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Today in the Mission Yearbook
SDOP national committee chair is encouraged about the future of ministry
<March>
Rebecca Reyes recognized as Self-Development of People trailblazer
For Rebecca Reyes, the work never ends. The retired Presbyterian pastor has put a lifetime into working for the denomination by pastoring a church, working as a campus minister and leading Latino health services at Duke University Hospital. A fourth-generation Presbyterian, Reyes was the first Hispanic woman ordained by the denomination.
"I've held a wide variety of positions within the denomination. For the past 15 years, I helped the Duke hospital administration work with the Spanish-speaking population," she said. "North Carolina saw a huge influx of Spanish immigrants coming from Mexico, South America and Central America. I was hired to look at what needed to be put into place as it relates to billing, patient care, patient safety and ethics."
Although she has stepped away from a number of responsibilities, you could hardly say Reyes is slowing down. For the last year, she has served as chair of the Presbyterian Committee on the Self-Development of People, a ministry she describes as true evangelism.
"We get to meet folks we don't get to see inside the church walls, and I really feel like the ministry is bringing good news to people in a refreshing way," she said. "We are paying attention to their lives in terms of needs, whether providing medical support, creating a cooperative, learning how to start a new ministry or feeding the homeless."
In 2015, SDOP celebrated its 45th anniversary of ministry. It has provided support for more than 5,600 community projects struggling with economic and social justice issues in more than 67 countries. The ministry grew out of the civil rights era in the late 1960s.
"SDOP has been there nationally and internationally, transcending and going beyond the church to work with people of faith from all traditions and learning how to be partners," she said. "Not for our sake, but for the proclamation of the good news." In her current position, Reyes has found gratitude among those SDOP has served. "We pay attention to their lives and listen to their concerns and that has generated a sense of gratitude and appreciation," she said. "It is an affirmation of God's grace in their lives. It's not always presented in theological words, but there is a spirit of grace."
SDOP has undergone some change in the past year with the retirement of coordinator Cynthia White and three additional staff. The Rev. Alonzo Johnson, who served with the Presbyterian Peacemaking Program for two years, has assumed leadership of the ministry. Reyes is excited about what the future has in store for them.
"Cynthia left the office with a staff that is fabulous in the work they do. They know their work, have been doing it for years and are open to creativity," said Reyes. "As we face the coming challenges, we are able to succeed because of an excellent staff. We couldn't do the work we do without that."
Reyes does see some challenges ahead, including awareness. She believes the denomination needs to know about SDOP's work and success. The other challenge, she says, is that the denomination not lose sight of SDOP's significance.
"In the world of nonprofits, it's a model that is unique. It brings in partners that we wouldn't know about in terms of philanthropic organizations," she said. "This kind of work cannot be replicated by anyone else. We need to keep SDOP visible to the denomination in how it participates with other nonprofits."
Reyes believes more should be done in the church to reach a wide and diverse population.
"I grew up in a very small Hispanic church in Texas. I recognize that our denomination needs to be more creative in working with immigrants, people of color and people from all socioeconomic backgrounds, recognizing the strength that we have," she said. "We've been deficient in that area."
"SDOP is cutting-edge, it's bringing in folks that traditionally we wouldn't be working with," said Reyes. "SDOP can help the denomination be richer, healthier and embrace what's out there."
Rick Jones, mission communications strategist
Today's Focus: Rebecca Reyes recognized as Self-Development of People trailblazer
Let us join in prayer for:
Young Adult Volunteers 2016-17
Catherine Warren, Peru
Emily Wilkes, Peru
Kristen Young, Peru
PC(USA) Mission Co-workers
Jonathan Seitz, Taiwan
Emily Seitz, Taiwan
PC(USA) Agencies' Staff
Vera White, PMA
Bryce Wiebe, PMA
God of compassion, through your love may we be empowered to continue overcoming the poverty that affects our communities. Through our prayers and gifts may we be blessed! In the name of Jesus Christ. Amen.
Morning Psalms 22; 148
First Reading Jeremiah 5:1-9
Second Reading Romans 2:25-3:18
Gospel Reading John 5:30-47
Evening Psalms 105; 130
"And Samuel said, 'Speak, for your servant is listening.' " — 1 Samuel 3:10
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He's currently tenth in line to the throne.
With two weddings and two new babies, the members of the royal family have quite a year ahead of them. And being a member of "the Firm," as the family is known, means everyone has a role to play, from the Queen's direct heirs to her other children and grandchildren. With that in mind, we're turning our attention to some of the lesser-known members of the Windsor clan. Here's everything you need to know about Queen Elizabeth's youngest grandchild, 10-year-old James, Viscount Severn.
JAMES IS THE ONLY SON OF PRINCE EDWARD AND SOPHIE, COUNTESS OF WESSEX.
When he was born on December 17, 2007, in Surrey, his father described him as "very cute and very cuddly," according to the BBC. His name, James Alexander Philip Theo, was announced several days later; his full surname is Mountbatten-Windsor.
The Earl and Countess of Wessex with their newborn son James.
HE IS CURRENTLY TENTH IN LINE TO THE THRONE.
At the time of his birth, James was eighth in the order of succession, just in front of his older sister, Lady Louise. Following the births of Prince George and Princess Charlotte, he was bumped down to tenth, and will become eleventh in line when the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge's third child arrives in April.
Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, Sophie, Countess of Wessex, Lady Louise Windsor and James, Viscount Severn at the 2013 Trooping the Colour Ceremony.
UPON BIRTH, HE RECEIVED THE TITLE OF LORD.
When Prince Edward married Sophie Rhys-Jones in June of 1999, they decided, with the approval of the Queen, that their future children would receive the courtesy titles of the children of an earl, rather than Prince or Princess. Hence, James is known as Viscount Severn.
According to the BBC, "It is thought this decision was made to avoid some of the burdens of royal titles."
James with his mom and dad at the Bristol Zoo in 2016.
JAMES LIVES WITH HIS FAMILY IN SURREY.
Prince Edward, his wife, and two children currently live at Bagshot Park, a 17th-century estate near Windsor.
LIKE HIS SISTER, HE HAS A LAKE NAMED AFTER HIM IN CANADA.
According to the Vancouver Sun, in 2008, then Manitoba Premier Gary Doer, "presented the prince with a pair of framed notices naming two Northwestern Manitoba lakes after his two children, Louise, 4, and James, five months.


Talk to a vet about the poor condition of your pet's coat and you will get the same answer – change his diet or give him supplemental vitamins and minerals, or both.
When your body is in homeostasis (that is, all is functioning well) and it is receiving the nutrients it needs and making good use of them, then your hair is strong and beautiful.
The shine of your hair depends on the condition of the cuticle.


All job seekers are invited to apply this post. Eligibility detail and application process is given in the below notification.
1. At first visit Shri Swami Vivekananda Shikshan Sanstha website. i.e. ssvssansthan.com.
2. On the home page click on Job details.
3. Download the notification and read carefully.
4. On the homepage, click on the application form and download it.
5. Take a print out of it.
6. Fill the details, paste photograph and attach necessary documents.
7. Send the application form to Shri Swami Vivekananda Shikshan Sanstha address given below.
Offline Application Starting Date: 13th August 2017.
Offline Application Closing Date: 13th September 2017.


Immacula Jean-Felix, a resident of North Philadelphia higlights the many news sources she refers to for her daily dose of news.
As technology constantly evolves, so does the way news is shared, and with Facebook apps like the Washington Post Social Reader and Internet news access to online papers, staying well informed is becoming easier – and free.
Anchors including Anderson Cooper and Chris Matthews, along with influential politicians like Sen. Chris Dodd, and even President Obama have embraced Twitter to reach an audience, which relies heavily on online news.
"I sometimes find myself checking the news from my iPhone, when a TV or radio is not nearby," Jean-Felix said.
However, various news broadcasting stations and national papers have gained reputations for possessing political bias' toward certain issues, conveying stories often time from a left or right wing standpoint. This occurs predominately on major networks including MSNBC, Fox News, CNN, and ABC, but the list goes on and on. Often times however, viewers choose to tune into these perceived bias networks, because it corresponds with their own political viewpoints.
"I consider myself a democrat, but I feel some of the news stations I listen to are fairly biased, favoring my own political viewpoints, but that is usually expected," Jean-Felix said.
Technological advancements are rapidly changing the way news is shared, but competition among news organizations have led to the decline of those that cannot compete in the changing market.
Mark Staver can be reached at mark.staver@temple.edu.
Not sure about the point of this article. Is Immacula Jean being used as a demonstrative archetype in terms of where the average student gets his/her news on any given day? Surely there must be some more interesting angle.


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April 23, 2020 December 2, 2021 Michael Magoon
Book Summary: "Conquests and Cultures" by Thomas Sowell
Title: Conquest and Cultures: An International History
Author: Thomas Sowell
Sowell examines that impact of military conquest and migration on the indigenous people.
If you would like to learn more about long-term human history, read my book From Poverty to Progress: How Humans Invented Progress, and How We Can Keep It Going.
Differences in wealth between ethnic groups living in the same region cannot be accounted for by discrimination because the differences in wealth existed long before the people lived together. The wealthier ethnic groups were wealthy before they came into contact with the poorer ethnic groups and vice versa.
Military conquest has played a major role in spreading culture and technology across the globe.
Military conquest by a more technologically advanced people tends to spread social capital that helps promote economic growth. The longer the political dominance, the larger the positive impact.
Military conquest by a less technologically advanced people (for example the Mongols conquest of the Chinese) tends to have little long-term effect.
English conquest spread culture and technology to Wales and Lowland Scotland, benefitting them in the long run.
These three British cultures played the same role for the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
The migration of Germans to Central and European in the Middle Ages brought western technology and culture to the Slavs. Much of the urban professional class of these regions were dominated by ethnic Germans.
The Russians played a similar role in Central Asia and Siberia.
The Spanish conquest of the Americas had a much more mixed impact as few Spaniard immigrated and the ones that did focused on extracting resources from the natives.
Other books by the same author
Migration and Culture
Conquest is a major part of that past and a major shaper of the cultures of the world today.
Wars of conquest have changed the language, the economy, and the moral universe of whole peoples.
While migrations have transferred knowledge, skills, technology, and economically valuable aptitudes around the world, conquests have played a more varied and ambiguous role. Where a technologically or organizationally more advanced people have conquered a people lagging behind in these respects, then conquest-like migration-has been a way of spreading the existing human capital of mankind and promoting the development of more human capital among more peoples. But, where conquerors are clearly less economically or intellectually developed than those they conquer-a common situation for centuries, during which ancient civilizations in the Middle East were prey to mounted nomadic warriors from the steppes of Central Asia'- then conquest has not promoted the spread of human capital, but instead has destroyed much of it where it existed and prevented civilization from spreading to militarily vulnerable areas.
One of the most important things influenced by geography is the size and diversity of the area over which economic and cultural interactions can take place, for this strongly affects not only the economic well-being of the people but, even more fundamentally, their own development of the skills, knowledge, and wider cultural exposure that can be summarized as human capital. Whether people are united by navigable waterways or cut off by rugged mountains or other geographicaJ barriers has enormous cultural as well as economic and political significance.
British:
The British people and British institutions had centuries of experience as a commercial nation before it became the first industrial nation.
The history of Wales as a conquered country shows patterns common elsewhere, not only in the British Isles but also in Africa, Asia, and the Western Hemisphere. Where the conqueror has been more organizationally or technologically advanced, those portions of the conquered country which were subjugated earliest and most thoroughly have tended to become-and remain-the most advanced regions, even in countries which later regained their independence. Another pattern has been that internal divisions created or accentuated by different levels of exposure to the culture of the conquerors have complicated and impeded political or cultural unification among the conquered.
British history is by no mean confined to Britain, for no other nation has had such a large and enduring role in shaping events, institutions, and the fates of other peoples around the world. Much of the world today, including the United States, is still living in the social, cultural, and political aftermath of Britain's cultural achievements, its industrial revolution, its government of checks and balances, and its conquests around the world.
Slavs:
Over the centuries, much of the advancement of agriculture in Eastern Europe was due to the movement of better methods of cultivation from Western Europe. These included improved plows, the horse collar, and new systems of crop rotation.'" Sometimes this movement of agricultural advances was accompanied by a movement of people from
Western Europe, mostly Germans, who were welcomed by Polish, Hungarian, and other Eastern and Central European landed nobility for the greater prosperity they would bring to the region. In order to attract them, these migrants were often given concessions on land, taxes and tithes, and local laws and practices were held in abeyance so that villages and towns were allowed to rule themselves according to German law."
This law not only spread through urban communities in Eastern Europe, it spread to people who were not German, but who settled in these communities. Still, for much of medieval Eastern Europe, urbanization and cultural Germanization occurred together, just as urbanization and Anglicization went together in medieval Ireland, Scotland, and Wales."'
It was not those parts of Eastern Europe most abundantly supplied with natural resources which became the most economically prosperous regions, but rather those with the most abundant contacts with Western Europe-Bohemia, for example' rather than Russia.
In general, Russians played a role among the peoples of Central Asia much like the role of Western Europeans in Eastern Europe or like European imperial powers in much of the non-industrialized colonial world. That is, the Russians brought the technology, the organization and the industrial and commercial way of life of western civilization to these regions, if not always to the peoples of these regions, since the modem sectors of these societies were often Russian enclaves.
Native Americans:
Unlike the ancient Roman conquest of Britain or some of the European conquests in Africa, the Spanish conquest of the Maya did not bring major technological or organizational advances… What changed most fundamentally was not the nature of economic activity but the amount extracted from the producers and the elite to whom it was transferred.
Moreover, the Spanish elite did not depend for its wealth on the making of profit from the economy so much as in using the government to gain privileges that translated into economic gain, whether from direct extractions from the Indians or from privileges in the acquisition of land or monopolies. The small Spanish community, and the still smaller Spanish elite, facilitated interlocking political, economic, religious, family, and social institutions- which in turn facilitated the kinds of corruption and abuses that flourished in colonial Latin America and continued to do so long after the colonial era was over.
First, however, we need to confront the most blatant fact that has persisted across centuries of social history-vast differences in productivity among peoples and the economic and other consequences of such differences.
Huge differences in wealth-production have been the rule, not the exception, for thousands of years of recorded history-even though, as Fernand Braudel pointed out, the particular nations.
(1) real income consists of things that are produced, that (2) much of this real income or output is not distributed at all, but is consumed where it is produced, and that (3) its production is radically different from place to place and from people to people, as has been the case throughout history.
if "exploitation" theories were as widely applicable as supposed, then the dissolution of empires should lead to rising standards of living among the formerly conquered and presumably exploited peoples. Yet history repeatedly shows the opposite happening.
Slavery, the ultimate in potential for exploitation, has seldom left slave-owning regions more prosperous than comparable non-slave-owning regions… In many other parts of the world, slaves were among the luxuries and displays of wealth-not its source.
Striking changes in productivity among peoples can often be traced to transfers of cultural capital from others-from the English to the Scots, from Western Europeans to Eastern Europeans, from China to Japan in an earlier era, or from the Islamic world to Europe in medieval times. Such transfers do not represent mutually cancelling gains and losses, as transfers of material wealth do in exploitation theories, for knowledge is not diminished at its source when it spreads to others.
One of the most heartening lesson of history is that poor and primitive peoples have, more than once, not only caught up with those more fortunate, but have even advanced to the forefront of human achievement.
The most striking finding from this long, multi-volume excursion into the history of peoples and culture, around the world is how distinct and enduring have been the cultural patterns of particular racial or ethnic groups. However, that does not make race or ethnicity unique.
All sorts of other groupings of human beings-by religion, nationality, or geographical settings, for example-show similarly sharp distinctions in everything from income to alcoholism and from fertility rates to crime rates. It is not racial or ethnic distinctions, as such, which have proven to be momentous but cultural distinctions, whether associated with race, with geographical origins, or with other factors. The particular culture or "human capital" available to a people has often had more influence on their economic level than their existing material wealth, natural resources, or individual geniuses.
The tendency to explain intergroup differences in a given society by the way that particular society treats these groups ignores the fact that differences between groups themselves have been the rule, not the exception, in countries around the world and down through history. These groups differ in specific skills-… Thus people living in the same immediate surroundings, and facing the same current economic and other options, react very differently as a result of their very different cultures.
The specific kinds of education received affect not only technological and economic development in a country, but also the direction of its social and political development. Education in science and technology has obvious economic benefits, but not all groups or all nations have been equally drawn to that kind of education.
Newly educated and semi-educated classes have often sought positions in government bureaucracies, rather than in industry and commerce, for which their education has usually given them few skills likely to be useful in the marketplace.
Perhaps the most important thing to understand about history is that it was lived under constraints very different, and generally much narrower, than the constraints of today… More generally and more fundamentally, the scope of human volition was too circumscribed to allow much of history to be explained as simply the putting into effect of various ideas and ideologies, however much ideas and ideologies may preoccupy intellectuals of a later era.
What makes the history of migrations much more than a history of the redistribution of bodies internationally is that it is one of the processes by which cultures have been diffused, changing the whole economic, military, and political landscape of the world. What makes the history of conquests more than simply a history of horrors is that it, too, is one of the ways by which cultural diffusion has remade the life of the human race. Fortunately, there have been other and less stressful ways by which the advances made in some parts of the world have spread to other places and other peoples. Cultural diffusion is an explanation of large disparities among peoples at a given time-and changing world leadership over time-that is more consistent with history than either genetic or exploitation theories. As already noted, genetic explanations are inconsistent with the dramatic changes in world leadership that have taken place over the centuries, among peoples whose genetic makeup has not undergone any comparable changes. Exploitation theories are inconsistent with the declining standards of living that have often followed the freeing of supposedly exploited peoples from their erstwhile conquerors.
Some of the most dramatic rises from backwardness to the technological and economic forefront among the nations of the world have occurred as a result of cultural borrowing.
War & Violence in History
Spanish History
Previous Book Summary: "Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America" by David Hackett Fisher
Next Book Summary: "Migration and Culture" by Thomas Sowell

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Bret Baier
Biographies & Memoirs | Children's Audiobooks | History
Bret Baier is the Chief Political Anchor for Fox News Channel and the Anchor and Executive Editor of Special Report with Bret Baier, seen five days a week on Fox News Channel. Before assuming the anchor role, Bret served as Chief White House Correspondent for Fox News Channel between 2006 and 2009. Prior to being named Chief White House Correspondent for Fox News Channel, Bret served as National Security Correspondent based at the Pentagon, reporting on military and national security affairs, as well as on defense, military policy and the intelligence community from 2001 to 2006. He reported from Iraq twelve times and Afghanistan thirteen times. In his career Bret has traveled the world with various administration dignitaries and military officials, reporting from seventy-four countries. His first book, Special Heart: A Journey of Faith, Hope, Courage and Love, became a top-ten New York Times bestseller upon its release in 2014. Follow him online at www.bretbaier.com.
To Rescue the Republic
Ulysses S. Grant, the Fragile Union, and the Crisis of 1876
By: Bret Baier, Catherine Whitney
Narrated by: Bret Baier
An epic history spanning the battlegrounds of the Civil War and the violent turmoil of Reconstruction to the forgotten electoral crisis that nearly fractured a reunited nation, To Rescue the Republic dramatically reveals Ulysses S. Grant's essential yet underappreciated role....
Couldn't get past opening nonsense about January 6
By Kimberly Ames on 11-25-21
Three Days at the Brink
FDR's Daring Gamble to Win World War II
A gripping history of the secret meeting that set the stage for victory in World War II - the now-forgotten 1943 Tehran Conference, where Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin plotted the war's endgame, including the D-Day invasion....
A history lesson and SO much more
By ScottG on 11-18-19
Three Days in Moscow
Ronald Reagan and the Fall of the Soviet Empire
In Three Days in Moscow, Baier explores the dramatic endgame of America's long struggle with the Soviet Union and President Ronald Reagan's central role in shaping the world we live in today....
By Brian W. Barton on 05-20-18
Three Days in January
Dwight Eisenhower's Final Mission
Narrated by: Bret Baier, Danny Campbell
Brett Baier's Three Days in January illuminates how Eisenhower, an underappreciated giant of US history, still offers vital lessons for our own time....
Three Days in January: Young Readers' Edition
In the young readers' edition of his New York Times best-selling book, Fox News anchor Bret Baier examines the historic transition and Eisenhower's last chance to lead the country he loved through his legendary farewell address and his personal appeals to Kennedy....
Special Heart
A Journey of Faith, Hope, Courage, and Love
By: Bret Baier, Jim Mills
Special Heart is a deeply touching personal story told through the eyes of a journalist as he faces the most daunting challenge in life....
By susie johnson on 11-11-18
Three Days in Moscow Young Readers' Edition
On May 31, 1988, President Ronald Reagan stood before a packed audience at Moscow State University. He delivered a speech that would go down in history....


today I am going to write about my new outdoor companion.
since last year I get a little time to spend with myself as my daughter started going to the playschool for 2 hrs.
I wanted to paint so badly that I thought I should utilize those spare time doing some sketch works on daily basis.
I tried to work with acrylic painting but it didn't worked out properly because I was always getting distracted by some or the other reasons.
I was desperate as its absolutely frustrating for me of not able to do painting the way I wanted to.
I was nearly broken when the idea of quick sketches striked me.
Visual journaling and sketching outdoor.
. I always liked the idea, as you can see in my previous blogs. I thought it would be great if I start with this concept once again as I have a little time for myself.
I started keeping a sketchbook handy with me with some pigma micron pens. I carried them always whenever I am outdoor.. anywhere and everywhere from children playgrounds to shopping malls ..
I must say I enjoying drawing people and places.
my sketchbooks varied from the local brand Brustro to Strathmore visual journals.
today I would like to review about my experiences with Strathmore visual journal and cotman portable travel set.
here I must mention the details.
love the texture of the paper.


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The Current War: Director's Cut
The Current War: Director's Cut is the epic story of the cutthroat competition that literally lit up the modern world. Benedict Cumberbatch is Thomas Edison, the celebrity inventor on the verge of bringing electricity to Manhattan with his new DC technology. On the eve of triumph, his plans are upended by charismatic businessman George Westinghouse (Michael Shannon), who believes he and his partner, Nikolai Tesla (Nicholas Hoult), have a superior idea for how to rapidly electrify America: with AC current. As Edison and Westinghouse grapple for who will power the nation, they spark one of the first and greatest corporate feuds in American history.
Alfonso Gomez-Rejon
Timur Bekmambetov, Basil Iwanyk
Michael Mitnick
Benedict Cumberbatch, Michael Shannon, Katherine Waterston, Tom Holland, Tuppence Middleton, Matthew Macfadyen, Tom Fisher, Nicholas Hoult
Critics Consensus: If it lacks the powerful voltage that its impressive cast suggests, The Current War: Director's Cut represents a significant improvement over previous versions.
Ready Steady Cut
M.N. Miller
An electric battle of wits with a script that offers only a surface level, uneven treatment of its three subjects.
Outtake Mag
Laura Potier
An illuminating tale in need of more direct (narrative) current.
College Movie Review
Kip Mooney
In a world of staid biopics ... I'm pleasantly surprised that The Current War is an electric film (pun intended).
This movie is very low energy, unfortunately.... It's interesting but there is no inherent conflict.
World Socialist Web Site
Joanne Laurier
The Current War is instructive and lively, bolstered by the talents of Cumberbatch and Shannon in particular.
Movies For The Rest Of Us
Bill Newcott
Benedict Cumberbatch as boyish, blustery Edison and Michael Shannon as the reserved, ruminative Westinghouse - provide the juice to make this history lesson shine.
Cinemaficionados
Yasser Medina
It doesn't matter that it has some ironic dialogues and remarkable moments with the acting duel, it's evident that it loses energy in the second half. [Full review in Spanish]
Journal and Courier (Lafayette, IN)
Bob Bloom
Overall, the movie lacks the voltage necessary to relate this epic tale in the manner it deserves.
Elements of Madness
Douglas Davidson
... frankly, it's a mixed bag. The Current War manages to be both energetic and poignant, while somehow undeniably shallow.
Wenlei Ma
Fuelled by impressive performances from a sensational cast, The Current War is a sturdy, well-paced historical drama. The production values - its set design, cinematography, costumes - are particularly winsome.
Release Date:March 17, 2020
Edison, The Man
Papa Hemingway In Cuba
Thirteen Days
Viva Zapata
The St. Valentine's Day Massacre
Madame Curie
Abe Lincoln in Illinois
Nicholas and Alexandra
The Barbarian and the Geisha
Pawn Sacrifice
The Damned United


Architect Walter Burley Griffin, formerly head of Frank LLoyd Wright's Chicago office, introduced to Australia the humble bungalow.
Using an inexpensive block sytem that he invented, his 'knitlock' bungalows were deceptively sophisticated, spaces nesting and interweaving to make these small spaces something of wonder.
Based on Griffin's own 42m2 Tiny House, dubbed Pholotia ("the mushroom that sprang up overnight")* – a series of nooks around a single central space with no doors, only curtains running beneath the organising central ceiling deck (see plan below) – a place his wife and collaborator Marion Mahoney called "the cheapest and most perfect house ever built" -- he expanded the concept to include a central organising 'nature court,' bringing nature right into the very centre of the house that, even in resolutely suburban Melbourne, was already well surrounded.
The building's position at the rear of the block articulates Griffin's regard for the relationship between the building and the landscape, though unfortunately the extensive front garden area, once planted with native trees and featuring a curved drive lined with rocks, has been replaced by a second house on the site [which you can see from the existingt lounge, below].
Architect Geoff Crosby spent time at the house in its original state in his early teens, which had a huge effect on him.
The house was perched at the top of a steep block with the front living room pushing out, like the bow of a ship on a wave, over the deep front bush garden below. It was designed in 1923 out the Knitlock wall system Griffin had developed. The centre of the plan was a small garden courtyard that, at the time I knew it, was covered with fly wire and contained a jungle of plants very much as the original plan shows….
The Salter house does not have and internal courtyard as a 'lifestyle' element in the house. It is not a place to hang out in. It captures nature, or does it protect nature? Or display it, Is it like a giant display case? Or is like a lung for the house?
In photographs now, it is a gentrified space full of yukkas.
Mind you, that could make it the perfect intimate space for an early-evening martini.
* Not quite overnight, sadly. While construction itself was rapid, council again looked aghast at a system they couldn't begin to understand. So instead of permitting the project as a house, Mahoney and Griffin instead sought permission simply to construct a "doll's house," which they did.
Whoever just moved in 2018 ...has whitewashed the house to death , another treasure fucked around with .....yuk !


Koffman Academy provides a unique experience for students, where they are immersed in and inspired by music and dance all under the same roof. We offer elite, structured training in music and dance.
At Koffman Academy, we strive to inspire children and adults of all ages and abilities to express their creativity through music and dance. Each student is unique and develops at a different pace which is why we cater each class to the specific needs of the individual student.
Our newly renovated studios and friendly staff offer a warm, cosy environment for your children to learn; a place to build lifelong friendships.
Our dance program focuses on the fundamentals of dance and technique, ensuring safe physical practice while developing musicality and artistry in the dancer. We offer classes for students as young as 3 years old in Ballet, Jazz, Tap, Acro and Hip Hop. We also offer a Tiny Tots program for the younger tots starting from age 18 months.
Our music program offers both private and group lessons in almost every instrument. Each lesson is catered towards the needs and desires of the student while ensuring fun during learning.
Do you have any programs on Tuesday afternoons for an 18 – 24 month old with a grandparent?
Thank you for your enquiry. At this time we don't have any classes for that age group on Tuesday afternoons. Our 18month-24month old program is currently on a Tuesday morning from 10am-10:30am. Grandparents are very welcome to join in this class with their grandchild.


text:
ACCEPTED

#### According to
Index Fungorum

#### Published in
Mycol. eur. (Erlanga) 1: 115 (1822)

#### Original name
Thelephora vulgaris var. albidogrisea Pers.

### Remarks
null

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This entry was posted on May 5, 2014 at 7:50 pm	and is filed under Books, Just Stuff, The Seven Brothers of Elko. Tagged: Indie Author, Michael, Raeann Blake, Seven Brothers, The Seven Brothers of Elko, Update. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
You rock! Thank you so much for sharing. I'm going to get the books I'm missing since you offered such a cool incentive! Hugs and prayers!
So glad to see you as you are now. I was there for that time in 2013 and believe me I have been absolutely astounded at the difference in you from then to now. With your determination I know you can lose that extra weight if you will have just a little more patience and let yourself heal a little more. Look how far you have already come. Still sending my prayers up for you each day. Hope to one day get back out there to see this miracle from God myself. Love you so much and love seeing that smile back.


I am a lecturer at the University of Pretoria, Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology. I graduated PhD (Microbiology) in May 2013. My research interest at MSc and PhD level focused on finding and characterizing bio-active compounds (bioflocculants) from marine bacterial isolate as alternatives to the traditional synthetic chemical flocculants, which are reported hazardeous to human health.
After graduating PhD (Microbiology), I persued postdoctoral research fellowship positions at the University of KwaZulu Natal and Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This is where I embarked in the research field of "how medicinal plants/natural products can be used to attenuate bacterial infections".
Hence, my current research interest at the University of Pretoria focuses on "investigating the potential quorum quenching strategy to mitigagte bacterial infections using natural products (plants and microorganisms). The research was provoked initially by learning that there is an increasing acknowledgement of traditional medicine and indigenous knowledge systems. In addition, there is a global emerging problem of antibiotic reistance. High levels of tolerance in bacterial pathogens and high levels of resistance are prevalent within the public sector in SA.
I have contributed to scientific knowledge through publishing a few research articles (~16 papers) in reputed journals such as Marine Drugs and Molecules, with high impact factor in in the field of Microbiology and contributed sharing at different conferences (nationally and abroad). I am supervising and co-supervising a number of postgraduates.
I am serving as a member of South African Society of Microbiology (SASM), Federation of European Microbiological Societies (FEMS), Organisation for Woman in Science for the Developing World (OWSD-SA Chapter), and participating under Structured Training for African Researchers (STARS, 2017).
Current Goal: Furthering research, training and strive to make a significant positive impact not only for my career but to ther young upcoming researchers.


text:
Die Vogelkirsche (Prunus avium) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Prunus in der Familie der Rosengewächse (Rosaceae). Der Namenszusatz avium leitet sich vom lateinischen Wort avis für Vogel ab und bezieht sich auf die Früchte, die gern von Vögeln gefressen werden. Doch auch der Mensch isst gerne die Früchte der Vogel-Kirsche, insbesondere die von Zuchtformen.

Von der Wildform Wilde Vogelkirsche (Prunus avium subsp. avium) sind die Zuchtformen Knorpelkirsche (Prunus avium subsp. duracina) und Herzkirsche (Prunus avium subsp. juliana) abgeleitet. Diese kultivierten Formen sind vor allem durch größere Blätter sowie größere und süßere Früchte ausgezeichnet und werden im Allgemeinen als Süßkirsche bezeichnet.

Beschreibung

Vegetative Merkmale
Die Vogelkirsche ist ein sommergrüner Baum, der Wuchshöhen von 15 bis 20, selten bis zu 30 Metern erreicht.

Die Rinde junger Zweige ist anfangs grün, kahl, glatt, lederartig, glänzend und später rötlich grau gefärbt. Sie enthält breite, rostfarbene Lentizellen und es sind Querstreifen erkennbar. Die schwärzliche Borke löst sich waagrecht langsam ab und wird "Ringelborke" genannt. Wahrscheinlich dank dieser Ringelborke sind die Wildform und die Kulturformen immun gegen Mistelbefall geworden.

Ihre Krone ist breit kegelförmig. Die Zweige sind dick und reichlich mit Kurztrieben versehen. An Langtrieben befindet sich eine Endknospe. Die Winterknospen sind eiförmig ellipsoid.
Die wechselständig an den Zweigen angeordneten Laubblätter sind in Blattstiel und Blattspreite gegliedert. Der 2 bis 7 Zentimeter lange, unbehaarte Blattstiel besitzt an seinem oberen Ende zwei rötliche Nektardrüsen. In der Knospenlage ist die Blattspreite gefaltet. Die einfache Blattspreite ist mit einer Länge von 3 bis 15 Zentimetern und einer Breite 2 bis 7 Zentimetern verkehrteiförmig-elliptisch bis elliptisch-eiförmig und am oberen Ende mehr oder weniger lang zugespitzt. Die Basis der Blattspreite ist keilförmig bis gerundet. Der Blattrand ist unregelmäßig und grob doppelt gesägt mit drüsigen Spitzen. Die Blattoberseite ist kahl und frischgrün, auf der dunkler grünen Blattunterseite sind die Nerven anfangs leicht behaart. Es sind sieben bis zwölf Seitennerven auf jeder Seite des Hauptnerves vorhanden. Die Herbstfärbung des Laubes ist intensiv rot und gelb. Die zwei linealen Nebenblätter sind etwa 1 Zentimeter lang mit drüsig gesägten Rändern.

Generative Merkmale

An Kurztrieben wird ein kleiner, fast sitzender, doldiger Blütenstand gebildet, der nur meist drei bis vier (zwei bis sechs) Blüten enthält. Dieser weist am Grund kleine, nicht laubblattartige Knospenschuppen auf. Während der Blütezeit sind die inneren Knospenschuppen zurückgeschlagen. Die Blüten erscheinen zusammen mit den Blättern etwa von April bis Mai. Der abstehende Blütenstiel ist kahl und 2 bis 6 Zentimeter lang.

Die zwittrige Blüte ist bei einem Durchmesser von 2,5 bis 3,5 Zentimetern radiärsymmetrisch und fünfzählig mit doppelter Blütenhülle. Der kahle Blütenbecher (Hypanthium) ist kelchförmig und etwa 5 Millimeter × 4 Millimeter groß. Die fünf ganzrandigen, lang elliptischen, kahlen und rötlich gefärbten Kelchblätter sind etwa so lang wie der Blütenbecher und nach dem Abblühen zurückgekrümmt. Die fünf freien, weißen Kronblätter sind ganzrandig, verkehrt-eiförmig und 9 bis 15 Millimeter lang. Die ungefähr 20 bis 34 Staubblätter sind kürzer als die Kronblätter. Die Staubbeutel sind gelb. Der einkammerige Fruchtknoten ist mittelständig, also nicht mit dem Blütenbecher verwachsen. Der kahle Griffel ist etwa so lang wie die Staubblätter.

Die Blütezeit reicht von April bis Mai. Bei älteren, frei stehenden Vogel-Kirschen können gleichzeitig bis zu einer Million Blüten blühen.

Der Fruchtstiel ist nickend. Die Steinfrüchte sind bei einem Durchmesser von 6 bis 25 Millimetern fast kugelig bis ellipsoid oder eiförmig. Das "Fruchtfleisch" ist süß, bei den Wildformen leicht bittersüß. Beim länglich-eiförmigen und glatten Steinkern reicht die Länge von 7 bis 9 Millimeter bei den Wildformen, bis zu 9 bis 16 Millimeter bei den kultivierten Formen. Das Endokarp ist glatt. Die Früchte reifen etwa von Juni bis Juli und färben sich dann schwarzrot.

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt meist 2n = 16 (es kommen auch 17, 18, 19, 24, 32 und 36 vor).

Ökologie
Die Vogelkirsche ist ein anfänglich schnell wachsender, winterkahler Laubbaum, der ein Lebensalter von 80 bis 90 Jahren erreicht.

Die Herzwurzel der Vogelkirsche ist kräftig und weitläufig, sie bildet eine VA-Mykorrhiza aus. Vegetative Vermehrung erfolgt sehr reichlich durch Wurzelsprosse, die oft meterweit von der Ausgangspflanze entfernt sind.

Die Rinde ist mit einem lang ausdauernden Periderm ausgestattet, bei dem sich der glänzende rotbraune Kork später in bandförmigen Lappen als Borke ablöst. Die Korkwarzen sind bis über 1 Zentimeter breit ausgezogen.

Die Knospenschuppen entsprechen dem Blattgrund; besonders an Blütenknospen findet man, durch Übergänge verbunden, an den innersten Schuppen Spreitenreste.

Das Herbstlaub ist leuchtend rot. Am oberen Ende des Blattstiels sitzen meist zwei, selten drei, rote, extraflorale Nektarien, an denen Zuckersaft abgegeben wird. Wie schon seit längerem vermutet, handelt es sich dabei um "Polizistenfutter" für Ameisen. Die Nektarproduktion in den Drüsen ist in den ersten Wochen nach dem Knospenaustrieb besonders groß und zieht größere Mengen der Ameise Formica obscuripes an, die die jetzt noch kleinen Larven ("Raupen") verschiedener Schmetterlinge und anderer Schadinsekten angreifen.

Blütenökologisch handelt es sich um homogame "Nektarführende Scheibenblumen". Die Blüten duften schwach nach Honig. Der Nektar wird vom Blütenbecher abgesondert; deshalb duftet dieser stärker als die Kronblätter. Für Blütenbesucher, vor allem Bienenverwandte, ist der Nektar leicht zugänglich. Honigbienen sammeln auch reichlich Pollen; auf dem Körper einer Biene fand man bis zu einer Million Pollenkörner. Die Narbe ist erst 36 Stunden nach der Blütenöffnung empfängnisfähig. Selbstbestäubung ist zum Teil erfolgreich. Nach dem Abblühen wird der Blütenbecher aufgrund eines ringförmigen Abtrennungsgewebes abgeworfen. Die Vogel-Kirsche ist nach 20 bis 25 Jahren blühfähig.

Ausbreitungsmechanismen der Diasporen, hier die einsamigen Steinfrüchte, sind: Verdauungsausbreitung durch Säuger, Mundausbreitung beim Abschälen des Fruchtfleischs durch Vögel sowie Versteckausbreitung durch Eichhörnchen und Mäuse. Kernbeißer können die Steinkerne knacken.

Die Keimblätter ergrünen nach der Keimung oberhalb des Bodens (epigäische Keimung).

Verbreitung

Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet umfasst das submeridionale bis gemäßigte Europa, die nördliche Türkei, Kaukasien, Transkaukasien und den nördlichen Iran. Die nördliche Verbreitungsgrenze liegt im Westen Europas bei ungefähr 54° nördlicher Breite, im Osten auf einer Linie von Minsk über Kursk und Woronesch bis Rostow am Don und im südlichen Mittelasien. In Skandinavien ist die Nordgrenze aufgrund der Schwierigkeit, Wild- und Kulturformen zu unterscheiden, unklar. Eingebürgert wurde die Vogel-Kirsche in Nordafrika, im südlichen Turkestan, Vorderindien und im östlichen Nordamerika.

Lebensraum
Die Wilde Vogelkirsche wächst in krautreichen Laub- und Nadelmischwaldgesellschaften wie Eichen-Hainbuchen-, Buchen-, Ahorn-Linden-Steilhang- oder Erlen-Ulmen-Wäldern. Sie ist eine Charakterart des Carpinionverbandes, in dem sich auch ihr Schwerpunkt befindet. In anderen Waldgesellschaften kommt sie meist nur beigemischt vor. Die Art kann allerdings aufgrund ihrer starken Eigenverjüngung dominant regelrechte Vogelkirschen-Wälder bilden, welche zur Umwandlung in terminale Eichen-Buchen-Wälder sehr lange benötigen. Die Vogelkirsche ist als wärmeliebendes Halbschattengewächs außerdem an Waldrändern, in Hecken, auf Steinrücken, in Holunderkirschen-, Schneeballhartriegel- und Schlehengebüschen sowie in höheren Lagen auch in den Vorwaldgesellschaften von Rotbuchenwäldern zu finden. Die bevorzugten Böden sind frische (sickerfeuchte), mittel- bis tiefgründige, nährstoff- bis basenreiche Lehm- oder Mullböden. In den Alpen erreicht die Vogelkirsche Höhenlagen bis 1700 Meter, im Kaukasus bis 2000 Meter. Die Standortansprüche der beiden Kulturformen sind ähnlich. Die Infektionskrankheit der Gnomonia-Blattbräune wurde bei Vogelkirschen beschrieben.

Systematik
Die Vogelkirsche wird innerhalb der Gattung Prunus zusammen mit der Sauerkirsche (Prunus cerasus) und der Steppenkirsche (Prunus fruticosa) in die Sektion Cerasus der Untergattung Cerasus gestellt.

Von Prunus avium werden drei Unterarten unterschieden:

 Die Wilde Vogelkirsche oder Waldkirsche (Prunus avium  subsp. avium) ist die Wildsippe. Ihre Blätter sind klein. Die Früchte sind schwarz, klein und haben einen Durchmesser von weniger als einem Zentimeter. Das Fruchtfleisch schmeckt bittersüß und ist nur wenig saftig.
  Die Knorpelkirsche (Prunus avium subsp. duracina ), regional auch Krachkirsche, Knubber oder Knupper, hat sehr große Blätter. Die Früchte sind meist schwarzrot, manchmal auch weiß, groß und haben einen Durchmesser von mehr als einem Zentimeter. Das Fruchtfleisch ist gelb oder rot, knorpelig und fest.
  Die Herzkirsche oder Weichkirsche (Prunus avium subsp. juliana ) hat größere Blätter als die Wildsippe. Die Früchte sind meist schwarzrot, gelb oder weiß und sehr groß, ihr Durchmesser beträgt mehr als einen Zentimeter. Das Fruchtfleisch ist rot oder schwarzrot, weich und sehr saftig.

Wirtschaftliche Bedeutung

Welternte von Süßkirschen
2020 wurden laut der Ernährungs- und Landwirtschaftsorganisation FAO weltweit 2.609.550 t Süßkirschen geerntet. Folgende Tabelle gibt eine Übersicht über die 10 größten Produzenten von Süßkirschen weltweit, die insgesamt 77,4 % der Gesamtmenge ernteten.

Zum Vergleich: Für das Jahr 2020 registrierte die FAO für Deutschland 36.800 t, für die Schweiz 7.779 t und für Österreich 6.610 t.

Anbau von Süßkirschen
Der Anbau von Süßkirschen ist in Deutschland nach dem von Äpfeln der Fläche nach bedeutendste Baumobstanbau (2009: 5.440 ha). Die Erträge sind niedriger als bei den anderen Baumobstarten (Durchschnitt 2005–2009: 5,8 t/ha), so dass die Erntemengen nach Birnen und Pflaumen/Zwetschgen an vierter Stelle liegen (Durchschnitt 2005–2009: 31.700 t). Die Erträge je Baum schwankten im Zeitraum 1997–2008 zwischen 11,3 kg (1997) und 26,7 kg (2000), 2007 wurden 2,15 Millionen Süßkirschbäume im Obstbau genutzt.

Langfristig nehmen die genutzten Flächen ab (1992: 5.875 ha). Die Besatzdichten nehmen etwas stärker zu (1972: 194 1/ha; 2007: 392 1/ha), liegen aber deutlich unter dem noch stärker zunehmenden Durchschnitt aller Obstbäume (2007: 1.626 1/ha). Süßkirschen sind daher die größten Bäume im Obstbau. Dies gilt besonders für Süddeutschland. Die höchste Besatzdichte mit 998 Bäumen je Hektar wurde 2007 in Nordrhein-Westfalen angewandt, die niedrigste mit 279 Bäumen je Hektar in Baden-Württemberg. In Baden-Württemberg, wo mit 2.125 ha 40 Prozent der Anbauflächen liegen, ist auch der Schwerpunkt des Süßkirschanbaus in Deutschland. Hier ist langfristig eine Zunahme der Fläche und des Anteils zu verzeichnen (1972: 1.098 ha, 25 %, nur alte Länder), obgleich die Gesamtfläche des Kirschenanbaus tendenziell rückläufig ist.

Problematischster Schädling im Kirschanbau ist die Kirschfruchtfliege, da madige Kirschen vom Verbraucher kaum toleriert werden.

Der Anbau in den anderen Ländern nimmt ab oder stagniert auf niedrigem Niveau.

Nutzung
In der Imkerei ist die Süßkirsche aufgrund des hohen Zuckergehalts ihres Nektars (21–58 %) und ihres hohen Zuckerwerts (bis zu 1,5 mg Zucker je Tag je Blüte) eine geschätzte Tracht.

Das harte und im Kern rötliche Kirschbaumholz wird vor allem als Furnierholz für den Innenausbau sowie insbesondere als Möbelholz verwendet. Als Brennholz spielt Kirschbaumholz dagegen keine wirtschaftliche Rolle.

Die Wildform der Vogelkirsche (Prunus avium) wird oft als Unterlage für die Veredelung der Japanischen Blütenkirsche verwendet. Für die Veredelung der Kulturform der Süß- und Sauerkirsche wurden im 19. Jahrhundert ebenfalls Wildformen der Vogelkirsche benutzt. Seit dem 20. Jahrhundert benutzt man speziell, beispielsweise von der East Malling Research Station, selektierte Formen der Vogelkirsche.

Eine alte Kulturfrucht ist die Kirsche im österreichischen Burgenland, wo sie ursprünglich in den Weinbergen zwischen den Rebreihen angebaut wurde. Die Sorte Horitschoner Herzkirsche dürfte aufgrund von Fruchtform, Farbe und Reifezeit der aus Schlesien stammenden Germersdorfer Sorte ähnlich sein. Der Verkauf der Kirschen nach Wien brachte den Weinbauern ein Zusatzeinkommen. Der ebenfalls aus der Herzkirsche hergestellte Horitschoner Herzkirschenbrand wurde aufgrund der langjährigen Verarbeitung in dieser Region auch in das Register der Traditionellen Lebensmittel aufgenommen.

Ähnlich ist die Situation im Gebiet zwischen den Südosthängen des Leithagebirges und dem nordwestlichen Ufer des Neusiedler Sees, wo sowohl die Leithaberger Edelkirsche in das Register aufgenommen wie auch die Region als Genussregion Österreich registriert wurde.

Sorten
Es gibt zahlreiche Sorten der Kirsche (Auswahl):

Knorpelkirschen:

 'Adlerkirsche von Bärtschi', eine altbewährte Sorte (Synonyme: 'Ochsenherzkirsche', 'Besigheimer Kirsche')
 'Badacsoner'
 'Badeborner Schwarze Knorpelkirsche'
 'Büttners Rote Knorpelkirsche', eine anspruchslose und ertragreiche Sorte (Synonyme: 'Altenburger Melonenkirsche', 'Querfurter Königskirsche')
 'Charmes', eine frühe Sorte (Synonyme: 'Äpfeleskirsche', 'Schönheit v.d.Pfalz')
 'Dönissens gelbe Knorpelkirsche', eine wüchsige und frostharte Sorte (Synonyme: 'Bernsteinkirsche', 'Schwefelkirsche', 'Wachskirsche')
 'Farnstädter Schwarze', eine Sorte mit sehr aromatischen Früchten
 'Geisenheimer Schwarze', eine großfrüchtige und reichtragende Sorte
 'Germersdorfer' (Synonym: 'Marmorkirsche')
 'Große Prinzessin', gilt als eine der besten Knorpelkirschen (Synonyme: 'Napoleonskirsche', 'Kaiserkirsche')
 'Große Schwarze Knorpelkirsche', eine der ältesten und meistverbreiteten Sorten
 'Hedelfinger', eine relativ spät fruchtende und reich tragende Sorte (Synonyme: 'Wahlerkirsche', 'Spiegelkirsche')
 'Offenburger Schüttler', eine vorwiegend im Schwarzwald angebaute Sorte
 'Ritterkirsche', eine Brenn- und Saftkirsche
 'Schneiders späte Knorpelkirsche', eine großfrüchtige und weit verbreitete Sorte
 'Star', eine großfrüchtige Sorte
 'Starking Hardy Giant', eine großfrüchtige Sorte
 'Unterländer', eine Frühsorte
 'Van', eine schon jung fruchttragende Sorte

Herzkirschen:

 'Alma', eine robuste Sorte
 'Annabella', eine wüchsige Sorte
 'Bleyhls Braune'
 'Burlat', eine frühe Sorte
 'Coburger Maiherz', sehr alte Frühsorte unklarer Herkunft
 'Dolleseppler', eine anspruchslose Sorte
 'Franzens Wilde', alte Regionalsorte aus Sachsen
 'Frühe Rote Meckenheier', eine reichtragende Sorte
 'Früheste der Mark', die früheste Sorte, nach ihr werden die Kirschwochen festgelegt
 'Kassins Frühe', eine starkwüchsige Frühsorte
 'Kesterter Schwarze', eine alte Frühsorte vom Mittelrhein
 'Knauffs Schwarze', eine Frühsorte
 'Lucien', eine Sorte mit sehr saftigen Früchten (Synonym: 'Wasserkirsche')
 'Mödinger', eine alte Einmach- und Saftsorte
 'Prima Vera', eine sehr frühe Sorte
 'Schmahlfelds Schwarze', eine im Havelgebiet viel angebaute Sorte
 'Schwarze Königin' (Synonym: 'Schwarze Kurzstieler')
 'Spitze Braune', eine in Weinanbaugebieten gepflanzte Sorte
 'Teickners Schwarze Herzkirsche', eine mitteldeutsche Sorte
 'Valeska', eine Sorte in nördlichen Anbaugebieten
 'Werdersche Braune', eine mitteldeutsche Sorte

Für weitere Sorten, siehe Liste von Kirschsorten.

Baum des Jahres
Am 22. Oktober 2009 wurde die Vogel-Kirsche in Deutschland zum Baum des Jahres 2010 gewählt.

Brauchtum
Die Vogelkirsche gehört zu den Obstbäumen, die als Barbarazweig verwendet werden können. An Zweigen, die am 4. Dezember (Barbaratag) im warmen Zimmer in die Vase gestellt werden, erscheinen noch vor Weihnachten Blüten.

Siehe auch
 Kirschwoche
 Liste von Kirschsorten
 Kirschfruchtfliege

Belege

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Li Chaoluan, Jiang Shunyuan, Bruce Bartholomew: Cerasus.: Prunus avium, S. 409 – textgleich online wie gedrucktes Werk, In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Hrsg.): Flora of China. Volume 9: Pittosporaceae through Connaraceae, Science Press und Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing und St. Louis, 2003. ISBN 1-930723-14-8 (Abschnitt Beschreibung)
 Hildemar Scholz, Ilse Scholz: Prunoideae. In: Hildemar Scholz (Hrsg.): Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa. Begründet von Gustav Hegi. 2., völlig neubearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Band IV Teil 2B: Spermatophyta: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 2 (3) (Rosaceae, 2. Teil), Blackwell, Berlin/Wien u. a. 1995, ISBN 3-8263-2533-8.

Weblinks

 Kompendium zur Vogelkirsche – LWF-Wissen 65 Informationen zu Waldforschung und Forstpraxis der LWF

 Thomas Meyer: Datenblatt mit Bestimmungsschlüssel und Fotos bei Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (alter Name der Webseite: Blumen in Schwaben)
 waldwissen.net: Dossier Vogelkirsche

Prunus (Rosengewächse)
Baum des Jahres (Deutschland)
Steinobst
Holzart
Baum

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I've been wondering about this topic for a while now.
How would i go about blocking a wifi signal if i knew were the signal came from?
Proud South african rip offs.
You want to interfere with the air signal ? or something simple like wrap an antennae in foil ?
Physically block it with some dense or highly reflective substance is the best way.
You can irritate the source of the signal by throwing rubbish signals (Static) at the source on the same frequency, thereby causing the signal source to think their equipment is faulty.
If you are realllllllly crazy, you can generate an exact opposite signal on the same frequency that will attempt to cancel out the incoming frequency.
I.e. Recieve the signal you want to "block" and at the exact same instance (not even one .0001 ms later), generate the inverse signal to cancel it out (Trough meet peak = 0).
One problem is generating the inverse signal at the exact same that you recieved it.
So - recieve the incoming signal at point A (Closest to the source) and then generating another signal that is the inverse of the incoming signal at point B (1 Meter further from Point A and the Source).
The 1 meter distance will give you .001 ms extra time to generate the inverse signal.
Also - when you generate the cancelling signal, it must match up in a signal spread that will match the area that you want to cover, and get the signal angle 100% correct.
Note: 1 meter was just a made up measurement, and the ms measurements are just descriptive.
A refinement on chopping down their antennae would be to plant trees that grow really tall.. watch as their signal crumbles over next 100 years.
"Broadcast a stronger signal on their frequency .. that's how MNet killed BopTV in south africa ..."
lol thats actually quite evil! Anit-competitive! wat was BopTV?
5ghz equipment, because 2.4 is so polluted.
lol, frightening but funny. imagine whenever one of the wisps start screaming on the channel that all the other wisps just start sending em white noise.
Easy way to clear the nearby airwaves of "unwanted" 2.4 GHz traffic. Get hold of a nice big omni directional antenna. Grab a microwave, a 100m extension cable and an old fridge. Hook the omni up to the microwave and string the extension cable as far away as it can get. Send your wife and kids far away, like the uk or something (or not ). Climb into the fridge and close the door, from within the fridge plug the extension lead into power. Once the glowing behind your eyelids stops there should be no other wireless signals.
I cant find a single 802.11b/g channel in the East Rand that isn't flooded with over-amped CRAP from Wavestream!!
What can we do? Without getting mean and causing interference with them, 'cause I just know that they'll turn their amps up higher when stuff breaks.
Would you like to borrow a syringe and some water ?
This is like the old neighbour playing their crappy music too loud. The one with the biggest and loudest speakers does not always win. In the end, it's the one who perseveres past 05H00 and has the meanest dog that wins.
I'm afraid that Wavestream have quite beeg dags, and a possibly even a license.
Have you tried 2 directional antennae ?
Well, one could spend money and time trying to get past such noise, but the point remains is the noise shouldnt be there. Wavestream is made up of idiots who think a proper network is about how many kilo-watts you can squeeze through the biggest antennae that wasnt so heavy the building tilted when you attached it. What they do is against regulations and they should be responsible, its a shared spectrum.
ICASA should, however probably wont address the matter. Dont worry about getting mean, kick them in the nads, burn their houses, feed their children to wild animals whatever, theyre breaking the law.
Seriously tho, point your spare antennaes at their EQ, put them on ad-hoc or something, multicast some media and 2 days later call them and ask kindly that they drop their equipment to 100mW.
Look the opensource commons would be able to put a stop to this spectrum pollution. We must get some toy-toy lessons, contact Duncan Mcleod at Financial mail to help explain the issue and as a group of over 50 - 100 people go and protest infront of their headoffice.
<br />How would i go about blocking a wifi signal if i knew were the signal came from?


Scotland's Gary Anderson won his first World Matchplay title with a thrilling 21-19 win over Austrian Mensur Suljovic at the Winter Gardens in Blackpool.
Anderson, 46, is only the third man – after Phil Taylor and Michael van Gerwen – to complete the Grand Slam of Darts, which also features the World Championship and Premier League.
At 17-13, he was one leg from victory, but Suljovic won five legs in a row.
Anderson saw match dart at the bullseye bounce out before he sealed victory.


Carnival Cruise Line's Wheel of Fortune 'Spin & Sail Week' Begins Tonight!
For the fifth consecutive year, Carnival Cruise Line kept kids entertained at the South Beach Wine & Food Festival's Fit & Fun as a Family event which is designed to promote healthy lifestyles to families. Held at Miami's Jungle Island, the two-day event included lots of fun activities for both the young and young at heart, everything from arts and crafts where kids could color their own Carnival-themed aprons to face painting and limbo and hula hoop contests. There was even an oversized Jenga game for all to enjoy. Carnival also provided attendees with free frozen yogurt which was the perfect treat on a warm South Florida day.


Venice is well connected and it can be reached either by plane, train or car. In Venice, public transports are available and the public transport boat is known as "vaporetto". A shuttle boat from S. Marco square to Hilton Mulino Stucky Hotel is also available. Browse this page to learn how to reach the Hilton Molino Stucky Hotel in Venice by your preferred transport way.
The schedule of the public transports can be found here.
The schedule of the shuttle boat to Hilton Mulino Stucky can be found here.
The "Venice Marco Polo Airport (VCE)" is the main airport of Venice and it is located 13 km far from the city. To reach the Hilton Molino Stucky Venice Hotel from the airport, the following solutions are possible.
- By public boat "Alilaguna".
Alilaguna boat line has a stop at the Hilton Molino Stucky Venice. The price is 15 EUR/person plus 1 EUR if the ticket is purchased on board, and the transfer time is 1 hour and 40 minutes. For the schedule of the Alilaguna boat line, see here. Note that some rides do not achieve the stop at the Hilton Molino Stucky Venice, but they go as far as San Marco/San Zaccaria or as far as Zattere.
In case the Alilaguna stops in San Marco/San Zaccaria, get off the boat and turn right. The Hilton pier is thererin located and a shuttle bus is available. The shuttle bus stops directly in front of the Hilton Molino Stucky Venice Hotel. In alternative, the Hotel can be reached via the public transport boats, namely, "vaporetto". The suitest vaporetto lines are 2, N via Giudecca and 4.2 and the closest vaporetto stop to the Hilton Molino Stucky Venice Hotel is "Palanca".
In case the Alilaguna stops at "Zattere", the shuttle boat to the Hilton Molino Stucky Venice Hotel can be get from the same pier described before. For the schedule of the shuttle boat, see here. For the schedule of the vaporetto lines, see here.
- By private water taxi.
Water taxis are readily available at the airport dock until 9.00 PM. In case of late arrival, reservation is recommended, via phone call to the Venice Water Taxi company, (+39) 041 5229040, or to the front desk of the Hotel, (+39) 041 2723311. Tariffs are 110 EUR for up to 4 people and 150 EUR for up to 8 people and can be paid directly in cash to the taxi driver. A further night charge of 10 EUR is applied from 10.00 PM to 7.00 AM. The transfer time is approximately 30/35 minutes.
- By other public transports.
In alternative to Alilaguna, the transfer by public transports takes place in two steps.
- From Venice Airport to the mainland termination of Venice, Piazzale Roma.
1. ACTV Land Bus nr. 5. The price is from 3 to 6 EUR/person, and the transfer time is approximately 20 minutes. For schedule, see here.
2. ATVO Express Line. The price is from 3 to 6 EUR/person and the transfer time is approximately 20 minutes. For schedule, see here.
3. Cab / road taxis. The price is approximately 35 EUR and the transfer time is approximately 15 minutes.
- From Piazzale Roma to the Hilton Molino Stucky Venice Hotel.
Public transports are available via boat, namely, "vaporetto". The price is 7 EUR/person. For the full list of vaporetto lines and the schedule, see here. The best options are the following.
1. Vaporetto nr. 4.1 or 4.2. The closest stop to the Conference site is "Palanca". The vaporetto stop is 10 minutes walking distance from the Conference site.
2. Vaporetto nr. 2 or N via Giudecca. The closest stop to the Conference site is "Palanca". In alternative, at the vaporetto stop Zattere, it is available a complimentary shuttle boat which stops directly in front of the Hotel. The shuttle boat landing jetty is located just close to the vaporetto stop Zattere. For the schedule of the shuttle boat, see here.
3. Vaporetto nr. 5.1 or 6. The closest stop is "Zattere". At the vaporetto stop, it is available the complimentary shuttle bus that stops directly in front of the Hotel. For the schedule of the shuttle boat, see here.
The "Treviso Sant'Angelo Airport (TSF)" is located 20 km far from the city. The transfer from the airport to the Hilton Molino Stucky Hotel is partly via terrestrial transports, to the Venice mainland termination Piazzale Roma, and partly via acquatic transports, through Venice, to the Hotel.
- From Treviso Sant'Angelo Airport to Piazzale Roma.
The transfer can be accomplished via public bus transport service ATVO. The cost of the single journey is 5 EUR. For the schedule of the bus line from the airport to Piazzale Roma, see here. Alternatively, the taxi service is available, and the tariff is 70 EUR for up to 4 people. For more information about the taxi service, see here. As a final alternative, private car solutions are made available by the Hotel. For more information, visit the dedicated section in the Hilton Molino Stucky Venice Hotel website.
- From Piazzale Roma to Hilton Molino Stucky Venice Hotel.
The transfer can be accomplished by public water buses, namely, vaporetto, or private water taxis. The transfer time by vaporetto is 20 minutes and the tariff is 7 EUR/person. The suitest vaporetto lines are 4.1, 2, and N, 5.1 and 6. For more information, refer to the tranfer from the International Venice Airport by other public transports from Piazzale Roma to the Hilton Molino Stucky Venice Hotel.
The Venice train station is "Venezia Santa Lucia". The transfer from the train station to the Hilton Molino Stucky Venice Hotel takes place by acquatic transports. For detailed information, refer to the transfer from the International Venice Airport by other public transports from Piazzale Roma to the Hilton Molino Stucky Venice Hotel.
Two structures are suitable for parking the car.
At the end of the only bridge that takes to Venice, namely, "Ponte della Libertà", turn right at the traffic light following indications to Tronchetto park. The parking entrance is on the right-hand side. The cost is 21 EUR per day (24 hours) per normal box. Guests of Hilton Molino Stucky Venice Hotel can enjoy a 20% discount for parking more than 4 hours. The discount voucher must be required at the front desk of the Hotel.
From the Tronchetto park, the Hilton Molino Stucky Hotel can be reached either by public water buses, namely, vaporetto, or private water taxes. The suitest vaporetto lines are 2 and N direction Giudecca. The closest vaporetto stop is Palanca that is 10 minutes walking distance. In alternative, at the vaporetto stop Zattere, a shuttle boat service is available for a direct transfer service to the Hilton Molino Stucky Venice Hotel. For the schedule and detailed information on vaporetto lines, see here. For detailed information about the taxis, refer to the transfer from the International Venice Airport, by other public transports, from Piazzale Roma to the Hilton Molino Stucky Venice Hotel.
At the end of the only bridge that takes to Venice, the Piazzale Roma park is straight on. On the square, the park structures are Comunale Parking or San Marco Parking. For the Comunale Parking, the cost is between 24/27 EUR per day (24 hours), according to the car size, and the park reservation can be made here. For the San Marco Parking, the cost is 30 EUR per day (24 hours), and the reservation can be made here. From both parks, the Hilton Molino Stucky Hotel can be reached by private water taxis or public water buses. For details about both solutions, refer to the transfer from the International Venice Airport, by other public transports from Piazzale Roma to the Hilton Molino Stucky Venice Hotel.


Undertaking a financial commitment as significant as a mortgage can be a daunting and stressful experience. But it certainly doesn't have to be. As an MFAA accredited and Diploma (Finance and Mortgage Broking) qualified Aussie mortgage broker I can help take the stress out of your home loan so you can enjoy what should be an exciting and rewarding chapter in your life.
It's the customer relationship for the life of the loan and throughout the journey to own your home that separates me from other brokers.
From purchasing your first home or investment property to searching for a better deal to consolidate your debts, I am here to help.
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Using state-of-the-art software to search through thousands of loans from Aussie's extensive panel of lenders I can help find you the best product to suit your personal needs and financial situation.
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Give me a call, drop me an e-mail or even connect with me via Facebook so we can arrange a meeting at a venue which best suits you to discuss how together, we can realise your dreams.
Ben was fantastic! Very informative and helpful - Ben was able to answer all of our questions and make the process very easy and comfortable.
Absolutely fantastic. Very professional, and efficient! Genuinely alleviated the stress of the whole mortgage process. Couldn't recommend Ben more highly!!!


This Sunday is the day of the mother, the day we honor the source of life. As we give thanks for our very existence, for all the nurturing and resources our mothers provide for us so that we may grow and thrive, we also celebrate our shared mother—the Earth itself. Without her flowing waters, warm sun, rich soil and fresh air, even our most advanced technologies wouldn't be able to sustain our collective life here.
It feels like just yesterday that WEA's Co-Directors, Melinda and Amira, were both becoming new mothers—and then mothers once more! But today, they each have two sons, all under the age of three, and it's taken us just a moment to realize how quickly time has flown.
Last week, WEA had the opportunity to attend the Indigenous Birthways convening at the BirthKeepers Summit here in Berkeley, CA. There, we heard Mohawk elder and midwife, Katsi Cook, speak about these links, and her wisdom is reflected in her written work. "Women are the first environment," she teaches. "We are privileged to be the doorway to life. At the breast of women, the generations are nourished and sustained. From the bodies of women flow the relationship of these generations both to society and to the natural world. In this way is the earth our mother, the old people said. In this way, we as women are earth."
This Mother's Day, please consider making a tax-deductible gift in honor of Mother Earth and the amazing mothers in your world. Your contribution will help us to continue supporting grassroots women today who are stepping forward to demand clean water and healthy food, protect sacred lands and traditional knowledge, resist dirty energy that harms our lands and bodies, and design sustainable solutions.
We wish you a peaceful Mother's Day.


text:
\section{Introduction}

The main process that removes high energy gamma rays enroute from
remote active galactic nuclei (AGN) to our detectors is absorption via
$\gamma \gamma {\rightarrow} e^+ e^-$ as the gamma rays move through
the evolving extragalactic background light (EBL).

\begin{figure}[h]
  \psfig{file=LumDens.eps,height=12cm}
  \caption{Luminosity Density vs. Wavelength in the Nearby Universe.
  The black curve is the prediction of our current Semi-Analytic Model
  (SAM); the points are observational data.}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[ht]
  \includegraphics[height=10cm]{ebl.ps} \caption{Predicted
  Extragalactic Background Light (EBL) Compared to Observations.  The
  black curve is the prediction of the SAM discussed in the present
  paper.  Also shown are a selection of relevant observations.  The
  filled squares are lower limits from the Hubble Deep Field and other
  sources; the filled hexagon is a lower limit from ISOCAM (Elbaz et
  al. 2002); the measurements at 140 and 240 $\mu$m are from the DIRBE
  instrument on the COBE satellite, and the shaded region on the right
  of the figure is from the FIRAS instrument on COBE.}
\end{figure}

From the earliest work on the cold dark matter (CDM) theory of
structure formation in the universe (Blumenthal et al. 1984),
semianalytic models (SAMs) have been used to estimate the properties
of the population of galaxies that will form in a given cosmological
model.  These models typically treat galaxy formation and evolution
based on simple approximations such as spherical collapse, but they do
treat accurately the most secure aspects of the theory, in particular
the CDM power spectrum of fluctuations.  As dark matter theory has
progressed, it became possible to base the calculation of galaxy
formation on the approximate merging history of a population of dark
matter halos calculated using Monte Carlo methods (White \& Frenk
1991, Somerville \& Kolatt 1999), and this has been the main method
used in SAMs (e.g. Kauffmann, White, \& Guiderdoni 1993; Somerville \&
Primack 1999; Cole et al. 2000).\footnote{Modern high-resolution
simulations permit the calculation of structural merger trees which
characterize the radial profiles and angular momenta of the merging
dark matter halos (e.g. Wechsler et al. 2002), and we are now doing
SAMs based on this.  This is important for predicting the dependence
of galaxy properties on environment, but the results for large galaxy
populations are similar to those of the simpler Monte Carlo
calculations used here.}  We calculated the emission of EBL by the
entire evolving galaxy population initially using even simpler
Press-Schechter (1974) models (MacMinn \& Primack 1996), and then
using state-of-the-art SAMs and taking into account the effects of
dust, which obscures light emitted in starbursts driven by galaxy
mergers, and reradiats the energy in the far infrared (Primack,
Bullock, Somerville, \& MacMinn 1999; Primack, Somerville, Bullock, \&
Devriendt 2001).  In earlier work, it was necessary to consider
several possible cosmologies, but the fundamental cosmological
parameters have now been determined with remarkable accuracy based on
the cosmic microwave background and the large scale distribution of
galaxies at low redshift and of large low-density gas clouds of gas at
redshift $z\sim3$ \footnote{These gas clouds are responsible for what
is known as the Lyman alpha forest of absorption lines in quasar
spectra.}  (e.g. Spergel et al. 2003, Tegmark et al. 2004, Seljak et
al. 2004), giving results that are compatible with all other available
cosmological data (reviewed in Primack 2004).  As a result, in the
present paper we just consider the now-standard LCDM cosmology with
$\Omega_{matter}=0.3$, $\Omega_\Lambda=0.7$, Hubble parameter $h=0.7$,
and normalization $\sigma_8=0.9$.\footnote{Of these parameters, the
only one uncertain enough to be a concern is $\sigma_8$.  We have
adopted $\sigma_8=0.9$ here because this leads to the early ionization
of the universe indicated by the WMAP large-angle polarization, which
would require exotic sources if the value of $\sigma_8$ were
significantly lower (see e.g. Somerville, Bullock, \& Livio 2003).}

\section{Implications for Gamma-ray Attenuation}

\begin{figure}[ht]
\psfig{file=edge.ps,width=3.5in}
  \caption{Gamma-ray Attenuation Edge.  Each curve shows the redshift
  where the predicted attenuation as a function of gamma-ray energy is
  $e^{-1/2}$, $e^{-1}$, $e^{-2}$, $e^{-3}$, and $e^{-5}$.}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[h]
  \includegraphics[height=10cm]{BoloMadau.eps}
  \caption{The Evolving Radiation Field.}
\end{figure}

In addition to the greatly increased precision and confidence in the
cosmological parameters, the main thing that has changed in
calculating the EBL from SAMs is our knowledge about the luminosity
function of galaxies, i.e. the number density of galaxies as a
function of their luminosity.  As a result of the agreement of the
three large surveys of the nearby universe, 2MASS (Cole et al. 2001),
2dF (Norberg et al. 2002), and SDSS (Blanton et al. 2003), we now know
the local luminosity density with unprecedented precision in optical
and near-infrared wavebands -- see Figure 1.  The key parameters in
SAMs, those that govern the rate of star formation and of supernova
energy feedback and metallicity yield, are adjusted to fit local
galaxy data.  The fact that this can be done well is shown by the good
agreement between the curves in Figure 1 (predictions from our current
favorite SAM) and the data from the UV to the far-IR.  However, the
optical luminosity density is lower than the best estimates of a few
years ago, which is the main reason that our EBL curves in Figure 2
have come down across the spectrum compared to our earlier estimates.

\begin{figure}[ht]
  \includegraphics[height=10cm]{odMANY.ps}
  \caption{Gamma-ray Attenuation vs. Gamma-ray Energy.  The predicted
  attenuation is shown by the upper curves for sources at the
  redshifts of well studied blazars, and by the lower curves for
  sources at higher redshifts.}
\end{figure}

Because the data now determine the local luminosity density in the
optical band rather precisely, and because our collisional starburst
SAM appears to do well at accounting for galaxy observations at
optical wavelengths at higher redshifts (Somerville, Primack, Faber
2001, whose predictions were shown to agree with the GOODS survey data
out to redshift $z=6$ by Giavalisco et al. 2004), we think that the
EBL in Figure 2 is probably pretty reliable in the optical and
near-IR.\footnote{The main uncertainty that we are aware of concerns
the high near-IR (1-3 $\mu$m detections shown as upward pointing
triangles in Figure 2.  We are implicitly discounting these detections
(e.g. Matsumoto et al. 2000, Wright 2004) because the systematic
errors may not be fully represented by the error bars shown, and there
is no known nearby source.  However, an interesting proposed source is
redshifted Lyman $\alpha$ radiation from early galaxies at redshifts
$z\sim 9-13$ whose shorter wavelength radiation may have been
responsible for the early ionization of the universe indicated by the
WMAP polarization data (Salvaterra \& Ferrara 2003, Magliocchetti et
al. 2003).  It may be possible to test this idea with new near-IR data
(cf. Cooray et al. 2004) and also through the predicted increased
absorption of $\sim 1$ TeV gamma rays from distant blazars such as 1ES
1426+428, which may disfavor it (cf. Costamante et al. 2004b).}  The
fact that it is somewhat lower is therefore good news for the new
generation of low energy threshold gamma ray detectors, including
HESS, MAGIC, CANGAROO III and VERITAS atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes
(ACTs), and the AGILE and GLAST gamma-ray satellites which are
scheduled to be launched in 2005 and 2007.  As gamma-ray telescopes
look at lower energy gamma rays, they can see out to higher redshifts
with less attenuation than previously predicted.  This is shown in
Figure 3, which shows curves representing varying degrees of
attenuation (in powers of $e$) predicted for gamma rays travelling
through the evolving radiation field corresponding to the EBL from our
current SAM outputs, shown in Figure 4.

Figure 5 shows the implications of our current models for attenuation
of the five well-characterized extragalactic gamma-ray souces, whose
redshifts range from $z=0.031$ to $z=0.129$.  The predicted and
observed attenuation is rather mild for the nearest sources, Mrk 421
and Mrk 501 at $z=0.031$ and 0.034.  It is only for the most distant
TeV blazar H1426+428 at $z=0.129$ that the observations (Aharonian et
al. 2003, Costamante et al. 2004a) appear to support the shape of the
predicted attenuation.  Comparing available data on four blazars with
the models, Costamante et al. (2004b) conclude that the observed
attenuation is generally consistent with our theoretical expectations.
Of course data with smaller error bars would be most welcome, and this
should be forthcoming soon with the larger and more sensitive new ACTs
now coming into operation.

\section{Theoretical Successes and Failures}
\begin{figure}[h]
  \includegraphics[height=10cm]{MadauPlot_rev.eps} \caption{Density
  of Star Formation vs. Redshift.  The optical data points agree
  rather well with the three sorts of SAMs whose predicted Madau Plots
  are shown, collisional starburst (CSB), accelerated quiescent (AQ)
  (for both see Somerville, Primack, \& Faber 2001), and tilted AQ
  models (of the sort considered e.g. by De Lucia, Kauffmann, \& White
  2004, where the star formation rate depends on both the dynamical
  time and the circular velocity).  The curve labeled SPH shows the
  results from recent hydrodynamic simulations by  Hernquist \& Springel
  (2003).  But the two highest data points, from 850 $\mu$m
  observations by the SCUBA instrument, suggest instead a Madau plot
  like that shown by the dot-dash curve (based on a model due to
  A. Blain et al. 1999).  [This figure is based on Fig. 2 of
  Somerville 2004.]}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[h]
  \includegraphics[height=10cm]{IRNumberCounts.eps}
  \caption{IR Number Counts: Predictions and Data.}
\end{figure}

There are two basic approaches to predicting the EBL, and thereby
predicting gamma-ray attenuation as a function of source redshift and
gamma-ray energy.  The old approach of ``backward models,'' still
followed by some, has been to start with the existing galaxy
population and to model the luminosity evolution of these galaxies
backward in time.  There are great difficulties in principle with this
approach.  The EBL data shown in Fig. 2 indicate that the total
energy in far-IR radiation is comparable to that in the optical and
near-IR.  However, the Milky Way, like most nearby galaxies, radiates
much more of its energy in the optical and near-IR than the far-IR.
Since most of the far-IR light must therefore have been radiated at
higher redshifts, it has been diluted by a factor of $(1+z_{\rm
emission})^{-1}$ by the expansion of the universe.  It follows that
radiation by higher-redshift galaxies must have been very different
from that of nearby galaxies, with a much larger fraction of the light
emitted in the far-IR.  Backward evolution models are further
compromised by the likelihood that such intense far-IR emission has
often been triggered by galaxy mergers, so that it becomes
increasingly difficult to model the galaxy population at increasing
redshift by evolving the currently existing galaxies backward.

``Forward evolution,'' the approach we follow, is based on assuming a
fundamental theory of cosmology and galaxy formation.  A decade ago
this may have appeared to be a highly speculative approach, but it has
now become much more plausible since we now know that all available
data on large and intermediate scales is in spectacular agreement with
the LCDM model.  And as Fig. 1 shows, a modern LCDM-based SAM can
account very successfully for the nearby luminosity density.
Reasonable modifications (Somerville et al., in prep.) can also allow
SAM models to account for detailed features of the galaxy population,
such as the bimodality in galaxy colors and other properties observed
at both low redshift (e.g. Kauffmann et al. 2003) and out at least to
redshift $z\approx 1$ (e.g. Bell et al. 2004).  However, SAM models
and simulations have not yet been able to account for the bright
far-IR galaxies observed by SCUBA and other instruments including ISO
and Spitzer.\footnote{A recent paper (Baugh et al. 2004) presents a
SAM which can account for SCUBA sources by assuming that starbursts
have a ``top-heavy'' stellar initial mass function, in which most of
the stellar mass goes into high-mass stars.  This would of course
imply a very high supernova rate, and it remains to be seen whether
this is consistent with observed properties of such galaxies.}  This
is shown by Figures 7 and 8.  Figure 7 shows that three currently
popular SAM approaches and the latest hydrodynamical simulations
(Hernquist \& Springel 2003) both lead to predictions for the
evolution of the density of star formation vs. redshift which agree
with the optical data but not with the star formation indicated by the
SCUBA observations at 850 $\mu$m at $z\approx 2$ and the more
uncertain observations at $z\approx 4$.\footnote{See e.g. Chary \&
Elbaz (2001) for a similar conclusion regarding the star formation
indicated by the ISO 15 $\mu$m data at $z\approx 0.7$ (cf. Chary et
al. 2004).}  Figure 8 shows that the discrepancy between our SAM
predictions for number counts and observations is worst for the bright
SCUBA data.  Thus, while our SAM predictions appear to be in good
agreement with optical data both nearby and at high redshift, we are
clearly underestimating the contribution of galaxies at $z \lower.5ex\hbox{\gtsima} 0.7$
to the far-IR and perhaps also the mid-IR.  It follows that our
attenuation curves in Figs. 3 and 5 are likely to be reliable for
gamma-ray energies $\lower.5ex\hbox{\ltsima} 1$ TeV, but they probably underestimate the
attenuation at higher gamma-ray energies.

\section{Prospect}

We are now writing a series of papers on results from our current SAM
models, including revised versions of the EBL and gamma-ray
attenuation results presented here.  T. J. Cox and Patrik Jonsson, who
finished their PhDs with Primack in September 2004 (Cox 2004, Jonsson
2004), have been doing an extensive program of high-resolution
hydrodynamic simulations of galaxy interactions including the effects
of dust absorption, scattering, and reradiation.  On a longer
timescale, but still within approximately the next year, we plan to
incorporate these new insights into improved SAM models which we hope
will do a better job than our current ones of accounting for the
bright far-IR emission from galaxies.

\section{Dark Matter Annihilation at the Milky Way Center?}

In this last section, we turn to a different topic.  In a recent
paper, Gnedin \& Primack (2004) considered the effect of the
scattering of dark matter particles by the star cluster surrounding
the supermassive black hole at the center of the Galaxy.  They showed
using a Fokker-Planck treatment that this results in a unique radial
density profile proportional to $r^{-3/2}$, which will extend from
$\sim 10^{-4}$ pc from the black hole (where the density is cut off
due to annihilation of the dark matter, assumed to be weakly
interacting massive particles, WIMPs) to $\sim 2$ pc.  Since the
annihilation rate is proportional to the square of the dark matter
density, the cuspy density profile implies that the annihilation peaks
at the location of the black hole.  The high-energy gamma-ray signal
from the Galactic center observed by H.E.S.S. (Aharonian et al. 2004,
Horns et al. 2004) appears to have this sort of point-like character.
This interpretation of the signal implies a WIMP mass of $\sim 20$
TeV, which is much higher than was expected on the basis of common
supersymmetric models, but not obviously inconsistent.  WIMP
annihilation implies a characteristic cut off in the energy spectrum,
and the data taken in 2004 with the full four-telescope H.E.S.S. array
may also have adequate angular resolution to help discriminate this
interpretation from alternative ones.  Unfortunately, while the radial
profile of the central dark matter density is known, its magnitude is
not -- since there are processes that enhance the density and other
processes that diminish it, and none of these processes are understood
well enough to permit reliable calculations.  Thus if dark matter
annihilation is not discovered at the Galactic center the implications
for WIMPs may not be clear.

\begin{theacknowledgments}
Primack acknowledges support from NASA and NSF grants at UCSC.
Bullock has been supported as a Hubble Fellow at the CfA, and
Somerville as a staff member at STScI.
\end{theacknowledgments}

\newenvironment{reflist}{\begin{list}{}{\listparindent -0.20in
 \leftmargin 0.2in} \item \ \vspace{-.35in} }{\end{list}}

\vfill \eject

\begin{reflist}

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Some url test \url{http://www.world.universe}.

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text:
Q: Optimization with linear inequality and quadratic equality constraints I am looking for a reference for an algorithm to solve the following type of optimization problem:
$$\begin{aligned}\text{Minimize } & x^TQx \text{ where } Q \text{ is symmetric and positive definite}\\
&\text{subject to: } Ax\leq b  \text{ and}\\ &x^TB_ix=k_i^2 \text{ for }i\in I \text{ and }B_i \text{ symmetric and positive semi-definite} \end{aligned}$$
I know how to do both linear and quadratic programming with linear equality and inequality constraints, but quadratic equality constraints are nonconvex, so these methods won't work without some adaptation.
I came across this optimization problem while studying the question of constructing a polyhedral lift of a planar embedding of a graph. It turns out that setting a facet normal is a linear condition in the variables I am using, but setting the facet's angle above the $xy$-plane without specifying its azimuth gives rise to a quadratic equality constraint.
If someone can recommend a good textbook where this type of situation is covered, or even some keywords for me to research, I would be grateful.

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