text:
Open Journal of Social Sciences
10.4236/jss.2017.55023
"Hope" and "Change": An Empirical Study on the Eight Provisions of the CPC Rectification Movement Based on Authoritative Data Released by the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Supervision Website
Xudong Qi
School of Government, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
Copyright © 2017 by author and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.
Received: May 4, 2017; Accepted: May 21, 2017; Published: May 24, 2017
Since 18th CPC National Congress, the anti-corruption campaign shows a new political life in China. Based on the data from 2015 to July 2016, this paper analyzes the effectiveness and trend of the implementation of the eight provisions from the following three perspectives. The number of violations of cadres and their administrative level was significantly negatively correlated. The main purpose of the eight provisions is to build a low administrative level of anti-corruption strategy. The township level cadres are the main target group of rectification education. All the experiences and lessons of the rectification movement are a valuable heritage of the purity and style of the party construction, and the eight provisions have the characteristics that are precise, scientific and sustainable, and transform the old constraints, old ideas. The psychology of "governance" and "change" reflects the affirmation of social groups to fight against corruption. The eight provisions as a valuable monitoring resource should achieve the optimal allocation and maximize the social marginal benefit. The Power of Chinese government and the activity has consisted. They are willing to make a difference. Members of the Political Bureau are the third energy of Chinese reform or economy.
Big Data, Eight Provisions, Rectification Movement
1.1. Research Background
To one person, a team and even a ruling party, the most wisdom thing is to have self-knowledge. The Communist Party of China, which has been carrying the cause of national rejuvenation and national prosperity, has a great responsibility and a daunting challenge under the changing history. Since 18th CPC National Congress, based on the "gradual reduction of corruption to the minimum level" and "building a clean political party" goal, the central government accelerates the anti-corruption, against not only high level cadres, but also low level cadres, and embodies the firm determination and confidence in the party. Self-innova- tion is a fine tradition of the Communist Party of China. Yan'an rectification in 1942, rectification campaign in 1950 and 1957, comprehensive rectification movement in 1983-1987 and three talks education activity in 1998, are the party rectification movements according to accurate judgment of existing situation, and have left behind the precious experience and wealth for future generations. We can see the rise and fall of history. The Communist Party of China has always been a very popular party who has learned from experience and lessons from history. Wherever the critical moment of the Chinese nation is, wherever it goes, the Communists will always be able to deal with the pulse of the country. Since entering the new era, in order to better preserve the fine traditions and styles of the Party, the 18th CPC National Congress has been encouraged by the great responsibility of the "Chinese Dream" and the national rejuvenation and carries out the Party's Mass Line Education Practice. Soon after, the Central Political Bureau has launched eight provisions on improving the work style and keeping close contact with the masses. "On improving the work style, close contact with the masses of the eight provisions", it concentrates on the outstanding problems in the construction of the party.
The eight provisions are the starting point of the party's mass line educational practice. From the academic point of view, the eight provisions are a new thing since 2013, so the relevant academic research is relatively small.
1.2. Research Methods: Textualization―Building a Database-Full Sample Analysis
Big data are not only a tool for researchers, but also should be internalized into the thinking of researchers. The typical case analysis or case comparative analysis is based on the subjective will of the researcher, which is not objective enough. "Sampling analysis in the era of big data is like riding a horse in the automotive era. Big data era, sample = total" [1] . Big data are a collection trace data of online, full sample and interactive. Big data make predictions based on the overall sample data analysis and large-scale data analysis.
This research is based on the concept of the full sample of big data. The research method is mainly embodied in the following aspects: text data, small database, data classification analysis, theoretical abstraction. 1) Data collection. In this paper, the eight provisions investigate data collected between 2015 and July 2016 in a comprehensive and accurate way, forming a 19-month calendar of research space. The data are all based on the authority of the release: the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Ministry of Supervision official website announced violations of the eight provisions of the monthly report." We should continue to adopt the way of traditional methods of collecting data for specific needs and we also must be good at using the modern network information technology and various data sources to collect all relevant data." [2] 2) Text data and the construction of small case database. Based on the eight provisions of the monthly report, this paper extracts data and text information into data. According to the research design of various types and dimensions of classification statistics, it forms the small database of eight provisions. This database is not a sample data, but constitutes a full sample data structure for 19 months, so the reliability and validity of the data is very high and the theoretical analysis is based on a solid and credible sample structure. 3) Extraction of data from the case database. This paper calculates the data by the formula, and compares and analyzes the data based on the various dimensions. 4) Based on the data analysis, theoretical and logic level, the eight provisions and party's rectification movement are unified into the theme of "hope" and "change", but this paper mainly analyzes eight provisions that are scientific relative to the latter one, and further refines the theoretical core and characteristics of the Party's construction since the 18th CPC National Congress.
2. Empirical Evaluation of the Eight Provisions
The effectiveness of the eight provisions can be evaluated from three perspectives. First, the characteristics of the prosecution and punishment, which is investigated the highest frequency, which is the lowest frequency, what is the reason? Second, the overall investigation of the eight provisions of the diachronic trend, that is, dynamic performance evaluation. Third, the administrative level, that is, the distribution of cadres at the provincial, prefectural, county, and township level violated the eight provisions. This paper evaluates eight provisions from these three perspectives on its effectiveness and implementation, and strives to dig the reasons behind the figures, to pave the way for the logical analysis.
2.1. First Perspective: To Investigate the Characteristics of the Activity
According to the data sorting and cartography analysis, we can see, from 2015 to July 2016, the violation numbers of eight provisions problems, people, Party disciplines are very different, and we can also find the rule after careful review. It can be seen from Figure 1, the number of illegal allowances and subsidies or welfare, illegal use of official vehicles, illegal gifts or cash gifts, illegal use of public funds occupy a considerable proportion. Among them, the illegal allowances and subsidies or welfare has the largest number, the number of cases investigated and dealt with accounted for 23.8%, the number of Party discipline accounted for 28.1%, up to 19,060 people; the number of illegal use of official vehicles accounted for 22.8%, Party discipline accounted for 15.7% of the number of people, up to 15,904 people; the number of illegal gifts or cash gifts cases in-
Figure 1. Investigation and distribution of eight types.
vestigated and dealt with accounted for 16.8%, the number of people punished accounted for 17.6%, up to 11,759 people; the number of illegal use of public funds cases investigated and dealt with accounted for 13.8%, the number of people punished accounted for 15%, up to 11,008 people.
Why are these four provisions investigated and dealt with officials in high-risk areas? First, the four provisions related to the economic interests of cadres. Illegal subsidies, illegal use of official vehicles and funds, etc., will reflect the status and power of cadres with low consciousness. They tend to think it's the so-called return performance. Second, the legal system of socialist market economy is not perfect, many human social habits, such as "gratitude", "reciprocity" exists in daily life. But once infiltrated into the political and economic life, it is likely to lead to corruption.
Belong to the high-risk areas of the four investigated problems are the same with early days of the founding. Some party members and cadres do not seek progress, love leisure and hate labour, and abuse of power to pursue their own interests. Positional party members are less susceptible to bad habits.
2.2. Second Perspective: Diachronic Trend of Eight Provisions
There are three types' results of eight provisions investigating: problem investigation, Processing personnel, party discipline. We can establish three indicators accordingly: To investigate the number of problems, the number of processing personnel, the number of Party discipline. This paper observes the implementation diachronic trends of eight provisions from these three indicators. As can be seen from Figure 2, from January 2015 to July 2016, the three indicators have experienced rising, rising slowly, reaching the peak and then high-speed decline, rising, reaching the peak, and then decline in its trend. This perspective reflects the dynamic performance of the eight provisions governing.
From January to June 2015, the investigated number of eight provisions shows rapid growth, during July to October, shows slow rise, in November reached a
Figure 2. Diachronic trend of eight provisions.
peak (investigated number reached 6565 people). After the end of December 2015, the investigated number shows significantly down, in February 2016, the number of investigated people from the peak 6565 down to 3180 people. From February 2016 to June the same year, the number of investigation increased significantly month by month, in June 2016 reached the peak of 5959 people. What are the reasons for these data? First, from the specific analysis of the illegal allowances and subsidies or welfare, and illegal gifts or cash gifts at the end of 2015 to early 2016, we can find that November, December, January have the largest investigated number, both reached its peak In December 2015 (Figure 3). Since the implementation of the eight provisions, the central and local authorities at all levels to fix the program, the annual meeting has been greatly reduced, but the annual subsidies and welfare behavior is still uncommon. Although the benefits of the specification may not be as high as usual, which is also contrary to the original intention of the eight provisions. A large number of investigated cases indicate the seamless, uninterrupted efficacy of eight provisions.
Any policy or regulations from the introduction to the implementation effect, that the system changes are few can be immediate, there is a "time lag" [3] effect, will generally experience this process: Policy making―initial implementation― wait and see―full implementation―effectiveness. The implementation process of the eight provisions also conforms to this rule: 1) In the early implementation of the eight provisions, the central government based on the top-level design, from top to bottom to promote the eight provisions. Although the effective force to deal with some irregularities, some cadres are in the state of wait and see. 2) By the medium-term of implementation, the central attitude is clearer, investigation efforts continue to increase and the number of investigated people increases rapidly. Government officials as a political rational man, while recognizing that the eight provisions is not a gust of wind movement, but a continuous high voltage line, so as to gradually change the understanding and obey the rules. 3) In the latter part of the implementation, the deterrent effect of the
Figure 3. Diachronic trend of two provisions.
eight provisions initially shows up. In the continuous anti-corruption situation, leading officials at all levels dare not, can't, don't want to rot, the situation initially formed. Correspondingly, the number of investigated cases and people began to fall significantly (Figure 4).
2.3. Third Perspective: Administrative Level of Investigated Cadres
Everyone is equal before the eight provisions. Eight provisions investigation covers: the provincial, prefectural, county and township level cadres of the party and the government. From the administrative level distribution, we can see, January 2015 to July 2016, 14 provincial and ministerial level cadres investigated; 903 people investigated from prefectural, accounting for 1%; 7278 people investigated from county level, accounting for 9%; 71,718 people investigated from township level, accounting for 90%. From the data available, the administrative level of the leading cadres and the number of people being investigated into a significant negative correlation, that is, the higher the level of the number of people being investigated, the lower the number of people being investigated (Figure 5).
How can this be explained? There are four reasons for this. First, relative to the provincial, prefectural, county level, township level has the largest number of cadres, and the probability of being investigated is high. Second, township cadres mostly work in the county, township and village level units, their working environment more affected by social rules than system and law, hinder the formation of new rules and promotion of awareness. Third, the lag of information transmission. The township cadres work at the grass-roots level, the eight provisions convey from top to bottom, the formation of energy transmission losses. So the policy implementation is lagging behind, grass-roots officials take chances, and thus become the worst disaster areas. Fourth, from an objective point of view, part of the township level cadres understand the spirit of the central spirit and
Figure 4. Diachronic trend of party disciplines.
Figure 5. Distribution of administrative level of investigated cadres.
quality, but also relatively low. In addition, party's style of construction is taken "low center of gravity" remediation strategy model. Cadres around the masses are the foundation of governance.
3. Logical Analysis of Rectification Perspective
3.1. Accuracy of the Eight Provisions
The rectification movement of the Communist Party of China has always been very targeted, find the problem to the disease can be done. For example, after rectification in 1951-1953, a total of 328,000 people left the party organization, which belongs to all kinds of bad elements are 238,000, more than 90,000 unqualified members voluntarily or been advised to quit the party.
From 1983 to 1987, in order to eliminate the pernicious influence of Cultural Revolution and restore the purity of the party, China Policy Committee and Deng Xiaoping organized comprehensive rectification movements. The movement is divided into three stages, covering from the central ministries and provinces district level, county level leading cadres to rural community level. In 6 years, a total of 177 thousand people expelled from the party.
During 19 months, the proportion of rural party and government cadres investigated more than 70,000 people, accounting for up to 90% (Figure 6). With the Central Commission Discipline Inspection of the popular anti-corruption movement echoes, the main intention of the eight provisions may therefore reflect: the township level cadres are the tentacles of national administrative system of cadres, and close to the masses. The township cadres in this key position reflect the probity of party and government and serve the people.
With the strict implementation of the eight provisions at the grassroots level, the number of township-level investigated fell from the peak of 5919 people (November 2015) to 2819 people (in February 2016), the decline rate reached 52% (Figure 7). The number of Investigated cases and people changes in one after another, reflects the consciousness awakening of dare not, can't, don't want
Figure 6. Proportion of investigated administrative level.
Figure 7. Trends of the number of investigated township level cadres in 2015-2016.7.
to rot. " [4] Good system can make the bad guys can't be arbitrary, the bad system can make good people can't do a good deed, and even to the negative." The eight provisions have a significant effect on promoting governance of the grassroots cadres. Moreover, Chinese anti-corruption constitute an organic system: warning constitute the first line of defense to prevent the corruption, the eight provisions constitutes the second line of initial corruption, the judicial review has become the third line of defense, thus forming a synergistic effect of 1 + 1 + 1 > 3.
3.2. The Science of the Eight Provisions
The party's rectification movement is not to punish some people or a group, but for the party's self-innovation. Style construction is a tool; the purpose is to return to the party's fine tradition, forming good government and morals. Firstly, we should focus on learning theory to improve awareness, and then openly find the problem, and then seriously responsible for criticism and self-criticism, and ultimately find problems and solve problems, overcome other ideas, and form a unified correct thinking. For the work style, achieve the purpose with a scientific way and methods.
Throughout the history of the party several successful rectifications, although the situation and tasks is different, the way and the time limit are different, but all are right antidote against the disease. Such as the Yan'an rectification movement lasted for 4 years, took "learn from past mistakes to avoid future ones" as purpose and principles of rectification, aimed at three bad styles, mobilized nearly two-thirds of party members and cadres to promote the process of Marxism in China; In 1950, the movements against the "three evils" and the "five evils" began to rectify the party's grassroots organizations as the main task, which lasted four years and examined about one-tenth of the unqualified party members. According to statistics, about 600,000 party members and cadres left the organization because of various problems, and educated and cultivated a number of new party members; In 1983 the rectification in the party aimed at ideology, style, organization impure, and lax discipline and other issues, in order to rectify the style, unity of thinking, strengthen discipline, mobilize the masses to participate the registration of Party members and organizations, expelled nearly 30 thousand people from the party, Which lasted three and a half year and laid a solid foundation for the reform and opening up of the party leadership; In 1998, under the new situation of the construction of the party, "three emphases", i.e. "emphases on theoretical study, political awareness, and moral integrity" were carried out for some party cadres and cadres to ignore the problems of theoretical study, and the prevalence of bureaucracy and formalism. In 2 years, mobilized 5 million cadres and the masses to participate in the study and help the rectification, 700,000 leading cadres at and above the county level to participate in the study and education. The situation, problems, tasks of party's previous rectification movement are not the same, but the previous rectification comes down in one continuous line.
Eight provisions aim at the old bureaucracy, "jack-in-office", backward consciousness and bad customs long-term infiltration into the political, economic life. In the rectification movement in 1957, the bureaucracy was the main target. When a system has not yet been formed in the country, social customs or rules maintain the stability of social order. One of the common ideas of modern society is that customs and rules cannot solve all problems, but to some extent, they simplify life. When the state system is becoming more and more perfect, the concept of the rule of law is popular, the old and new rules will be intense friction, in line with the requirements of the times will be supplemented or strengthened, the reverse will be replaced or modified [5] . "The officer will not make a fortune, and can't do business; you can't have it both ways. These are the vehicle running on two roads." In political life, especially in the work of administrative personnel, we must take a careful look at social customs and rules. The eight provisions is a system that restricts the behavior of cadres. We should discard the dross, preserve its essence, retain the fine tradition of culture, abandon the rules that are not conducive to the work of party and government.
As the new China began to explore and construct the socialist rule of law on the basis of the long feudal rule, the socialist market economic system is not perfect. Some of the party and government cadres occupy illegal money by virtue of their power and national resources. This shows that party members have a weak sense of law and party. Dripping water wears through a stone. Accumulation of these countless small and specific changes on the whole constitutes a fundamental institutional change [3] . The competition of national strength depends largely on the survival of the fittest system, in addition to the transformation of social customs, eight provisions as the ruling party self-precipitation and innovation system, its vitality lies in the implementation and its effectiveness lies in lasting.
3.3. Sustainability of the Eight Provisions
A policy or the implementation of the system also can't escape the law of diminishing marginal effect; the initial policy effect is significant but with the changing of the social environment, coupled with the inertia of the policy, the original policy effectiveness inevitably shrinking.
From the content point of view, the past rectification movement were around the issue of history, now the party's mass line educational practice, although the purpose is to control the current and past style construction problems, from the contents of the eight regulations, it's different from the past, the rectification movement is sustainable with the long-term impact. Why? Eight provisions correct the cadre's long-term mistakes at all levels of the party and government, and Figure ht against corruption. The implementation of the eight provisions is beneficial to all levels of leading cadres and the masses.
Some bad or inappropriate social customs to penetrate into the field of political life has become the shackles, and are corrupting cadres of party and government. Although some cadres due to the so-called reputation or their own promotion, it is difficult for them to make the right choice. On the other hand, people who need public service, run a few departments, meet different leaders and send a few gifts are extremely common. Administrative staff and the masses bear the cost due to bad customs.
Any choice will cost. Eight provisions is strict party discipline, and also is system weapon of strict official governance. Under the pressure of the system, the cost of corrupt behavior cadres continues to increase. The ultimate beneficiaries of all levels of units and leadership style improvement are the broad masses of the people.
In summary, the cost of the all sides is greatly reduced due to the implementation of the eight provisions. Adhere to the provisions of the eight, put an end to bad customs and the shackles of human society, so that the people and cadres can make a rational and correct choice. The lasting reduction of the total cost has a considerable effect on overcoming the diminishing marginal returns of the eight provisions. The vitality of the system lies in the implementation of the law of diminishing marginal returns is conducive to the sustainable development of the eight provisions, more conducive to the construction of the party's work style has been continuously strengthened.
4. Summary and Reflection: "Hope" and "Change"
Eight provisions, as the new rectification movement of the era, not only achieved a stage victory, but also won the hearts of the people. Based on the data from 2015 to July 2016, this paper analyzes the effectiveness and implementation of the eight provisions from three perspectives. Through analysis of data we found:
1) First, eight provisions investigated the characteristics of the problem that was directly related to economic interests of leading cadres. Illegal subsidies and illegal use of official vehicles constitute a direct violation; second, most of the problems were related to social customs penetration into the political life.
2) The investigated number and administrative levels showed a significant negative correlation: the lower the administrative level, the more the number of investigation, and the eight provisions constitute a low administrative levels center of anti-corruption strategy.
3) In the ongoing severe anti-corruption situation, grass-roots government officials gradually change behavior expectations, from wait-and-see changing to follow the rules.
Qi, X.D. (2017) "Hope" and "Change": An Empirical Study on the Eight Provisions of the CPC Rectification Movement Based on Authoritative Data Released by the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Supervision Website. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 5, 338-349. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2017.55023
1. Meyer-Schoenberg, V. and Cookier, K. (2013) Big Data: A Revolution That Will Transform How We Live, Work and Think, Zhejiang People's Publishing House, Hangzhou, 23.
2. Li, J.C. (2014) Big Data and New Mind on Statistics. Statistical Research, 1-12.
3. Coase, R. and North, D. (2004) Property Rights and Institutional Changes. Shanghai People's Publishing House, Shanghai, 31.
4. Xi, J.P. (2015) Xi Jinping's Speech at the Eighteen Plenary Session of the CentralCommission for Discipline Inspection of the Fifth Plenary Session.
http://www.cpc.people.com.cn/n/2015/0114/c64094-26380006.html
5. He, S.L. (2014) Experience and Enlightenment of the Party's Rectification Movement. Journal of Chongqing University of Education, No. 4, 5-7.
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Yes today I encountered this word and I thought it was worth sharing it with you.
"Arbeitsunfähigkeitsbescheinigung" is simply translate to "Certificate of Disability" but is merely a "sick leave certificate." Le Boyfriend's been feeling under the weather the last couple of days which meant he had to stay home, because of this his work asked for a certificate signed by a Doctor confirming he was sick.
So if you are ever sick and have to take some days of work…make sure you have your Arbeitsunfähigkeitsbescheinigung ready.


Because my last few books have been spring releases, it seems that each time as the International Festival of Authors begins here, and Penguin (or, now, Penguin Random House) throw a cocktail party to get the show started, I end up in 'discussions' with people over wine and whatever hors d'oeuvres the servers are floating past with. No, it isn't too early for this, they always tell me (the publishing people, not the servers!). I always mentally check the date and become aware, again, that long lead times are so the norm in publishing.
I have Serious Sit Downs ahead. With marketing and publicity and editorial here in November, and in NY in early December, and am meeting my UK editor (he promises single malt) in two weeks at Saratoga Springs.
I'll also be doing the worldwide first reading from Children of Earth and Sky there, on Friday November 6th. I debuted both Kitai novels that way, too. This is always tricky for me, as it is well before I am really ready to talk about a new book (May release, remember!) but WFC offers a truly good mix of colleagues, professionals, book lovers, and it feels like the best place to open up a bit on the novels. Does also mean I need to give thought in next little while as to what I want to read.
Readings … we all need 5 minute, 10 minute, 20 minute passages when a book comes out. (I think going much longer is usually a mistake.) Actually, I've even been asked on radio to read a one minute snippet. All these need to be sorted out, though for me it always evolves as I start touring … you discover what feels right, learn what audiences respond to.
At this moment I am awaiting the Return of the Manuscript. The copy-editor, Catherine Marjoribanks, emailed this morning to say I'll have it back tomorrow afternoon or Wednesday morning. Then she gets to relax and I get to be driven crazy by what she's done to me. Mostly joking. Copy-editing is critically important (and I'll add that it is too-often not done carefully these days). For one thing, a good one monitors consistency, and through a big book written over a long time, it is easy to run into issues. Usually small, but in a way nothing is small.
Catherine and other copy-editors are also looking down at the level of commas and paragraphing. If I disagree with her deletion or insertion of a comma, I'll change it back, and she knows I will. In turn, I know she's being thoughtful when she makes suggestions and even if I don't agree with a perercentage of them, whatever I do accept has – this seems obvious – improved my book. I used to get irked when younger, by having to change things back. I don't, any more. I'm grateful for attentive eyes on my pages, and for a copy-editor I've worked with several times now. There's a comfort zone that emerges.
Once the manuscript is with them the publishers move (quickly) towards a few things. They make what are called First Pass pages, set as they'll look in the finished book. From these they also make Advance Reading Copies (ARCs). The ARCs are what will go off to reviewers, 'influencers', people who buy authors well-aged single malts. (Joke. Really!) ARCs always indicate 'please check against finished book before quoting' as these pages still need to be proofread, by a professional and by the author – though some writers do skip doing this. Errors will creep in to typesetting (and errors often linger in books, as we all know, even with proofing).
So this update, as I await my novel's return to me, is to say, it is getting tangible with this book. I had a running joke in an earlier edition of these tour journals with that word tangible, but any writer will tell you are are many, many stages to a book feeling done, real. A few will be ticked off here in the next few weeks.
Can't wait to hear the reading!


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Bizarre BSS show in Knoxville on weekend
Found this review from the Sunday night show in Knoxville. I think these guys are losing it and we're not gonna be seeing Broken Social Scene again; I think the hiatus will be permanent. The egos and livers need to find another muse it sounds like.
I saw BSS last night in Knoxville, TN and was really disappointed. When I saw them in Boston last year, they were incredible live and one of the best shows I'd seen in a long time. What I saw last night was nowhere near the heights of last year's show. They started out by insulting Knoxville for being a lame town because no one was out and about during the day because everyone in town was at the UT-Alabama game or wathching it on TV (one of the biggest home games of the year in a football obsessed town). Yes, Knoxville's not as cool as NYC or Toronto, but there's no need to drop into someone's town and insult the people who paid good money to see you.
At the outset of the show, Kevin Drew said that this show was going to be "60% talk, 40% rock", which I thought was a joke... turns out he really meant it. They spent a lot of time just talking about random stuff throughout the set, one which didn't seem well thought out and being played off-the-cuff many times when they did actually play tunes. At another point, BSS complained about the tickets being so expensive ($30) but then turned around and said that they set the ticket prices. WTF? If you didn't like the price point, why did you set it at that? The final straw came during the lone "encore". Instead of coming out to play some songs, they decided they wanted to pretend they were an episode of "Inside The Actor's Studio", pulled 2 chairs out onto the stage, and Kevin Drrew proceeded to "interview" Brendan Canning about fictional movie projects he was involved in. It would've been funny if they did it for a couple minutes, but I swear to God they did this bit for damn near 10 minutes! At one point someone in the audience got annoyed and yelled out, "Play some songs!" after which Kevin said if she didn't like what they were doing, then she was free to leave. At the end of their "bit", he did seek the girl out in the audience and gave her a hug (she didn't leave), and then they proceeded to end the show by playing a perfunctory version of "It's All Gonna Break".
I was irate by the end of the show that they behaved like this. Yes, the show wasn't sold out, but as Kevin Drew said at the outset of the show, "It doesn't matter who didn't come, because you came, and we've come to play for you." Well then, how about playing some damn music for the people who shelled out $30 a ticket for you! I feel like they played a half-assed show because Knoxville isn't a primary touring market and that they wouldn't have pulled shit like this if they were playing a show in NYC, Boston, LA, Chicago, etc. They also ended the show saying the same thing they apparently did in Atlanta, elling us that they'll be taking a long break soon and imploring us to "remember we came here for you." Honestly, if they're gonna pull crap like this, I'd rather not remember.
That doesn't sound like them losing their shit. That sounds like them amusing themselves in a ghost town on a football home game day and probably in a really funny way (at least if you're from Toronto). It's just funny and it's not like the crowd didn't get a goodish show out of it.
the best advice ever: shut up and play your guitar.
i've read reviews of maybe half the shows on the current tour and it seems to me, secondhand albeit, that they're either starting to really hate each other for real, life on the road has been tough, the alcohol is too free-flowing, drew is a egomaniac, or a combination of above
Seems like kevin is isolating himself from the band with attitude, spearin is forgetting his parts, whiteman is falling over drunk, and millan is surlier than usual.
but it's all secondhand from reviews on the internet, it could be nothing. if i was at that knoxville show i'd be pretty pissed though.
I still think I would've dug it. Just not something to do in fucking Tennessee. I buy this take though.
they're either starting to really hate each other for real, life on the road has been tough, the alcohol is too free-flowing, drew is a egomaniac, or a combination of above
balogna pogna
I can't imagine the pressure they are under. I mean they are changing the face of music for centuries to come and everyone's eyes are on them.
Sorry, I meant to say, I can't believe that so many people see so much in them. I guess I'm delusional from the flu.
That's rich.
shouldn't that have been in purple?
...and millan is surlier than usual.
That's just how I like her!
c-towns
I can't wait till they collapse and take all their bands with them, except reverie sound revue, they were cool.

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text:
The Days Forward
West Point Class of 1969
Becoming a Cadet
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Tales from Nick's FARRP, Part 1: Beer – 1978
The "Tales from Nick's FARRP" series are a fictionalized version of real events and are dedicated to the memory of friends and classmates from the Class of 1969.
"HEY, NEW GUY!" I felt every eye in the bar focused on me. "Gimme a beer!"
My Uncle Nick used to be a helicopter pilot in the Army. All I know is, he was in Vietnam for a long time when I was growing up. After the war was over, he got too sick to stay in the Army, so he was medically retired from the Army. So he opened a bar in Fayetteville, NC, which he called "Nick's FAARP" – why I never knew. It's right next to Fort Bragg, where he had been stationed at the time.
Last month the cancers finally took him. To my complete astonishment he left me his bar! Don't know why he did, because I really never knew him very much. Maybe he just felt sorry for me, after I flunked out of college in my first year.
By the way, my name is Gil Edwards. Anyhow, I had just arrived in Fayetteville, and only about ten minutes before had walked into Nick's FAARP, the bar I was now owner of. I had been warmly welcomed to the establishment by Miss Peggy. She was Uncle Nick's bar manager, now mine, who had been with him since the day he opened the place.
Miss Peggy had written me a letter after his death, telling me that her late husband and one other guy had been Nick's best friends, ever since they had all finished Army flight school together in the early 1960s. She had lost her husband in Vietnam in 1972, and had been struggling to raise their son as a single mother. So when Uncle Nick offered her the job as bar manager, she had jumped at the opportunity, and was fiercely loyal to him. I had been surprised when I met her, although I guess I shouldn't have been, to see she had a lovely milk chocolate complexion.
"Gil." Miss Peggy startled me out of my shock at being called "New Guy." "I told all of the regulars here at the 'FAARP' that you were arriving today. And that short, fat rude bastard who just walked in and yelled at you is Chief Warrant Officer Rod Jordan, your Uncle Nick's other oldest and best friend."
I noticed he wasn't really very short or fat either, but rude certainly fit. I also saw now that there was an amused twinkle in his eye. He sat down between two other guys in Army uniforms who were at the curve of the bar, looked me over, and said, "Well??"
I gulped, and figured I'd better do something, so I reached in the cooler and pulled out a can of the classiest beer brand I knew, Mitchell "Great Life!" Popping the top, I poured it into a frosty mug and set it in front of him.
All of a sudden the whole bar went silent. The look on this Jordan fellow's face got icier than the mug I had handed him. He stared at me, then at the beer, then me again, growled "FNG!" and stomped out of the place.
I looked helplessly at the guys at the bar, then at Miss Peggy. "What the hell just happened?"
Miss Peggy shook her head sadly at me and said, "Now, you've really done it."
"What?" I asked. "What did I do?"
"Kenny, maybe you'd better tell him," she said to the younger of the two men at the bar's curve. "By the way, Gil, this is Captain Kenny Wayne, one of our regulars here at the FAARP."
The soldier called Kenny looked me in the eye and slowly said, "You gave him Mitchell beer in a can. You don't ever do that to anyone who served in Vietnam."
"Why not?" I implored. "What's wrong with that?"
Captain Kenny patiently began to tell me the story: "It seems that during the height of the Vietnam war, when we had over half a million troops in country, the US government was awarding huge contracts to supply everything the troops needed. Every major American company was getting their 'fair share' of the government business. It seems the Mitchell Brewing Co. had a batch of beer that spoiled on them in their process. Instead of dumping it, they decided to can it anyway and send it over to the troops. Guess they figured, what the heck? They're just a bunch of GIs, so who cares?
A Post Exchange in Vietnam
"Back in those days canned beverages came in steel cans, not these new aluminum pop-tops we have today. As soon as that Mitchell beer started getting distributed in country, the troops who tasted it began puking their guts out. Very soon the word went out, that stuff is bad, bad, BAD! The units quit issuing that brand of beer to the troops, so it just sat in the PX warehouses, corroding in the steel cans and getting nastier and nastier. Anyone who ever tasted that rotten stuff will never again in his life touch Mitchell beer from a can. And that's what you just gave to Chief Rod Jordan."
"Wow," I said. "I guess I'll never make that mistake again. Thanks for telling me, at least."
"The tale of the Mitchell beer doesn't end there," said the older guy sitting there beside Kenny.
Miss Peggy introduced me. "Gil, this is Major Williams, another of our regulars." I just now noticed some kind of gold leaf on his uniform.
"Gil, I'm Tony Williams," he said, reaching out his hand to me. "We all loved your Uncle Nick like a brother. Kenny," he continued, "let me tell Gil the rest of the story."
"Yes, sir, Major Williams, sir!" said Kenny.
"Oh, cut the crap, Kenny. You know we don't have rank in here." He turned to me and pointed to Kenny's collar. "You see those two silver bars? They mean that Captain Wayne here is still a probationary officer in the US Army. He is a company-grade officer, as we field grade officers refer to our juniors. After ten or twelve years of exemplary service, he might be selected for promotion to major, like I was."
"I'm Gil Edwards," I said, shaking his hand. "Guess I don't know a thing about the Army."
"That's ok. We don't mind –" and he turned his head and made a spitting sound, "– civilians. Now, as I was going to say, here is the rest of the story:
"By the time I got over to Vietnam for my second tour at the end of 1971, the American forces had been drawn down so far, there were more Korean troops in country than Americans. I was still a captain then, fresh out of flight school. My first tour had been with Special Forces, and I had been so far back in the boonies we never saw beer of any kind, so I hadn't heard about the bad Mitchell.
"I had just arrived in Saigon for a few days in-processing before going up-country to my flying assignment. In the PX there I noticed that beer was $2.40 or $3.60 a case, depending on the brand. But they had Mitchell 'Great Life!' for only a dollar a case. Sounded like a bargain to me, so I took a buck's worth of beer back to my temporary hootch. But when – "
"Wait a minute, Tony," I interrupted. "Hootch?? I thought that means rotgut liquor. What are you talking about?"
Captain Kenny interceded, "Gil, 'hootch' is Army slang for living space. It can mean anything from an infantryman's tent in the mud to the fancy apartments the Air Force guys have, even in a combat zone."
"As I was saying, thank you very much, Kenny," resumed Major Tony. "When I punched a can opener, what we called a churchkey, into my first can, I almost vomited.
A Churchkey Opener
That's when I noticed the can was corroded, as were most of the others in the case. I took the case back to the PX and demanded my money back. The cashier showed me the asterisk on the sign, which said, 'Absolutely no refunds on Mitchell beer.' I just walked out, leaving the case behind.
"It seems the PX system still had tons of this nasty Mitchell beer in their inventory. With all the American units standing down and going home, the PX was desperately trying to get rid of this stuff. Under government rules they had to clear it off their books. They could write it down and sell it at a discount, or else they had to ship it all back to the US.
"A month later, Mitchell beer was going for a quarter a case, then a dime a case, then a nickel a case, but still no takers!
"Finally, in the spring of 1972, at the giant PX warehouse in Nha Trang, they got a great idea: 'Let's let the little people steal it!' That way, they could write off the beer as stolen and be finished with it. So one evening they moved all their pallets of Mitchell beer just outside the PX warehouse yard by fork-lift. Then they instructed the MPs to stay completely away for the entire night. That should take care of it!"
"So, what happened?" asked Captain Kenny.
Tony Williams continued. "Next morning, when they came in, the little people had been there in the night, sure enough. They had broken down the pallets of Mitchell beer and stacked the cases to build a ramp over the fence. Leaving the Mitchell beer behind, dang if they hadn't gone over the fence and stolen all the Coke and Pepsi in the whole PX storage yard!"
IN MEMORY OF BILL AND TERRY AND EDDIE AND JERRY
Written by Suzanne Rice · Categorized: By Guy Miller
Ray Dupere says
I never heard that story about the beer before. But that's partly because Rusty Nails were my go to drink in Vietnam. However, when I saw that you had written it I knew it would be good.
Ray Dupere
Guy E Miller says
Ray-
Terry O'Boyle's service in 1-17th Cav and E-17th Cav is the model for part of a character coming up. Would like to share these fictionalized stories with the families of the guys I dedicate them to. Do you, or anyone else, have any contacts for Terry O'Boyle's next of kin?
In my prep for last year's memorial trip I could not find any contacts for Terry O'Boyle … and when we arrived at the gravesite it did not look like it had been cared for by anyone in quite a while.
Denis Gulakowski says
Interesting fictional twist on reality, Guy. Never heard the story about the beer, either while I was in Vietnam or anywhere else. We didn't have much opportunity to drink anything alcoholic, over there but when we did, we'd have the French brew, Biere 33 (ba muoi ba in Vietnamese) or the Filipino brand San Miguel.
My flight school stick buddy flew in 201st Avn Co [VIP], Red Barons, in Nha Trang. The bad beer was my own experience; the PX event he confirmed for me at the time.
–guy, OW
"Doc" Dillon, SigC, BOTL says
Guy, I believe that I can vouch for the veracity of this story about "Mitchell" beer. I can tell you where the very rusty steel cans of "OLY" – "Olafssen" beer, that Americans, Vietnamese and our fighting allies in VN wouldn't drink wound up – transhipped to the Class 6 at Camp Humphreys, South Korea, still in pallets. Near the end of each month the Class 6 was denuded by a combination of thirsty GI's and entrepreneurial host nation citizens, so we had no choice but to acquire bottled adult beverages on the black market down in the "ville" – Pyongtaek. But the "OLY" remained on display, month after month, untouched. For all beer drinkers out there, just remember Guinness is known in the UK as "Vitamin [pronounced vittamin] 'G'." "It WILL cure what ails you." (Try the 200th anniversary brew – on sale now.)
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If you can't get enough of the water and you're a fan of snorkeling, this full-day snorkeling tour from Playa del Carmen is for you. Immerse yourself in three different ecosystems as you discover an ocean inlet, an underground river and a Maya cenote. From the Caribbean's tantalizing blue waves to river waters in the Riviera Maya jungle, an array of exotic marine life awaits you. Enjoy a hearty buffet lunch between snorkeling stops and snap memorable shots of your jungle and ocean adventure. Hotel transport included.
Wonderful day... would have been even better if we had seen some more wildlife in the more open waters but you can't make nature dance to your tune on the day! Underground cenote beautiful... the water was so clear!


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Anthony Bourgeois, né le , est un joueur de rugby à XV français qui évolue au poste de demi d'ouverture.

Biographie
2006-2011 : Tarbes PR
2011-2012 : Montluçon rugby
2012-2014 : Lille Métropole rugby
2014-2015 : CA Périgueux

Notes et références

Liens externes

Joueur français de rugby à XV
Joueur du Stado Tarbes PR
Joueur du Lille MR
Joueur du Montluçon rugby
Joueur du CA Périgueux
Demi d'ouverture (rugby à XV)
Naissance en mai 1986

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


From the Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Sharmyn McGraw sends us this article in which she asked leaders of various pituitary organizations, including Pituitary World News, their opinions on the biggest obstacles facing acromegaly patients.
From Sharmyn McGraw: As a patient advocate I work with many pituitary patient advocate organizations around the world. Since my own pituitary surgery with Dr. Daniel Kelly over 16 years ago my passion has grown stronger. I'm still seeing too many patients going far too long without a timely diagnosis and proper treatments. So I want to make sure pituitary patient organizations are being heard. They dedicate endless hours of their time as they know the extent to which acromegaly patients suffer with this complex disorder. They are the voice for the patients they support and they continue pushing for medical care that results in a better quality of life for patients.
© 2016, Pituitary World News. All rights reserved.


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Justia Lawyer Directory Workers' Compensation California Kern County Attorneys
Kern County Workers' Compensation Lawyers
Compare 37 top rated California attorneys serving Kern County.
Find Kern County Workers' Compensation Lawyers by City
Bear Valley Springs
Buttonwillow
California City
Edwards Air Force Base
Frazier Park
Inyokern
Kernville
Lost Hills
North Edwards
Pine Mountain Club
Shafter
Stallion Springs
Wofford Heights
Haleh Shekarchian
Workers' Compensation Lawyer Serving Kern County, CA
Experienced representation in Workers' Compensation cases! Call today!
I am an experienced Workers' Compensation attorney dedicated to helping my clients through cases involving specific accidents, repetitive trauma, occupational exposure, death benefits, and more. Call today! Read More »
James Artamio Yoro
Kern County, CA Workers' Compensation Lawyer with 43 years of experience
(661) 323-4000 1731 Chester Ave.
Free ConsultationOffers Video ConferencingVideo ConfWorkers' Comp
James A. Yoro is a senior partner with Chain | Cohn | Clark, where he manages the law firm's workers' compensation department, and is one of the most veteran and most respected workers' compensation lawyers in California's Central Valley. Over the course of his career, James has argued cases before the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeal and the California Supreme Court. He is also responsible for securing a $4.5 million Workers' Compensation settlement on behalf of his client, one of the largest such settlements in Kern County. He is a Certified Workers' Compensation Professional in California.He is past president...
David Kent Cohn
Free ConsultationWorkers' Comp and Personal Injury
Southwestern Univ School of Law
David K. Cohn is the managing partner of Chain | Cohn | Clark and is one of the most highly regarded trial lawyers in California's Central Valley. He has been recognized in the "Best Lawyers in America" program, which is the oldest and among most respected attorney ranking services in the world. He has also been voted in the Best Lawyer in Kern County by The Bakersfield Californian Readers' Choice Poll, as well as a "Top Attorney," as reviewed be peers in Bakersfield Life Magazine. David has also been named a Super Lawyer in Southern California, an honor bestowed upon only...
Benjamin Paul Feld
Kern County, CA Workers' Compensation Attorney with 20 years of experience
(661) 214-8888 2003 20th Street
Free ConsultationWorkers' Comp, Employment and Social Security Disability
Santa Barbara and Ventura Colleges of LAw
Benjamin P. Feld is a law partner with the firm Ghitterman, Ghitterman & Feld. Mr. Feld has been representing injured workers since 2002, providing his expertise in the areas of Workers' Compensation, Social Security Disability and third party litigation services. Mr. Feld is also a Certified Specialist in Workers' Compensation with the State Bar of California, one of only four applicant attorneys in the County with this distinction (two of the other three are the other partners in the firm). His work has led not only to successful outcomes for his clients, but also citable appellate precedent. Mr. Feld also...
Karl Anthony Gerber
(877) 525-0700 1430 Truxtun Avenue
Workers' Comp, Business, Construction and Employment
When you seek out help from Employment Lawyer's Group, you need to know where you can turn to procure the help and support your case requires. Let's be honest, the help you need is winning your case and winning a lot of money.
Read about some our winning record at: http://worklawyerca.com/employment-lawyer-winning-record/
A Los Angeles job discrimination lawyer at this office has assisted numerous other individuals who are facing similar hardships to yours and can assist you today. Attorney Karl Gerber received his Juris Doctorate at Southwestern University School of Law, after earning his undergraduate degree from California State University at Northridge. Attorney...
Wm. Todd Berry
(800) 848-6288 5060 California Ave. Suite 300
Free ConsultationWorkers' Comp, Employment and Personal Injury
California Pacific School of Law
Wm. Todd Berry received his undergraduate degree in Electrical Engineering from Texas Tech University. He received his Juris Doctor from California Pacific School of Law. Todd began his legal career working for several Bakersfield law firms representing clients in personal injury and wrongful death cases. Since that time, he has devoted himself to representing injured workers before the Workers' Compensation Appeals Board. Todd is a member of the State Bar of California, the Kern County Bar Association, the Fresno County Bar Association and the California Applicants' Attorneys Association.
Mark A Derzon
(661) 327-5555 5055 California Ave
Pamela Louise Goe
(805) 328-0224 1800 30th St
Loyola Law School, Los Angeles and Loyola Law School, Los Angeles
Jay Jimmie Honaker
University of San Diego School of Law and University of San Diego School of Law
Roger Neal Lampkin
(661) 633-1234 1234 L St
Workers' Comp, Criminal, Divorce and Personal Injury
Gay Lynne Natho
(661) 334-4675 615 California Ave
Joseph Pluta
(661) 395-1031 408 18th St
Workers' Comp, Employment and Personal Injury
Cleve Dennis McKnight
(661) 325-5977 305 Truxtun Ave
Workers' Comp, Business and Personal Injury
Richard Dale Owen
(818) 749-6308 2209 Terrace Way
UC Davis School of Law King Hall and University of California, Davis, School of Law
Donald Lawrence Powelson
University of San Francisco School of Law and U of San Francisco School of Law
Brett Aaron Gilstrap
University of the Pacific, McGeorge School of Law and University of the Pacific, McGeorge School of Law
Elizabeth Catherine Barravecchia
Katie Phung Yam
(661) 397-1212 1800 30th St Ste 210
Whittier Law School and Whittier Coll School of Law
Rosemary Abarca
(661) 322-1761 901 Tower Way St 202
Workers' Comp and Social Security Disability
Bruce Kevin Wade
BYU Law School and BYU Law School
Jeffrey Nelson Estey
(661) 868-3816 1115 Truxtun Ave
University of Idaho College of Law
Gaylen Christ Ericksen
(661) 587-5835 3011 Loon Ct
Workers' Comp and Personal Injury
Univ of West Los Angeles
Emily J. Perdue
Kern County, CA Workers' Compensation Lawyer with 7 years of experience
9801 Camino Media
Melissa Ann Landis
(661) 664-4080 9801 Camino Media
Leanne Christy Wilder
Kern County, CA Workers' Compensation Attorney with 7 years of experience
(310) 980-4476 3616 Caldwell Dr
Workers' Comp and Criminal
Terrence Edward McEvoy
(909) 732-4020 12615 Great Country Dr
Western State University College of Law and Western State University College of Law
Marilen Elise Zinner
Armen Shakoorian
William Thomas Helms
(661) 664-4080 9801 Camino Media Ste 102
University of California Hastings College of the Law and University of California Hastings College of the Law
Marcus Paul Gonzalez
Fidel Anthony Martinez
Workers' Comp, Personal Injury and Social Security Disability
Santa Clara University School of Law and Santa Clara University School of Law
Ashton Everett Dunn
(760) 375-6100 139 Balsam St
Ridgecrest, CA 93555
Workers' Comp, Criminal and DUI
Peoples COL
Jake Thomas Townsend
University of Minnesota Law School and University of Minnesota Law School
Jessica Mary Williams
Melissa L. Dempsey
Joseph Allen Prothro
Southwestern University School of Law and Southwestern Univ School of Law
Stephanie Ann Winemiller
(661) 520-4998 1800 30th Street, Suite 130
93301, CA 93301
Robert Kirk Norton
Neil B. Shouse
(661) 912-6872 1430 Truxton Ave.
Bakersfield , CA 93301
Free ConsultationWorkers' Comp, Employment, Personal Injury and Products Liability
An honors graduate of UC Berkeley and Harvard Law School, Neil Shouse uses his experience as a former insurance company defense lawyer now to fight for injury victims. He helps secure big money settlements to compensate victims for medical bills, lost wages, lost opportunities and pain and suffering.
Mr. Shouse practices in Los Angeles County and Las Vegas. He represents clients injured or killed in car accidents, workplace accidents, dog attacks, dangerous products and harmful drugs.
Mr. Shouse learned personal injury law by first working on the other side. He defended large insurance companies at Sidley & Austin, one of the...
Juan J. Dominguez
(800) 818-1818 3250 Wilshire Blvd
Free ConsultationOffers Video ConferencingVideo ConfLos Angeles County, CA Workers' Compensation Attorney with 36 years of experience
Workers' Comp, Employment, Personal Injury and Products Liability
Juan J. Dominguez is a nationally recognized, award-winning, bilingual attorney. He is the founder, CEO and Managing Partner of The Dominguez Firm, LLP; a Los Angeles based personal injury, workers' compensation,and employment law practice with a legal staff of over one-hundred employees. The firm is one of the most successful and well-known injury law firms in Southern California.
In 2011, Mr. Dominguez was nominated Attorney of the Year by the Consumer Attorneys of California (CAOC). In 2013, he was honored with distinction by the Hispanic National Bar Association with the Attorney of the Year award. In 2014, the Mexican-American Bar Association...
Kevin Cortright
(951) 677-8064 199 W Hillcrest Dr
Free ConsultationOffers Video ConferencingVideo ConfVentura County, CA Workers' Compensation Lawyer with 13 years of experience
Workers' Comp, Bankruptcy and Personal Injury
University of La Verne College of Law
"Helping people is at the core of why I practice law."
Specializing in Bankruptcy and Worker's Compensation, Kevin Cortright is dedicated to assisting his clients through difficult times.
"If you are struggling financially or if you're hurt and can't work, your first concern needs to be the welfare of yourself and your family. Understanding your rights and remedies under the law can be confusing so it is essential to have an experienced, impartial advisor on your team. I've been doing this work for 15 years, and I am proud to have guided so many families toward a better life."
Knowing who to trust...
Workers' Compensation Lawyers in Nearby Cities


The European market for shrimp is "challenging" due to currency and economic uncertainty, Jim Gulkin, managing director at Siam Canadian, told IntraFish.
"It's not a bad market but it's rather flat," he said.
The company, which reported a turnover of about $320 million last year, is nevertheless expanding its business, he said.
A "relatively strong" market in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom is driving sales. In addition, Gulkin is seeing increasing demand in Asia, expecially in China.
He expects overall sales volumes to grow this year.
Watch the video below to hear Gulkin's view on the 2017 shrimp, pangasius and tilapia supply and pricing.


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Securing a Future for Amur Leopards and Tigers in Russia VII (Phoenix Fund)
Project Name: Securing a Future for Amur Leopards and Tigers in Russia VII (incorporating additional grants from Kolmarden Foundation and Dreamworld Wildlife Foundations)
Location: Primorsky krai and south of Khabarovsky krai, Russian Far East
Goal: This project is located in five protected areas across Primorsky krai and south of Khabarovsky krai that is home to endangered Amur tigers and Amur leopards. The goal of the project is to stabilize Amur tiger and leopard populations through anti-poaching and environmental education activities.
Objective 1: to reduce poaching of Amur tigers, Amur leopards, and their prey species and improve protection of their habitat;
Objective 2: to improve law enforcement efforts within 5 federal-level protected areas;
Objective 3: to raise people's awareness about the state of Amur tiger and Amu leopard populations and involve the public in nature conservation actions.
Poaching of both Amur tigers and leopards and loss of their habitat are the biggest factors in the decline of these big cats. Just a century ago, there were an estimated 100,000 tigers in the wild; today only about 3,500 survive and occupy 7% of their historic range. The tiger has traditionally been classified into nine subspecies, of which three are recently extinct and one likely so. Bengal, Amur, Sumatran, Indochinese, and Malayan tiger are the surviving subspecies, while the Bali, Javan, Caspian, and, perhaps South China subspecies are extinct.
The Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) has come perilously close to disappearing in the 1940s, when the tiger population dwindled to a mere 30. The numbers fell again in the 1990s, but are now stable at 431 to 529, thanks to the assiduous efforts of local and international scientific, law enforcement and non-governmental organizations. After alarming study results in 2009 indicating decline in tiger numbers again, Russia has committed itself to assisting in doubling the world's tiger numbers, and in Russia, expanding the wild population by singing St. Petersburg Declaration during the International Tiger Forum in November 2010 and the Phoenix Fund is assisting the Russian Government in carrying out those commitments.
We are going to continue holding feedback meetings (two or three meetings per year in a PA) in order to assist senior staff to monitor and analyse SMART data and give recommendations to patrol teams based on the results of their field work. To boost motivation among the patrol teams, Phoenix uses incentive system. With an incentive scheme the teams that demonstrate improvements and excellence in both effort and results are financially rewarded and it also establishes friendly competition between teams and creates a stimulus for excellence in anti-poaching work.
In order to increase environmental awareness among the local community, Phoenix is going to support three eco-centres (in Khasan, Lazovsky and Terneisky districts of Primorye) and Vladivostok Center for Environmental Education and the first citywide Environmental Theatre. Our target audience will be mostly made up of schoolchildren ranging in age between 6-17 and their parents. On average between 1,200-2,500 children will be reached annually by an educator, 96-120 lessons will be given at a centre, 5-10 theatrical performances will be staged during the year at the Environmental Theatre. To promote tiger conservation, Tiger Day Festival with a carnival procession, theatrical performances, contests and entertainment will be celebrated in Primorye. Also, an annual workshop will be held to raise skills of our educators and improve ecological lessons. Additionally, Phoenix will organize an art contest devoted to big cats among children and publish wall calendars with the best drawings.
Download all reports from the Phoenix Fund below:
2018 final report | Securing a future for Amur leopards & tigers in Russia (VI)
By crissiec | News, Phoenix Fund Reports (Core)
Here, in the 2018 Final Report, we bring you highlights of Phoenix's efforts taken in 2018 to ensure a future for the Amur tigers and leopards in the Russian Far...
Final Report 2017 – Securing a Future for Amur leopards and tigers in Russia (V)
Please note, we have edited this report to remove information we feel could jeopardise ongoing work in the region. "Despite sustained conservation efforts over recent years and encouraging recent monitoring...
Interim Report – Law enforcement 2015
By crissiec | Phoenix Fund (Dreamworld) Reports
Please note, we have edited this interim report to remove information we feel could jeopardise ongoing work in the region. Russia is a success story in the history of wild...
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LG Electronics, CTO at RealGain, Manager at PIOLINK.
B.S. in Microbiology, Department of Natural Science, Pusan National University.
Practical Project Course, Information and Comunications Graduate University of Korea.
B.S. in Electronic Engineering, Department of IT Engineering, Inha University.
M.Eng. in Electronic Engineering, minor in Robot Engineering, Department of IT Engineering, Inha University.
Ph. D candidate in Electronic Engineering, Department of Robot Engineering, Inha University.
Experiences as Researcher (5 years) including Senior Researcher experience regarding algorithm development etc.
Technical Sales PM for Development of Cyber Lab for Mechatronics Major (Korea National Open University).
"We can make it happen."
Student Researcher, Robot R&BD Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (2008 ~ 2016).
· Create and maintain project plans.
· Manage internal resources to execute projects.
· Build application foundations and develop robotic systems.
Coding is FUN, Solving is way more FUN, that's why i'm here.
"I ask not for lighter burden but for broader shoulders."
B.S. in Internet Information Engineering, Suwon university.
A software engineer who first step into a society.
"Technology inspires art, art challenges technology"
BDes. in Visual Design Division College, Semyung University.


text:
Published In The Daily Transcript
Advertised public notices, printed in a newspaper of general circulation, are required by California law. Within the individual category, notices are arranged by print publish day in reverse chronological order.
Online, on a selected date, the notices are arranged in alphabetical order.
302 Sale of Real Property
PUBLISHED: Tuesday February 11, 2003
NOTICE OF SALE OF REAL
PROPERTY AT PRIVATE SALE
SUPERIOR COURT OF CALIFORNIA
CASE NO. P 171858
ESTATE OF MARIA CONSUELO ARIAS,Decedent.
NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that, ROCIO SILVAS, personal representative of the estate of MARIA CONSUELO ARIAS, will sell at private sale to the highest and best bidder on the terms and conditions set forth below, and subject to confirmation by the court, all right, title and interest of the decedent at the time of her death and all right, title and interest that the estate has acquired by operation of law or otherwise, in addition to that of the decedent at the time of her death, in the real property located in National City, San Diego County, California, Commonly known as 540 "R" Street, National City, CA 91950 and specifically described as:
The Southerly 20 feet of Lot 31 and all of Lot 32, Block 3 of Bach & Shaules Addition, in the City of National City,according to the Map thereof No. 1072, filed in the office of the County Recorder of San Diego County, July 27, 1907.
Bids or offers for this property must be in writing and may be mailed or delivered to Eddy Delgado, Century 21, real estate agent for the personal representative, at 4070 Bonita Road, Bonita, CA 91902, at any time after this notice and before court confirmation of this sale.
The sale will be made on the following terms: At least $200,000 cash.
The property will be sold subject to current taxes, covenants, conditions, restrictions, reservations, rights, rights of way and easements, and other restrictions of record.
The real property will be sold on an "as is" basis, except as to title.
The executrix reserves the right to reject any and all bids.
Date 1-30-03
/s/ Russ Rasmussen, Attorney for Personal Representative
RUSS RASMUSSEN
Rasmussen & Styers
5252 Balboa Ave. Suite 704
Pub. Feb 4,5,11-d522739
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Days in February 2003
2015 Public Notices


Many changes occur in the fruit as ripeness progresses from the mature green stage to over ripeness. Fruit color develops from green to yellow and in many varieties, the skin develops red or purple color. Fruit size increases, and flesh firmness decreases. Flavor changes from tart to bland, and sweetness increases as fruit ripen. Since these traits define fruit quality, the stage of ripeness impacts consumer acceptance. The change in these qualities can be used to determine if fruit are at a good stage for picking. Plums and peaches also hold up better during cold storage and marketing if picked at earlier stages of ripening and will continue to ripen. When fruit are marketed locally and within days of harvest, they may be allowed to ripen on the tree to improve flavor. Sweet cherries do not continue to ripen once they are harvested, and should be picked at peak quality.
Cold storage and other postharvest techniques slow down the progression of ripening and can counteract the natural loss of quality. For many apple varieties, the expected storage duration depends on ripeness at harvest. Apples picked at the mature green stage can be cold stored up to 4 months if conditions in the orchard and in storage are ideal. However, most summer-ripening varieties can only be stored a few weeks without losing quality. Fruit picked after some ripening has occurred can be kept in cold storage for 2-3 months depending on the variety. Once they are fully ripe, storage life of apples is limited to one month or less depending on temperature in cold storage. Over-ripe fruit will not keep in good condition with or without cold storage. Stone fruit can be held in cold storage, but for a much shorter duration of two to three weeks.
Most fruits produce a gaseous compound called ethylene that starts the ripening process. Its level in under-ripe fruit is very low, but as fruit develop, they produce larger amounts that speed up the ripening process or the stage of ripening known as the "climacteric." The level of ethylene and rate of ripening is a variety-dependent process. Some apple varieties such as McIntosh, produce prodigious amounts of ethylene and are difficult to store once this occurs. When harvested after the rapid rise in ethylene, they quickly soften and senesce in storage. Other varieties have a slower rise in ethylene and slower ripening rate. For apples that will be stored longer than two months, it is imperative to harvest them before the level of ethylene begins its rapid increase.
Plums and peaches are also sensitive to ethylene and will continue to ripen after harvest in response to this hormone. Some varieties of plums, such as Shiro, ripen very slowly since ethylene production is suppressed. With these suppressed-climacteric types, fruit may remain under-ripe if harvested too early. Other plum varieties such as Early Golden ripen very rapidly. In this case, harvest should be timed more precisely so that fruit are not over-ripe when they reach the consumer.
To measure ethylene, expensive instruments are needed. This is often done by specialized labs and sometimes by Cooperative Extension to determine if fruit in a general region are still at a stage where they can be stored long-term. Cheaper methods can be used to measure stage of ripeness, but are not as precise as measuring the level of ethylene in fruit.
Methods of controlling ethylene in fruit include preharvest application of aminovinylglycine (ReTain), postharvest application of 1-methylcyclopropene (SmartFresh), cold storage, controlled atmosphere storage, and ethylene scubbing or removal.
Skin color in ripe and unripe plums.
Many apple growers use the change in seed color from white to brown. However, by the time seeds darken to brown, it may too late to harvest apples that will be store short or long-term, particularly the variety McIntosh. A dark seed color is usually a sign that fruit are ripe and ready to eat. It is a poor indication of when to harvest for storage.
Ground color is a good indicator of fruit maturity for many varieties of apple, pear, peach, apricot and yellow plums. Areas of the skin with no red or purple coloration display the ground color or degree of green color. The skin contains chlorophyll which breaks down as fruit ripen so fruit display a change from green to yellow. When the fruit becomes over-ripe, the skin can change to orange in the case of peaches and apricots.
Yellow plums will change from green to yellow as they ripen. A few plum varieties will ripen very little after harvest and should be picked as close to ripeness as possible. Most varieties will rapidly ripen after harvest and should not be picked fully ripe, but with some green or light yellow remaining in the skin, the amount depending on how long it will take for them to reach market. Red and purple plums will develop additional skin color after harvest. Some varieties of plum will develop a dark purple skin long before they are ready to harvest, and should be picked based on flesh firmness.
Skin color changes in purple plums.
The ground color of peaches changes from green to pale yellow and eventually orange. The optimum stage of maturity depends on the duration between harvest and marketing. For a longer duration, fruit should be picked at earlier stages. Where fruit will be sold immediately, some yellow color can be allowed to develop, but fruit could develop brown rot when allowed to ripen on the tree.
The shade of light green or pale yellow that corresponds with optimum harvest depends on the variety. In the case of Cortland and McIntosh, optimum harvest date typically corresponds with a darker green than many other varieties. In the case of Honeycrisp, fruit picked when the ground color changes to pale yellow will hold up in storage if conditions are right. If picked at a green stage, fruit will develop bitter pit and will lack characteristic flavor.
Ground color in unripe and ripening Honeycrisp apples.
A useful test of maturity is the starch staining pattern of apples. The starch index test does not work for pears, peaches and other fruits. As apples begin to ripen, starch breaks down into sugars in the core first and then the cortex. Early stages of ripening correspond with starch breakdown in the core. As the last of the starch breaks down in the cortex, the apple is fully ripe and at a good stage for immediate sale. In most years, the beginning of the rise in ethylene corresponds with a certain level of starch breakdown that is characteristic of each variety. Heavy crop load reduces the amount of starch in fruit and can lead to poor interpretation of starch index.
Iodine stains starch a dark color. Areas of the fruit that have lost starch will remain unstained. When a cross-section of an apple is sprayed with an iodine solution, a characteristic pattern of stained and unstained flesh occurs. The starch index is an arbitrary number that corresponds with a certain amount of starch loss. A commonly used index ranges from 1 to 8 with 1 indicating no starch breakdown and 8 indicating complete breakdown.
Starch staining patterns in McIntosh apples.
Starch staining patterns in Honeycrisp apples.
The iodine solution, made from potassium iodide and iodine, is light sensitive and must be kept in brown bottles or containers that light cannot penetrate such as a squirt bottle wrapped in aluminum foil. When not in use, the solution should be stored in darkness. It should be mixed fresh at the starch of each harvest season for best staining. Mixtures left over from the previous season will stain starch, but not as well.
To measure the starch index, select five to ten fruit from healthy trees with a crop load that is representative of the orchard. Slice each fruit half-way between the stem end and blossom end to expose the seed cavity. Squirt the cut surface, and wait one minute for the stain to darken. Record the index of each apple, and calculate the average. Compare your average index with a chart specific to the variety to determine if the variety has reached a stage for harvest.
For commonly grown varieties such as McIntosh, the starch index that coincides with the appropriate stage of ripeness for short and long-term storage has been determined. New varieties such as Honeycrisp do not have a well-established index of when to harvest for long-term storage. In this case, a combination of maturity indicators should be used including ground color, starch breakdown and flavor.
Starch index that corresponds with optimum harvest for short and long term storage of apple varieties.
For pears, the most commonly used indicator of when to harvest is flesh firmness. When stored for a long or short time, pears should be harvested when they are still firm and green to prevent internal breakdown. Pears harvested ripe turn brown in the core after a short time in cold storage. Consequently, pears are picked before they are considered ready to eat, and when the flesh has reached a certain stage of firmness. The optimum firmness at harvest varies according to variety.
Flesh firmness of pears that corresponds with harvest time for cold storage.
Rain induced skin cracking in Shiro plum.
Harvest timing of plums can be based on flesh firmness. When plums will be shipped or held a short time prior to marketing, they should be harvested when flesh firmness softens to between 5 to 8 lbs. These fruit will continue to ripen and soften. If picked too soft, fruit that are stored or shipped will become over-ripe by the time they reach the consumer. Fruit that will be marketed quickly can be picked at a softer stage, generally 2 to 4 lbs. Most plums have a firmness of 2 lbs. or less when consumed. As plums ripen, they become more susceptible to rain cracking. The harvest of plums can be scheduled to avoid heavy rains if they have reach sufficient maturity. Methley plums that are harvested ripe are likely to crack in cold storage.
Flesh firmness of Japanese plums that corresponds with optimum harvest.
To measure fruit firmness, pressure testers typically have a tip for plunging into the fruit. The tip is connected to a device that registers the pressure on a dial or electronic screen. To measure flesh firmness, slice off a piece of skin. Plunge the tip into the flesh till it is submerged to the indicator line. It should take one full second to plunge the tip into the flesh. If faster speeds are used, the tester will give a high reading. If too much time is used to plunge the tip, false readings will also occur. Read and record the firmness on a representative sample of fruit, usually a minimum of five fruit. To measure apples, use the 11 mm tip. For pears, plums and peaches, use the 7 mm tip.
Since dry fruit is less likely to develop decay in storage, harvest when the dew is off the fruit. To minimize bruising, remove bumps and holes in the drive row. Locate bins close to the pickers to reduce the walking distance.
A picking bucket used for harvesting apples, pears, peaches and plums.
The picking bag or bucket is the most common tool for harvesting and carrying fruit from the tree to the bin or box. They have adjustable canvas straps that encircle the upper body and arms and hold the bucket at chest height. To allow fruit to be emptied into a bin with minimal movement of the fruit, a canvas bottom opens when its straps are detached. They generally hold 1/2 to 1 bushel of apples and are adjustable. Padding on the inside can also reduce bruising.
Considerable bruising can occur during harvest if pickers are not trained. Review picking procedures routinely. To pick apples, hold them with the palm of the hand using the fingers as little as possible. Finger pressure commonly causes small bruises. Fruit are more easily removed when the stem is snapped off by "rolling" the apple upward. The stem is more easily detached when it snapped in one direction than in the opposite, a practice that is best learning by experience. After picking, fruit should be placed in the bucket, never dropped. Minimize the distance that pickers use to can carry fruit to bins and boxes. Prepare the orchard floor by eliminating holes, ruts and other uneven ground.
Set up the harvest and transport of fruit in a way that minimizes movement. A multiple bin or box carrier such as a flatbed trailer pulled by a tractor is a common method for moving apples from the orchard to the packing house or farm market.
Apple bins on a flat-bed trailer.
Fruit in a cardboard box for transporting and marketing soft fruit.
Bushel boxes filled with apples.
Quart-sized containers for displaying soft fruit.
Cold storage is the primary method for extending the life of fruits. Apples and pears quickly soften and become mealy in texture when kept at ambient temperatures. To maintain the quality longer than one week, fruit must be kept in refrigeration.
Apples and pears have the longest storage life of the tree fruits, and can be kept in cold storage up to four months under ideal conditions and up to 12 months in controlled atmospheres. Temperatures in cold storage range from 32 to 38ºF, depending on the chilling sensitivity of the variety. Most varieties can be stored at temperatures near 32ºF, but regular monitoring of room temperature is recommended to prevent freezing in rooms that do not maintain a consistent temperature. Honeycrisp is prone to chilling injury when stored at temperatures below 36ºF. Honeycrisp and other chilling sensitive apples should be stored at a temperature of 37ºF.
Stone fruit can be kept for one to several weeks in cold temperatures, a duration much shorter than for pome fruits. Peaches, plums, cherries and apricots are susceptible to chilling injury. Symptoms develop more quickly when fruit are held a temperatures in the range of 36 to 40ºF, known as the "killing zone." The flesh can become translucent, turn brown, or become mealy. To prevent chilling injury, store stone fruit at temperatures in the range of 29 to 34ºF.
Cold storage rooms should be cleaned before use. Remove all fruit and bins to sanitize walls and floors. Bins should be sanitized, and be free of decayed fruit and debris. By removing sources of decay, the chance for fruit rot is lessened.
Refrigeration units should be operable before the start of harvest. Ideally, they should be able to maintain a temperature near 32ºF (0ºC). For varieties that are chilling-sensitive, store fruit at temperatures in the range of 36 to 38 (2 to 3ºC). Fans should be operable and able to maintain air circulation. High humidity will reduce water loss and fruit shriveling which is common in Golden Delicious apples. If these conditions can be met, fruit will come out of storage in better condition.
Recommended storage temperatures of tree fruit.
Apple and pear flesh and skin can turn brown during storage. When browning occurs that is a natural process of aging rather than by infection from fungi, it is a disorder. Many types of disorders lead to loss of marketability, and vary with the relative maturity at harvest. Conditions in the orchard, such as fertility, and the variety can predispose fruit to certain disorders. In stone fruit, storage disorders are primarily due to cold temperatures and are grouped together as chilling injury.
Bitter pit symptoms in Honeycrisp apple.
Bitter pit is a disorder that is partly caused by calcium deficiency in apple. It begins in the orchard, but the browning does not develop until after harvest. Small, sunken spots that are light or dark brown and located near the blossom end of the fruit are characteristic of this disorder. The browning can extend slightly into the flesh. Early harvest, high levels of nitrogen fertility, light crop load, and large fruit size increase its incidence. Honeycrisp is highly susceptible to bitter pit, so early harvest should be avoided in this variety. Jonagold, Granny Smith, and Cortland are also susceptible, but repeated foliar application of calcium products can prevent bitter pit in most cases. For Honeycrisp, foliar calcium applications should begin at petal fall and continue to harvest.
Superficial scald of apple is a skin browning disorder that develops in some varieties when they are cold stored longer than three months. Brown splotches develop on the green side of the apple, and will continue to grow in size when the apple is held at warm temperatures. It is also associated with early harvest date. Cortland, Red Delicious, McIntosh, and Granny Smith are susceptible and should be treated with an anti-scald agent prior to placement in cold or controlled atmosphere storage. Diphenylamine (DPA), 1-MCP and ethoxyquin are scald inhibiting agents labeled for use on apple. 1-MCP is not effective for preventing superficial scald in Cortland, so this variety should receive DPA when stored longer than three months. Gala, Honeycrisp, Golden Delicious, Empire, and SnowSweet are not susceptible to superficial scald.
Soggy breakdown symptoms in Honeycrisp apple.
Soggy breakdown is an internal chilling injury that develops when susceptible varieties of apple are stored at a temperature below their tolerance. For Honeycrisp, temperatures below 37ºF can induce this disorder. Browning develops in the outer cortex. Severity of symptoms range from small brown spots in the cortex to a complete ring of browning around the entire apple that usually does not extend to the skin. There is usually ring of unaffected tissue just inside the skin. In Honeycrisp, it often co-occurs with soft scald. Conditioning the fruit before placement in cold storage does not consistently prevent soggy breakdown and in some cases, can make it more severe. It is recommended that Honeycrisp be stored at temperatures of 37 to 38ºF.
Soft scald is a chilling injury disorder that occurs when susceptible varieties of apple are stored at temperatures below their tolerance. Soft scald develops first as a light brown discoloration of the skin. It may extend into the flesh and closely resemble a bruise. Eventually, fungal decay will occur in the affected areas. Severity ranges from small spots to nearly the entire surface of the apple. Honeycrisp is highly susceptible to this disorder and can succumb at temperatures normally used for cold storage. Other varieties that can develop soft scald include Golden Delicious and McIntosh, but this rarely occurs at temperatures that are commonly used for apple storage. Late harvest also worsens symptoms.
Soft scald symptoms in Honeycrisp apple at an early stage of development.
Soft scald symptoms in Honeycrisp apple at an advanced stage of development.
Senescent breakdown in an advanced stage of development.
Another consequence of late harvest is the loss of apples to senescent breakdown, an aging disorder. Some varieties, such as Macoun, develop it after a few months in cold storage whereas other varieties, such as Red Delicious, can be stored several months without an occurrence. However, all varieties will eventually develop senescent breakdown if stored long enough. Harvest at the right maturity for the storage duration, cold temperatures, and controlled atmosphere storage are the most effective methods of delaying its occurrence. Application of 1-MCP is also effective in delaying it.
Lenticel breakdown in apple resembles bitter pit but is not isolated to the blossom end of the fruit. Brown circular areas develop over some of the lenticels. It is associated with a late harvest and long storage periods, but the exact cause is unknown. Honeycrisp is prone to this disorder.
Firm flesh browning in an apple.
Firm flesh browning occurs in Empire and McIntosh apples when stored for long durations at cold temperatures. It occurs more frequently with late harvest and the use of 1-MCP. Light browning occurs in the core and cortex. The flesh is discolored in a general manner with no distinct boundary between afflicted and healthy tissue. It is a difficult disorder to prevent since quality loss can occur if storage temperatures are above 35ºF, but the chance for browning increases at temperatures below this. The most effective method of prevention is harvesting at an early maturity for apples that will be stored longer than four months.
Vibrational bruises can occur in some varieties of plum such as Shiro. Shortly after transporting plums from the orchard, brown circles appear on the skin of sensitive varieties. When transporting plums from the orchard to the packing house or farm market, take steps to reduce movement of fruit in harvest containers.
Chilling injury in stone fruit manifests itself in a number of ways. Flesh color can change from normal to brown and can become translucent. In some cases, the flesh becomes stringy or mealy.
Vibrational bruising on Shiro plums.
Chilling injury in Shiro plums.
Diphenylamine (DPA) is an antioxidant that prevents superficial scald and can increase fruit tolerance to high carbon dioxide concentration that normally occurs in controlled atmosphere storage. Most varieties of apple treated with SmartFresh® do not require DPA for superficial scald prevention, but will have greater sensitivity to carbon dioxide in controlled atmosphere storage. After harvest, fruit can be drenched or fogged with DPA. Traditionally, fruit were drenched using the same solution more than once. This recycling drench also spread fungal spores that cause fruit decay, so a fungicide was added to the solution for grey mold and blue mold. As an alternative to the recycling drench, varieties such as Cortland may be drenched in the orchard with a nonrecycling drench. Do not add chloride to a nonrecycling drench since it will burn the fruit skin. The small volume of DPA solution used in a nonrecycling drench will reduce the efficacy of fungicides, but the need for a fungicide in nonrecycling drenches has not been clearly demonstrated. Another method of application involves fogging or by aerosol. Thermofogging DPA and fungicides circumvents the problem of solution disposal and is as effective as a recycling drench for preventing superficial scald.
1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) is a relatively new postharvest chemical that interferes with ethylene, the naturally occurring plant hormone that stimulates ripening in many fruits. 1-methlycyclopropene allows storage operators to more tightly control the progression of ripening so that fruit quality can be maintained for a longer duration. When combined with cold storage or controlled atmosphere storage, it can prevent quality loss and disorders for a longer duration than cold storage alone. The commercial formulation, SmartFresh®, is currently widely used on stored apples.
Smartfresh® can maintain the crispness of apples, but works better when fruit are harvested before they are fully ripe. Because McIntosh produces high quantities of ethylene soon after harvest, it should be treated as soon as possible and preferably within three days of harvest. SmartFresh® is effective in preventing superficial scald in most varieties. Therefore, DPA is not needed, except for the variety Cortland.
Controlled atmosphere storage can lengthen the storage life of some apple and pear varieties by several months. Controlled atmospheres (CA) slows ripening and maintains firmness, but also inhibits some flavor development. Sweetness and tartness are preserved to some extent by the use of CA, but other flavors may be lessened in CA-stored fruit. By lowering the oxygen in an air-tight storage room, fruit respiration is reduced and fruit quality can be maintained. The carbon dioxide concentration is typically allowed to rise, as well, and this contributes to quality maintenance. Oxygen is an essential ingredient in respiration. By reducing its concentration to a very low level, respiration is slowed to the point where the condition of the fruit changes very little. During respiration, fruit give off carbon dioxide, which builds up in a sealed room and also contributes to the slowing of ripening. The necessary equipment adds considerably to the storage costs of apples and pears.
The normal oxygen concentration of air, 21%, is reduced to 1 to 3% by flushing the storage room with nitrogen gas. Specialized nitrogen generators and liquid nitrogen are two methods of flushing a room. If the oxygen level drops below 1%, fermentation is likely, and will impair fruit quality. Good air circulation prevents the occurrence of areas in the room with oxygen concentrations that are too low. The fruit consume oxygen and decrease the concentration to below optimum if air circulation is poor. Bins should be arranged to allow air movement. A leaky storage room leads to above optimum oxygen and poor maintenance of fruit firmness. Some varieties have less tolerance for low oxygen storage and should not be placed in rooms with less than 2% oxygen. Where several varieties will be stored together in one room, maintain oxygen and carbon dioxide at levels suitable for the most sensitive variety. Fruit sensitivity to low oxygen varies with variety, maturity at harvest, and conditions during the growing season.
Carbon dioxide toxicity in an apple peel.
Carbon dioxide levels need to be maintained below a concentration of 3% during initial stages of storage, and in the case of fruit treated with SmartFresh®, 1% or lower is needed. When carbon dioxide is too high, browning disorders of the skin and flesh occur that make fruit unmarketable. Carbon dioxide can be removed from the atmosphere by specialized scrubbers or by placing bags of hydrated lime (calcium carbonate) inside the room. Bags lined with polyethylene need to be punctured in order to absorb carbon dioxide. To adequately maintain carbon dioxide levels below toxicity, the room should have 0.6 lbs. of hydrated lime for every bushel of fruit (0.6 kg of hydrated lime for 100 kg of fruit). Honeycrisp apples are very sensitive to high levels of carbon dioxide and are considered at risk in CA storage. To maintain optimum atmospheres, a gas analyzer is needed to routinely measure concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
The application of SmartFresh® increases the sensitivity of apples to carbon dioxide. Maintain carbon dioxide below 1% in rooms that have fruit treated with SmartFresh®. Air circulation is critical with SmartFresh®.
The decision to install a CA room is usually based on the needed duration of cold storage. For fruit that will be marketed four months or longer after harvest, CA storage can prevent losses. For varieties that soften quickly after harvest such as McIntosh, CA storage may be beneficial for shorter storage durations of two to four months.
CA storage can increase chilling sensitivity in some varieties of apple. Therefore, a warmer storage temperature of 36-38°F may be needed to prevent browning disorders. McIntosh is chilling sensitive in some cases, although many storage operators have successfully stored it at colder temperatures to maintain better firmness.
1Carbon dioxide in the first six weeks of CA storage, after which concentration can increase by 1-2%.
Predicting harvest date windows for apples, Blandpied ans Silsby, 1992, Cornell University, http://www.plant.uoguelph.ca/treefruit/documents/PredictingHarvestDate.pdf.
Controlled Atmosphere Storage Guidelines and Recommendations for Apples, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/12-045.htm.
Evaluating Maturity of McIntosh and Red Delicious Apples, , Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/00-025.htm.