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Em matemática, um autoproblema não linear, às vezes um problema de autovalor não linear, é uma generalização do problema de autovalor (comum) para equações que dependem não linearmente do autovalor. Especificamente, refere-se a equações da forma

em que  é um vetor, e  é uma função a valores matriciais do número . O número  é conhecido como o autovalor (não linear), o vetor  como autovetor (não linear), e  como um par próprio. A matriz  é singular em um autovalor .

Definição
Na disciplina de álgebra linear numérica, normalmente é utilizada a seguinte definição.

Seja , e seja  uma função que leva escalares em matrizes. Um escalar  é chamado de autovalor, e um vetor não nulo  é chamado de autovetor à direita se . Além disso, um vetor não nulo  é chamado de autovetor à esquerda se , onde o sobrescrito  denota a transposição hermitiana. A definição de autovalor é equivalente a , em que  denota o determinante.

Geralmente exige-se que a função  seja uma função holomorfa de  (em algum domínio )

Em geral,  poderia ser uma transformação linear, mas mais comumente é uma matriz de dimensão finita, geralmente quadrada.

Definição: O problema é considerado regular se existir algum  tal que . Caso contrário, é considerado singular.

Definição: diz-se que um autovalor  tem multiplicidade algébrica   se  é o menor inteiro tal que a -ésima derivada de  em relação a  em  é diferente de zero. Em fórmulas, isso significa que  mas  para .

Definição: a multiplicidade geométrica de um autovalor  é a dimensão do espaço nulo de .

Casos especiais
Os exemplos a seguir são casos especiais do problema de autovalor não linear.

 O problema de autovalor (usual):
 O problema de autovalor generalizado:
 O problema de autovalor quadrático:
 O problema de autovalor polinomial:
 O problema de autovalor racional:  em que  são funções racionais.
 O problema de autovalor com atraso:  em que  são escalares dados, conhecidos como atrasos.

Cadeias de Jordan
Definição: Let  um autopar. Uma tupla de vetores  é chamada de cadeia de Jordan separa , em que  denota a -ésima derivada de  em relação a  e avaliada em . Os vetores  são chamados de autovetores generalizados,  é chamado de comprimento da cadeia Jordan, e o comprimento máximo de uma cadeia Jordan começando com  é chamado de rank de .

Teorema: Uma tupla de vetores  é uma cadeia de Jordan se, e somente se, a função  tem uma raiz em  e a raiz é de multiplicidade pelo menos  para , em que a função a valores vetoriais  é definida como

Não linearidade de autovetor
A não linearidade de autovetores é uma forma de não linearidade relacionada, mas diferente, que às vezes é estudada. Neste caso, a função  leva vetores em matrizes, ou às vezes matrizes hermitianas em matrizes hermitianas.

Referências

Leitura complementar

 Françoise Tisseur e Karl Meerbergen, "The quadratic eigenvalue problem," SIAM Review 43 (2), 235-286 (2001) (link).
 Gene H. Golub e Henk A. van der Vorst, "Eigenvalue computation in the 20th century," Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 123, 35-65 (2000).
 Philippe Guillaume, "Nonlinear eigenproblems," SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications 20 (3), 575–595 (1999) (link).
 Cedric Effenberger, "Robust solution methods fornonlinear eigenvalue problems", tese de doutorado EPFL (2013) (link)
 Roel Van Beeumen, "Rational Krylov methods fornonlinear eigenvalue problems", tese de doutorado KU Leuven (2015) (link)
Álgebra linear


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FREMONT, CA: Oracle announces the launch of a new group of tools that enable enterprises to run a virtual cloud system inside a proprietary Oracle physical server. Oracle releases Oracle Cloud, a package of its publically available cloud software that will run on a new physical server called Oracle Cloud Machine.
A Cloud Machine runs the same APIs as the Oracle public cloud, enabling an enterprise to run a virtual private cloud inside a firewall in its data center. This feature allows more choices such as on or off-premises while using all the same equipment; ways to deploy workloads.
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text:
Public Affairs Commentary
R. Daniel Kelemen
R. Daniel Kelemen is Professor of Political Science and Law and Chair of the Department of Political Science at Rutgers University. He is also an adjunct Professor of European Union Law at the University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School. Kelemen's research focuses on the politics of the European Union, law and politics, comparative political economy, and comparative public policy. His 2011 book Eurolegalism: The Transformation of Law and Regulation in the European Union (Harvard University Press) won the Best Book Award from the European Union Studies Association. He is author or editor of five other books, and author of over one hundred articles and book chapters. Prior to Rutgers, Kelemen was Fellow in Politics, Lincoln College, University of Oxford. He has been a Member of the Institute for Advanced Study, visiting fellow in the Program in Law and Public Affairs (LAPA) at Princeton University, and a Fulbright Fellow at the Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) in Brussels. Kelemen is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, and he comments regularly on EU affairs for European and American media. He has extensive experience consulting on EU affairs for political risk analysis firms and policy-makers. He was educated at UC Berkeley (A.B. in Sociology) and Stanford (M.A. and Ph.D. in Political Science).
For a full list of Kelemen's publications, see his CV or his Google Scholar profile.
He can be followed on Twitter at @rdanielkelemen
Contact information: dkelemen@polisci.rutgers.edu

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Written by Lou Berney — Lou Berney's 2015 novel The Long and Faraway Gone won a string of awards including the Edgar, Barry, McAvity and Anthony gongs. The author sets his latest novel in the aftermath of one of America's defining moments, the assassination of John F Kennedy, and uses the upheaval caused by this momentous event to set two lives spinning off in new directions.
Frank Guidry is an upper level fixer in the New Orleans mob. His easy charm, which hides a truly ruthless nature, has got him close to mafia boss Carlos Marcello and his right hand man, Seraphine. Guidry, the epitome of self-possession and confidence, would never normally doubt his place in the scheme of things but he begins to realise two things. Firstly, that he had an albeit unwitting role in the assassination of the president, and secondly that his boss Marcello might be tying off any loose ends. So Guidry goes on the run. He knows his business well enough to accept that when Marcello weighs his friendship against the risk of being caught, there is only one way the scales will fall.
As it happens, Guidry is right to run. He's at the top of a list of people who need to disappear which is being worked on by the fearsome hit man Paul Barone. His best shot is to get to Vegas where there's a mobster with a grudge against Marcello and the connections and clout to get him out of the country.
Kennedy's death also sends Charlotte's life spinning off its axis. Charlotte is a 28-year-old mother and housewife living a safe but stultifying existence in Woodrow, Oklahoma with her kind but drunken husband Dooley, and their daughters Rosemary and Joan. The killing sparks within her a sense of urgency, and she sees all too clearly the choice in front of her – take her children and leave right now, or stay here with Dooley and accept the fact that nothing will ever change.
Her decision made, she sets out with a vague plan of starting again in California. But stuck outside Vegas with a broken-down car, and at the mercy of the mechanics, Charlotte is faced with enormity of her decision.
For Guidry, Charlotte and her daughters represent an opportunity too good to miss. Guidry knows he will be as hunted man in mob-run Vegas, and his chances off blending in are that much better as a father on vacation with his family than as a single man. For Charlotte, he seems a charming insurance salesman, good with her daughters and kind enough to offer them a lift and a place to stay while she gets back on her feet. So together they make their way to Vegas, with only Guidry aware of what lies behind an in front of them.
There are plenty of chilling moments in this thriller – Barone's takedown of the legendary second shooter is a particular highlight – but what makes this novel special is the characters and themes. It's a deeply American crime novel; a road trip to Vegas in the aftermath of the Kennedy assassination, and an examination of both sides of the American dream. For Charlotte, resilient and creative, her future is hers to grasp. For Frank, it is a different matter.
November Road is a tale of new beginnings and of second chances. It's also a love story too. But fear not, Berney is too smart an author to present us with the story of the bad man who is saved by the love of a good woman. Instead he resolves his novel with an ending that you will find emotionally resonant, but also true to everything that has gone before. Some of the brightest stars of American crime fiction have been queuing up to hail November Road as a masterpiece. They'll get no argument from us.
For another outstanding road trip, see Dodgers, written by Bill Beverly.


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Endocrinology and Metabolism > Endocrine Regulation of Water and Electrolyte Balance > Regulatory Molecules of Sodium and Potassium Balance
Contact the editor about this article
Endocrine Control of Potassium Balance
David B. Young, Richard D. McCabe
10.1002/cphy.cp070308
Source: Supplement 22: Handbook of Physiology, The Endocrine System, Endocrine Regulation of Water and Electrolyte Balance
Full Article on Wiley Online Library
The sections in this article are:
1 Potassium Transport Along the Nephron
2 Aldosterone: Cellular Mechanisms of Action
2.1 Aldosterone Receptors
2.2 Energetics
2.3 Sodium Conductance
2.4 Hydrogen Ion Transport
2.5 Potassium Transport
2.6 Sodium–Potassium‐Adenosine Triphosphatase
2.7 Chloride Transport
3 Long‐Term Actions of Aldosterone
3.1 Potassium Excretion
3.2 Potassium Distribution
4 Other Hormonal and Nonhormonal Factors that may Affect Potassium Excretion and Distribution
4.1 Sodium Intake and Excretion
4.2 Epinephrine
4.3 Norepinephrine
4.4 Vasopressin
4.5 Insulin
4.6 Angiotensin
4.7 Thyroxin
5 Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion
6 Quantitative Assessments of the Participation of Aldosterone in Potassium Regulation
6.1 Changes in Potassium Intake
6.2 Change in Sodium Intake
6.3 Changes in Aldosterone or Mineralocorticoid Activity
6.4 Potassium Regulation over Combined Ranges of Sodium and Potassium Intake
Renal potassium excretion plotted as a function of plasma potassium concentration under steady‐state conditions. Dogs were adrenalectomized and maintained on normal levels of intravenously infused aldosterone and methylprednisolone. [From Young 248 with permission.]
Steady‐state relationships between plasma potassium and renal potassium excretion at three levels of aldosterone (Aldo) replacement. [From Young and Paulsen 255 with permission.]
Three‐dimensional representation of the interaction between plasma potassium and aldosterone in affecting renal potassium excretion. [From Young and Paulsen 255 with permission.]
Effect of aldosterone (Aldo) on potassium distribution. The relationship between exchangeable potassium (Ke) and plasma potassium (Kp) is rotated downward as the rate of aldosterone replacement is increased from normal (50 μg/day) to five times normal. [From Young and Jackson 252 with permission.]
Effect of sodium intake on the relationship between plasma potassium concentration and potassium excretion. Increasing sodium intake shifts the relationship up and to the left so that a higher rate of potassium excretion at a given level of plasma potassium would be expected as sodium intake is elevated. [From Young et al. 253 with permission.]
Three‐dimensional representation of normalized data obtained from Figure 5. Combined effects of sodium intake and plasma potassium on potassium excretion. [From Young et al. 253 with permission.]
Aldosterone concentration (PAC) as a function of plasma potassium at three levels of angiotensin II infusion on the fifth day of infusion. [From Young et al. 256 with permission.]
Three‐dimensional presentation of the interaction between normalized angiotensin II concentration and plasma potassium in stimulating aldosterone. Data were obtained from those presented in Figure 7. [From Young et al. 256 with permission.]
Simulated regulation of plasma potassium concentration over combined ranges of potassium and sodium intake under normal conditions. Grid lines on surface are in increments of 0.25 normalized units. Intake ranges simulated were from 0.25 to 4.0 normal. [From Young 251 with permission.]
Figure 10.
Simulated regulation of plasma potassium concentration over combined ranges of potassium and sodium intake with aldosterone concentration fixed at normal level. Therefore, this surface represents simulated potassium regulation in the absence of feedback regulation of aldosterone levels. Quantitative value of aldosterone in potassium regulation can be appreciated visually by comparing potassium regulation surfaces in this figure with those in Figure 9, in which aldosterone feedback control was normal. [From Young 251 with permission.]
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184. Sandle, G. I., F., McGlone, and R. J. Davis. Electrophysiology of rat distal colon after partial nephrectomy. Implications for K transport. Pflugers Arch. 412: 172–182, 1988.
185. Sansom, S. C., S., Angulian, S. Muto, V. Illig, G. Giebisch. K activity of CCD principal cells from normal and DOCA‐treated rabbits. Am. J. Physiol. 256 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 25): F136–142, 1989.
186. Sansom, S. C., and R. G. O'Neil. Mineralocorticoid regulation of apical cell membrane Na+ and K+ transport of the cortical collecting duct. Am. J. Physiol. 248 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 17): F858–F868, 1985.
187. Santella, L., and E. Carafoli. Calcium signaling in the cell nucleus. FASEB J. 11: 1091–1109, 1997.
188. Sariban‐Sohraby, S., M., Burg, W. P. Wiesmann, P. K. Chiang, and J. P. Johnson. Methylation increases sodium transport into A6 apical membrane vesicles: possible mode of aldosterone action. Science 225: 745–746, 1984.
189. Sariban‐Sohraby, S., R. S., Fisher, and M. Abramow. Aldosterone‐induced GTP‐stimulated methylation of a 90 kDa polypeptide in the apical membrane of A6 epithelia. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 26613–26617, 1993.
190. Sariban‐Sohraby, S., M., Mies, M. Abramow, and R. S. Fisher. Aldosterone stimulation of GTP hydrolysis in membrane of renal epithelia. Am. J. Physiol. 268 (Cell Physiol. 37): C557–C562, 1995.
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192. Schlatter, E.. Antidiuretic hormone regulation of electrolyte transport in the distal nephron. Ren. Physiol. Biochem. 12: 65–84, 1989.
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194. Shahedi, M., K., Laborde, L. Bussieres, and C. Sachs. Acute and early effects of aldosterone on Na+, K+‐ATPase activity in Madin‐Darby canine kidney epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 264 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 33): F1021–F1026, 1993.
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199. Smith, P. L., and R. D. McCabe. Mechanism and regulation of transcellular potassium transport by the colon. Am. J. Physiol. 247 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 10): G445–G456, 1984.
200. Smith, P. L., and R. D. McCabe. Potassium secretion by rabbit descending colon: effects of adrenergic stimuli. Am. J. Physiol. 250 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 13): G432–G439, 1986.
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202. Spindler, B., L., Mastroberardino, M. Custer, and F. Verrey. Characterization of early aldosterone‐induced RNAs identified in A6 kidney epithelia. Pflugers Arch. 434: 323–331, 1997.
203. Stanton, B.. Regulation by adrenal corticosteroids of sodium and potassium transport in loop of Henle and distal tubule of rat kidney. J. Clin. Invest. 78: 1612–1620, 1986.
204. Stanton, B., G., Klein‐Robberhaar, J. Wade, G. Giebisch, and R. A. DeFronzo. Effects of adrenalectomy and chronic adrenal corticosteroid replacement on potassium transport in the rat kidney. J. Clin. Invest. 75: 1317–1326, 1985.
205. Stanton, B. A.. Renal potassium transport: morphological and functional adaptations. Am. J. Physiol. 257 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 26): R989–R997, 1989.
206. Stanton, B. A., D., Biemesderfer, J. B. Wade, and G. Giebisch. Structural and functional study of the rat distal nephron: effects of potassium adaptation and potassium depletion. Kidney Int. 19: 36–48, 1981.
207. Sterns, R. H.. Oscillations of plasma K+ and insulin during K+ infusion in awake anephric dogs. Am. J. Physiol. 243 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol.: F44–F52, 1982.
208. Suzuki, S., N., Ozaki, J. Yoshida, S. Takamura, Y. Takeuchi, and S. Kudo. Brush border Mg2+, HCO3‐‐ATPase, supernatant carbonic anhydrase and other enzyme activities isolated from rat intestinal mucosa: effect of adrenalectomy and aldosterone administration. J. Steroid Biochem. 19: 1419–1433, 1983.
209. Suzuki, S., S., Takamura, J. Yoshida, and N. Ozaki. Effect of aldosterone antagonists on aldosterone‐induced Mg2+, HCO3‐‐ATPase and carbonic anhydrase in rat intestinal mucosa. J. Steroid Biochem. 23: 57–66, 1985.
210. Symonds, D. A., and T. L. Lentz. Histochemistry of the aldosterone‐stimulated urinary bladder of the toad, Bufo marinus. Anat. Rec. 168: 433–451, 1970.
211. Szerlip, H. M., and M. Cox. Aldosterone‐induced glycoproteins: further characterization. J. Steroid Biochem. 32: 815–822, 1989.
212. Szerlip, H. M., L., Weisberg, M. Clayman, E. Neilson, J. B. Wade, and M. Cox. Aldosterone‐induced proteins: purification and localization of GP65, 70. Am. J. Physiol. 256 (Cell Physiol. 25): C865–C872, 1989.
213. Trachewsky, D., and S. Lawrence. Aldosterone‐induced alterations in the synthesis of renal cortical chromatin components and acetylation of histones. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 141: 1–20, 1972.
214. Turnheim, K.. Intrinsic regulation of apical sodium entry in epithelia. Physiol. Rev. 71: 429–445, 1991.
215. Ullian, M. E., and J. J. Fine. Mechanisms of enhanced angiotensin II‐stimulated signal transduction in vascular smooth muscle by aldosterone. J. Cell Physiol. 161: 201–208, 1994.
216. Ullian, M. E., F. N., Hutchinson, D. J. Hazen‐Martin, and T. A. Morinelli. Angiotensin II‐aldosterone interactions on protein synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells. Am. J. Physiol. 264 (Cell Physiol. 33): C1525–C1531, 1993.
217. Ullian, M. E., J. R., Schelling, and S. L. Linas. Aldosterone enhances angiotensin II receptor binding and inositol phosphate responses. Hypertension 20: 67–73, 1992.
218. Vancura, P., G. W., Sharp, and R. A. Malt. Kinetics of RNA synthesis in toad bladder epithelium: action of aldosterone during the latent period. J. Clin. Invest. 50: 543–551, 1971.
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220. Verrey, F.. Antidiuretic hormone action in A6 cells: effect on apical Cl‐ and Na+ conductances and synergism with aldosterone for NaCl reabsorption. J. Membr. Biol. 138: 65–76, 1994.
221. Verrey, F., J. P., Kraehenbuhl, and B. C. Rossier. Aldosterone induces a rapid increase in the rate of Na+,K+‐ATPase gene transcription in cultured kidney cells. Mol. Endocrinol. 3: 1369–1376, 1989.
222. Verrey, F., E., Schaerer, P. Fuentes, J. P. Kraehenbuhl, and B. C. Rossier. Effects of aldosterone on Na+,K+‐ATPase transcription, mRNAs, and protein synthesis, and on transepithelial Na+ transport in A6 cells. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 268B: 463–468, 1988.
223. Verrey, F., E., Schaerer, P. Zoerkler, M. P. Paccolat, K. Geering, J. P. Kraehenbuhl, and B. C. Rossier. Regulation by aldosterone of Na+,K+‐ATPase mRNAs, protein synthesis, and sodium transport in cultured kidney cells. J. Cell Biol. 104: 1231–1237, 1987.
224. Vilella, S., L., Guerra, C. Helmle‐Krob, and H. Murer. Aldosterone actions on basolateral Na+,H+‐exchange in Madin‐Darby canine kidney cells. Pflugers Arch. 422: 9–15, 1992.
225. Wade, J. B., B. A., Stanton, M. J. Field, M. Kashgarian, and G. Giebisch. Morphological and physiological responses to aldosterone: time course and sodium dependence. Am. J. Physiol. 259 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 28): F88–F94, 1990.
226. Wang, W. H., R. M., Henderson, J. Geibel, S. White, and G. Giebisch. Mechanism of aldosterone‐induced increase of K+ conductance in early distal renal tubule cells of the frog. J. Membr. Biol. 111: 277–289, 1989.
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228. Watson, R. L., H. G., Langford, J. Abernathy, T. Y. Barnes, and M. J. Watson. Urinary electrolytes, body weight and blood pressure, pooled cross‐sectional results among four groups of adolescent females. Hypertension 2 (Suppl. 1): I‐99–I‐101, 1980.
229. Weber, K. T., and C. G. Brilla. Pathological hypertrophy and cardiac interstitium. Fibrosis and renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. Circulation 83: 1849–1865, 1991.
230. Wehling, M.. Novel aldosterone receptors: specificity‐conferring mechanism at the level of the cell membrane. Steroids 59: 160–163, 1994.
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232. Wehling, M., M. M. Bauer, A. Ulsenheimer, M. Schneider, C. B. Neylon, and M. Christ. Nongenomic effects of aldosterone on intracellular pH in vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 223: 181–186, 1996.
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234. Wehling, M., M., Christ, and K. Theisen. Membrane receptors for aldosterone: a novel pathway for mineralocorticoid action. Am. J. Physiol. 263 (Endocrinol. Metab. 26): E974–E979, 1992.
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239. Wehling, P. A., M. Caplan, M. Sutters, and G. Giebisch. Aldosterone‐mediated Na+,K+‐ATPase expression is alpha 1 isoform specific in the renal cortical collecting duct. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 23469–23476, 1993.
240. Weigt, M., P. Dietl, S. Silbernagl, and H. Oberleithner. Activation of luminal Na+,H+‐exchange in distal nephron of frog kidney. An early response to aldosterone. Pflugers Arch. 408: 609–614, 1987.
241. Weiner, H., J. M., Nielsen, D. A. Klaerke, and P. L. Jorgensen. Aldosterone and thyroid hormone modulate alpha 1‐, beta 1‐mRNA and Na+,K+‐pump sites in the rabbit distal colon epithelium. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 671: 461–463, 1992.
242. Wiesmann, W. P., J. P., Johnson, G. A. Miura, and P. K. Chaing. Aldosterone‐stimulated transmethylations are linked to sodium transport. Am. J. Physiol. 248 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 17): F43–F47, 1985.
243. Wilce, P. A., B. C., Rossier, and I. S. Edelman. Actions of aldosterone on rRNA and Na+ transport in the toad bladder. Biochemistry 15: 4286–4292, 1976.
244. Wills, N. K., and B. Biagi. Active potassium transport by rabbit descending colon. J. Membr. Biol. 66: 41–54, 1982.
245. Woodhall, P. B., and C. C. Tisher. Response of the distal tubule and cortical collecting duct to vasopressin in the rat. J. Clin. Invest. 52: 3095–3108, 1973.
246. Wright, F. S., and G. Giebisch, Regulation of potassium excretion. In: The Kidney: Physiology and Pathophysiology, edited by D. W. Seldin and G. Giebisch. New York: Raven, 1985, p. 1223–1249.
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248. Young, D. B.. Relationship between plasma potassium concentration and renal potassium excretion. Am. J. Physiol. 242 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. F599–F604, 1982.
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251. Young, D. B.. Quantitative analysis of steady state potassium regulation. Am. J. Physiol. 255 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 24) F811–F822, 1988.
252. Young, D. B., and T. E. Jackson. Effects of aldosterone on potassium distribution. Am. J. Physiol. 243 (Regulatory Integrative Comp.: R526–R530, 1982.
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255. Young, D. B., and A. W. Paulsen. Interrelated effects of aldosterone and plasma potassium on potassium excretion. Am. J. Physiol. 244 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 13): F28–F34, 1983.
256. Young, D. B., M. J. Smith, Jr., T. E. Jackson, and R. E. Scott. Multiplicative interaction between angiotensin II and K concentration in stimulation of aldosterone. Am. J. Physiol. 247 (Endocrinol. Metab. 10): E328–E335, 1984.
Submit a note to the editor about this article by filling in the form below.
Article Title: Endocrine Control of Potassium Balance
David B. Young, Richard D. McCabe. Endocrine Control of Potassium Balance. Compr Physiol 2011, Supplement 22: Handbook of Physiology, The Endocrine System, Endocrine Regulation of Water and Electrolyte Balance: 306-330. First published in print 2000. doi: 10.1002/cphy.cp070308


text:
Q: Book on classical thermodynamics I was looking for book on classical thermodynamics. I found lot of related posts in PSE but couldn't find a book which type I was expecting. I was searching for book which covers the whole thermodynamics (not QM but it's ok if there's some knowledge of Relativity), and I want some problems in that book also (I have little bit knowledge of thermodynamics but I would like to start from the beginning)
Related
Book with solved problems on thermodynamics
Book recommendation for nonequilibrium thermo/stat mech
Modern textbook on statistical field theory with an emphasis on applications to non-equilibrium phenomena?
References about rigorous thermodynamics
Crash course in classical thermodynamics

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Irriclens spray contains sterile sodium chloride solution, which is at the same concentration as that found in the body.
Washing out and cleansing a wound or burns.
Before using the spray, expel a short stream saline to clear nozzle.
Apply the spray to the affected area, ensure that the whole area is flushed with saline solution.
Irriclens can be used when required.
Ensure that the protective cap is replaced after use.
Saline solution sachets are also available generically (ie without a brand name).


text:
Q: Error while running UDPEcho app on simulator I am very new to iphone world and just downloaded the app and was trying to understand the application flow. For that I made same changes in the build settings but some internal error is thrown.
Through terminal it is working fine.
What changes will allow me to run that app on simulator. Thanks in advance.


text:
NoteWorthy – 3/29/20
Doug Sparks
AROUND THE VALLEY
NECC Alumna Receives Prestigious Writer's Award
NECC alumna and West Newbury resident Diannely Antigua (above) was one of 10 emerging writers to receive the prestigious Whiting Award.
The award has been presented annually for the past 35 years by the Whiting Foundation. It is given to select fiction and nonfiction writers, poets and playwrights. The prizes are designed to recognize excellence and promise in a spectrum of emerging talent, giving most winners their first chance to devote themselves full time to their own writing, or to take bold new risks in their work.
Antigua, 30, who graduated from NECC in 2009 with an associate degree in liberal arts, was one of three poets to receive an award of $50,000. She is a Dominican American poet born and raised in Massachusetts. Her debut collection, "Ugly Music," (YesYes Books, 2019) was the winner of the Pamet River Prize. You can read a review in mvm's 2019 summer reading guide.
Greater Lawrence Family Health Center Calls for Support Amid Crisis
The Greater Lawrence Family Health Center (GLFHC) is calling for philanthropic support to help them provide critical health care services for the Merrimack Valley's most vulnerable populations. Please consider a gift to the GLFHC COVID-19 Response Fund. With early matching support from the George C. Wadleigh Foundation and Eastern Bank, the fund will be used to combat the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the health center's patients, staff and clinicians.
Community health centers in Massachusetts are projected to lose more than $150 million in the next three months. GLFHC has had to temporarily close three sites and the result is a 40% decline in patient visits.
GLFHC provides health care to over 61,000 patients, including those among the homeless population. Help them mitigate this impact of the COVID-19 crisis with your philanthropic support and please share this with your network.
Lazarus House Sewing Graduates Make Masks for Coronavirus Frontline Workers
Left: Pam Aldrich. Right: Rosa Almonte.
Students who have learned to sew in the Lazarus House training program have joined the effort, led by 10-year Lazarus House volunteer sewing teacher Bonnie Mahan, to produce face masks helpful in the protection from COVID-19.
Mahan has already created over 100 kits with the material needed to make the masks. She continues to compile the kits and send to her students, all of whom received refurbished sewing machines from Lazarus House upon graduation.
More than 15 students continue the effort from their homes using the kits or their own supplies. Two students, Pam Aldrich of Salem, Mass., and Rosa Almonte of Lawrence, joined in the effort to provide PPE masks.
The masks do not meet the N95 mask standard recommended for the treatment of COVID-19 patients, but Mahan has made them useful, nonetheless.
According to the CDC, fabric masks are an option when other PPE supplies are not available.
Instructions on making masks can be found on the Deaconess Hospital website:
Deaconess.com/How-to-make-a-Face-Mask.
If you make your own, they may be mailed to Lazarus House for distribution at 412 Hampshire Street, Lawrence, MA 01842.
Pentucket Bank Announces Increase in Community Contributions Amid COVID-19
Scott Cote, CEO and chairman of Pentucket Bank, announced on Friday that the bank will be increasing its charitable community donations by 20% in 2020, over the $400,000 that the bank donated in 2019.
This announcement comes as communities across the nation continue to be adversely affected by the rapidly evolving state of the COVID-19 virus.
Beginning the week of March 30, 2020, Pentucket Bank will increase charitable giving by 20%. To assist with the immediate needs of their community partners, the bank will disperse the first $25,000 of the total committed increase to 10 local social service agencies, each receiving $2,500, over the next few weeks. The bank intends to place these funds in the hands of several agencies that are continuing to provide critical services throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. The first four recipients are Sarah's Place Adult Day Health, Isaiah 58, Home Health Foundation and Emmaus Inc. All donations will be announced at PentucketBank.com.
United Way COVID-19 Family Support Fund Distributes $378,000
Less than two weeks after launching a fundraising effort to help individuals and families impacted by the COVID-19 crisis, United Way of Massachusetts Bay and Merrimack Valley announced it has distributed over $378,000 to 36 community-based nonprofit agencies across the region to provide flexible emergency financial assistance to individuals and families impacted by the crisis.
United Way mobilized its broad network of nonprofit agencies who have a track record of working with the organization to administer flexible emergency assistance for families impacted by income disruption. According to a recent poll by MassINC for Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts, 16% of Massachusetts residents said they have lost their job and 23% of people making less than $50,000 of less say they have lost a job since the pandemic hit the region. The assistance will help families impacted by the COVID-19 crisis meet their basic needs for food and supplies, childcare and housing.
Since United Way launched the COVID-19 Family Support Fund on March 14, more than 1,000 donors representing individuals, corporations and foundations have committed over $1.2M to help working families affected by the crisis.
Individuals can dial 211 for comprehensive information and referrals related to the virus, including information on where they can access flexible funds through the COVID-19 Family Support Fund. Payments will be sent to the vendor or provider of services. Money will not be given to individuals directly.
The list of distributions from United Way's COVID-19 Family Support Fund through March 27, 2020 to Merrimack Valley organizations includes:
Community Teamwork, Inc
UTEC
Community Action, Inc
Greater Lawrence Community Action Council
Trahan Supports House Passage of $2 Trillion Coronavirus Relief Stimulus Package
On Friday, House Rep Lori Trahan supported passage of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, a historic stimulus package designed to help families, workers and small businesses stay afloat during the COVID-19 pandemic. The bill will now go to the President's desk for his signature.
"We are facing an unprecedented health emergency. Families, workers, health care workers and small businesses need immediate help from Congress to weather the storm. This legislation is an important step in our ongoing effort to act decisively on behalf of the American people. I am glad that, through hard work and productive negotiations, we were able to produce the bold, pro-worker bill that was desperately needed in this moment," said Congresswoman Trahan. "As we begin work on additional assistance packages, it is imperative that we all recognize the role we have to play in flattening the curve. Stay home if you can, practice social distancing, and wash your hands regularly. These practices will save lives."
The CARES Act provides Massachusetts's third district with critical support:
Homelessness Assistance (Emergency Solutions) Grants — $4,000,000,000 to address the impact of COVID-19 among individuals and families who are homeless or at risk of homelessness, and to support additional homeless assistance, prevention, and eviction prevention assistance.
Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) – $5,000,000,000 is provided to enable states, counties, and cities to rapidly respond to COVID-19 and the economic and housing impacts caused by it, including the expansion of community health facilities, child care centers, food banks and senior services. It also waives the cap on funding public service activities.
Here are a few of the numerous initiatives in this historic piece of legislation that will benefit the residents of Massachusetts broadly:
A $150 Billion State and Local Coronavirus Relief Fund: Creates a $150 billion state and local Coronavirus Relief Fund to provide states and localities additional resources to cope with the coronavirus pandemic. It is estimated that Massachusetts will receive approximately $2,673,000,000 in funds to benefit our state's residents.
$260 Billion in Dramatically Expanded Unemployment Benefits: Includes numerous provisions to improve unemployment benefits including providing an additional $600 per week for the next four weeks, providing an additional 13 weeks of federally funded benefits, and expanding eligibility to include workers in the gig economy and self-employed workers.
Immediate Direct Cash Payments to Lower and Middle-Income Americans: Provides for immediate, direct cash payments to lower- and middle-income Americans of $1,200 for each adult and $500 for each child, beginning to phase out at an annual income of $75,000 for an individual and $150,000 for a household. These payments will provide individuals with the cash they need right now to survive with much of the economy currently shut down.
More Than $375 Billion in Small Business Relief: Provides more than $375 billion in small business relief, including $349 billion for forgivable loans to small businesses to pay their employees and keep them on the payroll; $17 billion for debt relief for current and new SBA borrowers; and $10 billion in immediate disaster grants.
Approximately $200 Billion for Our Hospitals, Health Care Workers, and Health Research.
More Than $100 Billion in Additional Emergency Appropriations.
Lawrence General Hospital Issues Updates, Calls for Support
In the last 14 days, Lawrence General Hospital (LGH) has seen an ever-increasing number of symptomatic individuals seeking testing and treatment at the hospital, and their immediate concern is not having an adequate supply of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for frontline care givers.
Please visit LawrenceGeneral.org/about-us/covid-19-donations.aspx to learn what is needed and how/where to donate. The website also includes information regarding:
COVID-19 screening options that include their community screening phone line at (978) 946-8409.
Temporary hospital no-visitor policy.
Real-time COVID-19 information from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
LGH is also keeping the community updated through their Facebook and Twitter accounts.
The costs associated with providing increased 24/7 front-line staffing, equipment and resources are enormous. Consider making a donation at LawrenceGeneral.org/donate.
Matthew Thorne Joins Merrimack River Watershed Council as Executive Director
Matthew Thorne, a resident of Concord, N.H., has been appointed executive director of the Merrimack River Watershed Council (MRWC). Thorne brings with him experience in nonprofit management, environmental stewardship and environmental advocacy.
Thorne has served as associate director of the Manchester, N.H., based Organization for Refugee and Immigrant Success since 2018. Prior to that his career path found him working in environmental causes throughout Washington state's Puget Sound region. Thorne has also worked in Alaska as an environmental educator and field guide for Alaska Island Community Services.
The MRWC is dedicated to improving the health and vitality of the Merrimack River, a river that provides drinking water to 600,000 people and is ranked as one of the nation's top 10 Most Endangered Rivers by the U.S. Forest Service.
For more information on the council, visit Merrimack.org
Call for Photo Submissions – 2021 Bridal Issue
The 495 – This Week's Episode – Áine Greaney
The 495 – This Week's Episode – Chath pierSath
The 495 – This Week's Episode – John Kaag


text:
__author__ = 'User'

from model.project import Project
import random
import string
import os.path
import jsonpickle
import getopt
import sys

try:
        opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], "n:f:", ["number of project", "file"])
except getopt.GetoptError as err:
        getopt.usage()
        sys.exit(2)

n = 2
f = "data/projects.json"

for o, a in opts:
        if o == "-n":
            n = int(a)
        elif o == "-f":
            f = a

def random_string (prefix, maxlen):
    symbols = string.ascii_letters*3 + string.digits + " "*10 #+ string.punctuation
    return prefix + "".join([random.choice(symbols) for i in range(random.randrange(maxlen))])

testdata = [Project(name=random_string("Project", 20), status=random.choice(["stable", "development", "release", "obsolete"]),
            view_status=random.choice(["public", "private"]), description=random_string("Description", 60)
            , enabled="X") #inherit_gl_categories=random.choice([True, False])
    for i in range(n)
]

file = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), "..", f)

with open(file, "w") as out:
    jsonpickle.set_encoder_options("json", indent=2)
    out.write(jsonpickle.encode(testdata))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Nitzan Censor, Dov Sagi; Practice little, gain much: Short training enables long-term resistance to perceptual deterioration. Journal of Vision 2008;8(6):974. doi: 10.1167/8.6.974.
Intensive training or testing reduces performance on perceptual tasks. These effects are specific to basic image features, implicating early stages of the visual stream rather than general fatigue (Mednick, Nakayama, et al., 2002; Ofen, Moran & Sagi, 2007). Here we show, for the texture discrimination task, that such adaptation-like performance decrements are practically eliminated following practice with a small number of trials and sleep. Texture stimuli were presented for 40 ms and backward masked (Censor, Karni & Sagi, 2006). Observers decided whether an array of 3 diagonal bars embedded in an array of horizontal bars (1919) was horizontal or vertical. In each session the SOA (target-mask asynchrony) decreased gradually to obtain a psychometric curve. One group of observers practiced the texture discrimination task with 12 trials/block of SOA (∼450 trials/session), showing low thresholds (112.3±3.5 ms, mean±SE). A second group practiced the task with 50 trials/block (∼1600 trials/session), showing higher thresholds (174.8±7.2 ms). Both groups returned for intense test-sessions with 50 trials/block. Results showed that the average threshold in the 50 trials/block test-sessions was significantly lower for the observers trained with short 12 trials/block sessions (117.8±5.0 ms), as compared to those trained with 50 trials/block (158.3±6.3 ms). This learning effect was long-term, observed even when training and test were separated by nine months, and was not found when training and test were not separated by sleep. Thus, short training produces consolidation of an effective memory within the visual neural network, resistant to the performance decrements that are induced by intensive testing. We suggest a link between perceptual deterioration and learning: best performance is achieved with short training while further training leads to decrements due to connectivity saturation. Resistance is achieved by sleep dependent consolidation of unsaturated connectivity. This link may have an important role in the underlying mechanisms of perceptual learning.


These are a few of our previous projects giving you an impression of our "before and after" constructions. We proud ourselves in the highest quality and workmanship.
Please browse our tree house gallery below to view some of the tree houses we have built. We always strife to create an echo friendly environment.
These are a few of the jungle gyms that we have completed. Please feel free to browse the images for ideas for your jungle gym.
These are a few of the Super Tubes that we have completed. Please feel free to browse the images for ideas for your own Super Tube.
Please browse through the images to view the various obstacle course components that we manufacture.


text:
Book Business EXTRA! Q&A -- Cofounder of iAmplify Speaks About Helping HarperCollins Provide Audio and Video Content Online That Go 'Beyond the Book.'
HarperCollins new Digital Media Cafe (harpercollins.iamplify.com) opened for business earlier this week. The new online venture charges for subscription and on-demand audio and video downloads featuring interviews and behind-the-scenes snippets of the publishing houses' top talents. The distribution platform tools for the venture were created by iAmplify, a two-year-old publisher of digital media, who began working with Harper earlier this year.
iAmplify Cofounder Jack Hidary spoke with Book Business EXTRA! about the new venture for offering premium downloads that allow publishers to go 'beyond the book.' Hidary said he believes this enterprise demonstrates a more sustainable business model for the book industry.
Book Business EXTRA! -- What did you offer HarperCollins in terms of making digital content delivery a reality?
Jack Hidary -- I think iAmplify has several components. I think that the partnership really succeeds because of both parties. Harper, I think, realizes, from their point of view, that everything is going digital and also 'beyond book.' Book publishing in terms of a business model is undergoing a fundamental change. Rather than saying hey, let's just sell $20 to $30 from Jack Welch every three years when he comes out with a book, there is a more sustainable, annuitized regular model of revenue that we can have with an author and celebrity like Jack Welch ... It's to go 'beyond the book.'
EXTRA! -- How will this build additional revenue?
Hidary -- The book business model now is to come out with a $30 product, which is a lumpy and hard-to-predict, quick fall-off after the book is published type of business model. How about a better business model, a more annuity-based business model. Yes, we'll still come out with physical books, but we translate the people who love Jack Welch into a cadre of subscribers and a' la cart users of Jack Welch interviews, translate that into regular new insight from Jack Welch that can give users what Jack is thinking today ... We want to know what Jack thinks about that, not just what he wrote two years ago.
1 2 3 AllNext »
Cofounder Jack Hidary


text:
Q: Only route specific IPs through VPN I need to use a VPN from my work for pretty much only a few select URLs/IPs.
I configured the VPN with Ubuntus GUI, is it possible to just "whitelist" certain URLs or IPs and use no vpn for everything else in the in the .nmconnection file?


East Coast Chair & Barstool sells commercial furniture to bars, restaurants, nightclubs, professional stadiums, theme parks, and now, movie sets.
While the final editing determines whether or not the furniture will be visible in the actual theater version of the film, the staff members of East Coast Chair & Barstool are excited for the opportunity to make it on the big screen!
The film, starring Harry Connick, Jr., Morgan Freeman, Kris Kristofferson, and Ashley Judd, will be distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures, a Warner Bros. Entertainment company.
East Coast Chair & Barstool is a national e-commerce retailer of commercial-quality furniture. With four ecommerce sites, an eBay store, and a growing social media presence, East Coast Chair & Barstool ships to the 48 continental United States. For more information, visit http://www.tableschairsbarstools.com or follow @TablesChairBar on Twitter and Pinterest.


5 YRS Guilin Li & Mei Resource Trading Co., Ltd.
Normally we quoted with 1000pairs first if you have no idea about the qty. Cracking products are defective, which support return policy, and charge will be borne by us. We have exported to Japan, Korea, Europe, America and other countries.
11 YRS Qingdao Arisen Co., Ltd.
11 YRS Linhai Shunping Craft & Gift Co., Ltd.
10 YRS Nanjing Zhongding Wooden Arts And Crafts Co., Ltd.
13 YRS Nanjing Shiny Value Industrial And Trading Co., Ltd.
One for the seiwng accessories and the other one for shoe care accessories. With over 15 years' experience in this field, we have established business relationship with over 199 countries. In addition to that ,the price varies from quantity, packing method, and some other special conditions.
2 YRS Yueqing Baofeng Plastic & Electric Co., Ltd.
5 YRS Linhai Greenbund Woodworking Co., Ltd.
2 YRS Qingdao Justar Industry Co., Ltd.
control quality and price, Directly. 6.Can provide the production details timely. So many types of shoes tree for you choose,all of them are good quality,smoothly.
10 YRS Jiangxi Xianlong Commodity Craft Co., Ltd.
1 YRS Hangzhou Cedar Houseware Co., Ltd.
1 YRS Zhongshan Ever Textile Enterprise Co., Ltd.
4 YRS Zhejiang Minot Houseware Co., Ltd.
9 YRS Qingdao Joyee Housewares Co., Ltd.
4 YRS Guilin Eisho-Betterall Household Articles Co., Ltd.
2. Finish All our cedar wood products are not laquer painting,this is very environment . 1.Q: Are you a factory or trading company9 A: We are a big company with our own factory and professional team . Quality Control Department are specially responsible for quality checking in every single process.
1 YRS Zhejiang Karl Trade Co., Ltd.
Alibaba.com offers 60,473 woods shoes products. About 20% of these are shoe racks, 3% are shoe trees, and 1% are women's sandals.
A wide variety of woods shoes options are available to you, such as wood, plastic, and metal. You can also choose from shoe trees, safety shoes. As well as from free samples, paid samples.
There are 60,473 woods shoes suppliers, mainly located in Asia. The top supplying country is China (Mainland), which supply 100% of woods shoes respectively.
Woods shoes products are most popular in North America, Western Europe, and Domestic Market.
You can ensure product safety by selecting from certified suppliers, including 9,224 with ISO9001, 5,947 with Other, and 2,310 with FSC certification.


text:
#ifndef NATIVE_CLIENT_SOURCE_TRUSTED_VALIDATOR_ARM_PROBLEM_REPORTER_H_
#define NATIVE_CLIENT_SOURCE_TRUSTED_VALIDATOR_ARM_PROBLEM_REPORTER_H_

// Problem reporter utility that converts reported problems into C
// strings.

#include "native_client/src/trusted/validator_arm/validator.h"

namespace nacl_arm_val {

// ProblemSink that converts (internal) user data back to high-level
// data, and converts reported problems into human readable text.
class ProblemReporter : public ProblemSink {
 public:
  ProblemReporter() {}
  virtual ~ProblemReporter() {}

 protected:
  // Extracts safety parameter from user data. Assumes that
  // corresponding method is kReportProblemSafety.
  void ExtractProblemSafety(
      const ValidatorProblemUserData user_data,
      nacl_arm_dec::SafetyLevel* safety);

  // Extracts out problem address parameter from user data. Assumes
  // that corrresponding method is kReportProblemAddress.
  void ExtractProblemAddress(
      const ValidatorProblemUserData user_data,
      uint32_t* problem_vaddr);

  // Extracts out problem instruction pair parameters from user data.
  // Assumes corresponding method is kReportProblemInstructionPair.
  // Note: Use NULL for output arguments you are not interested in.
  void ExtractProblemInstructionPair(
      const ValidatorProblemUserData user_data,
      ValidatorInstructionPairProblem* pair_problem,
      uint32_t* first_address,
      nacl_arm_dec::Instruction* first,
      uint32_t* second_address,
      nacl_arm_dec::Instruction* second);

  // Extracts out problem register parameter from user data.  Assumes
  // corresponding method is kReportProblemRegister.
  void ExtractProblemRegister(
      const ValidatorProblemUserData user_data,
      nacl_arm_dec::Register* reg);

  // Extracts out problem register and instruction pair parameters
  // from user data. Assumes corresponding method is
  // kReportProblemRegisterInstructionPair.  Note: Use NULL for output
  // arguments you are not interested in.
  void ExtractProblemRegisterInstructionPair(
      const ValidatorProblemUserData user_data,
      ValidatorInstructionPairProblem* pair_problem,
      nacl_arm_dec::Register* reg,
      uint32_t* first_address,
      nacl_arm_dec::Instruction* first,
      uint32_t* second_address,
      nacl_arm_dec::Instruction* second);

  // Extracts out the problem register list parameter from user data.
  // Assumes corresponding method is kReportProblemRegisterList.
  void ExtractProblemRegisterList(
      const ValidatorProblemUserData user_data,
      nacl_arm_dec::RegisterList* registers);

  // Extracts out the problem register list and instruction pair
  // parameters from user data. Assumes corresponding method is
  // ReportProblemRegisterListInstructionPair.  Note: Use NULL for
  // output arguments you are not interested in.
  void ExtractProblemRegisterListInstructionPair(
      const ValidatorProblemUserData user_data,
      ValidatorInstructionPairProblem* pair_problem,
      nacl_arm_dec::RegisterList* registers,
      uint32_t* first_address,
      nacl_arm_dec::Instruction* first,
      uint32_t* second_address,
      nacl_arm_dec::Instruction* second);

  // Converts the given error report into readable text.
  // Arguments are:
  //    buffer - The buffer to put the readable text in.
  //    buffer_size - The size of the array used to defined buffer.
  //    vaddr - the virtual address where the problem occurred.
  //    problem - The problem being reported.
  //    method - The reporting method used to generate user data.
  //    user_data - An array of additional information about the instruction.
  void ToText(char* buffer,
              size_t buffer_size,
              uint32_t vaddr,
              ValidatorProblem problem,
              ValidatorProblemMethod method,
              const ValidatorProblemUserData user_data);

 private:
  // Internal method to convert internal error report data
  // to corresponding readable text using the given format
  // string. See the definition of this method in problem_reporter.cc
  // to find a description of format directives that can appear in
  // the format string.
  // Aruments are:
  //    buffer - The buffer to put the readable text in.
  //    buffer_size - The size of the array used to defined buffer.
  //    vaddr - the virtual address where the problem occurred.
  //    problem - The problem being reported.
  //    method - The reporting method used to generate user data.
  //    user_data - An array of additional information about the instruction.
  void Render(char** buffer,
              size_t* buffer_size,
              const char* format,
              ValidatorProblem problem,
              ValidatorProblemMethod method,
              const ValidatorProblemUserData user_data);
};

}  // namespace

#endif  // NATIVE_CLIENT_SOURCE_TRUSTED_VALIDATOR_ARM_PROBLEM_REPORTER_H_