text:
Boeing Bust (1969-1971)
By Alan J. Stein
Beginning in 1969, the Boeing Company, after a decade of rapid growth in air travel, began laying off employees due to oversaturation of the airplane market. As airplane sales continued to decline, the company teetered on the verge of bankruptcy, leading to deeper cuts in every department. Then, in 1971, the U.S. government cut funding to the company's supersonic transport (SST) program, and the project was cancelled soon after. By the time that layoffs ceased, Boeing had lost more than 60 percent of its workforce. Because the aerospace company was the region's largest employer, the downturn had a ripple effect in the local economy, and unemployment rates soared throughout the state. By the end of the 1970s, the economy had improved but the traumatic effects of the "Boeing Bust" remained in Washington's collective psyche for years to come.
When the first Boeing 707 entered service in 1958, a new era of air travel began. Although Great Britain and Russia had already built commercial jet airliners (the de Havilland Comet and the Tupelov TU-104) the 707 quickly proved to be the aircraft of choice for most major airlines. The plane quickly became so popular that airports around the world were in a rush to upgrade their facilities and infrastructure to accommodate the new aircraft.
The 707 was a boon to Washington's economy, especially around Seattle, where most people either worked for Boeing or knew someone who did. By the time the plane had entered production in 1957, Boeing's employment had topped 100,000 for the first time in its history. Orders for the new aircraft poured in, and once the 707 became the workhorse for transcontinental and transoceanic travel, airline companies expressed a need for smaller jetliners to serve regional airports with shorter runways.
In 1962, Boeing launched the first 727, a three-engined aircraft that could fly between 2,500 and 3,000 miles. The 727 was another big success for the company, and airlines enjoyed its use not only for passenger service, but for carrying cargo. A stretched version of the plane was launched in 1967 to allow more passengers. That year, Boeing also launched the first 737, designed to fill the gap between 727 and 707 markets.
By the mid-1960s, the Boeing Company was flying high. Between 1965 and 1968, Boeing's payroll had almost doubled and airplane sales were robust. The company had diversified into the space age, first with the Saturn rocket boosters that would help men land on the moon, and later with the Lunar Roving Vehicle that would drive upon its surface. As the aviation firm evolved into an aerospace firm, it set its sights on building one of its most audacious planes yet -- the 747 Jumbo Jet.
Plans for the Boeing 747 were developed in the early 1960s, after Pan American World Airways expressed interest in a plane that was larger than the Boeing 707. In 1966, Pan Am placed an order for 25 jumbo jets, deliverable in three years. Boeing gambled almost everything it had to make this project a success, even though the time frame was short, the design was not yet complete, and a production plant had yet to be built.
To get the job done, Boeing had to change the way it built aircraft. More than 65 percent of the work was subcontracted to other companies and construction began on a new modern assembly building in Everett. By the time the building -- the world's largest under a single roof -- was complete, all the pieces needed to build a jet airliner would be assembled there. The only parts manufactured at the Everett facility were the wings and the forward body sections, including the flight deck. Employment at Boeing was at an all-time high, with 142,000 working directly for the company and thousands more working for suppliers, many of which were based in Washington.
Troubles Begin
In 1968, William M. Allen (1900-1985) -- Boeing's president since 1945, and who had overseen the launches of the 707, 727, and 737 -- stepped down to become chairman of the board, and handed the reins to T. A. Wilson (1921-1999), who had begun work at Boeing in 1943 as an aeronautical engineer. Allen oversaw most of the 747 program, but it was Wilson who guided it through to completion. At the time, the 747 program was one of the largest nongovernmental projects in United States history.
When the 747 was rolled out in September 1968, it was christened by 26 flight attendants, one each from the 26 airlines that had already placed orders. Five months later, the first jumbo jet, christened the City of Everett, had its maiden flight from Paine Field in Everett, and crowds stood in awe as the gigantic plane -- almost twice the size of a 707 -- took to the skies.
The 747 appeared to be another huge success for the company, but behind the scenes executives were getting worried. Development costs of the 747, and also the 737, were higher than expected. Meanwhile the airliner market had become saturated, and while plenty of deliveries were being made, new orders were falling off. Compounding this dismal economic outlook were troubles with another Boeing program -- the supersonic transport (SST).
Boeing began studying the feasibility of supersonic transport in the 1950s, but the project found greater support after President Kennedy requested that the Federal Aviation Administration recommend improvements that could be made regarding the nation's civil aviation industry. His newly appointed FAA director Najeeb Halaby (1915-2003) proposed that the government fund design studies for an American SST that could carry up to 175 passengers and reach speeds of Mach 2.5.
Military brass scoffed at the idea, worried that the SST would divert funding from military aviation projects. Other skeptics felt that the SST would be too expensive to build and maintain. But after the United Kingdom, France, and the Soviet Union announced their plans to build SSTs, American aircraft manufacturers all agreed that the United States should not fall behind in the aerospace race. Kennedy introduced the National Supersonic Transport program in 1963.
Boeing proposed a plane that could carry 250 passengers and reach speeds of up to Mach 2.7. The Boeing design also included a swing-wing configuration, in which the wings could be swept back during high-speed flight. Lockheed, Boeing's chief competitor for the contract, favored a fixed delta-wing. In 1966, both companies submitted their proposals with full-scale mock-ups, and Boeing was awarded the contract on New Year's Eve. Inspired by this potential boost to Seattle's economy, the city's new professional basketball team was named the SuperSonics by its owner.
Almost from the start, the SST program suffered through redesigns and delays. The pivot mechanism of the swing-wing added more weight than was planned, and the company reverted to a modified delta-wing design that only had a slight amount of sweepback. Engine placement also had to be changed, and by the final configuration the engines had been moved to the trailing edge of the wings to protect them from shock waves caused by high speeds.
By 1969, the project was already two years behind schedule, and work hadn't even begun on building the prototypes. Meanwhile, the Soviet Union had launched the Tupelov TU-144 a year earlier, making it the first commercial SST in the world. The Concorde, built in a combined effort by the United Kingdom and France, had its maiden flight in March 1969. Later that year, President Nixon announced that it was essential for the U.S. SST program to continue, in order to maintain the nation's leadership in the aviation industry. He requested Congress to appropriate $662 million over a five-year period to keep the program on track.
Meanwhile, the Boeing Company was entering a steep rate of decline. By mid-1969, more than 12,000 workers had left through attrition, and by the end of the year, employment had declined by 20 percent after layoffs began. There was some good news, though. Twenty-six airlines had already placed orders for 122 SSTs. But the drop in employment continued.
Tailspin and Crash
By 1970, the company was in a financial crisis. That year, no new orders came in from any U.S. airline for any type of Boeing aircraft, and only a few foreign airline sales were made. And because the company had already borrowed a billion dollars to finance the 747 program, no creditors could be found to lend it additional funds. The Boeing Company struggled to remain solvent.
Layoffs hit every department. The number of hourly workers declined from 40,000 to 15,000. The number of engineers and scientists, which had been near 15,000, dropped by more than half. Office staff was cut from 24,000 to 9,000. Managerial positions were slashed all the way up the line, and even the top executives took pay cuts of up to 25 percent.
Then, everything went from bad to worse. As SST costs continued to rise, some members of Congress -- most notably Wisconsin Senator William Proxmire (1915-2005) -- had been eyeing the program as unnecessary federal spending. Although there was support from some elected officials, most notably those backed by labor unions, the U.S. Senate rejected an appropriation in December 1970 to continue development of the SST. Three months later, the Senate cut all funding whatsoever, and the project was cancelled.
Turn Out The Lights
By this time, the "Boeing Bust" -- as it was soon to be called -- sent shockwaves throughout the regional economy, mainly due to Seattle's overreliance on Boeing as an employer. In 1970, Seattle's unemployment rate was 10 percent compared to a national average of 4.5 percent. After the cancellation of the SST program, unemployment in Seattle went as high as 13.8 percent. Boeing laid off more workers, and its payroll bottomed out at 38,690 -- far fewer than during peak employment just a few years earlier.
With few jobs to be found, many people decided to move elsewhere. Housing prices fell drastically. Stores and restaurants experienced huge drop-offs in business. The birth rate fell, the suicide rate climbed. To counteract the grim outlook that pervaded to region, real estate agents Bob McDonald and Jim Youngren rented a billboard near Sea-Tac Airport, and posted the humorous message "Will the last person leaving SEATTLE -- Turn out the lights."
Slow Recovery
By 1972, Boeing started hiring again, thanks to military contracts including the Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS), a modified Boeing 707 with a rotating radar dome, used in airborne surveillance. But just as the Seattle area was hoping to crawl out of its hole, a nationwide recession hit in 1973, coupled a worldwide oil crisis. At least everyone was miserable now.
By the latter half of the 1970s, the recession had waned, and Boeing began to soar once more. Plane sales were up, military contracts were coming in, and by the end of the decade, Boeing employed close to 100,000 people again. Most of this success was attributed to the tight-fisted leadership of T. A. Wilson, whom The Associated Press named in 1978 as one of Washington state's 10 most powerful people.
The "Boeing Bust" was traumatic throughout the state, but it had long-lasting positive effects on the greater Seattle metropolitan area. Although Seattle's population dropped to under half a million by 1980 (down from 565,000 in 1965) suburban communities saw their numbers rise -- mostly due to lowered housing prices -- giving them more of a say in decisions that affected regional growth management. Government and business leaders also shifted their focus beyond Seattle, and looked for ways to diversity the economy, so as to become less dependent upon a single employer.
Seattle Office of Arts & Culture
"Will the last person leaving Seattle - Turn out the lights" billboard, April 16, 1971
Boeing 727 on display at Boeing Field, 1963
Courtesy Washington State Archives
Boeing 747 under construction, Everett, ca. 1969
Courtesy MOHAI (shs13493)
March on Boeing Nov. 5 flyer, 1970
Courtesy Washington State Historical Society (S1991.36.33)
Lunar rover display, Boeing Space Center, Seattle, 1971
Courtesy MOHAI (1986.5.54900.1)
Boeing SST mockup, Seattle, 1972
Courtesy The Boeing Company
Robert J. Serling, Legend and Legacy, the Story of Boeing and its People (New York: St. Marten's Press, 1992); Robert Redding and Bil Yenne, Boeing: Planemaker to the World (San Diego: Thunder Bay Press, 1983); Jim Kershner, Air Washington: Creating Careers in Aerospace (Seattle: Air Washington and HistoryInk, September 2015); Walt Crowley, Rites of Passage: A Memoir of the Sixties in Seattle (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995); Roger Sale, Seattle: Past to Present (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1976); Don Duncan, Washington: the First One Hundred Years, 1889-1989 (Seattle: The Seattle Times, 1989), 108, 109-110; "Go-ahead for the Boeing SST?" Flight International, October 2, 1969, p. 514; "Wilson's Decisions Key to Boeing's Revival," The Seattle Times, April 20, 1975, p. E-2.
Aviation Business Economics


SAT is a standardized test administered by the College Board and is required to be taken by students seeking admission in undergraduate schools. SAT exam has been developed to evaluate the written, verbal and mathematical skills of the candidates.
Applicants to undergraduate courses, particularly in US and Canada, are required to take the SAT exam. If the student is looking to get admission to a particular course, s/he can take the SAT subject tests to show his knowledge and understanding of that particular subject. Subject tests are offered in areas like Literature, History, Mathematics, Sciences and Foreign Languages.
A recent review of admissions policies by The National Center for Fair & Open Testing (FairTest) revealed that many colleges have moved away from SAT subject test, which some years back was crucial for admission to top American universities.
For SAT subject tests, some additional fee might be required.
The SAT is divided into two sections - 1. Reading, Writing, and 2.Mathematics. These two sections are scored on a 200-800 point scale, for a maximum total score of 1600.
SAT subject test scores are measured on a scale of 200 to 800. There are additional sub scores reported on a 20-80 scale. The scores of a student reflect on how he/she compared with other students who took the test. An average SAT score is around 1000. Anything above 1200 is considered a good SAT score. The maximum anyone can score on SAT is the perfect score of 1600. Since you receive scaled scores, you should have some understanding of SAT scaled scores and percentiles.
The SAT is conducted only a few times a year between October to June. You don't have the luxury of selecting an exam date suitable as per your convenience, which is the case with other exams. You need to plan your exam prep according to these test dates. These exams are scheduled to suit your application deadlines for the fall semester.
Students who do well on the SAT tend to be good readers who possess a good vocabulary and who can sustain the pressure of answering questions in short time as the test requires you to deal with nine sections. For the overall preparation, SAT prep is similar to other exams in the sense that you can either take the route of self-studying or attend coaching classes. For self-study you need motivation and self-discipline, to continue with the routine. This method will definitely help you save lots of time and money. However, if you feel you learn best in a classroom environment, then attending coaching classes is not a bad deal. Remember that you can choose to study on your own or through professional help, there is no right or wrong way.


We are constantly developing our products and production methods. Our ecological footprint from acquiring raw material to delivering the ready-made product should be as small as possible. That is why we are continuously improving our methods to finally provide you with sustainable and durable everyday companions and favourites which have been made with the highest environmental standards in mind.
We are working towards making the further use of leather waste that is left over from tanning or cutting. Together with our research partners we are developing an ergonomic and breathing insole, which will be made of fine leather waste flakes from the tannery and organically activated carbon against sweating.
In the future, our insoles will be made of recycled cork.
We are negotiating with various partners to find the best ecological material for our jacket linings.
Small accessories such as mobile cases or leather labels for jackets etc, will be made of our leather leftovers in the future.


text:
15 July 2015 | Android: Netrunner LCG
Download the New Code
New Android: Netrunner FAQ and Tournament Rules are Available
#Netrunner
Upgrades are essential for any program, whether it's a pet project or an advanced piece of military-grade Ice. The more important your servers, the more important it is you stay on the cutting edge of technology.
Upgrade your programs by checking out the new FAQ (pdf, 2.4 MB) and tournament rules (pdf, 4.8 MB).
These changes will go into effect on July 29th, 2015.
A Word from the Developer
Hello Runners and Sysops!
Gen Con and National Championships are upon us and it is time for an update to the Android: Netrunner FAQ. A number of rules clarification entries have been made or added to, as well as a few new card clarifications.
Of note:
A card is only considered to have been advanced when the Corp has spent 1 click and 1 credit on the action of advancing it. Placing or moving advancement tokens to a card is not considered advancing the card.
Unless otherwise noted, all card abilities that do not specify the state of a card can only affect installed cards.
Faceup agendas are not rezzed or unrezzed.
Please read the full document for further clarifications.
Good luck to everyone playing in the upcoming tournaments!
Damon Stone
A Word from Organized Play
We've made a few small changes to the tournament rules in order to clarify and provide more information for certain situations.
First, we have added a new section labeled "Tournament Software Strength of Schedule." Before we started work on our tournament software, stores and tournament organizers were often forced to run tournaments by hand. While many TOs have the math skills to run large tournaments with complicated tiebreakers and pairings, the time this adds to a tournament is significant and detrimental to players' experiences. This limited the rules governing pairings and tiebreakers for our games in the past, but tournament software opens the possibilities of new methods and we have taken advantage of them to improve our tournaments.
With our tournament software in the middle of its beta phase and seeing use out in the world, it's become important to inform players of the new pairings and strength of schedule calculations in a wider manner. While not all players may participate in a tournament run with the software just yet, this addition will inform them of what will be a universal rule once it is released widely across the world.
In addition, we've added rules regarding tardiness to a match. While many TOs already enforce tardiness, now there is a consistent ruling for them to follow.
Finally, we've officially stated that the higher ranked player in the first round of double elimination rounds may look at what identities his or her opponent is playing before making a choice on which side to play. While we've run Worlds and other tournaments in this manner in the past, we realized it was not stated in a public forum for all tournaments to follow.
We look forward to hearing your stories as we head into National Championship season!
Don't let your programs become second-rate! Check out the new FAQ and tournament rules, and be ready for the next run on your servers.
Based on the classic card game designed by Richard Garfield, Android: Netrunner The Card Game is a game for two players set in the dystopian future of Android. It pits monolithic megacorps against subversive netrunners in a high-stakes struggle for the control of valuable data.
Netrunner is a TM of R. Talsorian Games, Inc. Android is TM & ©2018 Fantasy Flight Games. All rights reserved. Netrunner is licensed by Wizards of the Coast LLC. ©2018 Wizards.
17 Feb 2021 Legend of the Five Rings LCG
One Last Winter Court
Regarding the Final World Championship for Legend of the Five Rings: The Card Game
4 Feb 2021 KeyForge
Forging Ahead
Announcement Regarding KeyForge Organized Play and World Championships
12 Oct 2020 Play-and-Share
We're "Board" in Quarantine
Introducing the Fantasy Flight Games Play-and-Share Campaign
4 Sep 2020 Star Wars: X-Wing Second Edition
Announcing an Open Alpha for Star Wars: X-Wing Solo Rules

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Scarf Company is no newcomer – established over 40 years ago in the fashion capital of Australia, the Melbourne-based business initially designed and imported fashion scarves.
Finding inspiration in travelling the globe and exploring exotic places, our pieces speak to the modern woman through timeless design and individuality.
"Our extensive research and passion inspires new designs and sets new trend directions for each collection," says Karen, lead creative at TSC.
We have since grown and evolved with the fashion industry, responding as the Australian market demands, while keeping with our original brand values of authenticity, quality and uniqueness.
Expanding in recent years into different collections, TSC creates a wide range of products these days, including the new brand Di Lusso Living launched in 2015, which aims to add a touch of luxury into everyday living, as well as a recently launched range of leather accessories.
We are now proudly stocked in more than 200 stores all over Australia and New Zealand!
Ethical sourcing and manufacturing have always been a strong point of TSC's values, as we understand the modern consumer is savvier than ever and are placing more and more importance on ethically sourced, environmentally-friendly products over hip-pocket costs.
When she is not working tirelessly behind the scenes, she likes to get back to the important things in life. "We usually go to church on Sunday morning, followed by a family lunch at my Italian husband's mothers where we eat way too much Pasta!
In his downtime, Sahil says "On weekends, I love spending time with my 1-year-old daughter, who is growing up much too quickly. We love taking her to the park as she loves being outdoors.


With the 30" (762mm) and 54" (1371mm) VersaUV LEC UV printer cutters, you can easily create vibrant prototypes and short runs on a variety of actual press substrates, in one seamless workflow. Flexible bag media. Folding cartons. Pressure-sensitive labels. Clear film. CMYK. White, Varnish, Emboss, Crease and Contour Cut. All with a single device.
From roll stock to card stock, the VersaUV LEC Series delivers detailed image quality at resolutions up to 1440 dpi. Print flawless graphics and text with vibrant Roland ECO-UV inks including CMYK, White and Clear Coat for remarkable special effects ranging from gloss or matte finishes to custom textures and simulated embossing. Plus, the LEC Series automatically scores and contour cuts virtually any size and shape for unmatched versatility.
Low heat UV LED lamps allow the VersaUV to handle a vast array of press substrates, including foils, BOPP, PE, PET film, clear and metallic stock. In addition, you can print directly onto synthetic and natural leathers, window coverings, fabrics and other specialty materials. The VersaUV includes a straight media path for printing on semi-rigid sheets such as card stocks and polycarbonates up to 1mm thick.
Whether it's a label, box, bag or sleeve, brand packaging customers require a proof of concept before going to press with a packaging job. But printing even a single proof on the press can be costly in both time and money. Traditional proofing devices are limited in materials and special effects, and require time-consuming hand processes for scoring and cutting. The LEC Series eliminates these issues and allows you to create dynamic prototypes and custom short runs from start to finish, on virtually any substrate.
The proof is in the print.
For critical proofing applications, the VersaUV is compatible with popular color proofing software, including CGS ORIS Color Tuner, GMG Color Proof and FlexoProof/Dot Proof and EFI Color Proof XF and Fiery XF RIP.


Spanish company Walk with Me are famous for collaborating with local artists to create neighbourhood maps. They started by mapping their hometown of Madrid, then ventured east to Barcelona, and have now landed in London to release seven maps that perfectly depict the unique flavour of our city's neighbourhoods.
In 1923, a flurry of colorful postcards heralded the first major Bauhaus school exhibition. Both students and established artists including Paul Klee, László Moholy-Nagy, Wassily Kandinsky, and Herbert Bayer offered snapshots of the German modernist aesthetic that would majorly influence art and design for the rest of the 20th century.
The Power of Protest Art, from Goya to Polke.
An exhibition in Paris asks us to consider what makes people rise up through a selection of rambunctious images that depict revolt. In Soulèvements, an exhibition of art made for and about acts of protest, works either make their political agendas self-evident or manifest them formally.
Will design save us or destroy us?
Settle Into 10 of the Most Beautiful Libraries on Earth.
These aren't just libraries—they're works of art. Designers, it seems, have figured out one way to get people to read more: Make libraries more beautiful.


text:
require 'spec_helper'

describe Chef::Resource::Directory do

  before(:each) do
    @resource = Chef::Resource::Directory.new("fakey_fakerton")
  end

  it "should create a new Chef::Resource::Directory" do
    expect(@resource).to be_a_kind_of(Chef::Resource)
    expect(@resource).to be_a_kind_of(Chef::Resource::Directory)
  end

  it "should have a name" do
    expect(@resource.name).to eql("fakey_fakerton")
  end

  it "should have a default action of 'create'" do
    expect(@resource.action).to eql([:create])
  end

  it "should accept create or delete for action" do
    expect { @resource.action :create }.not_to raise_error
    expect { @resource.action :delete }.not_to raise_error
    expect { @resource.action :blues }.to raise_error(ArgumentError)
  end

  it "should use the object name as the path by default" do
    expect(@resource.path).to eql("fakey_fakerton")
  end

  it "should accept a string as the path" do
    expect { @resource.path "/tmp" }.not_to raise_error
    expect(@resource.path).to eql("/tmp")
    expect { @resource.path Hash.new }.to raise_error(ArgumentError)
  end

  it "should allow you to have specify whether the action is recursive with true/false" do
    expect { @resource.recursive true }.not_to raise_error
    expect { @resource.recursive false }.not_to raise_error
    expect { @resource.recursive "monkey" }.to raise_error(ArgumentError)
  end

  describe "when it has group, mode, and owner" do
    before do
      @resource.path("/tmp/foo/bar/")
      @resource.group("wheel")
      @resource.mode("0664")
      @resource.owner("root")
    end

    it "describes its state" do
      state = @resource.state
      expect(state[:group]).to eq("wheel")
      expect(state[:mode]).to eq("0664")
      expect(state[:owner]).to eq("root")
    end

    it "returns the directory path as its identity" do
      expect(@resource.identity).to eq("/tmp/foo/bar/")
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
New York - Barcelona
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Matthias Revers is a lecturer in Media and Communications at the University of Leeds. Before coming to Leeds, he was a Postdoc at the Institute of Sociology at the University of Frankfurt. He is also a Faculty Fellow at the Center for Cultural Sociology at Yale University and a former Fulbright scholar. His current research encompasses several studies on political polarization in contemporary democracies.
His doctoral research was based on ethnography in the US and Germany and deals with journalistic culture, the adoption of technologies, social media-aided reporting and political public spheres. Most of his research is included in his book Contemporary Journalism in the US and Germany (Palgrave Macmillan, 2017). Other works have been published in Journal of Communication, Information, Communication & Society, Media, Culture & Society, Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism and The American Sociologist.
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text:
Vincenc Adam (6. září 1865 Hořovice – 1938 Vinohrady) byl báňský inženýr a advokát v Praze. Specializoval se na horní právo a vodní právo, z těchto oborů publikoval řadu studií. Přispíval do Slovníku veřejného práva československého.

Život
Narodil se v Hořovicích do rodiny stavebního kontrolora Ignáce Adama a jeho ženy Anny roz. Brounové.

Koncem dubna roku 1899 se JUDr. Vincenc Adam oženil s Marií Příborskou a později spolu měli syna Viktora (1900), Karla a dceru Marii (1900) a Evu (1907).

Zemřel roku 1938 a byl pohřben na Vinohradském hřbitově.

Odkazy

Reference

Externí odkazy

 Databáze Národní knihovny ČR, Adam, Vincenc, 1865-1938
 BSČZ, Biografický slovník, ADAM Vincenc 1865-1938

Narození v roce 1865
Úmrtí v roce 1938
Čeští advokáti
Muži
Pohřbení na Vinohradském hřbitově

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Wow! A 15 night stay sounds incredibly AMAZING. I can't even describe how much I would enjoy a vacation like that! We actually stayed at Disney's Fort Wilderness Cabins a few years ago for 2 weeks and it was so much fun. With that amount of time, you'll really be able to slow down, and take your time without any rich or pressure to experience everything all of the parks have to offer... which is A LOT!!!
You are right, the maximum ticket length you can add to a vacation package is 10 days. We ran into this ourselves during our extended stay. I went ahead and booked the 14 nights with a 10-day ticket and then purchased the extra days separately. Now here's something else to consider... I am not sure if you have the Dining Plan or not, because if so, you couldn't do this, but have you considered booking a room-only reservation and then purchasing Annual Passes? This may actually be more cost effective for you in the long-run. And as an Annual Passholder, you also have the option of adding the Dining Plan to a vacation package as long as you have purchased at least a 2-day ticket. And here's a bonus, you can then take those 2-day tickets and apply their value to the cost of your new Annual Passes.
I recommend taking these suggestions and sitting down to see what works best for your family when crunching all the numbers. I definitely think you may come out ahead with the Annual Pass route.


text:
HomeNewsPress ReleasesScott Bridges named as Senior Vice President USA Fix Network
Scott Bridges named as Senior Vice President USA Fix Network
Newly created position includes US sales and franchising division.
ST. PAUL, MN, December 6, 2022 – Fix Network announces Scott Bridges is the company's new senior vice president, USA.
In this newly created role, Bridges, who was previously the vice president of sales for ProColor Collision, will be responsible for leading Fix Network's sales and franchising divisions in the United States. He will focus on establishing sales and franchising strategies and direction for the Network's ProColor Collision and NOVUS Glass businesses as well as Trans North America Glass Network (TAG Network), which is a third-party administrator of auto glass claims.
"Since joining Fix Network in 2020, Scott has shown his ability to work hand-in-hand with our insurance partners to develop smart processes and strategies," Steve Leal, president and CEO, of Fix Network, said. "As we move forward with our expansion across the United States, his leadership and experience will be integral as we continue to demonstrate the value of a network to our franchisees and insurance partners."
"I'm excited about this opportunity to lead Fix Network in the US, while working closely with our staff and franchise partners to ensure we are delivering top level service to our customers and accounts," Bridges said.
Prior to joining Fix Network, Bridges worked for more than 20 years at Hertz, where he ultimately served as vice president of Franchise Operations for the Americas.
In addition to his career achievements, Bridges has served on the National Auto Body Council board of directors and as treasurer on the Collision Repair Education Foundation board of trustees.
ABOUT FIX NETWORK
Fix Network is a global leader in the automotive aftermarket services sector, consisting of Fix Auto, NOVUS Glass, ProColor Collision, Speedy Auto Service, Speedy Glass US and SRP brands. Our locally owned and operated collision, glass and mechanical repair facilities offer hassle-free vehicle care and services. Our company and our network continue to grow nationally and globally, thanks to a solid foundation based on entrepreneurship and innovation. With more than 2,000 points of service around the world, Fix Network is the premier global automotive aftermarket services solution.
In the United States, Mondofix Inc. has granted an exclusive license to 79411 USA LLC to the FIX AUTO brand.
For more information, visit fixnetwork.com
Wendi MacKay
Director of Global Communications & Digital Channels
Fix Network World


From the City of Light to the Big Smoke, 'Wanderland', the latest exhibition from Hermès, arrived in Dubai and MOJEH took a walk through in wonder.
As I pull back floor-sweeping strands of black fabric, a silver-panelled disco ball twirls, setting the room a-glitter as it moves from wall to wall. Tiny squares of light bounce, then swivel and dance before me. Flashing in an almost rhythmic motion, scenes from old French films play out. My mind no longer feels like my own, as I'm taken to the cobbled streets of the City of Light and I hear Parisians loudly chatter in black-and-white, their voices fading to a mere whisper before they're gone.
"As the flâneur, you don't know what you're going to discover at every step and you're constantly surprised," explains Bruno Gaudichon, the exhibition's curator. I enter a room full of walking sticks. Is this the accessory of the flâneur? They're illustrated in black across pure white walls. They're encased around glass, sunken into the room's structure. And they're captured in videos, on repeat – like a graphic window bringing the sticks to life as a man dances with his. But, who exactly is the flâneur? "The entire exhibition has very much been influenced by Émile Hermès. He travelled a lot and visited a lot of antique houses, and the objects you see inside were purchases made through his passion and love. This is why we've incorporated the walking stick." But he collected many things. And so, the exhibition selected from 30,000 artefacts to convey the life of the flâneur. As I look up, a delicately feathered umbrella is peeking out from the ceiling. It's thought that Émile Hermès purchased his first umbrella at the age of 12. Maybe this acted as a catalyst to his loving obsession with collecting, as he travelled.
The first step away from the room of walking sticks and I'm met with a play-off: Competing ladies' and gentlemen's salons. For the women, multiple Hermès bags are encased in frames and encircle a grey horse's head. As the light goes out, it immediately switches to the other side, forcing the observer to look the other way. From tennis rackets to smart helmets, it conveys the brand's vast history of design. "The whole exhibition is a series of links. The stories throughout are like an urban adventure," explains Gaudichon. And it's true, as you move from one room to the next; you morph into a character in your own collectable tale. The umbrella appears once more, propped up against a wooden bench and standing in a puddle. As you look closer, birds swoop across the sky and clouds glide across from one edge to the other. It's a visual delight, and a small sort of escapism into an alternative universe. The thought of taking off is carried as I reach a perfectly positioned letterbox. Inside, envelope clutches in goatskin – from bright blue and orange to yellow – are visible. Behind them, loveable notes in French can be seen, written using a Nautilus fountain pen. This mixture of contemporary through the use of digital means and trips back in time are constant throughout. "This mixture was very important, because as a luxury house, there's a huge respect for tradition. It was very important for us to focus on this, but also to illustrate a fusion of history with digital, and the way in which they can work in harmony," explains Gaudichon.
For a moment, you think it would be reasonable to sit and sip on an espresso outside the Cafe des Objets Oubliés or 'Forgotten Objects' – a very French-style café. Where a small French bulldog greets you and Parisian music floats out from nowhere. At the bar, a line of glass objects have all captured bracelets and other novelties. But, the pièce de résistance has to be the unexpected movements on the tables. From a revolving eye inside a metal ashtray and lit cigarettes moving along as though on a conveyor-belt around a small spyglass to a paint-box with digital squares mimicking moving water – the element of surprise is everywhere. Emblazoned across a mirror are the words, 'In the golden glow of burning acetylene lamps, the remains of a hundred happy interludes linger on the cool of the mosaic and in the crystalline cages of bottles. Thus, remiss, "Stroll on!" they say.' And stroll we do.
"The whole exhibition is a series of links. The stories throughout are like an urban adventure," explains Gaudichon. This explains the psychedelic nature and plucked obscurity of 'Alice in Wonderland' that's felt throughout. "As a wanderer, you're always looking for new things, you're always on the look-out, and you're taken aback by what you might discover along the way. I think that's almost what someone in luxury is looking for, in terms of wanting to live luxuriously. It's this constant feed of new things. Hermès really is the archetype of luxury." It's also a celebration of the quirkiness of the Hermès family history. The urban areas feature a local artist from the country it's exhibiting in. In Dubai, artist Khalid Mezaina illustrates a scene from a topsy-turvy Parisian-style world. "Mezaina is Dubai's artist – he's very underground. His presence in the exhibition is very important," says Gaudichon. "Street art is something that is developing every day, it was important that at every step we focused on flânerie, but the street artist room is vital in bringing the observer back to where they are. All the street artists we've used in each city are completely different from one another. I think this brings a lot of positivity to the individual cities. In a way, it brings all of the countries together." As also are all of the other artists' works featured – from Emmanuel Pierre, Ugo Gattoni, Romain Laurent, Nicolas Tourte, Peter Keene to Piet S – the mix of digital, history, space, time and travel is captured in many visions.
Working with set designer Hubert Le Gall, it would appear that the future really is digital. Even as I look through a window, I'm met with a very historic setting of Victorian-style dressing, a China tea set and a setback in time – but the candelabra consisting of champagne glasses suddenly begins to shine, the mini Eiffel Tower swings out from underneath a mirror and an Hermès cloak spins of its own accord. I'm in awe. This fusion of history-meets-contemporary is a wonderful fusion. "I think this exhibition in Dubai is probably the most successful out of all of them so far. I think this structure outside Dubai Mall really allows the outside to be brought inside perfectly together," says Gaudichon. Exhibiting from January 21st to February 6th, it's certain to be a visionary success. "I'm very happy with it! It's a very intriguing location, and the fact that it's a floating structure on water is magical," he finishes.
Every room has a different unique and interesting theme. Photographed by James Bort.


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The Kalinin Front was a major formation of the Red Army active in the Eastern Front of World War II, named for the city of Kalinin. It was formally established by Stavka directive on 17 October 1941 and allocated three armies: 22nd, 29th Army and 30th. In May 1942, the Air Forces of the Kalinin Front were reorganised as the 3rd Air Army, comprising three fighter, two ground attack, and one bomber division.

In November 1942 the Kalinin Front, along with the Western Front, launched Operation Mars against the German defenses in the Rzhev/Vyaz'ma salient. The 3rd Shock Army, now allocated to Kalinin Front, started the operation on 24 November by attacking Third Panzer Army at Velikiye Luki, and the next day the Kalinin and Western Fronts assaulted the entire perimeter of the Rzhev salient. The offensive involved the 41st, 22nd, 39th, 31st, 20th, and 29th Armies from both Fronts. The Front was then involved in the Battle of Velikiye Luki in January–March 1943. The 3rd Air Army supported both the Rzhev/Sychevka and the Velikiye Luki operations, but then appears to have been shifted to Northwestern Front briefly to cover the Demyansk bridgehead.

During the Nevel-Haradok operation, from 6 October—31 December 1943, the Front (which changed names halfway through) consisted of 3rd and 4th Shock, 11th Guards and 43rd Armies, plus the 3rd Air Army. Its initial strength was 198,000 men. The losses amounted to 43,551 dead and missing and 125,351 wounded and sick.

It was renamed the 1st Baltic Front in October 1943.

Commanders
Colonel-General Ivan Konev (October 1941 - August 1942)
Lieutenant-General, from November 1942, Colonel-General Maksim Purkayev (August 1942 - April 1943)
Colonel-General, since August 1943, Army General Andrey Yeryomenko (April - October 1943)

References

Soviet fronts
Military units and formations established in 1941
Military units and formations disestablished in 1943


text:
var _MS_PER_DAY = 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24;

// a and b are js Date objects
function dateDiffInDays(a, b) {
	var utc1 = Date.UTC(a.getFullYear(), a.getMonth(), a.getDate());
	var utc2 = Date.UTC(b.getFullYear(), b.getMonth(), b.getDate());

	return Math.floor((utc2 - utc1) / _MS_PER_DAY);
}

time = document.getElementById('elapsed');

today = new Date();
then = new Date(2016, 8, 30); // September as month is 0 indexed

delta = dateDiffInDays(then, today);

time.textContent = delta;


text:
/*
 * User: anna
 * Date: 20-Dec-2007
 */
package com.intellij.codeInspection.lang;

import com.intellij.codeInspection.HTMLComposer;
import com.intellij.codeInspection.reference.RefManager;
import com.intellij.openapi.extensions.ExtensionPointName;
import com.intellij.openapi.project.Project;
import com.intellij.psi.PsiElement;
import javax.annotation.Nonnull;
import javax.annotation.Nullable;

public abstract class InspectionExtensionsFactory {

  public static final ExtensionPointName<InspectionExtensionsFactory> EP_NAME = ExtensionPointName.create("com.intellij.codeInspection.InspectionExtension");

  public abstract GlobalInspectionContextExtension createGlobalInspectionContextExtension();
  @Nullable
  public abstract RefManagerExtension createRefManagerExtension(RefManager refManager);
  @javax.annotation.Nullable
  public abstract HTMLComposerExtension createHTMLComposerExtension(final HTMLComposer composer);

  public abstract boolean isToCheckMember(PsiElement element, String id);

  @Nullable
  public abstract String getSuppressedInspectionIdsIn(PsiElement element);

  public abstract boolean isProjectConfiguredToRunInspections(@Nonnull Project project, boolean online);

}


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Published on December 15th, 2019 | by Zachary Shahan
Thousands Of Electric Vehicle Owners Told Us This …
December 15th, 2019 by Zachary Shahan
For our newest report, Electric Car Drivers: Demands, Desires & Dreams (2019), we surveyed thousands of plug-in vehicle drivers to find out more about their electric vehicle buying decisions, what they want from their next EVs, how EV life is going, and more. Below are some of the top-line takeaway points from the surveys of US, Canadian, and British respondents.
If you want to see more, you can buy the full report here or check out a 14-page preview here. This report was kindly sponsored by CATL* and Volta*, which helped us to collect a large number of surveys in a variety of countries in the respondents' native languages. In the coming weeks, we will be presenting findings from German, Dutch, French, and Norwegian responses. We will also be presenting findings from non-EV owners who completed similar surveys.
This report shows yet again that Tesla vehicles (especially the Model 3 and Model Y) remain the most popular electric vehicles in the US, Canada, and the UK. Tesla drivers, non-Tesla pure EV drivers, and plug-in hybrid drivers all indicated they expected to buy a Tesla more than any other type of vehicle when they buy their next vehicle.
That said, with greater EV diversity on the market, except for Tesla owners, more than half of respondents in each group expected to buy a non-Tesla EV next. Especially popular options were the Kia Niro EV, Hyundai Kona EV, Nissan LEAF, Chevy Bolt, and Renault Zoe. Other than those EV models, responses for many individual models were in the 1% or 2% range, but those still do add up across numerous models, showing the importance of a broader EV market.
These varied EV drivers generally expect more than 200 miles (300 km) of range from their next EV, but fewer than 340 miles (550 km) of range. There was also a strong expectation for long-lasting batteries and fast or superfast charging capability.
EV drivers showed fundamental, strong support for the environment, which was their #1 reason for buying an EV. That said, approximately a quarter of respondents indicated that they had compared the the EVs they ended up buying to gasoline or diesel vehicles before making their purchases.
Many respondents, especially Tesla owners, also indicated that advanced tech and the fun and convenience of EVs were key motivators for their decision to go electric.
Respondents were mostly replacing other vehicles when they purchased their EVs, primarily replacing non-hybrid gasoline or diesel vehicles. They mostly found EV charging and current EV driving range to be adequate for their needs.
Respondents were also quite likely to have rooftop solar panels — 32–52% of respondents indicated they had rooftop solar — and another 10–15% of respondents planned to be getting solar panels soon. Plug-in hybrid drivers and Tesla drivers in North America were least likely to have rooftop solar (32% of each group), but 14–15% of them expected to go solar soon. Tesla and other pure-EV drivers in the UK were most likely to have rooftop solar (52% and 43%, respectively), and another 10–14% (respectively) planned to go solar soon.
The majority of respondents indicated that battery brand was not important to them when purchasing an EV. However, approximately 15% said it was. It was a much more important factor for Tesla owners than other EV owners in North America, 36% of whom said it was important to them.
Tesla drivers were much more likely to have bought their cars new (76% in the UK and 91% in the US & Canada), whereas only non-Tesla EV drivers (35% in the UK and 48% in the US & Canada) and plug-in hybrid drivers (43% in the UK and 51% in the US & Canada) had bought their EVs new.
For more, check out the full report: Electric Car Drivers: Demands, Desires & Dreams (2019).
Tesla Model 3 & Tesla Model Y Most Likely Next EVs Of EV Owners In USA, Canada, & UK
Electric Vehicle Models That EV Owners Considered But Didn't Buy
Top EV Benefits, EV Range Adequacy, Driving & Charging Frequency
*While CATL and Volta generously sponsored this report, they did not have any influence over what was written in the report. Here's a bit more about these two EV-related companies:
Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited ("CATL") is a global leader in the development and manufacturing of lithium-ion power and energy storage batteries, with businesses covering R&D, manufacturing and sales in battery systems for new energy vehicles and energy storage systems. In 2018, the company's sales reached 21.31 GWh worldwide, which was leading in the world (according to SNE Research).
Founded in 2010 out of a passion for advancing transportation, Volta has mastered the art and science of developing cutting-edge electric vehicle charging networks. Volta is accelerating the electric vehicle movement by providing seamless, simple, and free charging experiences. Thoughtfully located along the paths of our busy lives, Volta chargers are the most used in the industry. With the support of forward-thinking brand partners, Volta delivers free charging solutions to real estate owners, power to the electric vehicle community, and impactful brand stories to everyone.
Tags: CATL, Chevy Bolt, Electric Car Drivers: Demands Desires Dreams, GM, Hyundai, Hyundai Kona, Hyundai Kona EV, kia, Kia Niro, Kia Niro EV, Kia soul, Kia Soul EV, Nissan, Nissan Leaf, renault, renault zoe, Tesla, Tesla Model 3, Tesla Model S, Tesla Model X, Tesla Model Y, Volta, Volta Charging
Tesla Model 3 = 7th Best Selling Car In USA →
Tesla Model 3 Dominates US Premium-Class Small & Midsize Car Market — 23% of 2019 Sales →
Fossil Vehicle Sales In Global Freefall — Down 4.7% In 2019! Electric Vehicle Sales Continue To Grow — CleanTechnica Report →
Making The Decision To Buy A Tesla: "It Was Very Scary To Me" →
Tesla Model 3 Dominates US Premium-Class Small & Midsize Car Market — 23% of 2019 Sales


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So as to manage big online traffic need for advanced content delivery network is anticipated to broaden in near future which is likely to support the internet protocol television (IPTV) CDN market development.
Internet units have become mainstream, and shoppers favor an improve to on-demand content offerings at minimal incremental cost. Cable operators and satellite broadcasters are increasingly leveraging IPTV to deliver further channels to their subscribers.
What is Video on Demand (VoD)? Video on Demand (VoD) allows users to select and watch/listen to video or audio content material on demand. It goes hand in hand with IPTV in you could watch digital television over the internet, however VoD has that 'demand' issue to it, letting you watch a program every time it suits you.
In return, the marketing data source company provides at (1701) the service provider with a demographic cluster number CN for every address, by which each cluster number CN is related to a statistically derived life-style and buying habits demographic.
You have got your own Tv channels together with your own content material. This content material will be important to notify college students on campus, inform visitors to massive commercial building, or welcome company to a resort. Alarm interface module: very vital feature where the Alarm system uses the IPTV platform to ship out emergency and notification messages in case of an event.
Advanced Television Services-Advanced Television Services are television providers that are supplied using alternative technologies (such as digital television). Analog Telephone Adapter (ATA)-Analog Telephone Adapter (ATA) is a device that converts analog telephone signals into one other format (such as digital Internet protocol).
Subscription numbers are also increasing owing to new market growth. Growing penetration of internet based streaming services is expected to drive the market. Also, companies are adapting lucrative strategies to attract shoppers, which is also driving the IPTV market.
Consequently, infrastructures must be upgraded to support more bandwidth, espec-ially because the number of customers with HDTV is predicted to develop rapidly over the next 10 years. In addition to adequate bandwidth, IPTV networks must support multicasting to provide both on-demand and conventional live Tv.
Mag 254/255 is a strong Set-Top Box with environment friendly processor STiH207 and increased RAM memory, and it's an optimum solution for IPTV/OTT initiatives. The Set-Top Box is designed to fulfill business initiatives of internet providers, OTT operators and content aggregators.
§1.72(b) and is submitted with the understanding that it is not going to be used to interpret or restrict the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description of the Drawings, various features may be grouped collectively or described in a single embodiment for the aim of streamlining the disclosure.
And given the business models that U.S. A marriage for better or worse? Leibovici believes that Internet Protocol that may finally win out: "The world has already made the decision that IP is probably the most cost-efficient technique of delivering information across networks.
How Do I Start Watching Philo Edu on my Laptop? 4. Start watching Philo Edu! How Do I Start Watching Philo Edu on my Mobile Device? In order for you to watch Philo Edu in your phone or pill, you possibly can obtain the Philo Edu iOS or Android app. How Do I Get Help?
Many international locations do provide authorized IPTV services by way of at the very least one carrier. These carriers may be a part of a government sponsored service provider, such as Kazakhstan or by a serious telecom such as AT&T.
Within the mixed unicast-broadcast situation, the user won't discover any distinction in how content is delivered. The user will have a single user interface (Tv client) within the terminal to access all content material. This combination unicast and broadcast gives one of the simplest ways to satisfy personalization and mass market.
The Rohde & Schwarz electronics group is a number one provider of options within the fields of check and measurement, broadcasting, secure communications, and radiomonitoring and radiolocation. Founded 80 years in the past, this unbiased world company has an intensive sales network and is present in greater than 70 international locations. The company is headquartered in Munich, Germany.
Live streams are sometimes less compressed than on-demand video and so require even larger switch charges. The work that VPNs do to encrypt, decrypt, divert, and forward your entire visitors has a time cost.
This paper will examine the know-how that is fueling this new Internet protocol television (IPTV) infrastructure. The first portion might be looking on the video encoding method and the second portion will focus on the video-over-IP network design that's being used for IPTV.


The following script is ideal to use as Single Login because it does not post anything.
I have not been able to fix this issue yet.
I have had contact with Phillipp and he told me we should be able to see what the normal login form does and change the login script to that same type of work.
I have created a custom form and am trying to use this to process the login.
My entire code is below, I am still getting "Username = ******. Password = ******. ERROR: Technical problem, Unable to determine the login status. Unable to continue due to technical problems." I tried an unmodified version of rclogin.php (changing only the username password), and get the same error.
Downloaded RoundcubeLogin.class.php and the test file.
Put both files in the roundcube directory.
Status: ERROR: Unable to determine the login status. Unable to continue due to technical problems.
Unable to determine the login status. Did you change the RC version?
I did edit the test file to put in a valid username, password. I also changed the rcpath in the test.php to "".


text:
ABC Family's Hit Original Series 'Kyle Xy' Returns on June 11th
The cable channel details the new season, which launches Monday, June 11 at 8:00/7:00c.
Second Season Brings More Questions And New Dangers To Kyle And The Trager Family
Burbank, CA (March 30, 2007) - Viewers have waited patiently to find out the secrets of Kyle's past and now ABC Family has announced the second season premiere of the hit original series KYLE XY on Monday, June 11 (8:00 - 9:00 PM ET/PT). The all-new thirteen one-hour episodes star Matt Dallas ("Wannabe"), Marguerite MacIntyre ("The Days"), Bruce Thomas ("Legally Blonde"), April Matson ("Quintuplets"), Jean-Luc Bilodeau ("Ill Fated"), Chris Olivero ("24"), Kirsten Prout ("Elektra") and newcomer Jaimie Alexander ("Rest Stop").
After Kyle's (Dallas) long search for the secrets of his past, he finally comes face to face with the man that may hold the answers he longs for... Adam Baylin. With Adam's help Kyle begins to realize just where he came from and what his potential might be. But with a twist of fate, Kyle finds himself back on the door-step of the family he left behind. Now under strict training of Tom Foss (Nicholas Lea) he must learn the full scope of his abilities, but keep it a secret from the family who just wants to help him return to the life of a normal teenager. Back in the world of the Tragers, Kyle must come to terms with his new double life and the unknown dangers that lurk outside the family's walls.
The Tragers also have some readjusting to do when Kyle comes back into their lives. After Kyle left, the family struggled to deal with the loss. Nicole (MacIntyre) became despondent and quit her job, Stephen (Thomas) has had to step up to take over for Nicole, Lori (Matson) can't seem to figure out why Declan (Olivero) is so distant with her and Josh (Bilodeau) is up to his usual antics. Once Kyle returns, will the family be able to go back to normal or will his mysterious return leave some lingering issues?
The peril increases for Kyle when a mysterious corporation, Madacorp, gets their hands on the girl in the pod (Alexander) and decides to put her on the hunt for Kyle. Not only does the girl become a part of his world, but she also seeps into the lives of the Tragers, putting everyone at risk. Can Kyle keep the threats away or will they come straight through the Trager's front door?
The ABC Television Studio series is created by Eric Bress & J. Mackye Gruber ("Butterfly Effect," "Final Destination 2"). KYLE XY is executive produced by Chris Bender, J.C. Spink, Eric Tuchman and David Himelfarb.
Distributed in over 90 million homes, ABC Family features original movies, series and specials reflecting today's families and entertaining and connecting with adults through relevant stories about today's relationships, all told with diversity, dysfunction, passion, humor and heart. ABC Family. A New Kind of Family.
· 24 (FOX)
· DAYS, THE (ABC)
· KYLE XY (ABC FAMILY)
· QUINTUPLETS (FOX)


text:
$5,000.00 On Sale!
INHS B39-04: Status of Endangered and Threatened Sand Area Species of the Illinois Flora
Authors: Loy R. Phillippe, Brenda Molano-Flores, Michael J.C. Murphy, Paul B. Marcum, and John Ebinger
2011; 38 pages.
The sand deposits in Illinois occur on glacial outwash plains from the Wisconsinan glaciation that ended 8,000 to 10,000 years before present. Approximately 70 species of endangered and threatened plants are known to grow in these deposits. In the course of gathering data for Bulletin 39(4), we determined the habitat fidelity and natural community types for 40 of these species that are restricted to glacial drift sand habitats. Plant community types, associated species, moisture requirements, and other data concerning each of the plant species were determined by reviewing the pertinent literature, searching the Illinois Department of Natural Resources Natural Heritage Database, through discussions with botanists and natural heritage biologists, examination of herbarium specimens, and our studies of the vegetation of the Illinois sand deposits. Throughout the course of these studies, most of the nature preserves, state parks, and identified natural areas in the sand regions were visited on numerous occasions and vegetation surveys undertaken. The information presented in this bulletin could allow rare plant conservation in Illinois to become more proactive by encouraging the selection of sites where in situ conservation efforts could be conducted by state, local, and nongovernmental organizations.
INHS B39-03: Review of the Species of New World Erythroneurini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae) IV. Genus Eryatoneura
Authors: Dmitry A. Dmitriev and Christopher H. Dietrich
2010; 180 pages.
INHS B39-02: Vascular Plant Communities of the Green River Lowlands in Northwestern Illinois
Authors: Ebinger, J.E., L.R. Phillipe, W.C. Handel, C.J. Cunningham, W.E. McClain, R.N. Nyboer, and T. Bittner
A few high-quality prairies still exist in the sand deposits of the Green River Lowlands. The most extensive remnants are in the Green River State Wildlife Area, Lee County, Illinois. Three upland prairie communities were surveyed; a dry sand prairie dominated by Schizachyrium scoparium, Ambrosia psilostachya, and Amorpha canescens; a dry-mesic sand prairie dominated by Sorghastrum nutans, Schizachyrium scoparium, Antennaria plantaginifolia, and Liatris aspera; and a mesic sand prairie where Sorghastrum nutans and Andropogon gerardii were the dominant grasses, and Parthenium integrifolium, Fragaria virginiana, Liatris pycnostachya, and Euthamia gymnospermoides the common forbs. The lowlands, which included approximately 325 ha, were dominated by the exotic Phalaris arundinacea, but high-quality wet sand prairie, sedge meadow, and marsh communities existed. The wet sand prairies were dominated by Spartina pectinata, Helianthus grosseserratus, and Solidago canadensis; the sedge meadows were dominated by Carex haydenii, Calamagrostis canadensis, and Persicaria coccinea; the marsh communities were divided into distinct vegetation zones. These vegetation zones were surveyed in 2002 and subjected to an extensive uncontrolled fire in 2005. Surveys completed in 2006 and 2007 were used to determine successional changes resulting from the fire. These studies suggested that most communities were returning to the species composition found before the 2005 fire.
INHS B39-01: Nesting Biology of Mallards in West-central Illinois
Authors: Yetter, A.P., J.D. Stafford, C.S. Hine, M.W. Bower, S.P. Havera, and M.M. Horath
The number of Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) breeding in Illinois and eastern North America has increased in recent decades; however, few studies have investigated the nesting biology of Mallards outside primary production areas. Therefore, we radiomarked resident female Mallards (n = 148) in west-central Illinois during 1998–2003 to assess nesting parameters and evaluate recruitment. Mean initiation date for first nests ranged from 22 April to 6 May, and the majority (75%) of nests were initiated by 20 May. Therefore, the majority of nests were predicted to hatch by 24 June. The nesting season averaged 88 days (range: 77–103 days). The proportion of unsuccessful females that renested ranged from 50.0–85.7%, and adults were more likely to renest (75.0%) than yearlings (48.0%). Nest success ranged from 9.8–33.3% and was 19.6% overall; hen success was 28.3%. Initial brood size was 8.2 ± 0.3 ducklings, but brood size declined to 3.0 ± 0.6 ducklings by 17 days posthatch. Brood survival to 20 days was 0.759 ± 0.081, and 20-day duckling survival was 0.413 ± 0.035. Female survival during spring-summer ranged from 0.546–1.00 and averaged 0.710 ± 0.096. Likewise, estimated Mallard recruitment varied annually (range: 0.302–0.672 female ducklings/female). Assuming constant female and duckling survival, we estimated that a recruitment rate of 0.613 female ducklings/adult female was necessary to maintain a stable Mallard breeding population in west-central Illinois. Estimated Mallard reproduction and recruitment was similar to that observed in other areas of North America. Nest success and hen success approached or exceeded estimated thresholds for population stability in most years; however, hen success averaged over the study period was insufficient for local population maintenance and growth. Female survival was comparable to that observed in other studies but may have limited population growth in some years. Duckling survival was sufficient for population maintenance. Management designed to enhance hen success and brood habitat may augment Mallard recruitment in west-central Illinois.
INHS B38-06: Review of the Species of New World Erythroneurini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae) III. Genus Erythridual
This review provides descriptions, color habitus photos, illustrations, a key for identification, and summaries of distributions and host plants for all known species of the genus Erythridula (135 species). E. canadensis sp.n. from British Columbia (Canada), E. planerae sp.n. from southernIllinois (USA), and E. wyatti sp.n. from southeastern USA are described as new; 129 new synonyms are recognized; a lectotype is designated for Typhlocyba obliqua var. dorsalis Gillette; neotypes are designated for E. lloydi Hepner and E. lasteri Hepner; E. rhodedendronae Hepner is emended to E. rhododendronae Hepner.
INHS B38-05: Contaminants in Unionid Mussels from the Confluence of the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers
Authors: Joan Esarey, David J. Soucek, Jeffrey M. Levengood, Robert J. Hudson, Wade Wimer, Richard S. Halbrook
Unionid mussels were collected from three mussel beds near the confluence of the Mississippi and Illinois rivers in 2003 to evaluate concentrations of selected elements and organic compounds in three abundant species and to preliminarily investigate the relative contribution of these waterways to observed contaminant burdens. Copper (Cu), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) concentrations were higher and lead (Pb) concentrations were lower in Amblema plicata collected downstream of the confluence than in those collected upstream. Mean concentrations of nickel (Ni), total mercury (Hg), methylmercury (MeHg), Pb, and Zn varied by species. Concentrations of cadmium (Cd) decreased with age in A. plicata from two of three sites. Tissue concentrations of some elements, e.g., arsenic (As), Cd, Cu, Pb, Se, and Zn, were similar to or higher than those previously reported for unionid mussels from areas of contaminated sediment. Concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Zn in A. plicata were comparable to those collected from the Mississippi River approximately 450 and 900 km upstream from our study sites (Naimo et al. 1992). Although total Hg concentrations we observed were an order of magnitude lower than in that study, MeHg concentrations were above those associated with reductions in soft tissue mass in a study of Elliptio complanata (Salazar et al. 1995). A number of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were detected in A. plicata tissues, with 85% of detections occurring in mussels from downstream of the confluence. Concentrations of individual PCB congeners were £33 ng/g ww and the maximum summed PCB congener concentration was 100.2 ng/g ww. Although few persistent pesticides were detected, b-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) was detected in each of the species collected from below the confluence of the two rivers, and in A. plicata collected above it on both the Mississippi and Illinois rivers, at a maximum concentration of 103.5 ng/g ww. Aldrin, d-HCH and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) were detected in few of the specimens collected. The findings of this preliminary investigation suggest that unionid mussels from near the confluence of the Mississippi and Illinois rivers may be at risk of negative health effects of elevated exposure to certain environmental contaminants. Studies examining the health and productivity of unionid mussels from this area appear warranted.
INHS B38-04: Vascular Flora of Middle Fork Woods Nature Preserve, Vermilion County, Illinois
Authors: Larimore, Richard L., Phillippe, Loy R., Ebinger, John E.
INHS B38-03: Review of the Species of New World Erythroneurini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae) II. Genus Zyginama
Authors: Dietrich, Christopher H., Dmitriev, Dmitry A.
INHS B38-02: Review of the New World Erythroneurini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae) I. Genera Erythroneura, Erasmoneura, Rossmoneura, and Hymetta
Authors: Dmitriev, Dmitry A., Dietrich, Christopher H.
This review provides descriptions, illustrations, keys for identification, and summaries of distributions and host plants for all known species of the genera Erythroneura (54 species), Erasmoneura (12 species), Rossmoneura (3 species), and Hymetta (5 species). Erythroneura browni sp.n., E. ortha sp.n., E. carinata sp.n., E. glabra sp.n., E. bakeri sp.n., E. kerzhneri sp.n. from Central and Eastern USA, E. triapitsyni sp.n. from New Mexico, Erasmoneura margaritae sp.n. from Illinois, and E. emeljanovi sp.n. from South Carolina are described as new. The following new synonyms are recognized: Erythroneura prima Beamer equals E. maritima Hamilton syn. n.; E. diva McAtee equals E. tricincta var. complementa McAtee syn. n.; E. octonotata Walsh equals E. comes var. compta McAtee syn. n., E. cherokee Robinson syn. n., E. compta var. rufomaculata McAtee syn. n., and E. nigroscuta Johnson syn. n.; E. cymbium McAtee equals E. tricincta var. disjuncta McAtee syn. n.; E. calycula McAtee equals E. tricincta var. erasa McAtee syn. n. and E. tricincta var. noncincta Johnson syn. n.; E. ziczac Walsh equals E. ziczac var. walshi Beamer syn. n.; E. delicata McAtee equals E. comes var. accepta McAtee syn. n., E. scripta Robinson syn. n., and E. tudella Robinson syn. n.; E. rosa Robinson equals E. repetita McAtee, syn. n.; E. kerzhneri sp.n. equals E. vaga sensu Beamer, 1938 (not Johnson, 1934); Erasmoneura vulnerata Fitch equals E. gradata Robinson syn. n.; Erasmoneura fulmina McAtee equals E. bicolorata Beamer syn. n.; Erasmoneura nigra Gillette equals E. vulnerata var. decora McAtee syn. n.; Erasmoneura nigerrima McAtee equals E. atrata Johnson syn. n.; Hymetta balteata McAtee equals H. trifasciata var. albata McAtee syn. n. and H. balteata var. mediana Fairbairn syn. n.; H. anthisma McAtee equals H. distincta Fairbairn syn. n.; Erasmoneura atra Johnson, 1935 is restored and equal to E. nigerrima sensu Beamer, 1946 (not McAtee, 1920).
INHS B38-01: Distribution, Abundance, and Habitat Associations of Franklin's Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus franklinii Sabine 1822)
Authors: Huebschman, J.J.; C. Warwick, Ed.
To better inform conservation and management strategics directed at Franklin's ground squirrel, Spermophilus franklinii, I reviewed published and unpublished accounts of the squirrel's distribution, abundance, and principally, habitat associations. I present the body of literature on S. franklinii and include portions of original accounts to avoid potential bias from paraphrasing. A consensus of the literature indicates that S. franklinii is most frequently associated with habitat characterized by a mixture of grassy and woody vegetation, referred to as savanna-like or parkland habitat. Moreover, S. franklinii has had an affinity for this type of habitat throughout its geographic range in recent, historic, and even prehistoric times. This is in contrast to a view of the species as primarily associated with tallgrass prairie habitat. As indicated in the literature, populations of S. franklinii are subject to marked fluctuations, which probably are influenced by local disturbances in addition to regular dispersal events. In the southern part of its geographic range, S. franklinii is currently limited in its occurrence principally to roadside and railroad right-of-ways. In these southern regions S.franklinii is justifiably of conservation concern. I suggest that more detailed surveys for the species (such as those that have recently occurred in Illinois and Missouri) take place in Iowa and Kansas.
INHS B37-06: The Vegetation & Flora of the Sand Deposits of the Mississippi River Valley
Authors: Ebinger, J., Phillippe, L., Nyboer, R., McClain, W., Busemeyer, D., Robertson, K., Levin, G.
INHS B37-05: Review of the New World Genera of the Leafhopper Tribe Erythroneurini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae)
Authors: Dietrich, C.H., D.A. Dmitriev; C. Warwick, ed.
The genus-level classification of New World Erythroneurini is revised based on results of a phylogenetic analysis of 100 morphological characters. The 704 known species are placed into 18 genera. Erasmoneura Young and Eratoneura Young, previously treated as subgenera of Erythroneura Fitch, and Erythridula Young, most recently treated as a subgenus of Arboridia Zachvatkin, are elevated to generic status. Three species previously included in Erasmoneura are placed in a new genus, Rossmoneura (type species, Erythroneura tecta McAtee). The concept of Erythroneura is thereby narrowed to include only those species previously included in the nominotypical subgenus. New World species previously included in Zygina Fieber are not closely related to the European type species of that genus and are therefore placed in new genera. Neozygina, n. gen., based on type species Erythroneura ceonothana Beamer, includes all species previously included in the "ceonothana group", and Zyginama, n. gen., based on type species Erythroneura ritana Beamer, includes most species previously included in the "ritana group" of New World Zygina. Five additional new genera are described to include other previously described North American Erythroneurini: Hepzygina, n. gen., based on type species Erythroneura milleri Beamer and also including E. aprica McAtee; Mexigina, n. gen., based on type species Erythroneura oculata McAtee; Nelionidia, n. gen., based on type species N. pueblensis, n, sp., three additional new species, and Erythroneura amicis Ross; Neoimbecilla, n. gen., based on type species Erythroneura kiperi Beamer and one new species; and Illinigina, n. gen., based on type species Erythroneura illinoiensis Gillette. Five new genera, based on previously undescribed species, are also recognized: Aztegina, n. gen, based on A. punctinota, n. sp., from Mexico; Amazygina, n. gen., based on type species A. decaspina, n. sp., and three additional new species from Ecuador; Hamagina, n. gen., based on type species H. spinigera, n. sp., and two additional new species from Peru and Ecuador; Napogina, n. gen., based on type species N. recta, n. sp., and one additional new species from Ecuador; Perugina, n. gen., based on type species P. denticula, n. sp., from Peru; and Spinigina, n. gen., based on type species S. hirsuta, n. sp., and an additional new species from Peru. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the New World Erythroneurini consist of three lineages resulting from separate invasions from the Old World.
INHS B37-03-04: Black-crowned Night-Herons of the Lake Calumet Region, Chicago, Illinois
Article 3: Levengood, J.M., Marcisz, W.J., Klement, A.M., Kurcz, M.A.. Nesting Ecology of Black-crowned Night-Herons at Lake Calumet Wetlands.
Article 4: Marcisz, W.J., Levengood, J.M., Klement, A.M., Kurcz, M.A.. Population Trends in a Black-crowned Night-Heron Colony at Lake Calumet Wetlands.
INHS INHS B37-01-02 A Revision of the Bees of the Genus Andrena of the Western Hemisphere.
Authors: LaBerge, W.E., Thorp, R.W.
INHS B36-05: The Winter Stoneflies of Illinois (Insecta: Plecoptera): 100 Years of Change
Authors: Webb, D. W.; T. Rice and C. Warwick, eds.
Winter stoneflies (Insecta: Plecoptera) are an aquatic group of insects whose adults emerge in Illinois from late November to early April. Twenty-one species have been reported from Illinois. Extensive collections of winter stoneflies were made in Illinois during the 1920s and 1930s by Frison, the 1960s by Ross and "the winter stonefly club", and the 1990s by Webb. These specimens are housed in the Insect Collection of the Illinois Natural History Survey and allowed for an evaluation of the current status of these species following a century of environmental change.
INHS B36-04: Natural History of the Wood Frog (Rana sylvatica) in the Shawnee National Forest, Southern Illinois
Authors: Redmer, M.; T. Rice and C. Warwick, eds.
The wood frog (Rana sylvatica), an uncommon species in Illinois, was studied in the Shawnee National forest in the extreme southern part of the state. Frogs were documented from 20 localities in 5 counties (Jackson, Hardin, Pope, Saline, and Union) in the Shawnee Hills and Ozark Natural Divisions. Eggs or tadpoles were observed in 30 aquatic breeding sites, including ephemeral ponds and depressions, semi-permanent ponds, human-made ponds, roadside ditches, and ruts (caused by vehicles) in dirt trails. Surrounding habitat included floodplain and upland deciduous, coniferous, and mixed deciduous/coniferous forests. One population, which bred in at least 13 ponds or flooded depressions in southern Jackson County, was studied more intensively between 1993 and 1997. Explosive breeding took place in this population in late winter and coincided with surface soil temperatures of 9degree C, and less so with warm rains and specific air temperatures. Skeletochronologicaly estimated age of breeding adults was compared to SVL, fecundity, and by mate data 9 SVL and age). There were moderate positive correlations between ages and SVLs of males and of females. There were no correlations between ages and SVLs of amplexed mates. Clutch size was more strongly correlated to female SVL than to female age, and mean ovum diameter was negatively correlated to clutch size.
INHS B36-03: Revision of the Bees of the Genus Tetraloniella in the New World (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: LaBerge, W.E.; C. Warwick, ed.
The genus Tetraloniella was proposed by Ashmead in 1899 (p. 61) to include a small Palearctic eucerine bee, Macrocera graia Eversmann, know to Ashmead only in the female sex. This specimen and several others of this species have been examined by the present author but no male specimen has come available, thus the critical characters of the terminalia have not been studied. Nonetheless, the author is convinced from the female characters that Tetraloniella of Europe and Asia is the same genus as Xenoglossodes, also named by Ashmead (p. 63) later in the same paper. Michener, McGinley, and Danforth (1994:158) refer to the genus under the name Tetraloniella but suggest that, "… the synonymy of Xenoglossodes and Tetraloniella is uncertain." This author agrees that our current knowledge of this interesting genus is incomplete. The synonymy of Xenoglossodes and Tetraloniella, however, appears to be correct and this author will continue to use the latter name for the genus. A total of 6,504 specimens were studied representing 35 species, of which 19 are new to science. A total of 14 names are listed as synonyms and 1 name is recognized as a junior homonym and renamed. Complete descriptions for all species and keys for the diagnoses of both sexes are included when possible.
INHS B36-02: Natural History of the Bird-Voiced (Hyla avivoca) and Green Treefrog (Hyla cinerea) in Southern Illinois
Authors: Redmer, M., L.E. Brown, and R.A. Brandon; Rice, T., ed.
The bird-voiced treefrog, Hyla avivoca Viosca 1928, Figures 1 and 2, and green treefrog, Hyla cinerea (Schneider 1799), Figures 3 and 4, are distributed primarily on the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains of the southeastern United States (Conant and Collins 1998). The ranges of both species reach their northern limits in the Midwest in southern Illinois where Smith (1961) recorded them from Alexander, Jackson, and Union Counties. Because the few documented localities of these treefrogs in Illinois were, until recently, mainly in or near remnant Austroriparian swamplands (which are disappearing rapidly), concern has been expressed that their continued existence in the state is in jeopardy (Ackerman 1975; Ashton et al. 1976; Dyrkacz 1974). Since Smith's (1961) comprehensive study The Amphibians and Reptiles of Illinois, few additional records for these species have been reported. Garton and Brandon (1975) studied reproductive ecology and habitat of H. cinerea at a southern Illinois swamp, but there has been no previous in-depth environmental examination of H. avivoca in Illinois. The objective of this publication is to report the results of our study of the natural history of these two poorly known treefrogs in southern Illinois.
INHS B36-01: Actue Toxicity of Ingested Zinc Shot to Game-Farm Mallards
Authors: Levengood, J.M., G.C. Sanderson, W.L. Anderson, G.L. Foley, L.M. Skowron, P.W. Brown, and J.W. Seets; T.E. Rice, ed.
We conducted a 30-day acute toxicity test of zinc (Zn) shot using 6- to 8-month-old wild-type game-farm Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), 40 of which (20 males and 20 females) were dosed with 6 No. 4 candidate shot pellets containing 98% Zn and 2% tin (Sn); the remaining 40 ducks were dosed with 6 No. 4 steel (Fe) shot and served as controls. The Zn shot resulted in high mortality, with a greater proportion of females dying than males. For the 30-day study, survival averaged 18 and 23 days for female and male Zn-dosed ducks, respectively; all Fe-dosed ducks survived to Day 30. Ataxia/paresis and other signs of intoxication were noted in a large portion of Zn-dosed ducks. For all ducks retaining 6 shot pellets, including those that survived < 30 days, shot retention, percent of the original shot weight dissolved, and dissolution rates were similar for Zn- and Fe-dosed ducks. For those ducks that retained 6 pellets and survived to Day 30, percent loss of the original shot weight and the dissolution rate were higher in Zn-dosed ducks.
INHS B35-05: Annotated Catalog of Type Specimens in the Illinois Natural History Survey Fish Collection
Authors: Sabaj, M.H., K.S. Cummings, and L.M. Page; T.E. Rice, ed.
This catalog is divided into two sections: (1) type specimens presently located in the Fish Collection of the Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS), and (2) type specimens originally deposited in the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History (ISLNH), but not currently found in the INHS collection (i.e., species whose types are either missing entirely or represented only by ISLNH specimens donated to other museums). In both sections, species and subspecies are presented alphabetically within families, and the families are arranged phylogenetically according to Nelson (1994). Photographs of type specimens are presented for 15 species described between 1876 and 1905 by S.A. Forbes, D.S. Jordan, E.W. Nelson, and R.E. Richardson. Except for Parascaphirhynchus albus Forbes and Richardson 1905, these species were not figured in their original description and photographs of the type specimens have never been published.
INHS B35-03/04: Acute Toxicity of Ingested Bismuth Alloy Shot in Game-farm Mallards
Authors: Sanderson, Glen C.; Anderson, William L.; Foley, George L.; Skowron, Loretta M.; Brawn, Jeffrey D.; Seets, James W.
INHS B35-02: The Fishes of Champaign County, Illinois, During a Century of Alterations of a Prairie Ecosystem
Authors: Larimore, R.W. and P.B. Bayley; T.E. Rice and C. Warwick, eds.
1. Much of Champaign County has been converted from marsh and tallgrass prairie to well-drained fertile farmland. Its streams were modified by dredging, tiling, silting, and other influences that accompanied agriculture. 2. Stream fishes in the six drainage basins of the county were sampled in the same locations in the late 1890s, 1928, 1959-60, and 1987-88. Ninety-two species were recorded in the county during these four surveys. Eighteen species previously recorded were not collected in the recent survey. Of these 18, 16 were never common in the county and 6 are listed as Illinois endangered species. With species disappearing and new ones occurring, the total number of species collected in the most recent three (of four) surveys has remained virtually the same-73, 73, 74. 3. Based upon data from the last three surveys, tests of association and time trends indicated that 12 taxa (species or species complexes that occurred in five or more samples from two or more surveys) in a subset of 47 taxa generally increased in percentage of occurrence, while 5 taxa decreased. Ten taxa showed more complex changes and the remaining 20 taxa showed no significant association or trend. Mean species richness per sample, after correcting for gear efficiency differences, dropped drastically between 1928 and 1959 during the time that water quality deteriorated rapidly. 4. Biomass of large predatory species (mostly sportfishes) increased during the past 30 years but in the county the physical habitat apparently limits the distribution and abundance of most of these species. 5. Urban spread has taken much agricultural land and reduced water retention in the floodplains, while the reduction of cattle grazing and the use of conservation tillage have improved the streams. 6. Habitat parameters varied little among most sites. However, fish communities were distinguishable on the basis of discriminant functions related to river size that were influenced primarily by mean depth, drainage area, and specific conductance, and secondarily by riparian crops and soluble reactive phosphorous. 7. Historical evidence indicates that poor water quality was a major limiting factor for most fishes in Champaign County in the 1950s. Results from the recent survey indicate that water quality has been greatly improved during the past 30 years with the elimination of chronic pollution in seven principal areas. 8. The limiting physical habitat is still a function of land-use practices associated with agriculture, particularly channelization and channel maintenance for drainage. Although the dredged streams may never be allowed to regain the diversity of habitat that existed before channelization, some farmers and drainage engineers are limiting channel maintenance and permitting the development of instream meanders, bars, pools, and bank vegetation. Most of the fishes of Champaign County quickly respond to these habitat improvements.
INHS B35-01: Non-Native Fishes Inhabiting the Streams and Lakes of Illinois
Authors: Laird, C.A. and L.M. Page
INHS B34-04: Our Living Heritage: The Biological Resources of Illinois
Authors: Page, L.M. and M.R. Jeffords, eds.
INHS B34-02: Aster and Brachyactis in Illinois
Author: Jones, A.G.
INHS B33-04: The Crayfishes and Shrimps (Decapoda) of Illinois
Author: Page, L.M.
INHS B33-01: The Diptera, or True Flies, of Illinois. I Tabanidae
Authors: Pechuman, L.L., D.W. Webb, and H.J. Teskey
The tabanids, or horse flies and deer flies, are well known to dairy farmers and livestock producers as well as to campers, fishermen, and outdoor enthusiasts as annoying and pain-inflicting inhabitants of most wooded areas of Illinois. These large and persistent flies impart a painful bite and can occur in large enough numbers to make canoeing and hiking virtually impossible. The tabanid fauna of Illinois has never been studied, although several of the surrounding states have published various reports: Indiana (Burton 1975; Meyer & Sanders 1975), Wisconsin (Roberts & Dicke 1958), Iowa (Richards & Knight 1967), Missouri (Andrews & Wingo 1975), Tennessee (Goodwin 1966), Michigan (Hays 1956), Ohio (Hine 1903), Minnesota (Phillip 1931), and Arkansas (Schwardt 1936; Schwardt & Hall 1930). This study is intended to make available in brief form our present knowledge of the tabanids in the central United States, with keys for their determination, and the distribution of those species occurring in Illinois. No attempt is made to give detailed taxonomic descriptions of species. If needed, these can be found for most species in the papers of Brennan (1935) and Stone (1938). Philip (1954, 1955) has keys to all the North American Pangoniinae and Chrysopsinae known at the time. the most recent list of the North American species of Tabanidae is given by Philip (1965).
INHS B31-07: Mecoptera, or Scorpionflies, of Illinois
Authors: Webb, D.W., N.D. Penny, and J.C. Marlin
The objective of this study is to update our knowledge of the distribution and natural history of Mecoptera, particularly in relation to the biogeographic history of Illinois. Synoptic descriptions, keys, and illustrations have been prepared to provide an insight into this primitive and interesting group of insects. The emphasis of this study is on the fauna of Illinois, but other species occurring in the Midwest have been included. Collecting data are listed for those Illinois species known from fewer than ten localities. Records for other species are plotted on distribution maps.
INHS B30-07: Comparative Study of Two Components of the Poinsettia Root Rot Complex
Author: Perry, R.S.
Since more research has been conducted on P. ultimum and R. solani than on T. basicola, the present research was originally designed to investigate some of the environmental factors affecting the growth of Thielaviopsis and the development of the root rot caused by it. However, another fungus, Chalaropsis thielavioides Peyronel, frequently was obtained in isolations from diseased greenhouse poinsettias. Since C. thielavioides had not been reported as being a part of the poinsettia root rot complex, the author decided to investigate its importance as a pathogen on poinsettias. Numerous similarities between C. thielavioides and T. basicola were evident. The object of this work was to compare the two fungi. Prior to undertaking such a study, the pathogenicity of Chalaropsis on poinsettias had to be established. A comparison of Chalaropsis and two isolates of Thielaviopsis was made to determine the effects of environment on the growth of the fungi and the ability of the two fungi to produce disease symptoms poinsettias.
INHS B30-05: A Survey of the Mussels (Unionacea) of the Illinois River: A Polluted Stream
Author: Starrett, W.C.
The basic purposes of this investigation were to make a survey of the pearly mussel (Mussel: Pelecypoda: Unionacea) populations of the entire Illinois River in order to formulate a sound basis for managing the mussel resource of this river, and to determine what species and distributional changes had taken place during the past century.
INHS B29-03: Hybridization of Four Species of Sunfishes (Centrarchidae)
Author: Childers, W.F.
Four species of sunfishes in the tribe Lepomini (red-ear sunfish, bluegill, green sunfish, and warmouth) were selected as experimental species because of local availability; importance to sport fishing; taxonomic relationships; and similarities and differences in their morphology, habitat selection, and reproductive behavior.
INHS B29-02: Stocking and Sport Fishing at Lake Glendale (Illinois)
Author: Hansen, D.F.
Various bass-bluegill stocking procedures employing fry or fingerlings, adult fish alone, or mixtures of adults and fingerlings have been evaluated by Serber (1949), Swingle (1951), and Smith, Kirkwood, & Hall (1955). In these studies, stocking success was measured in such terms as standing crops of young and adult fish, balance of bass and bluegills, or evidence of overpopulation of one or both species. The principal basis for evaluation of the stocking procedures at Lake Glendale was the quality of the hook-and-line fishing. Neither of the stocking procedures used in the present study was among those reported by other workers. The 1940 stocking rates for adult largemouth bass and bluegills were almost the same as the rates used by the Illinois Department of Natural Conservation when it provides adult fish for large publicly-owned waters. For this reason, the results of the present study have special significance in this state.
INHS B28-03: The Comparative Study of Bird Populations in Illinois, 1906-1909 and 1956-1958
Authors: Graber, R.R. and J.W. Graber
On August 29, 1906, Alfred O. Gross and Howard A. Ray, working for the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History (a parent organization of the Illinois Natural History Survey) under the direction of Stephen A. Forbes, began a series of statewide, cross-country censuses of birds in Illinois. These censuses were continued at intervals until September, 1909, and the data collected were published in a series of papers (Forbes 1907, 1908, 1913; Forbes & Gross 1921, 1922, 1923) that provided a quantitative record of the Illinois bird populations of that period and a potential basis for evaluating the adjustment of bird populations to a changing environment. In 1956-1958, we conducted statewide censuses similar to those of the 1906-1909 survey. In this paper we present an analysis of our field data and compare these data with those from the first survey.
INHS B27-01: Ecological Life History of the Warmouth (Centrarchidae)
Author: Larimore, R.W.
The ecological life history of the warmouth, Chaenobryttus gulosus (Cuvier), was studied intensively in two habitats of Central Illinois: Venard Lake, a 3.2-acre artificial impoundment stocked only with warmouths and largemouth bass, and Park Pond, and 18-acre flooded stripmine area containing a fish population of 36 species. The intensive investigations in these two areas were supplemented by observations in other habitats and by published records on warmouth habitats and populations.
INHS B26-05: Hill Prairies of Illinois
Author: Evers, R.A.
These authors were only concerned with the local occurrences of hill prairies in Illinois. They did not report on the extent of hill prairies in the state, nor did they report in detail on the flora of the hill prairies, the characteristic plants, relative abundance, presence and space relations as determinable in plot studies, or the origin and history of hill prairies. In order to obtain the necessary information for a study of these characteristics of hill prairies and for a description of hill prairie vegetation in Illinois, the writer made numerous plant collections and plant identifications from 61 hill prairies, fig. 1, having a combined area of more than 200 acres. Detailed data pertaining to the vegetation were obtained from two prairies by use of plot studies, as explained in a later section of this paper.
INHS B24-03: The Bass-Bluegill Combination in a Small Artifical Lake
Author: Bennett, G.W.
The investigation of Fork Lake was originally planned to study the effect of heavy cropping upon the combination of largemouth bass and bluegills in a small artificial lake or pond. The results obtained were influenced by the unexpected spread of Potamogeton foliosus in this pond, and a proposed final fish census was rendered impossible by a washout of the dam in 1942.
INHS B24-01: The Mosquitoes of Illinois (Diptera, Culicidae)
Author: Ross, H.H.
The object of this paper is to provide means for making mosquito control programs more effective, first by furnishing illustrated keys and descriptions for the identification of mosquito species that occur in Illinois and states similar in climate, and second by summarizing information regarding the distribution, biology, and habitat preferences of the species.
INHS B22-06,07: Combination Bulletin - $4.00
• Survey of the Illinois Fur Resource
Author: Brown, L.G. and L.E. Yeager
• Illinois Furbearer Distribution and Income
Author: Mohr, C.O.
1943;337 pages
Distributional information information and annual catch data derived from fur-takers' monthly reports are at hand for most of the trapping seasons beginning with 1929-30 and ending with 1939-40 and are here recorded, along with records of the number of licensed fur-takers and estimates of their catch. After being compared with findings of the oral survey, raw data reports were revised in such a way as to show better than heretofore how the value of the fur catch has stood from year to year. Data for the seasons of 1931-32, 1932-33 and 1933-34 were not available to the writer, and these seasons therefore could not be considered in this study.
INHS B22-01: The Plant Bugs, or Miridae, of Illinois
Author: Knight. H.H.
The list of Miridae of Illinois now stands at 330 species. It is apparent, however, that species known from neighboring states will eventually be found in Illinois. Furthermore, in the study of Illinois species, it was found that many records of these species were a great distance from any other previously known records. Hence, it was thought advisable to include in the keys other species and varieties known from the entire general region in which Illinois is situated. One hundred ten extralimital species were, therefore, included, bringing the total number treated in this report to 440 species. It seems highly probable that from two-thirds to three-fourths of these extralimital species will eventually be found in this state, which would bring the list of Illinois Miridae to about 400 species.
• Preliminary Investigation of Oak Diseases in Illinois
Author: Carter, J.C.
• A Needle Blight of Austrian Pine
Author: Hulbray, R.L.
1941; 6 pages
INHS B21-03: Studies of Nearctic Aquatic Insects
Authors: Ross, H.H. and T.H. Frison
In American literature the genus Sialis has been in confusion for some time because of the fact that all authors, except Banks, have recognized only three nearctic species, americana, nevadensis and infumata. Americana and nevadensis differ from infumata in color and sculpturing and have long been recognized correctly. Everything else has been grouped under infumata. The only effort to enlighten the problem was made by Banks, who described four species cheifly on the basis of genital characters. In spite of this prophetic indication, no other extensive work has been done.