An active pilot inceptor system includes a pilot inceptor, a multi-phase motor, and a motor control. The pilot inceptor is configured to receive user input and is operable, in response to the user input, to move to a control position. The multi-phase motor is coupled to the pilot inceptor to selectively supply haptic feedback thereto. The motor control is operable to selectively energize the multi-phase motor in a manner that causes the multi-phase motor to generate torque and supply the haptic feedback to the inceptor, and to selectively energize the multi-phase motor in a manner that the multi-phase motor does not generate torque.
1. An active pilot inceptor system, comprising:a pilot inceptor configured to receive user input and operable, in response to the user input, to move to a control position;a multi-phase motor coupled to the pilot inceptor to selectively supply haptic feedback thereto; anda motor control operable to (i) selectively energize the multi-phase motor in a manner that causes the multi-phase motor to generate torque and supply the haptic feedback to the inceptor and (ii) selectively energize the multi-phase motor in a manner that the multi-phase motor does not generate torque.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the motor control, when energizing the multi-phase motor in a manner that the multi-phase motor does not generate torque, limits current flow to the multi-phase motor.
3. The system of claim 1, further comprising:a temperature sensor operable to sense a temperature that is at least representative of a temperature adjacent the multi-phase motor and to supply a temperature signal representative thereof.
4. The system of claim 1, wherein the motor control is coupled to receive the temperature signal and is further operable, in response to the temperature signal, to selectively energize the multi-phase motor in the manner that the multi-phase motor does not generate torque.
5. The system of claim 4, wherein the motor control is further operable to automatically energize the multi-phase motor in the manner that the multi-phase motor does not generate torque when the temperature signal indicates that the temperature adjacent the multi-phase motor is below a predetermined temperature.
6. The system of claim 5, wherein the motor control is further operable to automatically cease energizing the multi-phase motor in the manner that the multi-phase motor does not generate torque when the temperature signal indicates that the temperature adjacent the multi-phase motor is above a predetermined reset temperature.
7. The system of claim 1, further comprising:one or more lubricated gears coupled between the pilot inceptor and the multi-phase motor, and disposed in proximity to the multi-phase motor to receive heat generated in the multi-phase motor.
8. The system of claim 7, further comprising:a temperature sensor operable to sense a temperature that is at least representative of a temperature adjacent the one or more lubricated gears and to supply a temperature signal representative thereof.
9. The system of claim 8, wherein the motor control is coupled to receive the temperature signal and is further operable, in response to the temperature signal, to selectively energize the multi-phase motor in the manner that the multi-phase motor does not generate torque.
10. The system of claim 9, wherein the motor control is further operable to automatically energize the multi-phase motor in the manner that the multi-phase motor does not generate torque when the temperature signal indicates that the temperature adjacent the one or more lubricated gears is below a predetermined temperature.
11. The system of claim 10, wherein the motor control is further operable to automatically cease energizing the multi-phase motor in the manner that the multi-phase motor does not generate torque when the temperature signal indicates that the temperature adjacent the one or more lubricated gears is above a predetermined reset temperature.
12. The system of claim 1, wherein the multi-phase motor is selected from the group consisting of a wye-wound brushless DC machine, a delta-wound brushless DC machine, and a brushless DC machine with independent phases.
13. The system of claim 1, wherein the motor control, when energizing the multi-phase motor in a manner that the multi-phase motor does not generate torque, is further operable to supply an engine start inhibit signal.
14. The system of claim 1, wherein the motor control is further adapted to receive a signal indicating that one or more propulsion engines are running and is further operable, in response thereto, to not energize the multi-phase motor in a manner that the multi-phase motor does not generate torque.
15. An active pilot inceptor system, comprising:a pilot inceptor configured to receive user input and operable, in response to the user input, to move to a control position;a multi-phase motor coupled to the pilot inceptor to selectively supply haptic feedback thereto;a gearbox housing disposed in proximity to the multi-phase motor to receive heat generated in the multi-phase motor;one or more lubricated gears disposed within the gearbox housing and coupled between the pilot inceptor and the multi-phase motor; anda motor control operable to (i) selectively energize the multi-phase motor in a manner that causes the multi-phase motor to generate torque and supply the haptic feedback to the inceptor and (ii) selectively energize the multi-phase motor in a manner that the multi-phase motor does not generate torque.
16. The system of claim 15, further comprising:a gearbox temperature sensor operable to sense a temperature that is at least representative of temperature within the gearbox housing and to supply a temperature signal representative thereof.
17. The system of claim 16, wherein the motor control is coupled to receive the temperature signal and is further operable, in response to the temperature signal, to selectively energize the multi-phase motor in the manner that the multi-phase motor does not generate torque.
18. The system of claim 17, wherein the motor control is operable to automatically energize the multi-phase motor in the manner that the multi-phase motor does not generate torque when the temperature signal indicates that the temperature within the gearbox housing is below a predetermined temperature.
19. The system of claim 18, wherein the motor control is further operable to automatically cease energizing the multi-phase motor in the manner that the multi-phase motor does not generate torque when the temperature signal indicates that the temperature within the gearbox housing is above a predetermined reset temperature.
20. The system of claim 15, wherein the motor control, when energizing the multi-phase motor in a manner that the multi-phase motor does not generate torque, is further operable to supply an engine start inhibit signal.
21. The system of claim 15, wherein the motor control is further adapted to receive a signal indicating that one or more propulsion engines are running and is further operable, in response thereto, to not energize the multi-phase motor in a manner that the multi-phase motor does not generate torque.
22. A method of warming up an active pilot inceptor system that utilizes a multi-phase motor to supply haptic feedback to a pilot inceptor, the method comprising the steps of:measuring a temperature of at least a portion of the active pilot inceptor system;determining if the measured temperature is below a predetermined temperature; andif the measured temperature is below the predetermined temperature, at least selectively energizing the multi-phase motor in a manner that the multi-phase motor does not generate torque.
23. The method of claim 22, further comprising:determining when the measured temperature exceeds a predetermined reset temperature; andwhen the measured temperature exceeds the predetermined reset temperature, no longer energizing the multi-phase motor in the manner that the multi-phase motor does not generate torque.
24. The method of claim 22, wherein:the active pilot inceptor system includes a lubricant; andthe step of measuring a temperature comprises measuring a temperature that is at least representative of the lubricant.
25. The method of claim 22, further comprising:precluding an engine start when energizing the multi-phase motor in a manner that the multi-phase motor does not generate torque.
26. The method of claim 22, further comprising:determining whether one or more propulsion engines are running; andprecluding energizing the multi-phase motor in a manner that the multi-phase motor does not generate torque when it is determined that one or more propulsion engines are running.
The present invention generally relates to active pilot inceptors and, more particularly, to self warm-up systems and methods for active pilot inceptors.
Aircraft typically include a plurality of flight control surfaces that, when controllably positioned, guide the movement of the aircraft from one destination to another. The number and type of flight control surfaces included in an aircraft may vary depending, for example, on whether the aircraft is a fixed-wing or rotary-wing aircraft. For example, most fixed-wing aircraft typically include primary flight control surfaces, such as a pair of elevators, a rudder, and a pair of ailerons, to control aircraft movement in the pitch, yaw, and roll axes. Aircraft movement of rotary-wing aircraft in the pitch, yaw, and roll axes is typically controlled by via movement of the rotating aircraft rotors, and may additionally be controlled via movement of one or more flight control surfaces.
The positions of the aircraft flight control surfaces and/or rotors are typically controlled via a flight control system. The flight control system, in response to position commands that originate from either the flight crew or an aircraft autopilot, moves the aircraft flight control surfaces and/or rotors to the commanded positions. In most instances, this movement is effected via actuators that are coupled to the flight control surfaces. Typically, the position commands that originate from the flight crew are supplied via one or more inceptors. For example, many fixed-wing aircraft include a plurality of inceptors, such as yokes or side sticks and rudder pedals, one set each for the pilot and for the co-pilot, and many rotary-wing aircraft include one or more of a cyclic, a collective, and rudder pedals. In many modern aircraft, including both fixed-wing aircraft and rotary-wing aircraft, electric motors are coupled to one or more of the inceptors to supply force feedback (or "haptic feedback") to the user. These inceptors are generally referred to as active inceptors.
Depending on overall purpose and mission, some aircraft may be required to take off from environments that experience relatively low temperatures. Thus, many systems in these aircraft, including the above-mentioned active inceptors, may need to startup and run at these relatively low temperatures. In regard to the active inceptors, this may adversely impact the size of the motors that are used to supply the haptic feedback. In particular, relatively large motors may be needed due, at least in part, to the increased friction associated with lubricant properties, gear train tolerances, and bearing tolerances at the relatively low temperatures.
Hence, there is a need for active inceptors that may be implemented without overly large motors and still startup and operate in relatively low temperature environments. The present invention addresses at least this need.
In one embodiment, and by way of example only, an active pilot inceptor system includes a pilot inceptor, a multi-phase motor, and a motor control. The pilot inceptor is configured to receive user input and is operable, in response to the user input, to move to a control position. The multi-phase motor is coupled to the pilot inceptor to selectively supply haptic feedback thereto. The motor control is operable to selectively energize the multi-phase motor in a manner that causes the multi-phase motor to generate torque and supply the haptic feedback to the inceptor, and to selectively energize the multi-phase motor in a manner that the multi-phase motor does not generate torque.
In another exemplary embodiment, an active pilot inceptor system includes a pilot inceptor, a multi-phase motor, a gearbox housing, one or more lubricated gears, and a motor control. The pilot inceptor is configured to receive user input and is operable, in response to the user input, to move to a control position. The multi-phase motor is coupled to the pilot inceptor to selectively supply haptic feedback thereto. The gearbox housing is disposed in proximity to the multi-phase motor to receive heat generated in the multi-phase motor. The one or more lubricated gears are disposed within the gearbox housing and are coupled between the pilot inceptor and the multi-phase motor. The motor control is operable to selectively energize the multi-phase motor in a manner that causes the multi-phase motor to generate torque and supply the haptic feedback to the inceptor, and to selectively energize the multi-phase motor in a manner that the multi-phase motor does not generate torque.
In yet another exemplary embodiment, a method of warming up an active pilot inceptor system that utilizes a multi-phase motor to supply haptic feedback to a pilot inceptor includes measuring a temperature of at least a portion of the active pilot inceptor system, and determining if the measured temperature is below a predetermined temperature. If the measured temperature is below the predetermined temperature, the multi-phase motor is at least selectively energized in a manner that the multi-phase motor does not generate torque.
Other desirable features and characteristics of the active pilot inceptor system and method will become apparent from the subsequent detailed description and the appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and preceding background.
FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram of an exemplary active pilot inceptor system that may be included in the systems and/or aircraft depicted in FIGS. 1-3.
Turning now to FIG. 1, a perspective view of an exemplary fixed-wing aircraft is shown. In the illustrated embodiment, the aircraft 100 includes first and second horizontal stabilizers 101-1 and 101-2, respectively, a vertical stabilizer 103, and first and second wings 105-1 and 105-2, respectively. An elevator 102 is disposed on each horizontal stabilizer 101-1, 101-2, a rudder 104 is disposed on the vertical stabilizer 103, and an aileron 106 is disposed on each wing 105-1, 105-2. In addition, a plurality of flaps 108, slats 112, and spoilers 114 are disposed on each wing 105-1, 105-2. The elevators 102, the rudder 104, and the ailerons 106 are typically referred to as the primary flight control surfaces, and the flaps 108, the slats 112, and the spoilers 114 are typically referred to as the secondary flight control surfaces.
The primary flight control surfaces 102-106 control aircraft movements about the aircraft pitch, yaw, and roll axes. Specifically, the elevators 102 are used to control aircraft movement about the pitch axis, the rudder 104 is used to control aircraft movement about the yaw axis, and the ailerons 106 control aircraft movement about the roll axis. It is noted, however, that aircraft movement about the yaw axis can also be achieved by varying the thrust levels from the engines on opposing sides of the aircraft 100.
The secondary control surfaces 108-114 influence the lift and drag of the aircraft 100. For example, during aircraft take-off and landing operations, when increased lift is desirable, the flaps 108 and slats 112 may be moved from retracted positions to extended positions. In the extended position, the flaps 108 increase both lift and drag, and enable the aircraft 100 to descend at a lower airspeed, and also enable the aircraft 100 get airborne over a shorter distance. The slats 112, in the extended position, increase lift, and are typically used in conjunction with the flaps 108. The spoilers 114, on the other hand, reduce lift and when moved from retracted positions to extended positions, which is typically done during aircraft landing operations, may be used as air brakes to assist in slowing the aircraft 100.
The flight control surfaces 102-114 are moved to commanded positions via a flight control surface actuation system 200, an exemplary embodiment of which is shown in FIG. 2. In the depicted embodiment, the flight control surface actuation system 200 includes flight controls 202, a plurality of primary flight control surface actuators, which include elevator actuators 204, rudder actuators 206, and aileron actuators 208. It will be appreciated that the system 200 may be implemented with a plurality of flight controls 202. However, for ease of description and illustration, only a single, multi-channel control 202 is depicted. It will additionally be appreciated that one or more functions of the flight controls 202 could be implemented using a plurality of devices.
Before proceeding further, it is noted that the flight control surface actuation system 200 additionally includes a plurality of secondary control surface actuators, such as flap actuators, slat actuators, and spoiler actuators. However, the operation of the secondary flight control surfaces 108-114 and the associated actuators is not needed to fully describe and enable the present invention. Thus, for added clarity, ease of description, and ease of illustration, the secondary flight control surfaces and actuators are not depicted in FIG. 2, nor are these devices further described. Moreover, controls for the rudder 104 and non-illustrated aircraft brakes are also not included in FIG. 2 for clarity and ease of description. Nonetheless, it will be appreciated that the invention may be applied to rudder and brakes controls in a similar fashion.
Returning now to the description, the flight control surface actuation system 200 may additionally be implemented using various numbers and types of primary flight control surface actuators 204-208. In addition, the number and type of primary flight control surface actuators 204-208 per primary flight control surface 102-106 may be varied. In the depicted embodiment, however, the system 200 is implemented such that two primary flight control surface actuators 204-208 are coupled to each primary flight control surface 102-106. Moreover, each of the primary flight control surface actuators 204-208 are typically a linear-type actuator, such as, for example, a ballscrew actuator or hydraulic cylinder. It will be appreciated that this number and type of primary flight control surface actuators 204-208 are merely exemplary of a particular embodiment, and that other numbers and types of actuators 204-208 could also be used.
No matter the specific number, configuration, and implementation of the primary flight control surface actuators 204-208, the flight controls 202 are configured to receive aircraft flight control surface position commands from one or more input control mechanisms. In the depicted embodiment, the system 200 includes two inceptors, a pilot inceptor 210-1 and a co-pilot inceptor 210-2, and one or more motor controls 212. In the depicted embodiment, the pilot 210-1 and co-pilot 210-2 inceptors are both implemented as active inceptors. It will be appreciated that in some embodiments the system 200 could be implemented with more or less than this number of inceptors 210. Moreover, and as was alluded to above, the inceptors 210 could be implemented as rudder/brake pedals.
It will additionally be appreciated that the system could be implemented with more than one motor control 212, and that each flight control 202 and each motor control 212 could be integrated into a single control circuit 215, as depicted in phantom in FIG. 2. Nonetheless, the motor control 212, in response to inceptor signals supplied from one or both inceptors 210, supplies flight control surface position signals to the flight control(s) 202. The flight control(s) 202, in response to the flight control surface position signals, supplies power to the appropriate primary flight control surface actuators 204-208, to move the appropriate primary flight control surfaces 102-106 to positions that will cause the aircraft 100 to implement the commanded maneuver. As depicted in phantom in FIG. 2, in other embodiments the system 200 can be configured such that one or more signals from the user interfaces 210, such as the just-mentioned force and/or position signals, are supplied directly to the flight control(s) 202, or are supplied to one or more aircraft data buses for communication to the flight control(s) 202. It will additionally be appreciated that the system may, in some embodiments, the flight control surface actuators 204-208 may include remote electronics, such as actuator control electronics (ACEs), to close the loop.
Referring now to FIG. 3, for completeness a functional schematic representation of an exemplary rotary-wing aircraft is depicted and will be described. The depicted rotary-wing aircraft is a helicopter 300 that includes a gas turbine engine 302, a main rotor 304, a tail rotor 306, and a plurality flight control inceptors 308. The gas turbine engine 302, when operating, generates torque, which is supplied, via suitable interconnecting gears and drive trains, to the main rotor 304 and the tail rotor 306.
The main rotor 304 includes a plurality of main rotor blades 312 and, when rotated by the gas turbine engine 302, generates vertical lift for the aircraft 300. The tail rotor 306 includes a plurality of rotor blades 314 and, when rotated by the gas turbine engine 302, generates a horizontal lift for the aircraft 300. The horizontal lift, as is generally known, is used to counteract the torque effect resulting from the rotation of main rotor 304, which causes the helicopter 300 to want to turn in a direction opposite to rotational direction of the main rotor 304.
The flight control inceptors 308 include three separate devices--a collective 316, a cyclic 318, and anti-torque pedals 322. The collective 316 is used to control the altitude of the helicopter by simultaneously changing the pitch angle of all the main rotor blades 312 independently of their position. Therefore, if a collective input is made, the pitch angle of all of the main rotor blades 312 change simultaneously and equally, resulting in the helicopter 300 either increasing or decreasing in altitude.
The cyclic 318 is used to control the attitude and airspeed of the helicopter 300 by controlling the pitch of the main rotor blades 312 cyclically. More specifically, the relative pitch (or feathering angle) of each of the main rotor blades 312 will vary as they rotate. The variation in relative pitch has the effect of varying the angle of attack of, and thus the lift generated by, each main rotor blade 312 as it rotates. Hence, if the cyclic 318 is moved forward or backward, the rotor disk (to which the main rotor blades 312 are coupled) tilts forward or backward, respectively, and thrust is produced in the forward direction or backward direction, respectively. Similarly, if the cyclic 318 is moved to the right or to the left, the rotor disk tilts to the right or left, respectively, and thrust is produced in the right direction or left direction, respectively.
The anti-torque pedals 322 (e.g., 322-1, 322-1) are used to control the yaw of the helicopter 300 (i.e., the direction in which it is pointed) by controlling the pitch of the tail rotor blades 314, thereby altering the amount of horizontal thrust produced by the tail rotor 306. More specifically, pressing the left pedal 322-1 or the right pedal 322-2 changes the pitch of the tail rotor blades 314, thereby increasing the horizontal thrust produced by the tail rotor 306 in the left or right direction, respectively. As a result, the helicopter 300 will yaw in the direction of the pressed pedal 322.
As with the inceptors 210 associated with the fixed-wing aircraft flight control system 200 described above, each inceptor 316-322 supplies inceptor signals to a motor control 212. The motor control 212, in response to the inceptor signals, supplies appropriate flight control signals to the flight control(s) 202. The flight control(s) 202, in response to the flight control signals, supplies power to appropriate actuation devices (not illustrated), to cause the aircraft 300 to implement the commanded maneuver. As with the fixed-wing aircraft flight control system 200, it will appreciated that the rotary-wing aircraft could be implemented with more than one motor control 212, and that each flight control 202 and each motor control 212 could be integrated into a single control circuit 215, as depicted in phantom in FIG. 3. Moreover, in other embodiments one or more signals from the inceptors 308 may be supplied directly to the flight control(s) 202, or to one or more aircraft data buses for communication to the flight control(s) 202.
The aircraft additionally includes a throttle 324, which is used to control the speed of the gas turbine engine 302. In the depicted embodiment the throttle 324 is shown as a separate power lever. It will be appreciated, however, that in some embodiments the throttle 324 may be implemented as a twist grip device that is disposed on another one of thus controls such as, for example, the collective 316. No matter how it is specifically configured, the throttle 324 supplies a suitable input signal to an engine controller 326. The engine controller 326 implements an engine control law 328 to control a suitable fuel flow control device 332, to control and regulate fuel flow to, and thus the speed of, the engine 302.
Turning now to FIG. 4, a functional block diagram of an exemplary active pilot inceptor system 400 is depicted. It should be noted that the depicted active pilot inceptor system 400 may be used to implement any one or more of the inceptors 210, 308 depicted in FIGS. 2 and 3 and described above, or any one or more of the inceptors previously mentioned but not explicitly described. In any case, it may be seen that the system 400 includes an inceptor 402 that is coupled to a suitable multiple degree-of-freedom assembly 404. As such, the inceptor 402 is configured to move, in response to input from either a pilot or a co-pilot, to a control position in a first direction or a second direction. Although the configuration of the inceptor 402 may vary, in the depicted embodiment the inceptor 402 is configured to rotate, from a null position 406 to a control position, about two perpendicular rotational axes, which in the depicted fixed wing embodiment are a pitch axis 408 and a roll axis 412. More specifically, if the pilot or co-pilot moves the inceptor 402 in a forward direction 414 or an aft direction 416, to thereby control aircraft pitch, the inceptor 402 rotates about the pitch axis 408. Similarly, if the pilot or co-pilot moves the inceptor 402 in a port direction 418 or a starboard direction 422, to thereby control aircraft roll, the inceptor 402 rotates about the roll axis 412. It will additionally be appreciated that inceptor 402 may be moved in a combined forward-port direction, a combined forward-starboard direction, a combined aft-port direction, or a combined aft-starboard direction, and back to or through the null position 406, to thereby implement a combined aircraft pitch and roll maneuver.
Inceptor sensors 424 are coupled to the inceptor 402 and supply inceptor signals to the motor control 212, the flight control(s) 202, or both. The inceptor sensors 424 may be variously implemented, but are preferably implemented using any one of numerous known force sensors, position sensors, or both. Some suitable force sensors include, but are not limited to, strain gage sensors, piezoelectric sensors, semiconductor sensors, or optical sensors, just to name a few, and suitable position sensors include, but are not limited to, absolute inceptor position sensors such as RVDTs, LVDTs, potentiometers, or optical sensors. No matter the specific number and type of intercept sensors 424, at least one of the sensors 424 is configured to supply inceptor signals representative of a vector component of inceptor movement along the pitch axis 408, and another sensor 424 is configured to supply inceptor signals representative of a vector component of inceptor movement along the roll axis 412. Depending on the type of sensors, it will be appreciated that the inceptor signals may be force signals, position signals, or both. In any case, the inceptor signals are supplied to the motor control 212.
The motor control 212, upon receipt of the inceptor signals, supplies flight control commands 426 to the flight control(s) 202, to thereby implement a desired maneuver. Alternatively, and as mentioned above and as depicted in phantom in FIG. 2, the flight control(s) 202 may receive the inceptor signals directly from the inceptor sensors 424 and, in response, cause the desired maneuver to be implemented. As FIG. 4 additionally shows, the motor control 212, at least in the depicted embodiment, includes two inceptor motor controls 428 (e.g., 428-1, 428-2). The inceptor motor controls 428-1, 428-2 each selectively energize one of the user interface motors 432-1, 432-2. The motors 432 are each operable, upon being appropriately energized, generate torque and supply haptic feedback to the inceptor 402. Preferably, the motors 432 are each implemented using multi-phase brushless DC machines. As such, rotor commutation signals 434 associated with each motor 432 are supplied to that motor's associated motor control 428.
Preferably, the motors 432 are both coupled to the inceptor 402 via one or more lubricated gears 436-1, 436-2 that are preferably disposed in a gearbox housing 438. It is noted that for clarity the lubricated gears 436 are depicted as being disposed in a single gearbox housing 438; however, the gears 436 could be disposed in separate gearbox housings. In any case, as was previously noted, at relatively low temperatures, the friction within the active pilot inceptor system 400 increases due, in part, to the increased lubricant viscosity, and the tolerances of the gears 436 and non-illustrated motor bearings. Thus, the active pilot inceptor system 400 is additionally configured to implement a self warm-up function to sufficiently raise system temperatures. As will now be described, the system 400 implements the self warm-up function using heat generated by one or both of the motors 432.
The motor controls 428, in addition to being configured to selectively energize the multi-phase motors 432 to generate torque, are also configured to selectively energize one or both of the multi-phase motors 432 in a manner that one or both of the multi-phase motors 432 do not generate torque. The multi-phase motors 432, when energized in this latter manner, will nonetheless generate heat due to resistive heating of the motor windings. By disposing the motors 432, gears 436, and/or gear housing 438 in sufficiently close proximity, the heat generated in the motors 432 will warm the lubricant, gears 436, and/or gear housing 438.
It was previously noted that the multi-phase motors 432 are preferably brushless DC machines. It is noted here that the motors 432 may be wye-wound, delta-wound, or implemented with independent phases. No matter the specific winding configuration, the motor controls 428, using known brushless DC motor commutation, control a minimum of six non-illustrated switching devices (e.g., FETs, IGBTs, etc.) to control current flow in the motor 432. Thus, for wye-wound or delta-wound motors, when the system 400 is implementing the self warm-up function, the motor controls 428 will control the switching devices to simultaneously connect one or two of the motor phases to a supply voltage, and one of the phases to return. For motors with independent phases, all three phases may be connected at one end to a supply voltage and at another end to return. In both cases, the net result is that the motor rotor will move to a locked rotor position, but current flow through the stator windings will continue and cause the motors 432 to generate heat. Preferably, the motor controls 428 are additionally configured, during self warm-up of the system 400, to limit current flow through the motors 432 to a level that will prevent the motors 432 from overheating.
The active pilot inceptor system 400 may be configured to initiate the self warm-up function either manually or, most preferably, automatically. If configured to initiate the self warm-up manually, the system 400 includes a self warm-up initiation switch 442 that may be selectively operated by the pilot (or co-pilot). The motor controls 428, in this configuration, are responsive to operation of the switch 442 to energize the associated motors 432, as described above, to generate heat but no torque. The motor controls 428 will continue to energize the associated motors 432 in this manner until the switch 442 is again operated or a predetermined reset temperature is reached. In this regard, and as FIG. 4 further depicts, the system 400 additionally includes one or more suitable temperature sensors 444 (only one depicted). It may be appreciated that if the initiation switch 442 is included, a protective cover may preferably be included to prevent inadvertent operation of the switch 442, and thus inadvertent initiation of the of the self warm-up.
As was noted above, the system 400 is preferably configured to initiate the self warm-up automatically. With this configuration, if the one or more temperature sensors 444 senses that the temperature adjacent one or both of the multi-phase motors 432 is less than a predetermined temperature, then the motor controls 428 will energize the associated motors 432, as described above, to generate heat but no torque. The motor controls 428 will continue to energize the associated motors 432 in this manner until the predetermined reset temperature, as sensed by the one or more temperature sensors 444, is reached. The system 400 is also preferably configured such that an appropriate signal is supplied to, for example, non-illustrated engine controllers to preclude engine startup whenever the self warm-up is being conducted. Similarly, the system 400 is preferably configured to preclude initiation of the self warm-up if the engine(s) is(are) running and/or the aircraft is on the ground.
In each of the described embodiments, the system 400 may further include, if needed or desired, integral heaters 446 within the gearbox housing(s) 438. The heaters 446, if included, may be energized from the motor control 212 and used to supplement the heat supplied from the motors 432. The heaters 446 may be variously implemented. For example, the heaters 446 could be bonded on heat strips or embedded within the gearbox housing(s) 438 when the housing(s) is(are) cast.


The W - Football - So long Texas Stadium Register and log in to post!
The old Texas stadium in Irving TX is set to be imploded this Sun.
Who could forget the Leon Lett slide on Thanksgiving and the playoff games in this stadium back in the 90's.
As a Giants fan, I know I'd rather see them play in the old this stadium over the new one. Less fans to distract Eli Manning. Plenty of memories watching games as it seemed that while growing up, the Cowboys were always on the TV.
Isn't Eli unbeaten at the new stadium? Looks like he's doing well thus far.
That was a little disappointing. The Kingdome looked cooler when it went down.
Well, I have 'faith' in Eli that he'll choke when it counts.
Pages: 1 Thread ahead: What was Jerry drinking?
As a San Diegan, i can put the blame on one man... Bruce Henderson, a former city council person who sued the city over the new ballpark for the San Diego Padres, delaying it's opening until April 2004. What do the Padres have to do with it?


text:
Business and Management thesis and dissertation collection
The development and organisation of the Scottish co-operative movement
HimeimyIA_1955redux.pdf (68.34Mb)
Himeimy, Ibrahim A.
The importance of the Co-operative Movement in Scotland as a channel of distribution cannot be overlooked. In this country about one fifth of the retail trade in consumer goods is passed to the consumer through Co- operative shops. Moreover, when it is l remembered that 36.9 per cent of the value of goods consumed by the public go to remunerate the middleman as distributor, it will be immediately realised how big a slice of our daily income is absorbed by the cost of distribution. This is composed mainly of wages, transport expenses, and profit to the entrepreneur distributor. Co- operative trading tends to eliminate the profit item, which is to be returned instead to the consumer in the form of dividend on purchases.
According to statistics published by the Board of Trade there is, in Great Britain, a retail shop for every seventy of the population and a shopworker for every five families, whereas over 500 million pounds are paid annually to the three million persons who are connected in one way or another with the distributive 2 trades. We cannot at the present time disregard any practicable economies in the use of manpower as a factor in production, and the distributive trade may well offer a fruitful field for their application.
In addition to its business function, the Co- operative Movement stands for certain social principles, for which its leaders claim at least equal importance. The Co- operative Movement, it has been said, aims at the voluntary democratic control of the operations of industry without the incentive of profit- making or the stimulus of pecuniary gain. It is, in other words, a way of life. Professor A.N. Shimmin once said that with the nine million members of the Co- operative Movement (in 1944) it follows that a considerable number of the homes in this country are linked in a common purpose. If this is so, and if this common purpose is both social and economic, then the Co- operative Movement must have a far greater influence on our daily life than is generally conceived.
At present more than a quarter of the Scottish population 1 are members of the 196 Co- operative retail societies in Scotland. The Scottish societies have always gained first place among societies in all parts of Great Britain with regard to membership, trade, and the amount of dividend distributed. The proportion of Co- operative retail trade to the national retail trade is, 20.1 per cent for Scotland and only 12.0 per cent for the whole of 2 Great Britain. The average sales per member for 1951 were X90, ;30 in Scotland whereas they were only £60.75 for Great Britain. The amount of surplus (excluding share interest) was 9.49 per cent of the members ' purchases in Scotland and only 6.64 per cent of their purchases in Great Britain.
Despite the magnitude of the Consumers'Co- operative Movement in this country, comprehensive reaearch in this field has been very limited. Interest in the subject was temporarily stimulated by the appearance of the "Consumers' Co- operative Movement" by Sidney and Beatrice Webb in 1921, but it was not until 1938 that another extensive report on the principles and practice of the Movement was issued by a group of University 1 Professors. Then Professor G.D.H. Cole made a contribution to Co- operative literature in 1944, to mark the centenary of the 2 Rochdale Pioneer t Store. In all these publications little prominence has been given tothe progress of the Movement in Scotland; nevertheless it undoubtedly merits greater care and attention than it has hitherto received. The Co- operative movement from among its own ranks has produced investigations on specific aspects of the Movement, outstanding among which is 3 J.A. Hough's "Co- operative Retailing 1918 -1945 ". The present study is an investigation of the development and organisation of the Co- operative Movement in Scotland with a view to ascertaining its present -day major problems, and an attempt to find possible solutions, bearing in mind the Movement's claim to a dual objective, social as well as economic. Co- operative enterprise in Scotland has developed overwhelmingly, if not exclusively, within the Consumers' Movement. This thesis will therefore be confined to the Consumers' Movement in Scotland from the retail and wholesale angles in the fields of both distribution and production. Reference will be made to other forms of Co- operative institutions, such as the producers' societies, but only in so far as they come in contact with the Consumers' Movement either in matters of principle or of practice.
The Authorities consulted and sources drawn upon in preparing this thesis have been varied and representative as possible; the scattered information obtained from the works referred to above, and other contemporary publications are supplemented from the Co- operative Union's own literature, particularly its Annual Congress reports. Interviews with officials in the various Co- operative organisations as well as with trade union leaders have been very fruitful. In order to get as close a view as possible of the various problems facing the retail society, six retail Co- operative societies, fairly representative of the 196 Scottish societies were selected, and a case study was made of each. Wherever possible the records of these societies have been drawn upon. A similar method has been applied to the Scottish Co- operative Wholesale Society.
The material presented in this thesis consists of three parts. Part One is an historical survey of the Movement as background to the subject. Part Two is an examination of the prevailing circumstances that shape the present structure of the Scottish Co-operative Movement with its relevant problems. Finally Part Three comprises a critical analysis of the outstanding problems of the Movement and attempts to find suitable solutions.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Kai Sotto goes undrafted in 2022 NBA Draft but still has Filipinos' support: 'Laban lang!'
Filipino basketball player Kai Sotto was undrafted in the 2022 NBA Draft, temporarily delaying his dream of the first Philippine-born player.
Kai Sotto, the 7-foot-2-inch Philippine-born center, was not selected in the 2022 NBA Rookie Draft on Thursday.
Although Sotto was left undrafted, many Filipinos continued to rally their support for him, landing "Kai Sotto" and "Undrafted" on the top trends on Twitter.
Sotto may still get an invite for the 2022 NBA Summer League that is slated to start on July 7.
Creole-Vietnamese American player Johnny Juzang also was not drafted; however, the UCLA basketball guard has agreed to a two-way contract with the Utah Jazz.
Jaylin Williams, who is of Vietnamese descent, was drafted by the Oklahoma City Thunder. He made history by becoming the first Razorback the Thunder have selected in the NBA Draft.
Filipino basketball player Kai Sotto was undrafted in the 2022 NBA Draft, temporarily delaying his dream of becoming the first-ever Philippine-born player in the NBA.
The 20-year-old was not selected in the 2022 NBA Rookie Draft that took place at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York, on Thursday.
"The dream is always the NBA, so I'll always have to do whatever it takes to get better, stronger, to improve," Sotto said. "This is just a speed bump. We didn't get to Plan A, but we got Plan B. It's not going to stop me. It's not a signal for me to stop, but to keep on going."
Sotto previously piqued the interest of the Chicago Bulls, who invited him to a private workout. Other teams, including the New York Knicks, Cleveland Cavaliers, Orlando Magic and Atlanta Hawks, had also expressed interest in the Filipino basketball player.
Although Sotto was left undrafted, many Filipinos continued to rally their support for the 7-foot-2-inch center, landing "Kai Sotto" and "Undrafted" on the top trends on Twitter.
"We are so proud of you! The dream is not over. Keep fighting!! We support you," Filipino politician and former professional boxer Manny Pacquiao tweeted.
We are so proud of you @kzsottolive! The dream is not over. Laban lang!! We support you 💯 🏀 🇵🇭 #PinoyPride
— Manny Pacquiao (@MannyPacquiao) June 24, 2022
Sotto may still get an invite for the 2022 NBA Summer League that is slated to start on July 7. He also has the option to return to the Australian National Basketball League, where he still has a standing two-year contract that he signed with the 36ers last year, plus a third-year option. He finished his pro debut season with averages of 7.5 points, 4.5 rebounds and 0.8 blocks.
"My development is always No. 1 priority. I'm only 20 years old so I still have a lot of room to grow and develop, to improve," Sotto told Rappler. "The next step I really have to think with my family. I just have to do everything to get better, to reach my dreams."
Asian basketball players Lee Hyun-jung and Fanbo Zeng, whom many had high hopes for being selected in the NBA Draft, also went undrafted.
Lee, the 21-year-old South Korean college basketball player, was considered a fringe second-round candidate, but he suffered a foot injury during a workout which affected his draft stock.
Creole-Vietnamese American player Johnny Juzang also was not drafted; however, the UCLA basketball guard has agreed to a two-way contract with the Utah Jazz. The contract will allow him to split time between NBA clubs and their G League affiliates.
Jaylin Williams, who is of Vietnamese descent, was drafted by the Oklahoma City Thunder on Thursday. He made history by becoming the first Razorback the Thunder have selected in the NBA Draft.
Featured Image via Gretchen Ho (left), The Scoreboard (right)


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Butler Auto Group
About Rob Butler
Rob Butler is as passionate about running a family business as he is about giving back. As a joint owner of several car dealerships in the Indiana region, Butler and his father have focused Butler Auto Group around the principles of family and community.
After graduating from Ball State University in Muncie, Rob and his best friend ventured into managing their own car rental and boating companies. Next, he returned to Butler Auto Group in the late '90s where he quickly embraced the ethics and principles of the family business which he learned as a child.
Butler's business ethics and working relationships mirror his finesse for strong, long-standing bonds with his clients and community. In 2015, Nuvo Magazine readers voted Butler Hyundai and Butler Toyota Scion the "Best of Indy". This incredible achievement speaks to Butler's trustworthy nature and dedication to provide the best service and vehicles to the Indiana community.
Building upon this devotion to community service, Rob is also proud to assist local community initiatives that assist children, parents, and families. For over a decade, he has participated in matching programs for Gleaners Food Bank of Indiana and Riley Children's Foundation which earn $10,000 in donations for both causes each year. Butler also supports Alternative Shelters–one of few domestic abuse shelter that doesn't turn a person away–by offering minivans for children to attend school and weekend activities. Sak's Fifth Avenue's Key to the Cure, Toyota's Hole in One Program, and local school events are also community endeavors Butler passionately supports.
A family man at heart, Butler recently fulfilled one of his father's personal dreams when the Alfa Romeo car brand re-entered the U.S. market. Earlier in his career, his father owned an Alfa Romeo dealership during its last tenure, but he lost the business when the manufacturer stopped selling in the U.S. The sports car is now back in the Butler showroom and Rob's father is reunited with one of his favorite vehicles. As the eldest Butler heads closer to retirement, his son ensures that Butler Auto Group remains an Alfa Romeo dealer to honor his dad.
Butler works with his dad and best friend to continue Butler Auto Group's unique legacy of an accessible and close-knit business and work community. Many of the employees have worked at Butler Auto Group for generations.
Rob is also an avid music-enthusiast and supports local and global music scenes in his spare time. He also likes to fish and travel.
RobertAButler.net
RobertAButler.org
© Rob Butler


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Vikings Season 6 to Go Live on History Channel in December
By Elliot Preece
Our favourite TV heroes are back with the season finale of the iconic series Vikings.
The action/historical drama took the world by storm back in 2013 when it was first launched. Now in 2019, we are about to witness its denouement.
As it was officially announced by History Channel, S06E01 will see the light of day on 4 December 2019. The 20-episode season is expected to wrap up for good in the first months of 2020.
What Can We Expect from Season 6?
Not much has been revealed from the head offices, but there are several things we can deduce from the trailer.
Season 5 of Vikings left us with multiple cliff-hangers with. Suitably titled "Ragnarok", the last episode of the 5th series saw Ivar strangle his traitorous wife Freydis, as the grand battle was taking place in front of his home.
As Björn and Hvitserk were smashing skulls and decapitating the enemy, Ivar laid down the lifeless body of his beloved on their marital bed. The two brave brothers approached the bizarre display, but there was only the spirit of Ivar remaining there. He was nowhere to be seen.
In the meantime, Lagertha was preparing for a coronation ceremony for her first-born son Björn. It is with his face that the season finished, and with it, the trailer for the sixth one commenced.
The last words we heard from Kattegat were said by the Seer. "No one will ever forget the name of Bjorn Ironside. Greater than Ragnar."
It is known that many prominent figures like Odin, Thor and Loki died during Ragnarök. With both Björn and Ivar still alive, has the combat really ended?
Where Can You Learn More?
The show's Alexander Ludwig, who plays Björn Ironside, has been particularly vocal on social media. On Ludwig's Instagram page, you can see a litany of stills from Vikings season 6 and more exclusive content.
His co-stars, however, have remained quiet and mysterious. We can just ponder what that means.
In the meantime, you can feed off of diverse embodiments of the original show. For instance, you can purchase some Vikings-inspired merchandise or take part in social games. Furthermore, you can visit some of the favourite video slots websites and play the popular Vikings online slot by NetEnt. The choices are next to limitless.
Some are thrilled to see where the layered characters will end up.
But there have been cynics who are sceptical about the upcoming season. They argue that it should have stopped earlier and that it's good it's ending. Sure, the last season of the Game of Thrones was a fiasco, but does that have to do with History?
Whether the doubters are right or not, we have yet to see. You'll be the judge of it. Tune in on the History channel on the 4th next
Tags: Vikings
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Post-prologue interview with Bradley McGee
A family man in an extraordinary race
Photo: © Sirotti
At the end of June, when most eyes were set on the Casagrande vs. Vinokourov match for the Tour de Suisse yellow jersey, one rider was looking for confirmation of his form after an inconsistent performance at Dauphin� Lib�r�. A prologue and time triallist extraordinaire, Bradley McGee was looking for that special something he needed just before the start of Tour de France.
After becoming the first ever Australian to win the prologue of the Tour de France today, McGee described the course as perfect - exactly how he talked about his time trial win in the Tour de Suisse two weeks ago on course five times as long:
"I've just been a good prologue rider during my whole career, and when I heard this stage would be really short and pretty flat, I just knew it would suit me well," says McGee. "The thought of winning this stage has been on my mind, as well as on Marc Madiot's mind for a while now. You know, it is not only about what you have in your legs, but also a lot about what's in your head."
La Francaise des Jeux came to the Tour with not only the ambition, but also the capacity of attaining good results. They have one of the world's best sprinters in Baden Cooke, an ambitious and aggressive Sandy Casar, and McGee - who poses a threat to anyone in a time trial, isn't afraid to go ahead in a long break away, and climbs with the best when the day is right. Now they have the first yellow jersey, fresh out of the box, and everyone wonders how far they will go to defend it.
"Well," says Brad, "We haven't really had an opportunity to discuss it yet, but being a French team in a great French race, I suppose well just go for it."
Will "give it a nudge" in the mountains
Photo: © Jeff Tse & Monique du Bois
Don't expect this win to lower his ambitions for further high placings either: "I reckon I'll give it a nudge in the mountains; I'm climbing better and better, and in Tour de Suisse, I was climbing with the best and I just love it. That is really what the grand tours are all about."
It could very well be that McGee in a few years time will grow to be a really serious contender for the overall classification, something that will earn him even more attention, not just in Europe, but also back home in Australia.
"There's seven Australian riders in the Tour, and I'm currently wearing the yellow jersey, and that makes an impact in Australia, of course," McGee says. "Even though there's not a huge amount of people who are crazy about cycling, I will still get recognised if I sit down at a coffee shop, and there's always someone who would like to talk about racing.
"I think all the Australians in this year's Tour are good enough to figure in the press at some point, and right now it seems to be a great time to be Australian. However, I would like to stress that we are all very respectful to our European teams who has got us where we are, and to our supporting fans in Europe."
After his ride, Brad waited behind the line at the south side of Parc du Champs de Mars, surrounded by journalists and cameras. He was clearly happy with his ride which had put him just centimeters ahead of David Millar, who, despite a great ride, suffered mechanical problems throughout.
The winner-to-be though could not relax before the last rider of the day had passed the line, and being at Tour de France, that rider just happened to be Lance Armstrong. Armstrong however, did not have the best of days in the saddle, but at the very moment it was clear that Armstrong had finished seventh, Brad, who had just got up from the ground after his exhausting race, almost fell back down again. While overwhelmed with his win, it was clear that McGee also felt very sorry for Scotsman David Millar.
"Right now my heart goes out to David who had problems just before the finish. He's just a great guy, and I don't wish that kind of thing to happen to anyone. I think I'll have to buy him a beer," says McGee in his inimitable Aussie style.
Tour Home page
Other Talking Cycling Interviews


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Q: dynamic code compilation I'm working on a program that renders iterated fractal systems. I wanted to add the functionality where someone could define their own iteration process, and compile that code so that it would run efficiently.
I currently don't know how to do this and would like tips on what to read to learn how to do this.
The main program is written in C++ and I'm familiar with C++. In fact given most of the scenarios I know how to convert it to assembly code that would accomplish the goal, but I don't know how to take the extra step to convert it to machine code. If possible I'd like to dynamically compile the code like how I believe many game system emulators work.
If it is unclear what I'm asking, tell me so I can clarify.
Thanks!

A: Does the routine to be compiled dynamically need to be in any particular language.  If the answer to that question is "Yes, it must be C++" you're probably out of luck.  C++ is about the worst possible choice for online recompilation.
Is the dynamic portion of your application (the fractal iterator routine) a major CPU bottleneck?  If you can afford using a language that isn't compiled, you can probably save yourself an awful lot of trouble.  Lua and JavaScript are both heavily optimized interpreted languages that only run a few times slower than native, compiled code.
If you really need the dynamic functionality to be compiled to machine code, your best bet is probably going to be using clang/llvm.  clang is the C/Objective-C front end being developed by Apple (and a few others) to make online, dynamic recompilation perform well.  llvm is the backend clang uses to translate from a portable bytecode to native machine code.  Be advised that clang does not currently support much of C++, since that's such a difficult language to get right.

A: Some CPU emulators treat the machine code as if it was byte code and they do a JIT compile, almost as if it was Java. This is very efficient, but it means that the developers need to write a version of the compiler for each CPU their emulator runs on and for each CPU emulated.
That usually means it only works on x86 and is annoying to anyone who would like to use something different.
They could also translate it to LLVM or Java byte code or .Net CIL and then compile it, which would also work.
In your case I am not sure that sort of thing is the best way to go. I think that I would do this by using dynamic libraries. Make a directory that is supposed to contain "plugins" and let the user compile their own. Make your program scan the directory and load each DLL or .so it finds.
Doing it this way means you spend less time writing code compilers and more time actually getting stuff done.

A: If you can write your dynamic extensions in C (not C++), you might find the Tiny C Compiler to be of use.  It's available under the LGPL, it's compatible for Windows and Linux, and it's a small executable (or library) at ~100kb for the preprocessor, compiler, linker and assembler, all of which it does very fast.  The downside to that, of course, is that it can't compare to the optimizations you can get with GCC.  Another potential downside is that it's X86 only AFAIK.
If you did decide to write assembly, TCC can handle that -- the documentation says it supports a gas-like syntax, and it does support X86 opcodes.
TCC also fully supports ANSI C, and it's nearly fully compliant with C99.
That being said, you could either include TCC as an executable with your application or use libtcc (there's not too much documentation of libtcc online, but it's available in the source package).  Either way, you can use tcc to generate dynamic or shared libraries, or executables.  If you went the dynamic library route, you would just put in a Render (or whatever) function in it, and dlopen or LoadLibrary on it, and call Render to finally run the user-designed rendering.  Alternatively, you could make a standalone executable and popen it, and do all your communication through the standalone's stdin and stdout.

A: Since you're generating pixels to be displayed on a screen, have you considered using HLSL with dynamic shader compile? That will give you access to SIMD hardware designed for exactly this sort of thing, as well as the dynamic compiler built right into DirectX.

A: LLVM should be able to do what you want to do.  It allows you to form a description of the program you'd like to compile in an object-oriented manner, and then it can compile that program description into native machine code at runtime.

A: Nanojit is a pretty good example of what you want.  It generates machine code from an intermediate langauge.  It's C++, and it's small and cross-platform.  I haven't used it very extensively, but I enjoyed toying around just for demos.

A: Spit the code to a file and compile it as a dynamically loaded library, then load it and call it.

A: Is there are reason why you can't use a GPU-based solutions? This seems to be screaming for one.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
daviess co public library
In 1992, the residents voted an increase to 20 cents per $100 of the assessed value. The mission of the Davis County Library is to improve and enrich the lives of our users through information, education and recreation. Daviess County Public Library; 2020 Frederica Street | Get Directions; Owensboro, KY 42301; 270-684-0211; Telecirc: 270-684-9100 . DAVIESS CO., Ky. (WFIE) - Daviess County Public Libary officials say due to Kentucky's new COVID-19 restrictions, they will be reducing their on … The residents of Daviess County voted a tax levy of 10 cents per $100 of the assessed value. The Daviess County Public Library launched a project this week intended to offer adults and children sensitive and creative ways to talk about COVID-19 and other issues of life, death and loss. The Historic Photograph Collection is comprised of photographs relating to the history of Daviess county and surrounding areas. Explore Daviess County Public Library. 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It had been closed since March 13. Check out our calendar of events. We are the Daviess County Public Library. See reviews, photos, directions, phone numbers and more for Daviess County Public Library locations in Owensboro, KY. Historic Photographs Collection. Credit Daviess County Public Library It may not be known for months, or years, how this intensely stressful time has affected the mental health of children. Each participant will need to log in their reading hours, to get entries for drawings and a opportunity to win the grand prize. The Library The Daviess County Library was established as a county library by the voters in the spring of 1947. Today starts the Daviess County Public Library Winter Reading Program. Daviess County Public Library; 2020 Frederica Street | Get Directions; Owensboro, KY 42301; 270-684-0211; Telecirc: 270-684-9100 . Starts the Daviess County Public Library ; 2020 Frederica Street | Get Directions ; Owensboro KY. 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On day 15, due to flight schedules, you may require an early morning departure from your hotel. Return flights should not be booked prior to 11:00 a.m.
Our air passengers will arrive and depart from London airports. On day 15, all transfers will depart from Stratford-upon-Avon for London airports. Distance to London Heathrow Airport from Stratford-upon-Avon / Warwick is approximately two hours.


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Kanye West Holds Presidential Campaign Event in South Carolina
The event took place at North Charleston's Exquis Event Center
By Madison Bloom and Matthew Strauss
Kanye West, March 2020 (Pierre Suu/Getty Images)
Kanye West held the first formal campaign event of his proposed presidential run today. The event took place at the Exquis Event Center in North Charleston, South Carolina.
During the event, which streamed live on ABC affiliate WPDE, West took the stage wearing a security vest with the number 2020 shaved on the back of his head. There were no mics at the event, and West said that anybody whispering would be escorted out. Near the end of the event one person was walked out by security at West's request. He regularly welcomed people onto the stage to discuss their views on education, police brutality, and other issues. West screamed and cried at one point while discussing abortion. There's footage from the event below.
The event was for registered guests only, and attendees were asked to practice social distancing, wear masks, and sign a COVID-19 liability release form to attend. West recently tweeted a request for supporters to help him get on the South Carolina ballot.
Last week, the Federal Election Commission (FEC) received two forms that could be related to Kanye West's 2020 presidential bid. The first form, a Statement of Organization, was filed by a committee called "Kanye 2020" on Wednesday, July 15. Kanye 2020 lists Kanye West as its candidate and West's Cody, Wyoming ranch as its address.
The second form was a Statement of Candidacy, on which Kanye West is listed as the candidate. The given address is West's ranch, and the political party is BDY, seemingly the abbreviation for West's proposed Birthday Party.
An FEC spokesperson could not comment on the legitimacy of the information in the filings, but did tell Pitchfork, "Submission of false, erroneous, or incomplete information may subject the person signing the Statement to penalties of 52 U.S.C. §30109."
In Kanye West music news: Yesterday, the rapper appeared to detail his next album DONDA in a tweet (viewed by Pitchfork) that he has since deleted. The 20-track LP, which he had previously announced as God's Country, is slated for a July 24 release date, according to the deleted tweet. The tracklist for DONDA included the single "Wash Us in the Blood."
Read Pitchfork's "The Plight of the Kanye Superfan."
This article was originally published on Sunday, July 19 at 12:17 p.m. Eastern. It was last updated on Sunday, July 19 at 6:10 p.m. Eastern.
TagsPoliticsKanye WestRap


Sean wants to eat chicken and waffles above the Arctic Circle, so we set out walking toward Osaka in the dark. This is Barrow. February 10. The sun won't rise until around 11, and we have a wealth of hours in which to wander before anyone is scheduled to look for us.
The previous day, we'd taken the morning Alaska Air flight that shuttles from Anchorage to Fairbanks to Prudhoe Bay (northern terminus of the 800-mile Trans Alaska Pipeline System) and then into Barrow. The plane would return to Fairbanks and fly on to Anchorage, then turn around to make the run again, dropping and collecting oil- and coal-field workers, university professors, scientists, tourists, and members of the community.
Passengers on our flight knew each other—if not by name, then by type. "Those guys from Prudhoe Bay are coming off three-week shifts," said the Iñupiaq woman sitting next to me. "They'll be drunk and rowdy by the time they get to Anchorage." There were families on the plane, but this didn't matter to those oil guys, she said. "How's your mother?" she asked the young man in the row to our left, starting a conversation that didn't include me. I turned to the window and tried to make sense of the tundra well enough to identify the pipeline.


Overalls for Genesis 2 Male for use in Daz Studio 4.6.
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After living in a house for a while, it'll become apparent that renovating is something that you have to do. It's almost always a tough thing to go through, because every time you renovate the house you're bound to come across at least a few surprises. Always be prepared for anything, because no matter how well lain your plans are, something can throw a wrench and mess them up. So take a deep breath, and be cautious when planning out your steps.
Let's get the most important part out of the way. Having the funds for the renovation is a must, because money won't magically appear once you've begun renovating. Before renovating, get as much information about the costs on every single little thing, and always have a little leeway in your budget because there might be unexpected costs. Talk to a friend that's been through a similar renovation, and make cost-comparisons to figure out if you've been over or under spending.
If you've demolished larger parts of your property, and have decided that you want a bigger role in the renovations, then there's going to be tons of debris. In that case you'll need concrete debris removal, presumably because you won't plan on cleaning everything up for yourself. Always make sure to have this planned out in front, having debris in your renovations can really be a problem.
Just like with any other project, always research as much as you can before renovating. Talk to friends, read online, and ask everybody about tips for renovations. You'll be surprised to know just how many people have horror stories to share because they've went ahead without proper plans and preparations. With at least a general idea of what you want done, you can find tons of helpful information that will go a long way.
The best contractors are usually found by word of mouth. Internet reviews can be incredibly helpful, but you need to be as thorough as possible when choosing. Because if you've chosen a contractor that's not suited for your needs or for the job at hand, then you'll be the one sharing the horror stories.
Don't be a slave to fashion and renovate simply to follow current trends. Renovating your home should anything but current fashion, because you're renovating for the future and not for the present. Making sure that you've renovated in a classic style with high-quality effects is much more important.
Most contractors will tell you that you should check once in a week, however the much wiser thing to do is to check in every day. Unless the contractor is someone you really trust, you don't want to avoid being present in the renovations. It's not something you can afford to miss.
When it comes to renovations, the devil is in the details. Always be aware for every minuscule thing that happens, and keep your mind open for any last minute changes. Just whatever you do, make sure that you're as prepared as possible, because renovations can really take their toll.


What is a Lava Rock Diffuser Bracelet? By Heather Koenig May 31, 2017 Everyday Uses. ... Lava Stone Diffuser Bracelets. Lava rock essential oil bracelets allow you to diffuse your oils wherever you are. And depending on the product you buy, they are a very fashionable way to do so.
A porcelain essential oil diffuser inspired by intentional living and a love of creative spaces. Our handcrafted stone diffuser helps you diffuse essential oils throughout your home, while doubling as a stunningly simple piece of decor.
Essential Oil Lava Stone Diffuser Jewelry We've seen a number of attempts by manufacturers to try and combine functionality with style. Some haven't even tried incorporating the latter, instead creating a clunky accessory that fulfills only its primary purpose.
Lava Stone Diffuser Bracelet with Optional, Randomly Selected Essential Oils Diffuser Bracelet. Made of lava (chakra) stone, agate stone, or white stone; ... A Guide to Aromatherapy, Essential Oils and Diffusers A break down of the different oils, their benefits, and application methods. Plus a guide to the five types of diffusers.
These pendant diffusers are very practical, and only a few drops of your favorite essential oils are needed to enjoy your favorite aroma for days. Each diffuser is handmade and unique, and measurements are generally 1 1/4" to 1 3/4" in diameter.
The Aroma Stone is a beautifully designed electric essential oil diffuser that vaporises aromatherapy oils in a safe and silent manner. By slowly heating aromatherapy blends in a gentle and controlled manner, the diffuser prevents the oils from getting "too hot" and changing in their chemical composition.
But this lava stone aroma diffuser is a simple way to add essential oils to your shower and not have to clean up after it! I've made shower discs in the past but they always end up crumbling apart or leave an odd residue on the floor.
Natural Lava Stone Essential Oil Diffuser Zodiac Bracelet. Car Aroma Diffuser Humidifier. Swan Multi - Lava Stone Aromatherapy Essential Oil Diffuser Necklace. Turtle Multi- Lava Stone Aromatherapy Essential Oil Diffuser Necklace. Angel Wings Heart Multi - LAVA STONE Aromatherapy Essential Oil Diffuser Necklace.
Aroma Stone Diffuser - uedata.
What it is: A handcrafted, stone essential oil diffuser that doubles as a stunningly simple piece of home decor. If you want to know more… Essential oil diffusers are a way to create your own custom home aromas without the synthetic chemicals of traditional room fresheners or candles.
Fill your space with the healing power of plants with this limited edition stone diffuser. Infuse your air with the vitality of nature and create a balanced atmosphere with natural essential oil blends.
Hand-Crafted Stone Diffusers for Essential Oils, Aromatherapy Essential Oils Diffuser Humidifier, 100ml Ceramic Diffuser for Kids Room/Office/Home, Valentines Gift Ideal, DIY the Diffuser by Yourself. by OminiHOME. $35.99 $ 35 99 ($12.00/Fl Oz) FREE Shipping on eligible orders.
The Aroma Stone is the ONLY method I would recommend for applying direct heat to the fragile essential oils. The Aroma Stone is our safest diffuser. The lack of fragile glass components, the absence of a candle flame, and its sturdy, stable proportions make this the ideal diffuser for a nursery, a children's room, or your bed table.
Buy low price, high quality aroma stone diffuser with worldwide shipping on AliExpress.com ... MagiDeal 2 Pieces Seastar Stone Essential Oil Diffuser US $1.76 / piece. US $2.45 28% off. Free Shipping. Orders (0) amagogo Store. Add to Wish List. 4 Colors Available.
Ultrasonic diffusing is an easy, heat-free way to enjoy Saje diffuser blends. This ultrasonic technology, combined with water and a diffuser blend, produces aromas that elevate your well being by dispersing essential oil molecules into the air.
Perfect for wedding favors, the Circle Anchor Aromatherapy Diffuser offers a practical and sentimental gift. Designed to hold essential oils, this glass vessel comes with 10 reeds and can be personalized with the couple's initials.
Remote Control Aroma Stone Diffuser Aroma Bottle Diffuser. 1. Premium finished PP body and ABS bottom with wood look in a water drop shape, stylish yet natural, bumper proof, long lasting durability.
Combining state-of-the-art ultrasonic technology and traditional Chinese craftsmanship, Young Living's Rainstone Diffuser provides a balanced convergence of the grounding element of earth with the enveloping powers of essential oil-infused mist.