1. A term in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used.
Explanation: Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used. The term is used to distinguish between various hardware technologies.
2. The fourth generation was based on integrated circuits.
Explanation: The statement is false. The third generation was based on integrated circuits.
3. The generation based on VLSI microprocessor.
Explanation: The 4th gen was VLSI microprocessor based. The period of fourth generation: 1972-1990.
4. ______ generation of computer started with using vacuum tubes as the basic components.
Explanation: First generation of computer started with using vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU(Central Processing Unit).
5. Batch processing was mainly used in this generation.
Explanation: Batch processing was mainly used in the 1st generation. In this generation Punched cards, Paper tape, Magnetic tape Input & Output device were used.
6. ___________ is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets means and method of making computers think like human beings.
Explanation: AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets means and method of making computers think like human beings.
Explanation: It stands for Ultra Large Scale Integration. It is a part of the fifth generation computers.
8. In this generation Time sharing, Real time, Networks, Distributed Operating System was used.
Explanation: The fourth generation of computers is marked by the use of Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. In this generation Time sharing, Real time, Networks, Distributed Operating System was used.
Explanation: High Level Language(HLL) has languages like FORTRAN, COBOL. HLL isn't in machine language. It is converted to machine language for further processing.
10. The period of ________ generation was 1952-1964.
Explanation: The period of the 2nd generation is 1952-1964. The period of the first generation was 1942-1954.


Gabriel Garcia Marquez is considered one of the most significant authors in the Spanish language. Rising to prominence with One Hundred Years of Solitude, his fiction is widely read and studied throughout the world. This invaluable Guide gives a wide-ranging but in-depth survey of the global debate over Garcia Marquez's fiction. It explores the major critical responses to his key works, devoting two whole chapters to One Hundred Years of Solitude. It also examines Garcia Marquez's lesser-known short fiction, his place in the Boom, magical realism and his influence on other writers. Jay Corwin discusses both European and US-centric interpretations, balancing these with indigenous and Hispanic contexts to give the reader an overarching understanding of the global reception of Garcia Marquez's work.


Is CBD Cream Or CBD Oil Legal in Arkansas?
The use of CBD cream or CBD Oil was not permitted by law in Arkansas until 2017 when the state passed the Arkansas Industrial Hemp Act. A year earlier the Arkansas Medical Marijuana Amendment was approved. As per the state law CBD derived from hemp must have no more 3% of THC.
In this article, we explain what CBD is, the two best CBD hemp strains currently in use, the legal provisions relevant to CBD in Arkansas, and is it legal to buy it in the state.
Over 400 chemical compounds go to make up cannabis plants. The genus cannabis plant exclusively accounts for more than 60 of these compounds: scientists refer to them as cannabinoids. Among them, one, known as cannabidiol, provides relief from pain, anxiety, and inflammation, and, unlike Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), CBD does not get you "high." The fact that they can cure the patient without any mind-altering side-effects serves both legal and medical purposes. Thus, hemp strains with a high CBD: THC ratio is sought not just by doctors and patients but also by farmers. A CBD proportion of 4% or more in a hemp strain would be considered substantial.
No other strain has a CBD content twenty times its THC component. This fact has won ACDC several Cannabis Cup awards. This hybrid plant has equal genetic inheritance from indica and sativa, yet it has a very low THC content. It is a proven cure for chronic anxiety.
Charlotte's Web originated in Colorado, and at 20%, it has among the highest proportions of CBD content recorded in the country. The strain is named for a 5-year old patient called Charlotte who staged a remarkable recovery from suffering 50 seizures daily, thanks to extracts based on CBD oil.
Possession of even miniscule amounts of cannabis in Arkansas has historically been termed a violation of the law. However, in 2016, sufferers of severe medical ailments were allowed by law to buy medicinal marijuana, thanks to the Arkansas Medical Marijuana Amendment. According to the law, a licensed doctor must prescribe in writing that the patient is sold cannabis. In 2018, Arkansas had as many as 5,085 registered patients qualified to buy cannabis. The law does not permit anybody to grow cannabis at home or consume recreational cannabis in public.
The Arkansas Industrial Hemp Act (Act 981) of 2017 led to the announcement of a research pilot program to be overseen by the Arkansas Plant Board with assistance from the University of Arkansas. The Act encourages farmers, market researchers and processors, as well as universities to participate in the program. You can lawfully buy products made from CBD oil and cream in the state provided the THC content thereof does not exceed .3%; only a patient may buy products that contain a higher proportion of THC, also called medicinal marijuana.
All over Arkansas, there are sellers of CBD oil and cream derived from hemp that can be bought freely by anybody without having to obtain a medical certificate. CBD users can also find many places to buy CBD Oil and CBD cream online. A reliable online source of CBD oil is Every Day Optimal, renowned for delivering high-quality CBD with prompt shipment.
The Arkansas Industrial Hemp Act in 2017 made it legal for Arkansas residents to buy products made from CBD oil. By law, hemp derived CBD must not contain THC content of more than .3%. Additionally, a state-run program allows patients to buy medicinal marijuana if a licensed physician provides them with a written certificate. Finally, CBD Cream or oil can be bought online as well from brick-and-mortar sellers across the state. Buying online is more convenient and gives you a wide range of choices.


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WJA Directory
Wellesley Jewish Alumnae
Jewish alumnae and individuals invested in promoting a thriving and supportive Jewish community on campus have served as a support system for Wellesley College Hillel for many decades. This group was initially known as the Wellesley College Hillel Alumnae, which provided support and an alumnae connection for the Jewish community on campus. In 2013 it became the Hillel Alumnae and Friends, and then in 2018 the Wellesley Jewish Alumnae (WJA) was formed.
WJA is a shared identity group under the Wellesley College Alumnae Association, who's mission is to strengthen the connections among alumnae who self-identify as Jewish with each other and the College by supporting and promoting Jewish life among alumnae, current students, and other members in order to foster a vibrant Jewish community.
To read our Bylaws, click here.
Wellesley Jewish Alumnae >

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Now that oil prices are stable and above $50 per barrel, the energy industry's depleted workforce is being called back into the field, particularly in the Permian – but there are far fewer candidates with an ear to the ground.
As many as 350,000 oilfield workers lost their jobs during the downturn, which stretched beyond two years in a much lower for much longer down cycle. But the U.S. rig count is on the upswing, led by a frenzy in the Permian Basin, and companies need bodies at the wells.
Those companies that recognize its time to staff up will likely find the workforce needed to charm the hydrocarbons from the earth, said Jeff Bush, founder of CSI Recruiting.
But for those companies slower to respond, there will likely be problems finding talent.
By virtue of senior talent opting for retirement, professionals who left the industry and few new grads among the current workforce, the industry's overall pool of talent declined, he said.
Oilfield service (OFS) experts say the squeeze has already arrived in the Permian.
West said that in the Permian, hiring lead times have increased 50 percent from 30 days to 45 during the last two months; and it may increase to 60 days by the second half of the year.
Still, there is light at the end of the tunnel, he explained.
"Despite the labor-related hurdles that NAM has experienced in the early-going of the upcycle, we believe swift service pricing increases will lead to even more robust hiring and training efforts (where the large-cap diversifieds have a distinct competitive advantage)," he said. "E&P's will throw enough money at the NAM labor problem to bring the sector back to equilibrium, sacrificing capital efficiency to hit production targets.


Private equity real estate group Tryko Partners has purchased Loch Raven Village, a 495-unit rental community in the city's Towson neighborhood. Loch Raven is one of Maryland's largest residential developments.
Private equity real estate group Tryko Partners L.L.C. has purchased Loch Raven Village, a 495-unit rental community in Baltimore's Towson neighborhood. Loch Raven is one of Maryland's largest residential developments.
Built circa 1950, the property includes 95 buildings on 20 acres. It is currently 89 percent leased.
The previous owner bought Loch Raven for $38.5 million in 2006 and did major capital improvements including renovation and upgrade of 300 of the property's studio, one-, two- and three-bedroom apartments. Tryko Partners, which bought the property for $26 million, plans several million in additional work, including remodeled kitchens and renovated bathrooms.
The transaction was headed by Tryko acquisitions director Uri Kahanow, while CB Richard Ellis's Baltimore office served as broker. The deal is part of aggressive, targeted growth in the Mid-Atlantic multi-family market on the part of Tryko.
According to Kahanow, Loch Raven was bought at a competitive price per unit, which allows for significant upgrades. The property is locoated at 1711 Edgewood Road near public transit and a mile from the Baltimore Beltway.


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Flight Simulator Games
Best Flight Simulator
PC Flight Simulator Demos
The Best Flight Simulator Games for PC
Discover the Best Flight Simulator Games Online
How to Get the Most out of Your PC Flight Simulator
Posted by Darcy on February 6, 2013 at 1:15 AM
When people play a flight simulator for the first time (ever or even just after a long break from the genre,) more often they not they come in with a head full of steam, extremely eager to fly as much planes as they can, as soon as possible.
I've spoken to a lot of friends and colleagues (mostly flight simulator game first-timers,) who have fallen into this trap and in my opinion, it is one of the most common mistakes newcomers make and it usually leads to them becoming disenchanted with flight simulators. They throw their hands up and declare that the game is 'too hard' and that 'all they want to do is fly.'
Having heard that so many times recently, I wanted to just take a minute to write a blog post, directed at the readers out there who perhaps haven't tried a flight simulator yet, that will ideally help them get the most out of their PC flight simulator experiences.
It comes down to three words, really: take it slow.
Seriously, it's incredibly tempting when you start up your new flight simulator game to think about jumping into the cockpit of as many aircraft as you can. I've found that the best approach, however, is to just keep your cool and take your time. Pick a plane and dedicate yourself to learning how to fly that one particular plane perfectly. Put in the patience and work required and by the time you've mastered everything involved between taking off at Point A and landing at Point B, you'll have developed an appreciation for the nuances of the genre that most fly-by-night virtual pilots miss out on.
Once you've mastered one plane, then you should go out and experiment with the feel of some more. Most of the best flight simulator games now offer 200+ aircraft to choose from so there is no way that you're going to run out of options any time soon. You'll appreciate climbing into your second, third and forth aircraft much, much more if you take the time early one to get the basics down.
I know it might sound painfully simple but you've honestly be taken aback by how many people don't do this. They whiz in, jump in 20 planes, get annoying when they can't master them all in 15 minutes and then go back to their mindless shooter games. It's a tragedy because they're missing out on so much.
Here's hoping that this post inspires a newcomer to the genre to just slow down a bit and savour the experience. The best way to get the most out of your pc flight simulator is to ensure you take the time to enjoy the little things because, after all, that's what the simulation genre is all about.
Darcy!
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Related subjects: Asia; Asian Cities
SOS Children has six Villages in Bangladesh. Nearly a third of Bangladesh's children grow up without a parent - find out how you can help at SOS Children in Bangladesh. .
SOS Children produced this website for schools as well as this video website about Africa. Visit the SOS Children website at http://www.soschildren.org/
Dacca
— Capital City —
Montage of Dhaka
Nickname(s): City of Mosques, Rickshaw Capital of the World
Location of Dhaka, Bangladesh
Coordinates: 23°42′0″N 90°22′30″E Coordinates: 23°42′0″N 90°22′30″E
Administrative District
Dhaka District
Granted city status
Sadeque Hossain Khoka
• Capital City
304 km2 (117 sq mi)
48.56 km2 (18.75 sq mi)
Elevation 4 m (13.12 ft)
• Density 23,029/km2 (59,640/sq mi)
• Metro 12,797,394
Dhakaiya or Dhakaite
• Literacy rate
BST ( UTC+6)
• Summer ( DST)
BDST ( UTC+7)
National Calling Code
Official Dhaka Website
Dhaka (Bangla: ঢাকা, pronounced [ˈɖʱaka]; formerly known as Dacca, and Jahangirnagar, during Mughal era), is the capital of Bangladesh and the principal city of Dhaka Division. Dhaka is a megacity and one of the major cities of South Asia. Located on the banks of the Buriganga River, Dhaka, along with its metropolitan area, has a population of over 12 million, making it the largest city in Bangladesh. It is the 9th largest city in the world and also among the most densely populated cities in the world. Dhaka is known as the City of Mosques and renowned for producing the world's finest muslin. Dhaka is also known as the Rickshaw Capital of the World. Approximately 400,000 cycle rickshaws run each day. Today it serves as one of the prime centres for culture, education and business in the region.
Under Mughal rule in the 17th century, the city was known as Jahangir Nagar. It was a provincial capital and a centre of the worldwide muslin trade. The modern city, however, was developed chiefly under British rule in the 19th century, and became the second-largest city in Bengal after Calcutta (presently Kolkata). After the Partition of Bengal in 1905, Dhaka became the capital of the new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam but lost its status as a provincial capital again after the partition was annulled in 1911. After the partition of India in 1947, Dhaka became the administrative capital of East Pakistan, and later, in 1971, the capital of an independent Bangladesh. During the intervening period, the city witnessed widespread turmoil; this included many impositions of martial law, the declaration of Bangladesh's independence, military suppression, devastation during war, and natural calamities.
Modern Dhaka is the centre of political, cultural and economic life in Bangladesh. Although its urban infrastructure is the most developed in the country, Dhaka suffers from urban problems such as pollution, congestion, and lack of adequate services due to the rising population. In recent decades, Dhaka has seen modernization of transport, communications and public works. The city is attracting large foreign investments and greater volumes of commerce and trade. It is also experiencing an increasing influx of people from across the nation, this has made Dhaka the fastest growing city in the world.
Lalbagh Fort, constructed in the mid 17th century by Prince Mohammed Azam Shah, son of the Emperor Aurangzeb, and the Fort contains the tomb of Bibi Pari, daughter of Shaista Khan
The existence of a settlement in the area that is now Dhaka dates from the 7th century. The city area was ruled by the Buddhist kingdom of Kamarupa and the Pala Empire before passing to the control of the Hindu Sena dynasty in the 9th century. The name of the city may have derived after the establishment of the Goddess Dhakeshwari's temple by Ballal Sena in the 12th century. Dhaka and its surrounding area was identified as Bengalla around that period. The town itself consisted of a few market centers like Lakshmi Bazar, Shankhari Bazar, Tanti Bazar, Patuatuli, Kumartuli, Bania Nagar and Goal Nagar. After the Sena dynasty, Dhaka was successively ruled by the Turkic and Pashtun governors descending from the Delhi Sultanate before being taken by the Mughals in 1608.
The development of townships and a significant growth in population came as the city was proclaimed the capital (Rajmahal) of Bengal under Mughal rule in 1608. Mughal subahdar Islam Khan was the first administrator of the city. Khan named the town "Jahangir Nagar" (জাহাঙ্গীর নগর; City of Jahangir) in honour of the Mughal emperor Jahangir, although this name was dropped soon after Jahangir's death. The main expansion of the city took place under Mughal general Shaista Khan. The city then measured 19 by 13 kilometers (12 by 8 mi), with a population of nearly one million people. British East India Company in 1765 gained right to collect revenue (Diwani right) and later took over governing in 1793 when Nawabs of Bengal were forced to abdicate all their authority over Bengal, Bihar & Orissa & the city passed on to total British control.The city's population shrank dramatically during this period as the prominence of Calcutta rose, but substantive development and modernisation eventually followed. A modern civic water supply system was introduced in 1874 and electricity supply launched in 1878. The Dhaka Cantonment was established near the city, serving as a base for British and Bengali soldiers.
Ahsan Manzil was once the palace of the Dhaka Nawab Family; it is now a museum.
During the abortive Partition of Bengal in 1905, Dhaka was declared to be the capital of the newly established state of East Bengal and Assam, but Bengal was reunited in 1911. Following the Partition of India in 1947, Dhaka became the capital of East Pakistan. The city witnessed major communal violence following the partition of India. A large proportion of the city's Hindu population departed for India, while the city received a large influx of Muslims. As the centre of regional politics, however, Dhaka saw an increasing number of political strikes and incidents of violence. The adoption of Urdu as the sole official language of Pakistan led to protest marches involving large crowds. Known as the Bengali Language Movement, the protests resulted in Pakistani police firing which killed a number of peaceful student demonstrators. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, Dhaka remained a hotbed of political activity, and the demands for autonomy for the Bengali population gradually gained momentum.
Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban houses the national parliament.
The 1970 Bhola cyclone devastated much of the region, killing an estimated 500,000 people. More than half the city was flooded and millions of people were marooned. With public anger growing against ethnic discrimination and poor cyclone relief efforts from the central government, Bengali politician Sheikh Mujibur Rahman held a nationalist gathering on March 7, 1971 at the Race Course Ground. An estimated one million people attended the gathering, leading to the March 26 declaration of Bangladesh's independence. In response, the Pakistan Army launched Operation Searchlight, which led to the arrests, torture and killing of thousands of people. After nine months of bloody battle with Bangladeshi Forces, the Pakistani Army surrendered to the Mitra Bahini on December 16 marking the end of the independence war of Bangladesh. As the nation's capital, Dhaka saw a rapid and massive growth of the city population in the post-independence period, as migrant workers from rural areas across Bangladesh moved to the city. The growth of commerce and industry along with the city's population has created further challenges to services and infrastructure. A real estate boom has followed the expansion of city limits and the development of new settlements such as Uttara, Mohammadpur, Bashundhara, Mirpur and Motijheel.
Dhaka is located in central Bangladesh at 23°42′0″N 90°22′30″E, on the eastern banks of the Buriganga River. The city lies on the lower reaches of the Ganges Delta and covers a total area of 153.84 square kilometres (59.40 sq mi). It consists of eight principal thanas – Lalbagh, Kotwali, Sutrapur, Ramna, Motijheel, Paltan, Dhanmondi, Mohammadpur, Tejgaon – and 16 auxiliary thanas – Gulshan, Mirpur, Pallabi, Shah Ali, Turaag, Sabujbagh, Dhaka Cantonment, Demra, Hazaribagh, Shyampur, Badda, Kafrul, Kamrangir char, Khilgaon and Uttara. In total the city has 130 wards and 725 mohallas. Dhaka district has an area of 1463.60 square kilometers (565 sq mi); and is bounded by the districts of Gazipur, Tangail, Munshiganj, Rajbari, Narayanganj, Manikganj. Tropical vegetation and moist soils characterize the land, which is flat and close to sea level. This leaves Dhaka susceptible to flooding during the monsoon seasons owing to heavy rainfall and cyclones.
Dhaka Skyline
Dhaka experiences a hot, wet and humid tropical climate. Under the Koppen climate classification, Dhaka has a tropical wet and dry climate. The city has a distinct monsoonal season, with an annual average temperature of 28 °C (82 °F) and monthly means varying between 20 °C (68 °F) in January and 32 °C (90 °F) in May. Nearly 80% of the annual average rainfall of 1,854 millimeters (73 in) occurs between May and September. Increasing air and water pollution emanating from traffic congestion and industrial waste are serious problems affecting public health and the quality of life in the city. Water bodies and wetlands around Dhaka are facing destruction as these are being filled up to construct multi-storied buildings and other real estate developments. Coupled with pollution, such erosion of natural habitats threatens to destroy much of the regional biodiversity.
Climate data for Dhaka
(2.3) 116.8
(10.5) 358.1
(0.2) 1978.7
Civic administration
The Dhaka municipality was founded on August 1, 1864 and upgraded to " corporation" status in 1978. The Dhaka City Corporation is a self-governing corporation which runs the affairs of the city. The incorporated area is divided into several wards, which have elected commissioners. The mayor of the city is elected by popular vote every five years, and the post is presently held by Sadeque Hossain Khoka. The Dhaka Education Board is responsible for administering all public schools and most private schools with the exception of English-medium schools and madrassahs. All madrassahs in Bangladesh are governed by a central board while English-medium schools are under separate educational and governance structures.
Cresent lake at night
The Dhaka Metropolitan Police (DMP) was established in 1976 and has 6,000 personnel in 12 police stations. With the rapid population growth of the city, the force has been raised to 23,000 personnel and the establishment of 33 police stations has been completed and the creation of another 18 police stations is underway.
The city is divided into 10 parliamentary constituencies. The two main political parties are the Awami League and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party. Ramna contains the Secretariat, which houses most of the government ministries. The Supreme Court of Bangladesh and the Dhaka High Court are located in the city. The Bangabhaban palace has served as the official residence of the Viceroy of India, the governor of East Pakistan and presently the President of Bangladesh. The Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban, designed by renowned architect Louis Kahn, houses the unicameral national parliament. The Baitul Mukarram, developed with a design resembling the Kaaba of Mecca, is the national mosque. Other historical monuments in the city include the Bara Katra palace, the Lalbagh Fort, the Hoseni Dalan and the Ahsan Manzil.
To fight rising traffic congestion and population, the national government has recently implemented a policy for rapid urbanisation of surrounding areas and beyond by the introduction of a ten year holiday on income tax for new construction of facilities and buildings outside Dhaka. Aside from Chittagong, Dhaka has a water-borne sewage system, but this serves only 25% of the population while another 30% are served with septic tanks. Only two-thirds of households in Dhaka are served by the city water supply system. More than 9.7 million tonnes of solid wastes are produced in Dhaka city each year. While private and government efforts have succeeded in collecting garbage city-wide and using it as manure, most solid wastes are often dumped untreated in nearby low-lying areas and water bodies.
Karwan Bazar, one of the most important business centers in Dhaka
Dhaka is the commercial heart of Bangladesh. The city has a growing middle class population, driving the market for modern consumer and luxury goods. The city has historically attracted a large number of migrant workers. Hawkers, peddlers, small shops, rickshaw transport, roadside vendors and stalls employ a large segment of the population — rickshaw-drivers alone number as many as 400,000. Half the workforce is employed in household and unorganised labour, while about 800,000 work in the textile industry. Even so, unemployment remains high at 23%. As of 2009, Dhaka's Gross Municipal Product (GMP) is registered at $81 billion. With an annual growth rate of 6.2%, the GMP is projected to rise to $215 billion by 2025. The annual per capita income of Dhaka is estimated at $500, with 48% of households living below the poverty line, including a large segment of the population coming from the villages in search of employment, with many surviving on less than $10 a day.
The main commercial areas of the city include Motijheel, New Market, Gulshan and Farmgate, while Tejgaon and Hazaribagh are the major industrial areas. Bashundhara-Baridhara is a developing economic area that will include high-tech industries, corporations and a large shopping mall in about 5 years. The Export Processing Zone in Dhaka was set up to encourage the export of garments, textiles and other goods. Dhaka has two EPZ's. They are home to 413 industries, which employ mostly women. The Dhaka Stock Exchange is based in the city, as are most of the large multinationals including Citigroup, HSBC Bank Bangladesh, JPMorgan Chase, Standard Chartered Bank (Bangladesh), American Express, Chevron, Exxon Mobil, Total, British Petroleum, Unilever, Nestle, DHL Express, FedEx and British American Tobacco. Large local conglomerates such as Concord Group, Rangs Group, Beximco Group, Summit Group, Navana Group, Zaman Group of Industries and Rahimafrooz also have their corporate offices located in Dhaka. Microcredit also began here and the offices of the Nobel Prize winning Grameen Bank and BRAC are based in Dhaka. Urban developments have sparked a widespread construction boom; new high-rise buildings and skyscrapers have changed the city landscape. Growth has been especially strong in the finance, banking, manufacturing, telecommunications and services sectors, while tourism, hotels and restaurants continue as important elements in the economy of Dhaka.
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Animation showing urban growth in Dhaka, Bangladesh from 1972 to 2001. The animation starts with a global view over India using Terra-MODIS 30 km. true colour data. The animation then zooms down to Terra-MODIS 1 km. data over Bangladesh, and dissolves into the December 28, 1972, Landsat-1-MSS data of Dhaka. Dhaka can then be seen growing to its present day size by first showing the February 13, 1989 Landsat-5-TM image which then dissolves into the final January 29, 2001 Landsat-7-ETM+ image.
The population of Dhaka city (areas under the jurisdiction of the Dhaka city corporation) stands at approximately 7.0 million. The city, in combination with localities forming the wider metropolitan area, is home to an estimated 12.8 million as of 2008. The population is growing by an estimated 4.2% per year, one of the highest rates amongst Asian cities. The continuing growth reflects ongoing migration from rural areas to the Dhaka urban region, which accounted for 60% of the city's growth in the 1960s and 1970s. More recently, the city's population has also grown with the expansion of city boundaries, a process that added more than a million people to the city in the 1980s. According to Far Eastern Economic Review, Dhaka will become a home of 25 million people by the year 2025.
The literacy rate is estimated at 62.3%. The city population is composed of peoples from virtually every region of Bangladesh. The long-standing inhabitants of the old city are known as Dhakaia and have a distinctive dialect and culture. Between 15,000 to 20,000 of the Rohingya, Santal, Khasi, Garo, Chakma and Mandi tribal peoples reside in the city. Dhaka also has a large population of Chinese, Korean and Indian expatriates working in executive jobs in different industries.
Nearly every resident of Dhaka speaks Bangla, the national language. Many distinctive Bangla dialects and regional languages such as Chittagonian and Sylheti are also spoken by segments of the population. English is spoken by a large segment of the population, especially for business purposes.
Islam is the dominant religion of Dhaka's people, of about 90% of the city practicing the religion; with a majority belonging to the Sunni sect. There is also a small Shia sect, and an Ahmadiya community. Hinduism is the second-largest religion, with about 9%, and smaller communities practice Buddhism and Christianity, both of about .5% each.
The Tara Masjid (Star Mosque) is noted for its star-studded design
Puja celebrations in Dhakeshwari National Temple
As the most populous city of Bangladesh, Dhaka has a vibrant cultural life. Annual celebrations for Independence Day (March 26), Language Martyrs' Day (February 21) and Victory Day (December 16) are prominently celebrated across the city. Dhaka's people congregate at the Shaheed Minar and the Jatiyo Smriti Soudho to remember the national heroes of the liberation war. These occasions are observed with public ceremonies and rallies in public grounds. Many schools and colleges organize fairs, festivals and concerts in which citizens from all levels of society participate.
Pohela Baishakh, the Bengali New Year, falls annually on April 14 and is popularly celebrated across the city. Large crowds of people gather on the streets of Shahbag, Ramna Park and the campus of the University of Dhaka for celebrations. The most popular dressing style for women are sarees or salwar kameez, while men usually prefer western clothing to the traditional lungi. The Muslim festivals of Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha witness widespread celebrations across the whole city. For much of recent history, Dhaka was characterised by roadside markets and small shops that sold a wide variety of goods. Recent years have seen the widespread construction of shopping malls, multiplexes, hotels and restaurants attracting Dhaka's growing middle-class and wealthy residents. Along with Bangladeshi cuisine and South Asian variants, a large variety of Western and Chinese cuisine is served at numerous restaurants and eateries. Though restaurants offering multinational cuisine and fastfood chains like KFC, Pizza Hut, Baskin Robbins, A&W, Chili's, have opened up in the city but unique Dhakai delicacies like Glassey, Hajir Biriani(Haji's Biriani), Fakhruddin Biriani, Mama Halim, Borhani etc. are still very popular amongst Dhakaiyas. These delicacies are even offered to state guests. Dhakai Bakarkhani is the traditional food/snack of the people of old Dhaka. It is famous for its quality and taste and it was highly praised by the Royal court of the Mughal Empire in Delhi.
Despite the growing popularity of music groups and rock bands, traditional folk music remains widely popular. The works of the national poet Kazi Nazrul Islam and national anthem writer Rabindranath Tagore have a widespread following across Dhaka. The Baily Road area is known as Natak Para (Theater Neighborhood) which is the center of Dhaka's thriving theatre movement. Indian and Western music and films are popular with large segments of Dhaka's population. This area is also credited for the revival of the Jamdani due to the many local saree stores selling and promoting these locally hand-made age old traditional Bengali sarees. Jamdanis are 100% hand weaved and originate from the Persian and Mughal era. Jamdanis are produced by a traditional high quality cottage industry, which is slowly dying out due to the slow production process. A single medium range Jamdani saree may take as long as 3 months to complete.
Pohela Baishakh (Bangla New Year) celebration in Ramna park.
Bangladesh Betar is the state-run primary provider of radio services, and broadcasts a variety of programming in Bangla and English. In recent years many private radio networks, especially FM radio services, have been established in the city such as Radio Foorti FM 88.0, Radio Today FM 89.6, Radio Amar FM 101.6 and ABC Radio FM 89.2. Bangladesh Television is the state-run broadcasting network that provides a wide variety of programmes in Bangla and English. Cable and satellite networks such as Ekushey Television, Channel I, ATN Bangla, RTV, NTV and STAR TV are amongst the most popular channels. The main offices of most publishing houses in Bangladesh are based in Dhaka. The Prothom Alo and The Daily Ittefaq are the most popular amongst the large number of Bangla language dailies, periodicals and other publications in the city. The Daily Star and The Independent are the largest English-language dailies published. Although cellular phones are gaining popularity, less than 10% of households have telephone access.
Dhaka is known as the rickshaw capital of the world. Approximately 400,000 rickshaws run each day.
A BRTC Volvo double-decker bus in Dhaka
Cycle rickshaws and auto rickshaws are the main mode of transport, with close to 400,000 rickshaws running each day – the largest number for any city in the world. However, only about 85,000 rickshaws are licensed by the city government. Relatively low-cost and non-polluting cycle rickshaws nevertheless cause traffic congestion and have been banned from many parts of the city. Public buses are operated by the state-run Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation (BRTC) and by private companies and operators. Scooters, taxis and privately owned automobiles are increasingly becoming popular with the city's growing middle class. The government has overseen the replacement of two-stroke engine taxis with "Green taxis" locally called CNG, which run on compressed natural gas.
Dhaka has 1,868 kilometers (1,161 mi) of paved roads. It is connected to the other parts of the country through strong highway and railway links. Highway links to the Indian cities of Kolkata and Agartala have been established by the BRTC which also runs regular bus services to those cities from Dhaka.
The Kamalapur Railway Station, Airport (Biman Bandar) Railway Station and the Cantonment Railway Station are the main railway stations providing trains on suburban & national routes operated by the state-run Bangladesh Railway. Bangladesh Railway also runs a regular train service between Dhaka and Kolkata. The Sadarghat Port on the banks of the Buriganga River serves the transportation of goods and passengers upriver and to other ports in Bangladesh. Dhaka has domestic air links to Chittagong, Sylhet, Cox's Bazar, Jessore, Barisal, Saidpur and international air links to major cities around the world. The Shahjalal International Airport is the largest and busiest in the nation. It handles nearly 52% of the country's international and domestic arrivals and departures. An elevated expressway system and a metro/mono-rail system has been in the planning stages for roughly twenty years. Actions to build them are yet to be committed.
Curzon Hall of the University of Dhaka. The university served as the prime centre for political activism amongst the youth and intellectuals during the Bengali freedom struggle
Dhaka has the largest number of schools, colleges and universities of any Bangladeshi city. The education system is divided into 4 levels: Primary (from grades 1 to 5), Secondary (from grades 6 to 10), Higher Secondary (from grades 11 to 12) and tertiary. The five years of lower secondary education concludes with a Secondary School Certificate (SSC) Examination. Students who pass this examination proceed to two years of Higher Secondary or intermediate training, which culminate in a Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) Examination. Education is mainly offered in Bangla, but English is also commonly taught and used. A large number of Muslim families send their children to attend part-time courses or even to pursue full-time religious education, which is imparted in Bangla and Arabic in madrasahs.
Bhashani Novotheatre ( Planetarium)
There are 52 universities in Dhaka. The Dhaka College is the oldest institution of higher education in the city and amongst the earliest established in British India, founded in 1840. Since independence, Dhaka has seen the establishment of a large number of public and private colleges and universities that offer undergraduate and graduate degrees as well as a variety of doctoral programs. The University of Dhaka is the largest public university in the nation with more than 30,000 students and 1,300 faculty staff. The university has 18 research centers and 70 departments, faculties and institutes. Eminent seats of higher education include the Jahangirnagar University and the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET). The Dhaka Medical College and the Sir Salimullah Medical College are amongst the largest and most respected medical schools in the nation. Dhaka's college campuses are often hotbeds of political conflicts. Protests and strikes, and violence amongst police, students and political groups frequently disrupt public university campuses.
A cricket match between Bangladesh & India at Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium
Cricket and football are the two most popular sports in Dhaka and across the nation. Teams are fielded in intra-city and national competitions by a large number of schools, colleges and private entities. The Mohammedan Sports Club and Abahani are two of the most famous football and cricket teams, maintaining a fierce rivalry.
Dhaka has the distinction of having hosted the first official test cricket match of the Pakistan cricket team in 1954 against India. The Bangabandhu National Stadium was formerly the main venue for domestic and international cricket matches, but now exclusively hosts football matches. It is a potential host for the opening ceremony of the 2011 Cricket World Cup as well as host to 8 matches to be played in Bangladesh (6 in Dhaka and 2 in Chittagong) . The Bangladesh Sports Control Board, responsible for promoting sports activities across the nation is based in Dhaka. Dhaka also has stadiums largely used for domestic events such as the Sher-e-Bangla Mirpur Stadium (in Mirpur), the Dhanmondi Cricket Stadium and the Outer Stadium Ground. The Dhaka University Ground hosts many intercollegiate tournaments.
Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhaka&oldid=405892391"


This contemporary design has clean lines and as carved from solid boulders of English natural limestone. Simple yet imposing design. As a natural material it will contain shells, veins, fossils as over 165 million years old.
Outer 3 piece hearths at 1120mm x 350mm x 50mm.
The opening is 700mm high off bedded hearths x 620mm wide. Can be supplied without hearths if not required for a reduced costing.
Suitable for wood burners, multi fuel stoves or roaring open fires, this simple design is a must for modern homes. A inner hearth is available to purchase if required - please see hearth listings.
As we carve to order, these sizes can be increased/decreased so please contact us before purchase if you require alterations to these sizes as there will be a cost implication - please email simplicityfireplacessales@gmail.com with your requirements or cal 07976240893 or use the contact form above. Please do not buy off website if alterations are required as you will receive sizes in listing.
When you are lifting the stone sections you will need atleast 2 strong people to lift. You are welcome to call/email for any further advice. Plese visit our FAQ for any further advice. Please check your fireplace within 24 hours of receipt of delivery.
Delivery currently 4 weeks for a standard size fireplace.


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From Mummies to T-shirts: the History of Cats
Home / Cat / Cat Care / From Mummies to T-shirts: the History of Cats
Some 5000 years ago (recent studies say about 100.000 years ago, but who's counting) a smart – and hungry – African Wildcat somewhere in (what was then) Upper Egypt made a clever observation. "These strange and mysterious bipeds seem to be very fond of grain", he thought. "Biped collects lots of grain and keeps it in big baskets. Big baskets of grain attract lots of yummy mice! Biped doesn't seem to like mice in his grain! I think I'll adopt one of these strange bipeds and live in his house and EAT HIS MICE FOR HIM!"
And thus a mutually beneficial relationship between smart African cats and strange Egyptian bipeds began! And history was made.
Life in Egypt was good and the African cats enjoyed their newly discovered coexistence with human beings; the Egyptians liked cats, the pharaoh LOVED cats and there was plenty of food around, but still… So after having lived the good life in Egypt for about a thousand years or so, cats – being curious animals! – started wondering: "What is outside this country. Are we missing out on something?!"
One cat thought: "I would like to sit outside a temple with one paw raised, beckoning people to enter that holy place. That would be neat! My skills and talents would totally fit that job description". The cat told this to a Mediterranean merchant, who was in Egypt on a business trip, and the merchant said: "I know of such a place. I'll take you there". And the merchant brought the cat to Japan, where the cat found a nice-looking five stories pagoda temple with a beautiful garden.
The cat positioned himself outside the temple and raised his paw in a friendly manor to beckon passers-by to enter the temple, for that was now his job! The Japanese people had never seen anything like it, but they liked what they saw and they said: "This little animal has an air of holy mystery about him, this animal will bring us luck! We shall call this animal Maneki Neko and we shall make lots of little porcelain Maneki Neko figurines that we shall sell to tourist and make lots of money! …in about 4000 years."
A couple of elderly cats were so tired of the never-ending African heat and drought and told another visiting trader (in town to buy small pyramid replicas for his novelty shop in London), that they would like to go to a cooler and wetter climate. The trader, of course, brought them back to England. The English being… well, ENGLISH, said: "I say! What positively lovely little creatures. We shall take them in, feed them and breed them and have magnificent CAT SHOWS!" The whole cat show thing came much later of course (in 1871 to be precise), but, believe me, the idea was born the second the very first Englishman (or it might… it PROBABLY was an EnglishWOMAN) laid eyes on those cats.
But England wasn't the only European country where the Egyptian cats set paw. Around 2000 B.C. the cats of Egypt started a very successful worldwide marketing campaign, promoting their exceptional mouse and rat hunting skills. And it paid off! Soon cats were being invited to every European country, the Middle East and Asia, where they lived well and in harmony with the human bipeds for many, many years. But then something happened:
ENTER THE DARK AGES! …in the history of cats. Right after the end of the middle ages – beginning around 1550 and lasting about a century – the Christian church decided that cats were the source of all evil. Cats had always been associated with gods; in Egypt it was Bast, goddess of life and family and in the northern part of Europe it was Freya, who was always surrounded by cats. But these were not Christian gods, so cats now became "animala non grata". This was probably when the saying "curiosity killed the cat" entered the English vocabulary; "They wanted to see the world, and look where it got them!" Yes, curiosity did kill a lot of cats during these terrible times. Cats were hunted down, burned, drowned and hanged. And people who had the audacity to so much as look kindly at a cat, were deemed witches. And they were killed as well. This was NOT a good time to be a "crazy cat lady" in Europe!
During this time cats were also being blamed for spreading the plaque, when in fact it was the disease-carrying rats that managed to kill off almost half the European human population by spreading plagues and other epidemics. And as the humans had so efficiently killed off most of their cats, there were practically none left to kill the rats! That'll teach them to treat cats so disrespectfully!!!
But eventually things got better. The Europeans came to their long lost senses and realized that cats were actually good to have around! Less rats, no more plague and soon the former so beautiful and harmonic cat-human relationship made its come-back. And when the first European settlers came to America in 1600-something, they brought cats with them to THE NEW WORLD. Good thinking! Their cats kept their homes, farmhouses, henhouses, outhouses and doghouses rat and mice free. Well, maybe not doghouses!
Yes, the human bipeds truly rediscovered the value of cats. They took cats into their homes again and this time into their hearts as well. The cat became more than a useful little mousetrap, it became a PET.
And so cats – being cats – now started to claim their INDOOR territory; the couch, the best arm chair, the dining table, the bed, the lingerie drawer… in short: THE WHOLE HOUSE. And finally things were as they should be between cat and man.
5000 years ago the Egyptians worshipped cats and showed their admiration and respect by mummifying them after death and depicting them on vases, amulets, rings and inside tombs! Today we pay homage to cats by putting pictures of cats on coffee mugs, napkins, sofa pillows, mousepads, clocks, refrigerator magnets and t-shirts! And in a thousand years from now, I'm sure there will be an enormous image of a cat on our first spaceship to Mars.
Martine Carlsen was 6 years ago adopted by two silver-gray Abyssinian cats, Sonny and Cher, and if you ask them, this article would or could never have been written without their help and inside knowledge. Martine Carlsen works as a web designer and spends most of her spare time working on her website, Cats on t-shirts.
National Healthcare Insurance Plan
Tagged:CatCat CareEgyptEgyptianFunnyHistoryHumorousMummyT-shirts
The History of the Domestic Cat
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I've just had a new kitchen installed.
It should've been replaced years ago but … well, you know … I'm a bloke. I can live on toast and cereal. I've bought hundreds of boxes of the latter and at least three new toasters since I've lived in the flat, but only now: one new kitchen.
I'm really happy with the results, but I find myself faced with what I can only imagine will be hours with a microfibre cloth in my hand as I make my way round the flat, wiping down every surface. I'm talking every single nook and cranny: individual leaves on plants as well as the tops of every LP, CD and DVD I own … given that my living room has been likened to a record shop in a jungle it may take months.
I never realised how much dust could be produced by a building job. Plaster and tile glue must be among the most pervasive substances known to man. Even upstairs, with the door shut, there's a fine layer of the stuff.
The next project will be the bathroom and I'm seriously thinking about taking a tip from TV serial killer, Dexter, by buying some of that plastic sheeting to protect the area around the "kill room".
It's a bit like painting the Forth Bridge in that as soon as you finish it, you've got to start again at the other end it's taken so long.
I read recently that this famously prolonged practice has finally been curtailed thanks to the wonders of technology. It seems science has now reached the stage where the protection levels offered by modern paint actually last longer than a year or so meaning that the teams of decorators previously positioned on the Bridge can now have a few weeks off in between jobs. Maybe take a holiday. Go somewhere like Hull, where the Humber Bridge doesn't need painting. Or San Francisco, where the Golden Gate most definitely does.
Not only do I have the mother of all dusting jobs to look forward to, but I now have the tedious task of putting the rest of my place back in order. The living room has been a dumping ground of late, with an old table, my ironing board, various boxes full of crockery and pots and pans, as well as all the crap from the hall cupboards that I've accumulated over the years has all been stacked neatly (schyeah, right) waiting for the day when access to the trip switches under the stairs was no longer needed and the kitchen was finally usable again.
It got me thinking about those people who suffer from dust allergies. How do they cope when they get the builders in ? Do they just check in to a hotel for a month or what ?
So here I am again, armed to the teeth with a range of cloths and cleaning fluids, ready to go into battle … I keep telling myself it's only gonna take a day. Think of those long-suffering painters, out in all conditions, hundreds of feet in the air … week after week after week, year after year after year … actually, they had a job for life, didn't they ?
I wonder what they're doing now ?
Perhaps they could touch up the white lines on the M1 ?
Or maybe they fancy a career change ? I hear The Great Wall Of China needs the pointing doing.
Or, they could do what I'm doing of an evening: sitting back and relaxing in my new kitchen as I eat a meal at my new breakfast bar.
For them, the equivalent would be admiring their work, preferably from the top of the bridge itself, something American student, Bradley Garrett, did in September 2013 when he scaled it as part of his "urban exploration" mission.
This entry was posted in blogging, interior design, Life and tagged allergic, allergies, allergy, apartment, Bradley Garrett, building, city, construction, decorating, DIY, dust, flat, Forth Bridge, home improvement, house, interior design, job, jobs, kitchen, painting, plastering, relaxing, Scotland, urban, work by rigger67. Bookmark the permalink.
fire communicated in the article I looked at.
And on this articl My new kitchedn vs. the Forth Roaad Bridge |.


Campaigners for the English language last week attacked a growing tendency for "obvious" public information posters, such as a police sign urging people: "Don't Commit Crime."
It is not surprising, then, that the world saw a return to a floating exchange rate system. Central banks were no longer required to support their own currencies.


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He admitted to keeping the Jones Act (which bars foreign ships from bringing aid to Puerto Rico) in force because shipping companies told him to.
UPDATE, 9/28: After confirming late Wednesday evening that the Jones Act would not be waived, Trump reversed course sometime during the night. Press secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders announced at 8:02 A.M. Thursday that the waiver had been granted. There was no explanation for Trump's repeated refusals to do so on Wednesday, or his comments about shipping industry demands.
The Jones Act is a 1920 law that requires that all domestic shipping (including between the mainland and Puerto Rico) be done on ships built and registered in the United States. Both Republicans and Democrats have called for an emergency waiver of the law, which would allow foreign-flagged vessels to deliver relief supplies. It would also lower the cost of those supplies for consumers. Asked about this today, Trump replied, "We're thinking about that but we have a lot of shippers and a lot of people that work in the shipping industry that don't want the Jones Act lifted."
It was an odd comment for several reasons. Even business-friendly presidents rarely admit to simply doing as they're told by industry groups--especially when to do so would conflict with the well-being of 3.5 million American citizens. Besides, Trump seems to be more or less aware that sending aid to an island is more complicated than it would be over land. In the course of his self-congratulatory press conference yesterday, he repeatedly stressed (in case anyone was unaware) that Puerto Rico was an island, and that trucks could not be driven directly to it.
Trump waived the Jones Act immediately to aid in recovery efforts in Texas after Hurricane Harvey, and Florida after Hurricane Irma.
The safety and welfare of millions of Americans is more important than the short-term profit margins of a few shipping companies.
Labels: class warfare, cronyism, domestic policy, incompetence, natural disaster, priorities


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Кубок Бразилії з футболу 2019 — 31-й розіграш кубкового футбольного турніру у Бразилії. Титул володаря кубка вперше здобув Атлетіку Паранаенсі.

Календар

Перший раунд

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| colspan="3" style="background:#fcc;"|6 лютого 2019

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| colspan="3" style="background:#fcc;"|14 лютого 2019

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| colspan="3" style="background:#fcc;"|4 квітня 2019

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Другий раунд

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| colspan="3" style="background:#fcc;"|20 лютого 2019

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| colspan="3" style="background:#fcc;"|21 лютого 2019

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| colspan="3" style="background:#fcc;"|22 лютого 2019

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| colspan="3" style="background:#fcc;"|27 лютого 2019

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| colspan="3" style="background:#fcc;"|28 лютого 2019

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| colspan="3" style="background:#fcc;"|1 березня 2019

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| colspan="3" style="background:#fcc;"|7 березня 2019

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| colspan="3" style="background:#fcc;"|8 березня 2019

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| colspan="3" style="background:#fcc;"|11 квітня 2019

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Третій раунд

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|colspan="5" style="background-color:#fcc" align=center|14 березня/4 квітня 2019

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|colspan="5" style="background-color:#fcc" align=center|15 березня/11 квітня 2019

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|colspan="5" style="background-color:#fcc" align=center|28 березня/11 квітня 2019

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|colspan="5" style="background-color:#fcc" align=center|3/10 квітня 2019

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|colspan="5" style="background-color:#fcc" align=center|4/11 квітня 2019

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|colspan="5" style="background-color:#fcc" align=center|4/11 квітня 2019

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|colspan="5" style="background-color:#fcc" align=center|5/12 квітня 2019

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|colspan="5" style="background-color:#fcc" align=center|17/20 квітня 2019

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Четвертий раунд

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|colspan="5" style="background-color:#fcc" align=center|18/25 квітня 2019

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|colspan="5" style="background-color:#fcc" align=center|18/26 квітня 2019

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|colspan="5" style="background-color:#fcc" align=center|19/26 квітня 2019

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|colspan="5" style="background-color:#fcc" align=center|25 квітня/8 травня 2019

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1/8 фіналу

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|colspan="5" style="background-color:#fcc" align=center|16 травня/5 червня 2019

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|colspan="5" style="background-color:#fcc" align=center|16 травня/6 червня 2019

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|colspan="5" style="background-color:#fcc" align=center|16 травня/7 червня 2019

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|colspan="5" style="background-color:#fcc" align=center|17 травня/6 червня 2019

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|colspan="5" style="background-color:#fcc" align=center|23/30 травня 2019

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|colspan="5" style="background-color:#fcc" align=center|23/31 травня 2019

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|colspan="5" style="background-color:#fcc" align=center|24/30 травня 2019

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1/4 фіналу

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|colspan="5" style="background-color:#fcc" align=center|11/18 липня 2019

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|colspan="5" style="background-color:#fcc" align=center|12/18 липня 2019

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1/2 фіналу

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|colspan="5" style="background-color:#fcc" align=center|8 серпня/5 вересня 2019

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|colspan="5" style="background-color:#fcc" align=center|15 серпня/5 вересня 2019

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Фінал

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|colspan="5" style="background-color:#fcc" align=center|12/19 вересня 2019

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Перший матч

Повторний матч

Посилання
 Кубок Бразилії на soccerway

2019
Бразилія
2019 у бразильському спорті

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Ngiyaa survived the great acceleration down but she was ready. Unlike many people around her, she felt staying still was the most rewarding stance. But 'the end of the world' was more challenging than she had ever imagined. Even though her grandmother had prepared her, taught her the art of Dadirri (deep listening) and helped her assemble her 'bug out bag', it was hard to stay centered when there were people dying all around her. The great acceleration was merciless but it was the selfish and individualistic who wouldn't make it.
Ngiyaa had in her bag the vital ingredients to create community, practice ritual, listen to Country, connect and engender love. She had spent many nights in the lead up jumping on forums and speaking to other preppers about what would be needed in her bag but it was the traditional knowledge that her grandmother taught her that would be the most useful. How to navigate using the stars, identify which plants were poisonous and which were potions. But she also brought with her technologies from the modern world because taking the best of both cultures would help her survive in the Australian bush.
But her greatest preparation was her love for others. Her grandmother had named her Ngiyaa after all, which is Gumbaynggirr for 'we' so her whole life and identity had been preparing for this new and more benevolent world.
Size: Various
Materials: 3 kangaroo skins sewed together water bottle with leather nylon rope knife leather pocket with clapsticks ochre sage sticks little basket, round woven with woven things inside book songlines diary with trad knowledge info in it torch aboriginal fish hooks fishing line on indigenous spool
Photographer: Martina Capurso
Three kangaroo skins stitched together, one protruding edge is attached on a white wall. The skins fall down onto a white horizontal surface. The suede side of the kangaroo skin is visible as well as one edge of the kangaroo fur. Resting on top of the skins are a series of objects; two clapsticks rounded at the ends in dark wood, a piece of white ochre, to the left and going out of the image is one commercially printed book, and on top of that sits a leather bound hand written journal opened to reveal notes and sketches. Leaning against the back of the skin are three bundles of sage sticks with twine wrapped around them. To the left of these is a stainless steel water bottle wrapped in leather and at its base is a handheld, small, black torch with a woven, traditional Aboriginal fishing hook resting on top of it.
Dadirri and the fateful trajectory of 2020-2029
Jordan Lacey,
Dadirri and the fateful trajectory of 2020-2029, Conclusion (excerpt)
Natural Economics, Vol 12, #3. 2059
It came to be that the power of revolutionary possibility, once articulated by human ideology, was actualised through the planet reassembling its equilibrium; that is, the possibility of revolution transmogrified from human intent to a non-human becoming. The year 2020 saw a rapid acceleration of shifting weather patterns and declining human populations—the trajectory to 2029 becoming a path of pain… But, 2029 also marked a point of transition; when human collectives that realised a social transformation was necessary for survival, began to emerge.
This trajectory is now perceived as an inevitable journey: a rebirth, requiring pain. Colonial structures tumbled due to a massive die back in human population numbers, caused by the ongoing dangers of COVID-19 mutations and the erosion of arable land. The once ubiquitous international supply chains were broken and those institutions that kept the capitalist machine running simply dissolved. Surviving populations realised they needed to take care of themselves. In the end these new communities did not emerge through utopian desire, but desperate need. The need to survive…
The failed structures of Capitalism are now attributed to a very simple driver: exploitation. Capitalism – despite its excessively complex systemics and vernaculars – thrived on this one thing. The Earth's resources were extracted, without care. All colonial structures were built on exploitation – of the land, its animals, and human labour. New societies – collectives – have found a new way. No more rushing to work. No more competing to be number one. The rush to supremacy, recreated at every level of the social hierarchy, has gone.
The seeding of this new way is attributed to the great slowing down. It began with the lockdowns of 2020 when bodies were forced to re-entrain with the subtle motions of nature. Aunty Miriam Rose Ungunmerr-Baumann, from Nauiyu country, shared with us a word from Ngan'gikurunggurr language to describe this—now part of the common tongue—dadirri: a deep listening to land and people. It began slowly. Watching the way birds search the ground for twigs and food; the subtle variation in the gaits of people walking past windows, people we never knew; the joys of pressing a seed into the ground and feeling the Earth's electricity trickle up our arms; hearing our children play at home and the neighbours we always ignored. The spiritual skill of dadirri – inner quietness leading to new awareness – slowly took its place as the most important human attribute.
Through dadirri new understandings of care emerged, naturally – not as ideology. A caring for the land, for one another and for the self. The distractions of capitalism's promises became absent: the rush of consumerism, now remembered as a dangerous drug, was suddenly unattainable. Instead, the new society of care provided opportunities to dive deep beneath the surface. A resurgence of interest in Aboriginal Australia followed: what does it mean to be Indigenous, the colonialist's descendants asked? How do we go deeper into the land, and find connection? These questions led to journeys, both physical and spiritual, into the beating heart of Aboriginal Australia. Finally, white Australia reflects; without the colonial structures to support their economic and social privilege—their biases—they were able to hear the wisdoms of First Nations people. They finally started to listen.
Now, here in our future, the new rituals have emerged. Rituals that challenge those mental structures compelling people to exploit and hurt others. Through ritual, bodies have become entrained to the more-than-human energies of the vital Earth: providing a sustenance that capitalism could never provide. In the absence of colonial exploitation, which empowered people to see themselves as superior to others, human spirituality is thriving. Once more, we hear the land's wisdom. The violent blip of colonialism has finally passed and the ongoing cultures of Australia's First Nations have been propelled into new abundances—unimaginable to the perplexed inhabitants of 2020…
With thanks to Future Builders Floria, Susan (Cohn), Sam and Scotia, for inspirations…
by Jordan Lacey
with Floria, Su san, Sam and Scotia


By now you all know I LOVE a really good cardigan. With winter coming to an end and spring just around the corner I am showing you how to style the perfect white pom pom cardigan. I love a piece that can speak for itself, and this cardigan is just that. It for sure is more of a fun piece than a functional piece, but I also think everyone needs a few pieces like that in their closet! When I first had this come in the mail I was a little unsure of how I wanted to pair it, but then as I got thinking about it I decided to keep it simple.
Let's chat about how to style a White Pom Pom Cardigan. When you have a piece as bulky and as "loud" as this one you want to keep what you wear under it sleek and simple. I paired it with my favorite black henley button up top. This kept the shirt underneath as simple as possible and also kept it sleek to my body to prevent the look from looking too bulky. I paired it with some simple denim maternity jeans and my favorite go to black booties and called it a day!
Pom pom cardigans are such a fun trend. I love that they stand on their own and they add so much texture to a look. There are a bunch of different ways you can wear the pom pom trend. I have linked my favorite go to sweaters for you below!
A MOMMA & HER LITTLE.


Let me just lead with…this is not a "healthy dessert." In a former lifetime, I had an alter ego known as Trixie, who baked A LOT. She once made 30 of these at one time as Christmas presents for a team at a workplace that shall not be named. Everyone got drunk at work on these cakes and madness ensued. It was quite fun. I still enjoy a slice of this with coffee on a holiday and have talked about it so much at the studio that….there are demands for the recipe. It's easier than you'd think….
Position a rack in the center of the oven. Heat oven to 325F.
Lightly butter the inside of a 12-cup nonstick Bundt pan. Dust the pan with a bit of the cake mix and tap out the excess into your mixing bowl. Sprinkle the pecans into the bottom of the Bundt pan.
In a large mixing bowl, beat the remaining cake ingredients on low speed for 30 seconds. Scrape down the sides of the bowl with a rubber spatula. Beat on medium 2 minutes more. It will seem like there's a lot of air in the batter — this is what you want!
Pour batter into the Bundt pan. Bake 60 minutes or until a toothpick comes out clean. Cool for a half hour while you make the glaze.
Make the glaze: pick a larger saucepan than you think you need — this sauce tends to foam up and no one wants to clean that up. Melt the butter in your too-large pan. Increase the heat to medium and stir in the water and sugar. Yep, it'll foam up as you bring it to a boil. Stirring constantly, boil for 5 minutes. Remove from the heat and stir in the rum.
Invert the cake onto a plate and poke it all over with a toothpick. You need LOTS of holes to aborb the boozy, buttery, sugary goodness. Drizzle the glaze all over the top and sides of the cake. Keep going until it's all absorbed.
Now, the hard part: let the cake sit for several hours before cutting it. The glaze needs time to infiltrate the entire cake. I like to make this, let it sit overnight and then enjoy with coffee in the morning. Nothing like adding caffeine to your sugar/alcohol bomb!
Note: if this seems like a long process, you can make the cake one day and then do the glaze the following morning. Still let that cake sit for a few hours before diving in. Don't skip the glaze! Someone once gave me a rum cake where they'd skipped the glaze step. It was sad. The alcohol cooks out of the cake, leaving the rum flavor — you really DO want the boozy goodness of the glaze.


text:
BISHOP PAT BUCKLEY
"THE TRUTH WILL SET YOU FREE EVEN IF THE TRUTH IS REVOLTING"
9th Jun 2019 9th Jun 2019 bishoppat34 Comments on ARGENTINA GRIPPED BY ABUSE CRISIS
ARGENTINA GRIPPED BY ABUSE CRISIS
Inés San Martín ROME BUREAU CHIEF Crux Now
ROME – As the home country of Pope Francis, Argentina is of obvious relevance to the global Church, especially the ins and outs of its local Catholic scene. Three things developing right now worth keeping an eye on: The clerical sexual abuse crisis; a fight between church and state over the remains of a Gaucho saint; and buzz over a papal visit.
On Sunday, La Nación, Argentina's biggest daily newspaper, ran a series of articles revealing the closest thing to a comprehensive investigation into the extent of the clerical sexual abuse crisis locally.
There are some 5,600 priests in Argentina, and according to the newspaper, in the past 20 years there have been 63 credible allegations of sexual abuse. In 17 of those cases there's a criminal conviction, and in 22 there's an ongoing trial. The rest of the cases never made it to court.
Bishop Sergio Buenanueva, of San Francisco, Cordoba, serves as coordinator of the Pastoral Council for the Protection of Minors and Vulnerable Adults of Argentina's bishops' conference. Speaking with La Nación, he said that they don't have a registry of cases yet, but that he could confirm that "there are certainly no fewer" than those compiled by the paper.
He also said that the clerical sexual abuse crisis is one of the "gravest" the institution has faced in modern times.
"Today, most of our work is on prevention," he said. Despite believing that it's necessary, he said the Church in Argentina doesn't yet have a registry of abusive clergy. They're working on one, he said, as it's one of the goals of the commission he coordinates.
According to Buenanueva, the crisis raises two main issues: On the one hand, the abuses themselves "are the most terrible thing." Beyond that lies a "sick system within the Church that covered up or that didn't favor the abuses coming to light and ended up favoring the criminal."
"How can it be that we lost sight that the good we had to defend wasn't the good image of the Church, but the well being of a person that Christ has placed at the center of our mission?" he said.
Attention to clerical abuse in Argentina has increased in part due to the case of Bishop Gustavo Zanchetta, who was appointed by Francis to the northern diocese of Oran and later brought to Rome and given a Vatican position by the pontiff.
Will he or won't he?
Since the beginning of his pontificate, the looming question for many Argentinians is when Francis will come back home. If nothing else, the pope has a family reason to go back: his only living sister, Maria Elena, is too sick to fly, and the last time the two saw one another was in 2013.
For the past six years Francis has avoided going to Argentina, choosing to go to virtually every other country in the region.
When the Argentine bishops made their traditional pilgrimage to Rome for the ad limina visit in May, all three groups asked Francis about this, and all told reporters that the pope was planning a visit. A big question mark, however, remained: "When?"
In recent days, local bishops have spoken about it in a scattered way, with one going so far as to say that the date was already set for April of next year, when the Catholic Church will mark the 500th anniversary of the first Mass on Argentine soil.
The Vatican maintains a "no comment" policy on papal trips before they're officially announced, and Bishop Joaquin Gimeno Lahoz of the diocese of Rivadavia, the man who announced the date, quickly had to backtrack, saying simply "the pope wants to come."
Bishops who spoke with Crux confirmed that Francis revealed that there had been plans for a trip in 2017, but that for some undisclosed reason, it "fell through the cracks."
One source said the Argentine bishops went back home with a "greater optimism" over a possible papal visit, but that there's no indication a date has been chosen.
However, when the last of the three groups that came to Rome was speaking with those responsible at the Secretariat of State, they asked that if Francis was going to go next year, the announcement should come no later than August. 2019 is a national election year in Argentina, and seeing that the country is heavily divided, the two main presidential runners might try to take credit if the visit succeeds.
Primaries will be held in August.
The fight over a Gaucho saint
Giuseppe Gabriele del Rosario Brochero, known simply as Cura Brochero or the "Cura Gaucho," was declared a saint by Francis in 2016. It's only fitting that it would be history's first pope from Argentina to recognize the first saint who was born and died in Argentina, after spending his life ministering to the poor in the Cordoba mountainous region.
Yet two years after the milestone, two towns in Cordoba are disputing which has the rights to his remains: The place where he was born, and where he died. The municipality of Villa Santa Rosa, where the saint was born, claims its intention is to fulfill the will of Brochero, which contradicts what the local bishops say.
The "territorial" dispute has heated up in recent weeks, and the metropolitan Archbishop Carlos José Ñáñez weighed in saying the move is a no go.
"The will of San Jose Gabriel to stay definitively in the Villa del Transito, today Villa Cura Brochero, is very clear," Ñáñez said, saying that the Argentine Church is called to respect his last wishes, quoting the saint: "I've been able to see that I will always live in the heart of the Western region, seeing that the life of the death is in the memory of the living ones."
Argentina's military Bishop Santiago Olivera, former prelate of the diocese of Villa Cura Brochero, and one of the people responsible for promoting the sainthood cause, said that he's "in complete disagreement with the proposal" to move the remains.
"The will of Brochero, without a doubt, was to stay [where he died], as a seed in the land where his ministry was," Olivera said.
It looks as if Francis' home country is as bad as everywhere else, if not worse, when it comes to abuse.
As Francis spent all his life there as a priest, bishop, archbishop and cardinal, the state of the church in Argentina is at least, part of his fault.
There are some who say he has not been back to his own country because he has own scandals to hide.
Francis' problem is that his local media and the international media are digging, digging, digging.
It's only a matter of time before his skeletons fall out of that dark Argentinian cupboard.
There is also his role in the disappearance of two fellow Jesuits?
Published by bishoppat
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34 thoughts on "ARGENTINA GRIPPED BY ABUSE CRISIS"
Anonymous 9th Jun 2019 — 9:25 am
He media in the West will let Francis off the hook because he is one of them.
anon 9th Jun 2019 — 5:29 pm
And you are not one of Pope Francis' fans – so you want to see him hanged, drawn and quartered.
Pat, your supposed concern for truth would be more convincing if you ditched your vindictive, vengeful, sneering contempt for all before you. On this Feast of Pentecost I pray that the Holy Spirit will cleanse you of your defilements as I will pray that the Church likewise be cleansed of its refinements. Your language of sneering delight and contempt for Pope Francis is very sinful and totally against the Holy Spirit. Be cleansed Pat. Be cleansed of your hatred.
bishoppat 9th Jun 2019 — 11:09 am
You call it hatred to distract from the truth.
I call.it challenge.
Anonymous 9th Jun 2019 — 11:32 am
Quite so, Pat. Augustine prioritized Hope among the virtues. Hope has two beautiful daughters: Anger that things are as they are, and Courage to change.
Anonymous 9th Jun 2019 — 6:15 pm
11.09: Poir Patsy, delusional as ever. Thinks he's infallible. Thinks he's the sole possessor of truth. Laughable. Derisory. Delusional. You have a baggage load of hatred and vengeance to dump. Go to a cliff edge and let them go.
Bishop Peter Doyle plans start calling Priests Monday over what has been said in this blog .
He has a list of suspects .
Paul 9th Jun 2019 — 12:46 pm
10.09 Bishop Peter Doyle is far too busy to get involved in gossip as he is planning his retirement and so does not care.
He is busy with his big new Cathedral project leaving a Great asset to the Diocese and he has been a born leader however he was back because he spoke out about Cormack.
He has no engagements on his web site next week so maybe on annual leave.
Bishop Doyle must be doing something right if he is disturbing people like you.
The Situation excellently summarized by Bishop Sergio Buenaneueva obtains everywhere owing to the culture of clerical entitlement. The question is how the Church is responding to change the toxic clericalism he describes so clearly. Francis appears to agree with his colleague, but in practice what is he or any bishop doing to change? The institution is the problem not the solution. As we see in Africa for example the clergy jump to claim the privileges – and more some – they observe in the West, so they too are the problem not the answer. Parishioners are concerned about the "expenses" of an African priest running a parish in Somerset which he won't even discuss with the Parish Council. Declan Lang visited, was feted and treated with due deference and nothing happened. Sean O'Malley was appointed in 2002 to clean up Boston, yet only last year had to leave Rome in a hurry to "sort out" or not the usual problems of heavy drinking and sexual conduct unfitting to the "clerical status" among staff and students in his own seminary. This blog demonstrates day in day out that you can set up as many commissions as you like but the system is unfit for purpose. We should remember that Jesus was a Jew who had never even heard of the Catholic Church.
Maybe it's the human race which is not fit for purpose @10.29. Our broken humanity is everywhere. Wouldn't it have been easier if the Lord had made us all angels.
Quite so: that's why we have accountability.
Anonymous 9th Jun 2019 — 12:21 pm
He can call me. I'll tell him to get a life, calm down, and that all his bluster will only make things worse. Best retain a calm dignity and let it all wash over you. Vincent and Carmel should do the same.
63 credible allegations in 20 years, out of 5,600 priests…..lol 😆
Where did the newspaper get those figures from? How many more were/are covered up and who was involved?
You'd have to wonder. Tip of the caca iceberg, no doubt.
The Catholic Church is so far from Christ it would not know truth if it bit it on the arse !
12 41: A most ridiculous statement. Utter hyperbole. How close are you to Christ I wonder? Those who make such definitive judgments are very often found wanting in integrity, truth, decency or justice.
But the Church in the person of types such as Bishop Paprocki does make such definitive judgments on others. Good you make the case for compassion, but make sure you apply it to people who are trying to live with integrity – and not just to get the clergy off the hook.
In the light of the brutality meted out by clerics such as Bishop Paprocki to various "scape-goat" groups such as gays, what action do you think was taken against the Principal and Vice-Principal – both Religious and "best friends" ( Ho! Ho! ) – who embezzled €450.000 euros from their Catholic school in Torrance near LA to blow in casinos in Las Vegas?
https://www.thesun.ie/news/3505115/two-nuns-used-400000-stolen-from-a-school-they-ran-to-fund-las-vegas-gambling-sprees/
Were they prosecuted, debarred from communion, expelled from their order, or faced any sanctions whatsoever? Of course not, they live a feather-bedded retirement in their Californian convent with everything provided and nothing to worry about until the day they die. Thank you for your service, sisters!
Magna Carta 9th Jun 2019 — 3:47 pm
Yup! No surprise there. The Roman Whore looks after her own, often with the help of confessional states, like Ireland (less so these days) and Poland (very much so these days).
Eamon Casey comes to mind here, along with the Irish police and prosecution service.
3.47: The supreme WHORE, MAGS, has wakened from her drunken hangover. Bitch of all bitches. What a skeleton she must be! 🐴🐴🐴🐴🐴🤣🤣🤣😅😅
1.51: Jealousy and spite will get you nowhere!! Ha, ha…there have been many stories here in Ireland of similar in lay run schools!!!! Horrendous wherever it happens. Don't paint all religious the same because of the failure of a few….
A familiar distraction: the crimes of the Church are down to the "jealousy and spite" of those who point them out. Of course! Do you also blame the victims of clerical abuse for traducing the good name of the Church – because that has been the traditional approach, which is why this blog is necessary? Jealousy and spite indeed! You people just don't get it, which is why you will never be trusted again! AND where is there a comparable situation of a lay Head syphoning off nearly 0.5 Million to gamble away?
Which lay run schools in Ireland or elsewhere have experienced similar levels of embezzlement? You are suggesting that, given a chance, the laity would do exactly what clerics such as Bishop Bransfield and these sisters have done – get their hands in the till.
Anon. 9th Jun 2019 — 6:36 pm
'The failure of a few'…It's the failure of an institution.
It was widespread cover up. It was international institutional cover-up policy from Rome.
It's not simply clericalism but also moral corruption by a large numbers of clerics and hierarchs.
They don't seem to practice what the preach and claim to hold sacred.
Shameful and scandalous.
And the many in priesthood and religious life knew it was going on but kept their mouths shut.
Moral cowards doing the work of the devil! 👿
" No engagements " is often the time when the Bishop deals with problems such as this blog or confidential things " ! Best Doyle , Vincent and Carmel keep quiet before more comes out about them including certain photos ! If Doyle calls me it will be a very short conversation !
Brian D'Arcy has been given the OBE.
teacher 9th Jun 2019 — 9:20 pm
OBE wan kinobi
M.T 9th Jun 2019 — 6:09 pm
Honest question for you, Bishop Pat. Given that you have been previously elected to public office, and have served as a priest, bishop, author, counsellor, journalist and politician, would you consider standing in the next general election as a member for the Brexit card. I think you would have a credible chance of winning. The are currently accepting applications and you have nothing to lose.
He's too old, we need younger queers.
Argentina? I am sure there is enough gossip and tittle-tattle closer to home, Bp Pat, to fill our mouths. For example, the Elsie and Carmel set-up, and Leonora, apparently, singlehandedly ruining St Andrews and Edinburgh.
Pat do you think if Cardinal Brady made an appearance with Panty bliss The media would never touch him again regarding covering up? Seemed to have worked well for Gerry Adams.
Pat does the LGBTP movement only recruit through kidnap and brainwashing? They can't reproduce.
Magna Carta 9th Jun 2019 — 11:04 pm
The heteros kindly and obligingly do that for them.
Odd that 'bent' should come from 'straight'.😕
A reminder at 10:10 pm of what decency and integrity are up against.
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text:
Home / News / Acura TSX
Wagon Added to Acura TSX Line-up For 2011
Jonathan McGrew December 27, 2010 Comment Now!
2011 Acura TSX Sport Wagon
At one time station wagons were the family vehicle for Americans. In fact, the station wagon became a part of Americana. Then came the introduction of the minivan and later the sport utility vehicle, fondly referred to as a SUV. The shift started in the '80s and the SUV craze took hold in the '90s. With the boom in the SUV market, it left little room in the market for the station wagon—now referred to as just wagons. The wagon has made a comeback to some degree, especially in the near luxury market with the Audi A4 Avant and the wagon-like Lexus CT200h (a vehicle AllSmallCars.com took for a spin recently). This has left manufactures to make a decision as to whether they should or shouldn't have an offering, even if volumes will be low. Acura's decision? Meet the 2011 Acura TSX Wagon.
Acura doesn't expect the new wagon to be a blockbuster, but they do say that they are anticipating it making up some ten percent of the sales volume for the TSX model line. Is it special? Well, it is actually basically the sedan a different body over top—what some in the industry call a sheet metal extension. Critics will tell you that this gives it a different look than that of the Audi competition, a car that is on separate wheelbase from its sedan sibling. It is the difference between wheels at the corners with little rear overhang and wheels set in-board with a noticeable rear overhang. Either way, reviews have noted that the 2011 Acura TSX Wagon is well balanced on the road and road noise has been mitigated well.
Where the TSX Wagon really excels is the standard equipment list. As opposed to having a lot of add-on options Acura seeks to woe consumers with standard moonroof, roof rails, high-intensity headlights, Bluetooth, USB input, heated leather seats with memory and satellite radio. All that with an entry-level price that is lower than the Audi A4 Avant by almost 5K. That said, it does have some pit falls that may not be recoverable to some consumers. The TSX wagon will only come with the 2.4-liter 201-hp in-line four-cylinder engine and an automatic transmission. It will also only come in a two-wheel drive configuration. That leaves the German competition with the edge in markets where all-wheel drive is considered a must.
Bottom line—if you are looking for SUV capacity with out the SUV image, consider the luxurious feel of the new 2011 Acura TSX Wagon. For the price difference, consider investing in a set of good snow tires in climates with snowy conditions.
[Source: Automotive News]
2011 Acura News Acura TSX Acura TSX News News station wagon
The 2011 BMW 3-Series Is Superb, But What About the Sports Wagon?
Jonathan McGrew - Contributing Writer


text:
Q: Cannot push imported project from git-svn The whole story :
Get first, a -very- small project
$ cd local_rep
$ git clone http://address/proj.git .

Fine, let's check
$ ls
.git
READ.ME

Now I want to add just one project from svn (and, overall, keep the history)
$ git svn clone --no-metadata -A usr.txt svn://old-repo/bank bank

Seems to work, but now I'm not able to push my brand new local project "bank" on the remote git server. I tried:
$ cd bank
$ git remote add origin http://address/proj.git
$ git push --set-upstream origin master

And I get
 ! [rejected]        master -> master (fetch first)
error: failed to push some refs to 'http://address/proj.git'
hint: Updates were rejected because the remote contains work that you do
hint: not have locally. This is usually caused by another repository pushing
hint: to the same ref. You may want to first integrate the remote changes
hint: (e.g., 'git pull ...') before pushing again.
hint: See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details.

Don't understand why, because with
$ cd bank
$ git log

I can see the history of my local repository !?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Melinidinae Stapf, 1917 è una sottotribù di piante spermatofite monocotiledoni appartenente alla famiglia delle Poacee (ex Graminaceae) e sottofamiglia Panicoideae.

Etimologia
Il nome della sottotribù deriva dal genere tipo Melinis P. Beauv, 1812, un antico nome greco per un cereale, probabilmente il miglio.

Il nome scientifico della sottotribù è stato definito dal botanico austriaco Otto Stapf (23 marzo 1857 – 3 agosto 1933) nella pubblicazione "Flora of Tropical Africa" (Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 13. 1 Jul 1917) del 1917.

Descrizione

 Il portamento delle specie di questo gruppo in genere è cespitoso, rizomatoso o stolonifero con cicli biologici annuali o perenni. Le specie di Thuarea formano dei tappeti o cuscini. I culmi, eretti, possono essere ramificati. In alcune specie i nodi del culmo sono pubescenti. In Leucophrys i culmi sono legnosi. Altezza media delle piante: .
 Le foglie lungo il culmo sono disposte in modo alterno, sono distiche e si originano dai vari nodi. Sono composte da una guaina, una ligula e una lamina. Le venature sono parallelinervie. Possono essere presenti dei pseudopiccioli.
 Guaina: la guaina è abbracciante il fusto.
 Ligula: le ligule sono membranosa; la membrana è sfrangiata (o cigliata) oppure termina con una frangia di peli.
 Lamina: la lamina ha delle forme generalmente lineari e piatte. In Leucophrys le foglie si disarticolano dalla guaina. In Thuarea le foglie più alte, con forme lanceolate, racchiudono l'infiorescenza.

 Infiorescenza principale (sinfiorescenza o semplicemente spiga): le infiorescenze, composte da racemi eretti e unilaterali portati lungo l'asse centrale, sono formate da alcune spighette ed hanno la forma di una pannocchia. Le infiorescenze in genere non sono ramificate (o con rami primari non ramificati, o rami primari ramificati formanti rami di ordine superiore). In Tricholaena l'infiorescenza è molto ramificata. Le spighette possono essere a coppie sia sessili che peduncolate. In Thuarea l'infiorescenza è composta da 1 o 2 spighette bisessuali prossimali, e altre spighette staminate distali; quelle staminate, su pedicelli bulbosi, sono decidue. In Urochloa i rachidi possono essere alati.
 Infiorescenza secondaria (o spighetta): le spighette, con forme da lanceolate a obovate-ellittiche e compresse dorsiventralmente (o lateralmente), sottese da due brattee distiche e strettamente sovrapposte chiamate glume (inferiore e superiore), sono formate da un fiore sterile basale e uno fertile, senza estensione della rachilla. Alla base di ogni fiore sono presenti due brattee: la palea e il lemma. La disarticolazione avviene con la rottura della rachilla sopra o sotto le glume. In Eriochloa e Urochloa le spighette alla base sono globose. Lunghezza media delle spighette: .
 Glume: le glume, in genere più corte delle spighette, sono membranose ed hanno delle forme da lineari a lanceolate; l'apice varia da mutico a aristato. La superficie è percorsa da 3 - 5 o 9 - 11 venature longitudinali (alcune specie hanno le venature incrociate). Le glume inferiori possono avere dei peli ghiandolari. La gluma inferiore può mancare.
 Palea: la palea, eventualmente carenata (o bicarenata), è membranosa (o cartilaginea) con o senza barbe.
 Lemma: il lemma è membranoso (o cartilagineo o coriaceo) eventualmente con bordi ialini o precisi, con o senza barbe; l'apice varia da mutico a aristato.

 I fiori fertili sono attinomorfi formati da 3 verticilli: perianzio ridotto, androceo  e gineceo.

 Formula fiorale. Per la famiglia di queste piante viene indicata la seguente formula fiorale:
 *, P 2, A (1-)3(-6), G (2–3) supero, cariosside.

 Il perianzio è ridotto e formato da due lodicule, delle squame traslucide, poco visibili (forse relitto di un verticillo di 3 sepali). Le lodicule hanno una consistenza carnosa.

 L'androceo è composto da 3 stami ognuno con un breve filamento libero, una antera sagittata e due teche. Le antere sono basifisse con deiscenza laterale. Il polline è monoporato.

 Il gineceo è composto da 3-(2) carpelli connati formanti un ovario supero. L'ovario, glabro, ha un solo loculo con un solo ovulo subapicale (o quasi basale). L'ovulo è anfitropo e semianatropo e tenuinucellato o crassinucellato. Lo stilo, breve, è unico con due stigmi in genere piumosi.

 I frutti sono del tipo cariosside, ossia sono dei piccoli chicchi indeiscenti, con forme ellittiche e compresse dorsalmente, nei quali il pericarpo è formato da una sottile parete che circonda il singolo seme. In particolare il pericarpo è fuso al seme ed è aderente. L'endocarpo non è indurito e l'ilo è puntiforme. L'embrione è provvisto quasi sempre di epiblasto ha un solo cotiledone (allungato) altamente modificato (scutello con fessura) in posizione laterale. I margini embrionali della foglia si sovrappongono.

Riproduzione
Come gran parte delle Poaceae, le specie di questo genere si riproducono per impollinazione anemogama. Gli stigmi più o meno piumosi sono una caratteristica importante per catturare meglio il polline aereo. La dispersione dei semi avviene inizialmente a opera del vento (dispersione anemocora) e una volta giunti a terra grazie all'azione di insetti come le formiche (mirmecoria).

Distribuzione e habitat
Regioni tropicali e subtropicali del mondo.

Tassonomia
La famiglia di appartenenza di questa sottotribù (Poaceae) comprende circa 650 generi e  specie (secondo altri Autori 670 generi e ). Con una distribuzione cosmopolita è una delle famiglie più numerose e più importanti del gruppo delle monocotiledoni e di grande interesse economico: tre quarti delle terre coltivate del mondo produce cereali (più del 50% delle calorie umane proviene dalle graminacee). La famiglia è suddivisa in 11 sottofamiglie, la sottotribù Melinidinae è posizionata all'interno della sottofamiglia Panicoideae.

Filogenesi
All'interno della famiglia Poaceae la sottofamiglia Panicoideae appartiene al clade "PACMAD" (formato dalle sottofamiglie Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, Micrairoideae, Danthonioideae, Chloridoideae e Panicoideae). Questo clade con il clade BEP (formato dalle sottofamiglie Ehrhartoideae, Bambusoideae e Pooideae) forma un "gruppo fratello" (il clade BEP a volte è chiamato clade "BOP" in quanto la sottofamiglia Ehrhartoideae a volte è chiamata Oryzoideae). La sottofamiglia di questa voce, nell'ambito del clade "PACMAD", a parte la sottofamiglia Aristidoideae in posizione "basale", forma un "gruppo fratello" con il resto delle sottofamiglie del clade.

Il clade "PACMAD" è un gruppo fortemente supportato fin dalle prime analisi filogenetiche di tipo molecolare. Questo gruppo non ha evidenti sinapomorfie morfologiche con l'unica eccezione dell'internodo mesocotiledone allungato dell'embrione. Questo clade inoltre è caratterizzato, nella maggior parte delle piante, dal ciclo fotosintetico di tipo C4 (ma anche a volte tipo C3 in quanto ancestralmente era C3).

La sottotribù Melinidinae fa parte del secondo gruppo di tribù che si sono differenziate nell'ambito della sottofamiglia e in questo gruppo fa parte della supertribù "Panicodae"  L. Liu, 1980 e quindi della tribù Paniceae R.Br., 1814 All'interno della tribù e in questo ambito occupa, da un punto di vista filogenetico, una posizione centrale insieme alla sottotribù Panicinae (formano un "gruppo fratello"). La sottotribù, è monofiletica anche se alcuni limiti non sono ancora chiari, ed è caratterizzata dall'avere il ciclo fotosintetico del tipo C4. Questo gruppo (informale e ancora non riconosciuto da tutti i botanici) è anche definito "clade PCK" (o "PEP-CK") in quanto include (più o meno) tutte le "paniceae" con ciclo fotosintetico del tipo C4. Una possibile sinapomorfia anatomica, per questo clade, è data dal contorno irregolare della guaine.

All'interno della sottotribù si individuano due subcladi; il primo formato dai generi Leucophrys, Melinis, Moorochloa e Tricholaena (questi generi condividono cinque cambiamenti di base) è caratterizzato dalla disarticolazione sopra i glumi e dal lemma superiore e dalla palea lisce e lucenti; il secondo è formato dai genere Chaetium, Eriochloa, Megathyrsus, Scutachne e Urochloa (questi generi condividono sette cambiamenti di base). La circoscrizione del genere Urochloa è problematica; da alcuni studi risulta parafiletico (potrebbe include Scutachne s.s., Megathyrsus e diverse specie precedentemente classificate in Eriochloa). Anche il genere Eriochloa potrebbe essere polifiletico.

Per questa sottotribù sono state individuate le seguenti sinapomorfie:
 Chaetium: le glume superiori hanno 9 - 11 venature longitudinali.
 Thuarea:  l'infiorescenza è composta da 1 o 2 spighette bisessuali prossimali, e altre spighette staminate distali; le spighette staminate, su pedicelli bulbosi, sono decidue; a maturità la porzione staminata dell'infiorescenza si ripiega sulla parte bisessuale e racchiude il frutto.

Il cladogramma seguente, tratto dallo studio citato, mostra una possibile configurazione filogenetica della sottotribù.

Generi della sottotribù
La tribù si compone di 13 generi e 122 specie:

All'elenco va aggiunta la specie "Panicum" deustum Thumb., 1744 con distribuzione Africa, Asia e Sud America. Questa specie per il momento ha una posizione irrisolta nelle filogenesi attuali. Secondo alcuni Autori dovrebbe essere descritta all'interno del genere Rupichloa, mentre in altre checklist questa specie è assegnata al genere Dichanthelium (sinonimo: Dichanthelium dichotomum (L.) Gould).

Note:
 (1): per acune checklist Eriochloa distachya è un sinonimo di Urochloa polystachya (Kunth) Mabb..
 (2): per alcune checklist Leucophrys è un sinonimo di Urochloa P. Beauv..
 (3) Megathyrsus e Scutachne in passato erano considerati un sinonimo di Urochloa.

Generi della flora spontanea italiana
Nella flora spontanea italiana è presente la seguente specie della sottotribù Melinidinae:
 Tricholaena teneriffae (L.) Link - Distribuzione: Calabria e Sicilia.

Note

Bibliografia

Altri progetti

Panicoideae