text:
Is retirement good for your health? A systematic review of longitudinal studies
Iris van der Heide1,
Rogier M van Rijn2,
Suzan JW Robroek2,
Alex Burdorf2 &
Karin I Proper1
BMC Public Health volume 13, Article number: 1180 (2013) Cite this article
Several studies regarding the effect of retirement on physical as well as mental health have been performed, but the results thereof remain inconclusive. The aim of this review is to systematically summarise the literature on the health effects of retirement, describing differences in terms of voluntary, involuntary and regulatory retirement and between blue-collar and white-collar workers.
A search for longitudinal studies using keywords that referred to the exposure (retirement), outcome (health-related) and study design (longitudinal) was performed using several electronic databases. Articles were then selected for full text analysis and the reference lists of the selected studies were checked for relevant studies. The quality of the studies was rated based on predefined criteria. Data was analysed qualitatively by using a best evidence synthesis. When possible, pooled mean differences and effect sizes were calculated to estimate the effect of retirement on health.
Twenty-two longitudinal studies were included, of which eleven were deemed to be of high quality. Strong evidence was found for retirement having a beneficial effect on mental health, and contradictory evidence was found for retirement having an effect on perceived general health and physical health. Few studies examined the differences between blue- and white-collar workers and between voluntary, involuntary and regulatory retirement with regards to the effect of retirement on health outcomes.
More longitudinal research on the health effects of retirement is needed, including research into potentially influencing factors such as work characteristics and the characteristics of retirement.
Life expectancy is increasing, and, as a result, individuals will live longer after retirement age than ever before, if retirement ages would remain unchanged. Life expectancy at the common current retirement age of 65 has increased substantially over the years; for example, in the United Kingdom it has increased from 16.2 (1993) to 19.0 (2007) years and in the Netherlands from 16.8 (1993) to 19.0 (2007) [1]. Furthermore, due to decreased birth rates, there are fewer adolescents to compensate for elderly's exit from the labour force, and as a consequence, the balance between employed and unemployed people will shift. Without intervention, it is thought that the ratio of employed to unemployed will increase from 3:1 in 2004 to 1:1 in 2050 in European Union countries [2], which could greatly impact the healthcare burden. Recent European policies have been developed to raise retirement ages in order to reduce the burden on welfare budgets [3]. In this context there is considerable debate about the timing of retirement and its influence on health [4].
Based on Feldman's often-cited definition [5], the present study defines retirement as 'the exit from labour force, taken by individuals after middle age, and taken with the intention of reduced psychological commitment to work thereafter'. This definition does not explicitly incorporate the range of retirement forms which include voluntary retirement, involuntary retirement and regulatory retirement. Voluntary retirement can be understood as the relative preference for leisure versus continuing work [6] and seems more likely to occur among those who have economic security after the transition, for instance in the form of savings or pension-like benefits [7]. On the other hand, some workers are forced to retire because of corporate reorganisations or due to health reasons, for example [8]. This type of retirement is often referred to as involuntary retirement and can be expected to cause more stress than voluntary retirement, as workers have less control over the situation. Retirement at a statutory retirement age is referred to as regulatory retirement, but sometimes also labelled as involuntary retirement. An important characteristic of regulatory retirement is that it is country specific, given that statutory retirement ages and socially accepted pension ages differ between countries. With all types of retirement, the national economic situation and the availability of pension-like social benefits can influence the meaning and consequences of retirement [9].
The assumption that retirement may affect physical and psychological well-being is based on the idea that retirement is a major life transition, which results in social-psychological transformation [10]. According to the stressful-life-event approach, which forms the basis of much of the literature on the impact of retirement on health, the stress caused by major life events can have repercussions for an individual's physical and mental well-being [11]. Factors such as desirability, the degree of control, intrinsic values, predictability and irreversibility can contribute to the stressfulness of a life event [11, 12]. These factors can be related to the characteristics of work and retirement; for example, when work is physically or mentally demanding retirement might be perceived as desirable, which may reduce the stressfulness of the transition. In other cases, however, retirement may be perceived as the loss of social contacts and intrinsic values, leading to more stress. Furthermore, involuntary retirement might be perceived as more stressful because of a perceived lack of control, as opposed to voluntary (early) retirement.
Studies have shown contradictory results with regards to the relationship between retirement and health. Early studies suggested that there were no detrimental effects on either physical or psychological health after retirement [12, 13]. However, later studies have suggested that retirement does contribute to deterioration in health resulting in an increased burden on the healthcare system [14]. The study of Hult and colleagues showed, adjusting for selection based on health, retirement had no effect on mortality [15]. Westerlund and colleagues showed that retirement had a positive effect on mental health and fatigue, but no effect on chronic conditions [16, 17]. Thus, evidence on the impact of retirement on one's physical as well as mental health is ambiguous. Furthermore, the evidence has not yet been systematically summarised.
The aim of this study is to provide a systematic literature review, which summarises the available evidence on the health effects of retirement and describes differences in health effects between types of retirement (voluntary, involuntary or regulatory) and types of work (blue-collar workers and white-collar workers). Blue-collar workers and white-collar workers differ from each other with respect to their physical and mental workload, which could influence the health effects of retirement. This review is relevant for researchers because it addresses challenges in research, but is also relevant for policy makers since it provides insight into the possible health consequences of retirement that may aggravate or alleviate pressures on the healthcare system.
Search strategy and study selection
For the purpose of the present review, a literature search for peer-reviewed publications was conducted by two authors (RR and SR) in PubMed, Embase and Web of Science up to November 11, 2013. The keywords that were used referred to the exposure (retirement), outcome (health-related) and study design (longitudinal designs) (See Table 1). Only studies published in English were included. Based on the title and abstract, two reviewers (RR and SR) independently selected articles for full text analysis. For final inclusion the articles had to fulfil all of the following criteria: I) the study had to utilise either a prospective or retrospective longitudinal design; II) the study had to involve a non-patient population that did not retire due to health-problems/receive a disability pension; III) the study should report on generic measures of health, such as mental health, perceived general health or physical health before and after retirement. This meant that studies that merely compared retirees with a control group, as was the case in the studies of Bonsang and colleagues [18] and Behncke [19], were excluded from this review. A consensus method was used to resolve disagreements. Finally, the references of all included studies were checked for other possibly relevant articles.
Table 1 Terms used for the database search in PubMed, Embase and WoS
Data extraction and quality assessment
One reviewer (IH) extracted the relevant data from the selected publications. The study characteristics extracted were target population (setting, age, sex), sample size, follow-up duration, assessment of retirement, type and measure of health outcomes, and key findings. In the case of uncertainty about the extracted data from the included studies, a second reviewer (RR) was consulted. Pairs of authors (from IH, KP and RR) independently scored the quality of each study according to a standardised set of 14 predefined criteria (Table 2) [20–22]. These criteria distinguished between informativeness (I, n = 4) and validity/precision (V/P, n = 10). Each quality criterion was rated as positive (+), negative (-), or unknown (?) as clarified in Table 2. In the case of an unclear or incomplete description of an item, a question mark was assigned, and the first author of the publication was contacted by e-mail to obtain additional information. Scoring agreement was expressed in a percentage of the total number of items scored (n = 308). Disagreement in scores between reviewers was resolved in a consensus meeting. If, after discussion, an agreement could not be reached, a third author (KP or RR) was consulted in order to reach a final conclusion. The total quality score was assigned by counting the number of items scored positively on the validity/precision criteria (V/P). Studies with a minimum of six points (>50%) were regarded as high quality [20].
Table 2 Criteria list for assessment of the methodological quality of prospective cohort studies [20–22]
The collected data from the included studies was pooled when possible—in cases where there was enough homogeneity and if data was available from three or more studies. Homogeneity was assessed based on the type of health outcome and the type of measure of this health outcome. Pooling was done by calculating the mean differences (SD) based on percentages (percentage before retirement minus percentage after retirement) and by calculating the effect sizes (mean difference/SD). 95% confidence intervals around the mean differences were calculated based on t-distributions. For studies on perceived general health, only the prevalence of good general health and poor general health were included in the pooling (the prevalence of average health or an equivalent was not included). Evidence from all included studies was summarised by using a best evidence synthesis, based on results from both high and low quality studies. The best evidence synthesis consists of three levels [20]:
Strong evidence: consistent findings in multiple (≥ 2) high-quality studies;
Moderate evidence: consistent findings in one high-quality study and at least one low-quality study, or consistent findings in multiple low-quality studies;
Insufficient/conflicting evidence: only one study available/inconsistent findings in multiple (≥ 2) studies.
Results of the studies reporting on a particular relationship were considered consistent when for at least 75% of the study results were in the same direction, as defined by p < 0.05.
Study characteristics
The literature search resulted in 3182 hits. After removing duplicates (n = 1744), 2276 studies remained, of which 119 were selected based on title and abstract. 19 publications were ultimately included in the review based on the full-text analysis. Three additional studies sourced from the reference lists of the selected publications were also included (see Figure 1). Key characteristics of these studies are presented in Additional file 1, Additional file 2 and Additional file 3. Because of the great diversity of confounders that had already been taken into account by the included studies, it was not feasible for the present study to examine the effect of confounders on the health effects of retirement.
Flow diagram literature search for longitudinal studies on retirement and health.
The 22 included studies differed from one other with regards to sample size, measure of retirement, (measure of) health-outcomes, follow-up time, study population and period. Sample sizes ranged from 52 to 14714 (median = 319) [17, 23]. For the assessment of types of retirement, three out of the 22 studies used company records or a national database on pensions for statutory age retirement [16, 17, 24]. The remaining studies used self-reports or did not report on how retirement was assessed. Two studies reported explicitly on early retirement [17, 25], ten on old-age (regulatory) retirement [16, 17, 23–30], two on voluntary retirement [11, 26] and one on involuntary retirement [11]. The health outcomes were most often assessed by self-reports (n = 17) and included perceived general health (n = 10) [9, 15, 21, 23, 26, 28–32]/[11, 17, 23, 28, 31–35], mental health (n = 12) [16, 23–28, 31, 36–38] and physical health (n = 12) [16, 26–32, 34, 39–41]. Follow-up times ranged from approximately 1 year to 15 years (see Additional file 1, Additional file 2 and Additional file 3). The included studies stemmed from the United States (n = 7) [29, 32, 34–39], Israel (n = 2) [25, 27], China (n = 1) [30], Northern European countries including Finland (n = 2) [24, 28] and Sweden (n = 2) [33, 40], and Western European countries including the Netherlands (n = 1) [11], Switzerland (n = 1) [25], France (n = 2) [16, 17] and the United Kingdom (n = 4) [26, 27, 31, 41]. As to time-period, eleven of the included studies were published after the year 2000 [11, 16, 17, 23–27, 30, 37, 38], four between 1990–2000 [28, 31, 33, 36], six were published between 1980–1990 [29, 32, 34, 35, 39, 40], and one was published in 1966 [41].
Methodological quality assessment
The scoring of the twenty studies led to an agreement of 80%. Ten studies received a question mark for one or more items. Contact information was available for seven authors and six of them replied to requests for additional information. The proportion of the studies meeting the quality criteria varied considerably per criterion, as presented in Table 2. The most common limitation regarding the validity/precision criteria was the lack of information on selective non-response during follow-up, which was met only by 18% of the studies. The most common information criterion not met (32%) was the adequate description of the baseline study sample for key characteristics. Half of the studies were judged as being of high quality (n = 11).
Perceived general health
Ten studies investigated the effect of retirement on perceived general health (see Table 3 and Additional file 1) [11, 17, 23, 25, 28, 31–35], of which five were judged as being of high quality [11, 17, 23, 34, 35]. Seven studies provided data on the prevalence of poor perceived health before (T1) and after (T2) retirement [11, 17, 28, 32–35]. For these studies, the difference between measurement over time ranged from -5%, indicating a decrease in the prevalence of poor perceived health after retirement, to 5%, indicating an increase in the prevalence of poor perceived health after retirement (see Figure 2). The pooled mean difference was 0.14% (95% CI: -3.39 to 3.67) with an effect-size of 0.04. Six studies provided data on the prevalence of good perceived health before and after retirement [11, 28, 32–35]. The difference over the follow-up period ranged from -2% to 11% (see Figure 3). The pooled mean difference was 4.17% (95% CI: -0.76 to 9.10) with an effect size of 0.88.
Table 3 Evidence for the impact of retirement on various health outcomes from longitudinal studies on retirement and health
Difference in the prevalence (%) of poor perceived general health between follow-up (after retirement) and baseline (prior retirement) in longitudinal studies on retirement and health. The study quality and the relative weight of the study in % are presented in brackets under the studies listed on the Y-axis.
Difference in the prevalence (%) of good perceived general health between follow-up (after retirement) and baseline (prior retirement) in longitudinal studies on retirement and health. The study quality and the relative weight of the study in % are presented in brackets under the studies listed on the Y-axis.
Based on a qualitative assessment using a best evidence synthesis which included all ten studies, conflicting evidence for retirement having an effect on perceived general health was found; the outcomes of the studies varied greatly with some indicating better general health after retirement [11, 17, 28], one indicating a decrease in general health after retirement [36], and some indicating no effect [21, 25, 31, 32] or an unclear effect (that is not shown to be statistically significant) [33, 34] (see Table 3). Only one study distinguished between voluntary and involuntary retirement, showing an improvement in overall perceived general health after retirement [11]. However, those who had retired involuntary were more likely to perceive a decline in their health after retirement than those who had retired voluntarily [11]. The other studies merely reported on regulatory retirement or did not specify retirement type. Three studies specified whether their sample included blue-collar workers, white-collar workers or both, but reported no differences in terms of the beneficial or adverse effects of retirement on perceived health [11, 17, 35].
Twelve studies reported on the mental health effects of retirement [16, 23–28, 30, 31, 36, 38, 39], of which six were judged as being of high quality [16, 23, 24, 26, 27, 36] (see Table 3 and Additional file 2). Mental health was operationalised in various ways including well-being and distress [23, 30, 31], depressive symptoms [16, 35, 38] and antidepressant use [24]. There was not enough homogeneity between studies regarding the measure of mental health to perform a meta-analysis. Based on a best evidence synthesis, strong evidence was found indicating the beneficial effect of retirement on mental health (see Table 3). Ten studies indicated that retirement is beneficial for various measures of mental health [16, 23–27, 31, 36, 38, 39], and three studies found no effect [28, 30, 31]. Most studies presented insufficient information as to the type of retirement and the job characteristics of the sample. One study compared regulatory and voluntary early retirees and found that mental health improved among both type of retirees [26].
Twelve studies reported on the physical health effects of retirement [16, 26–29, 31, 32, 34, 38–41] (see Table 3 and Additional file 3). Six of these were of high quality [16, 26, 27, 29, 34, 39]. Measures of physical health included somatic complaints [29], physical functioning [26, 27, 38], physical fatigue [16], having symptoms of an illness [37], the presence of a disability, an (irreversible) illness or a chronic illness [16, 28, 31, 39], and having serious health problems [34]. Six studies provided data on the prevalence of poor physical health before and after retirement [16, 28, 29, 34, 38, 39]. One study reported three physical health outcomes; these were separately included in the meta-analysis [28]. Differences between follow-up and baseline ranged from -14% to 11%, as presented in Figure 4. The pooled mean difference was 1.9% (95% CI: -5.76 to 9.48) with an effect-size of 0.22. With respect to the eventual change in prevalence of good physical health, not enough data was available.
Difference in the prevalence (%) of poor physical health between follow-up (after retirement) and baseline (prior retirement) in longitudinal studies on retirement and health. The study quality and the relative weight of the study in % are presented in brackets under the studies listed on the Y-axis.
A qualitative assessment using a best evidence synthesis including all twelve studies, provided conflicting evidence for retirement having an effect of on physical health (see Table 3), since some studies indicated a physical health improvement after retirement [16, 31], some indicated a decline [26–28, 39], and some indicated no effect [16, 29, 31, 34, 38, 40] or an unclear effect [41]. Differences between voluntary, involuntary and regulatory retirement were difficult to identify, as most studies did not specify the type of retirement. One study reported that a decline in physical health was found in both voluntary early retirees and regulatory retirees from the civil service [26]. As to differences between blue-collar workers and white-collar workers, studies that drew comparisons between both types of workers found no differences in the effect of retirement on physical health [28, 40]. One study examined the prevalence of cardiovascular disease before and after retirement and found a higher prevalence among blue-collar workers as compared to white-collar workers before retirement, but a lower prevalence as compared to white-collar workers after retirement [28].
The present study aimed to systematically assess the literature regarding the effect of retirement on perceived health, physical health and mental health. The results show that the effect of retirement varies between health outcomes. Meta-analyses suggest that retirement has no univocal effect on perceived general health and physical health (i.e. chronic illnesses, serious health problems), since the confidence intervals around the mean difference included both positive and negative values. Best evidence synthesis also indicated conflicting evidence for retirement having an effect on perceived general health and physical health and strong evidence for retirement having a beneficial effect on mental health (i.e. depression, distress and well-being). Few studies looked at the effect of the type of retirement (voluntary, involuntary or regulatory) on health after retirement. One study indicated that involuntary retirees are more likely to perceive a decline in perceived general health after retirement than voluntary retirees [11]. However, other studies indicated no differences between regulatory retirees and voluntary retirees in terms of health after retirement [26, 29, 39]. Regarding occupational characteristics, this review indicated no clear differences between blue-collar workers and white-collar workers regarding the health effects of retirement [11, 17, 28, 35, 40].
The improvement in mental health shortly after retirement may be linked to a reduction in (work related) stress. A study by Westerlund, which involved trajectories of depression seven years before and seven years after retirement, underlined this short term effect [16]. In that study, occupational risk groups showed a steeper decline in depression than non-risk groups, which underlined the fact that work can be a stress-factor. Two studies suggested that improvements in mental health after retirement were merely significant among men [16, 27]. The fact that a woman's primary role used to be in the home, where a man's primary role used to be at work, might contribute to differences in adjustment after retirement and subsequently to health after retirement [12]. However, the empirical evidence for this reasoning is ambiguous [42].
Two studies indicated retirement having a positive effect on physical health [16, 31]. Yet it remains unclear whether these improvements can be explained by factors such as the elimination of adverse work, the reduction of both physical and mental demands, or by positive lifestyle changes. Conversely, deterioration in physical health might also be explained by factors such as the loss of highly valued work, the reduction of physical and mental demands and negative changes in lifestyle [43]. Especially the impact of retirement on the incidence of chronic or severe illnesses needs to be further explored in future research as this may provide further insight into the increased burden on healthcare after retirement due to (chronic) illness.
Few studies examined the effect of the type of retirement on health. A possible reason for the lack of evidence for the differential effects of retirement provisions may be that studies often did not specify the type of retirement. Solinge indicated that it is not necessarily the type of retirement that influences health after retirement, but the extent to which people feel in control at the moment of retirement [11]. Therefore, when workers perceive little or no control regarding this transition, it might lead to stress and subsequently to reduced health [11]. Although studies on retirement due to health reasons were not included in the current review, there may be some ambiguity in the definitions of voluntary and involuntary retirement in the included studies, since it was not always clear from the information presented whether studies could differentiate sufficiently between health-based and other routes into retirement. Some of the included studies reported on retirement for health reasons, in addition to other types of retirement, indicating that those who retire for health reasons seem to benefit from retirement, or benefit more from retirement than those who do not retire for health reasons [16, 17, 24, 26].
Although no clear differences between blue-collar workers and white-collar workers were found regarding the health effects of retirement [11, 17, 28, 35, 40] some studies demonstrated associations with certain job characteristics. For example, Westerlund and colleagues showed that a poor work environment and high job demands, both physical and psychological, were associated with greater benefit from retirement in terms of improved self-rated health after retirement [17]. Another study found that a decline in health was only present among those in the highest level of the civil service [27], whereas another study indicated that the prestige of the occupation did not influence the health effects of retirement [29].
A number of sources of inconsistency could explain the differences in the findings of the studies included in this review, including the study quality and follow-up times. Study quality might be a source of inconsistency; since high quality studies are expected to have a lower risk of bias, they might result in other outcomes than those studies with a higher risk of bias. Study quality could have contributed to the inconsistency that was found between the studies reporting on the relationship between retirement and physical health. The studies that found a decline in physical health were most often judged as being of high quality, whereas the studies that found no effect were most often judged as being of low quality. As to perceived general health status and mental health, study quality does not seem to be a source of inconsistency.
A second source of inconsistency might be differences in follow-up times, as it seems most likely to find retirement having an effect on health shortly after retirement. At later follow-up measurements, it becomes increasingly difficult to distinguish between the effect of retirement and other factors that could affect health, such as aging, changes in social contacts and changes in income. In terms of the stressful-life-event approach, feelings of stress or relief and their repercussions on health are expected to occur shortly after the transition into retirement. Concerning our findings, studies with follow-up times of three years or longer were more likely to find improved perceived general health after retirement than studies with follow-up times within three years of retirement [11, 17, 25, 28]. As for mental health, the included studies were comparable regarding follow-up times, which might have contributed to the similarity in study results. Inconsistency in study findings regarding the relationship between retirement and physical health is unlikely to be due to follow-up duration, since the studies were comparable concerning follow-up times, with the exception of one study that reported yearly measures over 15 years [26].
Besides study quality and follow-up duration, other factors such as the country of the study population, the measure of retirement and the age at retirement could also help to explain inconsistencies between study results. Countries differ regarding statutory retirement ages, socially accepted retirement ages and financial benefits after retirement, which affects the number of years people have been in the labour force before retirement and also possibly affects their overall perception of retirement. In the present review, seven studies stemmed from the United States, where there is no statutory retirement age. Twelve stemmed from European countries, where there is a statutory retirement age (which has been set at different ages throughout the years). In order to see whether living in a country with or without a statutory retirement age can explain inconsistency between findings, we compared studies from the United States with the European studies in this review; however, we could not identify a pattern in study findings according to the country in which the study was conducted. This may be due to the limited number of studies included in this review, as well as the variety in health outcomes.
As to the quality assessment criteria, the measure of retirement seems essential, but various studies did not specify how retirement was assessed and when the exact transition into retirement was made between the baseline and follow-up. Lack of information on the exact moment of transition makes it difficult to link changes in health to the transition into retirement. Another issue concerning inconsistency was that in some studies retirement was defined as the complete exit from the labour market, whereas in other studies retirement referred to not being in the full-time labour force or receiving a pension.
Furthermore, with respect to physical as well as mental health outcomes, mostly self-reports were used. Although self-reports provide important insights, in order to get a more complete picture of the relationship between retirement and health, the use of more objective measures, such as medicine prescriptions, as was done in the study of Oksanen and colleagues [24], is desirable. It seems that the greatest lack of evidence exists regarding the effect of retirement on diagnosed health conditions.
An important point regarding the interpretation of the evidence is the fact that various studies stated that it is complex to distinguish between the effect of retirement and the effect of aging. To control for the effect of aging, some studies combined the longitudinal design with a cross-sectional design by including a control group who remained in the labour force. For instance, this design was adopted by Mein and colleagues, who found little difference in physical function between those who retired and those who remained in labour force [27]. On the other hand, findings from the same study indicated that mental health declined among those who continued to work and improved among those who had retired [25]. Another study suggests that mental health is better after voluntary early retirement and statutory retirement as compared to being in the workforce [26]. These findings suggest that changes in health after retirement could be attributed to the act of retiring itself, rather than the process of aging. However, more research is needed to provide evidence that the effect of retirement is truly distinct from the effects of aging, preferably by the use of interrupted time-series in accordance with the studies of Westerlund and colleagues [16, 17]. Following this, it might be valuable to explore to what extent age at retirement affects health, since it has been suggested that age at retirement is an important predictor of health after retirement [44].
Since most studies in this review were conducted after the year 2000, the health effects of retirement seem to be of current interest. Furthermore, strong evidence of the positive effect of retirement on mental health indicates that there may be other extenuating factors at work associated with reduced mental health among older workers. Therefore, attention to the prevention of reduced mental health in the years before retirement is needed.
For the purpose of the present study only retirement was included as pathway into post-working life. However, we acknowledge that there are other pathways into post-working life as well, that do not start with retirement; for example, older workers who are made redundant may decide to retire because of the difficulties these workers face with finding a new job. As to the methods used to assess the evidence, a strength of the present review is the use of a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. A limitation of the quantitative approach is that fewer studies were available for the meta-analysis as compared to the qualitative approach. Since the studies that reported on mental health were too heterogeneous, we refrained from performing a meta-analysis regarding this outcome. A weakness of the qualitative approach is the subjectivity of the quality rating of the studies, which might therefore be subject to bias.
This review indicates that retirement can have both beneficial as well as adverse health effects. Strong evidence was found for retirement having a beneficial effect on mental health; conflicting evidence was found for retirement having an effect on perceived general health and physical health. Furthermore, it is important to perform longitudinal studies on the relationship between retirement and health with a sufficient follow-up period, addressing the differences between voluntary, involuntary and regulatory retirement, as well as the differences between blue- and white-collar workers.
Eurostat: Life expectancy at age 65, by sex. 2011, [updated 7 february 2013]. Available from: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tsdde210
Doyle Y, McKee M, Rechel B, Grundy E: Meeting the challenge of population ageing. BMJ. 2009, 339: b3926-10.1136/bmj.b3926.
Cooke M: Policy changes and the labour force participation of older workers: evidence from six countries. Can J Aging. 2006, 25: 387-400. 10.1353/cja.2007.0015.
Burdorf A: Is early retirement good for your health?. BMJ. 2010, 341: c6089-10.1136/bmj.c6089.
Feldman DC: The decision to retire early: a review and conceptualization. Academy of 6. Manage Rev. 1994, 19: 285-311.
Dorn D, Sousa-Poza A: Voluntary' and 'involuntary' early retirement: an international analysis. IZA Discussion Papers No. 2714 2007. http://ftp.iza.org/dp2714.pdf
Nilsson K, Hydbom AR, Rylander L: Factors influencing the decision to extend working lif or retire. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2011, 37: 473-480. 10.5271/sjweh.3181.
Schultz KS, Morton KR, Weckerle JR: The influence of push and pull factors on voluntary and involuntary early retirees' retirement decision and adjustment. J Vocational Behavior. 1998, 53: 45-57. 10.1006/jvbe.1997.1610.
de Lange AH, Ybema JF, Schalk R: Stoppen of doorgaan? Theorie en praktijk van pensionering en langer doorwerken. (To quit or to continu? Theory and practice of retirement and continued employment.). Gedrag en organisatie. 2011, 24: 323-341.
Kim JE, Moen P: Retirement transitions, gender, and psychological well-being: a life-course, ecological model. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2002, 57: 212-222. 10.1093/geronb/57.3.P212.
van Solinge H: Health change in retirement: a longitudinal study among older workers in the Netherlands. Res Aging. 2007, 29: 225-256. 10.1177/0164027506298223.
Moen P: A life course perspective on retirement, gender, and well-being. J Occup Health Psychol. 1996, 1: 131-144.
Portnoi VA: The natural history of retirement. Mainly good news. JAMA. 1981, 245: 1752-1754. 10.1001/jama.1981.03310420042028.
Waddell G, Burton K: Is Work Good for Health and Well-being?. 2006, London: TSO
Hult C, Stattin M, Janlert U, Järvholm B: Timing of retirement and mortality–a cohort study of Swedish construction workers. Soc Sci Med. 2010, 70: 1480-1486. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.10.043.
Westerlund H, et al: Effect of retirement on major chronic conditions and fatigue: French GAZEL occupational cohort study. BMJ. 2010, 341: c6149-10.1136/bmj.c6149.
Westerlund H, et al: Self-rated health before and after retirement in France (GAZEL): a cohort study. Lancet. 2009, 374: 1889-1896. 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61570-1.
Bonsang E, Adam S, Perelman S: Does retirement affect cognitive functioning?. J Health Econ. 2012, 31: 490-501. 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2012.03.005.
Behncke S: Does retirement trigger ill health?. Health Econ. 2012, 21 (3): 282-300. 10.1002/hec.1712. doi: 10.1002/hec.1712
Hoogendoorn WE, van Poppel MNM, Bongers PM, Koes BW, Bouter LM: Systematic review of psychosocial factors at work and private life as risk factors for back pain. Spine. 2000, 25: 2114-2125. 10.1097/00007632-200008150-00017.
Hayden JA, Cote P, Bombardier C: Evaluation of the quality of prognosis studies in systematic reviews. Ann Intern Med. 2006, 144: 427-437. 10.7326/0003-4819-144-6-200603210-00010.
Singh AS, Mulder C, Twisk JWR, van Mechelen W, Chinapaw MJM: Tracking of childhood overweight into adulthood: a systematic review of the literature. Obes Rev. 2008, 9: 474-488. 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00475.x.
Nuttman-Shwartz O: Like a high wave: adjustment to retirement. Gerontologist. 2004, 44: 229-236. 10.1093/geront/44.2.229.
Oksanen T, et al: Is retirement beneficial for mental health?: antidepressant use before and after retirement. Epidemiology. 2011, 22: 553-559. 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31821c41bd.
Mojon-Azzi S, Sousa-Poza A, Widmer R: The effect of retirement on health: a panel analysis using data from the Swiss Household Panel. Swiss Med Wkly. 2007, 137: 581-585.
Jokela M, Ferrie JE, Gimeno D, Chandola T, Shipley MJ, Head J, Vahtera J, Westerlund H, Marmot MG, Kivimäki M: From midlife to early old age: health trajectories associated with retirement. Epidemiology. 2010, 21: 284-290. 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181d61f53.
Mein G, Martikainen P, Hemingway H, Stansfeld S, Marmot M: Is retirement good or bad for mental and physical health functioning? Whitehall II longitudinal study of civil servants. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003, 57: 46-49. 10.1136/jech.57.1.46.
Seitsamo J, Klockars M: Aging and changes in health. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1997, 23: 27-35.
Ekerdt DJ, Bosse R, Goldie C: The effect of retirement on somatic complaints. J Psychosom Res. 1983, 27: 61-67. 10.1016/0022-3999(83)90110-1.
Yeung DY: Is pre-retirement planning always good? An exploratory study of retirement adjustment among Hong Kong Chinese retirees. Aging Ment Health. 2013, 17: 386-393. 10.1080/13607863.2012.732036.
Gall TL, Evans DR, Howard J: The retirement adjustment process: changes in the well-being of male retirees across time. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 1997, 52: 110-117.
Ekerdt DJ, Bosse R, LoCastro JS: Claims that retirement improves health. J Gerontol. 1983, 38: 231-236. 10.1093/geronj/38.2.231.
Ostberg H, Samuelsson SM: Occupational retirement in women due to age. Health aspects. Scand J Soc Med. 1994, 22: 90-96.
Ekerdt DJ, Bosse R: Change in self-reported health with retirement. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 1982, 15: 213-223. 10.2190/GXEG-GUMU-T9HG-TE2V.
Kremer Y: The association between health and retirement: self-health assessment of Israeli retirees. Soc Sci Med. 1985, 20: 61-66. 10.1016/0277-9536(85)90312-0.
Reitzes DC, Mutran EJ, Fernandez ME: Does retirement hurt well-being? Factors influencing self-esteem and depression among retirees and workers. Gerontologist. 1996, 36: 649-656. 10.1093/geront/36.5.649.
Mandal B, Roe B: Job loss, retirement and the mental health of older Americans. J Ment Health Policy Econ. 2008, 11: 167-176.
Gayman MD, Pai M, Kail BL, Taylor G: Limitations pre- and postretirement: exploring racial differences reciprocity between depressive symptoms and physical. J Aging Health. 2013, 25: 555-10.1177/0898264313480239.
Ekerdt DJ, Baden L, Bosse R, Dibbs E: The effect of retirement on physical health. Am J Public Health. 1983, 73: 779-783. 10.2105/AJPH.73.7.779.
Berg M, Sandén A, Torell G, Järvholm B: Persistence of musculoskeletal symptoms: a longitudinal study. Ergonomics. 1988, 31: 1281-1285. 10.1080/00140138808966767.
Martin J, Doran A: Evidence concerning the relationship between health and retirement. Sociol Rev. 1966, 14: 329-343. 10.1111/j.1467-954X.1966.tb01168.x.
Slevin KF, Wingrove CR: Women in retirement: a review and critique of empirical research since 1976. Social Inquiry. 1995, 65: 1-21. 10.1111/j.1475-682X.1995.tb00404.x.
Nooyens ACJ, Visscher TLS, Schuit AJ, van Rossum CTM, Verschuren M, van Mechelen W, Seidell JC: Effects of retirement on lifestyle in relation to changes in weight and waist circumference in Dutch men: a prospective study. Public Health Nutr. 2005, 8: 1266-1274.
Villamil E, Huppert FA, Melzer D: Low prevalence of depression and anxiety is linked to statutory retirement ages rather than personal work exit: a national survey. Psychol Med. 2006, 36: 999-1009. 10.1017/S0033291706007719.
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/13/1180/prepub
Part of this research was performed within a larger research project commissioned by the European Union's Executive Agency for Health and Consumers. The European Union provided €157,584 for the entire project. The opinions expressed here are those of the authors only and do not represent the Executive Agency's for Health and Consumers official position.
Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Postbus 1, 3720, BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
Iris van der Heide & Karin I Proper
Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Rogier M van Rijn, Suzan JW Robroek & Alex Burdorf
Iris van der Heide
Rogier M van Rijn
Suzan JW Robroek
Alex Burdorf
Karin I Proper
Correspondence to Iris van der Heide.
All authors made significant contributions to the conception of this study. RR and SR conducted the literature search and selected the studies. IH, RR and KP scored the quality of the studies. IH extracted the data and drafted the manuscript with contributions of RR, SR, AB and KP. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
12889_2013_7622_MOESM1_ESM.docx
Additional file 1: Longitudinal studies reporting on the relation between retirement and perceived general health.(DOCX 23 KB)
Additional file 2: Longitudinal studies reporting on the relation between retirement and mental health.(DOCX 26 KB)
Additional file 3: Longitudinal studies reporting on the relation between retirement and physical health.(DOCX 22 KB)
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
van der Heide, I., van Rijn, R.M., Robroek, S.J. et al. Is retirement good for your health? A systematic review of longitudinal studies. BMC Public Health 13, 1180 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-1180
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-1180
Perceived health


The Art of Being One..
congratulations…you have passed the class..!!!
classes then this class is also achievable..
forth that which you already are…Christ Mind..
So…you have now entered the class of Oneness..
Now……….that sounds wonderful does it not???
have you ever had a murderous thought??
truly have wanted to deny….and that is okay..
you have simply outgrown it…. and it Is Time!!!
mind to think with Love…To align with the heart..
again thru her angels in the guise of bodies..
….oh yes….much judgment here i would say..
this is not the way of Love precious hearts..
this is the way of peace…precious friends..
i must say…it is quite a de-light!!!!!!!!!!!!
are ~simply asking for you love~ by acknowledging them..
Yes..it is a wonderful service to love…!!!!
within you where you carry a belief in lack..
and find that "root" within you and bring your love to it???
it is "out pictured" in your world..!!!
it with many of you the dharma on unconditional love..
oh..yes…it is very well hidden..
that is screaming.."what about me"???
nothing to gain…and certainly nothing to lose..
for itself………..simply being the presence of love.
how then do you experience unconditional love???
for the Love within you alone heals all things..
by loving what is brought forth….
every belief within you that is not of love..
that brought You into Being..!!!!
you are as i am..
simple………love is a movement of the One..
as you become empty of self..
and see it differently…If there is anger around you..
all of the ways you judge "what is"..
Dear Hearts…a Master does not blame..
Leave them outside of you no longer..
Bring all of you within the heart of love..
for you see precious hearts..
within The One Heart of Abba..
right where you are…right now..
If I am with you always….and I am..
imagine then…if only love is real….
with that….and with a grand grand love..
where we abide as One..
with you what we know many of you are already feeling..
this new "space" you find yourself to be in..
"seek" for love….and of course precious hearts.
has brought you exactly what you created..
You open the palms to receive Love..
that love within you…you embrace it..
is ~ I AM LOVED~!!!!!!!
~It Is Within You ~ !!!!!
it fills you and flows thru you..
as more of a flow than something to resist..
that fill up the dam and then the dam breaks..
your world at this moment????
i love all of me..
this is a verse from todays message from the voice of love..
you are greeting the Love you are..
is to see with the "unreal" world..
this day to share a message of love and grace..
~except to let go of what you are Not~ !!!!!
seen as totally innocent by your creator..
that you are the love that i AM..
that all of creation springs forth from!!!!!!
What does this statement mean…??
a soft and gentle approach to each day..
you fill Yourself with it…and why???
what i truly came here to mirror to you..
all…All unlike it is an illusion..
and yet…that very illusion cannot be left untransformed..
and what transforms it precious hearts…??
yes…this is the path before you now..
it back within the heart of love..
by going deep within your own garden..
in other words……..you are growing Christ…Love..
Abba…whatever name you choose to use..
are a part of that!!!
within all things…………loves perfect presence..
to you more and more..
in ways unseen or often known by you..
You become the living light…!!!!
you find yourself to be..
you must give it away….you must extend it…!!!
with the gentleness of Christ..
of your own True Self..
When you truly Know your Innocence..
in the garden of your one true heart..
of forgiveness…plant seeds of allowing..
and transform them into seeds of Pure Light..!!!!
of the love you truly are..
Drink in the love that you are..
that surrounds you…that birthed you..
of that very Mystery of love itself..
it is that very radiance that birthed You..!!!!
and how do you heal it…with love my beloveds..
this could include relationships..jobs..fears of the unknown..
You know those ones that bring a fear into your very belly..
"if i let go what will happen to me"??
i tell you that nothing will happen..
Think of a person..place or thing….
look at it with they eye of love..
into the stone….a color will be given to you….
set it free ~in love~ precious ones..
arises within you what are you truly doing??
yourself simply saying…"will you love me too"…???
i want to be set free…!!!!
please keep them in their original content..
coming to help you dissolve your illusions..
that type of gratitude….it sounds like this..
Gratitude…………..true gratitude….the way of true love..
when you perceive another as having less than you…??
The masks precious ones are coming off..
are "showing" up asking for your love….
if it be the latter…simply change your mind..
within each and every arising..
So…begin with gratitude for their appearance..
and simply allow correction to come..
of loss and the fear of survival..
yet i say unto you…"what could you survive'??


text:
Topic: This ######## that we are going to hear
Replies: 31 Last Post: Jan 12, 2016 11:19 AM by: deadsolidperfect®
Wytiger
This ######## that we are going to hear
Posted: Jan 12, 2016 8:11 AM
Ad nauseum from most of the short sighted, forked tongued media just adds insult to injury. I am of sound mind, reasonable intelligence and awareness so please save your criticism of my words, at least until after you've read this post. I would rather be ignored that patronized so I don't want to hear this post game praise of Clemson. There is, was and will forever be an effort to disregard and dismiss teams like Clemson. The same analysts that were saying in print, on the World Wide Web or broadcasting on radio and TV that we weren't going to hang with Alabama are now themselves gushing with praise for this " remarkable"team. These hollow obligatory words are said almost in total relief and come across as disingenuous and patronizing at best.
So, now, according to what I've read or heard this morning is
1) Deshaun Watson is THE best player in CFB. I guess it's safe to say that now that "their boy" won the prize. Oh and to go even further in this stupidness, now Deshaun is " front runner " for the 2106 Heisman. What a joke.
2) Clemson is a great team, we are now #1 in the way too early polls for 2016. Again, when it means nothing, shower us with praise.
As I've posted before, I am okay with people not pulling for Clemson but this constant, mean spirited vicious belittling conversation is totally ridiculous and completely defies understanding. So, again I am just one small voice in the sea of powerlessness so I don't expect things to change but it doesn't mean I have to like it or gush with pride that "they like is, they really like us" don't insult this team and this university with your hollow words. Please just go to heII and just leave my team alone.
Post loss praise makes me sick to my stomach.***
FBCoachSC®
Your age showed
"World Wide Web"
Anonymous08®
Re: This ######## that we are going to hear
Good lord....
We played a heckuva game last night and played better than anyone else this season against bama's vaunted D. Why wouldn't they complement us on the game??
We had a great year, went toe to toe in the NC, and should return a lot of guys on this team. Why wouldn't they have us at or near the top for next year??
I've yet to see someone on ESPN be condescending in tone when praising us last night or this morning.....
Seems to me you're looking for reasons to hate the media or feel slighted...
"Clemson has been historically better than Carolina. That's pretty obvious." - Classof09
"No one knew we were overhyped until the season started." - Classof09
I get that you are intellectually uncomfortable with "conspiracy" thoughts but one doesn't have to be a sooth-sayer or clairvoyant to see slights and disrespect. Your premise that "I am just looking for slights and hate" is wrong, I wish we were everybody's favorite but nothing you or I can say will make that happen. I ask the question...where was all this praise and respect yesterday? Why choose to legitimize us now, when it means absolutely nothing? I want and this team deserves more than we've gotten. You see it differently and I certianly respect your opinion.
"intellectually uncomfortable"?? You are intellectually dense....
A lot of the espn analysts picked us to win the game....you are failing miserably at this conspiracy theory....
I was going to say you are intellectually challenged but chose a different wording. On second thought, I was right the first time, you are intellectually challenged. Now run along and play in the streets.
lol, ignoring the point and refuse to admit that espn was giving us love yesterday and this week leading up to the game. Which you said didn't happen.
You failed at your argument plain and simple.
Keep living your life paranoid, and thinking everyone/everything is against you....
2Stater
Mascot [18]
I don't know how to start a thread, so I'll insert this here.
It's a shame anyone had to lose last night. It was like the 2 best heavyweight champions of the world going at it for 12 rounds. Just wanted you guys to know that there is absolutely nothing to hang your head about. Clemson played an outstanding game and you have my utmost respect.
hufferbilly®
I agree. Clemson fans should be supremely proud
Posted: Jan 12, 2016 11:13 AM
Of this team. This thread is about calling out the Monday morning (or in this case Tues morning) pundits who just yesterday had very little respect or love for Clemson coming into this game.
They should all just admit they were wrong about Clemson all post season. Clemson really did deserve to be the #1 team and the favored team in each game.
They should all admit they were wrong about DW and the Heisman. DW really did deserve it and was robbed.
Until I hear that, they are just a bunch of lying beothces.
deadsolidperfect®
thanks, alabama is a great champion & great team.
also, at the top of the page click on Tiger Football and you'll be able to create a new thread.
Amen brotha! ??***
theclash®
Take away the one run and Henry has 35 carries for 100. DW made them
look hapless last night
I for one am glad you are stopping. You are one of the most ignorant posters ever. You obviously think very highly of your own opinion, unlike the rest of us - RockHillTiger
CaptainB1
I thought that Chris Fowler was going to lose his load a couple of times last night ( he'd better check for stickyness in his pants ) when things went right for Bama. I heard that ESECPN fired a bunch of people recently--how come they never fire the right guys like him???
BlueHose
Lighten up Francis***
Francis Marion®
Leave me outta this.***
"I've played multiple sports and would bet any amount that I'm still more athletic than you at this present time...."
tigertoo92
That made me laugh!!***
lextiger551
How is any of that not a good thing? You really are the most sensitive person I've ever encountered.
1.) A lot of media people from ESPN have said Watson is the best player in the country for weeks on end. Of coarse he would be a Heisman front runner next year. I have no clue why that would make you cry.
2.) Them saying we are #1 in a way too early poll isn't them showering us with praise, they are simply stating a FACT. We are indeed ranked #1 in some early polls. Its their jobs to talk about stuff like that. Boo hoo on that one.
Maybe some of those mean spirited, split tongued, venom spewing media people actually think Clemson played a great game and are a great team that just lost on a few key plays, and want to talk about that. Maybe it's their JOB to talk about the game they're covering. Booooo hooooooo! Wow. Toughen up.
You think what you want, I'll think what I want. Go chew on those stale bones they are throwing you, enjoy.
Dont be bamboozled - if they couldn't see all of this
Before the game after all the evidence was laid out in front of them for months, what makes you think they all of a sudden, because of 1 game, had an epiphany? They had (and still have) an agenda and when the time comes to crank up the pro SEC hype machine next year, all of this faux praise will be non existent. Mark my words.
The only reason they are doling out the praise right now is because it doesn't have an effect on the pro SEC biased agenda because the season is over and by doing this now, they can appear to be "unbiased".
I would just like for them to just shut their pro SEC pie holes and drop dead! Nothing is more disgusting than faux praise from a bunch of snakes in the grass!
Tgrlvr1989
Re: Dont be bamboozled - if they couldn't see all of this
Talk is extremely cheap when it doesn't really matter. I'll never forget all of the harsh, cruel words hurled at and about this team. I am sick of it.
Tell me exactly what the harsh and cruel words that were said about Clemson this year.
I really think you anti ESPN people only hear what you want to hear. ESPN has been giving love to Clemson since we beat ND. Sure they may pick us to lose or put us on upset alert, but this so called "hatred" towards Clemson is blown way way out of proportion. They may not pump us like bama, but that doesn't mean they hate us. There are 120+ other teams that aren't pumped like some sec teams, does that mean ESPN hates all of them too?
You know, we played a lot of good teams this year. It's not that crazy for some of the media to think another top ten team could beat us. It's not that crazy for them to think a really good Alabama team was going to beat us. It has nothing to do with hatred, its just an opinion. Why you people get so worked over what these people say is beyond me.
I never said they were "hateful" towards Clemson...
But it is clear that there has been a concerted, informal agenda at ESPN specifically (and across most of the sports media generally) to downplay Clemson's success and not give them credit (or respect). I'm not implying it was official or programmatic, but it sure was a groupthink kind of thing. If you cannot see that, then you are naive as hell.
When they talked about our win over ND, they discounted it and made all sorts of excuses for ND and implied Clemson was just lucky. Same with the UNC game. They even made it sound like we barely squeaked by Scar for God's sake. And no, not every single person at ESPN did it, but none stood up for Clemson and told what they had really done all year long. It was far from "luck" or "good fortune". The only game that I would put in that category is the Louisville game.
The REALITY is Clemson clearly outplayed every opponent or had every game well under control (except maybe Louisville). Just because they didn't put their boot on the opponent's neck and throttle them like Baylor or TCU did shouldn't have clouded the so called "experts" opinions of Clemson's worthiness. To me, they were willfully discounting Clemson either out of built in personal bias against Clemson (or the ACC) or bias for some other team or conference.
So having them change their tune over night doesn't hold water with me. It wreaks of ### covering so they can claim they are really not as biased as they clearly are. BS!
76clemson
Re: I never said they were "hateful" towards Clemson...
Amen, I told my group last night I didn't want to hear anything positive NOW about the Tigers from those "expert" analysts. Other than 2-3 they all suck. This goes to Fox too.
Until I hear this from the talking heads...
Get a Life!!! You are nothing but self absorbed think everything is about you!
People like you make me want to stop watching all together!
Re: This ######## that we are going to hear***
Hayekiangary
Freshman [2]
I think you played a heck of a game and should be ignored. More than likely, you will gradually become irrelevant just like LSU, Texas, ND, etc. There's no shame in it. Just Roll with it and be content with basically second tier football.
Loosen up, sportsfans, I'm just pokin' the kitten a little bit!
4thgentiger
I like how you didn't include the coots. Of course, they're not even In the same universe of relevancy.
CharlestonTom®
I hear you. Hollow words indeed. Beginning of FB Season, it
will be all SEC again on ESPN and elsewhere
We don't need rulers.
AMEN!!!!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Фестиваль блюза в Бате (1969), Фестиваль блюза и прогрессивной музыки в Бате (1970) () — музыкальный фестиваль, проводившийся с 1969 по 1970 гг. в городе Бат, Англия.

Список исполнителей (1969)

28 июня, суббота
 Just Before Dawn
 Liverpool Scene
 Principal Edwards Magic Theatre
 Deep Blues Band
 Champion Jack Dupree
 Taste
 Colosseum
 «Walking in the Park»
Сет-лист неполный
 Chicken Shack
 Джон Мейолл
 Рой Харпер
 Blodwyn Pig
 «Cat's Squirrel»
 «Same Old Story»
Сет-лист неполный
 Fleetwood Mac
 «So Many Natural Ways»
 «Red Hot Mama»
Сет-лист неполный
 Keef Hartley Band
 The Nice
 «Karelia Suite»
 «She Belongs to Me»
Сет-лист неполный
 Ten Years After
 «I Woke Up This Morning»
 «Good Morning Little Schoolgirl»
 «I'm Going Home»
Сет-лист неполный
 Edgar Broughton Band
 «Out Demons, Out!»
Сет-лист неполный
 Led Zeppelin
 «Train Kept A-Rollin'»
 «I Can't Quit You Baby»
 «Dazed and Confused»
 «White Summer»/«Black Mountain Side»
 «You Shook Me»
 «How Many More Times»
 «Communication Breakdown»

Список исполнителей (1970)
Группы Pink Fairies и Hawkwind бесплатно выступили у ворот фестиваля 27 и 28 июня.

27 июня, суббота
 Formerly Fat Harry
 Maynard Ferguson Big Band
 Keef Hartley Band
 «The Halfbreed»
Сет-лист неполный
 Донован
 Джо Джаммер
 Fairport Convention
 Colosseum
 It's a Beautiful Day
 «Don and Dewey»
 «White Bird»
 «Hoedown»
 «It Comes Right Down to You»
 «Soapstone Mountain»
 «Essence of Now»
 «Time Is»
 «Bulgaria»
 Steppenwolf
 «Sookie Sookie»
 «Hoochie Coochie Man»
 «Tighten Up Your Wig»
 «Monster»
 «Screaming Night Hog»
 «From Here to There Eventually»
 «Corrine, Corrina»
 «Hey Lawdy Mama»
 «The Pusher»
 «Born to Be Wild»
 «Magic Carpet Ride»

28 июня, воскресенье
 Джонни Винтер
 «Guess I'll Go Away»
 «Rock and Roll, Hoochie Koo»
 «Mama Talk to Your Daughter»
 «Prodigal Son»
 «Rollin' and Tumblin'»
 «Black Cat Bone»
 «Have You Ever Been Mistreated»
 «Good Morning Little Schoolgirl»
 «Johnny B. Goode»
 «Mean Town Blues»
 «Eyesight to the Blind»
 Pink Floyd
 «Green Is the Colour»
 «Careful with That Axe, Eugene»
 «A Saucerful of Secrets»
 «Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun»
 «Atom Heart Mother»
 Джон Мейолл
 «It Might as Well Be Raining»
 «I Might Catch Up With You»
 «No Place to Go»
 «Crazy Woman»
 «My Pretty Girl»
 «What's Wrong Now»
 Canned Heat
 «Roll Me Baby»
 «Reefer Blues»
 «Something's Gotta Go»
 «Pulling Hair Blues»
 «Human Condition»
 «Future Blues»
 «Dollar Blues»
 «So Sad (The World's in a Tangle)»
 «Let's Stick Together»
 «We Like to Boogie»
 «Shake, Rattle and Roll»
 «You Never Miss the Water Til the Well Runs Dry»
 Джо Джаммер
 Донован
 «Waiting to Be Reborn»
 «Hey Gyp (Dig the Slowness)»
 «There Is a Mountain»
 «Wherever You Want Me»
 «Sunshine Superman»
 «To Sing for You»
 «Mellow Yellow»
 «Catch the Wind»
 «Hurdy Gurdy Man»
 «There Was an Old Lady»
 «Riki Tiki Tavi»
 «Season of the Witch»
 Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Inventions
 «Bringing in the Sheaves»
 «Wonderful Wino»
 «Concentration Moon»
 «Mom & Dad»
 «The Air»
 «The Dog Breath Variations»
 «Mother People»
 «You Didn't Try to Call Me»
 «Agon»
 «Call Any Vegetable»
 «The Star-Spangled Banner»
 «The Little House I Used to Live In»
 «The Mud Shark»
 «Holiday in Berlin»
 «Cruising for Burgers»
 «King Kong»
 «Igor's Boogie»
 Сантана
 «Se a Cabo»
 «Black Magic Woman»
 «Gypsy Queen»
 «Jin-Go-Lo-Ba»
 «Oye Como Va»
 «Incident at Neshabur»
 «Toussaint L'Overture»
 «Evil Ways»
 «Persuasion»
 «Soul Sacrifice»
 «Gumbo»
 The Flock
 «Clown»
 «Tired of Waiting for You»
 «Big Bird»
Сет-лист неполный
 Led Zeppelin
 «Immigrant Song» (дебютное исполнение)
 «Heartbreaker»
 «Dazed and Confused»
 «Bring It on Home»
 «Since I've Been Loving You»
 «Thank You»
 «That's the Way» (дебютное исполнение)
 «What Is and What Should Never Be»
 «Moby Dick»
 «How Many More Times»
 «Whole Lotta Love»
 «Communication Breakdown»
 «Long Tall Sally»
 «Say Mama» / «Johnny B. Goode» / «That's All Right» / «Long Tall Sally»
 Hot Tuna
 «Baby What You Want Me to Do»
 «Come Back Baby»
 «Whatever the Old Man Does Is Always Right»
 «Up or Down»
 «Star Track»
 «Emergency»
 «You Wear Your Dresses Too Short»

29 июня, понедельник
 Кантри Джо Макдональд
 «Here I Go Again»
 «Silver and Gold»
 «Not So Sweet Martha Lorraine»
 «For No Reason»
 «Balancing on the Edge of Time»
 «Ring of Fire»
 «Roll on Columbia»
 «Flying High»
 «Freedom»
 «Maria»
 «The "Fuck" Cheer»
 «I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-to-Die Rag»
 «Jean Desprez»
 «The "Fuck" Cheer»
 Jefferson Airplane
 Из-за сильного ветра и дождя выступление группы было прекращенно после 55 минут.
 «Volunteers»
 «Somebody to Love»
 «The Other Side of This Life»
 «Won't You Try/Saturday Afternoon»
 «3/5 of a Mile in 10 Seconds»
 «Rock Me Baby»
 «The Ballad of You and Me and Pooneil»
 The Byrds
 «It's Alright, Ma (I'm Only Bleeding)»
 «Ballad of Easy Rider»
 «Willin'»
 «Soldiers Joy»
 «Goin' Back»
 «My Back Pages»
 «B.J. Blues»
 «Baby What You Want Me to Do»
 «Drug Store Truck Drivin' Man»
 «You Don't Miss Your Water»
 «Jesus Is Just Alright»
 «Turn! Turn! Turn! (To Everything There Is a Season)»
 «Mr. Tambourine Man»
 «Eight Miles High»
 «Mary Don't You Weep»
 «Black Mountain Rag»
 «Just a Season»
 «Amazing Grace»
 «So You Want to Be a Rock 'n' Roll Star»
 «You Ain't Goin' Nowhere»
 «Old Blue»
 «Wasn't Born to Follow»
 «Glory, Glory»
 «Take a Whiff (on Me)»
 Доктор Джон

Примечания

1970 год в музыке
Контркультура 1960-х годов
Музыкальные фестивали Великобритании
Культура Бата

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


See if this sounds undistinguished. You've met a woman, gone on a few dates, spent time with her, and suddenly you can't get her outer of your notion. She's everything you've ever wanted leadership a woman. You can't live forfeited her. She ability everything to you. You're convinced this is it – true love at last.You confess your feelings to her. Then, horror of horrors, deb starts acting differently toward you. A little cool, a little distant, certainly no longer thanks to warm and friendly as before.You begin analyzing everything mouse says and does and how every one of her actions relates to you. If she calls, you are content. If she doesn't call, you're depressed. If she smiles, whole-length is right stash the world. If she seems serene again moody, she's undoubtedly rethinking your relationship. You spend hours further days fretting over her most frequent actions. however her glumness and distance only fuels your passion more. Perhaps she doesn't understand. If she single knew just how much you really hunger her, in consequence she would be ecstatic, too. You ought to effect it crystal clear how much you adore her. So you begin calling, texting or emailing her constantly, trying to reason her at every opportunity, all the while pouring out your love for her. Strangely, this seems only to irruption her larger away, till at last it all comes to a tragic end and she tells you flat outer to get lost. There also can or may not be a restraining behest involved.What happened? Where did live all go so horribly awry? How could something that seemed so right attribute out so wrong?Far too crowded men find themselves true first infatuated and then obsessed by a woman. This is especially true if they don't date often or are apt to dating only unique woman at a time, or if they've only had a few serious relationships repercussion their lives.I've skilled the extreme highs and lows of infatuation myself, also it's no picnic.Why do we do it? Because of insecurity and a lack of meaning and purpose credit our lives. The primary reason we have a tendency to obsess over a woman is out of fear that we'll lose her and never find another one to replace her. This is insecurity at its powerfully basic: thinking that somehow we're not good enough and we solitary managed to attract this one through sheer luck.Listen, you didn't attract her through luck. women do not draw our names out of a hat and your name just happened to come up. No, you attracted her as a result of you did something right. If you ardor to obsess over something, obsess over figuring alien what you did pertinent. And inasmuch as keep doing it.The various reason for obsessive behavior is that there is usually whatever lacking consequence our lives – a sense of purpose, for instance – and we hope that some mademoiselle is going to fill that lack. That won't work, either. No opposed person can give us what we lack. reserved we alone can complete ourselves. And it's only when we're complete predominance and of ourselves that we can experience fit besides loving relationships with other people.Infatuation and obsession are actual medical conditions in which all sorts of body chemicals trick our brains into believing in things that aren't real. Here is Wikipedia's definition of infatuation: "â�'�¦the state of being completely carried away by unreasoned passion or love; addictive love. Usually peerless is stimulating with an intense but short-lived passion or concupiscence for someone."Infatuation is a common emotion characterized by unrealistic expectations of blissful passion without positive relationship growth or development. admiration is distinguished by a defect of trust, loyalty, commitment, and reciprocity. prestige the case of infatuation, there is supplementary generally than not an obsessor again an instigation of desire (generally unattainable). solo also can come to the conclusion that contrary love, infatuation is not mutual."Obviously I couldn't have noted valid better myself. The point to conceive is that command allowing yourself to become infatuated, just as in allowing yourself to become obsessed, you hand owing to dispense of your sanctity to some other person, while in proof you and you separate should be the singular one to ever have that control.Notice I said "allowing your self to be reformed infatuated." Even though existing feels as if the pique simply overcame you, you still acted out of your own emancipate will. You're consequence charge. You're holding the reins to your own life. No one put a regarding to your head and said, "You must since convert infatuated."Infatuation and obsession are states of mind you ought to vigilantly make certain against. Nothing seemly can ever come out from permitting yourself to consent to either one, for they are not genuine love.


text:
Teton Gravity Research's 'Rogue Elements' documents a weird winter in Jackson Hole and beyond
Entertainment | October 19, 2017
Hadley Hammer in Teton Gravity Research's "Rogue Elements," which screens Friday at the Wheeler Opera House.
Mark Fisher/Courtesy photo |
IF YOU GO …
What: 'Rogue Elements,' presented by Teton Gravity Research
Where: Wheeler Opera House
When: Friday, Oct. 20, 7:30 p.m.
How much: $7-$15
Tickets: Wheeler Opera House box office; aspenshowtix.com" target="_blank">class="Hyperlink">aspenshowtix.com; tetongravity.com
More info: Skier Hadley Hammer, who is featured in the film, will be on-hand for the screening, which will also include prize giveaways from REI, Atomic, Volkl, The North Face and other sponsors.
When a massive and unusually brutal snow storm hit Jackson Hole in February, shut down the ski resort for several days and knocked out power in Teton Village, of course the athletes and filmmakers from Jackson-based Teton Gravity Research were on the ground.
The 30-plus-inch storm is the backbone of the production company's new movie, "Rogue Elements," which blends epic skiing, snowboarding (and a bit of mountain biking) with the epically merciless power of nature. TGR co-founder Todd Jones, who directed the film with his brother Steve and Blake Campbell, said that the concept clearly made sense as the weird winter of 2016-17 took shape.
"It was not specifically the big storm in Jackson, but that certainly played a big role," he said via email this week. "Tahoe was finally getting snow again, France was dry and Jackson just continued to get hammered by storms. We just started to realize the wildness of nature and what a role it plays in our films. Coupled with the wild nature of the athletes and their 'rogueness' it became clear that was a fitting title for the film."
In a telling moment, the opening segment of the film begins with skier Sam Smoothy bailing on a particularly harrowing line in Pemberton, Alaska. Deciding it's too risky, he calls the team's helicopter back to pluck him from the mountaintop.
In the same segment, a humbled Angel Collinson says after a successful descent: "I may be able to ride this, but I'm not conquering it."
And while we're used to celebrating massive snowfall, the Jackson Hole storm segment features skier and Jackson native Hadley Hammer somberly surveying the damage and snapped telephone lines that turned the resort into a disaster area and caused millions of dollars in damage.
Up in Pemberton, British Columbia, we see the TGR crew get rained out. They go jeeping through puddles instead of skiing.
Along with these and other dispatches from an unpredictable season, though, Rogue Elements gives viewers the goods in crowd-pleasing ski porn segments (backed by a soundtrack that will be on everybody's headphones on the mountain this winter).
High points include a high-flying segment featuring Elyse Saugstad and Dash Longe skiing a foreboding bit of terrain called Vertebrae Ridge in British Columbia. And in a wildly creative section shot in early summer, a skier and a mountain biker rip side-by-side down Corbett's at Jackson Hole.
Jones said the idea of tossing bikers down the run with skiers was developed collaboratively with the resort.
"It was really one big experiment," he explained. "There were many times leading up to the shoot that we didn't think it was going to work. However, as I always say, 'We are Teton Gravity Research, so let's experiment and research gravity.'"
The camera work here is also breathtaking. Every year, ski films push the technology a little further, but the aerial shots in "Rogue Elements" seem like they're breaking some key new ground. From the sky, the film moves from wide, panoramic vistas to closer shots following skiers and pan precisely from faraway drones and choppers tracking skiers as they rip down mountainsides.
The crew made use of an advanced helicopter camera system as well as DJII drones. But, Jones stressed, as that technology continues to advance, ski filmmakers have to keep pace with innovative storytelling.
"I think for us it is not really about technology," he said. "Don't get me wrong, all the new technology has played a huge role in advancing action sports filmmaking, but it is really about the advancement of storytelling. You can have all the greatest equipment in the world, but if you don't know how to use it then it is useless."
Aspen Waterwise
Experience Plumber & Apprentice at Aspen Waterwise in ASPEN
Aspen Waterwise is looking for an Experience Plumber & an Apprentice to learn our service…
Town Engineer at Town Of Eagle in EAGLE
Town Engineer $81,941-$98,329 Requires: - 5-10 yrs experience - Civil Eng Degree - PE Certification…
Novus Glass
Office Personnel & Replacement Technician at Novus Glass in EAGLE
A family owned business looking for individuals who aspire to provide high quality results and…
Full & Part Time Club Assistants (Driver/Bellman) at The Timbers Club in SNOWMASS VILLAGE
Now Accepting Applications for the following positions: Full & Part Time Club Assistants (Driver/Bellman) Must…
Rossignol Retail
Assistant Manager at Rossignol Retail in ASPEN
Assistant Manager Founded in the French Alps, Rossignol has been inspiring the mountain experience since…


text:
Top » Catalog » Books » Royal History » United Kingdom »
Laredo, R - Informally Royal
A chance meeting in 1936 gave Lisa and Jimmy Sheridan the opportunity of a lifetime. Keen amateur photographers, their company Studio Lisa was engaged by the then Duke and Duchess of York to take casual photographs of their family, including the Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret, at their homes Royal Lodge and at 145 Piccadilly, London. At a time of traditional formality, when it was unheard of for mere unknowns to be given such an opportunity, the hiring of Studio Lisa proved to be a revolutionary and popular move on the part of the royals as it humanised them in the eyes of their subjects. They soon struck up an unlikely friendship with Lisa and Jimmy - a friendship that would span over 30 years and yield 13 separate photographic sessions, the last of which included Queen Elizabeth's young children. This volume charts the story of Studio Lisa, from its humble beginnings right through to the granting of two Royal Warrants. For the first time Studio Lisa's cache of remarkable royal photographs is brought together, producing a marvellous collector's item and a treasure thankfully preserved for posterity. Hardback 160 pages, 128 Illustrations, black and white
Royal History->
Royalty Digest Quarterly
Prince, Patron and Patriarch, Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurth
Sunday 19 January, 2020 12846208 requests since Saturday 14 October, 2006
Copyright © 2020 van Hoogstraten Online Shop
Booksellers van Hoogstraten


The Toriseva ravine lakes consists of three lakes, Lower, Middle and Upper Toriseva. The Toriseva lakes are known for their depth, with the deepest lake being the Middle Toriseva (37m), and also for their steep lakeside cliffs.
The lakes lie in a straight line going Nortwest in a ravine about 3km long. Lower Toriseva is the largest of the three lakes. It is about 1,2km long and 50-70 meters wide.
Toriseva ravine lakes are located along the main road 66, about 4 km away from the center of Virrat in the direction of Ruovesi. In the scenic Toriseva café you can have a great look over the rugged view. The cafe is located on a vantage point in the north end of the Lower Toriseva lake. The Toriseva café is open during the summer season. Founded in 1936 by the Lotta Svärd organisation, the café is full of old-time atmosphere.
The Toriseva nature trail is 6,5km long. The trail begins from the Toriseva café and follows a path along the lakeside cliff of the Lower Toriseva until the southern tip of the lake (1,2 km). The trail then continues going through fields, riverfronts and woods and finally coming back to its starting place. There are 13 marked checkpoints along the nature trail, each giving information about the area's history and the surrounding nature. There are also two campfire places along the way for having a mealbreak.


When my parents visited last time, with them (among all manner of lovely treats from home) came a bag full of beautiful blood oranges from their greenhouse. There's something about blood oranges that makes them seem very precious to me - maybe it's their short season, or glorious ruby-colour, but whatever it is, I always feel pressure to treat them with respect and use them wisely.
This Easter we'll be heading to the country to hang out with my parents, my brother, and sister-in-law and extended 'family' of very dear friends.


text:
Jan 26, 2023 | 4:00PM AET
INS & OUTS: Lewis sidelined with knee injury
Wellington Phoenix men's coach Ufuk Talay will be forced to make a change to his starting XI for Saturday afternoon's Isuzu UTE A-League match against the Perth Glory in Palmerston North.
All Whites midfielder Clayton Lewis suffered a knee injury in Sunday's 2-1 win over the Central Coast Mariners at Sky Stadium and has been ruled out of this weekend's match.
Lewis has featured in all 13 of the men's matches so far this season, starting the past 12 after coming off the bench in the season-opener against Adelaide United.
He joins centre back Scott Wootton (calf) on the sidelines.
Wellington Phoenix men's squad: 3. Finn SURMAN, 5. Steven UGARKOVIC, 6. Tim PAYNE, 7. Kosta BARBAROUSES, 8. Ben OLD, 9. Oskar ZAWADA, 10. David BALL, 11. Bozhidar KRAEV, 12. Lucas MAURAGIS, 13. Nicholas PENNINGTON, 14. Alex RUFER, 17. Callan ELLIOT, 19. Sam SUTTON, 20. Oli SAIL (gk), 21. Joshua LAWS, 24. Oskar VAN HATTUM, 31. Yan SASSE, 35. Noah KARUNARATNE, 40. Alex PAULSEN (gk).
IN: 35. Noah KARUNARATNE (promoted).
OUT: 23. Clayton LEWIS (injured).
Unavailable: 4. Scott WOOTTON (injured), 23. Clayton LEWIS (injured).
WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND – JANUARY 22: Coach Natalie Lawrence of the Phoenix looks on during the round 11 A-League Women's match between Wellington Phoenix and Canberra United at Sky Stadium, on January 22, 2023, in Wellington, New Zealand. (Photo by Hagen Hopkins/Getty Images)
Wellington Phoenix women's coach Natalie Lawrence will be able to call on the same players that broke through for a resounding 5-0 win over Canberra United at Sky Stadium on Sunday.
Nineteen players are again vying for 16 places in the matchday squad for Saturday's 12th round Liberty A-League match against the Brisbane Roar in Brisbane.
Club captain Lily Alfeld (injury), playmaker Alyssa Whinham (personal reasons) and Football Ferns forward Emma Rolston (suspended) remain unavailable for selection.
Wellington Phoenix women's squad: 2. Saskia VOSPER, 3. Kate TAYLOR, 4. Mackenzie BARRY, 5. Marisa VAN DER MEER, 6. Isabel GOMEZ, 7. Chloe KNOTT, 8. Grace WISNEWSKI, 9. Ava PRITCHARD, 11. Betsy HASSETT, 12. Brianna EDWARDS (gk), 13. Paige SATCHELL, 14. Michaela ROBERTSON, 15. Zoe MCMEEKEN, 17. Claudia CICCO, 18. Te Reremoana WALKER, 19. Charlotte LANCASTER, 20. Milly CLEGG, 21. Michaela FOSTER, 22. Georgia CANDY (gk).
IN: Nil.
OUT: Nil.
Unavailable: 1. Lily ALFELD (gk) (injured), 10. Alyssa WHINHAM (personal reasons), 16. Emma ROLSTON (suspended).


text:
Love made visible
Francis Clooney
A Jesuit Priest
A Jesuit Priest, Francis Clooney sits on the faculty of Harvard Divinity School as a professor in the developing field of comparative theology. He has studied the Sanskrit and Tamil tradition of Hindu India, and has also written favorable commentaries on Yogananda's interpretations of the Christian Gospels. Francis X. Clooney, S.J., joined the Divinity School in 2005. He is Parkman Professor of Divinity and Professor of Comparative Theology and, since 2010, director of the Center for the Study of World Religions. After earning his doctorate in South Asian languages and civilizations (University of Chicago, 1984), he taught at Boston College for 21 years, before coming to Harvard.
Francis Clooney is a Roman Catholic priest and a member of the Society of Jesus, serves regularly in a Catholic parish on weekends, and blogs in the "In All Things" section of America magazine online. In July 2010 he was elected a Fellow of the British Academy and is currently also a Professorial Research Fellow at the Australian Catholic University.
Francis Clooney website
Consiousness
Also view these projects
McGilchrist
psychiatrist and writer
Marc Bekoff
human-animal interactions & animal protection
JORIS VINCKEN
Musician, writer, programmer & inspirator
Inspired by 'Pure Life', this website has been created by Ivo Valkenburg
Transsilvania.nl
IvoValkenburg.nl
webdesign by vincken.eu


text:
Ta članek govori o znanstvenih raziskovanju nezemeljskega življenja, za pojavljanje v množični kulturi glejte Zunajzemeljsko življenje v množični kulturi.

Nezêmeljsko oziroma zúnajzêmeljsko življênje je življenje, ki morda obstaja in izvira zunaj planeta Zemlje. Tehtnih dokazov zanj zaenkrat še ne poznamo, domnevo o njegovem obstoju pa je sprejela večina znanstvenikov. Domnevne oblike nezemeljskega življenja segajo od humanoidnih, človeku podobnih, do pošastnih bitij, kot jih vidimo v znanstvenofantastičnih filmih ter do življenjskih oblik mikrokozmosa: razne vrste bakterij in virusov, ki pa že mejijo na neživo naravo.

Oblike zunajzemeljskega življenja, še posebej tiste inteligentnejše, so zelo pogoste v množični kulturi kot (angleško) alieni ali E.T.-ji (Exstraterrestrial). Študije in teoretizacija domnevnih nezemeljskih oblik življenja so domena eksobiologije in ksenobiologije.

Mogoče osnove in izvori nezemeljskega življenja

Vse oblike življenja, kot ga poznamo na Zemlji, temeljijo na ogljiku in vodi. Takšne naj bi bile resnične oblike življenja tudi na drugih svetovih v Vesolju. Kakorkoli že, tudi drugi kemijski elementi bi lahko nudili osnovo za življenje (Glej tudi Ne-ogljikova biologija). Silicij predstavlja najboljšo drugo možnost življenju, ki temelji na ogljiku, vendar še vedno velja za neverjetno. Če upoštevamo tudi te druge možnosti, lahko obstajajo tudi življenjske oblike, ki temeljijo na dušiku, ki ga imajo za bolj verjetno osnovo.
Znanstvene študije možnih biokemičnih osnov za nezemeljsko življenje se pogosto imenuje ksenobiologija - veda o tujih življenjskih oblikah.

Večina znanstvenikov verjame v obstoj nezemeljskega življenja, njegova evolucija (razvoj) se naj bi pojavila neodvisno tudi na drugih, nam neznanih področjih v Vesolju. Druga možna domneva, ki ima podporo manjšine, je panspermija, ki predlaga, da je življenje prišlo na Zemljo od drugod v obliki spor. Obstajajo tudi takšne bakterije, ki bi lahko preživele v izjemnih pogojih v atmosferi Jupitra. V teh sporah bi bile torej vse potrebne zasnove za poznejši evolucijski boom, ko se je življenje razmahnilo po vsej Zemlji v neštetih oblikah. Če drži, ta teorija predlaga, da je življenje, ki se bolj ali manj razlikuje od zemeljskega, enakomerno razkropljeno po vsem Vesolju. Temu ne nasprotuje tudi temeljno načelo, ki velja kot aksiom (trditev, ki se ne dokazuje) imenovano antropično načelo, ki pravi, da je Vesolje na določeni stopnji moralo osnovati inteligentno življenje, ki bi si zastavljalo vprašanja o nastanku, sedanjosti in prihodnosti Vesolja. Če temu ne bi bilo tako, bi bilo celotno Vesolje velikanska potrata prostora.

Življenje na osnovi silicija

Življenje na osnovi silicija se zdi vsej znanstveni srenji za neverjetno še danes. Na prvi pogled je kemija ogljika in silicija podobna. Tako, kot npr. ogljik tvori metan (CH4), lahko podobno spojino tvori tudi silicij (SiH4), poleg tega oba elementa lahko tvorita dolge verige polimerov. Vendar pa silicij namesto kisika pomeni, da ni ravno primeren za dihanje, medtem ko se ogljikov dioksid (CO2) z lahkoto s presnovo odtuji z živega organizma, SiO2 pa je trden in se v trenutku veže in oblikuje v mrežasto (kristalinasto) zgradbo, se strdi in se ga le težko spravi ven iz organizma. Po vrhu vsega, silicij ne uspe vezati toliko dodatnih kemijskih spojin, ki bi se z lahkoto razdvojile in razbile med procesi presnove. Pri molekulah, ki temeljijo na ogljiku, pa je to povsem običajna značilnost, ki je bistvenega pomena za primerno delovanje encimov, da se kasneje vežejo v aminokisline, ki so osnova daljših genetskih verig.

Obstajajo tudi astronomski dokazi, ki predlagajo, da je na siliciju temelječe življenje zelo malo verjetno. Kamorkoli so astronomi in astrofiziki pogledali, niso uzrli najpreprostejše silicijeve spojine, na drugi strani pa so našli veliko ogljikovodikov. Zapletene ogljikovodike pa se da v izobilju najti v Vesolju, a v primeru silicija, večino vsega, kar smo opazovali v Vesolju so preprosti silicijevi oksidi, zabeležili pa niso niti enega primera zapletene molekule silanov ali silikonov.

Eno izmed najbolj znanih, na siliciju temelječih življenjskih oblik, lahko vidimo v izvirni epizodi Zvezdnih stez, pod naslovom Hudič v temi, v kateri silicijevo življenje, t. i. Horta napade minerje, ki kopljejo za njegovim gnezdom z jajci.

Življenje na osnovi amonijaka

Vse življenje na Zemlji temelji na vodi in na njenih številnih kemijskih lastnostih. Dejansko je velik delež sodobne kemije podvržen študiju vodnih raztopin. Kakorkoli že, številne kemijske reakcije so mogoče tudi v amonijakovih raztopinah, in tekoči amonijak ima nekatere podobnosti z vodo. Amonijak lahko raztopi večino organskih molekul najmanj tako dobro, kot to počne voda, in je poleg tega sposoben raztopiti tudi veliko kovinskih elementov. Če podamo vse te kemijske amonijak nekaj težav kot osnova za življenje. Vročinsko izhlapevanje dušika je samo polovico od vodnega in njegova površinska napetost je trikrat manjša. To pomeni, da so vodikove vezi med amonijakovimi molekulami vedno šibkejše, kot tiste v vodi, zatorej  je amonijak manj sposoben zbrati ne-polarne molekule skozi vodni učinek. Iz tega razloga, vodilni tok znanstvenih vprašanj kako dobro bi amonijak tvoril in zbral predživljenjske molekule v razporejenosti, ki bi dovolila odkritje samo-razmnoževalnega sistema.

Biosfera, ki bi temeljila na amonijaku, bi po vsej verjetnosti obstajala pri temperaturah ali zračnem tlaku, ki bi bil izjemno neprikladen za življenje, kot ga poznamo na Zemlji. Zemeljsko življenje vedno obstaja znotraj temperaturnih okvirov med lediščem in vreliščem vode pri običajnem zračnem tlaku, med 0 °C (273°K) in 100 °C (373°K); pri običajnem tlaku so amonijakovo ledišče in vrelišče med −78 °C (195°K) in −33 °C (240°K). Težave z biosfero pri izjemno hladnih temperaturah so zaradi grozne upočasnitve biokemijskih reakcij kot tudi dejstva, da so nekatere biokemijske reakcije zunaj prej omenjenih temperaturnih okvirov v zvezi z veliko višjim vreliščem. Amonijak je lahko tekoč pri običajnih temperaturah le pri veliko večjem zračnem tlaku, npr. pri 60.-ih atmosferah (60 krat večji pritisk kot je pri nadmorski višini 0) amonijak vre pri 98 °C in se topi pri −77 °C. Vodna raztopina s primesmi amonijaka lahko nudi osnovo za vodi podobno biokemijo pri nižjih temperaturah, kot jo voda podpira običajno. Takšni pogoji obstajajo pod površjem Saturnovega največjega satelita Titana [1].

Verovanja v nezemeljsko življenje

Verovanje v nezemeljsko življenje je bilo navzoče že v starem antičnem Egiptu, Babiloniji in Sumeriji. Prva najpomembnejša zahodna misleca, ki sta se ukvarjala z mislijo o naseljenih svetovih sta bil antični grški pisatelj Tales in njegov učenec Anaksimander v 7. stoletju pr. n. št. Grški atomisti so se lotili same zamisli in razpravljali, da ima neskončno Vesolje neskončno veliko naseljivih svetov. Aristotelova kozmologija (ki je postavila Zemljo v središče Vesolja, geocentrični sistem, ki ga je uveljavil Ptolemej) je bila v nasprotju z zamislijo nezemeljskega življenja. Ko se je krščanstvo razširilo po Zahodni Evropi, so zamisel samo razglasili za herezijo (krivoverstvo). Najbolj znan in dokumentiran primer razlage zunajosončnih planetov in razširjenosti življenja tudi drugod kot na Zemlji pred sodobno je bila razlaga Giordana Bruna, ki so ga na podlagi njegovih nepravovernih zamisli živega sežgali v letu 1600.

Sedaj pravijo nekateri zanesenjaki, ki se spoznajo na to temo, da verjamejo v obstoj nezemeljskega življenja, ki naj bi v rednih presledkih obiskalo oziroma je obiskalo Zemljo. Nekateri trdijo, da so mnogi NLP-ji, ki jih lahko sedaj opazujemo na nočnem in dnevnem nebu dejansko videnja vesoljskih ladij inteligentnih nezemljanov. Nekateri celo trdijo, da so videli takšna bitja. Nekateri torej pripisujejo nekaterim okroglim vzorcem na nebu nezemeljsko naravo. Ker je najmanj ena resna, spoštljiva znanstvena revija, izdana v dnevniku z velikim krogom bralcev, nagovorila k ponovni oceni pojava NLP-jev, in to je prepričanje glavnega toka znanstvenih mnenj, ki se držijo takšnih so nevzdržnih zahtev s strani dokazov, ki so bili pred kratkim dosegljivi in je zelo malo verjetno, da so resnični. Mogoči obstoj primitivnega življenja zunaj Zemlje je najmanj tako nasprotujoča glavnemu toku znanstvenikov, vse dokler niso odkrili posrednega dokaza takšnega nezemeljskega življenja v meteoritu, ki naj bi prišel z Marsa. Posredni dokazi so razkrili obstoj primitivnega življenja na Marsu. Kakorkoli že, sklepi, ki naj bi jih takšen dokaz sprožil pa so še vedno predmet razprav.

Znanstveno iskanje nezemeljskega življenja

Znanstvenega iskanja nezemeljskega življenja so se znanstveniki lotili na dva različna načina, neposredno in posredno.

Neposredno iskanje

Znanstveniki neposredno iščejo dokaze za enocelično življenje znotraj Osončja, izpeljane raziskave površja Marsa in pregledi meteorjev, ki so padli na Zemljo. NASA v kasnejšem obdobju namerava odposlati tudi sondo do Jupitrovega Galilejevega satelita Evrope. Evropa ima pod debelim ledenim površjem tekočo vodo, ki bi lahko vseboval življenje.

Obstaja tudi nekaj omejenih dokazov, da so mikroorganizmi po vsej verjetnosti obstajali in obstajajo še danes na Marsu. Poskus na sondi Viking, ki je pristala na Marsu, poroča o plinih, ki so začeli izhlapevati iz vzorca Marsovih tal, ko so ga segrevali. Marsovska zemlja v nekaterih primerih vsebuje navzoče mikrobe. Kakorkoli že, primanjkovanje dodatnih dokazov od drugih poskusov na sondi Viking nakazuje, da so bile navzoče samo neorganske reakcije. Ta domneva je bolj verjetna, v letu 1996 so v meteoritu ALH84001 odkrili zgradbe podobne bakterijam, ki so bile izvržene z Marsa, ko je vanj v daljni preteklosti trčil ogromen meteor. Udarec je izvrgel prej omenjeni meteor in še mnogo drugih. Spet je bilo poročilo zelo sporno.

Februarja 2005 sta dva Nasina znanstvenika poročala, da sta našla močne dokaze za navzočnost življenja na Marsu (Berger, 2005). Dva znanstvenika, Carol Stoker in Larry Lemke iz Nasinega središča, na osnovi njunih zahtev, da so ostanki metana v Marsovi atmosferi preostanek sproščenega metana, podobno kot to počno nekatere primitivne oblike življenja na Zemlji. Njuna študija primitivnega življenja blizu reke Rio Tinto v Španiji. Nasini uradniki so kmalu zanikali znanstvenikove trditve, in Stoker sam je vzel njune začetne zagovore (spacetoday.net, 2005) nazaj. Kakorkoli že, samo nekaj dni kasneje, ko sta Stoker in Lemke postavila svoje zahteve, so znanstveniki od ESA-e (European Space Agency) poročali o njunih lastnih merjenjih metana na Marsu, ki predpostavlja organski izvor (Michelson, 2005).

Zaradi takšnih najdb pa še vedno tečejo razprave, vendar pa narašča podpora znanstvenikov, ki verjamejo v obstoj življenja na Marsu. Na neformalni oceni so znanstveniki, ki so obiskali konferenco, na katerih je ESA predstavila njihove najdbe, 75 odstotkov znanstvenikov so na konferenci poročajo, da je nekoč življenje na Marsu dejansko obstajalo; 25 odstotkov jih verjame, da življenje obstaja tam še sedaj (Michelson, 2005).

Nezemeljsko življenje v Osončju

Veliko nebesnih teles v Osončju ima pogoje, kjer bi se lahko obdržalo življenje. Na prvo mesto postavljajo nekatere iz seznama, ki je naveden spodaj. Na teh, štiri od petih so naravni sateliti, za katere mislijo, da imajo v ozadju vodo, življneje, ki se je tam razvilo v skoraj enakih pogojih, kot je to v toplih vrelcih na dnu oceanov, kjer je vzpostavljen nenavaden ekosistem: termofili – bakterije, ki se hranijo z žveplom in celo kovinami predstavljajo samo dno tega ekosistema. Malce višje so cevasti črvi in prozorne kozice.
Pred krakim je NASA z ene od Jupitrovih lun zaznalo visoko ferkvenco, kakršno bi lahko izpustilo le živo bitje. Primer še preiskujejo.

 Mars – najboljši primer, skoraj najboljši Zemeljski dvojček od planetov in naravnih satelitov v Osončju.
 Titan – edini naravni satelit, za katerega zagotovo vemo, da ima atmosfero. Obiskala jo je sonda Cassini-Huygens, ki se je celo spustila na površje. Naj bi imela celo ocean.
 Evropa – naj bi imela ocean.
 Ganimed
 Enkelad – naj bi imel pod površjem tekočo vodo. [2]

Številna druga telesa imajo potencial, da na sebi nosijo življenje in zanj ugodne pogoje. Npr., atmosfersko življenje so kot domnevo predlagali na Veneri in v plinastih orjaških planetih. Fred Hoyle pa je celo predlagal da obstaja mikroskopsko življenje na kometih. Nekateri mikrobi na Zemlji bi lahko v vzorcih z Lune preživeli celo nekaj let. Za skoraj povsem neverjetno velja, da bi zapleteno večcelično življenje obstajalo na kateremkoli od zgoraj naštetih svetov.

Posredne raziskave in iskanja

Znanstveniki teoretizirajo, da bi morala katerakoli tehnološka družba v Vesolju oddajati informacije. Projekti, kot je npr. SETI zbirajo astronomska iskanja dejavnih radijskih valov, ki bi jih lahko pripisali in bi potrdili navzočnost inteligentnega življenja.

Astronomi pa iščejo tudi za zunajosončnimi planeti, ki bi lahko bili primerni za življenje. Obstoječi postopki zaznave s pomočjo radijskih valov so neprimerni za takšno iskanje. Kot rešitev tega problema bo potrebna veliko bolj izpopolnjena tehnologija, saj je sedanja neprimerna za podrobno analizo in študijo zunajosončnih planetarnih teles. Daljnogledi v prihodnosti naj bi bili sposobni uzreti planete okoli bližnjih zvezd, kar naj bi razkrilo navzočnost življenja (ali neposredno prek spektrografije, ki bi razkrila ključne informacije kot je npr. navzočnost prostega kisika v planetovi atmosferi). Predvidevajo, da naj bi nekateri najboljši kandidati za odkritje planetov, ki bi nudili pogoje za življenje, navzoči v sistemu Alfe Kentavra, Zemlji najbližji zvezdni sistem, ki ga sestavljajo celo tri zvezde: Alfa Kentavra A, Toliman; Alfa Kentavra B in zelo medla Proksima Kentavra.

Glej tudi

 posebni fenomen
 astrobiologija
 astrosociobiologija
 Drakeova enačba
 Fermijev paradoks
 prvi stik
 panspermija
 domneva o redkih Zemljah
 znanstveni skepticizem
 SETI
 Sivi

Zunanje povezave
 v angleščini
SETI:Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
CSETI:Center for the Study of Extraterrestrial Intelligence
EXOPOLITICS: Politics, Government, and Law in the Universe
NASA:Exobiology Branch
INFLATION-THEORY IMPLICATIONS FOR EXTRATERRESTRIAL VISITATION - Scientific paper 2005
Life On Other Planets in the Solar System
NewScientistSpace: Mysterious signals from light years away

Astrobiologija
Življenje
Astronomske kontroverze

fi:Kuvitteelliset avaruusolennot
la:Extraterrestrial life
uz:Oʻzga sayyoralik tamaddunlar


Your personal relationship with God is the most important part of your life as a Christian. It's not all there is to being a Christian, but it is primary. Spending time reading the Bible and praying is not optional for a Christian. Only if you are walking with God daily will you grow up to look more like Jesus and be any use to the kingdom of God.
But if we're honest, most of us struggle with doing this consistently. Whether it is feeling like we don't have enough time, believing that we won't get anything out of it, or convincing ourselves we don't know enough to really study our Bibles, we all have an excuse. The important thing is to begin somewhere. Use a tool below or ask someone who is further along in their faith to help you. Whatever you do, don't waste one more day of time alone with God.


text:
Ergen Seeks Delay to LightSquared's Latest Confirmation Hearing
In the News The Deal
Kirkland advises LightSquared in its reorganization plan.
To read the full text of this article (subscription required) please click here.
Joshua A. Sussberg, P.C.
Partner New York
13 February 2023 Speaking Engagement First Day by Reorg: A Review of Chapter 11 Filings in 2022
23 January 2023 Award The Lawyer Hot 100 2023
13 January 2023 Award Asia-Pacific and Greater China Region's Leading Lawyers for Business 2023