Why should you read my affiliate marketing guide? I am not making five figures online!
Being blogging for 4 years, I have hustled to make a decent income online by reading and implementing the strategies and even coming out with new methods that are not shared on the web.
I started Universal Blogging Tips after 2 failed blogs and only this blog appreciated my hard work.
Today, I cover my educational and personal expenses from my blogging revenue and save the rest to invest in stocks and mutual funds.
There is no hard and fast rule that you should follow everyone to become successful in blogging.
Most people quit because they are not passionate about the topic on which they're blogging about.
Some of my friends started blogs because they see me making money online but they were NOT passionate about it. Then what's the use of doing it?
If anyone is thinking about JUST money, then it's better to work 9-5.
The rule is simple… DO SOMETHING THAT MOTIVATES YOU TO DO MORE!
If I can make over $1000 working just few hours a week, then why can't you.
Affiliate Marketing is form of marketing in which you promote other companies products and once someone buys from your link, you get a commission.
Note: If you don't have a blog yet, you should check out this step-by-step guide to start a blog.
But how would company know that you have referred a customer?
It is through your tracking link or affiliate link.
When you join an affiliate program, you will be given a special link with your tracking id at the end which would be used to track your conversions.
?ref=nikhil869 is my username at the end which lets the company track conversions made by me.
Let's understand the Affiliate Marketing model in the most simple way through the following flow chart.
Now, before getting started with the main part of this guide, let's get to know about some basic Affiliate Marketing terms.
Though, I have shared it on my blog and even through emails but still it's necessary for those who are not familiar with them.
EPC: Earning per click is calculated by taking your clicks divided by commission earned.
It is a metric used to indicate the average earnings generated as a result of your 100 clicks on your Affiliate links.
The formula for EPC is Affiliate Earnings/Number of clicks x 100.
● Click-through rates: CTR defines your targeted audience.
It is calculated by using this formula : (Number of sales / Unique Clicks) x 100.
Affiliate marketplace: There are many marketplaces like ShareASale, Peerfly, Commission Junction, JvZoo, ClickBank that works as central database for affiliate programs in different niche.
Affiliate link: Special tracking link offered by your affiliate program to track the progress of your affiliate promotion.
Affiliate ID: This is Similar to Affiliate link, but, in this case, many affiliate programs offer a unique ID, which you can add to any page of the product site with "XYZ" affiliate ID.
Payment mode Offered: Different affiliate programs offer different methods of payment. For ex: Cheque, Wire transfer, PayPal and many more.
Tier 2 affiliate marketing: This is a great way of making money from an affiliate program.
In this type of marketing, you recommend others to join affiliate programs, and you will get a commission out of it, when your sub-affiliate make sales.
This is one of the best ways to generate passive income.
Check out this post on my blog, which I have written to attract Affiliates for MyThemeShop and it's generating passive income for me!
Build a website, join affiliate programs, put a banner on your website and wait for sales flowing in.
Affiliate Marketing is all about solving problems of your targeted audience and if you fail in that, you fail in affiliate marketing.
People spend their hard earned money if they wish to have a solution for their problems.
Why should they spend their hard-earned money on your product, even if you guarantee a solution to their problems?
It depends on how much they trust you! How much you will make from Affiliate Marketing, depends on how you market that product.
Ah... One of the most important step in Affiliate Marketing.
Before choosing a product, learn more about your audience. As told earlier, don't start a blog on a very vast niche such as weight loss.
Start a micro niche blog and be specific with it.
Weight loss for busy moms... This is perfect.
A buyer persona tells you what your consumers are thinking and doing as they weigh their options to the problems that your company resolves.
You have to spend a little time on research on how they spend their day and what all information they search on the web.
Get to know about their age, income, education and location of your audience.
This will actually get to know about the actual worth of your customer. This will tell whether you should go for paid ads or not rather than moaning later that you wasted your money on Ads.
So, there is a need to create a buyer's persona.
Buyers persona includes Objectives, Experiences, Goals etc. but to get started with affiliate marketing, I won't take it too technical.
Challenges: Turning the pages while practicing, playing with cold hands, small fingers.
Now, you know how to learn about the problems of your audience. You know how to create a buyer persona.
This makes it a lot of easier for you to find a suitable product to promote.
Let's suppose you started a blog on weight loss and promoted a weight loss product. Your conversion rates would be SUPER DUPER LOW.
As then you won't be able to create a perfect buyer persona and it would be completely messed up.
But... now if you started a blog on Weight Loss For Busy Moms Who Like To Work From Home… From this you can create a perfect buyer persona.
How to learn about the challenges that your audience is facing?
One of the best way is that I shared above with the template.
But if you are REALLY Lazy about not going with emails right now, just head over to forums and question answer websites and believe me, it is one of the best ways to choose the topics and learn about the problems that your targeted audience is facing.
How To Sell Your Affiliate Products - How To Make A Strong Pitch?
Now, you are ready to sell... And I know … YOU CAN SELL!
Here I am going to mention some strategies to make a strong pitch.
You will be reluctant to make a purchase until you know who is selling it. Isn't it?
Now, imagine you as a visitor redirected to any informative content which you were looking since a long time to solve your problem in anyway.
Even I do every time.
Now, at this moment you have found a great blogger to follow. Once you successfully optin it redirects to the product that solves your problem.
Now, you are most likely to make a purchase… Am I right? ….
Recently, I was looking for some profitable niches to start affiliate marketing and I landed to this informational piece of content.
The above piece of content is really informative. The boxes that you see in the content redirects the visitors to the optin pages like shown below and once the user optins, it redirects them to the sales pages.
Once you successfully optin, it would redirect you to the sales page.
Want to make more money selling products?
Before starting a blog, keep your end goal in mind. Suppose your end goal is to sell a product worth $997. Now, if you directly convince your visitors to buy such an expensive product, they are most likely NOT to buy… Right?
But now if you create a proper funnel like the following, they would be willing to buy your product if you REALLY deliver them value through this product.
Blog / Website / Opt in Page >> $7 front end product/ebook >> $19.99 upsell product >> $49 upsell product >> $997 product.
Now, let's assume they didn't bought the product that you recommended them in the sales funnel. Still you have their emails, right?
Give them value through emails and pitch them the product over and again. I will cover some email marketing methods below that I learned.
I have a friend who has many review posts but doesn't make a penny from them.
Because the review posts are not able to convince readers to buy that product.
Before writing a review post, know about the objective of writing it. The ultimate goal is to convince the readers to take an action or make a purchase, right?
Now, the next step is to keep yourself as a targeted consumer or according to the buyer persona that you created above and now think, can this product REALLY solve your problem?
Is this product worth the money?
Once, you get to know about it and chosen a product which solves your targeted customers problem, then you are ready to go!
When I generally write product reviews, I follow the AIDA principle of marketing.
Writing reviews like a bot gives rise to hit and trial method. I am a human being, so why should I behave like a bot?
Now, let's see how I use AIDA model to write product review.
AIDA principle helps in boosting your conversions by creating a funnel which REALLY CONVERTS.
Your first motive is to grab their attention by sharing the great intro of the product and making them exciting about how they could use the particular product in their businesses.
To grab their attention, you should clearly know whom are you targeting. This information you will get from the buyer persona that you created above.
Secondly, you need to know about their problems which can get by shooting them an email or checking out the forums.
Now, suppose you are promoting Washing Machines, check out the forums and question answer websites for the exact 'Keywords they are searching for and including those keywords in your title tags will grab your visitors eyeballs and boost your Click-throughs too.
Now, it's time to dig deeper with the problems. You have grabbed their attention through an enticing headline and super good intro.
Now, you need to go in depth with their problems and tell how the product you are promoting will solve it very well. In this case, you need to deliver them a really informative piece of content that they don't find anywhere else.
You might be reluctant to make a purchase at this stage, so they are!
Do you know what?... PEOPLE NEED RESULTS!
Show them how using that product made you $$$$$ or how it has helped you in any other way or give them a brief case study how others have got results using that product.
If you have screenshots, show them.
Now, most of the hard-work is done but still there is a most important thing to be done which to make the user sign up/make a purchase or take any other action.
This is done by delivering a short and strong Call to action. Like flaunting a big button which allows them to take action.
That's how AIDA principle works.
How To Do Promotion Of Your Affiliate Blog Posts?
I look for people on the question answer websites such as Quora and Yahoo Answers matching the buyer's persona and have a look at the problems they are facing.
Then, I leave a quite interesting answer to their problem mentioning my post link at the end.
My answer doesn't looks like a spam and it makes people to click on my link.
Communities are great source of traffic for my blogs and it can be for you too.
To make the best out of the following communities that I am going to share below, make sure you just don't spam them or get ready for get banned.
Start by sharing some useful stuff, make people realize that you're a human.
After sharing some informative tutorials and guides or just helping few people, promote your post.
Give out a free service and ask them to make a purchase from your affiliate links.
Suppose, you are a Bluehost affiliate.
Ask your readers to make a purchase from Bluehost from your link and you will setup a blog for them for free and I hope its commission would easily cover your cost.
I am not forcing you to buy these products. If you can afford, it will be great and will DEFINITELY help your business.
Otherwise, don't put a financial burden on yourself at this stage.
Once, you start earning, focus on savings and investment rather than spending on useless things.
The below mentioned tools are REALLY some great investments to be made and they had helped in boosting my revenue in my Affiliate Marketing business.
SEMrush is tool which is used for competition analysis.
Analyzing competition is one of the most important tasks need to be done in this business.
SEMrush flaunts all the keywords that my competitor is ranking for and their difficulty levels. It also flaunts the keywords which are being targeted for paid traffic.
Besides that, it is great tool for Adsense users too. It helps in finding high CPC keywords which can generate a good revenue from Adsense as well as Affiliate Marketing.
#1: What skills are required to start an affiliate marketing business?
There are no such skills required indeed!
What you need to be just honest and have a good knowledge about the product that you're promoting.
Besides that you need to have some marketing skills which will help you in building a brand and promoting your products more effectively.
The above mentioned basic techniques will help you in getting started with affiliate marketing and once you get familiar with them, you will develop your own skills and new methods that nobody is using.
2. Which Affiliate Program Is The Best To Start With?
Don't think of the commissions. Think of the niche you're passionate about.
Once you get that niche, start working on it following the techniques mentioned above and the money would start flowing in hopefully.
3. Is Affiliate Marketing A Safe Career To Build?
It's NOT, unless you don't have a brand name. If you have a built up a brand name and built a good list, then you need not worry!


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What is the connection between the 1968 summer Olympic Games in Mexico City and the Gironde towns of Braud-et-Saint-Louis, Cestas, Les...
Par Tim Monday, October 31, 2016 0 commentaires
What is the connection between the 1968 summer Olympic Games in Mexico City and the Gironde towns of Braud-et-Saint-Louis, Cestas, Lesparre-Médoc and Saint-Médard-en-Jalles? The answer involves swimming… for we give you the remarkable "piscine Tournesol"!
The story goes that, at the 1968 Olympics, the performance of France's swimmers was particularly disappointing. This resulted in a nationwide action plan that was launched the following year by the State secretary for Youth, Sport and Leisure to bring swimming to the masses. The plan, codenamed "1000 piscines", provided a structure and support for the construction of affordable pools, which would in turn make swimming more easily accessible.
Although the number of pools built as part of the plan ultimately fell short of the symbolic figure of 1,000, between 600 and 700 establishments reportedly came to be built. Various designs were rolled out, with poetic names such as "Plein-Ciel", "Plein-Soleil" and "Caneton", but the most distinctive and memorable was surely the sunflower-inspired "Tournesol". This became the archetype for the deployment of the "1000 piscines" strategy and, over the course of the 1970s and early 1980s, 183 piscines Tournesol were built throughout France.
The Tournesol pools in Braud-et-Saint-Louis (top) and Cestas.
The curious futuristic design was the work of the architect Bernard Schoeller, who collaborated with the engineer Thémis Constantinidis on the conception of the structure, and with the company Matra for the choice of materials to be employed for what was to be, in essence, mass-produced pre-fabricated units, right down to the filtering and heating systems, the changing rooms and even the lavatories.
Design and overall concept of the Tournesol pools, as featured on http://www.archi-wiki.org (contributor: Lionel Grandadam).
The circular structure conceived by Schoeller with Constantinidis measured 35 metres from side to side, totalling a surface area of 1,000 square metres at the heart of which was positioned a 25-metre pool. The structure was to be formed by 36 metallic arches, which combined to create a dome which would be six metres high at its apex. The elements that formed the shell were to be made out of polyester, every other segment comprising seven porthole-like windows. Significantly, two of the sections would be mobile, running on a rail system and making it possible to open the roof 60° either way. This resulted in the piscine Tournesol's most notable feature: the ability to be instantly transformed, whenever the weather permitted it, from an indoor pool into an outdoor pool (at least over a 120° span) bearing in mind that, in most cases, a grassy area would complete the picture, enabling swimmers to head outside and sunbathe between dips in the water.
The rail system which enabled the switch from indoor to outdoor pool status. Pictures taken in Cestas.
After a prototype was successfully built in 1972 in Nangis, to the east of Paris, a first "series-produced" model was opened in Roissy-en-Brie later that year. Both have since been demolished. All of which brings us to la Gironde and its grand total of four piscines Tournesol. Three went up in 1975 in Cestas, Lesparre-Médoc and Braud-et-Saint-Louis. The Saint-Médard-en-Jalles pool followed in 1981. The Gironde pools came in various colours. The Cestas shell was produced in a shade of yellow, while the Braud-et-Saint-Louis and Saint-Médard domes were pale blue. The Lesparre offering was the eminently collectible burgundy (Médoc?) red. But what has become of them?
The Cestas pool is doing very well thank you. It is located on a large sports complex just off the A63 motorway, making for the pleasing sight of swimmers mingling with footballers, rugby players and tennis players. If you want to enjoy a swim there, admission will set you back just €1.60 euros. The Braud-et-Saint-Louis pool is also operational, although there is much talk about its fate and it may soon make way for a more ambitious "centre aquatique" offering smaller pools for toddlers, water-slides and the like.
Scenes from Braud-et-Saint-Louis, including the reception area (top left), the prefabricated changing rooms (top right) and, bottom right, the outdoor foot bath located by the joint between the two moving panels.
If so, it would be replicating exactly what happened in Saint-Médard-en-Jalles where the piscine Tournesol was a shorter-lived venture. In a state of disrepair after 26 years of use, it was dismantled in 2007 to make way for today's modern swimming complex, which retained the 25-metre pool from its previous incarnation.
Saint-Médard: the way it was (source: Saint-Médard-en-Jalles, au fil du temps) and the way it is today.
Let's finish off in Lesparre, where the dust has more or less settled after the recent demolition of the structure, which had come to be regarded as an eyesore for visitors and locals as they drove into this quaint Médocain town. The pool had been closed since June 2014, although the original plan was to refurbish the facility. Then came the news over the summer of 2016 that the pool was to be erased completely, and the €70,000 demolition job was completed in September. As I saw when I visited the site, nothing remains of the pool (other than a small technical unit) and the area has been totally covered in sand. Once again, plans are gradually taking shape for a more substantial swimming complex to serve the surrounding area.
Lesparre: top right, the pool as it was (source: www.pss-archi.eu); main photo, demolition work in progress (source: www.sudouest.fr); bottom right, the scene today.
If you've been reading carefully, you have therefore no doubt worked out that, of Gironde's four piscines Tournesol, only two remain, and the future looks particularly uncertain for one of the two! A part of me does think this is a shame, however old-school and rudimentary Tournesol pools may seem in an age of big-thrill water parks. And it doesn't necessarily have to be that way: while Gironde's sunflower pools have fallen into disrepair and become regarded as eyesores, elsewhere they have been meticulously maintained and have even been officially listed as 20th-Century Heritage: the "Patrimoine du XXe Siècle" label has been bestowed on piscines Tournesol in Marseille, Carros-le-Neuf (near Nice) and even in Biscarrosse in Gironde's neighbouring Landes department. What is more, they are cherished by many in France, with online traces of this affection including regular appearances on the Architectures de Cartes Postales website, and the delightful @laffairetournesol Instagram account.
Laure Manaudou, pictured at the 2004 Olympics,
praying that she would one day be featured in
an Invisible Bordeaux item (source: lemonde.fr).
But perhaps the most important thing to consider is whether the French became any good at swimming! According to online records, after the 1968 debacle, it wasn't until 1984 that France secured an Olympic swimming medal, through Frédéric Delcourt (200m backstroke silver) and Catherine Poirot (100m breaststroke bronze). Then there were a few more lean years until Laure Manaudou won the 400m freestyle gold in 2004, matched by Alain Bernard in the 100m freestyle in 2008. Others to follow in their footsteps include Camille Muffat (400m freestyle, 2012), the men's 4x100m relay team (2012), Yannick Agnel (200m freestyle, 2012) and Florent Manaudou (50m freestyle, 2012). So the "1000 piscines" action plan didn't do so badly after all…
Find them on the Invisible Bordeaux map:
Cestas Piscine Tournesol: Chemin de Canéjan, Cestas
Braud-et-Saint-Louis Piscine Tournesol: 51 avenue de la République, Braud-et-Saint-Louis
Lesparre-Médoc: 3 avenue du Docteur Benaben, Lesparre-Médoc
St Médard: 116 avenue Anatole-France, Saint-Médard-en-Jalles
Cet article est également disponible en français !
One of the more unusual outings on offer over this year's European Heritage Days weekend was a guided tour of the PIC, or Plate-forme...
Inside Cestas's PIC (Plate-forme industrielle du courrier)
Par Tim Saturday, October 22, 2016 0 commentaires
One of the more unusual outings on offer over this year's European Heritage Days weekend was a guided tour of the PIC, or Plate-forme industrielle du courrier, the massive postal sorting office that can be found in Cestas, just off the A63 motorway to the west of Bordeaux.
Having often driven past this massive facility, I was particularly looking forward to enjoying the inside view, so there was a definite sense of anticipation as we joined a group to be ushered inside in scenes reminiscent of Roald Dahl's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.
Over the past few weeks, you have possibly enjoyed the accounts of the joint Invisible Bordeaux/ Bordeaux 2066 roadtrip to the four cor...
New video: the extreme Gironde roadtrip!
Par Tim Sunday, October 16, 2016 0 commentaires
Over the past few weeks, you have possibly enjoyed the accounts of the joint Invisible Bordeaux/Bordeaux 2066 roadtrip to the four corners of la Gironde: north, east, south and west.
The adventure is now also available as a scintillating Youtube video, so sit back, relax and follow us as we visit the remains of a brothel in Captieux, the wharf in La Salie, admire some boats in Le Verdon-sur-Mer, and study some trees in Saint-Avit-Saint-Nazaire. All you have to do is hit the play button and make sure your internet connection remains stable for the next eight minutes! Enjoy!
Click here if video does not display properly on your device.
And don't forget that the original articles remain open for business here:
North and east: Le Verdon and its memorials, and Saint-Avit-Saint-Nazaire and its trees
South: Captieux and its former brothels
West: La Salie and its wharf
This is the third and final part of a travelogue following Bordeaux 2066 's Vincent and me on our quest to visit the extreme northern, ea...
The Gironde four corners road-trip > Part 3: west (La Salie and its wharf)
Par Tim Tuesday, October 11, 2016 0 commentaires
This is the third and final part of a travelogue following Bordeaux 2066's Vincent and me on our quest to visit the extreme northern, eastern, southern and western points of the Gironde over the course of a single day. So far we have viewed memorials in Le Verdon, admired some trees in Saint-Avit-Saint-Nazaire and, a-hem, explored a former brothel in Captieux. What would the département's westernmost point have in store?
It was now 6:30pm and we had driven some 485 kilometres by the time we parked our car in the shade of the pines at la Salie Sud beach, on the Atlantic coast more or less mid-way between Arcachon and Biscarrosse. Venturing out onto the sandy pathway over the dunes to the sea we gained a little height and enjoyed our first view of La Salie's distinctive – and controversial – landmark: "le Wharf".
In the first part of this travelogue recounting an attempt to visit Gironde's four cardinal points over the course of a single day, Bor...
The Gironde four corners road-trip > Part 2: south (Captieux and its former brothels)
In the first part of this travelogue recounting an attempt to visit Gironde's four cardinal points over the course of a single day, Bordeaux 2066's Vincent and I successfully conquered Le Verdon and its countless memorials, followed by Saint-Avit-Saint-Nazaire and its nothingness. From there we headed to the département's southernmost point, Captieux.
We arrived in a part of Captieux known as "Le Poteau" at around 4pm, 380 kilometres on from our starting point. Looking south we were gazing into neighbouring département Les Landes. A large milestone was in position at the border between the two administrative areas although Vincent soon spotted an anomaly: beneath the painted inscription correctly identifying the road as being the D932 were traces of the milestone's previous location on the Nationale 10. Isn't it great to know that milestones don't die, they're just recycled and turn up elsewhere!
"D 932" painted over the section which used to read "Route N 10"
Moving a little northwards along the road, Vincent was determined to check out the remains of Gironde's southernmost building, to establish whether it could be connected with what is one of the most unusual, surprising and sordid tales to be told: that of the brothels and prostitutes of Captieux.
The story goes back to 1950 when the US military set up an ammunition depot which spread out over no less than 100 square kilometres in the Le Poteau area. The structure remained there until 1967, by which time President De Gaulle had called an end to US military bases in France. But, in the meantime, the substantial presence of military personnel had also resulted in the influx of prostitutes who would operate out of hastily-built brothels along the départementale road.
After the US military departed, the brothels remained, despite having been outlawed by the "Loi Marthe Richard" way earlier, in 1946. Business continued to flourish throughout the 1970s and well into the 1980s, the prostitutes reportedly selling their services to young men seeking their first taste of sexual healing, rugby teams in celebratory mood, travelling salesmen, truck drivers who would engineer a detour through Captieux, and other miscellaneous visitors from all over who knew exactly what they would find in Captieux. There were many shady dealings surrounding this obscure subculture, and it is said that relations between pimps would often turn nasty.
As we are about to find out, this used to be a brothel.
The most astonishing thing is that the authorities turned a blind eye to what was going on, although one reliable source has since told us that Captieux was regarded as a convenient arrangement: "there was an unwritten deal with the Bordeaux milieu: the city itself remained clean and the whores were out there in the country for Sunday night escapades and troisième mi-temps adventures." (The raucous rugby equivalent of the nineteenth hole!)
That remained the state of affairs until everything came to a head in 1987 with a massive police raid on the area, which resulted in around 100 arrests and the 14 remaining establishments being closed overnight. Many of the makeshift structures were dismantled or more or less disintegrated. Lengthy trials followed and led to even lengthier prison sentences for those judged to have been responsible. Subsequently, Captieux slowly picked itself up and evolved back into being the quiet and peaceful country village it had presumably been until the 1950s!
Back to 2016 though and our roadside ruins! Vincent and I sliced our way through overgrown greenery to the walls of the building, made our way through what appeared to be the main entrance, and came up against what resembled the counter of what must have been a reception area. We were most definitely inside a former brothel. To our left was the door to a room where there were even remains of carpet pasted to the wall. Over to our right was another room which enjoyed the added bonus of an en-suite shower cubicle. We continued exploring but took great care as everywhere we looked there were tiles that hung precariously from what was left of the roof.
Inside the former brothel, including what we think was the reception area (picture on the left).
Back outside we made our way along the side of the building and inspected the walls. At one end we spotted faded hand-painted depictions of female faces, and letters that appeared to spell out "La B". Had other letters disappeared completely over time? Were we misreading what we saw and was the establishment either "le Bambi" or "le Bilitis", both of which are referred to on this page? With that enigma in mind, we left the brothel behind and drove into Captieux itself, a few kilometres to the north.
"La B" (?) and its alluring female figures.
We stopped off in a café for a refreshing fruit juice, and quizzed the landlord about Captieux's dark past. He certainly didn't appear to be too perturbed by our question, which suggested the subject was anything but taboo. The landlord, who emphasized the fact that he only moved to Captieux 15 years ago, in turn asked another customer about his memories of the establishments (the customer recalled there being two to three girls in each brothel) before calling a correspondent to try to find out the name of the mysterious "La B" building we had found ourselves in; he promised to get back to us with the answer. [Much later, a piece in local newspaper Sud Ouest featured pictures of "our" brothel and we were able to establish that its name had in fact been "La Baraque".]
As we were paying for our drinks, he shared the tale of an acquaintance who, back in the day, was one of a group of youths who didn't have much money. Every Saturday night, they would each throw some cash into a kitty, and each person's name would go into a hat. Whoever's name got pulled out of the hat was treated to a jointly-funded session with one of the Captieux ladies.
And it is with that image in mind that we departed, with one further destination to reach in our four corners challenge: we were aiming for La Salie on the Atlantic coast, Gironde's westernmost point.
What is there to see at the extreme western point of the Gironde département? Find out in the final episode of this travelogue!
The Invisible Bordeaux/Bordeaux Four Corners roadtrip is also available as a motion picture. Enjoy!
Click here if video does not display properly on your device
> La version française de ce récit est à retrouver du côté de Bordeaux2066 !
> 2019 update: Sud Ouest released a fine long-read feature about Captieux and its brothels (a subscribers-only article available here), which included this incredible eye-witness account of the area as it used to be:
Swimming in sunflowers: Gironde's 'piscines Tourne...
Inside Cestas's PIC (Plate-forme industrielle du c...
The Gironde four corners road-trip > Part 3: west ...
The Gironde four corners road-trip > Part 2: south...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Denmark's Basim also rehearsed for the second time | ESCKAZ.com live from Lisbon!
Basim is off to a bit of a bad start first time around, but he's completely back to his full amazingness second time around.
Not much change in the gold coloured backdrop or outfits, still the suits. I'm quite glad the Danes have stuck to the way Basim performed his song in the Danish final. Luckily the banner with Basim's face has now been removed. I hope it stays that way, because it doesn't add anything to the performance (apart from tackiness and cheesiness).
I spoke too soon, the banner has now been raised... Really Denmark?


The Hotel San Giorgio is pleased to give a warm welcome to the cyclists with a service dedicated to them.
We are located at the arrival of the seventh stage of the Alpe Adria cycle path (Alpe Adria Radweg -https: //www.alpe-adria-radweg.com/it/), described as one of the most spectacular European cycling routes.
The Alpe Adria Cycle Route is a cycle path linking Salzburg (Austria) to Grado "the Island of the Sun" (Italy) ..... beautiful naturalistic impact.
We offer closed, secure and free bike parking , workshop and repairs on request.
On-site laundry for professional sportswear.


This game is a racing game set in a near future where a new kind of wheel technology will let you drift on all type of terrains and especially on water. The unique gameplay defined as "precision drifting" will suit every player looking for technical and precise controls combined with the immediate fun and ease of an arcade game. Natural environments are enriched and reimagined to create technical racetracks mixing multi-paths water zones and jumps. Inspired by retro arcade rally games the wide surfaces let the player enjoy long powerslides. Rise: Race The Future GOG Free Download.


The popular food retailer leaked the information on their podcast yesterday.
Inside Trader Joe's—the podcast from the often-secretive food retailer—just released their April episode yesterday, and it is full of exciting announcements. From trendy beverages to mouthwatering sweet treats, we can't wait for these seven products to hit the shelves over the next few months.
Full disclosure: Nutrition information isn't yet available on the Trader Joe's website, but for the more indulgent options on this list—like ice cream or chips—you should treat them as a "sometimes" food. We believe that there's a place for treats in a healthy diet, but stick to smaller portions to keep nutrition in check.
The first product announced had us drooling. An even more indulgent spin on the popular Neapolitan Joe-Joe's cookies, this new product consists of vanilla and strawberry ice cream, chocolate fudge pieces, dark chocolate swirls, and crumbled Neapolitan Joe-Joe's pieces. Stick to a small scoop to keep sugar in check, and be on the lookout for this seasonal item in late spring or early summer.
If you haven't tried Trader Joe's ice cream-filled mochi yet, you're seriously missing out! And now, these doughy balls of goodness are making their way into a baked goody. This cake mix is made with the same ingredients of mochi with the rich buttery, vanilla flavor of your favorite yellow cake. And, it's gluten-free! Again, just make sure to look at portion sizes.
We are really excited about this one. This simple pancake mix packs 10g protein per serving, and all you need to do is add water before cooking up on the griddle. Tara Miller, marketing director for Trader Joe's, said this mix has been a hit with her whole family, and we can't wait to try it with ours.
Think of this as TJ's spin on the trendy golden milk drink you may be seeing on Instagram. TJ's VP of Marketing Product Matt Sloan said this drink was inspired by many consumers requesting for more turmeric products. This beverage is made with coconut milk for a creamy dairy-free treat.
No, this is not a new boozy condiment, but rather a spin on a traditional salsa recipe. Celery and Bloody Mary spices give tomatoes a delicious kick. Sloan said although he isn't a big Bloody Mary drinker, he could eat a whole lot of this salsa.
Looking for more Trader Joe's news?
This is not your ordinary bag of potato chips. This is a treasure trove of all of our favorite chip flavors—barbecue, sea salt and vinegar, homestyle ketchup, and delicious dill—all in one package! Make sure you grab these while you can, because Miller noted these chips won't last on shelves past summertime.
Miller and Sloan were really jazzed about this new coffee. This particular type of coffee has never been offered outside Ethiopia, and Trader Joe's is making it not only available but more affordable—as peaberry coffee can often be expensive.


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Minico High School Spartans
4A District IV 4A Great Basin 7 Conference
Colors: Red & Gold
Head Coach: Keelan McCaffrey (3rd season)
Steve Haugeberg
Skylar "Poke" Morgan
Rick May
Rhett Jones
Steagan Garner
Juan Alverado
Dakota Madrigal
Bo Rushton
Wyt Bedke
Jesse Lettington
Nick Sorenson (Second-Team All-Conference)
Johnny Hernandez (First-Team All-Conference)
Karter Zampedri (Second-Team All-Conference)
Dawson Osterhout (First-Team/ All-State Selection)
Kent Merrill (First-Team All-Conference)
Brevin Trenkle (Honorable Mention)
Cannon Schow (Honorable Mention)
Luke Arthur (Honorable Mention)
Photo By Kent Kidd - #6 Brevin Trenkle
Written by Hailey Stewart
After a strong 2019 regular season, Minico headed into the playoffs with a great deal of momentum on the hunt for a championship title. That hunt ended, however, after a second-round loss to Blackfoot 42-14.
Still, Head Coach Keelan McCaffrey said the Spartans look to bring last year's successes to the gridiron this season.
Minico lost several key players to graduation, such as running back Ryan Chandler, a state-leading running back; center Greyson Harwood, an anchor for the Spartans' offensive line for three years; and safety Zayne Maughn, a strong defensive player.
"Maughn was the defensive player of the conference and impact player at safety. His physical nature and communication skills will be missed," McCaffrey said.
Chandler ran for nearly 2,000 yards last season, averaging 181 yards per game.
"Chandler was a state-leading rusher and one of the great running backs to come through this high school," McCaffrey said. "He was an explosive running back that could blow the top off at any time."
Even with the loss of some key players, McCaffrey expects many of this year's squad will lead the Spartans to a strong season.
"We will be new across the board with new guys filling the void," McCaffrey said. "They have been working hard all summer and I am excited to watch them impose their will."
With plenty of skilled running backs ready to make big plays, McCaffrey hopes they can control the line of scrimmage from the start.
An all-purpose athlete, junior Easton Arthur is expected to bring an athletic presence to the middle of the defense this season.
"He can run people down and make athletic plays for us in the middle," McCaffrey said.
Junior running back, Klayton Wilson will add depth to the backfield and Peyton McManus, a state high jumper and wide receiver, will open up the passing game for the Spartans.
Junior offensive guard Luke Arthur is expected to anchor the offensive line as a returning starter and stuff the run game on defense as linebacker this season.
"He is extremely physical and athletic," McCaffrey said. "He will anchor the offensive line as a returning starter that will be a leader for the new starters."
Junior safety Alfonso Martinez will bring back his athletic hitting power this year and will act as a replacement for Maughn, who graduated.
In addition to new varsity players, the Spartans also moved Skylar Morgan to the offensive coordinator position.
"He has college playing experience at Idaho State and will bring a balance to our offense," McCaffrey said. "He is extremely crafty and will help our offense move the ball while attacking all areas of the field."
McCaffrey said his young offensive coaching staff has now had a year of experience working together and he expects that will show this season.
"We have a young offensive staff who have put in the time to adjust our game offensively and make us better," McCaffrey said. "I am excited to see their hard work pay off. They are energetic and ready to go."
Since last season, McCaffrey and his team have been working on their passing game, getting the Spartans to a more balanced offense.
"We are traditionally known for running the football," McCaffrey said. "We need to be able to move the ball in the air to complement our run game."
Minico will return a strong defensive line this season led largely by seniors while adding a small group of new players. Last year's defense led the 4A Great Basin Conference allowing just 20 points per game.
"We have to get lined up and you will see a relentless pursuit from our guys," McCaffrey said. "They play hard for four quarters and are a very smart, disciplined defense."
Senior free safety Nicholas Sorenson will bring a sense of leadership to this season's defense, McCaffrey said.
"He is like having a coach on the field. He is a smart-intelligent football player who understands what we are doing back there," McCaffrey said.
Junior lineman Johnny Hernandez will bring speed and force to the defensive line.
"He'll be a defensive lineman that will never come off the field. He is tough to block and will be a force on third down," McCaffrey said.
Senior Dawson Osterhout, a "tackling machine," senior cornerback Cannon Schow and senior Kent Merril, an athletic outside linebacker will round out the returning defense.
Opening at home against Skyline, Middleton and Mountain Home, McCaffrey said the Spartans have one of the toughest schedules in the state this season.
"Our kids are tough-minded and want playoff-like games and that is what we get in this schedule," McCaffrey said. "We are excited to host Skyline. We saw them two years ago in a playoff game."
Minico is scheduled to open the season against Skyline Aug. 28.
Check back with IdahoSports.com for updated scores and schedules.


FAIRFIELD, Conn., Nov. 13, 2018 – In advance of Giving Tuesday (Nov. 27, 2018), Foundation Source, the nation's largest provider of comprehensive support services for private foundations, announces its "Smart Giving Toolkit," designed to help high-net-worth families unite around charitable giving and discover the rewards of giving wisely as well as generously.
The Foundation of a Philanthropic Family, outlines family-building objectives that can be achieved with a private foundation.
To download the toolkit visit: www.foundationsource.com/smartgiving/.
Now in our second decade, Foundation Source provides its services to nearly 1500 family, corporate, and professionally staffed foundations, of all sizes, nationwide. We work in partnership with wealth management firms, law firms, accounting firms, and family offices as well as directly with individuals and families. Foundation Source is headquartered in Fairfield, Connecticut.


text:
"No single constraint that stops us from being a university that…
UR students encouraged to create jobs out of existing opportunities
We've made a lot of progress, Prof. Cotton speaks to The…
Students share their experiences on three-year degree policy
Two UR-Journalism students 'go missing' abroad
Juggling studies and elite sports
Women soccer team decries facilitation
The importance of sports to the academic performance
Is sports at UR on the verge of 'extinction'?
UR Beauty contest cancelled with unclear reasons
Faux Fashions
Meet Peacemaker; a UR student, musician and guitar
Reflecting on university: hard work required for success
Isheja reflects on her UR days,says hard work pays
Social media: Are we blinding our minds to truth and reality?
An incubation to improve SJC students' learning experience
Learn to turn challenges into opportunities-KNC
The Kaminuza Star
Germain Nsanzimana
University of Rwanda (UR). Photo/File
Two UR-finalist journalism students vanished after concluding their fully sponsored six-month internship training in Sweden on their way to Copenhagen (Denmark) airport back to Rwanda.
UR-Fojo Project initiated the internship program. This professional development project is under Fojo Media Institute, a Swedish organization that has an official MoU with the University of Rwanda (UR).
This abroad hands-on journalism programme aims at sharpening the skills of emerging journalists in an international professional setting.
In 2018, as part of the programme activities, four best performing finalist students went to Sweden to acquire various reporting skills, including Media and News Literacy, Media and Intercultural Communication, E-Health in Global Perspective as well as Arts and Landscape Painting.
Two male students disappeared on the way from Kalmar city (Sweden) by train to Copenhagen (Denmark) airport.
"According to the information I received, the two boys were traveling back home. The first leg of the trip is by train from Kalmar to the airport in Copenhagen. Apparently, the boys got off the train before it left Sweden," Anki Wood, the project Manager in Rwanda and Kenya highlighted.
Mr. Alex Buyinza, the Fojo Project coordinator in Rwanda, also confirmed the disappearance of the two boys.
Mr. Buyinza said, "Under a partnership between Linnaeus University and University of Rwanda, we sent four students, two girls and two boys from UR's School of Journalism and Communication (SJC) for the Summer Academic programme. Unfortunately, both boys did not return when the training ended."
When asked about sending other students on a similar summer academic training, Mr. Buyinza said that the disappearance of the two students led to the temporary suspension of this internship programme.
In a March-2019-Pan-African Movement forum held at UR-Huye Campus, Dr. Alphonse Muleefu, the principal of UR's College of Arts and Social Sciences (CASS) said that their disappearance posed a challenge to international internship opportunities for UR students. "We won't send more students to Sweden," Dr. Muleefu revealed.
Speaking to The Kaminuza Star, Dr. Raphael Nkanka, the former SJC Dean also observed that this act of the two former students was unacceptable but added that this won't stop other planned project activities.
"We would be glad if they came back home, but even if they did not come back the programme will not be terminated," the former dean said.
Fojo Media Institute is based at Linnaeus University, one of the biggest universities in Sweden. The organization has the mission of promoting free, independent and professional journalism. It gets its funding from Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), and Linnaeus University.
The partnership between UR and Fojo Media Institute started back in 2015.
Reporters in Rwanda have also benefited from UR-Fojo Project through various professional training sessions.
Book Review: Dark Places by Gillian Flynn
"No single constraint that stops us from being a university that has impact and influence," Prof. Cotton, Part Two
Culture Vanessa Abewe - December 30, 2019
"No single constraint that stops us from being a university that has impact and...
News Moise M. Bahati - December 21, 2019
Campus Evode Uwiragiye - December 20, 2019
We've made a lot of progress, Prof. Cotton speaks to The Kaminuza Star, Part...
News Ange Iliza - November 7, 2019
News Germain Nsanzimana - November 6, 2019
This Paper Needs you to prosper
Editorial Viviane Irabizi - October 24, 2019
Sport Colleb Ninsiima - October 24, 2019
The Kaminuza Star is produced by students of the School of Journalism and Communication at the University of Rwanda. The objective of the newspaper is to provide a practical platform for students to hone their skills in reporting and writing stories of interest to the university community and the society in general. Special thanks to The New Times for their editorial advisory and publishing of this newspaper.
Contact us: editor@kaminuzastar.com
© Copyright 2017 The Kaminuza Star | All rights reserved | Newspaper WordPress Theme by TagDiv | Webdesign by Anders


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Tracing Board
Official Visits
DDGM
Official Visit Statistics
Past G/L Officers
50 years of DDGM History
Victoria No. 56
Beaver No. 83
Cassia No. 116
Burns No. 153
Alexandra-Inwood No. 158
Petrolia-Washington No. 194
Havelock No. 238
Moore No. 294
Arkona No. 307
Ionic No. 328
Huron No. 392
Liberty No. 419
St. Clair No. 425
About Freemasonry
Freemasonry Overview
What do Freemasons do?
Grand Lodge of Canada
Location and Operation
The Sarnia District Masonic Library is located in the Sarnia Masonic Hall. The address is 245 Essex St. Sarnia. A map of all Sarnia District Lodges and Halls, including the Sarnia Masonic Hall, is posted elsewhere on this website. The Sarnia District Masonic Library is open anytime the Hall is open. There are over 300 different books in the Library. Some of the books are source materials to find answers to the questions in the courses of The College of Freemasonry. You may borrow something from the Sarnia District Library on the honour system. Please record your name, contact information, and the date, on one of the book cards. Then leave the card on the desk. Return the item when you've read it so others can make a daily advancement in Masonic knowledge. An inventory of the Library will be conducted each summer. The Sarnia District Librarian and Historian is Very Worshipful Brother Marshall Kern, Fellow of the College of Freemasonry. He can be reached at (519) 332-1255 or marshallkern519@gmail.com.
Selected Titles in the Sarnia District Masonic Library:
Beyond the Pillars
First Grand Master
History of the Grand Lodge of Canada, 1855 – 1955
Masonic Musical Ritual
Meeting the Challenge
The Masonic Manual (published by our GL)
Towards the Square
Whence Come We?
Freemasons for Dummies
A special collection of works by noted Masonic authority -- Joseph Fort Newton:
The Religion of Masonry
Brothers and Builders
The Men's House
Short Talks on Masonry
Symbolism of the Three Degrees
Sankey Lectures
www.sankeylectures.ca
This annual lecture series is named in honour of R.W. Bro. Charles A. Sankey (1905-2009) and is part of the partnership between the Grand Lodge of Canada in the Province of Ontario and Brock University.
Dr. Sankey served as Chancellor of Brock University from 1969 to 1974. A renowned Masonic scholar, he was active in all the concordant bodies of Masonry including the Ancient & Accepted Scottish Rite, the Royal Order of Scotland, and Royal Arch Masons. His extensive collection of rare Masonic books and papers is in the Special Collections of the James Gibson Library at Brock, providing a rich resource for research scholars and students.
Brethren from Sarnia District have attended the Lectures in the past. Ask around and there may be a car-pool to join for the next lecture!
College of Freemasonry
The College provides a program of instruction in several modules:
Masonic Arts & Sciences Course (open to all Masons)
Aspiring Worshipful Master Course (intended for those seeking leadership roles)
Past Master's Course
Course tuition depends on which module you study and runs from $50 to $135.
The involvement of mentors is a hallmark of the College. Completed assignments are graded anonymously, ensuring fair and fraternal assessment and feedback. Upon completion, a Certificate is issued and the graduate is granted a status by the Grand Master as Fellow of the College of Freemasonry. Alumni are also encouraged to use the designation F.C.F. Take your development to the next stage by enrolling today.
The Heritage Lodge, No. 730 GRC
The Heritage Lodge A.F. & A.M. No. 730 G.R.C. was formed to provide an intellectual environment for the pursuit of Masonic knowledge and also to provide a means for receiving and recording historical artefacts to ensure the preservation of our Masonic Heritage without encroaching on the normal functions of Constituent Lodges. The Heritage Lodge accepts, by affiliation in the usual manner, all Masons of like-mind, desirous of working together to fulfil the aims and objectives established by the membership. Talk to a fellow-Mason about membership.
Special projects of The Heritage Lodge include:
A Lodge room at the Black Creek Pioneer Village
Digital archiving of Grand Lodge Proceedings via Brock University
The Sankey Lectures.
Annual Dues are $ 55.00.
For further information contact: www.heritagelodge730.ca
Electronic Books and the Sarnia District Masonic Library
Many new books on Masonic topics are being published in some form of electronic or digital version. These are available through reputable on-line sources. Your Sarnia District Masonic Library will not become a supplier of these digital books.
Older books and documents on Masonic topics are frequently made available in a digital format, usually as a PDF. For example, 'Project Gutenberg' hosts a growing library of free e-books. There is a focus on older US books for which it is understood that the copyright has expired and the book is now in the public domain. See www.gutenberg.org.
Our Grand Lodge has prepared PDFs of several books commissioned or published by our Grand Lodge. These are available via the Grand Lodge website, or by request to the District Librarian:
Freemasons Guide and Compendium by Bernard E. Jones
History of the Grand Lodge 1855 to 1955 by Herrington and Foley
Penetrating the Veil by David C. Bradley
The Pocket History of Freemasonry
Towards the Square by David C. Bradley
Please note that your Sarnia District Masonic Library has print copies of each of these books available to be borrowed on the honour system.
© Copyright Sarnia District Freemasons, All Rights Reserved.


Benefits of Soft Water – HAYNES WELL and PUMP SERVICE, Call 24/7 for Prompt, Reliable Service!
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Beverages makers throughout the United States rely on Southeast Bottling & Beverage as their copacker of choice. Southeast Bottling & Beverage is an energy drink, flavored water, sports drink, tea, liquid dietary supplement, functional drink and juice bottling company that has been serving the bottling and copacking needs of beverage manufacturers for decades.
Our facility is top of the line and contains everything you could need to expertly copack your ready-to-drink (RTD) products. Built to cGMP (Current Good Manufacturing Practice) regulations, our facility has unique filling rooms, a separate pharmacy, an air-conditioned warehouse for raw ingredients, on-site refrigerated storage and much more. We also offer multiple mixing technologies, registered film or carton packaging, hot fill pasteurization, and plastic bottles ranging from 8oz to 32oz, so we truly can be your single copack provider.
Another reason we are a preferred tea, supplement and juice bottling company is our commitment to quality control. Our facility holds multiple certifications. We are Organic, Kosher and HEPA Filtration Certified, and we also maintain an SQF Level III Certification. As an SQF facility, you can rely on us to ensure that not just safety – but quality – standards are met on every production run.
Southeast Bottling & Beverage is renowned throughout the industry for providing custom, turnkey copacking solutions to clients of all sizes. Whether you are looking to break into the beverage market for the very first time or need to expand your operations to ramp up production, our team can help.
If you are a beverage maker in Florida, New Jersey, New York, Georgia, Texas, Alabama, South Carolina or elsewhere throughout the US and are looking for a flavored water, sports drink, energy drink, liquid dietary supplement, functional drink, tea or juice bottling company, look no further than Southeast Bottling & Beverage. Contact us today to speak to our experts about your next RTD production run. Our SQF facility has everything you need to make top-quality products and get them on store shelves fast.


There are plenty of ways to screw up a blind date. Pick a bad restaurant, talk about the wrong things, or even dine and dash.
That one might seem like a joke, but it is a real thing people do, or at least this one guy allegedly does it. His name is Paul Gonzales and police are looking for him after he dined and dashed on three separate women. One of the dates explained what sounds like the start to a pretty bad evening.
"[He was] very complimentary, very chatty, seemed to have similar interests," she said.
The woman said things got weird when he ordered over $100 worth of food for himself.
She said when she didn't reciprocate his advances, he took off and left her holding the check.
"He says 'I'm going to the bathroom, I'll be right back' and he never did," she said.
Needless to say, they didn't go out again.
As bad of a thing as this is to do to someone, I can at least see how he got away with it. What I have a harder time understanding is how he was able to dine and dash a haircut, or rather, pull a "clip and exit."
Back in February, Gonzales allegedly did exactly the same thing at a hair salon in Burbank. He got up and left with his smock still on, which was caught on security footage.
As Susmita Baral points out at Refinery29, at the L.A. County District Attorney's Office, there are warrants for his arrest for charges including: failing to show up to court for petty theft, and driving without a license. Baral also notes that his official records show he's spent time in jail for misdemeanor arrests.
There is one piece of good news from all of this: he's available, ladies!


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text:
Rugby is a Better Analogy for Agile Delivery than the Scrum
Posted on 1 Aug 2012 by Steven Thomas
This post is partly about the game of rugby and partly about the agile method called Scrum. Although I've a lot of experience with Agile approaches to software development, including Scrum, I must confess that my experience of rugby is limited to watching the All Blacks during the Rugby World Cup. Despite that caveat the theme of this post is that rugby is a better analogy for agility than Scrum is.
Why is the agile method called Scrum?
If you ask the Scrum Alliance "What is Scrum?" the answer is:
When Jeff Sutherland created the scrum process in 1993, he borrowed the term "scrum" from an analogy put forth in a 1986 study by Takeuchi and Nonaka, published in the Harvard Business Review. In that study, Takeuchi and Nonaka compare high-performing, cross-functional teams to the scrum formation used by Rugby teams.
Which leads us to…
The Rugby Approach to Product Development
In 1986 Hirotaka Takeuchi and Ikujiro Nonaka published an article in the Harvard Business Review called "The New New Product Development Game". This paper is cited as one of the main inspirations for the agile framework called Scrum – both on the Scrum Alliance site and in the books (Schwaber & Beedle, 2002).
Actually, Takeuchi and Nonaka (1986) don't mention the scrum, but they do mention rugby. On the first page of their paper Takeuchi and Nonaka (1986) say:
A holistic or "rugby" approach – where a team tries to go the distance as a unit, passing the ball back and forth – may better serve today's competitive requirements.
Later in their paper Takeuchi and Nonaka elaborated on the Rugby analogy by saying:
Under the rugby approach, the product development process emerges from the constant interaction of a hand-picked, multidisciplinary team whose members work together from start to finish. Rather than moving in defined, highly structured stages, the process is born out of the team members' interplay.
The authors are using the rugby analogy to emphasise constant team interaction to get the work done. Individual team members all play a part and it is the creative interaction between the silled team members that enables the team to progress.
But rugby scrums are not like that.
The Scrum in Rugby
The scrum is one of the two set pieces in Rugby, the other is the lineout (RFU: Set Pieces). In a rugby scrum "each team's eight forwards bind together and try to push the opposition eight backwards in order to gain possession". A successful rugby scrum requires skill, team work, and a lot of raw power. However it is only when the ball comes out the back of the scrum that open play resumes and the team that won the scrum can move the ball forward.
Scrums are important in rugby as they allow one of the teams to seize the initiative. However, the process of a scrum seems, to me, like "moving in defined, highly structured stages". In fact there are the three stages of engagement for a scrum: the Crouch, the Touch, and the Engage (YouTube: Rugby Scrum Engagement Stages – check out this video if you've never seen a scrum in rugby). The free flowing interaction Takeuchi and Nonaka were advocating comes after the scrum.
Scrum the Agile Method versus Scrum in Rugby
I'm glad Ken Schwaber and Jeff Sutherland were inspired by the "rugby" approach described in the "The New New Product Development Game" (Takeuchi & Nonaka, 1986) I just wish they hadn't picked "Scrum" as the name of their method.
I believe Takeuchi and Nonaka's "rugby" approach is a much more powerful analogy for product development with skilful and creative interaction than that offered by "scrum". Perhaps it is just me but the word "scrum" will always suggest a formalised set piece process involving a massive power struggle with little creative interaction and where little progress is made on the real work. I'm sure this is not the image Ken and Jeff wanted to conjure up when they picked the name for their Agile method.
RFU: Set Pieces
Schwaber, K., & Beedle, M. (2002). Agile software development with Scrum. Prentice Hall.
Scrum Alliance "What is Scrum?"
Takeuchi, H., & Nonaka, I. (January-February 1986). "The New New Product Development Game" (PDF). Harvard Business Review
This entry was posted in Musing and tagged agile, scrum by Steven Thomas. Bookmark the permalink.
11 thoughts on "Rugby is a Better Analogy for Agile Delivery than the Scrum"
Tom Trainer on 8 Dec 2013 at 02:34 said:
in 2013 the cadence call has changed again http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrum_%28rugby%29
I believe the cadence call did not exist before the 1990s.
So when Takeuchi and Nonaka mentioned rugby in 1986, the scrum was different. http://tony-collins.squarespace.com/rugbyreloaded/2012/8/12/the-evolution-of-the-scrum. When I played rugby in the 1990s there was more creativity and plays on the fly that there is today. But rugby is nothing like american football.
Alistair Duguid on 17 Jan 2014 at 10:11 said:
Tom, The article you cite on the evolution of the scrum does nothing to suggest that the Scrum was very different in the 90's (he's talking about Rugby League for part of the article as well – just to confuse the topic more – whereas what you played was almost certainly Rugby Union).
Certainly, Steve's observations about rubgy being a better metaphor for an agile team in action than the scrum itself is still valid. Thanks, Steve, for the article – it all makes much more sense. And yes, I agree, Scrum wasn't the best choice of name once you see the history of the idea.
tom trainer on 17 Jan 2014 at 21:33 said:
Yes I realize now that the article did talk about rugby league. Rugby league splintered from Rugby Union. Even more confusing to the non rugger: Tom Brown went to the Rugby School in the town of Rugby England. They have an account of the game of rugby football. (basically the variation of European Football (American Soccer) played at the rugby school). FYI American Football came from Rugby Union Football which came from European Football.
This wiki article talks about the history of the rugby union scrum http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrum_%28rugby_union%29#History
Gopinath Ramakrishnan on 31 Jul 2016 at 06:37 said:
You wrote that "…Takeuchi and Nonaka (1986) don't mention the scrum…".
Actually they do mention, but just once. There is a section in their paper titled "Moving the Scrum Downfield".
And probably this is what would have been the thought process of Jeff Sutherland and Ken Schwaber to use "Scrum" as a metaphor.
"Moving the Scrum Downfield" is all about advancing the Scrum (i.e. incrementing the product) working as a team to score points against their opponents (i.e. business , technical, organizational challenges) to win the game (i.e. release the product).
Gopinath, thanks for highlighting the heading "Moving the Scrum Downfield". I missed that. Of course, the section itself doesn't mention "Scrum" outside the title.
I agree with you that incrementing the product and working as a team to score points against their opponents (i.e. business , technical, organizational challenges) to win the game (i.e. release the product). My problem is that the Scrum in the game of Rugby is not the way to do this. The Scrum is a rather static method for seizing the initiative but does not move the ball significantly or score by itself. So the analogy from product development to Scrum is poor. It is the team work outside the Scrum that leads to scoring and winning.
Alistair Duguid on 31 Jul 2016 at 09:46 said:
Quite right. I suppose if you look at the scrum as the starting point for the movement, you could see how they might have picked that metaphor rather than some more obscure rugby term such as "second phase play" or something mundane like "moving the ball forward".
When you think of the daily huddle, the scrum, as being the starting point for the forward movement and points being scored, it makes sense, but being faithful to how rugby is played, you could have equally chosen the "lineout" for this, or the "Garryowen" or the "free kick" as these can all initiate forward movement of the ball and the team, and the scoring of points.
Out of those terms, when you think about agile practices, the "scrum" starts to look like the best choice after all.
All good points Alistair. However it seems to reinforce the case that Rugby is more than the Scrum. And it is the wider game that is a better metaphor for product development than the single technique.
Completely agree. I guess no metaphor or label is perfect!
I don't know much about Rugby since I live in India where it is hardly played. But if the Scrum huddles in Rugby keep moving towards the opponent's goal posts as the game progresses, then the analogy is not too bad.
In the training I conduct I use Basketball as an analogy which the folks here understand better. And while discussing Generalizing Specialists in the team I compare them to All-rounders in Cricket.
Paul on 31 May 2018 at 21:01 said:
This is a great piece. As a former rugby player and someone who has worked in scrum teams, I've always had a resistance to the name. Now that I see the roots of where it came from I understand it better. Thanks Steven.
Actually, I always though "Ruck", would have been a better name than Scrum, as this play/set piece is much more dynamic and involves a concerted team action.
Steven Thomas on 1 Jun 2018 at 06:25 said:
Paul, thanks for popping in. When I wrote the article I thought about mentioning a "Ruck". Like you, I see the dynamic ruck as having a better fit to product development than the formulaic, and grunty, scrum. But I decided I wouldn't confuse the issue with yet another Rugby term.
Ultimately I still think Rugby in general, and its tight interplay between highly skilled specialists, that is the best analogy to product development.


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Q&A - Economic analyses for vaccine introduction decisions in low- and middle- income countries
Raymond Hutubessy1
Raymond Hutubessy is a senior health economist affiliated to the Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB) Department of the World Health Organization (WHO), and is the executive secretary of the WHO Immunization and Vaccines related Implementation Research Advisory Committee (IVIR-AC). His main research interests focus on economic and financial analyses of vaccine introduction decisions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In this Q&A, he will discuss the importance of this work in relation to the global context of vaccine introduction decisions (Figure 1).
Raymond Hutubessy. (http://www.worldhealthsummit.org/the-summit/visuals/photo-gallery/2012/whs-monday-23rd/main-hall.html)
1) What is the importance of conducting economic analyses for vaccine introduction decisions?
Vaccines for prevention of communicable diseases have been shown to be extremely effective in terms of health outcomes. Therefore, conducting economic analyses to get the most value for money from vaccine introduction decisions is of high importance; evidence and information resulting from these analyses are not the only input to the decision-making process for vaccine introduction decisions, but they are important ones.
The relationship between health and economic growth is one of the cornerstones of development economics: health status is determinant of productivity that can be shown to influence economic growth. Specifically, vaccines have a broader value in terms of their indirect effects (for example, herd immunity) and other externalities (for example, improvements in the cognitive development of children, higher school attendance and attainment, macroeconomic impact). Therefore, in addition to the traditional economic appraisals for vaccine introduction decisions it is useful to policy makers and other stakeholders involved with vaccine introduction decisions to demonstrate the broader added value of vaccines and investments in health in general.
Economic appraisals address different key issues with regard to decisions on vaccine introduction. These appraisals range from priority-setting issues across vaccines and other competing health interventions, to affordability and budget impact analysis, and costing and financing issues with regard to the introduction decisions of immunization programs. For these different policy questions, different analytical tools are available, such as cost-effectiveness analyses, costing studies, budget impact and optimization analysis.
2) What are the main issues that should be considered?
First, because many economic evaluations are based on analytical decision tools such as mathematical infectious disease models, costing tools, decision trees models and so on, transparency is needed on the choice of the modeling methodologies, parameters and country data used and assumptions made by the analyst. Standardization of methods of cost-effectiveness is therefore needed and analysts in the field should adhere to these guides. This allows users to make comparisons of different study results by different groups. The WHO, in addition to other organizations, has developed several guidelines on economic evaluations in health, and vaccines and immunization programs in particular.
Second, to be relevant, local decision makers have country-specific policy questions and therefore need contextualized study results driven by specific country data and information with regard to demographics, epidemiological and economic data, and local needs. However, this does not mean that for each country (in my field of work, this primarily involves LMICs), economists and analysts need to start from scratch - they can build on work from other groups who often put their models, including the computer program codes, in the public domain.
In light of this, efforts should be put into the collection of local data and building local technical capacity in LMICs so that they are able to perform their own analysis and interpret their own results with the aim of increasing local ownership of the evidence generated. The WHO, along with partners i.e. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Agence de Médicine de Préventive (AMP), Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH), Sabin Vaccine Institute and USA Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, recently started the ProVac International Working Group to promote the use of economic analysis for vaccine introduction decisions in LMICs.
3) Are there differences in conducting economic analyses for vaccine introduction decisions between higher income versus resource-limited settings?
In principle, the methods applied and tools used are similar in higher income versus resource-limited settings. However, because country demographics, disease burden, epidemiological and socioeconomic background, and health systems and infrastructure differ, the methods of measurement and valuation and the interpretation hence key drivers of results of economic evaluations will also differ.
For example, the price at which human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is considered to be cost-effective is heavily dependent on HPV prevalence and the existing local cervical cancer services and the ceiling cost-effectiveness or cost-effectiveness threshold (that is, societies' willingness to pay for an additional health gain). In high income countries, access to health care services is better and delivery systems of vaccines to reach adolescent girls are more advanced than in LMICs. As a result, the affordability question in such resource-rich scenarios focused around the relatively high public market prices of HPV vaccines, which may go up to 150 USD per dose.
By contrast, in countries eligible for the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization's (GAVI Alliance) support, the manufacturers of one of the vaccines have offered an indicative price of 5 USD per dose. This is a 64% reduction on the lowest public prices. As a result, rather than the vaccine price per se, it is the securing of the delivery costs to get the vaccine from the port of entry to those girls in need that has become a main barrier in many of these countries. This barrier is in addition to other capacity issues, such as the existing delivery infrastructure being already over-stretched with traditional Expanded Programme on Immunization vaccines and other competing new vaccines, such as rotavirus and pneumococcal vaccines.
4) Are there any specific ways in which these economic analyses have improved clinical outcomes?
In my opinion, economic analyses have helped to increased the level of health that health care spending can buy, and hence have aided promotion of the use of effective and cost-effective health interventions. For example, by identifying barriers and uptake issues of vaccine introduction decisions, economic analyses have contributed to bridge the link between the evidence on theoretical vaccine efficacy and real-life effectiveness. Another example is that economic analyses do not just appraise vertical disease programs but more often also have an integrated and combined disease program perspective. This has the potential to account for synergistic effects of disease programs and therefore will improve the overall public health impact.
WHO and other partners have vaccine specific and generic websites on health economic information and initiativies. In addition, WHO published several key documents on vaccine economics.
WHO Initiative for Vaccine Research (IVR) [http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/implementation/health_economics/en/index.html]
CHOosing Interventions that are Cost Effective (WHO-CHOICE) [http://www.who.int/choice/en/]
WHO guide for standardization of economic evaluations of immunization programmes [http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2008/WHO_IVB_08.14_eng.pdf]
Pan American Health Organization (PAHO ProVac) [http://new.paho.org/provac/]
International Health Economics Association [https://www.healtheconomics.org/]
Jit M, Levin C, Brison M, Levin A, Resch S, Berkhof J, Kim J, Hutubessy R: Economic analyses to support decisions about HPV vaccination in low- and middle-income countries: a consensus report and guide for analysts. BMC Med 2013, 11:23.
Hutubessy R, Levin A, Wang S, Morgan W, Ally M, John T, Broutet N: A case study using the United Republic of Tanzania: costing nationwide HPV vaccine delivery using the WHO Cervical Cancer Prevention and Control Costing Tool. BMC Med 2012, 10:136.
Deogaonkar R, Hutubessy R, van der Putten I, Evers S, Jit M: Systematic review of studies evaluating the broader economic impact of vaccination in low and middle income countries. BMC Public Health 2012, 12:878.
Postma MJ, Jit M, Rozenbaum MH, Standaert B, Tu HA, Hutubessy RC: Comparative review of three cost-effectiveness models for rotavirus vaccines in national immunization programs; a generic approach applied to various regions in the world. BMC Med 2011, 9:84.
Hutubessy R, Henao AM, Namgyal P, Moorthy V, Hombach J: Results from evaluations of models and cost-effectiveness tools to support introduction decisions for new vaccines need critical appraisal. BMC Med 2011, 9:55.
Jit M, Demarteau N, Elbasha E, Ginsberg G, Kim J, Praditsitthikorn N, Sinanovic E, Hutubessy R: Human papillomavirus vaccine introduction in low-income and middle-income countries: guidance on the use of cost-effectiveness models. BMC Med 2011, 9:54.
Chaiyakunapruk N, Somkrua R, Hutubessy R, Henao AM, Hombach J, Melegaro A, Edmunds JW, Beutels P: Cost effectiveness of pediatric pneumococcal conjugate vaccines: a comparative assessment of decision-making tools. BMC Med 2011, 9:53.
RH is a staff member of the World Health Organization. The views expressed in this article is that of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the World Health Organization.
Initiative for Vaccine Research, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
Raymond Hutubessy
Correspondence to Raymond Hutubessy.
Hutubessy, R. Q&A - Economic analyses for vaccine introduction decisions in low- and middle- income countries. BMC Med 11, 71 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-11-71
Budget Impact
Vaccine Introduction
Disease Program
GAVI Alliance
Analytical Decision Tool


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GREETINGS, FELLOW HIGHLANDERS!
Interim President Carolyn Ringer Lepre, Ph.D.
It's an incredible time to be a Highlander! I love this time of year, especially watching our soon-to-be-graduating students abuzz with excitement and looking ahead toward their next steps. This spring we are celebrating the Class of 2022 during our first campus commencement of this magnitude since the start of the pandemic, a sign of better things to come. Seeing students walk with confidence and ambition in their eyes across the stage to become alumni and hearing cheers of joyful families in the crowd on Moffett Lawn are both heartwarming and reassuring, knowing that our future is in good hands.
These students deserve a celebration like none other. They've persevered through one of the most challenging moments of our lifetimes. These last two extraordinary years tested us like never before, but revealed the breadth of our strengths and resilience as a Highlander family. Our outstanding students and exceptional faculty and staff were responsive to our efforts to keep campus safe so we could do our best to provide the best academic experience possible. Our ingenuity endured, and so did our Highlanders.
This is evident through the stories you will find on every page of this magazine.
Stories like our profile of Judy Jenks '95, M.S.N. '02, D.N.P. '16, FNP-BC '21, who earned three degrees and one certificate from Radford University and empowers students to continue their academic dreams no regardless of life's blessings and hurdles.
Or our cover story about an incredible new opportunity for students who want to expand their pathways toward careers in law. Our talented faculty created a mock trial team, expanded an existing pre-law society and have plans to create a legal studies minor after our students expressed a heightened interest in learning more about the legal system.
I'm eager for you to read about the successes of our alumni and prosperous academic programs both on main campus and at RUC. I know you will be inspired by these stories.
Lastly, my time as interim president is nearing an end. It has been an incredible honor and privilege to serve our university in this capacity. Like our graduating students, I am excited about the future of Radford University as Bret Danilowicz, Ph.D., joins our community as Radford's eighth president. His drive and passion to build off an exciting momentum here is contagious, and his energy and commitment to higher education is encouraging. We look forward to welcoming him to campus on July 1.
Thank you for entrusting me to lead this university for a year and for your dedication and belief in our beloved Radford. With all my heart, I believe that the best days for Radford University are to come, as we continue to do what we do best: work together on behalf of our extraordinary students.
With Highlander Pride,
Carolyn Ringer Lepre, Ph.D.
Interim President


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Thommo on song in Scotland
1st October 2017 • News
1st October 2017 – Chris Thompson (GBR) showed that experience can count for a lot as he caused an upset at the Great Scottish Run.
In wet and tricky underfoot conditions Chris sat off the early pace before joining the leaders and then pushing on around the 4 mile mark. From here he just went further and further clear and was able to enjoy himself during the closing stages, crossing the line in 62:44.
Despite upsetting the defending champion and Scottish athlete Callum Hawkings Chris was still a very popular winner, as a long term stalwart of the British running scene and many familiar with the injury problems he has had to overcome.
This victory comes just one week after he also won the Robin Half Marathon and sets him up nicely for the Manchester Half Marathon in two weeks time.
Article Tags: Chris Thompson
Diamond League Double
4th July 2021 – The start of July saw two World Athletics…
Japan jackpot for Thommo
26th March 2021 – For all the reality shows currently in vogue,…
Home comforts for Hellen
4th October 2020 – World 5000m Champion Hellen Obiri (KEN) made the…


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Participation Pays
Pathways for post 2015
Edited By Tom Thomas,Pradeep Narayanan
Participation Pays eBook
View Jacket
The processes of international development often mean that beneficiaries have pre-designed programmes imposed upon them. Even the most well-intentioned development projects are often constrained by funding requirements from fulfilling their vision of social justice, with the result that poor, marginalized communities feel even more disempowered and excluded by programmes over which they have no control. Participation Pays attempts to show how beneficiaries of aid can challenge and overcome conventional power arrangements set up by donors and development agencies. It does so through a focus on community knowledge and self-generated data, control of which enables greater ownership and direction of development processes. These projects involved members of marginalized and resource-poor communities including landless people, female sex workers, tribal people, and people affected by a natural disaster. Eight thematic case studies are featured, seven from India and one from the Maldives. Participation Pays argues for the need, in any vibrant democracy, for multiple ways of making development more accountable to excluded communities. In doing so, the book invites an understanding of marginalized people not simply as beneficiaries of technical solutions, but –through the work of participatory development projects – architects of a politics of equity and democratization.
1. Introduction: powering knowledge from the margins
2. Breaking the barriers to information: community-led land mapping in Bihar
3. Building consensus methodically: community rebuilding in the Maldives
4. Knowledge base: towards a community-owned monitoring system
5. Lost policies: locating access to infrastructure and services in rural India
6. A new deluge? People and aid in the aftermath of disaster
7. Subverting for good: sex workers and stigma
8. Making people count: from beneficiaries to evaluators
9. Reimagining development: marginalized people and the post-2015 agenda
10. Conclusion: pathways to post-2015
'The inspiring and contemporary cases in this book provide a refreshing and welcome reminder of the potential of participatory research to challenge power and to support long-term movements for change. In so doing it is a great contribution to a long and rich history of evidence on how people can mobilize their knowledge to build awareness, promote accountability, and deepen democracy from below.'
Professor John Gaventa, Director of Research, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex
'Participation Pays is remarkable because it presents key experiences and learning of remarkable people in a remarkable organization.'
Professor Robert Chambers, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex
'Praxis is known for its work among disadvantaged communities over the decades, and I congratulate them on the publication of this book.'
Amina J. Mohammed, UN Assistant Secretary-General, Special Advisor of the Secretary-General on Post-2015 Development Planning
'Participation Pays is a very timely reminder of the necessity of participation as India moves from a 65-year old system of centralized and top-down planning through the Planning Commission to a hopefully much more decentralized and bottom-up system. It is a reminder that perhaps the only thing that can truly bring about transformation is if we start listening to the voices of poor and marginalized people and include them in policy, planning and resource allocation decisions.'
Nisha Agrawal, CEO, Oxfam India
'Community-based practitioners, researchers and students alike will appreciate this rich collection of cases about marginalized citizens producing and owning knowledge to fuel social change. It will reinvigorate a commitment to participation and set a new standard for its practice.'
Alison Mathie, Coady International Institute, St Francis Xavier University, Nova Scotia, Canada
'Here are amazingly powerful stories and great frameworks and tools for citizens' empowerment. This book should be a must-have for practitioners, trainers, or decision-makers working in the fields of social justice, democracy or accountability. This should not only re-root and re-energize participation discourse and practices but also give the post-2015 generation a lot to work with to get the implementation, monitoring, evaluation and reporting of the next goals right.'
Ramesh Singh, International Organisation Director, Greenpeace International
Tom Thomas,Pradeep Narayanan
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African countries aren't doing enough to prepare for rising sea levels
All the coastal nations will be affected by the rising sea levels and the damage could be reduced by adapting the coastline and infrastructure, including building dikes to reduce flooding
By Sally Brown
Last Updated: Monday 17 September 2018
One African city trying to manage rising sea levels is Cape Town. Shutterstock/Denis Mironov
Sally Brown, University of Southampton
Sea levels are rising around the world. In the last quarter century, on the north-eastern African coastline, sea levels have risen by as much as 12cm. The future looks even more worrying.
Some of the more optimistic global climate change projections, which consider a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, indicate that sea levels could rise to 0.40m by 2100. But if we don't reduce emissions enough, sea levels could rise to 0.78m by 2100. This scenario could pan out if countries don't reduce their carbon emissions. High emissions mean increasing global temperatures, which causes seawater to expand and ice over land to melt – both of which can cause a rise in sea level.
Sea level rise is inevitable. Some countries are already considering – or taking – action. Many parts of the African coastline are an unfortunate exception. These areas are at risk of being left behind in the adaption trend.
I found this through my own research in which I assessed the impact of sea level rise, including damage costs and the number of people that could be flooded in the future around the African coast.
All coastal nations will be affected – that's a total of 50 African countries and surrounding islands. But those that are very low-lying risk being hit the hardest. They face increased flooding, erosion, groundwater salinisation on agricultural land, as well as reduced tourism and economic activity.
Despite these risks, limited action is being taken. Many African countries have more immediate issues and are understandably less concerned by something that may not affect them for many decades.
Huge investment
In our research, we found that the impact of rising sea levels could be reduced by adapting the coastline and infrastructure. This includes building dikes to reduce flooding, and adding sand to beaches to reduce erosion. This could cut damage costs in half by 2100.
But these measures require substantial investment. It would require billions of dollars to provide better protection today. Costs would continue to increase in the future as sea levels rise and populations and cities grow. The number of people affected is projected to be high, unless they adapt. This is particularly true in countries such as Egypt or Mozambique whose populated coastlines are low-lying or prone to storms.
But many African countries don't have the available funds and have more immediate poverty challenges, so they need to look to international climate funds to help. Although the costs of protection are high, the costs of inaction are even greater.
Another challenge in addressing future sea level rise is population growth.
In 2000, 54.2 million people on the continent lived in low elevation coastal zones –- typically land which is less than 10m of elevation above sea level. Experts project that by 2030, this number could have doubled to between 109 and 118 million people.
Currently, 85% of those living in low elevation coastal zones live in urban areas. Planning, particularly for urban areas where populations are expected to grow the most, is therefore needed. One reason why this is slow to happen is that there is a lack of basic local data and guidance to indicate how sea levels will rise how coasts will change, and when and what the consequences may be.
Affecting livelihoods
Managing the coast is also challenging when livelihoods depend on it.
For instance around Ghana's capital Accra and the wider Volta delta, sand mining on the coast is common. Selling sand to the building trade is big business and provides many people with a living.
But sand is a valuable resource when it comes to protecting the environment. It stops the wave buffering the land and reduces flooding by providing a barrier between land and sea. Without sand, the effects of sea level rise would be worse.
Similarly, those living in the Nile Delta, Egypt will need to adapt to a changing coastline. One suggestion was for communities to move away from the coast. But resettlement isn't viewed positively as it would affect people's livelihoods.
One city that is trying to manage its present and future sea level rise is Cape Town in South Africa.
Over a period of almost 30 years, the rate of residential and commercial developments in Cape Town doubled. Seeing problems of infrastructure loss and damage due to erosion and flooding today, the municipal government knew this would worsen as sea levels rise. As a result it's trying to establish a coastal set-back line, where development of new infrastructure is prohibited on the seaward side.
This is proving difficult to enforce because the threat isn't immediately obvious. The coast provides multiple amenities and resources, and when these are not perceived to be under threat, people can react badly without realising a "do nothing" approach may be a bigger threat overall.
Addressing sea level rise is challenging. Even basic recommendations to reduce risk are difficult to reinforce as more fundamental development, social and sustainability issues also need to be considered.
Sally Brown, Senior Research Fellow, University of Southampton
जलवायु परिवर्तन से जुड़ी सभी खबरें हिंदी में पढ़ें।
Floods Groundwater carbon emissions Global Warming Climate Change World Africa
Africa: The least responsible, but most vulnerable to climate change
A decade-old plan to curb carbon emissions through forest conservation in Africa is yet to pay off


The couple transformed their outdoor wedding into a cozy indoor celebration.
This summertime celebration in the city is the perfect example of theme-mixing done right.
There are plenty of alternative farewell options for the not-so-pyromantically inclined.
Jennifer and Justin proved that a formal celebration can still be tons of fun.
A groom deserves to feel just as stylish and pampered before walking down the aisle.
Keep the celebration going all weekend, especially if your wedding is on a Friday!
Chicago brides don't have to venture far for a gorgeous winery wedding!
Brides and grooms looking for unexpected wedding readings through a Chicago lens are in luck.