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Irish Landscape
Irish Immersion!
We traversed the Dingle Peninsula on the way to our week-long 'Irish Immersion' course. Our route included the Conor Pass (above) – possibly Ireland's highest mountain pass with a summit of 456m: not to be missed, as the views from it are spectacular in all directions. Do be careful, though, as it's included in the list of 'the World's most dangerous roads'. That's because in places it is only a winding single track, with the way almost tunnelled out of steep rock faces: don't try it in a bus!
Once over the pass, however, it's plain sailing and sunshine all the way down to Dingle itself, a busy waterside town (which sells the best ice-creams!), where we stayed while we were on our course. Here's the view from Coastline House, our very well-appointed B + B:
So why would I want to learn the Irish language? And how easy is it? The answer to the second question is: it's fiendishly difficult – especially for an ear that's been attuned to English for a lifetime! But – here I am in my eighth decade, an Irish citizen and a permanent resident of West Cork – so what would be more natural (and good for the ageing brain) than being able to communicate in the native tongue? Finola, of course, learnt Irish right through her schooldays (it's been compulsory since the founding of the Irish State) and can hold her own in conversation, but she wants to improve her knowledge and took a course at a higher level: I was in the raw beginners' class, together with our good friends Amanda and Peter Clarke, with whom we enjoyed great craic in our free time.
The western part of the Dingle Peninsula is a Gaeltacht area: that means it is a place where Irish is the dominant language; all street signs, traffic signs etc are in Irish only; anyone in shops, businesses etc is likely to speak in Irish, and there are a number of schools where teaching is all in Irish. Our courses were based in Baile an Fheirtéaraigh (in English it would be known as Ballyferriter) – to the west of Dingle town (which is, in Irish, An Daingean). You can tell from many of the photographs in this post how stunningly beautiful the landscape is in this part of Ireland. The upper picture above shows the very fine school building of Coláistí Chorca Dhuibhne, which hosts all the Irish classes. The ones for adults are run by the Oidhreacht Chorca Dhuibhne – you can find all the details here if you've a mind to give it a try yourself.
It's a different world in the Gaeltacht areas: can you guess what the sign above is saying?
You ought to know, also, that the Gaeltacht area here is known as Corca Dhuibhne, which translates literally as 'the seed or tribe of Duibhne' and derives from the clan who anciently lived in this part of County Kerry. Try saying 'Corca Dhuibhne' . . . How did you get on? This is what I should have heard:
https://roaringwaterjournal.files.wordpress.com/2019/07/sound-file.m4a
Above – streetscapes in the lively village of Baile an Fheirtéaraigh (Ballyferriter). Note the signage in the upper picture. The lower picture will be self-explanatory to Star Wars fans: the film series is set "A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away…." – Fadó Fadó is the Irish way of beginning a fairy-tale, meaning literally "long long ago….". And – just to confuse you (and me) – Ar an mBualtín means "in Ballyferriter"! I know – I just told you that the town is Baile an Fheirtéaraigh in Irish, but the townland is known as an mBuiltín, which is in fact another way of describing a "booley" which, you will no doubt remember from my post here, is the place where cattle are taken up to the hill pastures in the summer. So, all things Irish are often not straightforward. Just to explain a connection: parts of the latest Star Wars episodes have been filmed on the promontories above Ballyferriter – a great 'selling point' for the local tourism industry!
Green roads lead to the hillside pastures which dominate the Dingle Peninsula
Our course was taxing, and I have the greatest admiration for our múinteoir (teacher), Caitríona Ní Chathail – a wonderful lady of infinite patience, and great enthusiasm for the language which she shared with us throughout the six days. We were allowed some treats – Caitríona took us out on a walk and introduced to us some of the history of the area (kindly, she spoke bilingually); on one evening we were given a talk on archaeology by Isabel Bennet, the very knowledgable curator of the museum in Baile an Fheirtéaraigh, and on the final evening we combined our various talents to give a concert to all the students, Oíche Airneáin – literally a "night of visiting", and we each had to introduce ourselves in Irish!
Upper – Caitríona's history walk around the locality; lower – my contribution to the Oíche Airneáin was some tunes played with Christy Martin on hammered dulcimer. Christy, a fellow student, is a professional travelling musician from California
How do I feel after the course? Exhilarated by the experience of having concentrated for a week on one fundamental aspect of Irish culture, but daunted by the very long path upon which I have embarked – and uncertain as to how to make sure to build on that grounding. One thing that impressed me above all is the obvious passion that the people of Baile an Fheirtéaraigh and Coláistí Chorca Dhuibhne have for their particular Gaeltacht: Caitríona made sure that we realised that the Irish which she taught us is specific to Corca Dhuibhne: each of the Gaeltacht areas has its own dialect, although – whichever version of Irish you learn – you will be understood by speakers from the other areas.
Traditions and stories are abundant in the Corca Dhuibhne Gaeltacht: upper picture – the Wren is hunted on the Peninsula at Stephen's Day (26 December), and I caught a glimpse of some 'straws' hanging behind a door: part of the costumes worn by one of four 'Wran' groups who keep the tradition alive in Dingle. Lower picture – two of many gullauns (standing stones) dating from ancient times and which remain in the landscape of the Peninsula: the backdrop is Mount Brandon, named after the 5th century saint – Brendan – who discovered America long before Christopher Columbus!
I was pleased to be presented with a certificate by Caitríona at the end of the course! We all had one, and mine will serve as a reminder of the intensive week. Hopefully, it will also serve as an incentive to delve further into the mysteries of Gaeilge. I am already determined to revisit the wonders of Corca Dhuibhne as soon as possible!
Posted in Archaeology, Folklore, Following Saint Brendan, How to speak like an Irish person, Irish History, Irish Landscape, Irish Music, Kerry, Traditional Music, West Cork Blog	Tagged Baile an Fheirtéaraigh, Ballyferriter, Coláistí Chorca Dhuibhne, Conor Pass, Corca Dhuibhne, Dingle Peninsula, Fadó Fadó, Gaeilge, Gaeltacht Areas, Hunting the Wren, Irish Language, Oíche Airneáin, Saint Brendan, Star Wars
Industrial Archaeology in Crookhaven
Roaringwater Journal has featured Crookhaven many times. This far south-western outpost of Ireland has layers of history: thousands of years ago people lived in this area and made marks on the rocky landscape while countless generations of seafarers forged a 'haven' from the naturally sheltered 'crook' of land upon which the settlement is based. Even into the twentieth century pioneering technological advances were being made in Crookhaven: in the early 1900s Marconi sent some of the world's earliest radio communications from Brow Head to vessels in the Atlantic shipping lanes.
Header – the 'old roadstone quarry' dominates the landscape to the north of Crookhaven Harbour. Above – looking across the harbour from the 'quarry quay' towards Brow Head, one of the scenes of operation of Marconi in Ireland
I am fascinated by all traces of industrial history: for me it's 'modern archaeology': some of it might survive long enough to puzzle historians of the far future. I couldn't ignore, therefore, the huge steel and concrete structures which line the R591 road which approaches Crookhaven when travelling from Goleen. They are built into the hillside above the road, and tie in with a substantial stone quay which has been constructed below it.
The quay which was presumably built to serve the quarry to the north of Crookhaven: the village can be seen across the water
Looking at the construction of this quay, and particularly the wear on the masonry steps leading down to the water, it would be reasonable to assume that the quay predates the concrete and steel structures which abut the road above it – by a long way. You might suppose that such significant edifices would have a history attached to them which would be easy to find, either from local informants, or in written or electronic record. However, I have so far drawn a blank. Well – not quite: there are countless identical references in contemporary accounts of Crookhaven to '…the old roadstone quarry on the side of the mountain, which provided metalling for the roads of Wales until 1945…' I did find one variant, a caption to a general view of the area: '…Looking up to the Roadstone Quarry along the north shore of Crookhaven Harbour. The quarry was a source of gravel for Welsh tarred gravel roads until the 1930s…'
The quay below the 'roadstone quarry' is a paradise for industrial archaeologists and photographers! It must have had generations of users, up to fairly recent times, all of whom have left behind traces of their presence, but no solid history. I'm hopeful that readers of this post might be stirred to recall stories or memories – or even point me to some documented history to explain the provenance of this little piece of the complex West Cork jigsaw.
I'm borrowing this photograph of the Crookhaven quarry from the log of the MV Dirona, with thanks to Jennifer and James Hamilton, who hail from Victoria, British Columbia and are currently cruising the world in their Nordhaven 5263 vessel. They explored the south west coast of Ireland in June 2017 and, from the water, took this perfect view of the quay, the 'roadstone quarry' and the mountain face above it, from which the stone has been extracted. It's my opinion that the face was worked for construction stone possibly from the 1800s: in September 1846 a road was proposed between Rock island and Crookhaven, and the county surveyor provided an estimate of £1,857. Prior to this, the road which had been built by Richard Griffith, civil engineer for Munster, extended as far as Rock Island, and passage from there to Crookhaven itself could only be made by water. The 1846 road is today the R591 which passes below the quarry. It would be reasonable to suppose that locally available stone suitable for roadmaking would have been used, and the quarry may have had its origins at this time. The construction of the adjacent quay could have been contemporary with this early use of the quarry, but the huge concrete and steel structures we see today are probably an incarnation of the revival of the quarry in the early 20th century. I stand to be corrected.
One of the fascinations of old industrial sites is the way they are taken over by nature if left relatively undisturbed. This one is no exception. There is a monumentality here which is being eroded and softened as time goes by. What does the future hold? Interestingly a -presumably serious – proposal was made in a not-too-long-ago iteration of the Goleen & District Community Council Development Plan:
2.24 The old Roadstone quarry-works at Crookhaven Harbour should be developed as an amenity – perhaps a hotel with a restaurant with observation deck at the top…
Hmmm… notions of grandeur there, perhaps – and little regard for practicalities, but it shows the power of imagination! I think it's far more likely that the area will remain in its present state for many years to come and, perhaps, attract a level of 'industrial architecture tourism'. Incidentally, it's not too far away from the site of a fish palace run by William Hull and the Great Earl of Cork in the early seventeenth century: the remains of this are there to see to this day, although almost entirely returned to nature.
Below – a now impassable tunnel under the road connects the quarry workings with the quay; nature entangled with the leftovers of human activity
Endpiece – the old workings and quay are directly opposite the centre of Crookhaven- here's a view towards the quarry from the village:
Posted in Archaeology, Architecture, Crookhaven, Industrial Archaeology, Irish History, Irish Landscape, Medieval History, Nature, Photography, Rock Island, Technology, The Mizen Peninsula, West Cork, West Cork Blog, Wild Atlantic Way	Tagged Fish Palace, Goleen & District Community Council Development Plan, Great Earl of Cork, Marconi Wireless Telegraph Station at Brow Head, MV Dirona, Old Quay Crookhaven, Roadstone Quarry, Sir Richard Griffith, Sir William Hull
Larchill – A Pastoral Paradise
One thing always leads to another, and when Finola took an interest in the lost demense at New Court, on the Ilen River close to Skibbereen, she didn't know that she was going to discover the concept of Arcadian Gardens and – more particularly – the Ferme Ornée. On our latest expedition towards Galway, therefore, we couldn't miss a visit to Larchill in County Kildare, which claims to be 'the only surviving, near complete, garden of its type in Europe'.
Header – the 'Shell Tower' within the walled garden at Larchill. The garden walls are built up to, but not incorporated in, the tower structure, suggesting that the tower is earlier than the garden enclosure. Centre – the walled garden has been beautifully re-established and maintained. Lower – a typical view across the demense to the artificial lake
Ferme Ornée means, literally, 'ornamental farm', and was a departure from the idea of a farm or farmland being purely practical: from the middle of the 18th century, there was a move away from the formal gardens of the time and an embracing and enhancing of the natural landscape. Larchill's leaflet for visitors explains:
Emulating Arcadia, a pastoral paradise was created to reflect Man's harmony with the perfection of nature. As is the case at Larchill, a working farm with decorative buildings (often containing specimen breeds of farm animal) was situated in landscaped parkland ornamented with follies, grottos and statuary. Tree lined avenues, flowing water, lakes, areas of light and shade and beautiful framed views combined to create an inspirational experience enabling Man's spirit to rejoice at the wonder of nature. At this time in Versailles, Marie Antoinette enjoyed extravagant pastoral pageants, housed specimen cattle in highly decorated barns, while she herself is said to have dressed as a milk maid complete with porcelain milk churns. Freed from the restrictions of the 17th century formal garden, the Ferme Ornée represented the first move towards the fully fledged landscape parkland designs of Capability Browne.
Upper – the elegant facade of the farmhouse at Larchill which commands views of the water meadows and lake (centre image). Lower – looking across the bullrushes towards one of the islands on the lake, known as 'Gibraltar'
The word Arcadia is derived from a province in Greece, said to have been the home of the god Pan. In the European Renaissance, Arcadia was celebrated as an unspoiled, harmonious wilderness. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Arcadia remained a beautiful, secluded area, and its inhabitants were depicted as herdsmen leading simple, happy lives. The name has become associated with an imagined idyllic paradise, which the designers of Ferme Ornée tried to reflect in the use of vistas, landscaping, elegant buildings and follies. Finola has also touched on some aspects of this philosophy in her exploration of Belvederes in West Cork.
Upper – Thomas Cole The Arcadian State 1834: a romantic image of pastoral perfection. Lower – Ferme Ornée: architectural drawings by John Plaw (1746 – 1820) showing how the layout of villages (left) and the design of farm buildings (centre) and cottages (right) are conceived to reflect the principles of Arcadia
The gardens at Larchill are exceptional in that all the features of 'The Arcadian State' are clearly visible and have been rescued from decline by the de las Casas family who bought the demesne in 1994. Its 18th century glory has passed, perhaps, but everything is clear to see and the visitor can conjure up the elegance of life in this slightly off-the-beaten-track corner of rural Ireland. We enjoyed the hours we spent there and – after an enlightening meeting with Michael and Louisa de las Casas – we had the extensive grounds to ourselves. Larchill is a gem!
Above: details from Larchill – 'shell houses' were a feature of ornamental gardens. This 'Cockle Shell Tower' was made by the Watsons who leased the estate in the late 18th century: some restoration has been undertaken but most of the shells are as originally placed. There are some exotic and rare varieties from far flung regions of the world.
Views of the lake which is central to the vista from the farm at Larchill. The artificially constructed lake (which had been drained and has been refilled by the present owners as part of the overall restoration work) has four carefully placed features: an earth covered boathouse; 'Gibraltar Island', based on the fortifications on the Rock; a statue of Bacchus; and a temple which had a plunge pool. There are stories of guests who visited the house being cajoled into taking part in mock battles aboard boats on the lake!
Upper – the Feuillé: a mound landscaped with beech trees made from soil excavated when the lake was dug in the 18th century. Lower – the Foxes' Earth
My favourite story from Larchill involves the Foxes' Earth. This folly was made by the Watsons: Mr Watson was the Master of Foxhounds and had an epiphany moment one day when he realised how many foxes he had been responsible for despatching. He became convinced that he would be reincarnated as a fox and would suffer the fate he had visited upon so many animals. He built the Foxes' Earth to provide an escape for any foxes who were being hunted on the estate (including himself in his next life!), and consists of a number of deep burrows which could not be accessed by the hounds: because of his repentance, I hope he managed to successfully escape the fate which he feared.
Larchill has dovecotes in its farmyard, but also the 'owl roost' or owlery shown in the upper picture. This is a rare feature, built to encourage owls which would hunt the vermin on the farm. The lower picture shows a stone lantern hidden away in the woods, close to an eel pond and 'eel tower' where the fish were harvested (below).
Please visit Larchill when you get the chance. In 1830 the Ordnance Survey described it as '…the most fashionable garden in all of Ireland…' It's certainly one of the most unusual and attractive designed estates we have visited. Check opening hours on the website or ring 01 628 7354.
Posted in Architecture, Irish History, Irish Landscape, Visiting Ireland, West Cork Blog	Tagged Arcadia, Arcadian Gardens, Belvederes, Eel Pond, Ferme Ornée, follies, Gibraltar, John Plaw, Larchill, Michael and Louisa de las Casas, New Court, Owlery, Thomas Cole, Watsons of Larchill
Wildflowers of a West Cork June – a Musical Treat
A few years ago I set out to record as many West Cork wildflowers as I can. This is the kind of project that lasts a lifetime and it seems important as our environment is threatened on so many fronts. But it's also a complete pleasure to wander our beautiful boreens, camera in hand, capturing what I can. This month I want to share with you a selection of images, all local and all taken in June 2019. So sit back, turn on the music and just enjoy.
One of our favourites pieces of music to go with the images – just click 'start.'
The Gentle Light That Wakes Me
If you're a wildflower fan you can follow our Wildflowers of West Cork page on Facebook. Go on – give it a Like!
Posted in Irish Landscape, Nature, West Cork Blog, Wild Flowers	Tagged Aly Bain and Phil Cunningham, West Cork Wildflowers
Return to Long Island
The very distinct, treeless landscape of Long Island seen across the water from Colla Pier, from whence a ferry service will take you over: look here for the times. Alternatively, you can contact Helen of Schull Sea Safari and travel there on her large RIB, the Kealtra – we went with her from Schull Pier: my recent post told some of our adventures.
The seven permanent human residents on the island (in 2019) are supplemented by a good few four-legged inhabitants: we met most of the latter. Once there were enough people living here to support a school. That building now stands gaunt and empty right at the centre of a single road serving the two and a half mile long strip of land that lies at the very edge of the Atlantic.
Upper – the eastern end of the road that runs the length of the island is a trackway which served the old copper mine and the navigation beacon; above – the former school still stands, but is unused and decaying
One fascination of Long Island is a sense of fragility: even though it's only a short sea crossing from the mainland it's a completely different world. And you inevitably wonder about its future. In 2014 – just a few years ago – Helen Selka made a film about the island. It is well worth finding and watching: at least have a look at this trailer, remembering that there have been changes since then, although much also is unchanging. The film's title is perfect: Bleak Paradise.
Fragile lives: in the centre picture is Finnbar, one of the permanent residents of Long Island. He appears in the trailer to 'Bleak Paradise'
The island also has the distinction of being notable in the world of philately! On 24 April 1973 four postage stamps were issued by the 'Long Island Local Carriage Service Ltd'. This local initiative was set up to improve the postal service then provided to and from the island. It was a private concern, and disapproved of by the Department of Posts and Telegraphs of Ireland, who made it clear that:
The Irish Post Office has not, at any time, approved the establishment of a privately owned and operated carriage service by the Long Island Local Carriage Service Ltd, and that company was not given permission to issue stamps and charge rates for the carriage of mail . . .
A little piece of very local history: Long Island's attempt to set up its own postal service, dating from 1973. It created waves with the official postal service, and provided some good fodder for collectors of 'first editions'!
We spent a day exploring this special place, and determined to return. We will choose a different time of the year, to gain a new perspective on this tiny, inhabited landfall on the edge of Roaringwater Bay. We recommend anyone to make a visit and take in the alternative lifestyle that is governed by a minimal population and a hidden and sequestered location.
Posted in Irish History, Irish Landscape, Long Island, Roaringwater Bay, Schull, West Cork, West Cork Blog, Wild Flowers	Tagged Bleak Paradise, Helen Selka, Long Island Local Carriage Service, Long Island Postage Stamps, Long Island School, Schull Sea Safari
York or Cork?
If this seems an enigmatic title, it is reflective of the fact that Finola and I have just visited Yorkshire, where – for Finola's birthday – we treated ourselves to a superabundance of medieval architecture and some idyllic wanderings in the Dales (that's Malham Cove, a spectacular limestone cliff and pavement, above). This set me to thinking about comparisons between the county of Yorkshire and our own County Cork: both are the largest counties in their respective countries, but Yorkshire – at 14,850 km2 – is almost double the area of Cork, 7,500 km2.
The gaunt ruins of Rievaulx Abbey in North Yorkshire: this was the first great Cistercian abbey in Britain, established in 1132. It became one of the most powerful and housed a community of 650 brothers at its peak in the 1160s under its most famous abbot, Aelred
In Ireland we can't compete with the sheer scale of the monastic settlements that we can see in Yorkshire. However, in spite of those impressive ruins which are so well cared for by the state and the National Trust, nothing can compare, for us, with the timeless serenity and isolated beauty of places such as Kilree, which Finola described in a recent post.
The medieval High Cross at Kilree, Co Kilkenny. This example of ecclesiastical art probably dates from the 8th century and stands remote and seldom visited, deep in rural Ireland – a reclusive gem
I feel that this post gives me an excuse to tell a little Cork / York story that I learned many years ago from Gerald Priestland, the BBC's religious affairs correspondent from 1977 to 1982 – who lived not far away from me in West Penwith, Cornwall. Priestland was researching the history of the Parish of St Buryan in the far west of the peninsula: the Irish saint, Buriana, was said to be the sister of St Piran, Patron Saint of Cornwall – who, you will know from reading my posts – here, (and here), was born on Cape Clear, just over the water from us in West Cork, where he was known by the name of St Ciarán. Finola is republishing another post about Cape Clear today.
The coast of West Penwith, Cornwall: Gerald Priestland lived here – on the hill, and I lived not far away – over the hill
St Buryan was known as "The Wickedest Parish in Cornwall" in earlier times – I can't vouch for its present day reputation! This was supposedly because the settlement (which Priestland describes as . . . a bleak and haunted landscape . . .) received a special privilege in the year 936 from the Saxon King Athelstan as he was passing through on his way to defeat the Danes on the Isles of Scilly. He founded an independent College of Priests at St Buryan and layed down that the lands (some 770 acres) . . . are to be exempt from all secular assessment; but not from the rendering of prayers which the clergy have promised me (that is, Athelstan): 100 Masses and 100 Psalters daily . . . The Domesday Book confirms that Buryan maintained its freedom from taxation but also confirms the charter that . . . the privilege and ordinance of sanctuary and aforementioned liberty may not perish through old age . . . That is to say that St Buryan was made a place of sanctuary then, and will remain so always. The consequence of this was that any wrong-doer or fugitive, instead of having to go into exile, could live freely within the parish boundaries without suffering any punishment – forever. So the place filled up with felons, brigands, rogues and villains!
Scenic Yorkshire: landscape of the Dales (just to remind you of the subject of today's post)!
St Buryan became – and remained – a den of iniquity. So much so that in 1328 the Bishop of Exeter, Grandisson, was forced to excommunicate everyone in the settlement. Priestland writes:
Grandisson came as close to the boundaries of Buryan as he dared, and from the top of St Michael's Mount – six miles across the water – he pronounced the fulminacio sentencio contra Barianes – the Greater Excommunication against the people of Buryan. The bell was tolled and the book and candles were cast down. There are not many parishes in England that can claim that very specific distinction . . .
Deans continued to be appointed to the parish – and were duly paid a stipend – but none of them ever went there. The last of the absentee Deans was Fitzroy Henry Stanhope, an army officer of ill reputation who had lost a leg at Waterloo (he was known thereafter as 'Peter Shambles'). He was offered the position at Buryan in 1817 by his Commander-in-Chief, the Duke of York, in lieu of an army pension: it was worth a thousand pounds a year. There was one problem: Stanhope had to be ordained, but no-one could be found to do it. One day the Duke was told that his friend the Bishop of Cork was on Holiday in London. At once Stanhope was sent round in a carriage with the message:
"Dear Cork – Please ordain Stanhope – Yours York"
By sundown, he was back, with the reply:
"Dear York – Stanhope's ordained – Yours Cork"
This incident has gone down in history as the shortest piece of official correspondence on record. And doubly justifies the title of my post today!
Malham Cove again: this geological formation would have been a huge waterfall as the glaciers began to melt after the last Ice Age. In the lower picture you can see the true scale of the place – look at those figures on the lower ledge! It is a popular spot for climbers
So – Cork, or York? We are very fortunate to be able to travel so easily to see the beautiful places of the world. But – always – the best part of travelling for me is coming home to West Cork: there's no doubt where my heart is . . .
County Cork landscapes: Mount Gabriel (upper) and our very own view (lower) from Nead an Iolair, taken on the day I returned from Yorkshire. Below – looking across to the Mizen, from the Sheep's Head.
Posted in Architecture, Cape Clear, Cappaghglass, Co Kilkenny, Cork, Ireland's Ancient East, Irish History, Irish Landscape, Medieval History, Roaringwater Bay, Romanesque, The Mizen Peninsula, The Sheep's Head, West Cork, West Cork Blog	Tagged Fitzroy Henry Stanhope, Gerald Priestland, Kilree Monastic Site, Malham Cove, Rievaulx Abbey, Shortest Official Correspondence, St Buryan Cornwall, St Ciarán, St Piran, Yorkshire, Yorkshire Dales


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text:
US (United States) Code. Title 7. Chapter 94: Organic Certification
-CITE-
7 USC CHAPTER 94 - ORGANIC CERTIFICATION 01/06/03
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 7 - AGRICULTURE
CHAPTER 94 - ORGANIC CERTIFICATION
-HEAD-
-MISC1-
6501. Purposes.
6502. Definitions.
6503. National organic production program.
(a) In general.
(b) State program.
(c) Consultation.
(d) Certification.
6504. National standards for organic production.
6505. Compliance requirements.
(a) Domestic products.
(b) Imported products.
(c) Exemptions for processed food.
(d) Small farmer exemption.
6506. General requirements.
(b) Discretionary requirements.
(c) State program.
(d) Availability of fees.
6507. State organic certification program.
(b) Additional requirements.
(c) Review and other determinations.
6508. Prohibited crop production practices and materials.
(a) Seed, seedlings and planting practices.
(b) Soil amendments.
(c) Crop management.
6509. Animal production practices and materials.
(b) Breeder stock.
(c) Practices.
(d) Health care.
(e) Additional guidelines.
(f) Livestock identification.
(g) Notice and public comment.
6510. Handling.
(b) Meat.
6511. Additional guidelines.
(b) Preharvest testing.
(c) Compliance review.
(d) Recordkeeping requirements.
6512. Other production and handling practices.
6513. Organic plan.
(b) Crop production farm plan.
(c) Livestock plan.
(d) Mixed crop livestock production.
(e) Handling plan.
(f) Management of wild crops.
(g) Limitation on content of plan.
6514. Accreditation program.
(b) Requirements.
(c) Duration of designation.
6515. Requirements of certifying agents.
(a) Ability to implement requirements.
(b) Inspectors.
(c) Recordkeeping.
(d) Agreement.
(e) Private certifying agent agreement.
(f) Compliance with program.
(g) Confidentiality.
(h) Conflict of interest.
(i) Administrator.
(j) Loss of accreditation.
6516. Peer review of certifying agents.
(a) Peer review.
(b) Peer review panel.
6517. National List.
(b) Content of list.
(c) Guidelines for prohibitions or exemptions.
(d) Procedure for establishing National List.
(e) Sunset provision.
6518. National Organic Standards Board.
(b) Composition of Board.
(c) Appointment.
(d) Term.
(e) Meetings.
(f) Compensation and expenses.
(g) Chairperson.
(h) Quorum.
(i) Decisive votes.
(j) Other terms and conditions.
(k) Responsibilities of Board.
(l) Requirements.
(m) Evaluation.
(n) Petitions.
(o) Confidentiality.
6519. Violations of chapter.
(a) Misuse of label.
(b) False statement.
(c) Ineligibility.
(d) Reporting of violations.
(e) Violations by certifying agent.
(f) Effect of other laws.
6520. Administrative appeal.
(a) Expedited appeals procedure.
(b) Appeal of final decision.
6521. Administration.
(a) Regulations.
(b) Assistance to State.
6522. Authorization of appropriations.
6523. National organic certification cost-share program.
(b) Federal share.
-SECREF-
CHAPTER REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This chapter is referred to in section 6523 of this title.
7 USC Sec. 6501 01/06/03
Sec. 6501. Purposes
-STATUTE-
It is the purpose of this chapter -
(1) to establish national standards governing the marketing of
certain agricultural products as organically produced products;
(2) to assure consumers that organically produced products meet
a consistent standard; and
(3) to facilitate interstate commerce in fresh and processed
food that is organically produced.
-SOURCE-
(Pub. L. 101-624, title XXI, Sec. 2102, Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat.
3935.)
Section 2101 of title XXI of Pub. L. 101-624 provided that:
''This title (enacting this chapter) may be cited as the 'Organic
Foods Production Act of 1990'.''
Sec. 6502. Definitions
(1) Agricultural product
The term ''agricultural product'' means any agricultural
commodity or product, whether raw or processed, including any
commodity or product derived from livestock that is marketed in
the United States for human or livestock consumption.
(2) Botanical pesticides
The term ''botanical pesticides'' means natural pesticides
derived from plants.
(3) Certifying agent
The term ''certifying agent'' means the chief executive officer
of a State or, in the case of a State that provides for the
Statewide election of an official to be responsible solely for
the administration of the agricultural operations of the State,
such official, and any person (including private entities) who is
accredited by the Secretary as a certifying agent for the purpose
of certifying a farm or handling operation as a certified organic
farm or handling operation in accordance with this chapter.
(4) Certified organic farm
The term ''certified organic farm'' means a farm, or portion of
a farm, or site where agricultural products or livestock are
produced, that is certified by the certifying agent under this
chapter as utilizing a system of organic farming as described by
this chapter.
(5) Certified organic handling operation
The term ''certified organic handling operation'' means any
operation, or portion of any handling operation, that is
certified by the certifying agent under this chapter as utilizing
a system of organic handling as described under this chapter.
(6) Crop year
The term ''crop year'' means the normal growing season for a
crop as determined by the Secretary.
(7) Governing State official
The term ''governing State official'' means the chief executive
official of a State or, in the case of a State that provides for
the Statewide election of an official to be responsible solely
for the administration of the agricultural operations of the
State, such official, who administers an organic certification
program under this chapter.
(8) Handle
The term ''handle'' means to sell, process or package
agricultural products.
(9) Handler
The term ''handler'' means any person engaged in the business
of handling agricultural products, except such term shall not
include final retailers of agricultural products that do not
process agricultural products.
(10) Handling operation
The term ''handling operation'' means any operation or portion
of an operation (except final retailers of agricultural products
that do not process agricultural products) that -
(A) receives or otherwise acquires agricultural products; and
(B) processes, packages, or stores such products.
(11) Livestock
The term ''livestock'' means any cattle, sheep, goats, swine,
poultry, equine animals used for food or in the production of
food, fish used for food, wild or domesticated game, or other
nonplant life.
(12) National List
The term ''National List'' means a list of approved and
prohibited substances as provided for in section 6517 of this
(13) Organic plan
The term ''organic plan'' means a plan of management of an
organic farming or handling operation that has been agreed to by
the producer or handler and the certifying agent and that
includes written plans concerning all aspects of agricultural
production or handling described in this chapter including crop
rotation and other practices as required under this chapter.
(14) Organically produced
The term ''organically produced'' means an agricultural product
that is produced and handled in accordance with this chapter.
(15) Person
The term ''person'' means an individual, group of individuals,
corporation, association, organization, cooperative, or other
entity.
(16) Pesticide
The term ''pesticide'' means any substance which alone, in
chemical combination, or in any formulation with one or more
substances, is defined as a pesticide in the Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (7 U.S.C. 136 et seq.).
(17) Processing
The term ''processing'' means cooking, baking, heating, drying,
mixing, grinding, churning, separating, extracting, cutting,
fermenting, eviscerating, preserving, dehydrating, freezing, or
otherwise manufacturing, and includes the packaging, canning,
jarring, or otherwise enclosing food in a container.
(18) Producer
The term ''producer'' means a person who engages in the
business of growing or producing food or feed.
(19) Secretary
The term ''Secretary'' means the Secretary of Agriculture.
(20) State organic certification program
The term ''State organic certification program'' means a
program that meets the requirements of section 6506 of this
title, is approved by the Secretary, and that is designed to
ensure that a product that is sold or labeled as ''organically
produced'' under this chapter is produced and handled using
organic methods.
(21) Synthetic
The term ''synthetic'' means a substance that is formulated or
manufactured by a chemical process or by a process that
chemically changes a substance extracted from naturally occurring
plant, animal, or mineral sources, except that such term shall
not apply to substances created by naturally occurring biological
processes.
-REFTEXT-
REFERENCES IN TEXT
The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, referred
to in par. (16), is act June 25, 1947, ch. 125, as amended
generally by Pub. L. 92-516, Oct. 21, 1972, 86 Stat. 973, which is
classified generally to subchapter II (Sec. 136 et seq.) of chapter
6 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the
Code, see Short Title note set out under section 136 of this title
and Tables.
SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in section 7401 of this title.
Sec. 6503. National organic production program
(a) In general
The Secretary shall establish an organic certification program
for producers and handlers of agricultural products that have been
produced using organic methods as provided for in this chapter.
(b) State program
In establishing the program under subsection (a) of this section,
the Secretary shall permit each State to implement a State organic
certification program for producers and handlers of agricultural
products that have been produced using organic methods as provided
for in this chapter.
(c) Consultation
In developing the program under subsection (a) of this section,
and the National List under section 6517 of this title, the
Secretary shall consult with the National Organic Standards Board
established under section 6518 of this title.
(d) Certification
The Secretary shall implement the program established under
subsection (a) of this section through certifying agents. Such
certifying agents may certify a farm or handling operation that
meets the requirements of this chapter and the requirements of the
organic certification program of the State (if applicable) as an
organically certified farm or handling operation.
Sec. 6504. National standards for organic production
To be sold or labeled as an organically produced agricultural
product under this chapter, an agricultural product shall -
(1) have been produced and handled without the use of synthetic
chemicals, except as otherwise provided in this chapter;
(2) except as otherwise provided in this chapter and excluding
livestock, not be produced on land to which any prohibited
substances, including synthetic chemicals, have been applied
during the 3 years immediately preceding the harvest of the
agricultural products; and
(3) be produced and handled in compliance with an organic plan
agreed to by the producer and handler of such product and the
certifying agent.
3937; Pub. L. 102-237, title X, Sec. 1001(1), Dec. 13, 1991, 105
Stat. 1893.)
1991 - Par. (2). Pub. L. 102-237 substituted ''; and'' for period
at end.
Sec. 6505. Compliance requirements
(a) Domestic products
(1) In general
On or after October 1, 1993 -
(A) a person may sell or label an agricultural product as
organically produced only if such product is produced and
handled in accordance with this chapter; and
(B) no person may affix a label to, or provide other market
information concerning, an agricultural product if such label
or information implies, directly or indirectly, that such
product is produced and handled using organic methods, except
in accordance with this chapter.
(2) USDA standards and seal
A label affixed, or other market information provided, in
accordance with paragraph (1) may indicate that the agricultural
product meets Department of Agriculture standards for organic
production and may incorporate the Department of Agriculture
(b) Imported products
Imported agricultural products may be sold or labeled as
organically produced if the Secretary determines that such products
have been produced and handled under an organic certification
program that provides safeguards and guidelines governing the
production and handling of such products that are at least
equivalent to the requirements of this chapter.
(c) Exemptions for processed food
Subsection (a) of this section shall not apply to agricultural
products that -
(1) contain at least 50 percent organically produced
ingredients by weight, excluding water and salt, to the extent
that the Secretary, in consultation with the National Organic
Standards Board and the Secretary of Health and Human Services,
has determined to permit the word ''organic'' to be used on the
principal display panel of such products only for the purpose of
describing the organically produced ingredients; or
(2) contain less than 50 percent organically produced
has determined to permit the word ''organic'' to appear on the
ingredient listing panel to describe those ingredients that are
organically produced in accordance with this chapter.
(d) Small farmer exemption
Subsection (a)(1) of this section shall not apply to persons who
sell no more than $5,000 annually in value of agricultural
Sec. 6506. General requirements
A program established under this chapter shall -
(1) provide that an agricultural product to be sold or labeled
as organically produced must -
(A) be produced only on certified organic farms and handled
only through certified organic handling operations in
accordance with this chapter; and
(B) be produced and handled in accordance with such program;
(2) require that producers and handlers desiring to participate
under such program establish an organic plan under section 6513
of this title;
(3) provide for procedures that allow producers and handlers to
appeal an adverse administrative determination under this
chapter;
(4) require each certified organic farm or each certified
organic handling operation to certify to the Secretary, the
governing State official (if applicable), and the certifying
agent on an annual basis, that such farm or handler has not
produced or handled any agricultural product sold or labeled as
organically produced except in accordance with this chapter;
(5) provide for annual on-site inspection by the certifying
agent of each farm and handling operation that has been certified
under this chapter;
(6) require periodic residue testing by certifying agents of
agricultural products that have been produced on certified
organic farms and handled through certified organic handling
operations to determine whether such products contain any
pesticide or other nonorganic residue or natural toxicants and to
require certifying agents, to the extent that such agents are
aware of a violation of applicable laws relating to food safety,
to report such violation to the appropriate health agencies;
(7) provide for appropriate and adequate enforcement
procedures, as determined by the Secretary to be necessary and
consistent with this chapter;
(8) protect against conflict-of-interest as specified under
section 6515(h) of this title;
(9) provide for public access to certification documents and
laboratory analyses that pertain to certification;
(10) provide for the collection of reasonable fees from
producers, certifying agents and handlers who participate in such
program; and
(11) require such other terms and conditions as may be
determined by the Secretary to be necessary.
(b) Discretionary requirements
An organic certification program established under this chapter
may -
(1) provide for the certification of an entire farm or handling
operation or specific fields of a farm or parts of a handling
operation if -
(A) in the case of a farm or field, the area to be certified
has distinct, defined boundaries and buffer zones separating
the land being operated through the use of organic methods from
land that is not being operated through the use of such
methods;
(B) the operators of such farm or handling operation maintain
records of all organic operations separate from records
relating to other operations and make such records available at
all times for inspection by the Secretary, the certifying
agent, and the governing State official; and
(C) appropriate physical facilities, machinery, and
management practices are established to prevent the possibility
of a mixing of organic and nonorganic products or a penetration
of prohibited chemicals or other substances on the certified
area; and
(2) provide for reasonable exemptions from specific
requirements of this chapter (except the provisions of section
6511 of this title) with respect to agricultural products
produced on certified organic farms if such farms are subject to
a Federal or State emergency pest or disease treatment program.
(c) State program
A State organic certification program approved under this chapter
may contain additional guidelines governing the production or
handling of products sold or labeled as organically produced in
such State as required in section 6507 of this title.
(d) Availability of fees
(1) Account
Fees collected under subsection (a)(10) of this section
(including late payment penalties and interest earned from
investment of the fees) shall be credited to the account that
incurs the cost of the services provided under this chapter.
(2) Use
The collected fees shall be available to the Secretary, without
further appropriation or fiscal-year limitation, to pay the
expenses of the Secretary incurred in providing accreditation
services under this chapter.
3938; Pub. L. 105-185, title VI, Sec. 601(a), June 23, 1998, 112
Stat. 585.)
1998 - Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 105-185 added subsec. (d).
This section is referred to in sections 6502, 6515 of this title.
Sec. 6507. State organic certification program
The governing State official may prepare and submit a plan for
the establishment of a State organic certification program to the
Secretary for approval. A State organic certification program must
meet the requirements of this chapter to be approved by the
(b) Additional requirements
(1) Authority
A State organic certification program established under
subsection (a) of this section may contain more restrictive
requirements governing the organic certification of farms and
handling operations and the production and handling of
agricultural products that are to be sold or labeled as
organically produced under this chapter than are contained in the
program established by the Secretary.
(2) Content
Any additional requirements established under paragraph (1)
shall -
(A) further the purposes of this chapter;
(B) not be inconsistent with this chapter;
(C) not be discriminatory towards agricultural commodities
organically produced in other States in accordance with this
chapter; and
(D) not become effective until approved by the Secretary.
(c) Review and other determinations
(1) Subsequent review
The Secretary shall review State organic certification programs
not less than once during each 5-year period following the date
of the approval of such programs.
(2) Changes in program
The governing State official, prior to implementing any
substantive change to programs approved under this subsection,
shall submit such change to the Secretary for approval.
(3) Time for determination
The Secretary shall make a determination concerning any plan,
proposed change to a program, or a review of a program not later
than 6 months after receipt of such plan, such proposed change,
or the initiation of such review.
Sec. 6508. Prohibited crop production practices and materials
(a) Seed, seedlings and planting practices
For a farm to be certified under this chapter, producers on such
farm shall not apply materials to, or engage in practices on, seeds
or seedlings that are contrary to, or inconsistent with, the
applicable organic certification program.
(b) Soil amendments
farm shall not -
(1) use any fertilizers containing synthetic ingredients or any
commercially blended fertilizers containing materials prohibited
under this chapter or under the applicable State organic
certification program; or
(2) use as a source of nitrogen: phosphorous, lime, potash, or
any materials that are inconsistent with the applicable organic
certification program.
(c) Crop management
(1) use natural poisons such as arsenic or lead salts that have
long-term effects and persist in the environment, as determined
by the applicable governing State official or the Secretary;
(2) use plastic mulches, unless such mulches are removed at the
end of each growing or harvest season; or
(3) use transplants that are treated with any synthetic or
prohibited material.
Sec. 6509. Animal production practices and materials
Any livestock that is to be slaughtered and sold or labeled as
organically produced shall be raised in accordance with this
(b) Breeder stock
Breeder stock may be purchased from any source if such stock is
not in the last third of gestation.
(c) Practices
For a farm to be certified under this chapter as an organic farm
with respect to the livestock produced by such farm, producers on
such farm -
(1) shall feed such livestock organically produced feed that
meets the requirements of this chapter;
(2) shall not use the following feed -
(A) plastic pellets for roughage;
(B) manure refeeding; or
(C) feed formulas containing urea; and
(3) shall not use growth promoters and hormones on such
livestock, whether implanted, ingested, or injected, including
antibiotics and synthetic trace elements used to stimulate growth
or production of such livestock.
(d) Health care
(1) Prohibited practices
For a farm to be certified under this chapter as an organic
farm with respect to the livestock produced by such farm,
producers on such farm shall not -
(A) use subtherapeutic doses of antibiotics;
(B) use synthetic internal parasiticides on a routine basis;
(C) administer medication, other than vaccinations, in the
absence of illness.
(2) Standards
The National Organic Standards Board shall recommend to the
Secretary standards in addition to those in paragraph (1) for the
care of livestock to ensure that such livestock is organically
(e) Additional guidelines
(1) Poultry
With the exception of day old poultry, all poultry from which
meat or eggs will be sold or labeled as organically produced
shall be raised and handled in accordance with this chapter prior
to and during the period in which such meat or eggs are sold.
(2) Dairy livestock
A dairy animal from which milk or milk products will be sold or
labeled as organically produced shall be raised and handled in
accordance with this chapter for not less than the 12-month
period immediately prior to the sale of such milk and milk
(f) Livestock identification
producers on such farm shall keep adequate records and maintain a
detailed, verifiable audit trail so that each animal (or in the
case of poultry, each flock) can be traced back to such farm.
(2) Records
In order to carry out paragraph (1), each producer shall keep
accurate records on each animal (or in the case of poultry, each
flock) including -
(A) amounts and sources of all medications administered; and
(B) all feeds and feed supplements bought and fed.
(g) Notice and public comment
The Secretary shall hold public hearings and shall develop
detailed regulations, with notice and public comment, to guide the
implementation of the standards for livestock products provided
under this section.
1991 - Subsec. (d)(1)(B). Pub. L. 102-237, Sec. 1001(2)(A),
substituted ''parasiticides'' for ''paraciticides''.
Subsecs. (g), (h). Pub. L. 102-237, Sec. 1001(2)(B), redesignated
subsec. (h) as (g).
Sec. 6510. Handling
For a handling operation to be certified under this chapter, each
person on such handling operation shall not, with respect to any
agricultural product covered by this chapter -
(1) add any synthetic ingredient during the processing or any
postharvest handling of the product;
(2) add any ingredient known to contain levels of nitrates,
heavy metals, or toxic residues in excess of those permitted by
the applicable organic certification program;
(3) add any sulfites, except in the production of wine,
nitrates, or nitrites;
(4) add any ingredients that are not organically produced in
accordance with this chapter and the applicable organic
certification program, unless such ingredients are included on
the National List and represent not more than 5 percent of the
weight of the total finished product (excluding salt and water);
(5) use any packaging materials, storage containers or bins
that contain synthetic fungicides, preservatives, or fumigants;
(6) use any bag or container that had previously been in
contact with any substance in such a manner as to compromise the
organic quality of such product; or
(7) use, in such product water that does not meet all Safe
Drinking Water Act (42 U.S.C. 300f et seq.) requirements.
(b) Meat
For a farm or handling operation to be organically certified
under this chapter, producers on such farm or persons on such
handling operation shall ensure that organically produced meat does
not come in contact with nonorganically produced meat.
Stat. 1893; Pub. L. 106-387, Sec. 1(a) (title VII, Sec. 748), Oct.
28, 2000, 114 Stat. 1549, 1549A-41.)
The Safe Drinking Water Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(7), is
title XIV of act July 1, 1944, as added Dec. 16, 1974, Pub. L.
93-523, Sec. 2(a), 88 Stat. 1660, as amended, which is classified
generally to subchapter XII (Sec. 300f et seq.) of chapter 6A of
Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete
classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set
out under section 201 of Title 42 and Tables.
2000 - Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 106-387 inserted ''except in the
production of wine,'' after ''sulfites,''.
1991 - Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 102-237 substituted
''postharvest'' for ''post harvest''.
Sec. 6511. Additional guidelines
The Secretary, the applicable governing State official, and the
certifying agent shall utilize a system of residue testing to test
products sold or labeled as organically produced under this chapter
to assist in the enforcement of this chapter.
(b) Preharvest testing
The Secretary, the applicable governing State official, or the
certifying agent may require preharvest tissue testing of any crop
grown on soil suspected of harboring contaminants.
(c) Compliance review
(1) Inspection
If the Secretary, the applicable governing State official, or
the certifying agent determines that an agricultural product sold
or labeled as organically produced under this chapter contains
any detectable pesticide or other non-organic residue or
prohibited natural substance the Secretary, the applicable
governing State official, or the certifying agent shall conduct
an investigation to determine if the organic certification
program has been violated, and may require the producer or
handler of such product to prove that any prohibited substance
was not applied to such product.
(2) Removal of organic label
If, as determined by the Secretary, the applicable governing
State official, or the certifying agent, the investigation
conducted under paragraph (1) indicates that the residue is -
(A) the result of intentional application of a prohibited
substance; or
(B) present at levels that are greater than unavoidable
residual environmental contamination as prescribed by the
Secretary or the applicable governing State official in
consultation with the appropriate environmental regulatory
agencies;
such agricultural product shall not be sold or labeled as
organically produced under this chapter.
(d) Recordkeeping requirements
Producers who operate a certified organic farm or handling
operation under this chapter shall maintain records for 5 years
concerning the production or handling of agricultural products sold
or labeled as organically produced under this chapter, including -
(1) a detailed history of substances applied to fields or
(2) the names and addresses of persons who applied such
substances, the dates, the rate, and method of application of
such substances.
1991 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 102-237 substituted ''Preharvest''
for ''Pre-harvest'' in heading.
Sec. 6512. Other production and handling practices
If a production or handling practice is not prohibited or
otherwise restricted under this chapter, such practice shall be
permitted unless it is determined that such practice would be
inconsistent with the applicable organic certification program.
Sec. 6513. Organic plan
A producer or handler seeking certification under this chapter
shall submit an organic plan to the certifying agent and the State
organic certification program (if applicable), and such plan shall
be reviewed by the certifying agent who shall determine if such
plan meets the requirements of the programs.
(b) Crop production farm plan
(1) Soil fertility
An organic plan shall contain provisions designed to foster
soil fertility, primarily through the management of the organic
content of the soil through proper tillage, crop rotation, and
manuring.
(2) Manuring
(A) Inclusion in organic plan
An organic plan shall contain terms and conditions that
regulate the application of manure to crops.
(B) Application of manure
Such organic plan may provide for the application of raw
manure only to -
(i) any green manure crop;
(ii) any perennial crop;
(iii) any crop not for human consumption; and
(iv) any crop for human consumption, if such crop is
harvested after a reasonable period of time determined by the
certifying agent to ensure the safety of such crop, after the
most recent application of raw manure, but in no event shall
such period be less than 60 days after such application.
(C) Contamination by manure
Such organic plan shall prohibit raw manure from being
applied to any crop in a way that significantly contributes to
water contamination by nitrates or bacteria.
(c) Livestock plan
An organic livestock plan shall contain provisions designed to
foster the organic production of livestock consistent with the
purposes of this chapter.
(d) Mixed crop livestock production
An organic plan may encompass both the crop production and
livestock production requirements in subsections (b) and (c) of
this section if both activities are conducted by the same producer.
(e) Handling plan
An organic handling plan shall contain provisions designed to
ensure that agricultural products that are sold or labeled as
organically produced are produced and handled in a manner that is
consistent with the purposes of this chapter.
(f) Management of wild crops
An organic plan for the harvesting of wild crops shall -
(1) designate the area from which the wild crop will be
gathered or harvested;
(2) include a 3 year history of the management of the area
showing that no prohibited substances have been applied;
(3) include a plan for the harvesting or gathering of the wild
crops assuring that such harvesting or gathering will not be
destructive to the environment and will sustain the growth and
production of the wild crop; and
(4) include provisions that no prohibited substances will be
applied by the producer.
(g) Limitation on content of plan
An organic plan shall not include any production or handling
practices that are inconsistent with this chapter.
Sec. 6514. Accreditation program
The Secretary shall establish and implement a program to accredit
a governing State official, and any private person, that meets the
requirements of this section as a certifying agent for the purpose
farm or handling operation.
(b) Requirements
To be accredited as a certifying agent under this section, a
governing State official or private person shall -
(1) prepare and submit, to the Secretary, an application for
such accreditation;
(2) have sufficient expertise in organic farming and handling
techniques as determined by the Secretary; and
(3) comply with the requirements of this section and section
6515 of this title.
(c) Duration of designation
An accreditation made under this section shall be for a period of
not to exceed 5 years, as determined appropriate by the Secretary,
and may be renewed.
Sec. 6515. Requirements of certifying agents
(a) Ability to implement requirements
To be accredited as a certifying agent under section 6514 of this
title, a governing State official or a person shall be able to
fully implement the applicable organic certification program
established under this chapter.
(b) Inspectors
Any certifying agent shall employ a sufficient number of
inspectors to implement the applicable organic certification
program established under this chapter, as determined by the
(c) Recordkeeping
(1) Maintenance of records
Any certifying agent shall maintain all records concerning its
activities under this chapter for a period of not less than 10
(2) Access for Secretary
Any certifying agent shall allow representatives of the
Secretary and the governing State official access to any and all
records concerning the certifying agent's activities under this
(3) Transference of records
If any private person that was certified under this chapter is
dissolved or loses its accreditation, all records or copies of
records concerning such person's activities under this chapter
shall be transferred to the Secretary and made available to the
applicable governing State official.
(d) Agreement
Any certifying agent shall enter into an agreement with the
Secretary under which such agent shall -
(1) agree to carry out the provisions of this chapter; and
(2) agree to such other terms and conditions as the Secretary
(e) Private certifying agent agreement
Any certifying agent that is a private person shall, in addition
to the agreement required in subsection (d) of this section -
(1) agree to hold the Secretary harmless for any failure on the
part of the certifying agent to carry out the provisions of this
(2) furnish reasonable security, in an amount determined by the
Secretary, for the purpose of protecting the rights of
participants in the applicable organic certification program
(f) Compliance with program
Any certifying agent shall fully comply with the terms and
conditions of the applicable organic certification program
implemented under this chapter.
(g) Confidentiality
Except as provided in section 6506(a)(9) of this title, any
certifying agent shall maintain strict confidentiality with respect
to its clients under the applicable organic certification program
and may not disclose to third parties (with the exception of the
Secretary or the applicable governing State official) any business
related information concerning such client obtained while
implementing this chapter.
(h) Conflict of interest
Any certifying agent shall not -
(1) carry out any inspections of any operation in which such
certifying agent, or employee of such certifying agent has, or
has had, a commercial interest, including the provision of
consultancy services;
(2) accept payment, gifts, or favors of any kind from the
business inspected other than prescribed fees; or
(3) provide advice concerning organic practices or techniques
for a fee, other than fees established under such program.
(i) Administrator
A certifying agent that is a private person shall nominate the
individual who controls the day-to-day operation of the agent.
(j) Loss of accreditation
(1) Noncompliance
If the Secretary or the governing State official (if
applicable) determines that a certifying agent is not properly
adhering to the provisions of this chapter, the Secretary or such
governing State official may suspend such certifying agent's
accreditation.
(2) Effect on certified operations
If the accreditation of a certifying agent is suspended under
paragraph (1), the Secretary or the governing State official (if
applicable) shall promptly determine whether farming or handling
operations certified by such certifying agent may retain their
organic certification.
1991 - Subsec. (j)(2). Pub. L. 102-237 substituted ''such
certifying'' for ''certifying such''.
This section is referred to in sections 6506, 6514, 6518 of this
Sec. 6516. Peer review of certifying agents
(a) Peer review
In determining whether to approve an application for
accreditation submitted under section 6514 of this title, the
Secretary shall consider a report concerning such applicant that
shall be prepared by a peer review panel established under
subsection (b) of this section.
(b) Peer review panel
To assist the Secretary in evaluating applications under section
6514 of this title, the Secretary may establish a panel of not less
than three persons who have expertise in organic farming and
handling methods, to evaluate the State governing official or
private person that is seeking accreditation as a certifying agent
under such section. Not less than two members of such panel shall
be persons who are not employees of the Department of Agriculture
or of the applicable State government.
Sec. 6517. National List
The Secretary shall establish a National List of approved and
prohibited substances that shall be included in the standards for
organic production and handling established under this chapter in
order for such products to be sold or labeled as organically
produced under this chapter.
(b) Content of list
The list established under subsection (a) of this section shall
contain an itemization, by specific use or application, of each
synthetic substance permitted under subsection (c)(1) of this
section or each natural substance prohibited under subsection
(c)(2) of this section.
(c) Guidelines for prohibitions or exemptions
(1) Exemption for prohibited substances
The National List may provide for the use of substances in an
organic farming or handling operation that are otherwise
prohibited under this chapter only if -
(A) the Secretary determines, in consultation with the
Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Administrator of
the Environmental Protection Agency, that the use of such
substances -
(i) would not be harmful to human health or the
environment;
(ii) is necessary to the production or handling of the
agricultural product because of the unavailability of wholly
natural substitute products; and
(iii) is consistent with organic farming and handling;
(B) the substance -
(i) is used in production and contains an active synthetic
ingredient in the following categories: copper and sulfur
compounds; toxins derived from bacteria; pheromones, soaps,
horticultural oils, fish emulsions, treated seed, vitamins
and minerals; livestock parasiticides and medicines and
production aids including netting, tree wraps and seals,
insect traps, sticky barriers, row covers, and equipment
cleansers;
(ii) is used in production and contains synthetic inert
ingredients that are not classified by the Administrator of
the Environmental Protection Agency as inerts of
toxicological concern; or
(iii) is used in handling and is non-synthetic but is not
organically produced; and
(C) the specific exemption is developed using the procedures
described in subsection (d) of this section.
(2) Prohibition on the use of specific natural substances
The National List may prohibit the use of specific natural
substances in an organic farming or handling operation that are
otherwise allowed under this chapter only if -
(i) would be harmful to human health or the environment;
(ii) is inconsistent with organic farming or handling, and
the purposes of this chapter; and
(B) the specific prohibition is developed using the
procedures specified in subsection (d) of this section.
(d) Procedure for establishing National List
The National List established by the Secretary shall be based
upon a proposed national list or proposed amendments to the
National List developed by the National Organic Standards Board.
(2) No additions
The Secretary may not include exemptions for the use of
specific synthetic substances in the National List other than
those exemptions contained in the Proposed National List or
Proposed Amendments to the National List.
(3) Prohibited substances
In no instance shall the National List include any substance,
the presence of which in food has been prohibited by Federal
regulatory action.
(4) Notice and comment
Before establishing the National List or before making any
amendments to the National List, the Secretary shall publish the
Proposed National List or any Proposed Amendments to the National
List in the Federal Register and seek public comment on such
proposals. The Secretary shall include in such Notice any
changes to such proposed list or amendments recommended by the
(5) Publication of National List
After evaluating all comments received concerning the Proposed
National List or Proposed Amendments to the National List, the
Secretary shall publish the final National List in the Federal
Register, along with a discussion of comments received.
(e) Sunset provision
No exemption or prohibition contained in the National List shall
be valid unless the National Organic Standards Board has reviewed
such exemption or prohibition as provided in this section within 5
years of such exemption or prohibition being adopted or reviewed
and the Secretary has renewed such exemption or prohibition.
1991 - Subsec. (c)(1)(B)(i). Pub. L. 102-237 substituted
''parasiticides'' for ''paraciticides''.
Sec. 6518. National Organic Standards Board
The Secretary shall establish a National Organic Standards Board
(in accordance with the Federal Advisory Committee Act) (hereafter
referred to in this section as the ''Board'') to assist in the
development of standards for substances to be used in organic
production and to advise the Secretary on any other aspects of the
implementation of this chapter.
(b) Composition of Board
The Board shall be composed of 15 members, of which -
(1) four shall be individuals who own or operate an organic
farming operation;
(2) two shall be individuals who own or operate an organic
handling operation;
(3) one shall be an individual who owns or operates a retail
establishment with significant trade in organic products;
(4) three shall be individuals with expertise in areas of
environmental protection and resource conservation;
(5) three shall be individuals who represent public interest or
consumer interest groups;
(6) one shall be an individual with expertise in the fields of
toxicology, ecology, or biochemistry; and
(7) one shall be an individual who is a certifying agent as
identified under section 6515 of this title.
(c) Appointment
Not later than 180 days after November 28, 1990, the Secretary
shall appoint the members of the Board under paragraph (1) through
(6) of subsection (b) of this section (and under subsection (b)(7)
of this section at an appropriate date after the certification of
individuals as certifying agents under section 6515 of this title)
from nominations received from organic certifying organizations,
States, and other interested persons and organizations.
(d) Term
A member of the Board shall serve for a term of 5 years, except
that the Secretary shall appoint the original members of the Board
for staggered terms. A member cannot serve consecutive terms
unless such member served an original term that was less than 5
(e) Meetings
The Secretary shall convene a meeting of the Board not later than
60 days after the appointment of its members and shall convene
subsequent meetings on a periodic basis.
(f) Compensation and expenses
A member of the Board shall serve without compensation. While
away from their homes or regular places of business on the business
of the Board, members of the Board may be allowed travel expenses,
including per diem in lieu of subsistence, as is authorized under
section 5703 of title 5 for persons employed intermittently in the
Government service.
(g) Chairperson
The Board shall select a Chairperson for the Board.
(h) Quorum
A majority of the members of the Board shall constitute a quorum
for the purpose of conducting business.
(i) Decisive votes
Two-thirds of the votes cast at a meeting of the Board at which a
quorum is present shall be decisive of any motion.
(j) Other terms and conditions
The Secretary shall authorize the Board to hire a staff director
and shall detail staff of the Department of Agriculture or allow
for the hiring of staff and may, subject to necessary
appropriations, pay necessary expenses incurred by such Board in
carrying out the provisions of this chapter, as determined
appropriate by the Secretary.
(k) Responsibilities of Board
The Board shall provide recommendations to the Secretary
regarding the implementation of this chapter.
(2) National List
The Board shall develop the proposed National List or proposed
amendments to the National List for submission to the Secretary
in accordance with section 6517 of this title.
(3) Technical advisory panels
The Board shall convene technical advisory panels to provide
scientific evaluation of the materials considered for inclusion
in the National List. Such panels may include experts in
agronomy, entomology, health sciences and other relevant
disciplines.
(4) Special review of botanical pesticides
The Board shall, prior to the establishment of the National
List, review all botanical pesticides used in agricultural
production and consider whether any such botanical pesticide
should be included in the list of prohibited natural substances.
(5) Product residue testing
The Board shall advise the Secretary concerning the testing of
organically produced agricultural products for residues caused by
unavoidable residual environmental contamination.
(6) Emergency spray programs
The Board shall advise the Secretary concerning rules for
exemptions from specific requirements of this chapter (except the
provisions of section 6511 of this title) with respect to
agricultural products produced on certified organic farms if such
farms are subject to a Federal or State emergency pest or disease
treatment program.
(l) Requirements
In establishing the proposed National List or proposed amendments
to the National List, the Board shall -
(1) review available information from the Environmental
Protection Agency, the National Institute of Environmental Health
Studies, and such other sources as appropriate, concerning the
potential for adverse human and environmental effects of
substances considered for inclusion in the proposed National
List;
(2) work with manufacturers of substances considered for
inclusion in the proposed National List to obtain a complete list
of ingredients and determine whether such substances contain
inert materials that are synthetically produced; and
(3) submit to the Secretary, along with the proposed National
List or any proposed amendments to such list, the results of the
Board's evaluation and the evaluation of the technical advisory
panel of all substances considered for inclusion in the National
(m) Evaluation
In evaluating substances considered for inclusion in the proposed
National List or proposed amendment to the National List, the Board
shall consider -
(1) the potential of such substances for detrimental chemical
interactions with other materials used in organic farming
systems;
(2) the toxicity and mode of action of the substance and of its
breakdown products or any contaminants, and their persistence and
areas of concentration in the environment;
(3) the probability of environmental contamination during
manufacture, use, misuse or disposal of such substance;
(4) the effect of the substance on human health;
(5) the effects of the substance on biological and chemical
interactions in the agroecosystem, including the physiological
effects of the substance on soil organisms (including the salt
index and solubility of the soil), crops and livestock;
(6) the alternatives to using the substance in terms of
practices or other available materials; and
(7) its compatibility with a system of sustainable agriculture.
(n) Petitions
The Board shall establish procedures under which persons may
petition the Board for the purpose of evaluating substances for
inclusion on the National List.
(o) Confidentiality
Any confidential business information obtained by the Board in
carrying out this section shall not be released to the public.
The Federal Advisory Committee Act, referred to in subsec. (a),
is Pub. L. 92-463, Oct. 6, 1972, 86 Stat. 770, as amended, which is
set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and
Employees.
1991 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102-237 substituted ''to assist'' for
''(to assist''.
Sec. 6519. Violations of chapter
(a) Misuse of label
Any person who knowingly sells or labels a product as organic,
except in accordance with this chapter, shall be subject to a civil
penalty of not more than $10,000.
(b) False statement
Any person who makes a false statement under this chapter to the
Secretary, a governing State official, or a certifying agent shall
be subject to the provisions of section 1001 of title 18.
(c) Ineligibility
Except as provided in paragraph (2), any person who -
(A) makes a false statement;
(B) attempts to have a label indicating that an agricultural
product is organically produced affixed to such product that
such person knows, or should have reason to know, to have been
produced or handled in a manner that is not in accordance with
this chapter; or
(C) otherwise violates the purposes of the applicable organic
certification program as determined by the Secretary;
after notice and an opportunity to be heard, shall not be
eligible, for a period of 5 years from the date of such
occurrence, to receive certification under this chapter with
respect to any farm or handling operation in which such person
has an interest.
(2) Waiver
Notwithstanding paragraph (1), the Secretary may reduce or
eliminate the period of ineligibility referred to in such
paragraph if the Secretary determines that such modification or
waiver is in the best interests of the applicable organic
certification program established under this chapter.
(d) Reporting of violations
A certifying agent shall immediately report any violations of
this chapter to the Secretary or the governing State official (if
applicable).
(e) Violations by certifying agent
A certifying agent that is a private person that violates the
provisions of this chapter or that falsely or negligently certifies
any farming or handling operation that does not meet the terms and
conditions of the applicable organic certification program as an
organic operation, as determined by the Secretary or the governing
State official (if applicable) shall, after notice and an
opportunity to be heard -
(1) lose its accreditation as a certifying agent under this
(2) be ineligible to be accredited as a certifying agent under
this chapter for a period of not less than 3 years subsequent to
the date of such determination.
(f) Effect of other laws
Nothing in this chapter shall alter the authority of the
Secretary under the Federal Meat Inspection Act (21 U.S.C. 601 et
seq.), the Poultry Products Inspection Act (21 U.S.C. 451 et seq.),
and the Egg Products Inspection Act (21 U.S.C. 1031 et seq.)
concerning meat, poultry and egg products, nor any of the
authorities of the Secretary of Health and Human Services under the
Federal Food, Drug (FOOTNOTE 1) and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 301 et
seq.), nor the authority of the Administrator of the Environmental
Protection Agency under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide
(FOOTNOTE 1) and Rodenticide Act (7 U.S.C. 136 et seq.).
(FOOTNOTE 1) So in original. Probably should be followed by a
comma.
The Federal Meat Inspection Act, referred to in subsec. (f), is
titles I to IV of act Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2907, as added Dec. 15,
1967, Pub. L. 90-201, 81 Stat. 584, and amended, which are
classified generally to subchapters I to IV (Sec. 601 et seq.) of
chapter 12 of Title 21, Food and Drugs. For complete classification
of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section
601 of Title 21 and Tables.
The Poultry Products Inspection Act, referred to in subsec. (f),
is Pub. L. 85-172, Aug. 28, 1957, 71 Stat. 441, as amended, which
is classified generally to chapter 10 (Sec. 451 et seq.) of Title
21. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short
Title note set out under section 451 of Title 21 and Tables.
The Egg Products Inspection Act, referred to in subsec. (f), is
Pub. L. 91-597, Dec. 29, 1970, 84 Stat. 1620, as amended, which is
classified generally to chapter 15 (Sec. 1031 et seq.) of Title 21.
For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short
Title note set out under section 1031 of Title 21 and Tables.
The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, referred to in subsec.
(f), is act June 25, 1938, ch. 675, 52 Stat. 1040, as amended,
which is classified generally to chapter 9 (Sec. 301 et seq.) of
Title 21. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see
section 301 of Title 21 and Tables.
to in subsec. (f), is act June 25, 1947, ch. 125, as amended
1991 - Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 102-237 inserted comma after ''601 et
seq.)''.
Sec. 6520. Administrative appeal
(a) Expedited appeals procedure
The Secretary shall establish an expedited administrative appeals
procedure under which persons may appeal an action of the
Secretary, the applicable governing State official, or a certifying
agent under this chapter that -
(1) adversely affects such person; or
(2) is inconsistent with the organic certification program
(b) Appeal of final decision
A final decision of the Secretary under subsection (a) of this
section may be appealed to the United States district court for the
district in which such person is located.
1991 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 102-237 substituted ''district court
for the district'' for ''District Court for the District''.
Sec. 6521. Administration
(a) Regulations
shall issue proposed regulations to carry out this chapter.
(b) Assistance to State
(1) Technical and other assistance
The Secretary shall provide technical, administrative, and
Extension Service assistance to assist States in the
implementation of an organic certification program under this
(2) Financial assistance
The Secretary may provide financial assistance to any State
that implements an organic certification program under this
Sec. 6522. Authorization of appropriations
There are authorized to be appropriated for each fiscal year such
sums as may be necessary to carry out this chapter.
Sec. 6523. National organic certification cost-share program
Of funds of the Commodity Credit Corporation, the Secretary of
Agriculture (acting through the Agricultural Marketing Service)
shall use $5,000,000 for fiscal year 2002, to remain available
until expended, to establish a national organic certification
cost-share program to assist producers and handlers of agricultural
products in obtaining certification under the national organic
production program established under the Organic Foods Production
Act of 1990 (7 U.S.C. 6501 et seq.).
(b) Federal share
Subject to paragraph (2), the Secretary shall pay under this
section not more than 75 percent of the costs incurred by a
producer or handler in obtaining certification under the national
organic production program, as certified to and approved by the
(2) Maximum amount
The maximum amount of a payment made to a producer or handler
under this section shall be $500.
(Pub. L. 107-171, title X, Sec. 10606, May 13, 2002, 116 Stat.
514.)
The Organic Foods Production Act of 1990, referred to in subsec.
(a), is title XXI of Pub. L. 101-624, Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat.
3935, as amended, which is classified generally to this chapter.
Title note set out under section 6501 of this title and Tables.
-COD-
Section was enacted as part of the Farm Security and Rural
Investment Act of 2002, and not as part of the Organic Foods
Production Act of 1990 which comprises this chapter.
Enviado por: El remitente no desea revelar su nombre
Codificación normativa de EEUU (Estados Unidos) Legislación Federal estadounidense # Agriculture

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Saint Barnabas Lutheran Church has been serving the Eastern Upper Peninsula in Christ since 1994.
In 1988 the Upper Peninsula of Michigan was not even pictured on the official LCMS Michigan District Logo. The three Michigan District Congregations in the Eastern Upper Peninsula were Trinity Lutheran Church in Newberry, Bethlehem Lutheran Church in Engadine and Grace Lutheran Church in Germfask. In 1988 the Michigan District called and sent Pastor Burhop to the Eastern Upper Peninsula. There was already a small mission congregation on Drummond Island (a mile off the eastern tip of the peninsula) where he began the mission work.
The next congregation started was Redeemer Lutheran Church in DeTour (at the eastern tip of the peninsula). Then Saint Paul Lutheran Church was started in Kincheloe; about 15 miles south of Sault Ste. Marie on I-75.
In 1994, Saint Barnabas Lutheran Church began worship services at the Catholic Newman Center just across the avenue (Easterday Ave.) from Lake Superior State University.
An LSSU student, Carolyn Brade, was at the very first service and LSSU Students have been a part of the mission and ministry of Saint Barnabas ever since. To any former LSSU student who worshipped at Saint Barnabas: Please send us your name, e-mail and year(s) attended so we can complete our list!
In time, the congregation was able to purchase a former 2 ½ car garage that had been refurbished into a 1 unit apartment; which was subsequently refurbished as a church building:
A generous and anonymous donation allowed Saint Barnabas to purchase her current building, formerly a Wesleyan church, at 701 E. Easterday Ave; just a mile east and down the hill from her original meeting place.
In 2015, Rev. Arthur Bode of Bethlehem Lutheran Church in Engadine started two new mission congregations in the Eastern U.P., in St. Ignace (just across the Mackinac bridge from lower Michigan) and Munising (2 hours west of Sault Ste. Marie on M-28), bringing the total of LCMS congregations in the area to 9. The Upper Peninsula is now officially included in the Michigan District Logo.


A couple weekends ago we camped at Aster Lake on our way to Warrior Mountain. We liked it so much we went back, this weekend lighter and faster, to tag Warrior's neighbor, Mount Cordonnier.
Much of the snow had melted, and the midsummer flowers were in full bouquet.
Oh, shoot. We quickly headed out of the tent, bear spray in hand, and from some distance away watched the grizzly dig a great big hole with great energy, before eventually wandering off. All in all we got a couple visits from grizzlies and a fat marmot.
Backcountry exhilaration. Our blue tent in the middle of the photo. A couple grizzlies wandering around meant we were quite diligent in keeping the bearspray at hand.
The waterfalls downstream of Aster Lake. Warrior mountain in the back and Cordonnier outlier to the left of the ridge.
Neat patterns in the snow. Aster Lake below. A fun, albeit wet, glissade on the way down.
View of Mount Joffre on the way up Cordonnier. Melted snow reveals the glacier ice beneath.
Coral fossils, some possibly as old as 400-million years old. The horn coral is everywhere!


text:
package org.springframework.cloud.sleuth.autoconfig.instrument.r2dbc;

import io.r2dbc.proxy.callback.ProxyConfig;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanFactory;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.AutoConfigureAfter;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.condition.ConditionalOnBean;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.condition.ConditionalOnClass;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.condition.ConditionalOnProperty;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.r2dbc.R2dbcAutoConfiguration;
import org.springframework.cloud.sleuth.Tracer;
import org.springframework.cloud.sleuth.autoconfig.brave.BraveAutoConfiguration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;

/**
 * {@link org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.EnableAutoConfiguration
 * Auto-configuration} enables Quartz span information propagation.
 *
 * @author Marcin Grzejszczak
 * @since 3.1.0
 */
@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
@ConditionalOnClass(ProxyConfig.class)
@ConditionalOnBean(Tracer.class)
@ConditionalOnProperty(value = "spring.sleuth.r2dbc.enabled", matchIfMissing = true)
@AutoConfigureAfter({ BraveAutoConfiguration.class, R2dbcAutoConfiguration.class })
public class TraceR2dbcAutoConfiguration {

	@Bean
	static TraceConnectionFactoryBeanPostProcessor traceConnectionFactoryBeanPostProcessor(BeanFactory beanFactory) {
		return new TraceConnectionFactoryBeanPostProcessor(beanFactory);
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Fernie's Stained Glass Windows project
Community | Construction | History | Mary Giuliano | News | Non-profit Groups | Weddings, Retreats and Conferences
The story of Holy Family Catholic church in Fernie goes as far back as 1896 when Father J. Welch, a priest from the Oblate Mission of St. Eugene, was assigned the construction of a church. This building was from where a priest could minister the 200 miners that worked at the Coal Creek mine just a short distance away from the fledgling community that was Fernie. The great fire of 1908 destroyed that first church along with most of the Fernie townsite.
Fernie's first Catholic church
In 1911 a long mine strike facilitated the development of the present day church in a traditional cruciform (having the shape of a cross) pattern measuring 112 feet by 50 feet with a bell tower soaring to 100 feet and interior well-lit by magnificent stained glass windows depicting scripture scenes. The windows were all donated by parishioners, organizations and families of the day.
Over the decades to preserve this unique historical building parishioners followed the tradition of the original sponsors and successfully raised monies to clean statues and altars, have walls repainted, new light fixtures installed, carpets replaced and roof replaced to this much valued historical landmark that is the Catholic Church. A few years ago a provincial group put out a map depicting must see landmarks and the church was listed as an important building to visit for its beauty and historical significance.
The building has continued to be maintained by the generosity of parishioners and community members here and beyond because the value of this building and what it means to the community is understood by many.
The latest undertaking by the Restoration Committee is the replacement of the outside black covers on the 27 stained and diamond shaped glass windows that adorn the church. The positive fundraising at present has only been possible because families, businesses and individuals have so admirably come forward again and the estimated amount required was raised. Clear laminated glass protective covers were ordered and despite the shortage of trades-people work has been in progress.
To date the exterior of every window has been professionally washed and trim on windows and doors painted. Eight stained glass windows have been covered with the new laminated glass covers with the rest of work to be finished soon. The round window above the Sacristy outside door had severe problems to the wood frame that only a specialty carpenter could accomplish however a very generous and thoughtful Fernie contractor gifted this delicate important labor to be done by one of his talented workers.
The Restoration Committee is continuously amazed and grateful at the generosity of contractors, businesses, parishioners and individuals from near and far as well as the BC government grant awarded to keep the Historical Heritage of the impressive Roman Catholic Church that is considered of great importance for its beauty but also its Heritage value that has to be protected not only for Fernie but also for the rest of BC. This building is greatly valued not only by the Catholic community but also by people of other denominations and faiths who respect the historical aspect of the structure.
Old window covering.
Fundraising has been successful to date however as in any project costs change due to unknown issues discovered once work begins. In this case some window frames were found to have decaying wood in places and some stained glass required re-leading. The Committee is looking to continue the fundraising campaign as the goal is to carry the project to the finish. The Committee is putting out a general appeal for help with this last leg of the project.
Here is financial information on the project:
Total project cost estimate in October of 2019 was approximately $145,217
Grant monies were $67,780
Monies raised was $74,059
Paid out thus far $48,105
Estimate to complete $97,111
Shortfall was $3,376
However with a few complications it is now determined that about $10,000 of additional funding is required. The Committee is confident that somehow this amount will be raised and the project finished to its entirety.
For For information on how to support the initiative contact John Pallone at 250-430-1012 or Anne Majic at 250-423-1344. A sincere thank you.
By Mary Giuliano
Photos Supplied & BC Archives
catholic church Father J. Welch fernie Catholic church fernie church Fernie's Stained Glass Windows project funding required Holy Family Catholic church Mary Giuliano


This 5.75 acre parcel offers a view overlooking the pond in the Deer Tracks subdivision located in beautiful Allamakee County. This lot is suitable for a walk-out lower level. Lot qualifies for conventional septic system. Water lines, electric and internet lines in place to lot.


text:
Q: List the categories under custom taxonomy I have a problem here, I registered a custom post type and I named it 'recipe'
then I created a custom taxonomy under the post type, I named it 'recipe category'. Now I want to display the of categories under that custom taxonomy, but unfortunately I have no luck.
I tried this code
<?php

$taxonomy = 'recipecategory';
$tax_terms = get_terms($taxonomy);
?>

<?php
foreach ($tax_terms as $tax_term) {
echo '
' . 'name ) . '" ' . '>' . $tax_term->name.'
';
}
?>

but it displays nothing, what's wrong with my code? did I missed something.
Almost forgot to mention, I am using the plugin Custom Post Type UI

A: The problem can only be one of the following:

*

*Your taxonomy "recipecategory" does not exist.

*Your taxonomy has no terms.

*None of your recipecategory terms have any posts. In this case, make the following change:
$tax_terms = get_terms($taxonomy, array('hide_empty' => false));
This should work as it will override the default setting, which is to ignore empty terms.
 foreach($tax_terms as $term_single) {
         $term_single->slug;
         $term_single->name;
 }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange