text:
Comments for Docket ID NRC-2015-0057 "Linear, No Threshold"
Note: Comments about this rule will be accepted by the NRC through November 19th, 2015
To: Rulemaking.Comments@nrc.gov
cc: Solomon.Sahle@nrc.gov
Re: Docket ID NRC-2015-0057 (see below)
To Whom It May Concern, NRC
I cannot fathom a single reason to re-examine the "hypothesis" that low doses of radiation have an indisputably beneficial or "Hormetic" effect, versus the standard "Linear, No Threshold" (LNT) theory of radiation, which indicates that, all other factors being equal, doubling the dose doubles the risk, halving the dose halves the risk.
It appears that the petitioners have a vested interest in the U.S. Government relaxing the standards (and if they don't, nevertheless an entire industry does), but the petitioners do not have any significant new facts about the way radiation damages the human body. A few anecdotal reports of a potentially Hormetic effect do not overrule decades of scientific research indicating otherwise. There is plenty that is known to be wrong, or at least inadequate, about the LNT theory because by itself, it cannot account for a radiation dose recipient's age or overall health, or the targeting of individual organs. But IF these (and several other) additional factors are accounted for, LNT seems to stand up fairly well.
There are plenty of reasons why LNT is an incomplete model for radiation damage, but none of those reasons involve "Sunshine Vitamins" which seems to be what the petitioners are claiming: Namely, they are claiming that small amounts of radiation are invariably healthy and beneficial, and we all should INCREASE our dose rather than strive to DECREASE that dose -- or at least, save it for when we are sick and nuclear medicine can save our lives (see below for a further discussion of radiation in health care).
If Hormesis were fact, what is the measurable benefit from a supposedly beneficial increase in radiation that the petitioners are proposing, given that there are many variables in people's biological profile that they cannot account for, including the incidence of latent cancers many years after exposure? What are the studies which prove indisputably (not just "indicate" or "may indicate...") that those doses are right for fetuses to absorb while in their mother's womb, or for infants, elderly, people with compromised immune systems, or, for that matter, people who don't want to be dosed up with radiation even if it IS supposedly good for you?
After all, anyone can VOLUNTARILY increase their radiation dose if they want to: Just tell a doctor you have a pain somewhere, for example. You'll get an x-ray at least, or maybe even a CT-Scan. Or go work in a nuke plant. Or if you're really sure your radiation dose is too low to be healthy, go clean up Fukushima. They need humans to do that since the robots keep breaking down. There are probably not enough scientists who believe in Hormesis to pack a busload of Fukushima cleanup workers, let alone, enough to get the job done. Let them have their wish.
The fact of life is, each of us receives a different level of radiation depending on many factors, such as where we live (altitude above sea level, proximity to uranium mines, weapons test sites or nuclear power plants, radon sources, granite walls or counter-tops, a diet rich in bananas, etc.). Another variable is how we live (airline personnel, astronauts, and nuclear power plant workers all receive higher-than-average radiation doses while on the job). Yet another variable is a byproduct of our overall health: CT Scans, X-rays, radiation treatments, etc.. Sick people can need a multitude of these things. For example, my wife had about three dozen individual, targeted radiation treatments to destroy a cancerous lymph node, as well as having multiple CT Scans and several x-rays, all because of breast cancer, all in a relatively short span of time. That's enough radiation for a lifetime! Radiation is a known cause of breast (she is a non-smoker) and many other cancers, including bladder cancer (which I had, about 9 years ago). I had one CT Scan after the surgery, to be sure it was an isolated cancer (it apparently was). My wife's cancer had spread: She also had a mastectomy, and undoubtedly would have had more CT-Scans were they not so dangerous because of the radiation. And she would have had radiation along with the chemotherapy, instead of subsequent to it, were it not so dangerous to insult the body both ways at the same time.
So where do my wife or I have have any room for EXTRA radiation? There is no reason to think our exposure isn't already well above any "safe" limit -- that is, our risk of additional cancers has gone up because of the medical radiation exposures (which is not to say they were not necessary under the circumstances). Without knowing the dose that the petitioners propose is healthy and the scientific reasoning behind it, one can only hope for the best (the petitioners do not specify the proper Hormetic doses for the various groups of people listed above, they only give suggestions for what doses they do not consider harmful for anyone).
Assuming there will continue to be accidents with nuclear fuel (an inevitability because humans make mistakes and engineered nuclear waste storage solutions can be overwhelmed by natural events (earthquakes, tsunamis, asteroids, rust, embrittlement, etc.)), it is reasonable to assume everyone's daily dose of radiation will rise over time. Even just the continued spreading out of nuclear accidents that have already happened will raise millions of people's daily dose rates, over time. Everything possible should be done to prevent this increase (including shutting down the sources of new radiation: the reactors).
As we age, the likelihood of needing more and more radiation treatments, CT Scans, X-rays and other "nuclear medicine" procedures increases dramatically. Meanwhile, fortunately, the risk from each exposure probably drops, but only because the future life expectancy of a person goes down dramatically as we age: It is entirely possible that in the end stages of life, radiation is once again (as when we were very young) more dangerous than for a typical "average (white) adult male" (for which most radiation standards are designed). The long latency of some of the deleterious effects of radiation (such as most cancers) are, of course, the main reason that medical radiation (or any radiation) later in life is less risky than when we are young. On the other hand, elderly people's physical strength is declining. Radiation causes and/or exacerbates inflammation, a common complaint of the elderly. It increases the risk of heart attacks, also a common risk of the elderly.
The petitioners do not specify what dose is right for what age groups and they certainly do not produce any strong scientific evidence to back up what claims they do make.
And speaking of young people's radiation dangers, it is well known that in the earliest stages of life, as a fetus, infant, or growing child, an individual's cells are dividing and -- more importantly in this context -- specializing at very fast rates (we each started life as a single cell (or, if you prefer, the joining of two halves)). Damaging young people's cells can have long-term health effects that the petitioners have not considered. Increased radiation levels can damage a mother, her fetus, and even that fetus's eggs -- three generations of individuals, all damaged by the same radioactive decay (especially gamma or beta radiation). It is well-known that DNA (or any other chemical bond) cannot stand up to ionizing radiation. It is also well-known that cell repair mechanisms, although they do exist (and the petitioners make it their core claim for why discarding the LNT theory makes sense to them), are in fact highly imperfect, and some amount of damage almost invariably remains after radiation exposure and after some form of cellular DNA repair.
It is also well-known that most random restructuring of DNA is not beneficial, from an individual point of view or from an evolutionary point of view.
The petitioners also do not address the different effects that different radioactive isotopes have on human health. For example, radioactive iodine is known to "target" the thyroid glands. Tritium is known to go throughout the body, and while much of it will leave the body (biological half-life) quickly, a small percentage remains indefinitely, possibly in the bones to cause cancer or leukemia, possibly in the heart to cause coronary problems. Tritium's radioactive half-life is about 12 years. The petitioners do not state if the healthy isotopes for a Hormetic effect are radioactive iodine (which I suppose could be taken as pills) or radioactive hydrogen (tritium), which can be taken as "tritiated water" -- something nuclear power plants can only release in minute quantities each year because it is known to be extremely hazardous. (Commercial nuclear power plants in America can legally release only about a thirtieth of a teaspoon of tritium per year, and must dilute that in billions of liters of water.) Or is it, perhaps, radioactive Plutonium that we all should be taking orally, or some other way? If so, the petitioners do not discuss the constant damage that occurs from the heavy metal properties of Plutonium (or those of Uranium, Thorium, Americium, etc.).
The petitioners also do not address whether this "Hormetic" radiation dose should be administered as "hot particles" (clusters of radioactive atoms) or perhaps as a highly diluted poison gas, or some other way. In conversation with scientists who have spent their lives studying the comparative effects of "hot particles" versus the same dose administered in other ways, no difference was found in dose-response rate (I'm not sure how many Beagle dogs and other advanced life forms were experimented on to confirm this, but it's in the tens or maybe even hundreds of millions of animals by now).
For these reasons, this petition should be abandoned without further consideration, the concept of "Hormesis" for radioactive particles should be discarded until and unless solid scientific proof comes in (don't hold your breath).
It is my belief that permitted radiation exposure levels should be decreased, not increased, across the board.
However, news has just arrived that a major cancer study that was being embarked on by the National Academy of Sciences at the request of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, has been cancelled by the NRC. If there was ANY chance of a Hormetic effect appearing in a valid, large-enough, carefully-designed study, this was as close as we could have come. But it's been cancelled.
Here is the link to the USNRC's decision: http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/news/2015/15-055.pdf
This study was needed, but since the NRC has cancelled it (due to "budget constraints" according to the NRC press release -- NOT because it wasn't needed), surely no one could possibly think that the NRC should then turn around and pretend it knows that a little radiation, aka Hormesis, aka "Sunshine Vitamins" are good for you.
[Federal Register Volume 80, Number 120 (Tuesday, June 23, 2015)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 35870-35872]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2015-15441]
This section of the FEDERAL REGISTER contains notices to the public of
the proposed issuance of rules and regulations. The purpose of these
notices is to give interested persons an opportunity to participate in
the rule making prior to the adoption of the final rules.
Federal Register / Vol. 80, No. 120 / Tuesday, June 23, 2015 /
[[Page 35870]]
[Docket Nos. PRM-20-28, PRM-20-29, and PRM-20-30; NRC-2015-0057]
Linear No-Threshold Model and Standards for Protection Against
AGENCY: Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
ACTION: Petition for rulemaking; notice of docketing and request for
SUMMARY: The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has received
three petitions for rulemaking (PRM) requesting that the NRC amend its
``Standards for Protection Against Radiation'' regulations and change
the basis of those regulations from the Linear No-Threshold (LNT) model
of radiation protection to the radiation hormesis model. The radiation
hormesis model provides that exposure of the human body to low levels
of ionizing radiation is beneficial and protects the human body against
deleterious effects of high levels of radiation. Whereas, the LNT model
provides that radiation is always considered harmful, there is no
safety threshold, and biological damage caused by ionizing radiation
(essentially the cancer risk) is directly proportional to the amount of
radiation exposure to the human body (response linearity). The
petitions were submitted by Carol S. Marcus, Mark L. Miller, and Mohan
Doss (the petitioners), dated February 9, 2015, February 13, 2015, and
February 24, 2015, respectively. These petitions were docketed by the
NRC on February 20, 2015, February 27, 2015, and March 16, 2015, and
have been assigned Docket Numbers. PRM-20-28, PRM-20-29, and PRM-20-30,
respectively. The NRC is examining the issues raised in these petitions
to determine whether they should be considered in rulemaking. The NRC
is requesting public comments on these petitions for rulemaking.
DATES: Submit comments by September 8, 2015. Comments received after
this date will be considered if it is practical to do so, but the NRC
is able to assure consideration only for comments received on or before
this date.
ADDRESSES: You may submit comments by any of the following methods
(unless this document describes a different method for submitting
comments on a specific subject):
Federal Rulemaking Web site: Go to http://www.regulations.gov and search for Docket ID NRC-2015-0057. Address
questions about NRC dockets to Carol Gallagher; telephone: 301-415-
3463; email: Carol.Gallagher@nrc.gov. For technical questions contact
the individual listed in the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section of
this document.
Email comments to: Rulemaking.Comments@nrc.gov. If you do
not receive an automatic email reply confirming receipt, then contact
us at 301-415-1677.
Fax comments to: Secretary, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory
Commission at 301-415-1101.
Mail comments to: Secretary, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory
Commission, Washington, DC 20555-0001, ATTN: Rulemakings and
Adjudications Staff.
Hand deliver comments to: 11555 Rockville Pike, Rockville,
Maryland 20852, between 7:30 a.m. and 4:15 p.m. (Eastern Time) Federal
workdays; telephone: 301-415-1677.
For additional direction on obtaining information and submitting
comments, see ``Obtaining Information and Submitting Comments'' in the
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION section of this document.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Solomon Sahle, Office of Nuclear
Material Safety and Safeguards, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission,
Washington DC 20555-0001; telephone: 301-415-3781, email:
Solomon.Sahle@nrc.gov.
I. Obtaining Information and Submitting Comments
A. Obtaining Information
Please refer to Docket ID NRC-2015-0057 when contacting the NRC
about the availability of information for this action. You may obtain
publicly-available information related to this action by any of the
following methods:
Federal rulemaking Web site: Go to http://www.regulations.gov and search for Docket ID NRC-2015-0057.
NRC's Agencywide Documents Access and Management System
(ADAMS): You may obtain publicly-available documents online in the
ADAMS Public Documents collection at http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/adams.html. To begin the search, select ``ADAMS Public Documents'' and
then select ``Begin Web-based ADAMS Search.'' For problems with ADAMS,
please contact the NRC's Public Document Room (PDR) reference staff at
1-800-397-4209, 301-415-4737, or by email to pdr.resource@nrc.gov. The
ADAMS accession number for each document referenced (if it is available
in ADAMS) is provided the first time that it is mentioned in the
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION section.
NRC's PDR: You may examine and purchase copies of public
documents at the NRC's PDR, Room O1-F21, One White Flint North, 11555
Rockville Pike, Rockville, Maryland 20852.
B. Submitting Comments
Please include Docket ID NRC-2015-0057 in the subject line of your
comment submission.
The NRC cautions you not to include identifying or contact
information that you do not want to be publicly disclosed in your
comment submission. The NRC will post all comment submissions at http://www.regulations.gov as well as enter the comment submissions into
ADAMS. The NRC does not routinely edit comment submissions to remove
identifying or contact information.
If you are requesting or aggregating comments from other persons
for submission to the NRC, then you should inform those persons not to
include identifying or contact information that they do not want to be
publicly disclosed in their comment submission. Your request should
state that the NRC does not routinely edit comment submissions to
remove such information before making the comment submissions available
to the public or entering the comment into ADAMS.
II. The Petitioners
On February 9, 2015, Dr. Carol S. Marcus, a Professor of Radiation
Oncology, of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology (Nuclear Medicine), and
of Radiological Sciences at the David
Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California-Los Angeles,
filed a petition for rulemaking with the Commission, PRM-20-28 (ADAMS
Accession No. ML15051A503). Dr. Marcus was a member of the NRC's
Advisory Committee on the Medical Uses of Isotopes from 1990 to 1994.
The petitioner indicated that ``[t]here has never been scientifically
valid support for this LNT hypothesis since its use was recommended by
the U.S. National Academy of Sciences Committee on Biological Effects
of Atomic Radiation (BEAR I)/Genetics Panel in 1956'' and that ``[t]he
costs of complying with these LNT based regulations are enormous.''
On February 13, 2015, Mr. Mark L. Miller, a Certified Health
Physicist, filed a petition for rulemaking with the Commission, PRM-20-
29 (ADAMS Accession No. ML15057A349). The petitioner indicated that
``[t]here has never been scientifically valid support for this LNT
hypothesis'' and that ``[t]he costs of complying with these LNT-based
regulations are incalculable.'' In addition, the petitioner suggests
that the use of the LNT hypothesis has ``led to persistent radiophobia
[radiation-phobia].''
On February 24, 2015, Dr. Mohan Doss, filed a petition for
rulemaking with the Commission, PRM-20-30 (ADAMS Accession No.
ML15075A200). Dr. Doss filed this petition on behalf of Scientist for
Accurate Radiation Information, whose mission is to ``help prevent
unnecessary, radiation-phobia-related deaths, morbidity, and injuries
associated with distrust of radio-medical diagnostics/therapies and
from nuclear/radiological emergencies through countering phobia-
promoting misinformation spread by alarmists via the news and other
media including journal publications.''
III. The Petition
The petitioners request that the NRC amend part 20 of title 10 of
the Code of Federal Regulations (10 CFR), ``Standards for Protection
Against Radiation,'' based on new science and evidence that contradicts
the LNT hypothesis and request that the NRC greatly simplify and change
10 CFR part 20 to take into account the ``vast literature demonstrating
no effects or protective effects at relatively low doses of
radiation.'' The NRC has determined that the petitions met the
threshold sufficiency requirements for a petition for rulemaking under
Sec. 2.802, ``Petition for rulemaking,'' and the petitions have been
docketed as PRM-20-28, PRM-20-29, and PRM-20-30.
IV. Discussion of the Petitions
A. PRM-20-28
The petitioner, Dr. Carol S. Marcus, requests that the NRC amend
its regulations in 10 CFR part 20 that are based on the LNT hypothesis.
The petitioner states that ``[t]his ultra-simplistic concept assumes
that all radiation absorbed doses, no matter how small, have a finite
probability of causing a fatal cancer.'' The petitioner further
indicates that the ``[u]se of the LNT assumption enables regulators to
feel justified in ratcheting down permissible worker and public
radiation levels, either through actual dose limits or use of the `as
low as reasonably achievable' (ALARA) principle, giving the illusion
that they are making everyone safer (and creating ever increasing
workload for themselves and their licensees).'' However, the petitioner
suggests that ``there has never been scientifically valid support for
this LNT hypothesis since its use was recommended by the U.S. National
Academy of Sciences Committee on Biological Effects of Atomic Radiation
(BEAR I)/Genetics Panel in 1956'' and that the ``costs of complying
with these LNT based regulations are enormous.''
The petitioner suggests that there is ``vast literature'' that
demonstrates that low doses of radiation have no deleterious effect,
and some studies even suggest that low doses of radiation may have
protective effects. The petitioner writes, ``[t]he literature showing
protective effects supports the concept of hormesis, in which low
levels of potentially stressful agents, such as toxins, other
chemicals, ionizing radiation, etc., protect against the deleterious
effects that high levels of these stressors produce and result in
beneficial effects (e.g., lower cancer rates).'' On May 16, 2015, the
petitioner submitted an additional reference to the NRC providing
technical information supporting her requests.\1\
\1\ Siegel, Jeffry A., and Welsh, James S.: Does Imaging
Technology Cause Cancer? Debunking the Linear No-Threshold Model of
Radiation Carcinogenesis. Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment
1533034615578011, first published on March 30, 2015 doi:10.1177/
1533034615578011.
The petitioner recommends the following changes to 10 CFR part 20:
(1) Worker doses should remain at present levels, with allowance of
up to 100 mSv (10 rem) effective dose per year if the doses are
chronic.
(2) ALARA should be removed entirely from the regulations. The
petitioner argues that ``it makes no sense to decrease radiation doses
that are not only harmless but may be hormetic.''
(3) Public doses should be raised to worker doses. The petitioner
notes that ``these low doses may be hormetic. The petitioner goes on to
ask, ``why deprive the public of the benefits of low dose radiation?''
(4) End differential doses to pregnant women, embryos and fetuses,
and children under 18 years of age.
B. PRM-20-29
Similarly, the petitioner, Mr. Mark L. Miller, requests that the
NRC amend its regulations in 10 CFR part 20 that are based on the LNT
hypothesis. The petitioner used much of the same information used in
Dr. Marcus' petition for rulemaking. However, Mr. Miller only requests
that the following changes be made to 10 CFR part 20:
notes that ``these low doses may be hormetic. The petitioner states,
``[l]ow-dose limits for the public perpetuates radiophobia.''
C. PRM-20-30
The petition for rulemaking was submitted by Dr. Mohan Doss, on
behalf of Scientist for Accurate Radiation Information, and ``supports
and supplements'' petition PRM-20-28. This petitioner provides
additional information suggesting that ``low-dose radiation reduces
cancer risk'' (i.e., has a hormetic [beneficial] effect) and suggests
that the ``LNT model is no longer justifiable.'' The petitioner further
states that the use of the LNT hypothesis in the NRC's regulations has
``had a major detrimental effect on public health, since they have
prevented the study of LDR [low-dose radiation] for controlling aging-
related diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's
disease, etc. in spite of studies showing the promise of LDR for the
diseases.'' The petitioner suggests that ``urgency of action on this
petition'' is necessary because ``any potential future accident
involving release of radioactive materials in the USA would likely
result in panic evacuation because of the LNT--model-based cancer fears
and concerns, resulting in considerable casualties and economic damage
such as have occurred in Fukushima.'' The petitioner further suggests
that the ``recognition of a threshold dose by NRC would obviate
the need for such panic evacuations, associated casualties, and
economic harm'' when radiation is released in the environment.
For additional information, see the filed petitions for rulemaking
in ADAMS under Accession Nos. ML15051A503, ML15057A349, and
ML15075A200.
The NRC will examine the issues raised in PRM-20-28, PRM-20-29, and
PRM-20-30 to determine whether they should be considered in rulemaking.
The NRC is requesting public comments on these petitions for
rulemaking.
Dated at Rockville, Maryland, this 16th day of June, 2015.
For the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
Annette L. Vietti-Cook,
Secretary of the Commission.
[FR Doc. 2015-15441 Filed 6-22-15; 8:45 am]
Ace Hoffman, computer programmer,
author, The Code Killers:
An Expose of the Nuclear Industry
Free download: acehoffman.org
Blog: acehoffman.blogspot.com
YouTube: youtube.com/user/AceHoffman
Please conserve resources: Do not print this email unless absolutely necessary.
Note: This communication may have been intercepted in secret, without permission, and in violation of our right to privacy by the National Security Agency or some other agency or private contractor.
▼ Sep 2015 (1)
Comments for Docket ID NRC-2015-0057 "Linear, No T...


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text:
Deutsch (GERMAN) ENGLISH ESPAÑOL (SPANISH) FRANÇAIS (FRENCH) Italiano (ITALIAN) 日本語 (JAPANESE) 한국어 (KOREAN) Português (PORTUGUESE) РУССКИЙ (RUSSIAN) 中文 (CHINESE) العربية (ARABIC)
Abbreviations Audio 3D Models Common Medical Tests Figures First Aid Images Infographics Lab Tests Medical Terms The One-Page Manual of Health Pronunciations Quizzes Self-Assessment Tools Tables Videos Weights & Measures
About MSD MSD Careers research WorldWide
Skin Disorders /
Bacterial Skin Infections /
Erythrasma /
Bacterial Skin Infections
Overview of Bacterial Skin Infections
Erysipelas
Erythrasma
Folliculitis and Skin Abscesses
Impetigo and Ecthyma
Lymphadenitis
Lymphangitis
Necrotizing Skin Infections
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)
Atopic dermatitis, commonly known as eczema, is a chronic condition that causes itchy inflammation of the upper layers of skin. Eczema is especially common in people who have hay fever or asthma, and in people whose family members have these conditions. Eczema is common, particularly in urban areas and developed countries. What percentage of children and adolescents are affected by eczema?
Wingfield E. Rehmus
, MD, MPH, University of British Columbia
Last full review/revision Apr 2021| Content last modified Apr 2021
Erythrasma is infection of the top layers of the skin caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium minutissimum.
(See also Overview of Bacterial Skin Infections Overview of Bacterial Skin Infections The skin provides a remarkably good barrier against bacterial infections. Although many bacteria come in contact with or reside on the skin, they are normally unable to establish an infection... read more .)
Erythrasma affects mostly adults, especially those with diabetes Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Diabetes mellitus is a disorder in which the body does not produce enough or respond normally to insulin, causing blood sugar (glucose) levels to be abnormally high. Urination and thirst are... read more and those living in hot and humid climates.
Erythrasma is most common in the foot, where it causes scaling, cracking, and breakdown of the skin between the last two toes. This infection is also common in the groin, where it causes irregularly shaped pink or brown patches and fine scaling especially where the thighs touch the scrotum (in men). The armpits, skinfolds under the breasts or on the abdomen, and the area just in front of the anus (perineum) are prone to this infection, particularly among people with diabetes and among obese middle-aged women. In some people, the infection spreads to the torso and anal area.
A doctor's evaluation
Although erythrasma may be confused with a fungal infection, doctors can easily diagnose erythrasma because skin infected with Corynebacterium glows coral-red under an ultraviolet light.
Antibiotics taken by mouth or applied to the skin
An antibiotic given by mouth, such as clarithromycin, can eliminate the infection. Antibacterial soaps, such as chlorhexidine, may also help.
Drugs applied directly to the affected area (topically), such as erythromycin, clindamycin, mupirocin, or benzoyl peroxide, are also effective.
Antifungal creams such as miconazole may be helpful if yeast or fungus is present in the affected areas as well.
Erythrasma may return, necessitating a second round of treatment.
MSD and the MSD Manuals
Merck and Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA (known as MSD outside of the US and Canada) is a global healthcare leader working to help the world be well. From developing new therapies that treat and prevent disease to helping people in need, we are committed to improving health and well-being around the world. The Manual was first published in 1899 as a service to the community. The legacy of this great resource continues as the MSD Manual outside of the United States and Canada. Learn more about our commitment to Global Medical Knowledge.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Whitecroft - Gloucestershire
The former Vencel Resil factory in Whitecroft, near Lydney, Gloucestershire was acquired from Jabelite Limited, the parent company of Vencel Resil, in October 2011. The factory had been vacant since 2009 following the plant's closure.
Located within the Forest of Dean, one of England's few remaining ancient woodlands, the site has a long industrial history, including coal mining, a latex works and most recently a manufacturer of polystyrene products mainly for the building industry.
Set in the picturesque village of Whitecroft, with convenient links to the M4 and M5, this vacant industrial site is considered to offer an ideal location for residential development.
Full planning permission was granted for the redevelopment of the site to deliver 49 residential dwellings in April 2013.
This sensitively designed scheme will regenerate a vacant industrial site and will enhance the gateway into Whitecroft.
The scheme will deliver much needed affordable homes and publicly accessible open space, along with improvements to the local highway and footpath network.
Specialist contractors were appointed to undertake the removal of asbestos and the industrial buildings have now been demolished.
Works have commenced to remediate identified areas of hydrocarbon contamination.
Ecological enhancements will be provided as part of the site's redevelopment.
No. Acres: 7.26
No. Units: 49
Requirements: Demolition, Infrastructure, Planning and Decontamination
Purchased From: Jabelite Limited
Sold To: Redrow Homes
Date Acquired: October 2011
Date Sold: June 2013
Previous Classification: Brownfield
Whitecroft Website
Project List News


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Brocade appoints telecom veteran Lloyd Carney as CEO
Brocade (Nasdaq: BRCD) on Monday named networking and telecom industry veteran Lloyd Carney as its new CEO.
Carney (Image source: Brocade)
Carney, who will also take a seat on Brocade's board of directors, replacing Michael Klayko, who served as Brocade's CEO since 2005.
In August, Klayko announced he would step down as CEO, and stayed with the company as they searched for a new CEO. He did not cite a reason why he was leaving the company.
Over the course of his almost 30 years in the IT industry, Carney has served in various high level executive positions at a number of networking and semiconductor vendors. He has a long track record of leading startups whose technology and products attracted larger players.
Prior to coming to Brocade, Carney was the CEO of Xsigo Systems, a private company that built data center virtualization solutions with a particular focus on Software Defined Networking (SDN) for cloud computing environments. Xsigo was acquired by Oracle in July.
Carney also served as the CEO of management software vendor Micromuse, which was purchased by IBM in 2005 and became a major piece of IBM's Tivoli framework. In addition, he served as COO at Juniper (NYSE: JNPR) and as president of Nortel's Core IP, Wireless Internet and the Enterprise divisions after it acquired Bay Networks in 1998.
He comes to a company that is a dominant player in the SAN (storage area network) equipment and Ethernet switching market segments.
Infonetics said that the SAN equipment market rose 15 percent between Q1 and Q2 2012 as shipments of Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE) products increased. Trailing only Cisco (Nasdaq: CSCO), Brocade commands a 99 percent market share in the FCoE market segment.
- see the release
Brocade's CEO Michael Klayko to step down
Week in research: Cloud takes hold in Australia; data center growth drives demand for equipment
Dell'Oro: Cisco, Juniper duke it out at top of 100 Gigabit Ethernet router market
Mammoth Networks upgrades core network sites to Ethernet


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Geomni Forms Strategic Alliance with Skyline Software Systems to Develop Premium 2D and 3D U.S. Geospatial Mapping Solution
The companies have formed a strategic alliance to create Skyline Atlas, a web-based, high-resolution 3D geospatial mapping solution for the United States.
Geomni, a Verisk (Nasdaq:VRSK) business, and Skyline Software Systems, Inc., have formed a strategic alliance to create a web-based, high-resolution 3D geospatial mapping solution for the United States. Called Skyline Atlas, the industry-leading solution should be available early this spring. This Internet-enabled service will be made commercially available to customers of both Geomni and Skyline.
Skyline Atlas serves to provide customers with cost effective, geo-referenced 2D and 3D maps by leveraging Geomni's extensive aerial survey capabilities and vast library of high-resolution imagery. The process includes Skyline's complete 3D authoring, streaming, and web-based visualization toolkits. Starting with an initial five U.S. cities (including Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Boston), Skyline, along with Geomni, plans to add one to two additional cities each month to Skyline Atlas. The service provides customers with many different flexible pricing options depending on their needs.
"Geomni is the perfect content ally to deliver this new service, which provides extremely cost-effective 2D and 3D geospatial maps for a wide number of applications," said Skyline President and CEO Robert Peters. "Geomni has extensive aerial survey and mapping resources."
"What differentiates our solutions are Geomni's deep commitment to constantly source fresh high-resolution imagery and LiDAR on an unprecedented scale, our investment in superior technology, our technical capabilities, and the proprietary data available within the Verisk enterprise," said Geomni President Jeffrey C. Taylor.
About Skyline Software Systems, Inc.
Founded in 1997, Skyline Software Systems, Inc., is a leading provider of 3D earth visualization software and services. The company offers a comprehensive platform of applications, tools, and services that enable the creation and dissemination of interactive, photo-realistic 3D environments. Skyline has built a "best of breed" set of tools that remain focused on the needs of its customers, including flexibility, efficiency, and robustness. More information is available at www.skylineglobe.com and on our Skyline YouTube video page.
Geomni, a Verisk (Nasdaq:VRSK) business, provides mapping professionals and departments important terrestrial data that supports their need to accurately record our ever-changing world. Geomni has the largest library of high-resolution oblique and nadir imagery, concurrently captured with LiDAR. From cities and forestry to coastal change, landfill monitoring to landslide prediction, Geomni serves thousands of new projects each year with the latest technologies in aircraft efficiency and sensor advancement. Learn more at www.geomni.net/psm.
Eboni Thomas
Edelman (for Geomni)
eboni.thomas@edelman.com
Sharon Corona
703-378-3780 extension 117
pr@skylinesoft.com


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Board Game Top 10 Lists, Board Game Editorial
10 Best Drawing Art Board Games
The definitive ranked list of the best drawing art board games. This is about titles where you have to use some kind of skill to draw something. Do not confuse this with games like Railroad Ink or Captain Sonar where you draw lines to accomplish things, this is not that kind of drawing game. Art is subjective, but the intention to be art is at least there. Bad art can be just as fun as good art, you just need to be willing to give it a shot. These are our top 10 best drawing art board games.
YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE: 10 Best Party Board Games | 10 Best Deduction Board Games | 10 Best Trivia Board Games | 10 Best Bluffing Board Games
#10 | Doodle Quest
Doodle Quest makes the list of the best drawing art board games because it is a great mix of a drawing game a strategic adventure you and your fellow players are going on. You have to draw something well enough that it lines up with other players and that will direct you what to do next.
Dive under the deep blue sea where you'll find fish to gobble, treasure to discover, and divers to save. In this line-drawing game, players study challenging quest cards, then try to replicate the depicted path(s) on their separate transparent doodle sheets. Once finished, the players place their doodle sheets on top of the quest card to see whether the drawings line up. For 1 – 4 players, games last about 15 minutes.
FOR MORE: Buy Doodle Quest on Amazon
#09 | Skribble
Skribble makes the list of the best drawing art board games because you have to draw masterpieces, but with the giant hurdle of not getting information about what you are drawing like you are used to. You need to implement your skill, but you have to do it while completely relearning how to draw and use information.
When you play, you don't know what you're drawing. Another player attempts to instruct you on what to draw…while you try to guess what it is. The challenge is that the instructor can only describe geometric shapes, not anything which specifically describes the object. For example, when drawing "house," words like roof, window or door can't be mentioned. For 3 or more players, games run about 30 minutes.
FOR MORE: Buy Skribble on Amazon
#08 | Sketchy Tales Disney
Sketchy Tales Disney makes the list of the best drawing art board games because it gives you a blank canvas and fun guidance all within the Disney universe. You get to draw your favorite characters doing fun things. Not only do you have to draw in this game, but you have to interpret what your neighbor does and then draw again.
This is a drawing and guessing game full of Disney magic and it plays like Telephone. You each begin your story with a Disney character doing something a little unusual. One player starts a chain of drawing something, which leads to clue giving and more drawing. After a long string, funny stories and mishaps are told. For 4 – 8 players, games run a quick 20 minutes each.
FOR MORE: Sketchy Tales Disney Page | How To Play Sketchy Tales Disney | Sketchy Tales Disney Review | Buy Sketchy Tales Disney on Amazon
#07 | Pictomania
Pictomania makes the list of the best drawing art board games because it is your classic draw the clue and guess game but jam-packed into a quick and exciting experience. That is because everyone is both drawing and guessing at the same time. There are no crazy mechanics here, just a good game with good old fashion trying to draw your best art.
A game lasts five rounds, and at the start of each round, you set up six randomly drawn cards on card racks visible to all players. Cards are double-sided, come in four levels of difficulty, and include seven related words on a single side. In addition to a set of guessing cards, scoring tokens, marker and drawing board, each player receives one symbol card and one number card, which together indicate which word or phrase on the revealed cards that player must draw. Bonus tokens equal to one less than the number of players are placed in the center of the table. For 3 – 6 players, games go for 25 minutes.
FOR MORE: Buy Pictomania on Amazon
#06 | Duplik
Duplik makes the list of the best drawing art board games because how closely you can draw within parameters is harshly judged by your peers. If you are able to take criticism about you "work" than this is a fun one to dive into with friends at the same skill level. You do not have to be great (though it helps) you need to be able to convey the right thing.
In each round, one player (the Art Director) describes a unique and utterly bizarre image while the other players (the Artists) attempt to draw the image based solely on the Art Director's description. Once time is up, Artists trade drawings and the ten hidden criteria for the image are uncovered. It's up to each Artist to decide whether the drawing he or she is judging meets the criteria and receives points. For 3 – 10 players, games run about 45 minutes.
FOR MORE: Buy Duplik on Amazon
#05 | A Fake Artist Goes To New York
A Fake Artist makes the list of the best drawing art board games because the creative and drawing mechanisms make for such a great experience. You have to be good at drawing but you also have to be good at stretching the truth. If you are the fake artist you will have to use both sides of your brain to take in information and to spit it out.
Players take turns being the Question Master, whose role is to set a category, write a word within that category on dry erase cards, and hand those out to other players as artists. At the same time, one player will have only an "X" written on his card: they are the fake artist. Players will then go around the table twice, drawing one contiguous stroke each on a paper to draw the word established by the Question Master, then guess who the fake artist is. For 5 – 10 players, games last about 20 minutes.
FOR MORE: Buy A Fake Artist Goes to New York on Amazon
#04 | Scrawl
Scrawl makes the list of the best drawing art board games because it is a fun party game that will put your skills to the test in real-time. You are basically set up to fail, which makes things funny, and as clues continue around the circle they get more and more out there. It will really put you to the test of how well you can interpret and draw a clue.
Someone starts out with a phrase and draws it, the idea is that the clues you start with are very loaded and bound to create mishaps and plenty of smiles. It goes all the way around the circle until it gets back to you. Points are awarded for the most disastrous doodles and godawful guesses. For 4 – 8 players, games run roughly 30 minutes.
FOR MORE: Games Like Scrawl | Buy Scrawl on Amazon
#03 | Telestrations
Telestrations makes the list of the best drawing art board games because it takes your skills into a lively party atmosphere. There is a wide scope of things for you to draw and to keep things exciting, this game adds in aspects of the classic game Telephone where the game is a series of drawing and interpreting.
Each player begins by sketching a word dictated by the roll of a die. Time is limited by the old fashioned sand timer. When time is up all players, all at the same time, pass their sketch to the next player, who must guess what's been drawn. Players then simultaneously pass their guess — which hopefully matches the original word — to the next player who must try to draw the word they see — and so on. For 4 – 8 players, games last about 30 minutes.
FOR MORE: Telestrations Page | How To Play Telestrations | Games Like Telestrations | Buy Telestrations on Amazon
#02 | Artbox
Artbox makes the list of the best drawing art board games because it is one of the most innovatively played titles, that still tests your drawing skills, to come out in a long time. You aren't getting just a clue, you are rolling a variety of shapes and using them. When you play it seems so genius, it feels odd that no one has done anything like it until now.
This is a game where each player becomes a modern artist. Each game round is a competition of trying to depict your word using just several shapes. Players will also have to challenge their deduction, trying to guess what their opponents tried to depict. You get a clue, your shapes and you draw. It is as simple as that. For 3 – 8 players, games last 25 – 40 minutes.
FOR MORE: Buy Artbox
#01 | Pictionary
Pictionary takes the top spot on the list of the best drawing art board games because it is the gold standard classic that still holds up today. It has been around since 1985 and is still around because it boils down to the pure mechanic of the drawing party game. You draw and you guess, that is it. How can you beat a game that just gets right to it. If you like drawing, this game gives you exactly what you want.
Clues are given and one player on a team at any given time must convey that clue through drawing. Players gain an edge if they have a good imagination when guessing, empathy for their teammates, and/or a general ability to communicate in restricted circumstances. A board is provided, just to keep score on, which focuses on the competition. For 3 – 16 players, games last roughly 90 minutes.
FOR MORE: Pictionary Page | Games Like Pictionary | Buy Pictionary on Amazon
Do you agree with this list of the best drawing art board games!? Leave your thoughts in the comments below or on our BGH Facebook Page.
A Fake Artist Goes to New York, Artbox, Doodle Quest, Duplik, Listicle, Pictionary, Pictomania, Scrawl, Sketchy Tales Disney Edition, Telestrations, The Quiet Year
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My kids would love a few of these! I think they are also great gift ideas for familys with kids who love to play games together!
New Terraforming Mars Ares Expedition Details Released on The Board Game BBQ Podcast
How to Play Smash Up


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Cape Elizabeth distance to West Scarborough
How far is Cape Elizabeth from West Scarborough?
Shortest distance between Cape Elizabeth and West Scarborough is 9.41 miles (15.15 km).
Flight distance from Cape Elizabeth, ME to West Scarborough, ME is 9.41 miles. Estimated flight time is 00 hours 01 minutes.
The driving distance from Cape Elizabeth, Maine to West Scarborough, Maine is: 12.53 miles (20.17 km) by car.
Driving from Cape Elizabeth to West Scarborough will take approximately 00 hours 26 minutes.
#1 Cape Elizabeth
Town in Cumberland County, Maine, USA
43°33'49"N 70°12'0"W
#2 West Scarborough
City in United States of America
Starting point in Cape Elizabeth: (-70.199942,43.563609)
Ending point in West Scarborough: Route 1 (-70.387965,43.570421)
Estimated Travel Time Between Cape Elizabeth and West Scarborough
The distance between Cape Elizabeth and West Scarborough is 20 km if you choose to drive by road. You can go 00 hours 13 minutes if you drive your car at an average speed of 90 kilometers / hour. For different choices, please review the avg. speed travel time table on the below.
There is no time difference between Cape Elizabeth and West Scarborough. The current time is 09:00:48.
A car with a fuel efficiency of 8.3 l/100 km will need 1.67 liters (0.44 gallon) of gas to cover the route between Cape Elizabeth and West Scarborough.
The estimated cost of gas to go from Cape Elizabeth to West Scarborough is $1.81 (diesel $2.14).
The place names are translated into coordinates to approximate the distance between Cape Elizabeth and West Scarborough (latitude and longitude). Cities, states, and countries each have their own regional center. The Haversine formula is used to measure the radius.
Driving distance from Auburn, ME to Cape Elizabeth 46.12 miles (74 km)
Driving distance from Augusta, ME to Cape Elizabeth 64.1 miles (103 km)
Driving distance from Bangor, ME to Cape Elizabeth 137.35 miles (221 km)
Biddeford, ME
Driving distance from Biddeford, ME to Cape Elizabeth 19.49 miles (31 km)
Driving distance from Brunswick, ME to Cape Elizabeth 34.55 miles (56 km)
Falmouth, ME
Driving distance from Falmouth, ME to Cape Elizabeth 14.6 miles (24 km)
Gorham, ME
Driving distance from Gorham, ME to Cape Elizabeth 19.16 miles (31 km)
Driving distance from Lewiston, ME to Cape Elizabeth 47.31 miles (76 km)
Driving distance from Portland, ME to Cape Elizabeth 8.4 miles (14 km)
City of Portland, ME
Driving distance from City of Portland, ME to Cape Elizabeth 12.33 miles (20 km)
Saco, ME
Driving distance from Saco, ME to Cape Elizabeth 18.61 miles (30 km)
Driving distance from Sanford, ME to Cape Elizabeth 40.45 miles (65 km)


simplex (including strains resistant to acyclovir), CMV(including ganciclovir-resistant ones), other herpes groupviruses and HIV. Comparison of the anesthetic efficacy andcardiopulmonary effects of continuous rate infusions of alfaxalone-2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin and propofol in dogs. The durations for their recording sessionswere 17.2 min. Fildena 150 15.7 min, and 14.5 min.


One of the most amazing sights and sounds of late spring is to be woken before dawn by the sound of a lekking Black Grouse or Capercaillie. This trip to well-established sites in Norway will give you a fantastic opportunity to experience and photograph at close quarters the dramatic poses, antics and displays of these amazing birds as they look to establish and undertake breeding rights for the season ahead. You'll stay overnight in small, carefully prepared hides ready for the birds' early morning antics, and with possible daytime opportunities including Black-throated Diver, Sea-Eagles and Red Squirrels, it's a jam-packed week and a real tonic for the start of the summer.
Day 1: We travel to Trondheim (we will advise you on our flight recommendations) where we will be met by our Norwegian Guide Ole Martin Dahl. Ole then drives us (about 3 hours) to our base in Flatanger, where we will be based for the duration of the trip. We will have an early dinner on arrival.
Days 2 – 7: The precise schedule will be very flexible based on a combination of the elements and individual priorities. We have three hides available to us for the duration of our trip. For the capercaillie lek these are one-man dome hides that will be in a permanent position throughout our stay; each of us will spend at least one night in this hide to get the chance of photographing this amazing spectacle. If it is your turn in the capercaillie hide, then you will have to be in here from dusk the night before because the male capercaillie roosts in the trees right above his lekking arena. So, once you are in, you will need everything in with you and you will not be able to leave the hide throughout your stint. The lekking activity is generally over by about 9am the next morning. The rest of the group will spend the night in a wooden hide overlooking the black grouse lek. Again, we must be in the hide the night before but there is room to sleep and there is a proper toilet too. We should also get the opportunity to work from a one-man dome hide that overlooks another black grouse lek and this gives a different perspective to the fixed wooden one. With all lekking over by midmorning as well as some rest time back at the house where we are staying we will also get the chance to go out on the boat looking for sea eagles in the Fjords. We will also be targeting Black-throated Diver from our small hides at the waters edge. It is a tiring week but to get the best out of it, it will be worth it.
Day 8: Sadly we will return back to Trondheim Airport for our return flights back home.
Capercaillie and black grouse are incredibly difficult birds to approach and photograph. It only becomes possible at a location for them to be remotely reliable in terms of visiting that sight regularly, and that is what our guide Ole in Norway has done for us – this location is among the most reliable in Europe. Those years of work and effort can be destroyed very easily, as they remain incredibly wary birds – it is why we must enter the hides the previous evening and we can only leave them when we are sure the birds have finished lekking: any association between people and the hides will mean the birds won't return. The same applies when they do arrive, and we have the chance to photograph them. You must play the long patient game – quite a challenge if you've been sitting for several hours waiting for them to arrive. The birds must be allowed to settle first time of arriving before you start snapping, movement and noise must be at an absolute minimum and you must have your camera on single shot mode – machine gun firing as the first bird lands will ruin the morning and possibly the whole trip for you and for others too. If you have any concerns or questions, feel free to call me.
Airport transfers, accommodation, local transportation, all meals and use of hides.
Photographing lekking Grouse and Capercaillie involves arriving in your hide the evening before and awaiting their arrival at dawn for early morning photography. These hides will be a mixture of wooden and tent based so there will be an inevitable degree of discomfort and adventure, including a night on your own in the forest. With some walking to access the hides this is a tiring but rewarding trip.


Marcella, Raggedy Ann, and all of the other dolls are learning to read in this enchanting Level 2 Ready-to-Read!
Marcella is learning to read—and she decides her dolls should learn how to read, too, so she begins teaching them! When she leaves, Raggedy Ann takes over and all of the dolls are having so much fun learning the different letters. But when the letter cards get all mixed up, the dolls have to put them back in order before Marcella returns! Can they use what they've learned to fix them in time?
Celebrate 100 years of Raggedy Ann and Andy with this relatable reading adventure!
Book Cover Image (jpg): Hooray for Reading!


Fort Collins Cat Rescue & Spay/Neuter Clinic's first winter gala, named Chat Amour (roughly translated "cat love"), was held in 2008 at the Fort Collins Senior Center. This successful fundraiser gave way to Chat Amour Deux and Chat Amour III, the latter held at the Drake Centre to accommodate the growing number of guests supporting our cause. In 2010 Dr. Kevin Fitzgerald of Animal Planet's "Emergency Vets" headlined Chat Amour III with his comedy act and helped us raise nearly $39,000 for the kitties in our care.
In 2011 we gave our gala a new name, Whiskers 'n Wags Jubilee (WWJ), to highlight that we also care for dogs at our spay/neuter clinic - they make up over 40 percent of our clients! As the event had grown even more, we held it at the Hilton Fort Collins and it was attended by nearly 300 supporters. The "Catsablanca" themed jubilee netted our organization $54,000.
For our 2012 gala, the theme was "The Whiskers of Oz" and we were honored to present guest speaker Dr. Temple Grandin, who spoke about her recent book, "Animals Make Us Human: Creating the Best Life for Animals", to a sold-out crowd of 400. Supporters in attendance helped us raise a record $62,000 for our mission!
We took over 255 guests and 50 volunteers on a trip to "Meowgaritaville" in March 2013, when our Whiskers 'n Wags Jubilee netted us $63,000. The Backline performed live music, our therapy cat Jake helped out at the photo booth, and our first Saving P.A.W.S. employee recognition award was presented.
In March 2014 our "Diamonds are Furever" gala netted $77,000 for our shelter, clinic, and the temporary satellite adoption center we had opened in Loveland after the 2013 floods. Nearly 300 guests enjoyed the glitz and glamour at the Marriott Fort Collins, and the Dolce Musica String Quartet helped to set the mood.
With the elegance of a Venetian ball and the mystery of masks, our "Meowsquerade Ball" in March 2015 raised $79,000 for our mission to make every pet a wanted pet! Donning a beautiful array of masks, the 347 guests in attendance were dazzled by dancers and magicians at the Marriott Fort Collins. We also presented our first 40 Mile Compassion Award.
Nearly 350 guests had a swingin' good time at our "HepCat Jive" in March 2016, featuring the 15-piece WiseAcres Jazz Band. We returned to the Hilton Fort Collins, and the event set a new fundraising record by netting $86,000 for FCCRSNC! Our live auction was led for the first time by Heather Lauren Quiroga of HLQ Events.
Over 300 guests, 50 volunteers, and three dozen sponsors made our 2017 "Phantom of the Opurra" a success. We danced the night away at the Hilton Fort Collins, breaking the record again by netting over $90,000 for FCCRSNC!
We transformed the Hilton Fort Collins into a whimsical wonderland for 2018's Alice in Whiskerland. Nearly 340 guests and 50 volunteers joined us down the rabbit hole for a night of fun and fantasy. The live auction was led by Dani Espinosa and we netted a record $104,000 for our programs, incluing $4,400 for our re-designed Grand Cat art pieces!
Whiskers 'n Wags Jubilee is a celebration of all the great things FCCRSNC has accomplished since its inception in 2006, with the invaluable help of our volunteers and donors. We sincerely appreciate everyone's support of our mission, making every pet a wanted pet!


We are so glad you popped in to see us. This page is just begining, so bare with us and there will be much more added soon.
Let's meet the Founders of Froggie Bottoms.
Click on their pics to view their homepages.
Let me tell ya a little about Froggie Bottoms. We are just bunch of adults who enjoy chattin and havin fun, lettin out hair down from a long day of work, or taken care of kids. Several of us have known each other for years now, and we always enjoy meetin new ppl.


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Q: Compare file content of two files in two different directories I have multiple files with same name in two directory. How to compare each one with the other line by line ( i.e compare file1 in dir1 with file2 in dir2 line by line if they have same name:
So far I have:
dir1 = "dir1"

dir2 = "/dir2"

files1 = os.listdir(dir1)

files2 = os.listdir(dir2)

for x in files2:

    for y in files1:

        if x == y:

            #compare element of each line for e.g in file 1 I have list:
            1, 2, 3
            2, 4, 6
            #file2 I have another list:
            2, 4, 3
            2, 4, 6
            #if first two numbers are equal then output the entire list

A: Instead of iterating over every file in dir1 against every file in dir2, you can just iterate over the files in dir1 and check if that file exists in dir2 if only interested in the files having the same name.
Then do something like this to compare matching files.
import os

dir1 = "dir1"
dir2 = "dir2"

for file in os.listdir(dir1):
    file2 = os.path.join(dir2, file1)
    if os.path.exists(file2):
        file1 = os.path.join(dir1, file)
        print(file)
        with open(file1, "r") as f1, open(file2, "r") as f2:
            # compare file1 and file2 line by line
            # add your logic here to compare the two files
            same = True
            while True:
                line1 = f1.readline()
                line2 = f2.readline()
                if line1 != line2:
                    same = False
                    break
                if len(line1) == 0:
                    break
            if same:
                print("files are same")
            else:
                print("files are different")

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
London:Lloyd's names John Neal as its new CEO
Mr John Neal has been appointed as the CEO of Lloyd's following a meeting of the Council of Lloyd's, where his appointment as successor to Inga Beale was approved unanimously, the world's leading specialist insurance market has announced.
Mr Neal will take up his position at Lloyd's on 15 October 2018.
His whole career has been associated with the Lloyd's market, first as an underwriter and later as CEO of the Ensign Managing Agency. He was most recently Group CEO of QBE, a global insurance and reinsurance business with a significant Lloyd's footprint.
In this role he was responsible for running a $14bn GWP business with over 14,000 employees in 37 countries. He brings significant experience as a global CEO who has a track record as a highly effective leader who can deliver business transformation.
Mr Bruce Carnegie-Brown, chairman of Lloyd's, said, "John will continue Lloyd's focus on delivering sustainable profitability, through a combination of underwriting discipline and market modernisation. An immediate priority will be the successful launch of Lloyd's Brussels subsidiary which will enable Lloyd's to continue serving its customers in the European Economic Area after Brexit."
Commenting on his appointment, Mr Neal said, "The insurance sector is facing many challenges. For 330 years the Lloyd's market has demonstrated its ability to innovate and adapt, and I look forward to playing my part to ensure this unique marketplace remains at the forefront of global commercial corporate and specialty insurance and reinsurance."
The appointment is subject to approval and consent from the Prudential Regulation Authority and the Financial Conduct Authority.


Relevant skills and expertise you are bringing to the role of governor. 17 years' experience of Nursery Educationand over 40 years worshiping at St. Barnabas Church.
Why I wanted to be a Governor Having known the school for some years, I wanted to be involved with how its school year develops and to further the links and support teaching of RE between the Church and the School.