text:
Write for Us | Guest Post
English Literature Quiz
Indian Writing in English
African English Literature
Post Colonial Literature
Australian Literature
Candian Literature
History of English Literature
Philological Notes
Literary Types
The Nun's Priest's Tale as a Beast Fable
July 4, 2022 by Somnath Sarkar
Many of the stories in The Canterbury Tales are re-telling of older materials, and The Nun's Priest's Tale is no exception. The plot of this tale was well-known to Chaucer's readers. What mattered to his readers, therefore, was not what ultimately happened to the cock, because they knew it before-hand, but how Chaucer worked his way up to the expected climax of Chanticleer's escape. Originally the story of the cock and the fox was a simple beast-fable in which a fox induces a cock to close his eyes in order to enhance his singing and then carries him off. The cock saves himself by taunting the fox to fling a challenge at his pursuers much as Chanticleer does in The Nuns Priest's Tale. With the years the fable became more elaborate.
In the French Roman de Renard, which Chaucer probably knew, the cock has a favourite hen called Pinte, and he dreams of the fox before the latter appears in the yard to flatter him and carry him off. There is a chase, and the cock saves himself by tricking the fox into opening his mouth to talk. The tale told by Chaucer is much more than that. The Nun's Priests Tale is a splendid example of how a great poet was able to re-shape and refurbish the familiar medieval beast fable of a fox and a cock into a wholly new and unique work of art.
In order to make the familiar story fresh for his readers, Chaucer shifts the focus of interest from Chanticleer's fate to Chanticleer's dream. The greatest part of Chaucer's poem does not strictly deal with the fable at all, it deals with dreams. Chanticleer's dream is related and discussed at such length and with such a show of learning that it necessarily becomes the central point of interest in the story. Dreams appear with great frequency in medieval literature, and in Chaucer. As a man of wide and varied reading Chaucer was thoroughly familiar with the contemporary theories concerning the cause, nature and significance of dreams. In his introduction to his House of Fame Chaucer discusses dreams and says that he really does not understand the current theories about them.
In The Nun's Priest Tale, Chaucer's extensive knowledge of the subject is clearly seen in the debate about dreams. Of course, the dream was already there in the Roman de Renard. What is new in Chaucer's poem is the artistic use Chaucer makes of the dream. Nor is the content of the dream of very great importance, for it is stated in just ten lines. The interest centres on the discussion or the debate about whether dreams are mere fancies and meaningless things, as asserted by Pertelote, or whether they have any significance as warnings of coming events, as Chanticleer forcefully argues. Pertelote represents the practical, we might say "scientific", point of view and, with remarkable accuracy, she expresses the medieval medical opinion that certain kinds of dreams are the result of certain kinds of bodily disorders. She suggests the accepted remedy, a digestive of worms followed by laxatives in the form of a number of herbs which she enumerates. Chanticleer, on the other hand, represents the popular view supported by a number of learned writers. Whereas poor Pertelote can cite only one such authority (namely, Cato) in support of her case, Chanticleer cites a whole series of them. Chanticleer is scholarly and philosophical; a student of the supernatural; and he will have nothing to do with household prescriptions and remedies.
The Nun's Priest's Tale as a Mock Heroic Poem
In addition to this, he has had more than enough of Pertelote's garrulity and knowledge, and feels that it is high time that he spoke to establish his superiority over her. His elaborately polite: "Madame, graunt mercy of youre loore," is a sarcasm. In the Middle Ages, scholarly reference was a male prerogative. Chanticleer, therefore, loses no time to demonstrate his learning. Dreams from Cicero, dreams of Kenelm, of Daniel and Joseph, of the king of Egypt, of Croesus, and of Andromache, together with the testimony of Macrobius—this wealth of anecdote and allusion is brought forth to overwhelm Pertelote. His argument is that, as there have been many cases of significant and prophetic dreams, his own dream must also be a portent. It is an entertaining debate, firstly because it shows us how two people in fourteenth-century England would have discussed such a subject as dreams, and secondly because the personalities of the speakers are clearly imprinted on their approach to the subject and their mode of talking about it. In other words, the trend of the debate on dreams in Chaucer's poem is made to depend on the characters of the cock and the hen as already portrayed by Chaucer and, at the same time, the discussion is a means of developing these characters, especially Chanticleer's, further.
The development of the cock's character is thus another device by which Chaucer gives a new look to the old fable. Beside Chanticleer, his wife Pertelote pales into insignificance, while Russell the colfox plays a smaller part still. Chaucer's description of the poor widow's small cottage, her modest possessions and her frugal meals, provides an opening contrast which anticipates the splendours of Chanticleer's person ruling his court of hens. By contrast with his humble surroundings, Chanticleer appears to be all the more impressive by virtue of his colours, his lordly airs, and his seven paramours. Chanticleer's character perfectly suits his triple role as the hero of the tale, as the ruler of his roost, and as the husband of Pertelote. He is, indeed, a dazzling figure, the comb redder than fine coral, the bill black and shining like jet, the legs like azure, the plumage like burnished gold. There is even a touch of heroic militarism in the comb "batailled as it were a castel wal". His vanity is suggested partly by the impressive list of his accomplishments (the clock-like accuracy, organ-like crowing, and general beauty), and partly by the veneration and devotion shown to him by the hens under his "governance". It is Chanticleer's character and his virtues (or absence of virtues), his self-assurance and boastfulness, his self-conceit, his sensuality, his love of flattery, and his sly intelligence that engage our minds in Chaucer's poem.
"The opening description of Chanticleer, replete with instinctive passion and joy, follows immediately upon the associations of poverty and patient, passionless temperance, Style itself echoes the contrast as Chaucer begins to employ the language of the romantic mode, and what is austere or even pedestrian in the opening of the tale gives way to something courtly, perhaps, and descriptively elevated, with even a momentary flight into lyric: "My lief is faren in londe'!"
There is an abundance of humour and fun in Chaucer's poem, and this is yet another ingredient by which Chaucer added novelty to the old fable of the cock and the fox. From one point of view, this poem is a delightful domestic comedy. Chanticleer and Pertelote sing and flirt like any pair or lovers; they argue, quarrel, and make it up again like many a human husband and wife. Chaucer's game of dressing up the animals (the cock, the hen, and the fox) in human costumes, and then letting us peep through the disguise, is the source of much laughter. Domestic comedy is, indeed, at the heart of the poem. The love of cock and hen is played upon like a musical theme with a set of variations. Pertelote's image of Chanticleer as a perfect husband suffers quite a shock when she discovers that he is unmanly in feeling and afraid of a mere dream. But when disaster overtakes him, she shrieks louder than anyone else.
Chanticleer too is a loving husband, and his love for her enables him to overcome his fear. He pays compliments to her on her beauty, and his tributes are reminiscent of a medieval knight's courtship of a lady. The comic picture of the amorous cock and hen conversing with each other is strengthened by their frequent use of "Madame" and "Sire" along with more intimate terms of endearment like "dear heart", "husband", "fair Pertelote so dear", and "my world's bliss". The manner in which Chanticleer extricates himself from the grip of the fox is also part of the comedy of the poem.
Closely connected with what has been said above, and implied in it, is another feature which contributes to the novelty that Chaucer lent to his handling of the fable: namely, the two levels the animal and the human – on which Chaucer narrates the story. There are transitions from one level to the other, and at certain points the two levels merge, resulting in our being enabled to see the animals both as animals and as human beings. This enriches the poem and adds a new dimension to the old story.
The distinctive style of Chaucer's poem is yet another factor to mark it off from the old fable. Chaucer adopted a mode of writing which was one of the several devices by which he gave a new look to the old story. The build-up of the cock into a learned, courtly gentleman, the description of the hens of whom the fairest was Pertelote, "courteous, discreet, and debonair"; the comparison of the fox with Judas Iscariot and other notorious traitors; the repeated exclamations; passages of moralising and lengthy similes are some of the features of the style of the poem. Chaucer treats the episode of the fox's carrying off the cock and the cock's escape as if it were an event of great importance. The discussion on the significance of dreams and the related questions of predestination and free will in human affairs is linked with the fortunes of a mere cock, and thus becomes comic because of the context in which this discussion takes place. Similarly, the lofty sentiments expressed by the cock and the hen, their courtly manners, the comparisons drawn with famous persons and events in human history are all funny because of their trivial context. To call a cock a grim lion, for instance, is comically absurd and becomes even more so when we remember what a coward Chanticleer actually is. In short, Chaucer adopted the mock-heroic style for the writing of this poem. It is the use of elevated language in relation to insignificant matters that makes it a mock-heroic poem.
Somnath Sarkar
Hello, Viewers! Besides being the Founder and Owner of this website, I am a Government Officer. As a hardcore literary lover, I am pursuing my dream by writing notes and articles related to Literature. Drop me a line anytime, whether it's about any queries or demands or just to share your well-being. I'd love to hear from you. Thanks for stopping by!
Dry September | Theme of Racism
The Crack-Up by F. Scott Fitzgerald | Analysis
Significance of the Title Draupadi by Mahasweta Devi
Categories Geoffrey Chaucer, Short Story Tags Beast Fable, Geoffrey Chaucer, Short Story, The Nun's Priest's Tale
Renaissance Spirit in Bacon's Essay | Renaissance Element in Bacon
Mr. Ramsay Character Sketch in To the Light House
Different Abhinaya and Classical Dance of India
Character Sketch of Moses Herzog
What is f5 Application Delivery Fundamentals?
Theme of Catholicism in Brighton Rock | Heaven & Hell, Damnation & Salvation
Brighton Rock Novel Short Summary
Find me at Social Media
© 2023 All About English Literature • Built with GeneratePress


text:
Ghana faces economic collapse as debt balloons – Think Tank
By Papisdaff Abdullah
The Institute of Fiscal Studies (IFS) is predicting doom for Ghana's economy as its debt crisis seriously worsens.
Prof. Newman Kusi
This comes barely five months after Ghana's Finance Minister Ken Ofori-Atta declared during a presentation of the 2018 budget that the government through prudent management of the economy successfully reduced the country's debt burden.
"This was achieved as a result of a reduction in the fiscal deficit and a policy of debt re-profiling," the minister told Parliament in November 2017.
The country's debt to GDP ratio declined from 73 percent at the end of December 2016 to 68.6 percent at the end of September 2017. Also the annual average rate of debt accumulation of 36.0 percent over the last four years declined to about 13.58 percent in the last 13 months.
As at May 2017 per the breakdown of the debt numbers by Ghana's Central Bank, the West African country's total public debt reached GH¢137 billion, increasing by GH¢9.4billion in three months from GH¢127billion. Currently it is said to be hovering around GH¢140billion.
Speaking at a round table discussion on the theme: "Ghana's growing Public Debt- Implications for the Economy," the Executive Director of IFS Prof. Newman Kusi disclosed that Ghana faces a high risk debt distress or increased over all debt vulnerability as the public debt situation "seriously worsens."
According the think tank, the situation is already placing significant burden on the economy and society, and that the country is at a risk of falling back into an extended debt trap with economic stagnation and possible increases in poverty rate leading to a possible failure in its implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals.
He said the total public debts as a percentage of GDP dropped from a high of 113.1 percent in 2000 to 26.2 percent in 2006 driven by the HIPC and NVRI relief.
"But by end 2016 the debt to GDP ratio has risen to 73.3 percent and moving towards the ratios recorded during the pre-HIPC period. As a result, total public debt service to revenue has not only assumed a rapidly increasing path but has breached its indicative long term threshold," he said, as 41 pesewas of each cedi that the government mobilizes as revenue is being spent to "pay interest on our debt."
Debt service, according to him, now absorbs a huge part of domestic revenue, leaving the country vulnerable to shocks.
"The country has fallen into a debt trap as real interest rate continues to surpass GDP growth which has forced the country to continue committing more of its tax revenues to service debt," he stressed.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
China's New Passport Sparks Controversy
China's refashioned passports features watermarks to some hotly disputed territories.
By J. Michael Cole for The Diplomat
Several Asian countries last week reacted with unusual fury over the new design of the Chinese passport, which features watermarks that include 90 percent of the South China Sea, Arunachal Pradesh and Aksai Chin, as well as famous tourist attractions in Taiwan. Although Beijing's move was mostly symbolic, it constitutes yet another escalatory step in China's many territorial disputes and could, depending on how other countries respond, make already complex issues even more difficult to resolve.
So far, the reactions to the new passport have been uniformly negative, with Hanoi and Manila issuing official protests over the inclusion of the so-called nine-dash lines in the South China Sea and island groups such as the Paracels and Spratlys. Vietnam's Foreign Ministry went as far as to request that Beijing remove the "wrong" content from the passport, and Hanoi is now reportedly refusing to stamp the passport, and will instead stamp a separate piece of paper.
Even Taipei, the current government of which has engaged in a multifaceted effort to improve relations with China, called the passport "unacceptable" and warned it could negatively impact upon the ongoing rapprochement (under the Republic of China constitution, Taiwan's sovereignty claims within the region are almost exactly like China's). Aside from including areas claimed by the ROC, the new passport shows Sun Moon Lake in central Taiwan's Nantou, and Chingshui Cliffs in Hualien, both top tourist spots and symbols of Taiwan's natural beauty.
India, whose Ministry of External Affairs called the inclusion of Arunachal Pradesh, which borders China-controlled Tibet, and Aksai Chin in Kashmir, "unacceptable," quickly responded by issuing visas to Chinese citizens with a map clearly showing the two disputed areas as part of India's territory.
Interestingly, another bone of contention with Beijing's neighbors — the Senkaku Islands, known as the Diaoyu islands by the Chinese and the Diaoyutai Islands by Taiwan — is either too small to be seen on the watermarks, or was left out altogether. Notably, when the new passports were initially issued in May regional tensions focused primarily on the South China Sea, with the East China Sea only becoming a serious source of renewed tensions after Tokyo's purchase of three of the islets comprising the chain on September 11.
While irritating to other claimants, the maps and sites depicted in the new passport are not legally binding and only add to a long list of documents, official and not, that purport to strengthen China's claims to its "historical waters" and "indivisible" territory. As some analysts have already noted, Beijing's "pretty clever" move would ostensibly force governments to acknowledge Beijing's territorial designs by stamping the new passport. However, doing so does not legally reinforce China's position, and as New Delhi has already demonstrated, other claimants can retaliate with their own similarly symbolic gestures. The end result, therefore, could be a "visa war" between the various claimants, with passports becoming the primary casualty.
A riskier outcome would be for other claimants to respond by imposing various restrictions on Chinese travelers — or barring their entry altogether — which could then engender a cycle of retaliation that, in the end, would only complicate matters further. Whether Beijing's gamble succeeds or backfires remains to be seen, but the decision was presumably made under the assumption that other countries would acquiesce to it. Should that turn out to be the case, Beijing will have succeeded in adding yet another layer to its creeping regional expansion, one that is increasingly backed by a modern and capable military.
Of all the countries involved in this affair, Taiwan's reaction will be the trickiest, and perhaps the most interesting. While China's disputes with Vietnam, the Philippines, India, Brunei, and Malaysia only concern overlapping territories, Beijing's claims Taiwan (and its people) in its entirety, which puts Taipei in a difficult position should it seek to retaliate. Responding on Monday to Taiwan's reaction, the Taiwan Affairs Office under China's State Council said there is only "one China" and that protestations by Taipei were an attempt to "stir controversy" and risked undermining cooperation across the Taiwan Strait. In other words, Taipei's actions, not Beijing's, would be to blame if the relationship soured over this fracas.
Hanoi and India can probably get away with affixing a visa stating their own territorial claims in Chinese passports. For Taipei to do so, however, at a time when the Ma Ying-jeou administration has made better relations with China a central pillar of its tenure, would risk creating serious irritants in relations across the Taiwan Strait, something Beijing knows all-too-well. As such, and with last week's unusually strong language notwithstanding, Taipei's likely reaction will be to do nothing and to "accept" the new passport, which Beijing will then advertise as further evidence that Taiwan accepts the "one China" framework. Consequently, aside from forcing Taiwanese immigration officials to process a passport (for a visa application) that denies the very existence of their country, the new passport, with its inclusion of well-known tourism destinations in Taiwan, will continue to spread the image abroad that the island is part of the People's Republic of China, and thus further blur the sovereignty lines in the Taiwan Strait.*
(*Editors Note: We have made an adjustment to the text after publication based on feedback we have recieved.)
East China Sea
Taiwan Hedges its Bets on China
While relations between Taipei and Beijing have warmed considerably, a cautious approach seems prudent.
China, Japan, Taiwan and the East China Sea
South China Sea gets the headlines, but tensions are high in another contested sea, says J. Michael Cole.
12 Asian Geopolitical Trends and Events From 2016 That'll Matter in 2017
Here's wishing the Asia-Pacific a happy and prosperous new year. Watch these issues in the coming year.
Next US President's Asia-Pacific Inbox: 8 Issues to Watch in Obama's Final 100 Days
As Obama enters his last hundred days in office, Asia remains in flux.


Experience Costa Rica and give back to the local community on our Costa Rica Service Learning Tour. Immerse yourself in the local community, joining group discussions, community support efforts, and environmental projects, all while exploring the riches of Costa Rica.
- Arrive in Costa Rica: Welcome to San Jose, Costa Rica's capital!
- Journey to Los Santos: Explore this city famous for its coffee production and the welcoming personalities of its inhabitants. After enjoying lunch, embark on a coffee experience tour. Meet your homestay family this afternoon.
- Journey to Manuel Antonio: Combining white sandy beaches with lush tropical forest, Manuel Antonio is the perfect place to see a variety of Costa Rican wildlife, from white-faced monkeys and sleepy faced sloths, to green turtles and orange-and-black-shelled land crabs. Explore the cays and inlets of this national park.
- Depart from Costa Rica: Board your flight home or extend your travels one day with a white water rafting expedition!
Add an extra day to your itinerary to experience a white water rafting expedition through the Costa Rican landscape.


Create Customer Relationships That Stick Like Glue!
What I'm going to urge you to do in your business has produced dramatic results for not only my own businesses but also for my previous employers.
When I speak around the country about newsletter marketing and effective customer retention strategies, I like to use the "leaky bucket" analogy.
Think of your company as a giant bucket of water. The water in your bucket represents your customers – the lifeblood of your business. Every drop of water that leaks out of your bucket is a lost customer and lost sales – including all future revenue.
If your company is like a leaky bucket – and every business is to some degree – then it is paramount to your survival that you continuously fill your bucket with more water. After all, no water, no business!
Be honest: Does your bucket simply have a few leaks around the seams that let customers occasionally seep out, or is it riddled it with holes and customers are gushing out from every one of them? I think you'll agree that this is not only a good visual, but it is likely an accurate description of many businesses.
As I said earlier, every business is broken (has holes in its bucket) to some degree. If I can be blunt, my guess is that your bucket has more holes than you even know about. But don't be too embarrassed, most businesses do. The good news is Stick Like Glue will help you plug the holes in your bucket and become more profitable.
My name is Jim Palmer and I am a marketing and business building expert. I'm best known internationally as 'The Newsletter Guru'- the go-to expert on how to maximize the profitability of customer relationships. In addition to Stick Like Glue – How to Create an Everlasting Bond With Your Customers So They Spend More, Stay Longer, and Refer More, I am also the acclaimed author of two other books – The Magic of Newsletter Marketing – The Secret to More Profits and Customers for Life and The Fastest Way To Higher Profits.
I am the founder and President of Custom Newsletters, Inc., parent company of No Hassle Newsletters, No Hassle Social Media, The Newsletter Guru's Concierge Print and Mail on Demand, The MARS Training Program, and Double My Retention. I currently have the pleasure of serving hundreds of clients in nine countries.
Lee Milteer is the founder of the Millionaire Smarts® Coaching program and she wrote the foreword for Stick Like Glue.
"In the new reality and economy that we are living in today, knowing how to sell is not enough anymore. Business owners must learn to see life–and our customers–from an entirely different perspective.
Who can I count on and believe in?
Today's consumers are intelligent, alert, highly selective, and independent in their thinking. To work with today's consumers you must strive for excellence, integrity, and high ethics. You must be someone that stands out from the competition. In the new model of selling you want to focus on sales as a means of creating relationships, not just making deals. As a business owner you want to honor your customers, be sensitive to their needs, interests, and desires, and care about what is right for them.
Get more customers or sell more to the ones you already have. That's it.
I'm certain you're interested in growing your business since you're reading this Web site in the first place. Right? Of course. But the next important step is get your own copy of Stick Like Glue – read it, and then implement my strategies!
When thinking about sticking like glue to your customers, there are two main principles to keep in mind.
First, it's much more cost-effective to sell more to your existing customers. Cost effectiveness leads to profitability. Selling more to your current customers – the water in your bucket – brings you the highest possibility of higher profit margins. It's that old 80/20 rule (or even more refined as the 90/10 or even the 95/5 versions)!
President, Performance Support Systems, Inc.
Second, not only are your current customers bringing you more profits, they are the ones most likely to buy from you in the first place. What's more, the longer they remain as your customers the more frequently they buy.
This wonderful cycle continues to spiral upward and grow. Remember lifetime value! That's why having really good glue is so important.
Not only are your current customers more likely to buy from you, more importantly, they actually want to buy more from you. They've proven themselves to be hyper-responsive, so take advantage of that!
"Would I recommend Jim Palmer's book? Heck yeah I would!
It's not often that I recommend books to people, but this was such an easy and fun read AND it really delivers results!
Remember the movie Jerry Maguire? The Cuba Gooding Jr. character had Jerry, played by Tom Cruise, keep shouting "Show me the money!" A variation of this is "Follow the Money!" Successful entrepreneurs know the importance of following the money. When their customers ask for something, these entrepreneurs find a way to supply their customers with whatever they want. That's what following the money is all about. After all, you're in business to make a profit.
Stick Like Glue will help you to dramatically boost your profits!
"It would be easy to skim through Jim Palmer's book, Stick Like Glue, and think I already know this stuff. I already KNOW it's important to build strong relationships with my clients. I already KNOW how to create raving fans. I already KNOW customer newsletters are a good idea. It might be easy to think that. But, it would be a huge mistake!
Here's why. You would miss out on all the great stories and lessons Jim shares that might spark an idea for you. This book is chock full of them. Personally, I went through this book with a highlighter and a pen, taking notes in the margins. And I loved the little sticky notes posted every other page or so with key concepts or quotes. I'm already improving my business with these gems.
Sticking like glue to improve your profitability and grow your business is the goal; however, there will undoubtedly be times when you lose a few customers.
Let me be very clear: It is absolutely worth your time and effort to get them back. Why? By now, you know my answer is going to be "because of lifetime value that's why," but that's only part of the story in this case. It's also important to know why customers left. If they've left because of a problem with your product or service, without knowing what it is, you can't fix it.
If you don't fix it, there's going to be more holes in your bucket! Learning why customers leave your business is the first step in plugging those holes – once you know what's causing the holes, you can prevent them… and keep more water in your bucket and more customers in your business.
"If you're looking for how to create an everlasting bond with your customers so they spend more, stay longer, and refer more, then I recommend Jim's book, Stick Like Glue. This is head and shoulders one of the most important business books I've read this year and recommend it for every entrepreneur, especially during a difficult economy.
I sincerely hope and believe that this book will transform your business. You will not find a lot of classroom theory, business philosophy, or platitudes about what it takes to have happy customers and grow your business. Instead, you will find authentic stories, actual examples, and real-world truths from somebody who has worked the front lines in business for more than twenty-five years in retail, franchise management, association management, and for nearly ten years running my own businesses.
I urge you to get your copy now, read it, and begin to implement what you learn.
YES JIM! I'm ready to significantly boost my profits by creating everlasting bonds with my customers so they spend more, stay longer, and refer more.
By placing my order below, I understand I will be receiving my own personal copy of Stick Like Glue via first-class mail.
P.S. If you're still not convinced that customer growth and retention are critical to growing your business, remember this. People do business with those they know, like, and trust. There is NOTHING as important as a powerful, well-designed customer relationship strategy.
Get Your Copy of Stick Like Glue by clicking here.
More great comments from readers of Stick Like Glue!
"Jim, I just finished your book, Stick Like Glue, and it is without a doubt the best book on Customer Retention I've ever read! I loved your stories on over the top customer service, going the extra mile, and the real lifetime value of a customer…they really helped drive home your point for me.
In addition, I love how you weaved in Referrals, Loyalty Programs, and JV's (and much more!). They do go with customer retention, as you pointed out, but they were unexpected…yet really appreciated.
Passionate Professional Speaker, & KING of the Business Jungle!


text:
6 Places You Shouldn't Visit If You're Claustrophobic
5 Dec 2019 • 5 min read
Are you a fan of wide, open spaces where you can gallivant to your heart's content? Do you love sitting on the beach and watching the waves crash against the seemingly endless expanse of sand? If you answered yes to both questions, check out our list of destinations you don't want to go on your next vacation.
Spooky Gulch in Utah
Credit: matt_train/ Shutterstock
Despite its eerie name, many travelers relish the trip to Spooky Gulch. Located about 25 miles south of Escalante and part of the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, the gulch is accessible by way of the aptly named Hole-in-the-Rock Road.
Most motorists will want to use the first parking lot to avoid the worst of the ruts on the access road. Those in trucks or SUVs may choose to continue further toward the second parking area. On the way in, views red rock formations will greet you.
The Spooky Gulch is wide at the entrance but begins to narrow just 300 feet into the canyon. Many hikers find themselves navigating intricate twists and turns to get through the path, and more than a few have even gotten stuck during their excursions. In fact, several sections of the canyon are so narrow that hikers have only 10 inches of space to squeeze through.
That said, most of the hike will be dry and dusty. Unusually rainy weather can sometimes cause pools of mud to form, however, making navigation on foot a challenge. If you manage to bypass the confined spaces, your reward will be a wide streambed to explore at the top of the canyon.
The Western Wall Tunnels in Jerusalem
Credit: suprunvitaly/ iStock
The tunnels stand today as a magnificent specimen of the Second Temple period. In Jerusalem, the Western Wall of the Temple Mount dates back more than 2,000 years and is still used as a sacred pilgrimage site in modern times.
The wall is also part of a larger structure that surrounds what are now important Muslim sites of worship: the Dome of the Rock and the Al-Aqṣā Mosque.
Adding to its deep historical significance is what's beneath the wall. The visible upper portion of the wall is only about 200 feet high, but beneath the ground, the wall extends another 1,500 feet down. This winding structure is home to a multitude of important historical artifacts, including a 570-ton stone that's believed to be the largest item ever lifted without the use of machinery.
That said, beware of the dark, tight spaces that wind their way through the tunnels. They are sure to challenge every fiber of your being if you find enclosed spaces triggering.
The Keret House in Poland
Credit: Adrian Grycuk/ Wikimedia Commons
In 2012, architect Jakub Szczęsny completed an art installation that also serves a practical function in a surprising way. Dubbed the "world's skinniest house," the Keret House was built between two existing buildings in Warsaw, Poland.
The widest point measures only 122 centimeters (about four feet wide). Meanwhile, its narrowest point is an astonishing 72 centimeters across (a little over two feet wide).
While one may think that an art installation wedged between two buildings would merely constitute an aesthetic piece, the narrow structure also serves a practical purpose. It's used as a temporary living and creative space for visiting artists. A ladder connects the first and second floors, while the combined space holds the bathroom, kitchen, and bedroom.
Natural light floods the tiny building, making it more inviting than one may imagine. However, some may experience challenges navigating the narrow spaces easily.
The Underground Cities in Turkey
Credit: Zoe's bucket/ Shutterstock
More then 5,000 years ago, soft volcanic rock formations dotted the landscape in Turkey's Cappadocia region. Then, settlers used the geological features to their advantage by carving homes into the ground. Over time, the interconnected homes morphed into vast underground cities. Today, the Cappadocia region, a World Heritage Site, offers a fascinating look into Turkey's subterranean world.
Because the labyrinthine rock-cut cities are connected by narrow passageways, they can cause claustrophobia by their very design. Yet, they once served an important purpose. At Derinkuyu (a famous Cappadocia underground city), giant doors protected the city's ancient occupants against intruders bent on mischief.
People also relied on their underground homes for protection against the elements. As time passed and modern inventions were introduced, the cities were abandoned for decades at a time. However, they were rediscovered as their unique architecture intersected with existing above-ground structures in surprising (and sometimes hazardous) ways. Today, parts of the cities are available for visitors to explore.
The Rising Star Cave in South Africa
Credit: SwartKat/ Shutterstock
Rising Star Cave is not for the faint of heart. It's located in South Africa near "The Cradle of Human Kind World Heritage Site," and offers amazing secrets about the origins of humanity — for those brave enough to explore the depths of its narrow passages.
When Lee Berger, a paleoanthropologist from the University of the Witswatersrand, put out an ad for research explorers in 2013, he attracted members who had strong scholarly qualifications as well as physical flexibility.
That said, exploring the narrow cave would definitely take athletic prowess and — small statures. Some areas were as narrow as 18 centimeters (a little under eight inches). Dr. Marina Elliot joked about trapping herself under the furniture at home to practice. All of that squeezing and twisting paid off, however. The team discovered the largest deposit of ancient hominid fossils anyone has ever found in Africa.
Pod Hotels in Japan
Credit: Mr. JK/ Shutterstock
Several of the destinations on this list are naturally occurring, while others are ancient remains of long-ago civilizations. The pod hotels of Japan, however, are intentionally designed to solve a very modern problem: how to accommodate many people in a limited space. With a population density of around 900 people per square mile (almost 10 times that of the United States), urban sprawl is a real concern for Japan.
One solution is pod hotels. These often luxurious but tiny spaces are pods stacked on top of one another in a room. Each pod generally offers a tiny bed, locker, and TV. Want to avoid triggering your claustrophobic tendencies? If so, you're going to want to avoid Shell Nell Namba, one of Japan's newest pod hotels. The capsule spaces look like stacked shelving with tiny doors.
Many, however, have curtains that offer a little bit of privacy in a confined space. Guests usually share communal bathrooms and crawl into coffin-shaped pods at night. For those who can get over the claustrophobic nature of these tiny spaces, a nice night's sleep can be had for very reasonable rates.
8 Things First-Time Visitors to the U.S. Were Shocked By
Visiting the United States for the first time can induce some major culture shock. While visitors may have watched hours of "Friends" in preparation, there are some things about the
Travel Trivia Editorial 9 Dec 2019 • 5 min read
5 European City Names That Aren't Pronounced How You Think
Even the most experienced world travelers sometimes struggle to pronounce the names of places they are visiting. When it comes to these European city names, it may take a little


text:
Q: Confusion on Bubble sort complexity From how to calculate Bubble sort Time Complexity on stack overflow i come to know that complexity of worst case of  bubble sort is Big Oh = n^2
But my confusion is the way it has been derived is

Big Oh = n + n - 1 + n - 2 ... + 1 = (n(n + 1))/2 = O(n²)

Now  the equation (n(n + 1))/2 = O(n²) is contradictory.
If i take n=10 then (n*(n + 1))/2 = 55 then how come it is equal to n² which comes out to be 100 its actually close to its half so we can not say its is ~.
Kindly clear my doubt.

A: From wikipedia:

f(x) = O(g(x)) as x goes to infinity if and only if there is a positive constant M such that for all sufficiently large values of x, the absolute value of f(x) is at most M multiplied by the absolute value of g(x).

So in your exaple there is such constant: if we take M = 3 then for all n>0 the inequality (n*(n + 1))/2 < 3*(n^2) stands.
Moreover, this definion says also that: O(n^2) = O(n^2/180) = O(n^2 + n) and so on.

A:
Now the equation (n*(n + 1))/2 = O(n^2) is contradictory.

No it isn't.
Because it isn't really an equation.
In fact, O(n^2) is really a short hand for an infinite set of functions f(n) which each individually have the property:

limit ( n -> infinity ) of f(n) <= C * n^2  ... for some constant C.

(There are more precise ways of stating this ...)
Intuitively, f(n) is a member of the set O(n^2) is telling us that f(n) grows in proportion to n^2 as n gets really big.

It is easy to prove that f(n) = (n*(n + 1))/2 is a member of the set O(n^2)
Informally, as n gets really big for this f(n), the (n^2)/2 term of the equation dominates and the n/2 disappears into insignificance.

A: The way that time complexity works is that you want to find how the function behaves at very large values. The value that you substitute N would not be exact, but it would be an approximation for large values. For example, if N = 1,000,000 and your time complexity is O(n+1), is 1,000,000 and 1,000,001 different?
The idea is you keep the term from those being added that grows the fastest asymptotically. So in n*(n+1)/2, you would keep n^2 since that grows the fastest.

A: O-notation is meant to show how the time requited grows with the number of inputs, as the number of inputs gets large.  For example, let's suppose that a bit of code is O(n).  If we were to double the input, we'd expect the run time to (roughly) double.  If we triple it, we'd expect runtime to triple as well.  Note that this would be true regardless of any factor that might exist in a hypothetical exact formula for the runtime of the code.
Similar  can be said of O(n^2) : doubling will cause quadrupling, etc, etc.
So :
O(n^2) == O(1/2*n^2) == O(2*n^2) == 0(1000000000*n^2)
Here is a nice tutorial.

A: To be precise, O(...) is a set of functions, not a number. Sometimes some guys are lazy and write x = O(y) instead of x \in O(y).
You can find the exact definition of the set O(y) in the column formal definition from this table: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_O_notation#Family_of_Bachmann.E2.80.93Landau_notations
What does this informally mean? O(f(x)) contains functions that grow at about the same speed.
An example, if you have g(x) = n^2 + 5n - 7000 then it is in O(n^2) since n^2 is the dominant part of the function (compare to the exact definitions).
Also, constant factors can be removed. So, g(x) = 1000n^2 is also in O(n^2).
Thus, O(...) only is an indicator of which variables, and how much, something depends on. For example, there exists an input (it may be veeery big) where the function n^2 is bigger than 100000000 * n.
Because of that, an algorithm that has a time complexity of O(n^2) in general is not so good as one in O(n). But, which is very important, in practice it may be preferable as the hidden stuff in the second algorithm may be such big that the first algorithm is better for input sizes that occur in practice. However, there is a bound on the input size (it can be very large) where the second algorithm will get better, but they may not occur in practice though.

A: The complexity of any sorting algo depends upon the comparisons. In bubble sort, we have seen there are N-1 Passes in total. In the first pass, N-1 comparisons are made to place the highest element in the correct position. Then in pass 2, the second highest element is placed in its position. Therefore to compute the complexity we have to compute the comparisons made by the algo~
Using basic discrete math~

f(n)= (n-1)+(n-2)+(n-3)+.....+ 3 + 2 + 1
f(n)= n(n-1)/2
f(n)= n^2 + O(n)    ~ (The constans are ignored for deriving Complexities)
f(n)= O(n^2)

Therefore the complexity of Bubble Sort if O(n^2). It means the time required to execute bubble sort is proportional to n^2, where n is the total elements in the array.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: What may I infer from knowing that some data set's covariance matrix is singular? I know what a matrix being singular means. I know what a covariance matrix is. What I'd like to know, though, is what I can infer about a data set if I know that its covariance matrix is singular.
The driving reason for this question is that I've implemented LDA and have found myself hitting my head against singular covariance matrices (and the subsequent failure of the naive LDA algorithm). I've since moved to support vector machines (because I refuse to implement the conditioning for other LDA algorithms), but I still feel like there's some grain of education left to be had from the experience.


text:
Kelsey H. Mayo
Poyner Spruill LLP
Professional / Malpractice
Securities & SEC
8th Circuit (incl. bankruptcy)
Recent Case Emphasizes Importance of Fiduciary Decision-Making Process
The decision-making process of a retirement plan fiduciary has always been important. However, the recent district court decision in Tussey v. ABB, Inc., which levied a $35.2 million judgment against the employer-fiduciary (ABB), emphasizes the importance of a prudent decision-making process. Here are some of the major missteps made by ABB and the key takeaways for other plan fiduciaries:
1. If you have a policy, FOLLOW IT.
In determining that ABB breached its fiduciary duties, the court noted that ABB did not follow the decision-making process set forth in its investment policy. Investment policies can serve as valuable support for a fiduciary's decision. However, fiduciaries who implement such policies and either do not use them or do not update them as processes change could be putting themselves at increased risk of a fiduciary breach. Fiduciaries should routinely review and update their policies to accurately reflect the decision-making process.
2. Evaluate Fees Thoroughly and Periodically.
The court harshly criticized ABB for inadequately evaluating the fees paid to its service provider. Fiduciaries must thoroughly and periodically review the total compensation paid to a service provider. Employers may evaluate the reasonableness of compensation by requesting proposals from other vendors and/or by hiring a consultant with expertise in plan fee arrangements.
3. Don't Ignore the Advice of Advisors.
The court also found ABB at fault for failing to follow up on advice from an expert that the fees ABB was paying to a service provider were unreasonable. Plan fiduciaries must operate the plan as a prudent expert would and consult with experts in areas in which they lack expertise. It is not enough, however, to just hire the expert. Fiduciaries must take the experts' advice into consideration and then take prudent action on that advice.
4. Document, Document, Document.
In evaluating the ABB fiduciary's actions, the court reviewed and referenced documentation of the fiduciary's meetings and, in certain instances, determined there were fiduciary breaches because the materials did not indicate that the fiduciary considered relevant issues. Fiduciaries should always create detailed minutes of any meetings and keep all documentation that reflects (1) information considered by the fiduciary, (2) concerns evaluated by the fiduciary, (3) advice of experts and how the fiduciary evaluated and responded to that advice, and (4) the ultimate decision made, including the reason for taking that action over other available options.
© 2023 Poyner Spruill LLP. All rights reserved.National Law Review, Volume II, Number 149
Kelsey Mayo has extensive experience working with governmental, non-profit, and for-profit employers on all aspects of qualified and non-qualified plans, welfare benefit plans, fringe benefit plans, and executive compensation plans.
Kelsey routinely represents clients before the Internal Revenue Service and Department of Labor in matters involving employee benefits.
www.poynerspruill.com


We are seeking an experienced and motivated individual for a position in the Translational Neurophysiology Lab at the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati. Research will focus on the study of spreading depolarizations (aka spreading depression) in experimental models of acute brain injury. This includes both stroke and brain trauma, large (swine) and small (rodent) animal species, and acute and chronic recording preparations.
There are also opportunities to participate in clinical research using electrocorticography and EEG to monitor spreading depolarizations in the neuroscience intensive care unit. Specific responsibilities will be tailored to the individual's interests and skills.
Duties will consist of, but are not limited to, designing, performing, and analyzing studies pertaining to these areas of research. The ideal candidate will have experience in experimental neurophysiology, possess strong analysis and writing skills, and be able to work independently and in team efforts.
This position will support the University's mission and commitment to excellence in biomedical research and brings many opportunities for collaboration across clinical and basic science on one of the most exciting new topics in brain injury. The initial Post-Doctoral Fellow appointment will be for 2 years.


text:
Claudia Ruth Brosseder
Associate Professor, History
Emailcbrossed@illinois.edu
native Andean history, colonial history in Peru, intellectual history, chroniclers, history of religion, intellectual history in the early modern transatlantic world
Claudia Brosseder is Associate professor of colonial Latin American history at the University of Illinois. Brosseder's research focuses on the indigenous world of colonial Peru, as well as on the intellectual history of colonial Peru in a transatlantic setting. She is particularly interested in reconstructing the colonial Andean world from the vantage point of the Andean people. Over the course of her studies Brosseder has gained expertise in two distinct areas of scholarship: the intellectual history of early modern Europe and the history of the colonial Andes.
She has authored the book: The Power of Huacas. Change and Resistance in the Andean World of colonial Peru (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2014), which won the 2015 Award for Excellence in the Study of Religion in the category of Historical Studies by the American Academy of Religion. Her first book Im Bann der Sterne. Caspar Peucer, Philipp Melanchthon und andere Wittenberger Astrologen (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2004), is a study of the role of astrology among sixteenth century Protestants.
Ph.D.: Munich University, Habilitation: Munich University
Peru Social Sciences
Religion Social Sciences
history Social Sciences
assimilation Social Sciences
discourse Social Sciences
dialogue Social Sciences
Spaniard Social Sciences
sixteenth century Social Sciences
El Poder de la Huacas: Cambios y resistencia en los andes del Perú colonial
Brosseder, C. R., 2018, Arequipa: Ediciones El Lector. 529 p.
Secularizing the Andes: The Effects of Transcultural Processes on Colonial Andean Rituals
Brosseder, C., Jul 10 2018, The Rites Controversies in the Early Modern World. Županov, I. & Fabre, P. A. (eds.). Brill, p. 301-321 (Studies in Christian Mission; vol. 53).
The Conquest of the Andes from Andean Perspectives
Brosseder, C. R., Oct 18 2018, The Andean World. Seligman, L. J. & Fine-Dare, K. S. (eds.). Routledge, p. 161-174 14 p. (Routledge Worlds).
Christianization
To Make Christianity Fit: The Process of Christianization from an Andean Perspective
Brosseder, C. R., Dec 2017, Words and Worlds Turned Around: Indigenous Christianities in Colonial Latin America. Tavárez, D. (ed.). Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado, p. 220-241
Bernabé Cobo's Recreation of an Authentic America in Colonial Peru
Brosseder, C. R., May 23 2016, God in the Enlightenment. Bulman, W. J. & Ingram, R. G. (eds.). Oxford University Press, p. 83-106
AAR Book Award (Historical Studies)
Claudia Ruth Brosseder (Recipient), 2015
Scholarly Publication
American Academy of Religion
Contact Claudia Ruth Brosseder


text:
Previous (Sage)
Next (Sahel)
Satellite image of the Sahara Desert
The Sahara, located in Northern Africa, is the world's largest hot desert and second largest desert after Antarctica at over 3.5 million square miles (9 million square kilometers). Almost as large as the United States, it crosses the borders of 11 nations. While much of the desert is uninhabited, two million people are scattered across its vast expanses, not including those who live along the Nile and Niger riverbanks. The name Sahara is an English pronunciation of the Arabic word for desert.
2 Flora and fauna
4 Climate
4.1 History
4.2 Temperatures
5.1 Egyptians and Phonecians
5.2 Greeks
5.3 Urban civilization
5.4 The Arabs
5.5 Contemporary peoples
Immediately after the last ice age, the Sahara was a much wetter place than it is today. Over 30,000 petroglyphs of river animals such as crocodiles exist, with half found in the Tassili n'Ajjer in southeast Algeria. Fossils of dinosaurs, including Afrovenator, Jobaria, and Ouranosaurus, have also been found here. The modern Sahara, though, is not as lush in vegetation, except in the Nile River Valley, at a few oases, and in the northern highlands, where Mediterranean plants such as cypresses and olive trees are found. The region has been this way since about 3000 B.C.E.
The top image shows the Safsaf Oasis on the surface of the Sahara. The bottom (using radar) is the rock layer underneath, revealing black channels cut by the meandering of an ancient river that once fed the oasis.
The boundaries of the Sahara are the Atlantic Ocean on the west, the Atlas Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea on the north, the Red Sea and Egypt on the east, and Sudan and the valley of the Niger River on the south.
The Sahara divides the continent into North and Sub-Saharan Africa. The southern border of the Sahara is marked by a band of semiarid savannas called the Sahel; south of the Sahel lies lusher Sudan and the Congo River Basin. Most of the Sahara consists of rocky hammada; ergs (large sand dunes) form only a minor part.
The highest part of the desert is at the summit of the volcano Mount Koussi in the Tibesti Mountains, which is 11,204 feet (3,415 meters) high. The lowest point of the Sahara is 436 feet (133 meters) below sea level in the Qattara Depression in Egypt.
Considering the hyper-arid conditions, the fauna of the central Sahara is richer than is generally believed. Within this ecoregion there are 70 species of mammals, 20 of which are large mammals. There are also 90 species of resident birds, and around one hundred species of reptiles. Arthropods are also numerous, especially ants. The animals include antelope, gazelles, jackals, hyenas, fennec foxes, rodents, small reptiles, insects, and scorpions. The mountains provide a home for the Barbary sheep, leopards, the addax, and the sand gazelle. The latter has splayed hooves that make it easier to travel in the sand. The fennec fox has large ears to dissipate heat and hairy soles to protect its feet while crossing the desert in search of lizards and locusts. These kinds of adaptations have allowed them to survive in such an inhospitable environment. Many of the animals get their water only through metabolic processes. Animals may lose 30-60 percent of their body mass and still recover.
The central Sahara is estimated to include only five hundred species of plants, which is extremely low considering the huge extent of the area. Plants such as acacia trees, palms, succulents, spiny shrubs, and grasses have adapted to the arid conditions, either by reducing water loss or storing water. Plant leaves may dry out totally and then recover.
Human activities are more likely to affect the habitat in areas of permanent water (oases) or where water comes close to the surface. Here, the local pressure on natural resources can be intense. The remaining populations of large mammals have been greatly reduced by hunting for food and recreation.
In recent years development projects have started in the deserts of Algeria and Tunisia using irrigated water pumped from underground aquifers. These schemes often lead to soil degradation and salinization.
Although the Sahara stretches across the entire continent, it can be subdivided into distinctive regions, including.
Western Sahara: a series of vast plateaus in Morocco that extend to the foothills of the Atlas Mountains. There is no surface water but dry riverbeds (wadis) that only hold water during rare rainfall. Where the underground rivers that flow from the mountains emerge on the surface, they create small oases. The area contains such minerals as phosphates, iron, zinc, and gold.
Great Western Erg and Great Eastern Erg: An immense, uninhabited area in Algeria consisting mostly of sand dunes shaped by the wind into peaks and hollows; the two regions are separated by a rocky plateau. Precipitation is extremely low.
Tanezrouft Desert: A rock desert in south central Algeria bisected by deep canyons and known as the "land of terror" because of its lack of water.
Tassili N'Ajjer Desert: An extremely arid mountainous area in southern Algeria that once held lakes fed by mountain streams. Wind erosion has created numerous rock formations. Ancient cypresses and wild olive trees grow at the higher altitudes. Cave paintings and Neolithic artifacts dating back six to seven thousand years ago have been found. Today, Tuaregs grow crops around the wadis and oases.
Hoggar Desert: A mountainous, largely uninhabited part of Algeria characterized by igneous and volcanic rock formations. The mountains contain caves with ancient paintings depicting cattle, rhinoceros, elephants, giraffes, and jackals.
Libyan Sahara: Rock plateaus and sandy plains extend from eastern Libya to northwestern Sudan. A group of oases enables the cultivation of cereals, olives, grapes, and dates.
Fezzan Desert: An immense area of alternating sandstone and limestone that form caves and natural arches in southwestern Libya. This region is known for its fossils and Neolithic artifacts and rock drawings of animals.
Western and Eastern Egyptian Deserts: The Western Desert covers two-thirds of Egypt's land area and merges into the Libyan Desert. Where there are depressions lower than sea level, several large oases exist, the largest of which is Siwa, which is surrounded by olive plantations. The Eastern Desert spreads between the Suez Canal and the Red Sea. Nomads raise herds of sheep, camels, and goats.
Tibesti Mountains: Formed during a period of volcanic eruptions about seventy million years ago, the area now in Chad has numerous prehistoric rock carvings. The Australopithecus hominid known as "Abel" was discovered here.
Ténéré Desert: The last southern offshoot of the Sahara, it is an area in Niger of undulating dunes, the most famous of which is the Erg of Bilma. Though now free of vegetation, except for a few oases that once formed the backbone of a caravan track, the desert has rock drawings of animals and fossilized tree trunks that point to wetter times in the ancient past.
Aïr Massif: A rocky granite massif in central Niger, its flanks are chiseled by canyons long ago formed by rushing streams that are now dry most of the year. Agriculture takes place around the larger oases. Agadez, on the mountain's southern slopes, is the largest population center in the area.
The climate of the Sahara has undergone enormous variation between wet and dry over the last few hundred thousand years
The climate of the Sahara has undergone enormous variation between wet and dry over the last few hundred thousand years. During the last ice age, the Sahara was larger than it is today, extending south beyond its current boundaries.[1] The end of the ice age brought wetter times to the Sahara, from about 8000 B.C.E. to 6000 B.C.E., perhaps due to low pressure areas over the collapsing ice sheets to the north.[2]
Once the ice sheets were gone, the northern part of the Sahara dried out. However, not long after the end of the ice sheets, the monsoon, which currently brings rain to the Sahel, came farther north and counteracted the drying trend in the southern Sahara. The monsoon in Africa (and elsewhere) is due to heating during the summer. Air over land becomes warmer and rises, pulling in cool wet air from the ocean. This causes rain. Paradoxically, the Sahara was wetter when it received more insolation in the summer. In turn, changes in solar insolation are caused by changes in the earth's orbital parameters.
By around 2500 B.C.E., the monsoon had retreated south to approximately where it is today,[3] leading to the desertification of the Sahara. The Sahara is currently as dry as it was about 13,000 years ago.[4]
During periods of a wet Sahara, the region became a savanna, and African flora and fauna become common. During the following dry arid period, the Sahara reverts to desert conditions. Evaporation exceeds precipitation, the level of water in lakes like Lake Chad falls, and rivers become dry wadis. Flora and fauna previously widespread retreats northward to the Atlas Mountains, southward into West Africa, or eastward into the Nile Valley and then either southeast to the Ethiopian highlands and Kenya or northwest across the Sinai into Asia. This separated populations of some species in areas with different climates, forcing them to adapt.
The Sahara Desert has one of the harshest climates in the world, with strong winds that blow from the northeast. Sometimes on the border zones of the north and south, the desert will receive about 10 inches (25 centimeters) of rain a year. The rainfall is usually torrential when it occurs after long dry periods, which can last for years. Daytime temperatures can reach 58 °C (136 °F), but freezing temperatures are not uncommon at night. Its temperature can become as low as -6 °C (22 °F).
According to archeologists, the Sahara was much more densely populated more than twenty thousand years ago when the desert's climate was not as arid as it is today. Fossils, rock art, stone artifacts, bone harpoons, shells, and many other items have been found in areas which today are considered too hot and dry to inhabit. The artifacts were located near remains of giraffe, elephant, buffalo, antelopes, rhinoceros, and warthog, as well as those of fish, crocodiles, hippopotamuses, and other aquatic animals, indicating the presence of lakes and swamps in the Sahara.[5]
Between twenty thousand and twelve thousand years ago, severe conditions returned and the Sahara was largely depopulated, except in highland retreats where there were springs and surface pools fed by aquifers. By ten thousand years ago, gatherers and fishers had reoccupied the replenished lakes, streams, and swamps. There are some traces of possible agriculture from eight thousand years ago, and more verifiable evidence of cattle-keeping in the mountains by seven thousand years ago, perhaps in response to more arid conditions. That population would leave again three to four thousand years ago as conditions deteriorated. The Sahara became a largely impenetrable barrier to humans, with only scattered settlements around the oases but little trade. The one major exception was the Nile Valley.
The sun shines over Saharan dunes
Egyptians and Phonecians
By 6000 B.C.E. pre-dynastic Egyptians in the southwestern corner of Egypt were herding cattle and constructing large buildings. Subsistence in organized and permanent settlements centered predominantly on cereal and animal agriculture: cattle, goats, pigs, and sheep.[6] The Nile River, however, was impassable at several cataracts, making trade and contact difficult.
The Phoenecians created a confederation of kingdoms across the entire Sahara to Egypt, generally settling on the coasts but sometimes in the desert also. Sometime between 633 and 530 B.C.E., Hanno the Navigator either established or reinforced Phoenician colonies in the Western Sahara, but all ancient remains have vanished with virtually no trace.
The earliest crossings of the Sahara, about 1000 B.C.E., were by oxen and horse, but such travel was rare until the third century C.E. when the domesticated camel was introduced.
By 500 B.C.E. a new influence arrived in the form of the Greeks. Greek traders spread along the eastern coast of the desert, establishing colonies along the Red Sea coast. The Carthaginians explored the Atlantic coast of the desert but the turbulence of the waters and the lack of markets never led to an extensive presence farther south than modern Morocco. Centralized states thus surrounded the desert on the north and east, but the desert itself remained outside their control. Raids from the nomadic Berber people of the desert were a constant concern of those living on the edge of the desert.
Urban civilization
An urban civilization, the Garamantes, arose around this time in the heart of the Sahara, in a valley that is now called the Wadi al-Ajal in Fazzan, Libya. The Garamantes dug tunnels far into the mountains flanking the valley to tap fossil water and bring it to their fields. The Garamantes grew populous and strong, conquering their neighbors and capturing many slaves (who were put to work extending the tunnels). The ancient Greeks and Romans knew of the Garamantes and regarded them as uncivilized nomads. However, they traded with the Garamantes, and a Roman bath has been found in the Garamantes capital of Garama. Archaeologists have found eight major towns and many other important settlements in the Garamantes territory. The civilization eventually collapsed after they had depleted available water in the aquifers and could no longer sustain the effort to extend the tunnels.[7]
After the Arab invasion of the Sahara, trade across the desert intensified. The kingdoms of the Sahel, especially the Ghana Empire and the later Mali Empire, grew rich and powerful exporting gold and salt to North Africa. The emirates along the Mediterranean Sea sent south manufactured goods and horses. Salt was also exported south, sometimes in caravans of 40,000 camels. Timbuktu became a trading center because of its location on the Niger River. Kola nuts, leather, cotton, and slaves were traded north. This process turned the scattered oasis communities into trading centers and brought them under the control of the empires on the edge of the desert.
This trade persisted for several centuries until the development in Europe of the caravel allowed ships, first from Portugal but soon from all Western Europe, to sail around the desert and gather resources from their source.
The colonial powers also largely ignored the region, but the modern era has seen a number of mines and communities develop to exploit the desert's natural resources. These include large deposits of oil and natural gas in Algeria and Libya and large deposits of phosphates in Morocco and Western Sahara.
Contemporary peoples
Some two million people live in the Sahara, living either a nomadic or settled life wherever they can find food and water. Most of them are in Egypt, Mauritania, Morocco, and Algeria. Dominant ethnicities in the Sahara are various Berber groups including Tuareg tribes, various Arabized Berber groups such as the Hassaniya-speaking Moors (also known as Sahrawis), and various "black African" ethnicities including Tubu, Nubians, Zaghawa, Kanuri, Peul (Fulani), Hausa, and Songhai.
The largest city in the Sahara is the Egyptian capital Cairo, in the Nile Valley. Other important cities are Nouakchott, the capital of Mauritania; Tamanrasset, Ouargla, Bechar, Hassi Messaoud, Ghardaia, El Oued, Algeria; Timbuktu, Mali; Agadez, Niger; Ghat, Libya; and Faya, Chad.
↑ Christopher Ehret, The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800 (Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2002).
↑ Fezzan Project - Palaeoclimate and environment. The Fezzan Project: Geoarchaeology of the Sahara. Retrieved April 16, 2007.
↑ "Sahara's Abrupt Desertification Started by Changes in Earth's Orbit, Accelerated by Atmospheric And Vegetation Feedbacks", ScienceDaily.com (July 12, 1999). Retrieved April 16, 2007.
↑ Kevin White and David J. Mattingly, "Ancient Lakes of the Sahara," American Scientist 94(1) (January-February 2006): 58-65.
↑ Hillary Mayell, "Desert-Adapted Crocs Found in Africa," National Geographic News (June 18, 2002). Retrieved April 16, 2007.
↑ Predynastic (5,500-3,100 B.C.E.) InterCity Oz. Retrieved April 16, 2007.
↑ David Keys, "Kingdom of the Sands," Archaeological Institute of America 57(2) (March/April 2004). Retrieved April 16, 2007.
Brett, Michael, and Elizabeth Fentress. The Berbers. The Peoples of Africa. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1996. ISBN 0631168524
Ehret, Christopher. The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0813920856
Julien, Charles André. History of North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco. From the Arab Conquest to 1830. New York, NY: Praeger, 1970. ISBN 978-0710066145
Kennedy, Hugh. Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus. London: Longman, 1996. ISBN 978-0582495159
King, Dean. Skeletons on the Zahara: A True Story of Survival. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 2004. ISBN 0316835145
Kurlansky, Mark. Salt: A World History. New York, NY: Walker and Co., 2002. ISBN 0802713734
Laroui, Abdallah, and Ralph Manheim. The History of the Maghrib: An Interpretive Essay. Princeton Studies on the Near East. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1977. ISBN 978-1597404693
Newman, James L. The Peopling of Africa: a geographic interpretation. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995. ISBN 0300060033
Oldfield, Sara. Deserts: The Living Drylands. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004. ISBN 026215112X
Stoppato, Marco C., Alfredo Bini, and Linda M. Eklund. Deserts. Toronto: Firefly Books, 2003. ISBN 1552976696
Sahara Desert history
History of "Sahara Desert"
Retrieved from //www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Sahara_Desert&oldid=989774


text:
Q: Как получить подтверждение платежа на сайте после оплаты методом "банковский платеж" Добрый день.
Есть сайт на OpenCart с методами оплаты paypal и bank transfer. После оплаты через paypal у заказа статус "оплачено". После оплаты через Bank Transfer у заказа статус "ожидаю оплаты". Каким образом при оформлении заказа через Bank Transfer можно узнать в автоматическом режиме,  что пользователь перевел средства на счет в банке и изменить статус заказа на "оплачено"? Платежная система Mollie.


Access All Records Of 215-816-9980 Now!
Access All Records Of 215-816-9981 Now!
Access All Records Of 215-816-9982 Now!
Access All Records Of 215-816-9983 Now!
Access All Records Of 215-816-9984 Now!
Access All Records Of 215-816-9985 Now!
Access All Records Of 215-816-9986 Now!
Access All Records Of 215-816-9987 Now!
Access All Records Of 215-816-9988 Now!
Access All Records Of 215-816-9989 Now!
Access All Records Of 215-816-9990 Now!
Access All Records Of 215-816-9991 Now!
Access All Records Of 215-816-9992 Now!
Access All Records Of 215-816-9993 Now!
Access All Records Of 215-816-9994 Now!
Access All Records Of 215-816-9995 Now!
Access All Records Of 215-816-9996 Now!
Access All Records Of 215-816-9997 Now!
Access All Records Of 215-816-9998 Now!
Access All Records Of 215-816-9999 Now!


Glenbrook is a large SW Calgary residential neighbourhood established in 1958 along with its neighbor Glamorgan. Glenbrook is a family friendly neighbourhood interspersed with green space and great schools. The real estate here is characterized by bungalow style single floor and split-level homes popular in the 1960s. It also has seen modern infill development with newer homes. It has direct access to Sarcee Trail and the Westhills Shopping Centre is less than 5 minutes away – providing for most shopping needs. It has access to Optimist Athletic Park and is well connected to amenities in the west Calgary area. With all the Glenbrook homes for sale, your sure to find the perfect home for you family or your next income property opportunity with a browse of our listings below. See below listings for all schools designated to the Glenbrook area.


text:
Western Powers Slam 'Deployment' Of Russian Mercenaries In Mali
Belgian Court Jails Trafficker Over Migrant Lorry Deaths
Nigerians Are Doing Well In Japan – Japanese Ambassador
The development is one of the first official acknowledgements by Western capitals that the deployment of fighters has begun in Mali after months of warnings to the Government in Bamako.
in Security, Top Stories
More than a dozen Western allies have condemned what they say is the deployment of Russian mercenaries from the Russian Wagner Group in Mali.
In a joint statement on Thursday, the 15 countries – including Canada, Germany and the United Kingdom – said the development could "further deteriorate the security situation in West Africa", which is battling Jihadist groups.
The western powers also accused Russia of providing material support in the deployment of mercenaries from the Wagner group.
Russia denies any Government links with the shadowy private military company.
The EU has recently imposed sanctions on the Wagner group, accusing it of involvement in serious human rights abuses.
The notoriously secretive group was first identified in 2014 when it was backing pro-Russian separatists in the conflict in eastern Ukraine. Since then, it has been involved in countries including Syria, Mozambique, Sudan, Libya and the Central African Republic.
Mali's Government has not commented on the latest developments.
"We are seeing repeated air rotations with military transport planes belonging to the Russian army and installations at Bamako airport to allow the arrival of a significant number of mercenaries," a French Government source, who asked not to be named, told AFP news agency.
The source also said there had been frequent visits by Wagner executives to Bamako and the activities by Russian geologists known for their association with Wagner.
The other countries to have co-signed Thursday's statement were Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Romania and Sweden.
The United States was not a signatory but Secretary of State Antony Blinken last week warned Mali not to accept Wagner mercenaries, saying a deal would divert needed funds and further destabilise the country.
Experts have said a deal between Mali's military-led government and the private security firm to hire mercenaries would increase Moscow's influence while undermining French-led operations against armed groups operating in the country and the wider Sahel region.
In July, President Emmanuel Macron announced a drawdown of French troops in the Sahel region by early 2022.
French troops have been present in Mali since 2013, when they intervened to force out armed fighters from power in the country's north. That operation was later extended to other countries in an effort to stabilise the broader Sahel region that includes Chad, Niger, Burkina Faso and Mauritania.
Facing a fight with seemingly no end in sight, French President Emmanuel Macron announced in July plans to reduce the 5,100 French troops under its Barkhane mission by about half and close down French bases in northern Mali in a bid to initiate a wider European effort.
The drawdown came as anti-French sentiment has become widely popular among Malians who accuse Paris of failing to contain the ever-growing violence and pursuing a hidden agenda in the country.
Malian officials, meanwhile, have accused France of abandoning their country with its "unilateral" decision to withdraw troops.
France has said that Malian forces are ready to take over in fighting the insurgency in northern Mali. Macron promised African leaders in a meeting in July that France will continue to help fight groups linked to al-Qaida and the Islamic State.
Macron was due to raise concerns over the Wagner Group in a meeting with Mali's new interim president Assimi Goita. However, this trip was canceled for reasons related to the coronavirus pandemic.
Goita took power in June in Mali's second military coup within the space of a year.
Tags: Antony BlinkenAssimi GoitaEmmanuel MacronEuropean Union (EU)FranceMaliRussian Wagner Group
South Korea Pardons Jailed Former President Park Geun-hye
Chelsea 'Have No Plans To Sell Ziyech, Werner'


I'm maintaining a WordPress site on GoDaddy for a client and they started to get the "this link has expired error" when they saved a post. It does not happen when I upload a file. However, I am getting an "http error" error when I try and upload a file.
I've done some research, everyone who experiences this error seems to find a solution with updating the php config files to allow larger uploads, longer input times and so forth. This did not seem to work. I've included the phpinfo information below just incase.
From what I've gathered it seems to be an issue with the Nonces, but the clients did not update any plugin or update wordpress. Nothing should have changed, and I don't have enough experience to understand what's happening here.
EDIT: When I update the Authentication Keys and Salts (from here), it works once and then stops working.
EDIT2: I discovered the theme is the culprit (Jupiter 6). However, once de-activated, the situation still happens until my cookies are cleared and I log out and back in. Updating and installing the theme again does not seem to have solved the problem. On a fresh install of wordpress, the theme works fine.
Browse other questions tagged php errors authentication nonce or ask your own question.


text:
Q: Ajax call to API which returns JSON I have created a restful API which currently returns the following JSON as a list when accessed via the URL localhost:52359/API/Brands.
[{"brand_id":1,"brand_name":"brand1"},{"brand_id":2,"brand_name":"brand2"}]

I also have a Ajax call to my API which is as follows:
$ajax({
type: "GET",
url: "localhost:52359/API/Brands",
datatype:"JSON",
success: {
}

What needs to be included in the success so that my data from API is retuned in JSON and is logged to the console as I only want to currently test that data is being retrieved from the api using this Ajax call.


text:
ERC > LEXICON OF THE YIDDISH THEATRE > VOLUME 5 > GEDALYA GURMAN
Gedalya Gurman
Born in 1883 in Uman, Ukraine.
In 1924 he began to work as a singer of Yiddish folk songs, while at the same time as a cantor and concertist with liturgical programs. He went to Bucharest and Czernowitz, and afterwards toured across very old and new Romania.
In 1920 he searched for a brother in Africa and there recorded on a gramophone plate several numbers from his repertoire. Returning to Romania, he again recorded himself per his profession as a cantor, until the summer of 1941 when the Nazis captured Czernowitz.
Soon after they entered, the Gestapo came for him in his apartment, carried him off to the Czernowitz Culture Palace, and from there to the Prut, where he was killed. Ilya Ehrenburg in his "Black Book," also published in Romania in 1946, mentioning his tragic end.
G.'s wife Mindl (Manya) in 1942 was deported and was killed in Shargorod, Transnistria. Their daughter Sonia and her husband Shmuel Fischler were actors in the Bucharest State Yiddish Theatre.
Sh. E. from Julian Schwartz.


AREA51.fm Reporting from Roswell Ep 20 "MUFON invades Korea?"
FipeSide Lite Monday Edition W/Joe Montaldo & Lily Whyte Aug 22 2016 trans gender should they be able to use locker room and bathrooms in high school and Jr high is being gay a social ill r a genetic ill come find out.
Cathy Bilsky /Quantum Leap Radio Show 8/19/16 Syria. Telling it like it is with Judy Bello. Judy just got back from a Peace Mission in Syria are ready to tell all that is really happening there.


text:
Kbc Helpline Number | Kbc Helpline Number 2021 - Kbc Head Office Number
KBC WhatsApp Number
KBC HelpLine Number
Kbc head office number Kon Banega Crorepati has millions of fans not only in India but also throughout the whole world. These fans are always willing to take part in the Kbc head office number. They want to not only get rewards by just answering the simple questions but they also want to meet with their dream actor Sir Bachan who is the official host of the KBC show since 2000 Kbc helpline number, when the KBC show was started for the first time.
Meanwhile during some period, due to the abnormal health of Amitab Bachan, the KBC show was hosted by Shahrukh Khan. But when the circumstances became normal, Bachan came back and joined the show again.
Since this huge number of people follow the Kbc head office number show so they also want to take part in the show. That's the reason that the entry for this show is very difficult. You have to check the available seats for the KBC Helpline Number show.
As we are the official provider of KBC show tickets, so you can make a call to our official head office number and ask for your seat. We will provide you a seat at the KBC show. The method for this is very simple. You just have to make a call on the following number.
WhatsApp number of KBC Headoffice
We are aware of the fact that most of the people don't have the resources to make a call at the Dubai number given above. That's why we have provided the WhatsApp number of the Kbc helpline number so you can ask for the ticket or Kbc head office number pass not by just making calls but also by sending a message on our number given above.
Not only this, but you can also tell us about your location and we will provide you the official ticket for the KBC show. This KBC ticket will give you an entry into the show.
KBC Number +971503620132
This is the official KBC Helpline Number at which you can make a call and ask for the Entry pass. At this number, you can not only make a call but also make a WhatsApp call and WhatsApp message and we will respond to you as soon as possible. As there are hundreds of people waiting for their turn of getting a seat in the KBC Show so it takes a day or two to respond to your queries but it's quite obvious that we will respond to you and will give the Kbc head office number ticket.
Entry Pass of KBC Show
As there are hundreds of people are waiting for an entry to the KBC show, so you have to have a look at the nearest branch of the KBC show where you can easily come and join our game show. Our KBC Branch offices include the Mumbai Branch of KBC, Lakhnao Branch of Kbc head office number, Kolkata Branch of KBC as well as UP branch of KBC where you can be the next guest to get an entry in the Show. Just a single call or WhatsApp call and you will be the next invited participant of the Kbc helpline number show where you can not only watch the KBC show live but also have a chance to win the prize cash. Besides all these benefits, you can also have an opportunity to take a selfie with the Bachan sir which is the dream of most of the people as Bachan sir is the legendary actor of the World Kbc helpline number.
Tags: amitabh bachan, card, contact, entry, gameshow, kaun banega crorepati, kbc, Kbc head office number Kbc helpline number, kbc number, lottery, number, pass, sony, sony liv, tv, tv show
Kbc Helpline Number - Kbc Head Office Number - Kbc Contact Number
Template Created By : ThemeXpose All Rights Reserved.


text:
Andrzej wajda pan tadeusz online dating
Pan Tadeusz by Adam Mickiewicz
myhyundai.info: Pan Tadeusz: Andrzej Wajda: Movies & TV. Not Rated; Studio: Polart Video; DVD Release Date: January 19, ; Average Customer Review: . Results 1 - 29 of 29 Contributor: Weber, Andrew; Date: Blog Ashes and diamonds | Andrzej Wajda's ashes and diamonds | Popiol y diament . Pan Tadeusz Catalog Record Only Prior to Napoleon's war with Russia, two feuding. Just how did 'Tadeusz' become the archetypal Polish name? it's popularity in Poland only dates back to the late 18th century and is But it wasn't until and the publication of Adam Mickiewicz's Romantic epic Pan Tadeusz, . Andrzej Wajda on the set of his film Katyń, , photo: INTERFOTO /.
But a quick look back at the beginning of the Mackenzie, and the Project-Gutenberg-age Noyes prose translation, made me glad - as first impressions have a stronger effect on me than they ought - that I was reading it for the first time in a version which I could love in the way that I love a few great English classics.
This is a seriously impressive feat of translation. Mickiewicz wrote Pan Tadeusz in a characteristic Polish meter, thirteen-syllable alexandrines.
Johnston has transposed it into the classic English iambic pentameter, and made wonderful use of enjambment, half-rhymes and similar devices that feel like real poetry which has stood the test of time and sound right to the contemporary reader. The meter also augmented the quality of the multiple-wedding ending, by association with Shakespearean comedy.
The rhyming couplets do not weigh down the ends of lines as they would from a lesser pen. Johnston states in his introduction that this is also a line-by-line translation. As someone who has never been able to write so much as a decent limerick, I find that phenomenal.
Tadeusz himself is only nineteen. He is present in many scenes, but is by no means at the centre of all the action - I can see why the poem has an alternative subtitle. It is contemporaneous with parts of War and Peace, and is another of the 19th century great works springing from the Napoleonic Wars — and of course the ominous Great Comet of is sighted: Then hauling them north, toward the polar star. All Lithuania, filled with dread untold, Nightly would watch this spectacle unfold— An evil sign, with other auguries: Birds of ill omen gave portentous cries And gathered in empty fields, bills sharpened, massed As though expecting corpses for a feast.
Dogs, rooting obstinately in the earth, Howled and howled shrilly, as if smelling death— Betokening war or famine; foresters Saw the Plague Maiden in the graveyard firs, Head higher yet than where the treetops stand, A bloodied scarf aflap in her left hand. The portent is left hanging in the air, because, as Johnston explains in the introduction, the text largely conveys a sense of hope, by ending before battle, when the Napoleonic army might still help Poland-Lithuania free itself from the Russians.
Even snapshots of historical defeat can sound victorious to the uninitiated: Old Maciej, one of my favourite characters, is more circumspect about the forthcoming battle, but is finally shifted aside for this opinion. A lot of the poem is made up of two types of scene. And secondly, large-scale, largely drunken fighting. Most of the conflict is related in a detailed and exciting way which worked brilliantly for me as a fan of action films.
For those who love to absorb social history through fiction and poetry, especially this kind of rural setting found in Tolstoy, and as Johnston points out, Thomas Hardy now I want to read more Hardy!
Pan Tadeusz - Quand Napoléon traversait le Niemen () - IMDb
And boy are there feasts in this book The age of one of the female love interests may bother some English-speaking readers, although from the perspective of historical understanding, I found the way she was presented interesting. She simply seems to be regarded by society in a way that, in an English novel of the same period, reflected a girl a few years older. I have seen a few genealogical records of 15 year olds married in late 18thth century Poland, and this was a region in which the West European Marriage Pattern did not apply.
The aunt, Telimena probably in her 30s may not always be so flatteringly portrayed later in the poem as she is at first, but what stuck with me most strongly was the first scene in which she appears: The story takes place over the course of five days in and one day in in rolling landscapes of Lithuania inhabited by Poles whose homeland has been recently partitioned among Russia, the Austrian Empire and Prussia.
Not far off in history looms Napoleon 's invasion of Russiathe prospect of which heartens Poles yearning for liberation. But more immediately, the characters in Pan Tadeusz are feuding among themselves.
Pan Tadeusz - Quand Napoléon traversait le Niemen () - Photo Gallery - IMDb
At odds are two families: Their differences arise from a bloody night when the dashing Jacek Soplica who was earlier rejected as a suitor for the old Count Horeszko's daughtertakes advantage of a Russian assault on the Count's castle to kill him. At that moment, the Count's faithful warden, Gervazy, vows vengeance for his master's death.
Gervazy will not forgive and forget that inthe last household lord of the Horeszkos was killed by Jacek Soplica and as a result, the latter was rewarded with the former's castle by the Russian colonizers. Judge Soplica Andrzej SewerynJacek Soplica's brother, who now lives in the castle of Count Horeszkois locked in a lawsuit over the castle.
He is soon smitten with the innocent Zosia Alicja Bachledathe teenage ward of his manipulative aunt, Telimena Grazyna Szapolowska. Preaching insurrection among the people is Priest Robak Boguslaw Lindawho carries more than a few secrets under his cowl. Naturally, the Poles get intensely worked up over this news as they abhor their Russian overlords. In the meantime, aunt Telimena, who is in charge of raising year-old Zosia, begins a relationship with Tadeusz.
This relationship does not please the rest of the family who expect Tadeusz to marry Zosia. More reports arrive of the approach of Napoleon's army. It is said that Polish horsemen are coming with the French and will cross the Niemen. At this time Tadeusz finds out that his father Jacek is still alive and that it was he who sent Priest Robak to his uncle to secure the marriage of Tadeusz and Zosia. Through this marriage, Jacek wishes to make amends for his past sins by restoring the land back to the Count.
However, aunt Telimena who is in love with Tadeusz herself secretly wishes for Zosia to marry the wealthy Count.
Categories: Online dating
Free depression dating sites
Dating perthshire paperweights for sale
Kottamchukkadi thailam online dating
Dean ambrose and rene young not dating 2014
Serial brazilian online dating
Australia dating website
Polyamory married and dating episode 5
10 simple rules for dating my daughter castrates
The best free asian dating sites
Ladro in casa yahoo dating
sendangsono porn tube
yulu porn tube
old and young lesbians fuck each other
busty latina dances watch part on dollycamsga


The Kats at AMT have resurrected another long lost favorite, the 1923 Ford Model T Delivery Van! Not only have they brought it back in Retro Deluxe packaging, they've teamed up with the folks at Nestle to create the Sweet 'n Special Edition! The kit will feature a huge expanded decal sheet with optional markings from four of Nestle's most recognizable and historically delicious products!


We teach welding and related technical skills efficiently. We are committed to making these skills broadly available to everyone. We teach clients as young as ten, and we are proud to make welding instruction available and accessible to a very diverse clientele.
We offer the most accessible welding and technical instruction in Washington state.
We teach more beginners per year than all three of the local community colleges do in the same period.
We do not offer technical certification. Our classes are intended to help you develop specific competencies efficiently rather than offering more general long term instruction as is done in a technical college.
Please refer to the F.A.Q. for more detail.
All our classes are described as beginning, intermediate and advanced. All our classes are small, fewer than twelve people. This helps us ensure we can provide you with focused attention so that your skills improve as quickly as possible.
If you mouse over the dates on our calendar it will tell you what class is being offered on that date, you can click the dates on the calendar to get more info or book a class. Full Calendar.


A year after their debut 7", London's Cosines release yet another small slab of vinyl that shows the band growing heavier, both sonically and lyrically.
"Commuter Love" attacks with the bass-driven stomp of a classic glam rocker, all frustration and no frills, the sound of riding trains in circles but not really going anywhere in life, love or ambition. On the surface, "Disclosed Stories" could pose as a Stereolab rocker, but closer listening reveals a strong Kinks pop sensibility with a bit of Peter Hammill darkness, particularly in the lyrics, which explore friendships between two platonic parties who would rather be lovers, but just can't make the leap. It's an entirely successful release full of punch and honesty, the sound of people who actually live their lives rather than philosophize on social media.
With such a stellar leap on their second offering, Cosines have certainly established themselves as a true force in the UK underground. Best of all, they can only grow better.


text:
Čchao-chu (, pchin-jinem Cháohú) městský okres v městské prefektuře Che-fej v provincii An-chuej v Čínské lidové republice. Leží v něm stejnojmenné jezero Čchao-chu, po kterém je pojmenován. Čchao-chu má necelých devět set tisíc obyvatel a rozlohu přes dva tisíce kilometrů čtverečních.

Na severozápadě sousedí Čchao-chu s Che-fejem, hlavním městem provincie, na západě sousedí s Lu-anem, na jihozápadě s An-čchingem, na jihu s Tchung-lingem, na jihovýchodě s Wu-chu a na východě s Ma-an-šanem a provincií Ťiang-su.

Reference

Externí odkazy

Města v An-chueji
Městské okresy v Číně
Che-fej

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
import { NgModule, ApplicationRef } from '@angular/core';
import { AppComponent } from './app.component';
import { AppRoutingModule } from './app-routing.module';
import { CoreModule } from './core/core.module';
import { ServiceWorkerModule } from '@angular/service-worker';
import { environment } from '../environments/environment';

@NgModule({
  imports: [
    AppRoutingModule,
    CoreModule.forRoot(),
    ServiceWorkerModule.register('/sw-app.js', { enabled: environment.production })

  ],
  declarations: [
    AppComponent
  ],
  providers: [],
  bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Niamh Mc has it all 'wrapped' up!
by admin on April 29, 2015 at 7:33 pm
I've never claimed to be a first class chef and I've never aspired to be such. But the food that gets cooked always gets eaten and that's good enough for me. However my youngest son is forever comparing my signature 'wraps' to that of local girl Niamh Mc's 'wraps' at the Spar deli counter in Muff.
And it's not only my wraps that get this comparison, it's the wraps of every café and restaurant the length and breadth of the country. The boy has an inclination to pop along to the said deli on a regular basis once the weekend sets in. It has even got to the stage that when I met Niamh recently I felt obliged to tell her that as the said boys mother I do actually cook him three meals a day!
So what is Niamh's secret? I've tried different 'sweet chilli' sauces…different cheeses, even chicken from every shop in the country…..but alas, none come close to Niamhs.
Just recently, myself and the boy were eating in one of my favourite haunts in Derry (the same place where the boy first tried this particular wrap that he's addicted to) and as always he ordered his wrap. It came down and immediately he complained that it wasn't toasted. I told him to just enjoy this for a change. To which he simply replied, 'Niamh would toast it'!! So he ate the cold wrap and said it was 'just ok, but Niamh's is far better'!
We've stopped at deli's all over Donegal and each time, he orders his 'wrap'. And each time, Niamh gets a mention, and always in the positive sense. Even the way others cut the wrap is compared to how Niamh cuts it. There's no meeting her expertise in wrap creation!
I've made the same wrap at home regularly and yet it's compared to hers. There's no escaping the fact that he really has tried the rest….but Niamh Mc's are simply the best!


text:
Q: Show deafult autocompletion results when MultiAutoCompleteTextView gets foucs In MultiAutoCompleteTextView i am displaying auto completion results from my sqlite database. Means i have set custom adapter for MultiAutoCompleteTextView.
Now I want to autocomplete default results when MultiAutoCompleteTextView gets focus.
eg. if i click on MultiAutoCompleteTextView, it should autocomplete default (starting from any specific letter) results.
How can i do that ?..

A: Extend the MultiAutoCompleteTextView class, and override the onFocusChanged method:
@Override
protected void onFocusChanged(boolean focused, int direction, Rect previouslyFocusedRect) {
    super.onFocusChanged(focused, direction, previouslyFocusedRect);
    if (focused) {
        performFiltering(getText(), -1);
    }
}

(I did this for a regular AutoCompleteTextView but I assume it will also work for a Multi...)


The shadow of the arms are painted on after they are built together.
The parts ready to put together.
I choice to put on all the original decals. Some of them are just sticker, so you will see the transparent parts. They are not water decal, otherwise, I can teach you how to make them disappear. Remember it is base materials for quick good looking build tutorial. Quick means under 12 hours total.
The exciting part of putting them together.
I usually put the head together at the end to make sure I am totally warm up in the build.
It is a very fun item. You can make the arms to get inside to transform to "swim mode".
The back is looking good as well.
Pretty good for something that is under 12 hours or so.
The zaku at the back takes 6 months to build. This one takes about 2 weeks with 1 or so hour a day, etc.
Use the original color to make magic! Hope you enjoy it.


1. The house is decorated for Christmas. I'm sorry to all those post-Thanksgiving purists. I talked a little bit last year about why I do it so early. And I have all bases covered.
Hot soup in front of the tree in a seasonal mug?
2. First showing of the best Christmas movie, after the full-length Grinch, of course.
Hot drink in front of the mantle.
2. New Cookbook. I might have squealed like a girl when I got the email from Melissa. I had to re-read it a few times to make sure it was THE MELISSA JOULWAN. The same one who wrote one of my favorite Paleo cookbooks. In fact, Well Fed was the first one I bought and used. She reached out to see if I would like to review Well Fed 2 before it was released. And of course I was thrilled. I'll have much much more to talk about that in the next few days. And, there will be a fantastic giveway coming up in early December.
3. Running is…painful. I've had some lingering pain in the top of my foot since the last half-marathon and I only feel it late in a run. I don't want to think stress fracture, so I'm not. I will say my marathon plans are on hold until I find out more. And someone should quickly tie a rope around me to keep me from going over the edge. I haven't had an injury in forever. I never forgot what it felt like and rarely took running pain-free for granted. I'll hush now before I jinx anything.