTRIB=../../contrib
	$(SFSTAR) --explicit_deps \
	         --__temp_no_proj  PSemantics --__temp_no_proj SecServer --verify_module SecServer \
						FStar.Classical.fst FStar.FunctionalExtensionality.fst FStar.Set.fst \
						FStar.Heap.fst FStar.ST.fst FStar.All.fst FStar.Seq.fst \
						FStar.SeqProperties.fst FStar.Ghost.fst FStar.Squash.fsti FStar.List.Tot.fst \
						FStar.OrdSet.fst FStar.OrdMap.fst FStar.List.fst FStar.Float.fsti FStar.IO.fsti \
						FStar.Char.fsti FStar.String.fsti \
						prins.fst FStar.UInt8.fst $(CONTRIB)/Platform/fst/Platform.Bytes.fst ast.fst \
						ffibridge.fsti sem.fst psem.fst rtheory.fst runtime.fsti print.fst hashtable.fsti \
						ckt.fst $(CONTRIB)/CoreCrypto/fst/CoreCrypto.fst ../crypto/SHA1.fst crypto.fst \
						interpreter.fst

OUTPUT_DIR=./ocaml-output

CONTRIB=$(FSTAR_HOME)/contrib

CODEGEN_FLAGS=   --no_location_info \
                 --codegen-lib Platform --codegen-lib CoreCrypto --codegen OCaml --odir $(OUTPUT_DIR)\
                 --__temp_no_proj PSemantics --__temp_no_proj SecServer

FSTAR_LIB_FILES=FStar.Classical.fst FStar.FunctionalExtensionality.fst FStar.Set.fst FStar.Heap.fst FStar.ST.fst FStar.All.fst FStar.Seq.fst FStar.SeqProperties.fst FStar.Ghost.fst FStar.Squash.fsti\
                FStar.List.Tot.fst FStar.List.fst FStar.ListProperties.fst FStar.OrdSet.fst FStar.OrdMap.fst FStar.Float.fsti FStar.IO.fsti FStar.Char.fsti FStar.String.fsti hashtable.fsti\

# removed SHA1, CoreCrypto, crypto, and sec_server
INTERPRETER_FILES=prins.fst FStar.UInt8.fst $(CONTRIB)/Platform/fst/Platform.Bytes.fst ast.fst ffibridge.fsti sem.fst psem.fst rtheory.fst \
                  runtime.fsti print.fst ckt.fst\
                  interpreter.fst examples/ffi.fst prog.fsti
# INTERPRETER_FILES=prins.fst $(CONTRIB)/Platform/fst/Platform.Bytes.fst ast.fst ffibridge.fsti sem.fst psem.fst rtheory.fst \
#                   runtime.fsti print.fst ckt.fst $(CONTRIB)/CoreCrypto/fst/CoreCrypto.fst ../crypto/SHA1.fst crypto.fst\
#                   interpreter.fst sec_server.fst examples/ffi.fst prog.fsti

#SMCIF and SMCMain are set from command line invocation of make
codegen:
	cp $(SMCIF) smciface.fsti
	cp $(SMCMAIN) smc_main.fst
	$(FSTAR_ALWAYS) --stratified --explicit_deps $(CODEGEN_FLAGS) $(EXTERNAL_FLAGS) $(FSTAR_LIB_FILES) $(INTERPRETER_FILES) smciface.fsti smc_main.fst

# codegen:
# 	$(FSTAR)       \
#                  --codegen-lib Platform --codegen-lib CoreCrypto --codegen OCaml --odir $(OUTPUT_DIR) --__temp_no_proj PSemantics --__temp_no_proj SecServer\
#                  FStar.Classical.fst FStar.FunctionalExtensionality.fst FStar.Set.fst FStar.Heap.fst FStar.ST.fst FStar.All.fst FStar.Seq.fst FStar.SeqProperties.fst FStar.Ghost.fst FStar.Squash.fsti\
#                  FStar.List.Tot.fst FStar.List.fst FStar.ListProperties.fst ordset.fsti FStar.OrdSet.fst ordmap.fsti FStar.OrdMap.fst FStar.IO.fsti string.fsti\
#                  prins.fst ast.fst ffibridge.fsti sem.fst psem.fst rtheory.fst $(CONTRIB)/Platform/fst/Platform.Bytes.fst runtime.fsti print.fst ckt.fst $(CONTRIB)/CoreCrypto/fst/CoreCrypto.fst ../crypto/SHA1.fst crypto.fst interpreter.fst sec_server.fst examples/ffi.fst prog.fsti main.fst

a.out:
	make -C $(OUTPUT_DIR) a.out

clean:
	make -C $(OUTPUT_DIR) clean

distclean:
	rm -f smciface.fsti smc_main.fst
	make -C $(OUTPUT_DIR) distclean

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
La vuelta al bulín  es una película argentina en blanco y negro de Argentina que se estrenó en 1926  dirigida por José Agustín Ferreyra sobre su propio guion, protagonizada por  Álvaro Escobar. Este filme se exhibía integrando un espectáculo que montaba el actor Álvaro Escobar con monólogos y estampas de tango.

Sinopsis
Es una variación humorística del tema del tango "De vuelta al bulín", con letra de Pascual Contursi y música de José Martínez, que Carlos Gardel grabara en 1919: "Percanta que arrepentida / de tu juida / has vuelto al bulín, / con todos los despechos / que vos me has hecho, te perdoné… (…) La carta de despedida / que me dejaste al irte, / decía que ibas a unirte / con quien te diera otro amor. / La repasé varias veces / no podía conformarme / de que fueras a amurarme / por otro bacán mejor".

La palabra bulín es un vocablo del lunfardo que significa, departamento modesto, que puede constar de una sola habitación. Se usa tanto en Argentina como en Uruguay y aparece en diversos tangos. El diccionario de la Real Academia Española le asigna a bulín dos acepciones en lenguaje coloquial propio de Argentina: Departamento que generalmente se reservaba para las citas amorosas y ''Departamento modesto, por lo común de gente joven que se inicia. Ambas acepciones coinciden básicamente con su significado en lunfardo.

Reparto
  Álvaro Escobar

Comentarios
Dice Jorge Miguel Couselo que este filme era un "esquicio cómico-sentimental…de solo tres actos, tejido para dar a su consecuente intérprete cómico Álvaro Escobar (dicharachero, pintoresco, bombín, pañuelo al cuello, ternura con visos malevos) una oportunidad protagónica

Fernando Martín Peña dijo en 2009 que el filme "no sólo conserva su humor sino que es un testimonio irremplazable del sentido plástico con que Ferreyra recreaba los ambientes arrabaleros de sus ficciones". Peña opina que, aparentemente, la película fue hecha con el propósito de ser pasada en un espectáculo teatral del actor Álvaro Escobar.

Versión restaurada
El filme se suponía perdido hasta que fue hallada en el Museo del Cine Pablo Ducrós Hicken una copia en 35mm., en soporte nitrato, que identificaron Paula Félix-Didier y Fernando Martín Peña, con la colaboración adicional de Rubén Santeiro, del laboratorio Cinecolor, y en 2009, el Buenos Aires Festival Internacional de Cine Independiente financió el tiraje de un internegativo para su exhibición.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Información sobre La vuelta al bulín en Internet Movie DataBase
   Información sobre La vuelta al bulín en el sitio de cine nacional.
 Versión íntegra del filme

Películas en blanco y negro de Argentina
Películas mudas de Argentina

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: angularjs $location.path.replace not working I'm building a website, which is a single page website with multiple views. I'm using angularJS to handle the back-end communication.
Right now I have a menu-bar on top, and if I click it the old page is supposed to slide to the left, fade out, the view is changed, the view goes to the right and slides in while fading in. While this is al working perfectly, for some reason the path changing won't work. My code:
(part of MainController.js)
$scope.goToPage = function(pageId){
        if(!$scope.animatingMainContent){
            $scope.animatingMainContent = true;
            $("#viewTitle").css({opacity: 1});
            $("#viewTitle").animate({opacity: 0}, {duration: 500, queue: false});
            $("#viewContainer").animate({left: "-200px", opacity: 0.1}, {duration: 500, complete: function(){
                $location.path("/"+pageId).replace();
                console.log($location.url());
                $("#viewContainer").css("left", "200px");
                $("#viewTitle").animate({opacity: 1}, {duration: 500, queue: false});
                $("#viewTitle").html($scope.pageTitles[pageId]);
                $("#viewContainer").animate({left: 0,opacity: 1}, {duration: 500, complete: function(){
                    $scope.animatingMainContent = false;
                    $location.path("/"+pageId).replace();
                }});
            }});
        }
    }

(the menubar)

    About Me | Portfolio | Contact

So, thing is, that when I go to a page, it gets the previous path. You start on "About Me". Say that I were to click "Portfolio", "Contact", "About Me", I would see: About Me, Portfolio. Contact, when the view loads. But the console would say:
"/portfolio"
"/contact"
"/about"

A: The $location.path(...).replace() is within jQuery event handlers (animation finished function). You need to call $scope.$apply() for Angular to get the change.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


CES provides us the opportunity to look at the latest and greatest products in each technology vertical. Our NAS coverage started with Asustor's AS4000 series last week. Today, we will take a look at the updates from Synology. While there was only one 'new' hardware product introduced during the course of CES (the Rangeley-based 1U 4-bay RS818+/RS818RP+, along with a 4-bay RX418 expansion unit), the software updates turned out to be much more interesting. Synology demonstrated three major packages.
Synology already has a great photo backup and viewing package in Photo Station. By combining it with the traditional PC backup process and the DS Photo mobile app, it became an effective tool to manage albums. Synology is adding Moments, a completely new application, that allows users to backup, organize, and sort their photographs. Synology claims that the deep learning and automatic organization tools that are part of Moments allow it to identify various aspects of the photos and sort them into albums automatically during the indexing process. Moments will also come with a separate mobile app to enable easy backup of daily photos.
I have found this aspect of Google Photos to be incredibly useful, and it is exciting to see something similar come without any associated privacy concerns. Synology's official page for the Moments feature indicates that some of the deep learning features are available only on models with powerful CPUs.
Synology is launching Drive as a revamped version of the existing Cloud Station suite. It would not be wrong to say that the multitude of 'Cloud' packages such as Cloud Station Server, Cloud Station ShareSync, Cloud Station Backup, and Cloud Sync only ended up confusing the average user. Synology is betting on the new Drive package to act as a single portal for all of the file management and syncing needs.
There is an emphasis on team collaboration, with the Office feature (discussed below) using the Drive as the hub. Desktop and mobile clients ensure that users / teams can have access to the files in an organized manner from any device. It also has basic synchronization functionality (in effect, a private Dropbox-like feature). The universal search feature helps users to quickly find relevant documents and files.
Synology has been making an effort to extend the functionality of their NAS models by providing typical business productivity applications with a multi-user focus. Synology users had two packages - Documents and Spreadsheets - to replicate the functionality of online browser-based real-time collaborative office tools. A presentations package, Slides, is being added now.
The Drive package is used as the management front-end for all the Office tools.
DS218 (PDF): Based on the Realtek RTD1296 with a quad-core Cortex-A53, this 2-bay value-series member allows 4K transcoding on-the-fly. It also supports snapshots (a first for the ARM-based Synology value series).
DS3018xs (PDF): Based on the Intel Pentium D1508 Broadwell-DE SoC (dual-core), this 6-bay desktop NAS can be scaled up to 30 bays. It also has two internal M.2 slots, 4x GbE ports, and supports an optional 10GbE card.
FS1018 (PDF): Simlar to the DS3018xs, the FS1018 is also based on a Pentium D1508 SoC, has four GbE ports, and supports an optional 10GbE (or M.2) PCIe card. However, it is a 12-bay unit (scalable to 36 drives) and supports 2.5" drives only. It is meant to be used with SSDs - targeting applications that require very high performance. In addition to traditional RAID modes, the FS1018 also supports RAID F1 (PDF) - a scheme that distributes parity blocks unevenly so that all the SSDs in the NAS do not get worn out at the same time.
Overall, the software updates (both packages and core features in DSM 6.2) are very interesting and useful, with RAID F1 being an interesting approach to an all-flash NAS. On the hardware side, we are surprised to see Synology still introducing models with 4-year old SoCs from Intel. While we did see Intel's Apollo Lake in models such as the DS218+ and DS418play, the SMB / SME market is still being served by Rangeley (Atom C2538 in the RS818+) and dual-core Broadwell-DE SKUs (Pentium D1508 in the DS3018xs / FS1018). With the official release of Virtual Machine Manager, it would make more sense for Synology to release more powerful hardware for SMBs / SMEs in order to enable running of resource-intensive guest operating systems.
Finally, we asked Synology about their response to the Meltdown / Spectre security issues. They already have a security advisory page, and categorize the risk as moderate. Given the relatively closed nature of DSM, we believe that users should not be at risk as long as they are running trusted packages only, and steps have been taken to ensure no unauthorized access to the NAS.
Meanwhile all their Atom C2538 based units are failing at a rapidly increasing rate and their "fix" is to refurbish the affected units with a resistor that *should* make the CPU last long enough until the warranty expires. Current RMA time 4 weeks or more.
While I agree that continuing to use the C2000 series is a bad choice, I do not think that 'refurbishing affected units with a resistor should make the CPU last long enough till warranty expires'. The reason is: once the unit is affected, the internal transistor is kaput. There is no way they can bring it back. If they have a older board that has NOT been subject to 24x7 operation / powered on rarely, the transistor is not degraded. The resistor workaround will prevent the damage to the internal transistor. I believe almost all of the RMAs for the C2000-based units should be because of the boot-fail issue. And, I am sure they will not have enough boards from the other RMAs to use for replacing the ones that come in due to the boot-fail. It is more likely that the resistor workaround is applied to boards that were manufactured earlier, but never shipped (or powered on for extended duration).
I don't have any additional information, I'm just a somewhat disappointed costumer as our small business relies on a DS1515+ for smooth day-to-day operation and we're about to wait a whole month to receive a unit with the same B0 stepping and a board level fix that looks somewhat questionable to me as a layman. I am going to have to order a replacement device before the RMA and use the 1515+ as a cold spare unit.
Wow, as I was reading the article, I was kicking myself yet again for buying the DS1515 instead of the DS1515+ just to save a bit of money.. But now I feel totally relieved. So thanks for that.
>No plug in NAS can beat a properly configured FreeNAS.
Except in WAF. Or ease of use for non-techies. Or simple replacement of drives. Or migration of drives in the event of a hardware failure. Or price. Or price/performance. Or speed of configuration. Or noise. Or power consumption. etc, etc.
Yes, a properly configured FreeNAS box will outperform a plug-in NAS, in general, but "beating" implies you only care about performance and not any of the other things which make plug-in NASes worthwhile.
I wouldn't want my small business customers to have to figure out how to admin a FreeNAS box in order to have a place to dump their backups. Nor would I want to hammer them with my time costs in order to configure it for them. Why not? Because then they wouldn't bother backing up, and then when it all goes base-over-apex you know who'll get the blame.


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The Cuban Constitution of 1976 established structures of popular democracy. In universal and secret voting in small voting districts of 1000 to 1500 voters, involving elections with two or three candidates nominated in neighborhood assemblies without the participation of electoral parties, the delegates of 169 municipal assemblies are elected. These delegates in turn elect the 602 deputies of the national assembly, responding yes or no to candidates put forward by candidacy commissions formed by representatives of mass organizations of workers, farmers, students, women, and neighborhoods. Membership in the mass organizations ranges from 84% to 99% of their respective populations, and their leaders are elected similarly, with direct elections at the base and indirect elections for higher office. The Constitution also establishes the Communist Party of Cuba as a vanguard political party that is responsible for guiding, educating, and calling the people, but which is constrained from participating in the electoral process. The vanguard party leads, but it is not the supreme authority, for the Constitution establishes the National Assembly as the elected deputies of the people and as the highest authority in the nation. (See "Constitutional Democracy in Cuba" 1/9/2018).
Following the establishment of the Constitution of 1976, there have been two constitutional amendments. The Constitutional Reform of 1992 took into account the necessary adjustments in economic policy provoked by the collapse of the socialist bloc and the loss of Cuba's commercial partners. It modified the 1976 constitutional requirement for state property with respect to the means of production (which excepted land owned by small farmers and agricultural cooperatives as well as self-employment). The 1992 Reform mandates state ownership of the principal means of production, thus giving constitutional recognition to a complementary role for private property, including foreign property and foreign investment, in a process of economic and social development directed by the state. The 1992 Reform also introduced changes in the administration and structure of the state, including a provision for the direct popular election of deputies of the National Assembly and delegates of the provincial assemblies, in which voters respond yes or no to a list of candidates approved by the National Assembly. The 1992 Reform was developed with an extensive popular consultation.
The Constitutional Reform of 2002 responded to the "Bush Plan," that is, the plan of the U.S. administration of George W. Bush to undermine socialism and reestablish capitalism in Cuba. The 2002 Reform declared the irrevocable character of Cuban socialism, and it declared that Cuba will never return to capitalism. In addition, the Reform declared that Cuban relations with other states cannot be negotiated under aggression, threats, or coercion by a foreign power. The National Assembly approved the Reform following the signing of its ratification by more than 8 million voters (nearly 100% of the number of registered voters) during a three-day period.
Now, responding to the development of a new social and economic model in 2012 and to changes in Cuban society, a new constitution is being developed. The process has six steps. First, the National Assembly of Popular Power formed a Constitutional Commission, composed of deputies of the National Assembly. Secondly, the Commission developed a draft of the new Constitution and submitted it to the National Assembly, which voted on it article by article.
Thirdly, a popular consultation was conducted from August 13 to November 15, 2018. Prior to the consultation, a work structure was established, with training for the conducting of the meetings and the recording of the opinions expressed by the people. Some 133,680 meetings were held in neighborhoods and places of work and study, in which the people were given opportunity to express opinions and to make proposals. The meetings included 79,947 neighborhood meetings; 45,452 meetings in places of work; 3,441 meetings among small farmers and cooperatives in the countryside; 1,585 meetings among university students; and 3,256 meetings among junior high and high school students. There were 8,945,521 participants, with an estimated two million attending more than one. The participation rate, therefore, was approximately three-quarters of the adult population, defined as at least 16 years of age. There were 1,706,872 interventions by the people, with 783,174 proposals, that is, proposed modifications, additions, or eliminations. The media of communication, both television and newspapers, provided extensive coverage and analysis of the process. There was widespread satisfaction with the extent and quality of the popular consultation.
Fourthly, based on the opinions and proposals of the people (which I will discuss in a subsequent post), the text of the constitution was revised by the Constitutional Commission. The Commission tried to take seriously every opinion, even those that were not expressed frequently. The opinions were divided into groups for analysis and discussion. The commission debated each proposal, and it called on experts to aid in the reflection, consulting with various entities and organizations, universities, scientific centers, academies of science, legal specialists, and government ministries.
Based on this reflection, the Commission made 760 changes in the text, involving the addition or elimination of articles, paragraphs, sentences, or words. More than 50% of the proposals of the people were included in the modifications. The revised text has 229 articles, as against 224 articles in the original version. Nearly 60% of the articles were modified in some form.
Fifthly, the National Assembly received the revised constitution, debated it, and introduced further changes. (I will discuss the debate of the National Assembly in a subsequent post). Sixthly, a popular referendum, involving the secret vote of every citizen, will be held on February 24, 2019.
The Cuban daily newspaper Juventud Rebelde described the process as "an entire people constructing their constitution." That it is to say, it is a Constitution developed by a constitutional assembly formed by the people. Does such a process have precedent?


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text:
September 14, 2007	/ Caitlin	/ Film Notes
A Story, All Mixed Up: PIERROT LE FOU
By Andy Dimond
Says Marianne to Ferdinand: "We've played Jules Verne long enough; let's go back to our gangster movie."
For his 10th feature film, Jean-Luc Godard chose to follow the sci-fi noir Alphaville with a return to the genre of his 1st: the crime romance. Jean-Paul Belmondo, the lovable pug whom Breathless had made an unlikely star, and Anna Karina, the most compelling of Godard's many screen muses, are paired in Pierrot le fou.
In it JLG continues to develop the distinctive color aesthetic of Une femme est une femme and his masterpiece Contempt. Primary colors dominate, with the addition of a bold green. Streetlights, speakers, facepaint and dynamite: wherever possible, Godard prefers the free children's-menu Crayolas to the puce and raw sienna of a full box. One could write a book on the meaning of this palette. Maybe someone has. But it wasn't me. Watch closely, and maybe it can be you.
As for plot, a straight telling would go something like this: Ferdinand, a TV writer, ditches his wife at a boring party, takes babysitter Marianne home, and sleeps with her. After breakfast in bed, he learns she is involved in gun-running. Leaving behind one or two corpses, they steal some guns and cash and crime-spree their way south to camp out on the Riviera. His sedate, bookish routine annoys her. Returning to city life, they are caught by the gun-runners, who torture him. Separately the lovers flee, but eventually she finds him working as a dockhand and drags him into one more scheme before betraying him with the gangster boyfriend she claimed was her brother. Ferdinand kills them both, straps TNT to his noggin, changes his mind, but blows up anyway.
Don't feel slow; figuring out that much took me years of viewing and reading. Godard has always been committed to radical editing, but Pierrot le fou also belongs to his surrealist phase, which included the Eluard-quoting Alphaville and went off the deep end with Weekend, universally seen as concluding his first period (with its famous end-title "FIN DU CINEMA"). His later, political works employ an engaged realism, still structurally avant-garde but mostly literalminded, whereas, for example, Pierrot's staged car explosion (by a tree-lined road, where one victim has already plunged from a ruined bridge in the middle of a field!) is a powerfully surreal scene, as well as a blatant preview of Weekend.
May 1968 would be JLG's decisive moment of conversion to his collectivist/propagandist phase. But Pierrot is one of the last films where his Pop Art love of the USA contends equally with his leftist beliefs. In his very next film, Masculin feminin, the writing is on the wall–or the intertitle, famously announcing "the children of Marx and Coca-Cola." To put it in very Marxist terms, JLG's worldview would soon collapse under the weight of its own contradictions.
Of course, Godard always had a lot to say about politics. His 2nd film Le petit soldat anticipated the style and concerns of Pontecorvo's acclaimed Battle of Algiers, and is echoed in Ferdinand's "waterboarding." In the Vietnam War reenactment, perhaps the film's funniest scene (though the Queen of Lebanon holding forth about her spaceship while Ferdinand eats a giant cheese comes close), JLG shows the Esso (Exxon) tiger and magnifies the "SS" in its logo. Nevertheless, it's fair to say that many years would pass before he made a less political film than Pierrot le fou (though it shares its initials with one of his pet causes).
"With you it's all mixed up," Ferdinand says when Marianne's heist plot combines Chandler, Faulkner, Jack London, et al. Searching for a unifying theme in all this (the wonderfully half-assed musical numbers, Laurel and Hardy, Pepe le Moko, Velasquez, Buelleresque fourth-wall breakage) is futile. It's just a digressive, kaleidoscopic view into JLG's mind circa 1965. (He gave the film the interesting description "life filling the screen, as a tap fills a bathtub that is simultaneously emptying.") It's a seminal work of what we came to call the postmodern… but don't hold that against it. Remember, this brought us the equally delightful grab-bag that is Pulp Fiction; Tarantino also stole Karina's look, the streetlight trick, plus the Lionel White inspiration (from this and The Killing).
The highbrow Ferdinand and pop Marianne represent two sides of JLG himself. The latter embodies his view of women as free-spirited but by the same coin essentially capricious, even treacherous. His only honorable women are protagonists, not love interests. They tend to be prostitutes or repressed housewives (or both!) and often appear more case-study than character (which is not to knock the clinical gaze that lends great power to Vivre sa vie or 2 ou 3 choses)
However, allied to this arguably misogynistic perspective, as in the end of Breathless, is a wonderful existentialist conception of death as random and absurd. Godard well understood the glamour of cinematic violence–witness Sam Fuller's oft-quoted cameo–but he treated it as anticlimax more often than any director I can think of. Paradoxically, this makes it more shocking. We're used to operatic justice or operatic tragedy; Godard mocks them both.
France, 1965.
110 min.,
DeLaurentiis.
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CategoriesFilm Notes
TagsDrama Jean Luc Godard Pierrot Le Fou
Written by:Caitlin


ALEX full-back Matt Tootle says he has been desperate to get back to playing football again.
The 20-year-old has been counting down the days since the 5-1 win at Bradford on May 7 as the youngster looks to continue his rapid development.
Tootle, who can operate on either flank, has impressed for the Railwaymen since his emergence from the academy in 2009.
And he was key figure in a first-choice back four that kept a clean sheet away at Rhyl on Monday night.
Boss Dario Gradi is believed to be earmarking Tootle for a potential left-back berth this season as the Italian tries to shoehorn Harry Davis into his defence.
But the ever-improving Tootle just wants to get match minutes under his belt, regardless of where he plays.
He said: "I've been looking forward to the pre-season games ever since the season ended really.
"Everyone has worked hard over the summer and it will be good to be playing again.
"There are always going to be a few little niggles as you get used to playing football but everyone is raring to go.
Crewe's next friendly is at home to Premier League outfit Wolverhampton Wanderers on Saturday (kick-off 3pm).
Admission is £10 for adults, £5 for concessions and £3 for juniors.
The clash with Wolves is followed by a double-header away to Newcastle Town and Quorn on Tuesday (kick-off 7.30pm), Nantwich Town at the Weaver Stadium on Friday July 22, Championship side Derby County at home on Tuesday, July 26, League One Rochdale at home on Saturday, July 30 and Wealdstone away on Monday, August 1.
The Alex will then enjoy the big League Two kick-off at Swindon Town's County Ground on Saturday, August 6.
Admission on the gate is £25 for adults, £19 for senior citizens, £17 for students, £17 for wheelchair users with carer and under 16s are £12.


The Nike KD 6 was officially unveiled just days ago and one colorway has released already but we now have information regarding the very tranquil Nike KD 6 "Bamboo". The sneaker mirrors Kevin Durant's growth throughout the NBA and features colors seen on plant life as well.
Sporting a Green base with Light Green accents, this KD 6 finishes up with contrasting Brown accents at a $130 price point. Take another look above at the Nike KD 6 Bamboo courtesy of KD and pick them up later this year when they drop on September 14th.


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From page to stage – and everything in between
The latest news, reviews and features on theatre, books, TV, culture and life
News: Talawa and Birmingham Repertory Theatre announce new major collaboration
Talawa Theatre Company, the UK's leading Black theatre company, and Birmingham Repertory Theatre have announced a major new collaboration which will see the two partners developing an artistically ambitious body of work which will play in Birmingham, London, and nationwide. Black Joy, a season of new work by Black creatives and artists, will take to The REP's three stages in 2021.
The ambitious co-producing relationship, funded from Arts Council England's Sustained Theatre Fund, will present a major musical production for The REP's 800 seat The HOUSE and two new commissioned plays for the 300 seat The STUDIO and the 150 seat The DOOR. In addition, there will be six seed commissions for theatre makers of all disciplines plus training and work opportunities for off stage and technical teams.
In commissioning the season, Talawa and The REP are continuing to take a leading role nationally in foregrounding the work of Black people in the arts.
Talawa Artistic Director, Michael Buffong said, As a Black theatre company, now more than ever, we are determined and proud to be celebrating and shining a spotlight on great Black British talent, on and off stage, as well as ensuring that Black talents and creativity are at the heart of building back better. I'm so excited to be working in partnership with Birmingham Repertory Theatre, a brilliant theatre at the heart of a truly diverse city.
The REP's Artistic Director, Sean Foley said: "We are thrilled to be working with Talawa to create new work across our three auditoria, as well as develop the UK Black theatre artists of the future. This relationship forms a major part of The REP's commitment to celebrating and representing the diversity of Birmingham and the UK across producing and technical departments and on its stages."
For more information visit http://www.talawa.com or https://www.birmingham-rep.co.uk
Published by kherrington83
View all posts by kherrington83
News, theatre
Birmingham Repertory Theatre, Tawala Theatre Company, theatre
News: Theatres Trust comments on effect of new Tiers in England on theatre industry
News: Barn Theatre announces schools digital tour of Peter Pan
Review: Public Domain, Southwark Playhouse (Online)
Dealing with death: 25 years on
News: ArtsEd appoint David Ian to Board of Trustees
News: Bags: Inside Out opening at the V&A this Saturday
News: Talawa Theatre expands Unconscious Bias, Diversity and Anti-Racism training


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Q: How to automate a db connectivity test to run at certain intervals I have an application that runs 24/7 and is connected to an sql database (sql server).
However, the application crashes most night with the following error message
*An existing connection was forcibly closed by the remote host.
*
the db resides on a different server than the application, so I first suspected a network connectivity issue that happened at night.
I ran a script overnight, to ping the db server every 5 minutes and tell me if there were such network connectivity loss, but over the course of 1 week, I only had 1 failed ping.
My next guess is that there could be a database connectivity issue, but i am not sure how I can automate a similar test on the database connection itself (I do not have access to the database server).
I created a UDL file, to test my connection manually (and that works fine), but I would like to such a test to run every 5 minutes overnight, and let me know in a log file, if and when the connection may have failed.
Thanks for your help!
ran script to test network connectivity overnight between appl and db server.
Network connection seems good 24/7 between the application and the db server.
I would now like to run a similar test at 1 or 5 minutes internals on the db connection itself, but I am unaware of how to do that.
I can test manually with a udl file, but I need to help to automate the test and output results in a log file.
Thanks


The stencils can be used with graffitti-style paint cans, or with specialized weapon paints.
The contours and shapes of the stencils resemble the original camouflage patterns they are based on, but are not classified as their exact copies.
The amount of stencils in one stencil kit is enough to completely paint 1 assault rifle with optics and attached modules, 1 machine gun, or 3 helmets.


Navigate to the lesson for which you wanted to delete the offline downloaded content.
Click on offline download option, if there is already offline downloaded content,app will ask to confirm delete.
Note: Kindly remember that once deleted content can't be restored.You need to download again.


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Q: How much heating does Earth inner core provide to the surface? Compared to the energy that the Earth's surface receives from the Sun, how much power comes from the inner melted core?
How important is this contribution to the surface temperature?

A:
Compared to the energy that the Earth's surface receives from the Sun, how much power comes from the inner melted core?

Very little. The Earth's surface emits about 503 watts per square meter (398.2 W/m2 as infrared radiation, 86.4 W/m2 as latent heat, and 18.4 W/m2 via conduction/convection), or about 260,000 terawatts over all of the Earth's surface (Trenberth 2009). The ultimate source of almost all of this energy is the Sun.
Estimates vary on how much heat crosses the core/mantle boundary, from 4 TW to 17 TW. Even the larger value is much, much smaller than the heat emitted by the Earth's surface. Estimates of the total heat flow from the interior of the Earth (core, mantle, crust) are much tighter, 46 TW ± 3 TW (Jaupart 2007) (cf 47 TW ± 2 TW (Davis 2010)). This is considerably more than the heat coming from the core, but it's still small compared to the Earth's total heat budget:
$$\frac{\text{heat from interior of Earth}}{\text{total}}\ = \frac{46\ \text{TW}}{260,000\ \text{TW}}\ =\ 0.02\% $$

Davies, J. H., and D.R. Davies (2010), "Earth's surface heat flux," Solid Earth 1.1:5-24.
Jaupart, C., and J. C. Mareschal. "Heat flow and thermal structure of the lithosphere." Treatise on Geophysics 6 (2007): 217-252.
Trenberth, Kevin E., John T. Fasullo, and Jeffrey Kiehl  (2009), "Earth's global energy budget," Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 90.3:311-323.

A: The difference between the insolation power of the Sun producing minus 18.165C
(K E Trenberth et al) and Earth's lower atmospheric T measured ~15C is 33C. Therefore 33C is the temperature that is contributed by Earth's core. There is no other credible answer.


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package net.dv8tion.jda.client.events.call.voice;

import net.dv8tion.jda.client.entities.CallUser;
import net.dv8tion.jda.core.JDA;

public class CallVoiceSelfMuteEvent extends GenericCallVoiceEvent
{
    protected final boolean selfMuted;

    public CallVoiceSelfMuteEvent(JDA api, long responseNumber, CallUser cUser)
    {
        super(api, responseNumber, cUser);
        this.selfMuted = cUser.getVoiceState().isSelfMuted();
    }

    public boolean isSelfMuted()
    {
        return selfMuted;
    }
}


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A bill in the state Legislature would prevent people under age 18 from buying vaping products.
Credit: Flickr Photo/Joseph Morris (CC-BY-NC-ND)
Tougher Rules On Vaping Products Get Legislative Debate
Ruby de Luna
People who want to quit smoking have credited e-cigarettes with helping them kick the habit. But vaping is also attracting a new group of users — teenagers.
State lawmakers are considering a bill that would crack down on retailers who sell vaping products to minors.
Health officials and concerned parents told a recent House committee hearing how easy it is for kids to get their hands on e-cigarettes.
State Rep. Gerry Pollett says he knows this first hand. "I have a teenage son," says Pollett. "Last year we went around and we had no problem buying in store after store, e-cigarettes, refillable or single use."
Pollett is sponsoring a bill to restrict kids under age 18 from buying vaping products. He points to a recent state report that showed one in five 10th-graders had used e-cigarettes in the past month. That compares to just 8 percent smoking, down from about 15 percent in 2002.
"This is an astonishing epidemic of addiction," he said. "Just when we thought we had reduced the addiction to cigarettes, we have a new generation being addicted to e-cigarettes and nicotine."
Pollett's bill would also create licensing requirements on distributors and retailers. It would tax e-cigarettes like tobacco products — at 95 percent.
Stu Halson, a lobbyist with the Washington Vape Association, says he quit smoking a year ago when he started vaping.
"I smoked for 42 years. Many of you saw me standing out in the rain doing that," he said.
And now he's cutting back his nicotine intake from vaping.
"I started off at 12 mg of nicotine," he said. "Now I'm down at 6 mg."
Halson says he supports the bill's intent to prevent underage vaping. But he worries the excise tax would discourage other smokers from quitting. Others say the bill could create a black market for untaxed vaping products.
Washington State Legislature 193 government +999 health 627


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Steven Spielberg Is Out As Indiana Jones 5 Director
Logan, Ford v Ferrari director James Mangold in talks to replace him.
By Jeremy Winslow on February 26, 2020 at 12:19PM PST
Longtime Indiana Jones director Steven Spielberg is no longer leading the upcoming Indy 5 installment, according to Variety.
While Disney has yet to comment on the matter and no one is confirmed to take Spielberg's place as director of Indiana Jones 5, James Mangold (Ford v Ferrari, Logan) is reportedly in talks to take the job. Spielberg, meanwhile, will remain as a hands-on producer of Indiana Jones 5. Variety's sources said Spielberg chose to step away from directing because he felt "a desire to pass along Indy 5's whip to a new generation to bring their perspectives to the story."
This doesn't change Harrison Ford's attachment to the film, who earlier this month said Indiana Jones 5 was scheduled to start shooting in "about two months."
Mangold has directed, written, and produced several films in the past--including 1999's Cop Land and 2005's Walk the Line--but he's perhaps best known for taking over the Wolverine franchise with the 2013 entry The Wolverine. 2017's Logan scored Mangold a nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay at that year's Academy Awards ceremony, while 2019's Ford v Ferrari put him in the running for Best Picture at this year Academy Awards. The coveted accolade went to Bong Joon-Ho's Parasite, which was also the first South Korean film to win Best Picture.
Indiana Jones 5 has seen a number of setbacks since first being announced in 2016. The film had been delayed out of its original July 2020 release and has incurred a few script issues the team is still "trying" to iron out. With Spielberg out as director, it's possible Indy 5 will miss its newly-planned July 2021 theatrical release. An official name has yet to be revealed, but Indiana Jones 5 is said to be a "continuation" of the franchise.
This news comes not long after Disney CEO Bob Iger, who held the position for 15 years, stepped down and handed the keys to the kingdom to another Bob.
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NYC Top Comedy Choices for July 2018: Last Updated Wednesday 7/25
Wednesday 7/25: In the tradition of summer reruns, film/TV expert & super-fan Kevin Maher (Emmy-nominated writer whose work has appeared on HBO, Comedy Central, and AMC; former host of AMC's The Sci-Fi Dept.) screens seven of the most popular segments from previous shows, each a "supercut" that boils down a movie, TV series, or film genre to its most enjoyable essence by editing it to run just 10 minutes. (For a recent example of what Kevin does, please click here.) Topics covered include Kung Fu wizards, an environmental monster movie, an under-seen slobs-vs-snobs prep school comedy, the ultimate 1990's women's wrestling epic, and a made-for-TV movie from a master of horror, with guest lecturers John Beaman, M. Sweeney Lawless, and John Cribbs: Kevin Geeks Out About Supercuts (7:30 pm; $16, Brooklyn's Nitehawk Cinema at 136 Metropolitan Avenue—take the L to Bedford)
Wednesday 7/25: Stellar storytellers Ashley Brooke Roberts (energetic, enormously likeable rising star stand-up, sketch comic, and actress; stellar host of Fresh Out; former writer for NatGeo Explorer and MTV's Guy Code; UCB Maude sketch groups The Prom and Absolutely), Adam Wade (two-time Moth GrandSlam Storytelling Champion (2006 & 2009) and record-breaking 20-time StorySlam Champion; albums The Human Comedy and Live at the Magnet Theater; for a sampling of Adam's award-winning tales, please click here), Halle Kiefer (MTV, TruTV, Friends of the People, Vulture), and Matt Dennie (MTV, IFC, co-host of Cool Shit/Weird Shit) tell comedic tales on this month's theme Fathers for this live podcast taping hosted by the wonderful David Martin: The Nights of Our Lives: Fathers (8:00 pm, $9, UCB Hell's Kitchen at 555 West 42nd Street)
Wednesday 7/25: Comics and/or storytellers Jason Gore (Hulu's Difficult People, sketch group Bridge & Tunnel), Mary Houlihan (Difficult People, The Chris Gethard Show, Cartoon Monsoon), Sandi Marx (PBS, 7-time Moth StorySlam winner), and David Goldberg (writer for Time Out New York, EW) share tales about how faith has affected their lives hosted by Ian Goldstein (above): All Is Forgiven: A Non-Religious Comedy Show About Religion (7:30 pm, $10, Astoria Queens' QED: A Place to Show & Tell at 27-16 23rd Avenue)
Leave a Comment »	| Best New York Live Comedy Shows	| Tagged: All Is Forgiven: A Non-Religious Comedy Show About Religion, Ian Goldstein, Kevin Geeks Out About Supercuts, Kevin Maher, Live Comedy shows in NYC tonight, New York Comedy, NYC Comedy, NYC Improv, NYC Sketch, NYC Stand-Up, NYC Storytelling, Rumpleteaser, Shkreli! Portrait of a Pharma Bro, The Nights of Our Lives: Fathers	| Permalink
Wednesday 7/11: The quick-witted & hilarious Tyler Richardson (above; ReelzChannel; host of New Bedtime Stories) & Brian Mitchell (sketch group Laser Baby) host stand-ups Myq Kaplan (one of the quickest minds in comedy; finalist on Last Comic Standing, semi-finalist on America's Got Talent; David Letterman, Conan O'Brien, Seth Meyers, Jay Leno, Comedy Central Presents; comedy albums No Kidding, Small, Dork, and Handsome, Vegan Mind Meld, and Meat Robot; podcast Hang Out With Me), Adam Mamawala (MTV's Girl Code; stand-up album One of the Good Ones), Sharron Paul (co-host of Cheap Date Comedy), Jatty Robinson (host of Grill On The Hill Comedy), Pooja Reddy, and Kara Lindsay: Black Guys (8:00 pm, Free!, Brooklyn's Starr Bar at 214 Starr Street; take L subway to Jefferson Street)
Wednesday 7/11: New dad Hasan Minhaj (correspondent for The Daily Show), Sherrod Small (writer/performer on TBS' Are We There Yet?, Comedy Central, VH1), Negin Farsad (Comedy Central, MTV, Netflix), and Lauren Ashley Smith perform stand-up, and DJ Donwill (co-host with Wyatt Cenac of Shouting At The Screen) serves up music, for hosts Michelle Buteau (VH1's Morning Buzz and Best Week Ever, Comedy Central's Key & Peele, FOX's Enlisted, Craig Ferguson, Last Comic Standing, @midnight, comedy album Shut Up) & Jordan Carlos (HBO's Girls, Comedy Central's Broad City and The Nightly Show, Showtime, MTV's Guy Code, Guy Court, VH1, Adult Swim): Adulting (8:00 pm, $15, Brooklyn's The Bell House at 149 7th Street; take R subway to 9th Street or F/G to Fourth Avenue)
Wednesday 7/11: The delightful & modelesque Carmen Lynch (America's Got Talent, David Letterman, Conan O'Brien, Stephen Colbert, Inside Amy Schumer, Last Comic Standing finalist; Sirius XM 2017 comedy album of the year Dance Like You Don't Need the Money), Chris Laker (Jimmy Kimmel; opens for Mike Birbiglia; stand-up album Moments of Greatness), Rob Haze (Adam Devine's House Party, Viceland's Flophouse, Dish Network's Cabbage Town), Evan M. Williams (Comedy Central), Julia Solomon, and Alex Dragicevich perform stand-up for this free weekly LES show produced by Luisa Díez, and hosted by Samantha Ruddy, Luke Touma, JP McDade, Jordan Temple, and/or Dina Hashem: Too Many Cooks (9:00 pm, Free!, Lucky Jack's Pub at 129 Orchard Street between Rivington & Delancey Streets)
Friday 7/13: The lovely Natalie Wall (above right) hosts the best sexy storytelling show in NYC, which tonight features Ayanna Dookie (co-host of King Hippo Comedy), Sarah Kennedy (Reductress), and Calvin Cato (Oxygen's My Crazy Love, host of Ed Sullivan on Acid) telling tales of erotic encounters gone awry: Awkward Sex…and the City (8:00 pm; $16.62 if purchased in advance online [otherwise $20]—which includes free beer and wine; The Pleasure Chest at 1150 Second Avenue between 60th & 61st Streets)
Thursday 7/18: Taking the very reasonable position that Halloween is too glorious a holiday to happen only once a year, this show brings you Halloween in July at Brooklyn's spooky House of Wax Bar (just one floor below the Alamo Drafthouse theatres), with comics Christi Chiello (Comedy Central's Roast Battle, MTV's Girl Code, TruTV, stellar solo show It's Christi, B*tch!, co-host of Battle of the Divas and White Chocolate), Sydnee Washington (Conan O'Brien, MTV2's Vidiots, co-host of podcast The Unofficial Expert), Marie Faustin (co-host of 99.5 FM's Tall Tales in the Big City and podcast The Unofficial Expert; former host of Oxygen's Very Real Talk; VH1, TruTV, MTV's Girl Code and Vidiots), Molly Austin (TruTV's Late Night Snack) performing stand-up, plus music from band Free The Mind, hosted by Kelsey Caine (The New York Times; Miss New York State finalist; for a video sample, please click here) & Martin Urbano (Jimmy Kimmel) and produced by Jamie Rabinovitch: Summertime Halloween Comedy Show (7:30 pm, $15, Brooklyn's House of Wax Bar at 445 Albee Square West, 4th Floor—take the 2/3 subway to Hoyt Street)
Wednesday 7/18: Free stand-up at the elegant Hotel Mondrian Park Avenue, featuring Josh Gondelman (one of the sharpest comics in the country; Emmy & Peabody Award-winning writer/producer for HBO's phenom Last Week Tonight with John Oliver; Conan O'Brien, The New Yorker; stand-up album Physical Whisper), Seth Herzog (long-time staff comic for Jimmy Fallon; 30 Rock, @midnight, CBS, VH1; host of Sweet), and Jane Harrison (co-host of Casual Town) hosted by Greg Barris (MTV's All That Rocks, host of Heart of Darkness): Luxury Comedy (8:30 pm, Free!, Hotel Mondrian at 444 Park Avenue South—take F/J/M/Z subway to Delancey Street/Essex Street)
Friday 7/20: This new free stand-up show features Emmy Blotnick (brilliant rising star stand-up who's performed on Stephen Colbert and stars in an upcoming Comedy Central Half Hour; writer for Stephen Colbert; Head Writer for Comedy Central's The President Show; former writer for Comedy Central's @midnight, Roast of Rob Lowe, and Not Safe with Nikki Glaser; MTV, VH1), Sonia Denis (above; HBO's High Maintenance, Netflix's Set It Up, Emmy-nominated webseries Brown Girls), Justin Williams (Comedy Central; host of Death Comedy Jam), Joe Rumrill (The Chris Gethard Show; co-host of Cartoon Monsoon), and Mary Kate Doherty (MTV's 420 Theater) performing for hosts Matt Strickland & Colby Smith: Knapsack (8:30 pm, Free!, Crystal Lake Brooklyn at 647 Grand Street; take L subway to Brooklyn's Lorimer Street or Graham Avenue)
Leave a Comment »	| Best New York Live Comedy Shows	| Tagged: Carmen Lynch, Funny as Tech, Live Comedy shows in NYC tonight, Michelle Buteau and Jordan Carlos: "Adulting", New York Comedy, NYC Comedy, NYC Improv, NYC Sketch, NYC Stand-Up, NYC Storytelling, Rebekah Sebastian's "Yellow Tape: A True Crime Trivia Show", Rumpleteaser, Tyler Richardson	| Permalink