text:
\section{Introduction}
\begin{table}
  \begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
  \hline
  Parameters & NH \phantom{foo}&
  IH\\
  \hline
  ${\theta_{12}}/^o$ & $33.44^{+0.77}_{-0.74}$ & $33.45^{+0.78}_{-0.75}$\\
  \hline
  ${\theta_{23}}/^o$ & $49.2^{+0.9}_{-1.2}$ & $49.3^{+0.9}_{-1.1}$\\
  \hline
  ${\theta_{13}}/^o$ & $8.57^{+0.12}_{-0.12}$ & $8.60^{+0.12}_{-0.12}$\\
  \hline
  $\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}/^o$  & $197^{+24}_{-24}$ & $282^{+26}_{-30}$ \\
  \hline
 $ \frac{{\Delta_{21}}}{10^{-5}\, {\rm eV}^2}$ & $7.42^{+0.21}_{-0.20}$ & $7.42^{+0.21}_{-0.20}$ \\
 \hline
  $ \frac{\Delta_{3l}}{10^{-3}\, {\rm eV}^2}$ & $2.517^{+0.026}_{-0.028}$ & $-2.498^{+0.028}_{-0.028}$ \\
 \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
 \caption{Global best-fit values of neutrino oscillation parameters \cite{nufit, Esteban:2020cvm}. $\Delta_{3l}={\Delta_{31}}>0$ ($\Delta_{32}<0$) for NH (IH).}
  \label{bestfit}
\end{table}
Neutrino oscillation is parameterised by the the mixing of three mass eigen states
into three flavour states by the following mixing scheme:
\begin{equation}
 \left[ {\begin{array}{c}
   \nu_e  \\
   \nu_\mu \\
   \nu_\tau
  \end{array} } \right]= U  \left[ {\begin{array}{c}
   \nu_1  \\
   \nu_2 \\
   \nu_3
  \end{array} } \right],
\end{equation}
where the vector on the left (right) hand side denotes the neutrino flavour (mass) eigen states. $U$ is the
$3\times 3$ unitary PMNS mixing matrix parameterised as
\begin{equation}
 \left[
\begin{array}{ccc}
c_{13}c_{12} & s_{12}c_{13} & s_{13}e^{-i\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}}\\
-s_{12}c_{23}-c_{12}s_{23}s_{13}e^{i\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}} & c_{12}c_{23}-s_{12}s_{23}s_{13}e^{i\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}} & s_{23}c_{13}\\
s_{12}s_{23}-s_{13}c_{12}c_{23}e^{i\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}} & -c_{12}s_{23}-s_{13}c_{23}s_{12}e^{i\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}} & c_{23}c_{13}\\
\end{array}
\right],
\end {equation}
where $c_{ij}=\cos \theta_{ij}$ and $s_{ij}=\sin \theta_{ij}$. Thus neutrino oscillation probabilities depend on three mixing angles
${\theta_{12}}$, ${\theta_{13}}$, and ${\theta_{23}}$, one CP violating phase $\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}$, and two independent mass squared differences ${\Delta_{21}}=m_{2}^{2}-m_{1}^{2}$ and ${\Delta_{31}}=m_{3}^{2}-m_{1}^{2}$.
$m_i$ is the mass of the mass eigen state $\nu_i$.  Among these parameters, ${\theta_{12}}$ and ${\Delta_{21}}$ have been measured in the solar neutrino
experiments \cite{Bahcall:2004ut, Ahmad:2002jz}, $|{\Delta_{31}}|$ and $\sin^2 2{\theta_{23}}$ have been measured in atmospheric neutrino experiments \cite{Fukuda:1994mc} and long base line accelerator neutrino
experiments like MINOS \cite{Kyoto2012MINOS}. The reactor neutrino experiments measured ${\theta_{13}}$ \cite{An:2012eh, Ahn:2012nd, Abe:2011fz}. In table \ref{bestfit}, we have noted down the present
global best-fit values of neutrino oscillation parameters. The current unknowns are the sign of ${\Delta_{31}}$, $\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}$ and the octant of ${\theta_{23}}$. Depending
on the sign of ${\Delta_{31}}$, two scenarios are possible: a. Normal Hierarchy (NH): $m_3>>m_2>m_1$ and b. Inverted Hierarchy (IH): $m_2>m_1>>m_3$.
The long baseline accelerator neutrino experiments NO$\nu$A~ \cite{Ayres:2004js} and T2K \cite{Itow:2001ee} are currently taking data in both neutrino and anti-neutrino
mode to observe both muon disappearances and electron appearances in the detector and are expected to measure the unknowns.
However, their recent results \cite{Himmel:2020, Dunne:2020} show tension between the allowed regions in the $\sin^2 {\theta_{23}}-\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}$ plane, with NO$\nu$A~ excluding T2K
best-fit point at $90\%$ confidence level and T2K excluding NO$\nu$A~ best-fit point at $3\, \sigma$. If this trend continues with the future data,
upcoming long baseline accelerator experiments like DUNE \cite{Abi:2018dnh} and T2HK \cite{Ishida:2013kba} will play vital role in resolving the tension.

Apart from the tension in the $\sin^2 {\theta_{23}}-\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}$ plane, the latest data from NO$\nu$A~ and T2K also fail to make any distinction between the two hierarchies
\cite{Kelly:2020fkv}. Therefore, it's really important for the future experiments to distinguish between the two hierarchies. Atmospheric neutrino experiments
with multi-megaton ice/water Cherenkov detectors, like PINGU \cite{Aartsen:2014oha} and KM3NeT \cite{Adrian-Martinez:2016fdl}, can provide large statistics, however their mass hierarchy sensitivity is limited by the
uncertainties in the flux. Careful analysis to minimise these uncertainties using dedicated detector specific simulations have been done and it has been shown that
it is possible to achieve $\simeq 3\, \sigma$ hierarchy sensitivity after 3-4 years of data taking \cite{Kouchner:2016pqa}. However the CP sensitivity is rather low unless future upgrade
is possible \cite{Razzaque:2014vba}.

Combining multi megaton water/ice Cherenkov detector with accelerator neutrino source over a very long baseline to explore
the hierarchy and CP sensitivity has been considered in literature \cite{Fargion:2010vb, Tang:2011wn, Agarwalla:2012zu, LujanPeschard:2013ud, Brunner:2013lua, Vallee:2016xde}. In ref.~\cite{Rahaman:2017hua}, the hierarchy and CP sensitivity of a possible future experiment
with beam from Fermilab towards the ORCA detector of KM3NeT collaboration was discussed.  Ref.~\cite{Choubey:2018rnl} discussed the physics potential of an experiment
with beam from Protvino to Orca (P2O). In 2019, the letter of intent (LOI) of the P2O experiment came out \cite{Akindinov:2019flp}. The fluxes used in the LOI was
less optimistic than the ones used in ref.~\cite{Choubey:2018rnl}. Therefore it is important to explore the physics potential of the P2O with the updated beam.

Apart from measuring the standard oscillation parameter, future long baseline accelerator neutrino experiments will explore
beyond Standard Model (BSM) physics \cite{Arguelles:2019xgp}. Recently, there have been studies where BSM physics has been used to resolve the tension between the NO$\nu$A~ and T2K. In ref.~\cite{Chatterjee:2020kkm, Denton:2020uda} non-standard neutral current interaction during propagation has been used to resolve this tension, while in ref.~\cite{Rahaman:2021leu} same has been done with CPT violating Lorentz invariance violation. Ref.~\cite{Miranda:2019ynh} tried to probe non-unitary mixing with the recent NO$\nu$A~ and T2K data. They found out that the tension between the two experiments can be reduced with non-unitarity and that both the experiments prefer non-unitary mixing. They also showed that the signature of non-unitarity in these two experiments have grown stronger over the years. However, a recent paper \cite{Forero:2021azc} showed that the short baseline experiments NOMAD and NuTeV prefer unitary mixing and put strong constraints on non-unitary parameters. This means that the short baseline experiments data have a tension with the long baseline data from the NO$\nu$A~ and T2K. Thus it is important to explore the effects of non-unitary mixing with different baselines and energy.

In this paper, we have studied the effect of non-unitary mixing on the determination of hierarchy and CP violation in P2O experiment. In section~\ref{P2O}, we have discussed the detail of the P2O experiment. Neutrino oscillation probabilities with unitary and non-unitary mixing have been discussed in section~\ref{prob}. The physics sensitivities to determine hierarchy both with unitary and non-uniray oscillation have been talked about in section~\ref{hierarchy}. Section~\ref{CPV} talks about the physics potential to establish CP violation in the P2O experiment with unitary and non-unitary mixing schemes. The future constraints on non-unitary parameters from P2O experiment has been discussed in section \ref{const}. The conclusion has been drawn in section~\ref{conclusion}.

\section{Experimental details}
\label{P2O}
ORCA (Oscillation Research with Cosmics in the Abyss) is the low energy component of the KM3NeT Consortium \cite{Adrian-Martinez:2016fdl}, housing two detectors in the Mediterranean sea. It is located about $40$ km off the coast of Toulon, France, at a mooring depth of $\sim 2450$ m. Upon completion ORCA will house 115 strings with an effective volume of $\sim 6$ MegaTonnes (MT). The water Cherenkov detector is optimized for the study of atmospheric neutrino oscillations in the energy range of 3 to 100 GeV with the primary goal to
determine the neutrino mass ordering.
A $3\,\sigma$ sensitivity to mass hierarchy is expected after 3 years of full-ORCA data taking \cite{Akindinov:2019flp}. ORCA will provide a complimentary measurement of $\Delta_{32}$ and $\theta_{23}$, measure the $\nu_\tau$ flux normalisation, and probe a variety of new physics scenarios namely, sterile neutrinos, non-standard interactions, neutrino decay and so on. Currently, 6 ORCA lines are live and taking data since an year.

The Protvino accelerator complex, situated at $100$ km south of Moscow, sits a U-70 accelerator. The baseline between Protvino and ORCA is roughly $2588$ km.
A beam power of $90$ kW, corresponding to $0.8\times 10^{20}$ protons on target (POT) per year \cite{Akindinov:2019flp} is expected. However, there is a proposal to upgrade the beam power to $450$ kW \cite{Akindinov:2019flp}.

In ref.~\cite{Choubey:2018rnl}, the analyses have been done assuming an optimistic beam power of $450$ kW. In this work, we have taken a conservative approach followed in the P2O LOI~\cite{Akindinov:2019flp}. To do so, we have first matched the expected event numbers with the LOI \cite{Akindinov:2019flp}. To calculate event numbers, the GLoBES \cite{Huber:2004ka, Huber:2007ji} simulation package has been used. For energy smearing, GLoBES incorporates a Gaussian resolution function:
\begin{equation}
R^c (E,E^\prime)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}e^{-\frac{(E-E^\prime)^2}{2\sigma^2(E)}},
\end{equation}
where $E$ is the true neutrino energy and $E^\prime$ is the reconstructed neutrino energy. The energy resolution is parameterised by:
\begin{equation}
\sigma(E)=\alpha E+\beta \sqrt{E}+\gamma.
\end{equation}
Values of $\alpha=0$, $\beta=0$, and $\gamma=0.4$ are assumed in this work.

Depending on the Cherenkov signatures of the outgoing lepton from the $\nu_{e}$ and $\nu_{\mu}$ CC and NC interactions, two distinct event topologies are observed at the detector: track-like and shower-like events. $\nu_{\mu}$ CC and those $\nu_{\tau}$ CC interactions with muonic $\tau$ decays mostly account for track-like topology. The shower-like topology has events from $\nu_{e}$ CC, $\nu_{\tau}$ CC interactions with non-muonic $\tau$ decays  and NC interactions of all flavours.

For the disappearance channels, the signal comes from $\nu_\mu$ CC events, and the backgrounds come from NC and tau events. For appearance channels, the signal comes from $\nu_e$ CC events and the backgrounds come from $\nu_\tau$ CC events, NC events and also the mis-identification. In our analysis, we have modified GLoBES to match the expected event rates given in ref.~\cite{Akindinov:2019flp}. The energy distributions of the expected neutrino events across various channels after 3 years of running in the neutrino mode (corresponding to $2.4\times 10^{20}$ POT) are shown in Figure~\ref{events}.
\begin{figure}[H]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{Event_plots/events_all_NH.png}
    \includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{Event_plots/events_all_IH.png}
    \caption{\label{evt_plots} Energy  distribution  of  the  expected  number  of  beam neutrino  events  that  would  be detected by ORCA after 3 years of running  for 4 different values of the CP phase for the case of normal (upper panel) and inverted (lower panel)  neutrino  mass  ordering. $\theta_{23}=45^{o}$ is  assumed. The  x-axis  shows the  true neutrino energy.}
    \label{events}
\end{figure}

\section{Oscillation probabilities with unitary and non-unitary mixing}
\label{prob}
The standard unitary neutrino oscillation probability with matter effect for uniform matter density can be written as \cite{Cervera:2000kp}
\begin{eqnarray}
  P_{\mu e} &\simeq& \sin^2 2 {\theta_{13}} \sin^2 {\theta_{23}}\frac{\sin^2\hat{\Delta}(1-\hat{A})}{(1-\hat{A})^2}\nonumber\\
  &+& \alpha \cos {\theta_{13}} \sin2{\theta_{12}} \sin 2{\theta_{13}} \sin 2{\theta_{23}} \cos(\hat{\Delta}+\delta_{\mathrm{CP}})

 \frac{\sin\hat{\Delta} \hat{A}}{\hat{A}}
  \frac{\sin \hat{\Delta}(1-\hat{A})}{1-\hat{A}},
  \label{pme}
   \end{eqnarray}
where $\alpha=\frac{{\Delta_{21}}}{{\Delta_{31}}}$, $\hat{\Delta}=\frac{{\Delta_{31}} L}{4E}$ and $\hat{A}=\frac{A}{{\Delta_{31}}}$. $A$ is the Wolfenstein matter term \cite{msw1}, given by $A=2\sqrt{2}G_FN_eE$, where $E$ is the neutrino beam energy and $L$ is the length of the baseline. Anti-neutrino oscillation probability $P_{\bar{\mu} \bar{e}}$ can be obtained by changing the sign of $A$ and $\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}$ in eq.~\ref{pme}. The oscillation probability mainly depends on hierarchy (sign of ${\Delta_{31}}$), octant of ${\theta_{23}}$ and $\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}$, and precision in the value of ${\theta_{13}}$. This dependency leads to eight fold degeneracy \cite{Fogli:1996pv, BurguetCastell:2001ez, Minakata:2001qm, Mena:2004sa, Prakash:2012az, Meloni:2008bd, Agarwalla:2013ju, Nath:2015kjg, Bora:2016tmb, Barger:2001yr, Kajita:2006bt}. Since the Reactor neutrino experiments \cite{An:2012eh, Ahn:2012nd, Abe:2011fz} have measured ${\theta_{13}}$ precisely and ${\theta_{23}}$ has been established to be in higher octant by NO$\nu$A~ \cite{Himmel:2020} and T2K \cite{Dunne:2020}, the degeneracies due to them are not so effective. However, the hierarchy-$\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}$ degeneracy is still important for experiments like NO$\nu$A~ and T2K, making it impossible to determine the hierarchy when NH (IH) and $0<\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}<180^\circ$ ($-180^\circ<\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}<0$) is the true hierarchy-$\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}$ combination chosen by nature. However, this degeneracy can be broken in the case of very long baseline oscillation experiments, like P2O, as shown in ref.~\cite{Raut:2009jj}. In fig.~\ref{prob-uni}, we have shown the oscillation probabilities $P_{\mu e}$ and $P_{\bar{\mu} \bar{e}}$ as a function of energy for P2O and for different hierarchy and $\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}$ values as mentioned in the plot. The other oscillation parameters have been fixed at values mentioned in table~\ref{params}. It can be easily noticed that the hierarchy-$\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}$ degeneracy gets broken and hierarchy can be determined even for the unfavourable hierarchy-$\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}$ combinations.

\begin{figure}[H]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{Probabilty_plots/uni_nu_cp.png}
  \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{Probabilty_plots/uni_anu_cp.png}
   \caption{ (Anti-) Neutrino appearance probability as a function of energy in the upper (lower) panel assuming NH and IH with standard unitary oscillation parameters given in Table~\ref{params} for $\delta_{cp}=-90^{\circ}$ and $\delta_{cp}=+90^{\circ}$}
   \label{prob-uni}
\end{figure}

In the case of non-unitary mixing, the mixing matrix is defined as \cite{Escrihuela:2015wra}
\begin{equation}
N=N_{NP}U_{3\times 3}= \left[ {\begin{array}{ccc}
   \alpha_{00} & 0 & 0 \\
   \alpha_{10} & \alpha_{11} & 0 \\
   \alpha_{20} & \alpha_{21} & \alpha_{22}
  \end{array} } \right] U_{\rm PMNS}.
\end{equation}
The mixing between flavour states and mass eigenstates can be written as
\begin{equation}
    |\nu_{\beta}>=\sum_{i=1}^{3}N_{\beta i}|\nu_i>,
\end{equation}
where $\beta$ denotes the flavour states and $i$ denotes the mass eigenstates. The evolution of neutrino mass eigenstates during the propagation, can be written as
\begin{equation}
    i\frac{d}{dt}|\nu_i>=H_{\rm vac}|\nu_i>,
\end{equation}
where $H_{\rm vac}$ is the Hamiltonian in vacuum and it is defined as
\begin{equation}
    H_{\rm vac}=\frac{1}{2E}\left[ {\begin{array}{ccc}
   0 & 0 & 0 \\
   0 & {\Delta_{21}} & 0 \\
   0 & 0 & {\Delta_{31}}
  \end{array} } \right]
\end{equation}
The non-unitary neutrino oscillation probability in vacuum can be written as
\begin{eqnarray}
    P_{\mu e}^{\rm NU}({\rm vac})&=& \sum_{i,j}^{3}N_{\mu i}^{*}N_{ei}N_{\mu j}N_{ej}^{*}-4\sum_{j>i}^{3}Re\left[N_{\mu j}N_{ej}N_{\mu i}N_{ei}^{*}\right]\sin^2 \left(\frac{\Delta_{ji}L}{4E}\right)\nonumber \\
    &&+2\sum_{j>i}^{3}Im\left[N_{\mu j}^{*}N_{ej}N_{\mu i}N_{ei}\right]\sin \left(\frac{\Delta_{ji}L}{2E}\right).
    \label{pme-nu}
\end{eqnarray}
If written explicitly neglecting the cubic products of $\alpha_{10}$, $\sin {\theta_{13}}$, and ${\Delta_{21}}$, the oscillation probability takes the form \cite{Escrihuela:2015wra}
\begin{equation}
    P_{\mu e}^{\rm NU}({\rm vac})= (\alpha_{00}\alpha_{11})^2P_{\mu e}^{SO}+\alpha_{00}^2\alpha_{11}|\alpha_{10}|P_{\mu e}^I+\alpha_{00}^2|\alpha_{10}|^2.
\end{equation}
$P_{\mu e}^{SO}$ is the standard three flavour unitary neutrino oscillation probability in vacuum and can be written as
\begin{eqnarray}
    P_{\mu e}^{SO}&=& 4\cos^2 {\theta_{12}} \cos^2 {\theta_{23}} \sin^2 {\theta_{12}}\sin^2\left(\frac{{\Delta_{21}} L}{4E}\right)\nonumber \\
    &&+ 4\cos^2 {\theta_{13}} \sin^2 {\theta_{13}} \sin^2 {\theta_{23}}\sin^2\left(\frac{{\Delta_{31}} L}{4E}\right)\nonumber \\
    &&+ \sin (2{\theta_{12}})\sin {\theta_{13}} \sin (2{\theta_{23}})\sin\left(\frac{{\Delta_{21}} L}{2E}\right)\sin\left(\frac{{\Delta_{31}} L}{4E}\right)\cos\left(\frac{{\Delta_{31}} L}{4E}-I_{123}\right),
   \end{eqnarray}
and
\begin{eqnarray}
    P_{\mu e}^I&=&-2\left[\sin (2{\theta_{13}})\sin{\theta_{23}}\sin \left(\frac{{\Delta_{31}} L}{4E}\right)\sin\left(\frac{{\Delta_{31}} L}{4E}+I_{NP}-I_{012}\right)\right]\nonumber \\
    &&-\cos {\theta_{13}} \cos {\theta_{23}} \sin (2{\theta_{12}})\sin\left(\frac{{\Delta_{21}} L}{2E}\right)\sin (I_{NP}),
\end{eqnarray}
where $I_{012}=-dcp=\phi_{10}-\phi_{20}+\phi_{21}$, and $I_{NP}=\phi_{10}-{\rm Arg}(\alpha_{10})$. $\phi_{ij}$s are the phases associated with $\alpha_{ij}=|\alpha_{ij}|e^{i \phi_{ij}}$. It should be noted that non-unitary parameters $\alpha_{00}$, $\alpha_{11}$, and $\alpha_{10}$ have most significant effects on $P_{\mu e}^{\rm NU}({\rm vac})$.

While, propagating through matters, the neutrinos undergo forward scattering and the neutrino oscillation probability gets modified due to interaction potential between neutrino and matter. In case of non-unitary mixing, the CC and NC interaction Lagangian is given as
\begin{equation}
    \mathcal{L}=V_{\rm CC}\sum_{i,j}N_{ei}^{*}N_{ej}\bar{\nu}_i\gamma^0\nu_j+V_{\rm NC}\sum_{\alpha,i,j}N_{\alpha i}^{*}N_{\alpha j}\bar{\nu}_i\gamma^0\nu_j,
\end{equation}
where $V_{\rm CC}=\sqrt{2}G_FN_e$, and $V_{\rm NC}=-G_F N_n/\sqrt{2}$ are the potentials for CC and NC interactions respectively. Therefore, the effective Hamiltonian becomes
\begin{equation}
    H_{\rm matter}^{\rm NU}= \frac{1}{2E}\left[ {\begin{array}{ccc}
   0 & 0 & 0 \\
   0 & {\Delta_{21}} & 0 \\
   0 & 0 & {\Delta_{31}}
  \end{array} } \right]+N^\dagger \frac{1}{2E}\left[ {\begin{array}{ccc}
   V_{\rm CC}+V_{\rm NC} & 0 & 0 \\
   0 & V_{\rm NC} & 0 \\
   0 & 0 & V_{\rm NC}
  \end{array} } \right]N
\end{equation}
The non-unitary neutrino oscillation probability after neutrinos travel through a distance $L$ is given as
\begin{equation}
    P_{\alpha \beta} (E,L)= |<\nu_\beta|\nu_\alpha (L)>|^2=\left|\left(Ne^{-iH_{\rm matter}^{\rm NU}L}N^\dagger\right)_{\beta \alpha}\right|^2
\end{equation}
A detailed description of non-unitary neutrino oscillation probability in presence of matter effect has been discussed in ref.~\cite{Miranda:2019ynh}.

Probability plots for P2O with the standard and with non-unitary oscillations have been plotted for [$\phi_{10}$ =0, +90 and -90 degree] for different values of $\delta_{cP}$ under Normal hierarchy and Inverted hierarchy for neutrinos and anti-neutrinos separately. Oscillation parameters used for probability plots are given in table~\ref{params}. Please note that apart from $\alpha_{00}$, $\alpha_{10}$, and $\alpha_{11}$, all other non-unitary parameters have been fixed at their unitary values. This is because $\alpha_{00}$, $\alpha_{10}$, and $\alpha_{11}$ have maximum effects on the oscillation probability, and in this paper, we will concentrate on the effects of these three parameters on the physics potential of P2O. We have used the software GLoBES \cite{Huber:2004ka, Huber:2007ji} to calculate both unitary and non-unitary oscillation probabilities. For non-unitary oscillation probabilities, GLoBES has been modified aptly to include non-unitary mixing. Figure~\ref{prob1},~\ref{prob2} and ~\ref{prob3} shows the neutrino and anti neutrino probability plots corresponding to $\phi_{10}$ =0, +90 and -90 degree respectively.
\begin{table}[H]
\begin{center}
\begin {tabular}{|c| c |c|}

\hline
Standard osc. parameters & NH & IH \\ \hline
$\Delta_{32}$ (eV$^{2}$) & 2.52$e^{-3}$ &  2.512$e^{-3}$\\
$\Delta_{21}$ (eV$^2$) & 7.6$e^{-5}$ & 7.6$e^{-5}$  \\
$ \sin^2\theta_{23}$ & 0.582 & 0.582 \\
$ \sin^2\theta_{13}$ & 0.02240 & 0.02263 \\
$ \delta_{CP}$ (degree) & 0,90,180,360 & 0,90,180,360  \\
\hline
Non unitary parameters & (both NH and IH)& \\ \hline
$\alpha_{00}$ &0.93 & \\
$\alpha_{10}$  & $3.6e^{-2}$ & \\
$\alpha_{11}$ & 0.95 & \\
$\alpha_{20}$ & 0 &  \\
$\alpha_{21}$ & 0 &  \\
$\alpha_{22}$ & 1.0 &  \\
$ \phi_{10}$ & 0,+90,-90 &  \\
$ \phi_{20}$ & 0 &    \\
$ \phi_{21}$ & 0 &    \\
\hline
\hline
\hline
\end {tabular}
\caption{The neutrino and anti-neutrino oscillation parameters and their range used for probability plots}
\end{center}
\label{params}
\end{table}
From figures~\ref{prob1} and \ref{prob2}, it is evident that when $\phi_{10}$=0, P2O has good discrimination potential between unitary and non-unitary mixing in both appearance and disappearance channels, for both neutrino and anti-neutrino mode and for all the values of $\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}$ and both the hierarchies. When $\phi_{10}=90^\circ$ ($-90^\circ$), P2O cannot discriminate between unitary and non-unitary mixing for $\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}=-90^\circ$ ($90^\circ$) in the appearance channel for both neutrino and anti-neutrino modes, when NH is the true hierarchy. However, for all other $\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}$ values, the discrimination potential between the two mixing schemes is quite good for both the channels, modes and hierarchies. These features have been illustrated in figures \ref{prob3}-\ref{prob6}.

.
\begin{figure}[H]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{Probabilty_plots/phi10_zero_NH.png}
   \caption{ Neutrino and Antineutrino appearance (top row) and disappearance (bottom row) probability plots assuming NH with standard oscillation parameters and with non-unitary parameters as given in Table~\ref{params} for $\phi_{10}=0^{o}$ for different true values of $\delta_{cp}$}
   \label{prob1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
  \includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{Probabilty_plots/phi10_zero_IH.png}
\caption{Same as fig.~\ref{prob1}, except for IH.}
\label{prob2}
   \end{figure}

\begin{figure}[H]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=1.\textwidth]{Probabilty_plots/phi10_plus90_NH.png}
  \caption{Neutrino and Anti neutrino appearance (top row) and disappearance (bottom row) probability plots assuming NH with standard oscillation parameters and with non-unitary parameters as given in Table~\ref{params} for $\phi_{10}=90^{o}$ for different true values of $\delta_{cp}$}
    \label{prob3}
\end{figure}

 \begin{figure}[H]
     \centering
     \includegraphics[width=1.\textwidth]{Probabilty_plots/phi10_plus90_IH.png}
     \caption{Same as fig.~\ref{prob3}, except for IH.}
     \label{prob4}
 \end{figure}

\begin{figure}[H]
  \centering
 \includegraphics[width=1.\textwidth]{Probabilty_plots/phi10_minus90_IH.png}
  \caption{Neutrino and Anti neutrino appearance (top row) and disappearance (bottom row) probability plots assuming NH with standard oscillation parameters and with non-unitary parameters as given in Table~\ref{params} for $\phi_{10}=-90^{o}$ for different true values of $\delta_{cp}$}
    \label{prob5}
\end{figure}

 \begin{figure}[H]
     \centering
     \includegraphics[width=1.\textwidth]{Probabilty_plots/phi10_minus90_IH.png}
     \caption{Same as fig.~\ref{prob5}, except for IH.}
     \label{prob6}
 \end{figure}
\section {Mass hierarchy sensitivity}
\label{hierarchy}
In this section, we will discuss the mass hierarchy sensitivity of the P2O experiment for different neutrino and anti-neutrino run times. From now on, $x$ years of neutrino run and $y$ years of anti-neutrino run will be defined as $x+y$ years.
\subsection{Mass hierarchy sensitivity with standard unitary oscillation}
\label{hierarchy-uni}
 First we have considered that NH is our true hierarchy and IH is test hierarchy. For the true data set, values of $\delta_{cp}$ has been varied in the range $[-180^\circ:180^\circ]$. Other standard unitary oscillation parameter values have been fixed at the values given in ref.~\cite{nufit, Esteban:2020cvm}. We have assumed unitary mixing for both true and test event rates. In the test data set ${\Delta_{31}}$, and $\sin^2\theta_{23}$ have been varied in their possible $3\, \sigma$ range given in ref.~\cite{nufit, Esteban:2020cvm}. The $\chi^2$ between true and test event rates have been calculated using GLoBES \cite{Huber:2004ka, Huber:2007ji}. Automatic bin based energy smearing for generated test events has been implemented in the same way as described in the GLoBES manual \cite{Huber:2004ka, Huber:2007ji}.

 We used  $5\%$ normalisation and $3\%$ energy calibration systematics uncertainty for $e$ and $\mu$ like events \cite{Akindinov:2019flp}.
 Implementing systematics uncertainty has been discussed in details in GLoBES manual \cite{Huber:2004ka, Huber:2007ji}.

For simulations, $\chi^2$ and $\Delta\chi^2$ are always equivalent.
$\sigma=\sqrt(\chi^{2})$ has been calculated as a function of true values of $\delta_{cp}$ by marginalising it over the test parameter values. The same procedure has been repeated with the considerations that IH is true and NH is test hierarchy. In this study, both disappearance and appearance channels have been considered and combined $\chi^{2}$ for $\nu$ and $\bar{\nu}$ has been shown. MH sensitivity plots have been generated assuming $10\%$ muon mis identification
in P2O detector and are shown in Figure~\ref{mh10_std} and with $5\%$ muon misidentification has been shown in Figure~\ref{mh5_std}.

From fig.~\ref{mh10_std}, it is obvious that for $10\%$ muon mis-identification factor, changes in neutrino and anti-neutrino run time for a total run of 6 years do not affect hierarchy sensitivity when NH is the true hierarchy. However, for IH, changes in run time have significant effect on hierarchy sensitivity and $3+3$ years run has the maximum hierarchy sensitivity. It can also be noted that wrong hierarchy can be ruled out for all the $\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}$ values and all the run times at more than $10\, \sigma$ ($8\, \sigma$) confidence level (C.L.), when NH (IH) is the true hierarchy.

When muon misidentification factor is reduced to $5\%$, mass hierarchy sensitivity of the experiment increases. Now the wrong hierarchy can be ruled out for all $\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}$ values and all the different run times at more than $11\, \sigma$ ($9\, \sigma$) C.L. when NH (IH) is the true hierarchy. Other features remain same.
\begin{figure}[H]
  \centering
 \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{MH_standard_osc/NHtrue_mumisid_10per.png}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{MH_standard_osc/IHtrue_mumisid_10per.png}
\caption{\label{mh10_std}  MH sensitivity as a function of true values of $\delta_{cp}$ assuming $10\%$ muon misidentification and for different run times for 6 years. True hierarchy has been assumed to be normal (inverted) for the upper (lower) panel.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[H]
  \centering
 \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{MH_standard_osc/NHtrue_mumisid_5per.png}
 \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{MH_standard_osc/IHtrue_mumisid_5per.png}
\caption{\label{mh5_std}  MH sensitivity as a function of true values of $\delta_{cp}$ assuming $5\%$ muon misidentification and for different runtimes. True hierarchy has been assumed to be normal (inverted) for the upper (lower) panel.}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Mass hierarchy sensitivity with non-unitary oscillation}
\label{hierarchy-nonuni}
In this subsection, the true event rates have been generated with unitary mixing as before. However, here we have assumed non-unitary mixing to calculate the test event rates. For test values of non-unitary parameters, $\alpha_{00}$ and $\alpha_{11}$ have been varied in the range $[0.8:1.0]$, $\alpha_{10}$ has been varied in the range $[0:1.0]$ and $\phi_{10}$ has been varied in the range $[-180^\circ:180^\circ]$. As before, test values of
stanadard oscillation parameters $\sin^2\theta_{23}$, ${\Delta_{31}}$ have been varied within their 3$\sigma$ range and  rest of the other oscillation parameters are set at their standard values. Priors on  $\theta_{23}$, ${\Delta_{31}}$ have been applied at final $\chi^{2}$ calculation. We have assumed only $10\%$ muon misidentification factor. We have plotted $\sigma$ =$\sqrt(\chi^{2})$ for sensitivity estimation.
We have also shown the effect of  $\alpha_{00}$, $\alpha_{11}$, $\alpha_{10}$ and $\phi_{10}$ variation on MH sensitivity for various run time years. The effects of individual non-unitary parameters  have been shown for different run times in fig.~\ref{mh_nonuni_effnh} (\ref{mh_nonuni_effih}) when NH (IH) is the true hierarchy.

\begin{figure}[H]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{non_uni_mh/NHtrue_IHtest/standard+alpha00.png}
  \includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{non_uni_mh/NHtrue_IHtest/standard+alpha00+11.png}
  \includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{non_uni_mh/NHtrue_IHtest/standard+alpha00+11+10.png}
  \includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{non_uni_mh/NHtrue_IHtest/standard+alpha00+11+10+phi10.png}
\caption{\label{mh_nonuni_effnh} MH sensitivity including non unitary parameters for$ (P2O)$as a function of true values of $\delta_{cp}$ assuming $10\%$ muon misidentification for various run time years keeping NH as the true and IH as the test hierarchy}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{non_uni_mh/IHtrue_NHtest/standard+alpha00.png}
  \includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{non_uni_mh/IHtrue_NHtest/standard+alpha00+11.png}
  \includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{non_uni_mh/IHtrue_NHtest/standard+alpha00+11+10.png}
  \includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{non_uni_mh/IHtrue_NHtest/standard+alpha00+11+10+phi10.png}
\caption{\label{mh_nonuni_effih} MH sensitivity including non unitary parameters for P2O as a function of true values of $\delta_{cp}$ assuming $10\%$ muon misidentification for various run time years keeping IH as the true and NH as the test hierarchy}
\end{figure}

\section{Establishing CP violation}
\label{CPV}
In this section, we discuss about the CP violation sensitivity, i.e. the sensitivity to rule out CP conserving $\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}$ values, of P2O, when the data are analysed with both unitary and non-unitary mixing hypothesis. To do so, the true $\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}$ values have been varied in the complete range. Other standard unitary oscillation parameter values have been fixed at the values given in Table \ref{params}.
\subsection{CP violation sensitivity with standard unitary oscillations}
\label{cpv-uni}
At first, the test event rates and the $\chi^2$ between true and test event rates have been calculated assuming unitary mixing. The test $\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}$ values are $-180^\circ$, $0$, and $180^\circ$. Other test parameter values of the unitary oscillation parameters have been varied in the range described in section \ref{hierarchy-uni}. Both NH and IH have been considered as test hierarchy. The $\chi^2$ values have been marginalised over test parameters and in fig.~\ref{cpv10_std}, the CP violation sensitivity has been shown as a function of true $\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}$ values for $10\%$ muon mis-identification factor. For NH true, addition of anti-neutrino run does not have any significant effect to CP violation sensitivity. However, for IH true, increasing anti-neutrino run improves the CP violation sensitivity with maximum sensitivity achieved at 3 years of neutrino and anti-neutrino run each. For both the hierarchies, Maximum CP violation sensitivity of $1.5\, \sigma$ can be achieved for $\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}=\pm 90^\circ$. When the muon mis-identification factor is reduced to $5\%$, the maximum CP violation sensitivity after 6 years can be $2\,\sigma$ for $\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}=\pm 90^\circ$. This has been shown in fig.~\ref{cpv5_std}.
\begin{figure}[H]
   \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{CPV_standard_osc/NHtrue_10per_mumisid.png}
  \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{CPV_standard_osc/IHtrue_10per_mumisid.png}
   \caption{\label{cpv10_std} CPV sensitivity as a function of true values of $\delta_{cp}$ assuming $10\%$ muon misidentification}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[H]
  \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{CPV_standard_osc/NHtrue_5per_mumisid.png}
  \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{CPV_standard_osc/IHtrue_5per_mumisid.png}
   \caption{\label{cpv5_std} CP violation sensitivity as a function of true values of $\delta_{cp}$ assuming $5\%$ muon misidentification}
\end{figure}
\subsection {CP violation sensitivity with non-unitary oscillation}
\label{cpv-non-uni}
Now the test event rates have been calculated assuming non-unitary $3\times 3$ neutrino mixing. Test $\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}$ values are $-180^\circ$, $0$, and $180^\circ$. Other standard oscillation parameter ranges are same as described in section \ref{hierarchy-uni}. The non-unitary parameters have been varied in the range described in section \ref{hierarchy-nonuni}. Both NH and IH have been considered as the true hierarchy. The $\chi^2$ values have been marginalised over test parameter values. Effects of individual non-unitary parameters on the CP violation sensitivity has been shown in fig.~\ref{cpv_nonuni_nh} and fig.~\ref{cpv_nonuni_ih} for NH and IH being the true hierarchy respectively. Muon mis-identification factor is $10\%$. In both cases, the fluctuation in the lower panel is coming from the numerical noise present in the random numbers generated as test parameter values. We can see that when the test event rates are calculated with non-unitary mixing, CP violation sensitivity for true $\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}=-90^\circ$ increases (decreases) for NH (IH) being the true hierarchy and CP violation sensitivity for $\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}=+90^\circ$ decreases (increases). For NH being the true hierarchy, anti-neutrino run does not affect CP violation sensitivity of P2O. But for IH, addition of anti-neutrino run improves CP violation sensitivity. It is to be noted that in case of non-unitary mixing, it is possible to get a non-zero CP violation sensitivity even for the CP conserving $\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}$ values.
\begin{figure}[H]
  \includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{non_uni_cpv/standard_alpha00.png}
  \includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{non_uni_cpv/standard_alpha00_11.png}
  \includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{non_uni_cpv/standard_alpha00_11_10.png}
  \includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{non_uni_cpv/standard_alpha00_11_10_phi.png}
\caption{\label{cpv_nonuni_nh} CP violation sensitivity including non unitary parameters for$ (P2O)$as a function of true values of $\delta_{cp}$ assuming $10\%$ muon misidentification for various run time years keepin NH is true hierarchy}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[H]
  \includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{non_uni_cpv/ih_standard_alpha00.png}
  \includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{non_uni_cpv/ih_standard_alpha00_11.png}
  \includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{non_uni_cpv/ih_standard_alpha00_11_10.png}

  \includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{non_uni_cpv/ih_standard_alpha_phi.png}
  \caption{\label{cpv_nonuni_ih} CPV sensitivity including non unitary parameters for$ (P2O)$as a function of true values of $\delta_{cp}$ assuming $10\%$ muon misidentification for various run time years keepin IH is true hierarchy}
\end{figure}

\section{Constraint on non unitary parameters}
\label{const}
In this section, we have tried to derive the constraints on the non-unitary parameters that P2O can put on them in the future. To do so, we calculated the true event rates with the oscillation parameter values fixed at their present global best-fit values \cite{nufit, Esteban:2020cvm}. We varied the test values of $\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}$ in the range $[-180^\circ:180^\circ]$ and $\sin^2 {\theta_{23}}$ in its $3\, \sigma$ range. The non-unitary parameter, on which we want to derive the constraint was varied, and other non-unitary parameters were fixed at their unitary values. $\phi_{10}$ has been fixed at $0$. In fig. \ref{const_nh_nh} we have shown $\Delta\chi^2$ as a function of the non-unitary parameters for NH being both the true and test hierarchy. We can see that P2O can provide constraint at $90\%$ ($3\, \sigma$) confidence level for $\alpha_{00}> 0.92$ (0.87), $\alpha_{11}>0.98$ (0.96), and $|\alpha_{10}|<0.06$ (0.13) after $3+3$ years when both true and test hierarchies are NH. In fig.~\ref{const_ih_ih}, we have shown the similar results for IH being the true and test hierarchy. It can be seen that the costraint at $90\%$ ($3\,\sigma$) confidence level after $3+3$ years are $\alpha_{00}> 0.82$ (out of range), $\alpha_{11}>0.98$ (0.96), and $|\alpha_{10}|<0.07$ (0.12). These constraints are less stringent than the present constraints from the global analysis \cite{Escrihuela:2016ube}, but better than the constraints put on by the present NO$\nu$A~ and T2K experimental data \cite{Miranda:2019ynh}.
\begin{figure}[H]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.3\textwidth]{Alpha_plot/nhnh_alpha00.png}
  \includegraphics[width=0.3\textwidth]{Alpha_plot/nhnh_alpha11.png}
  \includegraphics[width=0.3\textwidth]{Alpha_plot/nhnh_alpha10.png}

\caption{\label{const_nh_nh} $\sigma=\sqrt{\Delta\chi^2}$ as a function of individual non-unitary parameters for NH being the true and test hierarchies and for different run times.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[H]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.3\textwidth]{Alpha_plot/ihih_alpha00.png}
  \includegraphics[width=0.3\textwidth]{Alpha_plot/ihih_alpha11.png}
  \includegraphics[width=0.3\textwidth]{Alpha_plot/ihih_alpha10.png}

\caption{\label{const_ih_ih} $\sigma=\sqrt{\Delta\chi^2}$ as a function of individual non-unitary parameters for IH being the true and test hierarchies and for different run times.}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusion}
\label{conclusion}
We found out that in case of unitary mixing, the hierarchy-$\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}$ degeneracy present at experiments like NO$\nu$A~ and T2K breaks down for P2O. Now, the wrong hierarchy can be ruled out at more that $9\, \sigma$ ($8\, \sigma$) C.L. after 6 years for all the $\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}$ values when NH (IH) is the true hierarchy and the muon mis-identification factor is $10\%$. Addition of anti-neutrino run does not have any significant effect on hierarchy sensitivity when NH is true. However, the hierarchy sensitivity significantly improves after addition of anti-neutrino run and for 3 years each of equal neutrino and anti-neutrino run, NH can be ruled out at more than $10\,\sigma$ C.L. When the muon mis-identification factor is reduced to $5\,\%$, the hierarchy sensitivity is improved by around $1\,\sigma$.

CP violation can be established at $2\, \sigma$ (more than $0.5\, \sigma$) for $\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}=\pm 90^\circ$ for NH (IH) being the true hierarchy when the muon mis-identification factor is $10\%$. Just like the case of mass hierarchy sensitivity, addition of anti-neutrino run does not have any significant effect when NH is the true hierarchy, but has a significant effect for IH imprving the CP violation sensitivity to $1.5\, \sigma$ at $\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}=\pm 90^\circ$ for equal neutrino and anti-neutrino runs of 3 years each. When muon mis-identification factor is improved to $5\%$, the CP violation sensitivity is only slightly improved.

We have calculated the hierarchy and CP violation sensitivity assuming $10\%$ muon mis-identification in case of non-unitary mixing. The maximum effect on hierarchy sensitivity comes from $|\alpha_{10}|$ parameter. When NH is the true hierarchy, for 6 years of only neutrino run, hierarchy can be established at only $4\,\sigma$ C.L. for all values of $\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}$. However, the sensitivity can be improved to $7\, \sigma$ after addition of anti-neutrino run. For IH, with only neutrino run of 6 years, hierarchy can be established at only close to $2\, \sigma$. However, for 3 years of neutrino and 3 years of anti-neutrino run, a hierarchy sensitivity of $6\,\sigma$ can be achieved.

For non-unitary mixing, the maximum effect on CP violation sensitivity comes from $|\alpha_{10}|$ and $\phi_{10}$. The CP violation sensitivity for $\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}=-90^\circ$ ($90^\circ$) improves (decreases) from those in the case of unitary mixing. One important point to note is that in case of non-unitary mixing, a non-zero value of CP violation sensitivity can be achieved, even for the CP conserving values of $\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}$. For NH being the true hierarchy, the addition of anti-neutrino run does not have any significant effect on the CP violation sensitivity. However, for IH addition of anti-neutrino run improves the CP violation sensitivity.

We have also calculated the constraints that can be put on $\alpha_{00}$, $|\alpha_{11}|$, and $|\alpha_{10}|$ by the P2O in the future. We found out that the constrained at $90\%$ ($3\, \sigma$) confidence level can be achieved for $\alpha_{00}> 0.92$ (0.87), $\alpha_{11}>0.98$ (0.96), and $|\alpha_{10}|<0.06$ (0.13) after 3 years each of neutrino and anti-neutrino run when both true and test hierarchies are NH. For IH, the future possible constraints at $90\%$ ($3\,\sigma$) confidence level are $\alpha_{00}> 0.82$ (out of range), $\alpha_{11}>0.98$ (0.96), and $|\alpha_{10}|<0.07$ (0.12) after 3 years of neutrino and 3 years of anti-neutrino run.

\bibliographystyle{JHEP}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


The Neutron Scattering and Magnetism Group (Institute for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich Physics Department) is seeking an outstanding candidate for postdoctoral position. The successful candidate will carry two equally important responsibilities. The major part is a fundamental research in the field of structural and magnetostructural phase transitions. The second activity, which will consume 30% of the candidate's time, will be providing "local contact" support to the users of the EIGER spectrometer at Paul Scherrer Institut, as well as the instrument maintenance and development.


Opposites Attract: Who Is the Right Woman For Kyle On The Young and the Restless?
We're breaking down all the big winners and big moments in this week's IMDbrief. Start your free trial. This is a wonderful film which is bound to make the viewer think about a number of issues, including medical science and the nature of freedom. Lana Ravine Sean Young It is well deserving of 5 stars. Fatal Instinct is one of those guilty pleasures. It is about change and how it effects the way we live.


text:
module Bugzilla
  module Attributes
    class Single < String
      include Field

      def +(other)
        return self.class.new(super.+(other))
      end
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Firstly, a very happy Christmas to you all all. We hope all your wishes have come true and if your are in the Chamonix Valley that you are enjoying the wonderful snow conditions during the Christmas ski holidays.
Certainly our wish of plenty of snow this Christmas seems to have been heard, although it does seem to follow that we are either complaining about not enough snow, or too much! We are therefore trying to avoid being ungrateful here, mainly for fear of upsetting the Snow Gods for them to never return, but this year it is going to be a close call on not speaking up as it has fallen by the bucket loads (we love it really)!
This Christmas week the high mountain is reporting 2 metres of snow, with much more to come. A further 80cm is forecast next week with little respite on the horizon. So when do we start to say enough is enough?
New Year skiers can therefore expecting lots of snow and powder, however, with most of the week expected to fluctuate between snow flurries and heavy dumps, low light goggles and warm attire is strongly advised.
2 metres at Christmas, sounds good to us! So, will the high mountain hit 3 metres next week? We certainly expect it to clear 2.5 metres! What do you think?
A recent deferral due to work commitments by one of our clients has resulted in the half-term ski holiday week, commencing 10th February 2018 to become free. Thanks to Fran and some of our trusted agents, already interest is high. The week catered (Luxury Plus) starts at £15,000 for up to ten people.


text:
Q: Normalizer in cloudconnect for Gooddata I have some doubts. I'm doing a BI for my company, and I needed to develop a data converter in ETL because the database to which it's connected (PostgreSQL) is bringing me some negative values within the time CSV. It doesn't make much sense to bring from the database (to which we don't have many accesses) negative data like this:

The solution I found so that I don't need to rely exclusively on dealing directly with the database would be to perform a conversion within the cloudconnect. I verified in my researches that the one that most contemplates would be the normalizer, but there are not many explanations available. Could you give me a hand? because I couldn't parameterize how I could convert this data from 00:00:-50 to 00:00:50 with the normalizer.

A: It might help you to review our CC documentation: https://help.gooddata.com/cloudconnect/manual/normalizer.html
However, I am not sure if normalizer would be able to process timestamps.
Normalizer is basically a generic transform component with a normalization template. You might as well use reformat component that is more universal.
However, what you are trying to do would require some very custom transform script, written in CTL (CloudConnect transformation language) or java.
You can find some templates and examples in the documentation: https://help.gooddata.com/cloudconnect/manual/ctl-templates-for-transformers.html

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
New York MPHJ Patent Troll Settlement: First of Its Kind
New York's MPHJ patent troll settlement is the first of its kind. And it will help other states and the U.S. figure out how to deal with patent trolls.
aNewDomain.net — The state of New York announces it has reached the end of its attorney general's investigation into so-called patent trolls, companies who collect and litigate on patents without having developed or marketed tech in themselves.
We've been following New York's investigations into the matter. In Dear Mr. President, I personally appealed to U.S. President Barack Obama to look deeply into the practice of patent trolling and patent privateering — and how the practice abuses the system and harms American competition.
About the settlement, the Director of the Institute of Innovation Law at the University of California Hastings College of Law Robin Feldman says:
The attorney general's investigation focused on MPHJ's use of deceptive and abusive tactics when it contacted hundreds of small and medium-sized New York businesses in an effort to strong-arm them into paying MPHJ for patent licenses of dubious value. The settlement resolves the attorney general's investigations into MPHJ's conduct and imposes requirements on MPHJ when communicating with New York businesses in the future. The requirements imposed on MPHJ in the settlement should be viewed by other patent trolls as the minimum standards that such entities seeking to contact New York businesses must follow to avoid liability for unlawful deceptive practices."
In a statement, New York Attorney General Eric T. Schneiderman said:
So-called 'patent trolls' exploit loopholes in the patent system and have become a scourge on the business community … they drain critical resources from small and medium-sized businesses that would otherwise be available for reinvestment and job creation, which are sorely needed across New York. State law enforcement can't cure all the ills of the federal patent system, but the guidelines established in today's settlement will put an end to some of the most abusive tactics by placing the industry on notice that these deceptive practices will not be tolerated in New York."
Read the full statement and release here.
Updating. For aNewDomain.net, I'm Tom Ewing.
Sex Bots and Robotics: Why a Droid is My Next Girlfriend
Mini Moon 2014: How Tiny Is the Moon!
DevSecOps: Seven Tips for DevOps Security
Security! How to Tell If Your Site Has Been Hacked
Ted Rall: It's Time to Fire the Cops
INFOGRAPHIC: Is Nanotechnology the Future of Medicine?
Ben Goertzel: What's So Disturbing about Microsoft's OpenAI Investment?
Ted Rall: It's Up to Nancy Pelosi to Cave First
Last Mile Delivery: What You Need To Know Now

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


How would you rate the amount of crime in Callery? Excellent. There is virtually no crime in this area. Good. There is only a little crime in this area. Poor. There is more crime than I'd like in this area. Awful. Crime is rampant in this area. View resultsWrite a review to give others more information about this area.
Do you feel safe walking alone at night in Callery? Extremely safe. Night or day, it's a very safe place. Fairly safe. I feel safe walking in most areas. Not very safe. I avoid walking in most areas at night. Not safe at all. I never walk alone at night. View resultsWrite a review to give others more information about this area.
The Callery crime map provides a detailed overview of all crimes in Callery as reported by the local law enforcement agency. Based on the color coded legend above, the crime map outlines the areas with low crime compared to the areas with high crime. The Callery crime heat map offers insight into the total crimes on a block group level.
The overall crime rate in Callery is 100% lower than the national average.
For every 100,000 people, there are 0 daily crimes that occur in Callery.
Callery is safer than 98% of the cities in the United States.
In Callery you have a 0 chance of becoming a victim of any crime.
The number of total year over year crimes in Callery has not changed.
Source: The Callery, PA crime data displayed above is derived from the FBI's uniform crime reports for the year of 2017. The crime report encompasses more than 18,000 city and state law enforcement agencies reporting data on property and violent crimes. The uniform crime reports program represents approximately 309 million American residents, which results in 98% coverage of metropolitan statistical areas.


text:
CSUN Matador Bench Missing: Men's Basketball
Trevor Stamp/ Senior Photographer Out of eight new freshmen to join the CSUN men's basketball team this season, six have yet to dress for a game. the athletic department elected to sit 'several' players due to potential violations of team rules and university policies.
Shaka Dixon
Trevor Stamp/ Senior Photographer
Out of eight new freshmen to join the CSUN men's basketball team this season, six have yet to dress for a game. the athletic department elected to sit 'several' players due to potential violations of team rules and university policies.
Before the sixth game of the season, CSUN men's basketball has yet to call on many of its new arrivals.
Of the nine new additions to the 2014-15 roster, only three have debuted and over a third of the roster has never represented CSUN in an official contest.
Freshman guards Micheal Warren, Miles Nolen-Webb, Jerron Wilbut, freshmen forwards Jibreel Faulkner, Tavrion Dawson and junior center Kevin Johnson have yet to log minutes for the team.
On Nov. 5, CSUN Director of Intercollegiate Athletics Dr. Brandon E. Martin issued the following statement:
"CSUN has elected to sit several basketball players due to potential violations of team rules and University policies until a full and thorough investigation is completed. The investigation is underway, and out of an abundance of caution the student-athletes will be held out of competition until the matter is resolved. Our mission is to continue the pursuit of comprehensive excellence, both on and off the court. Because of the federal Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA), CSUN cannot release the names of those involved or elaborate further about the nature of this matter."
The nature and scope of the probe remain unclear, and CSUN Athletics officials are referring all Sundial inquiries to Associate Vice President, Marketing and Communications Jeff Noblitt.
"As we have made clear from the beginning, CSUN elected to sit several basketball players due to potential violation of team rules and athletic department polices until a full and thorough investigation is completed. As soon as the matter was brought to President Harrison's attention, she directed an external and thorough review be conducted. An independent investigator has been appointed and the expectation is that the inquiry will be conducted as rapidly as possible, but at the same time, President Harrison has made it clear that she expects a thorough and detailed investigation, so the University has not put a timetable on the report.
Dr. Brandon E. Martin, Director of Intercollegiate Athletics at CSUN, will continue to monitor and control our athletics programs. Beyond this information, I cannot provide further details or elaborate further about the timetable of events because CSUN does not want to jeopardize student privacy or interfere with the ongoing independent investigation that is taking place," said Noblitt.
On Friday, Noblitt refused a Sundial request to elaborate into the matter.
The probe coincides with a CSUN Athletics rebranding campaign initiated by Director of Intercollegiate Athletics Dr. Brandon E. Martin. The dismissal of Bobby Braswell, long-time men's basketball head coach was among Martin's earliest acts. The latter half of Braswell's 17-year tenure was marred by a string of incidents.
In 2003, the university was forced to self-report a potential grade tampering incident involving one of Braswell's assistants.
In 2009, his son along with two players were charged with commercial burglary.
A few seasons later, the NCAA banned CSUN from any postseason after continual poor results on the NCAA's annual Academic Progress Rate.
Shaka Dixon, Author


"but I still didn't expect the staid Staatsoper audience to make their Easter Parsifal into a circus of boos, incomprehensible yelling at inappropriate times, and no fewer than three cell phones in Act 1. Oh, throw in the usual clapping/aggressive shushing fiasco at the end of Act One"
What was the average age of the audience at this performance would you say?
I don't know, the usual? Old? That's what I meant by staid. Even the younger people are often already old.
I also attended this Easter Sunday-Performance and just to inform you about my understanding of the tumult: the boos were just against Metzmacher. Some people didn't like his conducting at all, but they had nothing to do with the staging (which is well known for years by the vienna audience).
The repeated boos before the second and the third act were once more against the conductor. But then they were answered by the call "get out of the Staatsoper" (which was directed to the boo-fraction … but on the other hand the booers screamed: "Metzmacher – out of the Staatsoper"… and so on. A little audience-fight took place.
Funny, I thing, and VERY austrian!
And my impression of the age of the audience: It was NOT specially old, but very well mixed!
Thanks for the helpful clarification. I was standing well behind all the yellers and couldn't quite figure out what was going on. I really don't understand what about Metzmacher they found so offensive. It wasn't eccentric or unusual conducting, maybe a little more logical and straightforward than misty and dreamy, but not exactly Gatti or Haenchen in extremeness. And there was more going on interpretively than a lot of the conducting we get at the Staatsoper. Any idea?
The production thing was just a guess because multiple standing room line people have lectured me in how much everyone hates it. I do think it was supposed to be about gender, though I admittedly have a tendency to think that about everything. The treatment of the women in Act 1 made me think this in particular, and I have read some of what Mielitz has said about it and she saw it as an attempt at a feminist Parsifal. I don't think it really succeeds on that count, but I can see what she's going for at some points.
This performance sounds much more interesting than the one I attended! Certainly more decorum on Thursday, no Buhrufe for Metzmacher and applause was held dutifully after Act I (I was surprised how fastidiously this was observed). It's a really tiresome Wagner dispute and one I don't particularly want to wade in to, but re. the Act I no clapping rule there does seem to be something disturbingly wrong – trying very hard not to run afoul of Godwin here – about the hostility with which the 'cognoscenti' shush those who are either ignorant or dissent (I should add I'm indifferent to the rule in this instance). With the idiots who hush the clappers in Chaik 6 I detect superiority and self-righteousness, and in a sense it's all zu menschlich, but with Parsifal it can get really ugly, sometimes in a way that strikes me as a little sinister (all zu menschlich in a quite different sense).
Metzmacher didn't deserve boos, but I wasn't impressed. It was competent and certainly in no way bad, and I know it's rare to get even that at the Staats, but neither the conducting or playing were particularly memorable for me. Ditto for Meier – she was very good, but the intensity and precision you mentioned just wasn't as unflagging as I expected it would be (jet lag?). Must agree about those primal groans though. Surprised you liked Selig – again, I thought he was OK, but nothing special.
I whinged enough about Mielitz in the Fliegende Holländer comments and just can't be bothered this time. Suffice to say I don't see much depth in her work, and too often find it either unfocused or evasive.
PS Just saw your comment above, doubt that the Viennese would know or indeed care about Metzmacher and Pfitzner (which I don't find much of an infraction anyway). Thielemann has never had any problems here as far as I'm aware, and Godwin be damned, I think it's fairly transparent which side he would have been on.
I think I still see the applause Verbot more as another manifestation of reactionary conservatism than anything else. I mean, more or less of the school of the person I heard complaining after Anna Bolena that the costumes really shouldn't have been blue because that's a French color. Look how much I know and how sacred I hold the music! Combined with this weird booing, however, it does become more sinister. Wagner fans can be scary.
My reaction about the Pfitzner business was also that it was unlikely Vienna would know or care about that (Metzmacher is a ridiculous target for such, and besides Wagner fanatics aren't known for their stringent Pfitzner hatred), but it was only a few people causing all the trouble, so I suppose it's a possibility.
I saw Parsifal on 24 April and again on 27 April. The boos were definitely directed, unjustifiably, at Ingo Metzmacher. But, notwithstanding, the performance on 27 April was MUCH better. Maybe Ingo took some of the criticism to heart. On 27 April I sat in the third row left, watching all Ingo's facial expressions. It was amazing. At one point in the third act there was a squeek from the clarinets, and he made the ugliest face I've ever seen from a conductor. Unforgettable.


text:
Q: Json value is always string Why server(CentOS 6.5, PHP5-FPM,Apache2) is returning a different json response while my Vagrant(Laravel Homestead) is throwing a right json.
Response according to Chrome Web Developer Tool.
Server Response:
    account_type: "1"
    activated: "1"
    additional_columns: null
    avatar_url: null
    company_name: "PRINTARABIA"
    is_admin: false

Homestead Response:
    account_type: 1
    activated: 1
    additional_columns: null
    avatar_url: null
    company_name: "PRINTARABIA"
    is_admin: false

Values which are type Number always treated as string, unlike on my Homestead. That is why I always have to use parseInt or parseFloat just to get the right value.

A: I understand now why. I am using 5.3 and my Vagrant is using 5.6. Some say there are json bugs on 5.3 that was fixed on the following releases. Since I don't want to upgrade my server's PHP and might cause another problem. I just did another work-around which is extending Laravel's Pagination and Eloquent/Model class. In toJson method I just put JSON_NUMERIC_CHECK. And that's solved the problem. :) Hope I may help others who has same problem.


The Finance Council is pleased to offer a different method of raising funds to support the operations of our Parish. It's called "Scrip" and is a fundraising program that can provide the Parish with funds as our Parishioners shop. In short, every time you go to a participating retailer/vendor to buy food, fill the tank, purchase home improvement items or supplies, have a dinner out, buy a new outfit, etc. the participating retailer will be making a contribution to Saint Bernard. SCRIP is a great alternative means for increasing revenue for the parish while not increasing the financial burden to our Parishioners.
Scrip is simply a word that means "substitute money." In other words, scrip is really gift/cash cards from national and local retailers. These are the same gift/cash cards that you can buy for these stores. Many popular retailers participate in the Scrip Program including JC Penney, The Gap, ShopRite, Shell, Pizza Hut, The Home Depot, Macys, etc. Several hundred well known retailers participate in the program today and the list continues to grow.
As indicated earlier, the beauty of Scrip is that you can put your regular household shopping dollars to work for our Parish. You earn money for the Parish without spending a single additional penny than you do today. Just spend your regular shopping dollars using the Scrip gift/cash cards at the participating stores (or on-line). And again, Scrip can be used for just about any household purchase you can think of including food, clothing, entertainment, gasoline, dining out, and even massages.
Each week, SCRIP orders are submitted on Sunday. Don't forget that cards ordered by noon on Sunday are generally available for pick-up starting the following Thursday. Order forms continue to be available in the Parish Office, at the Scrip Table in the Narthex after Masses, and on the parish web-site. Orders are accepted in the Parish Office during normal working hours or they can be placed in the Scrip Order Box after Weekend Masses. Also, see information below regarding online ordering of your SCRIP cards. Please consider joining the growing number of parish households supporting the Scrip Program. There is no easier way to make a contribution to your parish than using Scrip for your routine purchases.
The capabilities to order your Scrip cards on-line as well as pay for your order via a withdrawal from your checking account are available to all Scrip Program participants. Feedback from current on-line users continues to be extremely positive, in particular regarding the ease of setting up their on-line capability. To take advantage of this capability, simply send an email to Bernie McElroy (BernieMcElroy@yahoo.com) and you will receive a response containing the complete set of instructions you will need to begin ordering online. Support will also be provided via email to assist you in getting up and running, if required. Naturally, our current process of taking paper orders will still be available for use.


Nearly everything about "The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug" represents an improvement over the first installment of Peter Jackson's three-part adaptation of J.R.R. Tolkien's beloved creation.
Beginning with the blessing of not being stuck with a bunch of hungry and thirsty dwarves in Bilbo Baggins' hut for a half-hour at the outset, nearly everything about The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug represents an improvement over the first installment of Peter Jackson's three-part adaptation of J.R.R. Tolkien's beloved creation. The "unexpected journey" launched in last Christmas' box-office behemoth becomes the heart of the matter this time around, making for plenty of peril, warfare, theme-park-ride-style escapes and little-guy courage. For Jackson and Warner Bros., it's another movie, another billion.
After exhibiting an almost craven fidelity to his source material the first time out, Jackson gets the drama in gear here from the outset with a sense of storytelling that possesses palpable energy and purpose. Toward the end, his perennial tendency to let bloat creep in reasserts itself to an extent; as in the Lord of the Rings films, not to mention King Kong, he has a hard time knowing when enough is enough even as the three-hour goalpost looms dead ahead. But for the most part he moves the episodic tale along with reasonable speed for a leviathan while serving up enough fights, close shaves and action-filled melodrama for an old-fashioned movie serial or a modern video game.
Part two is almost entirely devoted to the dangerous expedition of 13 dwarves recruited by the wizard Gandalf with the aim of reinstating Thorin Oakenshield to his rightful place as monarch of the underground kingdom of Erebor, lost in the devastating battle that opened the first film. Although dangers lurk every step of the way — even more than exist in the book — the one looming over all is Smaug, a huge dragon that lives deep in the bowels of the Lonely Mountain who must be subdued if evil is to be denied an enduring triumph.
Although they have mined Tolkien's extensive appendices to The Lord of the Rings to flesh out the story — roughly nine hours will be expended in adapting a book of less than 300 pages — Jackson and habitual co-screenwriters Fran Walsh and Philippa Boyens, along with original intended director Guillermo del Toro, have further expanded the dramatis personae by recruiting Legolas from Rings and inventing a welcome female character named Tauriel, a foxy archer fancied by Legolas but who herself shows an interest in Kili, one of Thorin's companions. Women action figures and romantic subplots were not Tolkien's thing, so even the acknowledgment of sexual attraction represents a radical step in this context.
With prolonged exposure to this tale comes awareness of some of the premise's limitations as performed drama. There is incident and confrontation galore, beginning with the portentous, tavern-set opening scene in which Gandalf lights a fire under Thorin, followed by the dwarves' arrival at their first destination, the farm of the "skin-changer" Beorn, first seen in the form of a bear. Then, once Galdalf leaves them to their own devices, the diminutive ones must contend with the dangers lurking within the vast Mirkwood forest, foremost of which are giant spiders that quickly spin webs around the morsel-sized travelers. Always, they are stalked and, as often as not, attacked by the fearsome Orcs, muscle-bound uglies in league with Smaug to continue their dominion over Erebor.
However, as one skirmish follows another, it becomes clear that suspense cannot be a factor here because the rules of the game mitigate against it. Where the elves are concerned, there is no danger because they are, by nature, immortal. This is not the case for the dwarves but, with the exception of one injury, the little guys consistently escape unharmed while the humongous and ferocious orcs go down as easily as shooting gallery ducks. Just as a token bow to credibility, you'd think a few dwarves might be sacrificed, but nope, they're all charmed.
With Ian McKellen's ever-imposing Gandalf bowing out for a long stretch on other pressing business (consult the appendices), it might seem that the heavy lifting would be taken up by Martin Freeman's slowly flowering Bilbo Baggins. At times it is. He does have a nose for gold, first in the form of the inevitable and mischievously errant ring, then with the treasures in the deepest sanctum of the ruined mountain kingdom now occupied by the slumbering titular dragon. Feeling his way, Bilbo gradually accepts the call to greatness Gandalf has thrust upon him.
Still, Bilbo also steps to the side through a middle stretch that provides time not only for Legolas (with a blond-tressed Orlando Bloom not missing a step, nor an arrow shot, since Ring) and Tauriel (a winning Evangeline Lilly, of TV's Lost) but for a significant layover in a port called Lake-town. The central player here is Bard (Luke Evans, excellent), a barge man and trader who smuggles the dwarves into a Middle Ages-style backwater in which working stiffs, struggling families, layabouts and criminals are lorded over by the smart and venal Master, brought to vibrant Dickensian life by Stephen Fry. As they are preoccupied by the real-world concerns of commerce, politics and personal intrigue rather than monsters, mythology and regal destiny, Bard and Master are the two most recognizably human characters in the film.
Once Bilbo provides the key to the kingdom under the mountain, his main order of business is to avoid being swallowed whole or burned to a crisp by the fire-bellied Smaug, who's almost too big for the human-built quarters he occupies. Like some Bond villains who talk too much instead of quickly offing 007 when they have the chance, Smaug seems much enamored with the sound of his own voice. And a fine voice it is, supplied by Benedict Cumberbatch, but too unnaturally deepened and electronically modified to afford pure enjoyment of the actor's menacing readings. The ending is a true cliffhanger, the resolution to which audiences will be lining up for on Dec. 17, 2014.
Visually, the predominance of CGI in most scenes is consistent not only with the previous entry but all the Rings films and too many of Jackson's and cinematographer Andrew Lesnie's carefully calibrated swooping and circling camera moves look like they were generated by a computer program. On the other hand, the distractingly vivid images provided by the 48 frames-per-second in the first film appear to have been massaged properly this time, and there is a notably lower-than-average reduction in image brightness when using the 3D glasses.


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Katungulu is a rural village in South Kivu, in the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). In the past, the women of the village had no alternative but to make a two-hour round-trip to a river to collect contaminated water. They would make the journey first thing in the morning, and again in the evening, tired after a day spent working in the fields.
The issue was also a source of conflict. 'There used to be arguments in the household. Sometimes our husbands would want to wash, but there was no water and it was too far to go and collect some,' says Neema Nakitongo, 50, who has nine children.
Defecation took place mostly in the bush surrounding the village; the few latrines were dirty and poorly maintained; food was left uncovered outside; rubbish was left to rot around the village; and hand-washing with soap or ash wasn't practised. Diarrhoea, malaria and water-borne diseases were rife, with children suffering in particular.
Now, however, as a result of work done through the SWIFT programme, the community in Katungulu has access to clean, safe water in the heart of the village. 'Now water is so close you can wash whenever you want!' says mother-of-three Tengeneza Wabikwa, 27.
Many families have constructed latrines with 'tippy-taps' where they can wash their hands, and pits where they can dispose of their rubbish. Hygiene behaviour has improved dramatically.
The Healthy Villages and Schools (Villages et Écoles Assainis) approach is a step-by-step process of village mobilisation that is supported by DRC's Ministry of Public Health and UNICEF. Under the SWIFT programme, Tearfund is supporting Katungulu to implement the approach.
Tearfund has constructed a new gravity-fed water system at nearby Lusenda, from which water is piped to a number of taps in Katungulu. Tearfund has also helped the community elect a 'healthy village' management committee, with a water sub-committee which collects fees from each household to pay for maintenance and repairs to the system.
The management committee is overseeing the process of working towards 'healthy village' status, and Tearfund has trained a number of 'community motivators' in hygiene awareness. They now visit each household to check that good hygiene behaviour is being practised, including keeping latrines clean, installing 'tippy-taps' or other facilities to encourage hand-washing as people leave the toilet, and disposing of rubbish in designated pits.
Katungulu's women report a sharp drop in the incidence of sickness in the village since they received access to clean, safe water and the 'healthy village' process began.
The challenge for Katungulu now is to maintain the changes that have been implemented in the village, and in particular the functioning of the new water system, which has made such a difference to the women's lives and which has been handed over to the community by Tearfund.
The establishment of the water sub-committee and new payment system should ensure the long-term functioning of the water kiosk in the village. Each household pays 500 Congolese Francs a month (£0.37) for water, which can be used for repairs and maintenance, and Tearfund has trained six residents of the area served by the Lusenda water system as plumbers, for the management committee to employ when necessary.
Katungulu's community motivators are clearly focused on ensuring the changes in hygiene and sanitation behaviour are lasting, and the 'management committee has even joined forces with a neighbouring community, to share tools and discuss how to prevent damage to the water system.
Tengeneza for one is keen to pass on what she has learned, to ensure the residents of Katungulu continue to reap the rewards of the 'healthy village' process in future.
'Now I want to train others, so they can benefit from this programme,' she says.


text:
— официальная историография времён династии Ле, первое издание которой было создано придворным историком  по приказу Ле Тхань Тонга, закончено в 1479 году.

Пятнадцатитомная книга содержала записи о временах с династии Хонг-банг до коронации первого императора Ле, Ле Тхай То, в 1428. В процессе создания Полной истории Дайвьета Нго Ши Льен опирался, главным образом, на два источника:  историка  и  .

После опубликования «Историю» начали дополнять и исправлять историки того времени, , ,  и другие. Наибольшую популярность сыскало издание 1697 года . В него была внесена информация о периоде с 1428 по 1656 год. «Полное собрание исторических записок Дайвьета» считается наиболее полным из существующих трудов по истории Вьетнама с её начала до правления династии Ле.

История создания

В период Четвёртого китайского завоевания империя Мин конфисковала множество ценных дайвьетских книг, в том числе  авторства , официальную историографию времён династии Чан, наиболее полную на тот момент. Текст «Записок» и комментариев в 1455 году были скопированы историком  по приказу императора Ле Нян Тонга. Копия «Записок» дополнялась с 1223 до 1427 года, закончившись отступлением китайской армии после победы Ле Лоя. Десятитомная книга Фан Фу Тьена получила названия Продолжение исторических записок Дайвьета и Куок шы бьен лук.

В 1473 году, в правление Ле Тхань Тонга, знаменитого своим интересом к учению и мудрости, учёный и историк Нго Ши Льен был назначен в историческое управление. По приказу Ле Тхань Тонга он создал пятнадцатитомник на основе работ Ле Ван Хыу и Фан Фу Тьена. В процессе работы над своим трудом Нго Ши Льен пользовался и другими источниками, в частности, Собрание записей о потусторонних силах Вьетского царства и , сборники легенд и мифов. Нго Ши Льен счёл их доброкачественными источниками благодаря достоверным цитатам — впервые вьетнамский историк стал опираться на сборники легенд. «Полная история Дайвьета» была окончена в 1479 году, последние записи в ней посвящены коронации Ле Тхай То. Согласно , Нго Ши Льен также составил текст о правлении Ле Тхай То, Ле Тхай Тонга и Ле Нян Тонга, Записи о трёх династиях.

В 1511 году придворный историк  добавил к книге Нго Ши Льена в своей работе Всеобщее обозрение зерцала записи о Ле Тхань Тонге, Ле Хьен Тонге, Ле Тук Тонге и Ле Уй Муке, которые назвал Записями о четырёх династиях. Другие историки продолжали исследовать «Полное собрание исторических записок Дайвьета», добавляя информацию о династии Ле; особенно известны 23-томное издание «Продолжение исторических записок Дайвьета», выпущенное под надзором Фам Конг Чы в 1665, и «Ной как куан бан», самая популярная и подробная версия «Истории», выпущена в 1697 усилиями историка Ле Хи.

Издание
Первое 15-томное издание называется , по названию периода правления Ле Тхань Тонга. Оно было выпущено в виде манускрипта, поэтому сохранилось лишь частично. «Продолжение исторических записок Дайвьета», также носящее название «издание Каньчи», сохранилось лучше, однако наиболее сохранно издание Тиньхоа, единственное издание, выпущенное ксилогравюрой. Таким образом, Тиньхоа — наиболее важный историографический текст по истории Вьетнама. Его часто сокращали, переписывали и корректировали более поздние лингвисты. Полное издание «Ной как куан бан» содержится в архивах Французского института Дальнего Востока в Париже. В 1993 году его текст был переведён с ханвьета на современный вьетнамский язык Ханойским Институтом ханнома.

Содержание
«Полное собрание исторических записок Дайвьета» создано по подобию труду учёного сунского Сыма Гуана «Всеобщее зерцало, управлению помогающее» , то есть, записи были расположены в хронологическом порядке. Нго Ши Льен отделил свой труд от хронологии и назвал их  и . Хронологический метод не использовался в официальных историографиях, там материал подавали в виде биографий отдельных лиц. Такой подход популяризовал Сыма Цянь в Ши цзи. Записи об императорах Нго Ши Льен всегда предварял небольшим вступлением, а по ходу развития событий дополнял повествование небольшими вставками с историями важных персон, в частности, Чан Куок Туана и . Некоторые тексты, такие как  и  были включены в «Историю» целиком.

Исторические перспективы

Сравнение с Ле Ван Хыу

В отличие от Ле Ван Хыу, который считал началом вьетнамской истории основание Намвьета, Нго Ши Льен посчитал полумифических Киньзыонг-выонга и его сына Лак Лонг Куана предками вьетнамского народа. Из-за недостатка исторических документов о Кинь Зыонг-выонге и Лак Лонг Куане существует мнение, что Нго Ши Льен старался продлить историю вьетов как можно дальше, а не пытался найти отправную точку истории. С самого начала работа Нго Ши Льена отличалась от других трудов времён династии Чан тем, что династия Хонг-банг там упоминалась не только в качестве примера превосходства вьетов, ей был присвоен срок правления — с 2879 года до н. э. до 258 года до н. э., что делало её на 600 лет старше первой китайской династии Ся. Тем не менее, из-за скудности данных за тот большой период несколько современных историков сомневаются в истинности хронологии хунгвыонгов, королей династии Хонг-банг, считая, что Нго Ши Льен намеренно исказил историю в угоду династии Ле.

Как и Ле Ван Хыу, Нго Ши Льен считал Намвьет вьетским государством, что оспаривалось историками начиная с , жившего в XVIII веке, до современных историков, по причине того, что намвьетские правители были китайцами по происхождению

Ле Ван Хыу критиковал способности Ли Нам Де в комментариях к поражению императорской армии от , которое привело к Третьему китайскому завоеванию Вьетнама, а Нго Ши Льен упомянул, что воля Небес не позволила вьетам обрести независимость.

Прочие отличия
Ле Ван Хыу был озабочен тем, чтобы отделить свою страну от Китая, Нго Ши Льен посчитал китайскую историографию стандартом в описании исторических событий Вьетнама. Нго Ши Льен часто комментировал происходящие события цитатами из конфуцианской литературы, в частности, Сун Шу.

Так как Нго Ши Льен рассматривал события с точки зрения конфуцианства, он часто отрицательно комментировал исторические фигуры, действовавшие вразрез с предписаниями этого учения, к примеру, несмотря на успешное правление, Ле Дай Хань был жестоко раскритикован за женитьбу на , супруге его предшественника. Нгуен Тхи Оань даже предположил, что Нго Ши Льен из-за предвзятости по отношению к Ли Нам Де приписал его стихотворение  . Также были раскритикованы другие не соответствующие конфуцианской морали события: коронация шести императриц, совершённая Динь Тьен Хоангом, женитьба Ле Лонг Диня на четырёх девушках, отсутствие интереса к конфуцианскому учению у Ли Тхай То. Особенно жёстко Нго Ши Льен отзывался о женитьбе членов династии Чан на близких родственниках. Единственный положительно оцениваемый им период истории Чанов — промежуток от смерти Чан Тхай Тонга в 1277 году до смерти Чан Ань Тонга в 1320 году. Изгнание из страны семьи Ли генералом  и женитьба Чан Тхай Тонга на принцессе  были оценены крайне отрицательно.

Кроме исторической ценности, «Полное собрание исторических записок Дайвьета» имеет также и литературную, так как Нго Ши Льен умело составлял истории об упомянутых исторических фигурах. Судя по комментариям, Нго Ши Льен стремился учить читателя принципам конфуцианства, к примеру, он неоднократно упоминал типаж благородного мужа, который должен обладать хорошим воспитанием и добродетелью, подчёркивая важность «благородных мужей» в династическую пору, а также противопоставляя их презренным мужам и описывая, насколько лучше бы развивались события, участвуй в них «благородные мужи».

Примечания

Комментарии

Сноски

Библиография

Ссылки

Книги 1479 года
Династия Ле
Труды по истории Вьетнама
Исторические источники

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Mulan: Movie Review
(for sequences of violence)
Action & Adventure, Drama, Kids & Family
Yifei Liu, Donnie Yen, Jet Li, Li Gong, Jason Scott Lee, Yoson An, Nelson Lee, Jun Yu, Jimmy Wong, Doua Moua,Ron Yuan, Tzi Ma, Rosalind Chou, Xana Tang
Niki Caro
More on this movie at IMDb.com
CBN is not endorsing the films or TV shows CBN.com reviews. Our goal is to provide information about the latest in entertainment, both the good and the bad, so you may make an informed decision as to what is appropriate for you and your families.
Movieguide Magazine
MULAN (2020) is not a direct remake of the 1998 animated movie. Instead, Disney went back to the original Chinese ballad, which is very short, and created the story of a young woman with a lot of mystical energy, or chi, who goes to fight in place of her father with the imperial army against some attacking nomads. There's lots of action, battles and killing as well as a powerful witch, who tells Mulan that she could be a witch too, and some good adherence to loyalty, bravery, truth, and family. MULAN is a very exciting, beautifully filmed movie with a great heartrending ending that will cover up a multitude of sins.
The movie opens in a fortress village, where everyone lives inside the walls of the round stone fortress. Mulan chases a chicken to get the chicken back into its coup. She is extremely athletic and acrobatic and chases the chicken all over the fortress, wrecking the village, including the phoenix in front of the ancestor worship temple. When she stops, her father is incredibly proud of her, but everyone else in the village, including her mother, is upset. She's given a lecture that she needs to honor the family by becoming a wife and a mother when the matchmaker finds a match.
Meanwhile, somewhere on the western edge of China, the nomads, presumably Mongolians, are conquering one Chinese village after another with the help of a female witch who can transform herself into a hawk or a flock of crows. The nomad leader, called a khan, wants revenge against the Emperor for taking his land and killing his father. The Khan promises his warlords a lot of gold and booty, but one of them doesn't want treasure, he just wants revenge.
When the Emperor hears of this, they call up all families in China to contribute one man in each family fight with the imperial army. Mulan's father used to be a great warrior, but now he walks around with a leather leg brace and cane from his battle wounds. When he's called up, Mulan takes his scroll, armor and the family sword inscribed with the code of the soldier Loyal, Brave, Truth.
Meanwhile, the Khan continues taking major cities. The witch can enter into a soldier or other person to betray the city.
Instead of her father, Mulan goes off with the troops. On her way, she encounters the witch who eventually tells her she has a tremendous amount of chi, or life energy, and is just like her, a witch. Mulan says she's only going to serve the Emperor, and after an exciting duel, she recovers with the help of her phoenix, a vision of the mythical bird who leads her to the imperial city.
Mulan has wrapped a girdle around her chest to hide her femininity and joins a group of soldiers in their training and in their barracks. There are many funny instances where she has to avoid being found out, one where a soldier puts her arm around her sleeping. She pushes him away, and he puts his arm around another soldier. One soldier is attracted to her and probes her with questions to get her to like him. There's a lot of double entendre. In the exercises, Mulan reveals her tremendous chi and prowess, and the general recognizes she is extraordinary.
Mulan and the other soldiers are sent to the frontier. Along the way, they pass the dead bodies of a brigade of defeated soldiers. In an intense battle, Mulan saves the day by causing an avalanche through misdirecting the enemy's catapult.
After the battle, she informs the troops that these nomad battles are just a distraction and the real force is heading toward the imperial city, with the help of the witch hawk. At the imperial city, the nomadic soldiers sneak in when the witch uses her powers to open the gate and possess the body of the Emperor's chief counselor.
Mulan has revealed herself as a woman, realizing that she can no longer lie. The rule among the soldiers is that, if you betray your fellow soldiers, it's death, and if you lie, it's banishment. Mulan is banished, but she makes a case that she should be saving the Emperor. So, she is allowed to lead a small group of warriors to save the Emperor.
Can the Emperor be saved? Will Mulan be killed for her deception? Will Mulan ever get back to her family?
MULAN is a very well-directed, well-produced movie. The acting is terrific, the dialogue is clear, the character arcs are powerful. It has some of the best battle scenes since BRAVEHEART, with clear focus and incredible comprehension of tactics, strategy and the need to know where the heroine is at all times.
The Chinese martial arts acrobatics are terrific. Once upon a time, before I was a Christian, I represented the first Chinese movie with aerial acrobatics, TOUCH OF ZEN, and got it into the New York Film Festival. Mulan takes those to another level.
That said, for Christians it has a lot of problems. The witchcraft and strong Chinese religious elements directly contradict both Scripture and Truth. Having grown up in the occult, they can be a very strong form of myth conceptions and bondage. If only you find the right way to use the incantation or use your chi, you can become a superhero. The movie's feminism is clear, with the witch saying that women aren't appreciated, and women with power need to become witches. The movie's revisionist history is annoying, although it is clear that the nomads are attacking to revenge the attack of the Chinese on their villages. Even so, the Emperor is portrayed as a kindly old man. The witch is also a sympathetic character. Throughout the movie, there's ancestor worship and tat the end of the movie, the ancestors are credited with the victory. The Book of Hebrews says God has appointed us to die once, so our ancestors are not around to take care of us. Also, the phoenix in the movie becomes a spirit guide to Mulan, which again is abhorrent to the Truth and another myth conception. According to the Bible, these spirit guides and ancestor idols are demonic. They promise success and victory but only deliver bondage because you sell your soul to the wrong powers in the world.
That said, there are some very good virtues in the movie, from a strong appreciation for family, very clear self-sacrifice, some wonderful cases of turning from the bad to the good, and of course, the virtues written on the sword of loyalty, bravery, truth, and family. The love interest motif is a little muddied, however, because, in the beginning, the attraction is between what another soldier thinks is a man who turns out to be a woman, and there are other humorous suggestions of homosexuality. In addition, much of the movie involves deception and cross dressing, though for a good purpose – to save the father and the fatherland. Many of these elements were not as pronounced in Disney's animated version, so the animated version is more acceptable, but even so, those who are going to see the live action version should be forewarned and discuss the pitfalls and false religious elements in the movie.
MULAN (2020) is a borderline Minus 3 movie because of all the witchcraft and false religion, cross dressing and intense violence, but for discerning audiences who aren't going to be affected by this problem, it could be considered just Minus 2.
Mark Henn: Disney Animator on Frozen, Christian Faith and Fairy Tales
Enchanted: Fairy Tale or Spiritual Parable?
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One of the UK's largest non-domestic water suppliers, Business Stream, has saved its customers more than £37 million in discounts, water efficiency savings and energy costs over the past year, according to new figures released by the company.
The environmental savings recorded over the last eight years mean Business Stream customers have been able to reduce their water usage by 24 billion litres of water - the equivalent of saving 42,000 tonnes of carbon.
Johanna Dow, chief executive of Business Stream said: "Over the last eight years we have listened to our customers and tailored our solutions to meet their needs. From the outset of competition in Scotland, we have sought to pass on the benefits of competition to businesses and other organisations through an improved customer experience, innovative new services and keener pricing. These financial savings and environmental benefits are testament to those efforts."
"With England's water market on the cusp of opening to competition next year, we need to ensure that businesses and public sector organisations are fully aware of, and able to benefit from, the wide range of opportunities available through competition. We're confident that our experience in Scotland, combined with the acquisition of Southern Water's customer base, puts us in an excellent position to deliver those benefits and increase our market share."


The JAG Ultra Eye gives 20x magnification, extremely important in sharpening truly perfect hook points. When trying to master the art of precision hook sharpening, the ability to see the results up close makes a huge difference. Compact design for storage and lens protection.


text:
Serra da Malagueta je pohoří na severozápadě ostrova Santiago na Kapverdských ostrovech. Je přístupné po silnici z měst Praia a Taraffal, která spojuje sever a jih ostrova Santiago.

Nachází se zde chráněná rezervace Parque Natural da Serra da Malagueta o rozloze 774 hektarů.

Odkazy

Reference

Externí odkazy

Geografie Kapverd
Tarrafal
São Miguel
Santa Catarina (Kapverdy)


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HomePosts tagged 'Writers Resist'
Writers Resist
Los Angeles Literature Events 1/28/19 –2/03/19
January 28, 2019 Brian L.A. Literary Happenings, Los Angeles Literary Events	Annenberg Beach House, Beyond Baroque, Book Carnival, Civic Center Studios, Gatsby's Bookstore, Hammer Museum, Open Door Poetry Reading, Pages Bookstore, PEN Emerging Voices, Poetic Research Bureau, Redondo Poets, Skylight Books, Vroman's, Writers Resist
Wally Rudoplph & Christine Yoo at Annenberg Beach House
Join us for Writer-in-Residence Wally Rudolph's first of three public conversations at the Annenberg Community Beach House. In Creating Art in Times of Strife, Rudolph presents a series of one-on-one conversations with socially conscious artist across disciplines, informing how current political polarization and environmental crisis affect and inform each artist's process and practice.
Christine Yoo's forthcoming documentary, 26.2 to Life, chronicles a year in the life of San Quentin's 1000 Mile Club, a prison running group training for an annual marathon inside the prison's crowded lower yard: 105 laps to complete 26.2 miles. Wally and Christine discuss how the making of the film has affected her view of the prison industrial complex and the human cost of our justice system
NOTE: Tickets for this free event are available at Eventbrite link.
Where: Annenberg Beach House, Pacific Coast Hwy. at Beach House Way
Address: 415 Pacific Coast Hwy., Santa Monica, CA 90402
Website: http://www.eventbrite.com/e/creating-art-in-times-of-strife-filmmaker-christine-yoo-in-conversation-with-wally-rudolph-registration-52542197126


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