text:
\section{Introduction}
Embedding provides a way of including the effects of the substrate in
a calculation of electronic structure over a restricted region of
space.\cite{jei1} For example, embedding allows us to find the
electronic structure at a surface by solving the Schr\"odinger
equation in the surface region, adding embedding potentials to the
Hamiltonian to include the effects of the semi-infinite substrate and
vacuum regions.\cite{jei2,ishida1} The embedding potentials ensure
that the wave-functions (or the Green function) in the surface region
have the correct boundary corrections on the boundaries of the region,
without matching wave-functions explicitly. The alternative to
embedding is to solve the Schr\"odinger equation for a slab of
material, or a periodic array of slabs. However, slab calculations do
not give the energy continuum of bulk states, and unless the slab is
very thick, the localised surface states interact across the
slab. Embedding calculations have neither of these drawbacks. Several
methods have been developed over the years for finding the embedding
potential for a semi-infinite substrate, with the full crystal
potential, for solving the energy-dependent Schr\"odinger equation in
full-potential calculations of surface electronic
structure.\cite{ishida1,crampin} In this paper we develop a very fast
method for calculating the embedding potential to replace a
semi-infinite one-dimensional periodic potential.

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=12cm] {al_pot.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{One-dimensional potential for modelling the Al(001)
surface.\cite{chulkov1} At $z_v$ the surface region is embedded on to
the vacuum Coulomb tail, and at $z_c$ it is embedded on to the
semi-infinite crystal potential.}
\label{fig1}
\end{figure}
Going from the full three-dimensional crystal potential to a
one-dimensional potential may seem a retrograde step, but Chulkov
\emph{et al.} \cite{chulkov,chulkov1} have recently developed
one-dimensional models of the bulk and surface potential (figure 1),
which give an accurate description of electronic states at the
surface. This has proved particularly useful in many-body and lifetime
studies of Shockley and image potential-induced surface
states.\cite{sarria,ssreport,echenique} This one-dimensional potential
is of course felt by electrons moving in three dimensions, with a
wave-function of the form
\begin{equation}
\Psi(\mathbf{r})=\exp(i\mathbf{K}.\mathbf{R})\psi(z), \label{eq1}
\end{equation}
where $\mathbf{K}$ is the free-electron wave-vector parallel to the
surface, which lies in the $\mathbf{R}$ plane.  Our own interest lies
in using these model surface potentials in the time-dependent
Schr\"odinger equation, which we solve by a new embedding
technique.\cite{jei3} The crystal substrate is replaced by a
time-dependent embedding potential, essentially the Fourier transform
of the energy-dependent embedding potential. This must be evaluated at
a very fine energy grid over a very wide energy range -- hence we need
a method for finding the energy-dependent embedding potential as
efficiently as possible.

The general idea of embedding is that we partition space into two (or
more) regions, solving the Schr\"odinger equation explicitly in what
we call region I, with the rest of space, region II, replaced by an
embedding potential added to the Hamiltonian of region I. The
embedding potential is defined over the interface $S$ between regions
I and II.\cite{jei1} Using a variational method, it can be shown that
the wave-function for the system, $\psi(\mathbf{r})$, satisfies the
following Schr\"odinger equation in region I,
\begin{eqnarray}
\lefteqn{\left(-\frac{1}{2}\nabla^2+V(\mathbf r)\right)
\psi(\mathbf{r})+\delta(\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}_S)\left[\frac{1}{2}
\frac{\partial\psi}{\partial n_S}\right.}\nonumber\\&&+
\left.\int_S d\mathbf{r}_S'\left(\Sigma(\mathbf{r}_S,\mathbf{r}_S';
\epsilon)+(E-\epsilon)\frac{\partial \Sigma}{\partial \epsilon}
\right)\psi(\mathbf{r}'_S)\right]=E\psi(\mathbf{r}),\label{eq2}
\end{eqnarray}
where the integral is over $S$.\cite{jei1} The embedding potential
$\Sigma$ is a function of two interface coordinates and is evaluated
at trial energy $\epsilon$; the energy derivative term gives $\Sigma$
at the required energy $E$, to first order in $(E-\epsilon)$. The
embedding potential gives the generalised logarithmic derivative over
$S$ of the wave-function in region II,\cite{jei2}
\begin{equation}
\frac{\partial\psi(\mathbf{r}_S)}{\partial n_S}=-2\int_S
d\mathbf{r}'_S \Sigma(\mathbf{r}_S,\mathbf{r}'_S;E)
\psi(\mathbf{r}'_S),\label{eq3}
\end{equation}
and this ensures that $\psi$ in region I matches correctly in
amplitude and derivative on to the solution in II. In
three-dimensional applications, we find $\Sigma$ from the Green
function for region II satisfying the zero-derivative boundary
condition on $S$.\cite{jei1,jei2} However, in the one-dimensional
application described in this paper, we use Eq.~\ref{eq3} to find the
embedding potential -- in one-dimension, this becomes a relation
between amplitude and derivative at the point between regions I and II.

As the use of $\Sigma$ suggests, the embedding potential is a form of
self-energy, an energy-dependent, possibly complex potential added on
to the Hamiltonian to replace a region of phase space or Hilbert
space. In fact the embedding potential in the linear combination of
atomic orbitals formalism \cite{baraff} is usually called the
self-energy, often in connection with conduction through linear
molecules attached at each end to metallic
contacts.\cite{mujica,starikov} The contacts and associated electron
reservoirs are replaced in the tight-binding Hamiltonian of the system
by self-energies (embedding potentials in tight-binding
guise).\cite{davies,ishida2} In our embedding method, in which space
is partitioned, we can use any convenient basis set for expanding the
wave-function or Green function in region I.

We now briefly describe the structure of this paper. In section II we
shall use solutions of the Schr\"odinger equation in one unit cell to
calculate the complex band structure, which describes the allowed
solutions for the semi-infinite crystal at energy $E$, and the
logarithmic derivative of these solutions, hence the embedding
potential $\Sigma(E)$. Related results have been derived by
Butti,\cite{butti} using a different method, and his expression for
the one-dimensional embedding potential was used in a recent analysis
of electron spectroscopies from adsorbates.\cite{trioni} The result
for the band structure has previously been derived by Kohn,\cite{kohn}
and with particular reference to the sinusoidal potential (the Mathieu
problem), by McLachlan.\cite{mclachlan} The expressions are remarkably
simple, and the band structure formula in particular may be useful in
teaching, where one-dimensional potentials such as the Kronig-Penney
model frequently serve as an introduction to band
theory.\cite{merzbacher} In section III we shall illustrate the use of
the embedding potential in a calculation of the density of states at
the Al(001) surface using the one-dimensional model potential of
Chulkov \emph{et al}.\cite{chulkov1} The expression for the embedding
potential of a one-dimensional crystal is useful not only in the
energy domain, but we are also using it in Fourier transform (with an
extra factor of $1/E$)\cite{jei3} to study time-dependent processes at
surfaces, such as electron emission.

Atomic units are used in this paper, with $e^2=\hbar=m_e=1$.
\section{Band structure and embedding potential}
Our starting point for finding the band structure and embedding
potential is the Green function formula for the wave-function
$\psi(z)$ in some interval in terms of the derivatives at the ends of
the range,
\begin{equation}
\psi(z)=\frac{1}{2}[G(z,a)\psi'(a)-G(z,0)\psi'(0)],
\;\;0\le z\le a,\label{eq5}
\end{equation}
where we take the range to be the unit cell between $z=0$ and $z=a$ of
the infinite one-dimensional crystal; $G$ is the Green function with
zero-derivative boundary conditions at the ends of the unit cell. This
formula is analogous to the equation in electrostatics giving the
potential inside some region of space in terms of the boundary values
of the electric field,\cite{jackson} and can be derived in exactly
the same way.

This equation satisfied by the wave-function within the unit cell does
not depend on $\psi(z)$ in the rest of the crystal, but we now impose
the Bloch form of wave-function. Evaluating $\psi$ at $z=0$,
Eq.~\ref{eq5} becomes
\begin{equation}
\psi(0)=\frac{1}{2}\psi'(0)[G(0,a)\exp(ika)-G(0,0)],
\label{eq9}
\end{equation}
where $k$ is the Bloch wave-vector. But we can also evaluate
Eq.~\ref{eq5} at $z=a$, giving
\begin{equation}
\psi(a)=\frac{1}{2}\psi'(a)[G(a,a)-G(a,0)\exp(-ika)].\label{eq10}
\end{equation}
Now the logarithmic derivative $\psi'/\psi$ is invariant to a lattice
displacement, so comparing these two equations we obtain
\begin{equation}
G(0,a)\exp(ika)-G(0,0)=G(a,a)-G(a,0)\exp(-ika).\label{eq11}
\end{equation}
The Green function is symmetric in its spatial variables, so
$G(0,a)=G(a,0)$, and Eq.~\ref{eq11} simplifies to
\begin{equation}
\cos(ka)=\frac{G(0,0)+G(a,a)}{2G(0,a)}.\label{eq12}
\end{equation}
This can be simplified further by using the expression for the Green
function in terms of wave-functions $\phi_1(z)$ and $\phi_2(z)$, which
satisfy the boundary conditions of the Green function at each end of
the unit cell: $\phi_1$ satisfies the Schr\"odinger equation with
$\phi_1'(0)=0$, and at the other end of the unit cell $\phi_2'(a)=0$,
\begin{equation}
G(z,z')=-\frac{2\phi_1(z_<)\phi_2(z_>)}{W(\phi_1,\phi_2)},\label{eq13}
\end{equation}
where $W$ is the Wronskian.\cite{morse} Furthermore, we take
$\phi_1(0)=1$, $\phi_2(a)=1$. Then substituting Eq.~\ref{eq13} into
Eq.~\ref{eq12} gives the remarkably simple expression for the
wave-vector,
\begin{equation}
\cos(ka)=\frac{\phi_1(a)+\phi_2(0)}{2}.\label{eq14}
\end{equation}
So we can find the Bloch wave-vector corresponding to a particular
energy by two integrations through the unit cell, one in each
direction, to find $\phi_1$ and $\phi_2$. If the potential is
symmetric with respect to the origin, $\phi_1(a)=\phi_2(0)$, and the
result simplifies to
\begin{equation}
\cos(ka)=\phi_1(a), \label{abram}
\end{equation}

Using wave-function matching, Kohn \cite{kohn} gives a result related to
Eq.~\ref{eq14}, though instead of using $\phi_2$, his second
wave-function has zero amplitude at $z=0$ and unit
derivative. Abramowitz and Stegun \cite{abramowitz} quote
Eq.~\ref{abram} in section 20.3.10 in the chapter on Mathieu
functions, and this is proved by McLachlan \cite{mclachlan} using a
Fourier expansion of the wave-function. An alternative approach is
given by Butti:\cite{butti} he uses the same starting
wave-functions as Kohn to find the transfer matrix; this relates
solutions of the Schr\"odinger equation at each end of the unit cell,
and its eigenvalues give the Bloch phase factors.

If the solutions $\phi_1$ and $\phi_2$ at real energy $E$ satisfy
$|\phi_1(a)+\phi_2(0)|/2> 1$, then $E$ lies in a bulk band-gap, and
the wave-vector $k$ satisfying Eq.~\ref{eq14} is complex (either pure
imaginary, or complex with a real part at the Brillouin zone
boundary). This corresponds to a Bloch solution forbidden in the
infinite bulk crystal, but allowed in the semi-infinite crystal, for
example in the case of a crystal with a surface.\cite{fauster} More
generally we can find the band-structure at \emph{complex} $E$ -- we
shall need this in section III. In this case, $k$ satisfying
Eq.~\ref{eq14} is always complex, and the two solutions correspond to
two different physical cases. One solution corresponds to waves
travelling to the right and decaying in this direction, with
$\mbox{Im}\,k>0$; the other solution, with $\mbox{Im}\,k<0$ is
travelling and decaying to the left.  Which solution we take depends
on the particular problem -- in our case, with the semi-infinite bulk
crystal lying in the positive $z$-direction (figure \ref{fig1}) the
physical solution corresponds to $\mbox{Im}\,k>0$.

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics [width=12cm] {al_complex_bands.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{Complex band structure for Al in the $[001]$ direction
with the one-dimensional potential. $\mbox{Re}\,E$ is plotted along
the $y$-axis, and $\mbox{Im}\,E$ is kept fixed at $0.002$ a.u. Solid
line, $\mbox{Re}\,k$; dashed line, $\mbox{Im}\,k$.}
\label{fig2}
\end{figure}

To illustrate the method, we evaluate the complex band structure of a
one-dimensional pseudopotential corresponding to Al in the $[001]$
direction,
\begin{equation}
V(z)=A\cos(2\pi z/a),\label{eq19}
\end{equation}
where the amplitude is given by $A=0.0618$ a.u. and the lattice
constant $a$ is $3.8$ a.u. -- the bulk potential of figure
\ref{fig1}.\cite{chulkov1} This is the Mathieu problem, but our method
holds for arbitrary potential and arbitrary origin. We calculate the
band structure at complex energy, keeping the imaginary part of the
energy fixed at 0.002 a.u. At each energy we find $\phi_1$ and
$\phi_2$ by integrating the Schr\"odinger equation through the unit
cell using Numerov's method,\cite{jos} with a spatial interval of
0.002 a.u., starting off the integrations using the method described
by Quiroz Gonz\'{a}les and Thompson,\cite{quiroz} The resulting band
structure, smoothed by working with the small imaginary energy, is shown
in figure \ref{fig2}. $\mbox{Re}\,k$ is plotted in the extended zone
scheme to give a continuous curve, weaving its way from band to band
around the bulk band gaps; as we expect, $\mbox{Im}\,k$ is non-zero
below the bottom of the band, and in the band gaps. Our analysis of
the complex band structure is important now that we turn to the
embedding potential.

We need the embedding potential $\Sigma_c$ to replace the
semi-infinite bulk crystal, which we assume lies to the right of $z_c$
(figure \ref{fig1}), where we now put the origin of the unit cell. In
the one-dimensional case, Eq.~\ref{eq3} simplifies to the logarithmic
derivative,
\begin{equation}
\Sigma_c=-\frac{1}{2}\frac{\psi'(0)}{\psi(0)}, \label{eq20}
\end{equation}
where $\psi$ is the solution of the Schr\"odinger equation for the
semi-infinite crystal travelling or decaying as
$z\rightarrow\infty$.\cite{jei4} We can find this logarithmic
derivative directly from Eq.~\ref{eq9}, and substituting the Wronskian
expression for the Green function, Eq.~\ref{eq13}, we obtain the
following result for the embedding potential,
\begin{equation}
\Sigma_c=\frac{W(\phi_1,\phi_2)}{2[\exp(ika)-\phi_2(0)]}.
\label{eq21}
\end{equation}
The wave-vector $k$ in this expression corresponds to the wave
travelling or decaying to the right -- this is precisely the value of
$k$ which was discussed above in the band structure calculation
(figure \ref{fig2}). This result is different in form from the
expression derived by Butti,\cite{butti} but the two must be
identical.

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics [width=12cm] {al_sigma.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{Embedding potential for a bulk Al substrate with the
one-dimensional potential, evaluated at $z_c=10$ a.u., as a function
of $\mbox{Re}\,E$. $\mbox{Im}\,E$ is kept fixed at $0.0002$ a.u. Solid
line, $\mbox{Re}\,\Sigma_c$; dashed line, $\mbox{Im}\,\Sigma_c$.}
\label{fig3}
\end{figure}
We now calculate the embedding potential for the Al substrate at
$z_c=10$ a.u., at a complex energy with an imaginary part equal to
0.0002 a.u. The only additional feature compared with the band
structure calculation is that the expression for the embedding
potential involves the Wronskian, in which we evaluate the
derivatives by finite differences. The results are shown in figure
\ref{fig3}, and we note that $\mbox{Im}\,\Sigma$ is negative, as we
require from causality.

\section{Surface density of states}
The Al(001) surface is suitable for demonstrating this embedding
potential -- the one-dimensional crystal potential of Chulkov
\emph{et al.} \cite{chulkov1} should work well in this s-p bonded
metal, and the (001) surface shows a Shockley surface
state,\cite{greg} as well as structure induced by the image
potential.\cite{maziar2}

We shall calculate the local density of states $\sigma(z,\varepsilon)$
in the surface region, the charge density of states with energy
$\varepsilon$. This is given by the sum over states
\begin{equation}
\sigma(z,\varepsilon)=\sum_i|\psi_i(z)|^2\delta(\varepsilon-
\varepsilon_i),\label{eq23}
\end{equation}
where $\psi_i(z)$ is a wave-function of the system with energy
$\varepsilon_i$, and it can be written in terms of the Green function
evaluated at an energy with a small imaginary part,
\begin{equation}
\sigma(z,\varepsilon)=\frac{1}{\pi}\mbox{Im}\,G(z,z;\varepsilon+i\eta).
\label{eq24}
\end{equation}
(Note that we use $\varepsilon$ to denote a real energy, and $E$ to
denote an energy which may be complex -- here, $E=\varepsilon+i\eta$.)

Let us take the surface region, where we calculate $G$, between $z_v$
on the vacuum side and $z_c$ on the crystal side (figure \ref{fig1}),
and then in this region $G$ satisfies the Schr\"odinger equation
embedded on both sides,
\begin{eqnarray}
\lefteqn{-\frac{1}{2}\frac{\partial^2 G}{\partial z^2}+
(V-E)G(z,z';E)+\delta(z-z_c)\left[\frac{1}{2}\frac{\partial G}
{\partial z}+\Sigma_c(E)G(z_c,z';E)\right]}\hspace*{3cm}\nonumber\\&&
\hspace*{-2cm}+\delta(z-z_v)\left[-\frac{1}{2}\frac{\partial G}
{\partial z}+\Sigma_v(E)G(z_v,z';E)\right]=\delta(z-z').\label{eq25}
\end{eqnarray}
The surface region is embedded at $z_c$ on to the crystal, with the
crystal embedding potential $\Sigma_c$, and at $z_v$ on to the vacuum
region, which is replaced by $\Sigma_v$. Unlike Eq.~\ref{eq2},
the embedded Schr\"odinger equation for the Green function does not
contain the energy derivative of the embedding potentials; this is
because we know the energy at which they should be evaluated -- the
energy $E$ of the Green function.

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics [width=14cm] {image_sigma.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{Embedding potential for the vacuum region, evaluated at
$z_v=-10$ a.u. with the image plane at $z_0=-3.44$ a.u., as a function
of $\mbox{Re}\,E$. $\mbox{Im}\,E$ is kept fixed at $0.0002$ a.u. Solid
line, $\mbox{Re}\,\Sigma_v$; dashed line, $\mbox{Im}\,\Sigma_v$.}
\label{fig4}
\end{figure}
Although it is not the main topic of this paper, we shall say a few
words about the embedding potential $\Sigma_v$, which replaces the
vacuum region outside the crystal. Here the electron feels the Coulomb
tail of the image potential,
\begin{equation}
V(z)=V_0-\frac{1}{4|z_0-z|},\label{eq26}
\end{equation}
where $V_0$ is the vacuum zero (we take the average potential in the
bulk crystal as the zero of energy), and $z_0$ is the position of the
image plane. Again we calculate the embedding potential from the
logarithmic derivative of the outgoing or decaying solution of the
Schr\"odinger equation -- this is a combination of the regular and
irregular Coulomb functions\cite{maziar1,thompson} $F_0$ and $G_0$ (in the notation of Abramowitz and Stegun\cite{abramowitz}), with angular momentum $L=0$

\begin{equation}
\psi(z)=H_0^-(\eta,\rho)=G_0(\eta,\rho)-iF_0(\eta,\rho) \label{eq28}
\end{equation}
with arguments given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\rho&=&\sqrt{2(E-V_0)}(z-z_0) \nonumber\\
\eta&=&\frac{1}{4\sqrt{2(E-V_0)}}. \label{eq27}
\end{eqnarray}
Thompson and Barnett \cite{thompson} give a rapidly converging
continued fraction expression for $H_0^{-\prime}/H_0^-$, from which we
can immediately find the vacuum region embedding potential
$\Sigma_v$. Figure \ref{fig4} shows $\Sigma_v$, at $z_v=-10$ a.u. with
the image plane at $z_0=-3.44$ a.u. as a function of energy, taking
$\mbox{Im}\,E=0.0002$ a.u. The structure just below the vacuum zero at
$E=0.577$ a.u. comes from bound states of the Coulomb potential.

We are now in a position to solve the embedded Schr\"odinger equation
in region I, the near-surface region, using a basis set expansion for
$G$,
\begin{equation}
G(z,z';E)=\sum_{i,j}G_{ij}(E)\chi_i(z)\chi_j(z'). \label{eq29}
\end{equation}
The Schr\"odinger equation Eq.~\ref{eq25} then reduces to a matrix
equation,
\begin{equation}
\sum_j\left(H_{ij}+\Sigma_{ij}(E)-ES_{ij}\right)G_{jk}=\delta_{ik},
\label{eq30}
\end{equation}
where the Hamiltonian matrix is given by
\begin{equation}
H_{ij}=\frac{1}{2}\int_{z_v}^{z_c}dz\frac{d\chi_i}{dz}\frac{d\chi_j}
{dz}+\int_{z_v}^{z_c}dz\chi_i(z)V(z)\chi)_j(z), \label{eq31}
\end{equation}
the embedding matrix by
\begin{equation}
\Sigma_{ij}(E)=\Sigma_c(E)\chi_i(z_c)\chi_j(z_c)+\Sigma_v(E)\chi_i(z_v)
\chi_j(z_v), \label{eq32}
\end{equation}
and $S$ is the overlap matrix,
\begin{equation}
S_{ij}=\int_{z_v}^{z_c}dz\chi_i(z)\chi_j(z). \label{eq33}
\end{equation}
We usually use trigonometric basis functions,
\begin{equation}
\chi_m(z)=\left\{\begin{array}{l}\cos\frac{m\pi\zeta}{2D},\,
\;m\mbox{ even}\\\sin\frac{m\pi\zeta}{2D},\;\;m\mbox{ odd}\end{array}
\right., \label{eq34}
\end{equation}
where $\zeta$ is measured from the mid-point of region I,
\begin{equation}
\zeta=z-\frac{z_v+z_c}{2}\label{eq35}
\end{equation}
and a value of $D>(z_c-z_v)/2$ gives a range of logarithmic derivatives at
$z_v$ and $z_c$ for matching on to the embedding potentials. Solving
Eq.~\ref{eq30} then gives us $G$, and via Eq.~\ref{eq23} the local
density of states.

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics [width=14cm] {al_dos.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{Surface density of states of Al(001), the local density of
states integrated through region I, taken between $z_v=-10$ a.u. and
$z_c=+10$ a.u.}
\label{fig5}
\end{figure}
Integrating the local density of states over the surface region, we
obtain the surface density of states for Al(001), shown in figure
\ref{fig5}. Here we take region I between $z_v=-10$ a.u. and $z_c=+10$
a.u., and 20 basis functions are used, defined with $D=13$ a.u. These
results, which correspond to $\mathbf{K}=0$ in three dimensions, show
the Shockley surface state near the bottom of the band gap, broadened
by the imaginary part of the energy at which the the Green function
and embedding potentials are evaluated, here taken to be $0.0002$
a.u. Less familiar is the structure just below the vacuum edge, at
$E=0.577$ a.u., which comes from surface resonances induced by the
image potential.\cite{maziar2} These are the image potential surface
states, broadened into resonances by interacting with the continuum of
bulk states. All the features in the surface electronic structure --
the continuum of bulk states, the Shockley and image surface states --
depend on a correct treatment of the substrate and vacuum regions, via
the embedding potentials.
\section{Concluding remarks}
The motivation for this work was to derive the embedding potential for
a one-dimensional model of a crystal as efficiently as possible, for
subsequent use in energy-dependent or time-dependent surface
calculations. We have shown how the band structure and embedding
potential can be found by integrating through the unit cell at a
chosen energy, starting at each end of the cell with a zero-derivative
boundary condition. Using these results, we have calculated the band
structure and embedding potential for Al in the [001] direction as a
function of complex energy, and applied this to calculating the
surface density of states at the Al(001) surface.

We are now using these results in studies of time-dependent excitation
processes at surfaces, taking the Fourier transform of the embedding
potential to find the time-dependent embedding potential. But
one-dimensional periodic potentials occur in a variety of contexts --
not least in teaching -- and we hope that the results and their derivations will be of
wider
interest.
\section*{Acknowledgements}
I am grateful to Greg Benesh (Baylor) for his useful comments
on the manuscript, to Eugene Chulkov (San Sebasti\'{a}n) for help with
his one-dimensional potential, to Simon Crampin (Bath) and Hiroshi
Ishida (Tokyo) for their references to Abramowitz and Stegun and Kohn's
article, to Jos Thijssen (Delft) for suggestions about wave-function
matching, and to Mario Trioni (Milano-Bicocca) who drew my attention to the work of Gabriele Butti.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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With this, she achieved her dying wish, to not be forgotten. Egypt was an extremely rich country, and Rome began to depend on its wealth. This was considered a badge of authority that gave a clear hint of his intentions. Cleopatra is famous for being the last Pharaoh. Cleopatra and Mark Antony formed their own drinking club. This was all on top of a chauvinistic view that a woman cannot lead a land without the guidance of a man, though in this case a child Grochowski, 2005.
In Rome this caused a scandal. His place in history was in Entrepreneur Engineering Inventor. There he met his end as he is stabbed to his death by all sixty Senate people, lead by Brutus and Cassius. We aim to empower and inspire our readers with the tools needed to understand the world and appreciate its everyday awe. What was Harriet Beecher Stowe famous for? However, she was not beautiful and had a much masculine features. After a series of defeats, Pompey fled to Egypt in 48 B. She delayed her departure, took her time, then sailed into Tarsus in a great golden barge and entered the city in an extravagant show of style loaded with gifts.
Octavian then formally declared war against Cleopatra. Julius Caesar and Cleopatra also had a son, Caesarion. Because of the time period in which Cleopatra lived not very much is known of her. Pompey did not realize how much his reputation had been destroyed by Pharsalus until it was too late. She was also married to him. Lover of Mark Anthony, and mother to three of h … is children. Cleopatra did so, then went further; she swept him off his feet.
E when Cleopatra was forced to escape to Syria after being dethroned by her brother who was told to do so by his advisers, Achillas and Theodotus. She grew up studying and memorizing literary works which taught about history, religion and philosophy. This, they say, has been backed by images of the Queen that have been unearthed through the statues and coins of that era. Julius Caesar is smitten by the woman delivered through a carpet; it is smuggled through Alexandria and is presented as a gift for the Roman leader Grochowski, 2005. The Nile canals had been neglected during her absence which caused the harvests to be bad and the inundations low. A 1963 film about her was one of the most expensive movies of all time. A famous example of her flair for the dramatic came in 48 B.
She found in him the opportunity to restore the old glory of her Ptolemaic decent. Much of the later coming tragedy was now being plotted in Rome. The only other ruler to cast a shadow on the fascination with Cleopatra was Alexander who was another Macedonian. She found Egypt suffering from plagues and famine. Octavian, along with Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, rounded out the Second Triumvirate.
To prepare this treatment you will need a sterling silver bowl, pure thermal water, aloe Vera juice and honey. This family is known as the Ptolemies. Rinse your hands with lukewarm water and enjoy wonderfully soft and beautiful hands. Little Caesar, for his part, was Son of God, King of Kings, and Horus. She used this knowledge in her many duties as queen.


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Men and the idea of Feminism
While women were mostly considered as the representative of the domestic sphere in history, men were the public representatives. A woman was supposed to take care of the household, cook and clean and many still do, while the men worked to earn their bread and butter. In fact, in mediaeval Europe, women were not allowed to own property, to study, or to even have a public life. They had no basic human rights, let alone have a life of their own. Men had control over them and they couldn't even step out of the house without the permission of a man.
At the end of the 19th century, in France, women were compelled to cover their heads whenever they were in public spaces and in certain parts of Germany, a man had the right to sell his wife if he wanted to.
Even during the 20th century, women did not have the right to vote or hold elective office in Europe as well as the United States. They were prevented from engaging in business without a male representative, whether her husband, father, son or a legal agent. Apart from that, they had no control over their own children without the permission of their husbands. They had little or no access to education and were not allowed to practice most of the professions. And such restrictions still exist at some places till date.
With such constraints and limits that bound women, it was quite obvious that they would stand up for their rights one day and be fearless. However, feminism is not all about women and not just for women. Men can gain a lot from feminism if they try to be a part of it as it talks about equality not superiority. Have a look below and find out about the history of feminism and how men can be a feminist, while not only helping out their female fellows but also understand why feminism is needed by men as well.
History of Feminism
The Ancient Times
According to some evidence, during the 3rd century BCE, Roman women organised a protest such as filling in the Capitoline Hill and blocking all of its entrances to the Forum when consul Marcus Porcius Cato had resisted to repel laws limiting women's use of expensive goods. According to Cato, if women become equal to men, they will soon become their superiors. In the late 14th century and early 15th century in France Christine de Pisan, the first female philosopher, called out women to get educated. Another feminist, Moderata Fonte came into the picture by the end of 16th century by publishing 'The Worth of Women'. It was hotly debated, as some called it superficial and immoral, while women called it courageous and intellectual.
The Second Wave
The second wave of feminism was all about the rights of women in the 1960s and 70s. Women's concerns began when the US President John F. Kennedy prepared the President Commision on the Status of Women and appointed Eleanor Roosevelt to lead it. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 provided the first guarantee, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was amended to bar employers from discriminating on the basis of sex. This led to the women's rights movement along with the civil rights movement.
The Third Wave
The third wave of feminism erupted in the mid 1990s. It was made possible through the power and status that women had already achieved during the second wave. The Third Wave Direct Action Corporation was founded by Rebecca Walker and Alice Walker in 1992 and later named The Third Wave Foundation in 1997. It supported groups as well as individuals who were against gender, racial, economic and social injustice.
The Fourth Wave
It is believed that the fourth wave of feminism started in the year 2012, when a woman in India was brutally gangraped and later died. Local protests erupted but with time, there was an international outrage.
The focus of this wave was on rape culture, body shaming as well as sexual harassment and to free women from it. Meanwhile, after Donald Trump's entrance into the white house a grandmother proposed a march at Washington D.C. on Facebook. This post on social media caught attention by many especially regarding gender equality. Known as the Women's March it was not only demonstrated all over the States but globally as well on 21st January, 2017.
However, a more significant #MeToo movement was launched in 2006 and gained attention in 2017, where not only the common people talked about their sexual harassment episodes but even celebrities. However, it wasn't just women who disclosed their sexual assault cases, but men too. This caught attention soon that men had been harassed sexually and had been silent about it.
During the fourth wave many men joined the women and protested along with them. They were feminists and proudly said it out loud. While a lot of men were still anti-feminism, they were the one who wanted to fight for women's rights, their safety as well as equality.
Feminism and Men
Even if one male feminist stands with a group of female feminists, it can bring a change. Men are often told as kids that boys don't cry or don't run like a girl which only creates gender inequality in them as they grow up. However, there is always time to learn and change the way you see the world.
If you notice, feminism is not all about improving the status and position of women in the society but also freeing men from the restrictive code that holds them back. It can actually help them in shifting towards a more co-operative, equal relationships as well as friendships.
While not all men indulge in sexual violence or sexist behaviour (yes, we know not all men, but do take a look on the statistics), however, by being a part of feminism they can support the other gender and show that they are battling for their rights as well.
While some men still mock feminism and say that it's not needed, there are plenty of men who are feminists and take a stand for women who, all this while, had been fighting alone. A pro-feminism male is a proven strength for female feminists as they value and promote change.
How Men can Help
You could do a variety of things to defend women's rights, whether online or in person. What counts is the effort you make. You could be out there protesting with women instead of sitting in your comfy chair watching the news and sipping coffee. Apart from that, there are little differences that you could make in yourself to show some respect to them.
As employers, you could provide them equal pay, as a partner you could support them as a feminist by joining their group whether online or or not. As friends you could strengthen your friendship by treating them as an equal and not the 'the weaker sex'. No matter what you opt to do, make sure that you do it for their rights as well as for the women who have suffered all along the movement since centuries. Also, if not women, then do it for your own right to be you.
It won't question your masculinity if you become a feminist. Although many men believe so. You will only be laying down a better foundation for your daughters in the coming future, so that they won't have to ask for basic gender equality but will also be making sure that your son becomes a better human being. Men have an equal responsibility in feminism and while some are trying to ignore this fact, you can take this task on your shoulders and carry it forward.
No matter what your age or race is, feminism is a welcoming movement and many men have already joined it. You can spread awareness about gender equality and sexism, support national or local campaigns opposing sexual violence against women. In fact, you can challenge other men who indulge in sexism, misogyny as well as violence by calling it out, supporting its victims or bearing witness.
Why Men need Feminism
We have all gone through experiences where men in our lives were not able to express themselves and felt that they should not be emotional, whether they had a break-up or had a death in their family. As human beings it is natural to feel all kinds of emotions whether negative or positive in different types of situations.
However, men were mostly raised to be taught that they have to be tough and strong which led them to believe that expressing emotions is not for men, but for 'the weaker sex'. The so-called masculinity has actually made men restricted towards their feelings and emotions and they have no emotional freedom.
However, as a feminist men will be able to gain that emotional freedom that they had earlier lost and will be able to express themselves freely. As humans men as well need to showcase their emotions. It is also required for professional relationships so that you can carry on with your work in a healthy environment.
You might be able to notice that women are not being talked about here at all. That's because feminism is for men as well. It will only improve your view of seeing the world as well as functioning in a new way. Tell your son that showing his feminine side does not mean he brings shame, tell him to accept and be confident of whoever and whatever he might. Today's feminism talks of acceptance and that is something even men need, whether accepting their own sexuality or accepting that being vulnerable or may be even loving make-up as a hetrosexual men should not be shamed. We as a society need to move on from giving gender to things where it is not even needed or required.
Even if you were raised as an anti-feminist, you can take a leap of faith and join the family!
Feminism, which is a historical movement, is known to be a complex set of ideologies and theories but all it asks for is gender equality, such as equal pay for the same type of work. If you think that it began a few decades ago, you might be living under a stone. Feminism has been around corner since the 3rd century and has a huge history that includes giving the right to women to vote as well as property rights. It is still a long way to go as male privilege and gender inequality still exists. However, we have come a long way.
Feminism first began at the end of the 3rd century BCE in the ancient times with the women's movement that played an important historical role, although being overlooked. While many people proclaimed that they are pro-feminism, unequal pay and gender inequality still exists in many countries of the world. As men it is the call of this century to be more open minded and accept feminism; ditch the taboo.
# defining feminism# equality# Feminism# gender equality# machoism# masculinity# men
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


What do people use to bridge/stuff the gap between an AF Lightened flywheel and the flywheel shroud?
Or do you just trim down the flywheel shroud so it sits deeper and untill it's close enough to the flywheel?
What material is this made from? Plastic or some type of foam? I assume this sticks to the inside of the cowl with glue or some sort of adhesive?
I start with an Indian cowling that was intended for long fin flywheel, then cut a strip off (at the correct depth) so that all original bolt holes are removed... I then drill my own at the new depth. The front of the cowling needs modifying to clear the 2 projections that the head cowling bolts onto (I used to reshape the cowl over then but I've just cut out corresponding slots on the last one) and then reshape the front flat section so that it meets correctly with the head cowl.
It takes a bit of messing about but once it is done, it's done!
^... still not ideal for the AF light flywheels (based on J Range flywheel casting) as the fins are very low compared to a standard Lambretta flywheel.
^... me too, also without issue, however, the theory is that the cooling is considerably more efficient if the fins are closer to the cowling face. If you think about how the fan wants to work by forcing the air out of the cowling and into the head cowling, rather than just stirring it up a little inside the fan cowling, it does make sense that the fins do not want to be too far away from the inside face of the cowling.
Whilst I've not had issues with cooling being an issue, I do think that the theory makes good engineering sense and so have addressed the issue and not had any cooling issues with modified cowlings either. I guess this is a case of betterment, rather than fix.


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Masaru Hashiguchi (Hyogo, 21 mei 1974) is een voormalig Japans voetballer.

Carrière
Masaru Hashiguchi speelde tussen 1997 en 2000 voor Cerezo Osaka en Avispa Fukuoka.

Statistieken

Externe link

Japans voetballer

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Innovation projects highlighted
Urban Logistics
Urban Logistics projects
Collection and analysis of data on crowding in public spaces for the benefit of public transport and mobility in cities. More information
Lighthouse project, coordinated by TECNALIA, which will demonstrate in Vitoria, Sonderborg and Tartu an integral sustainable urban regeneration model based on innovative technological solutions for energy, transport and ICTs, with the aim of becoming carbon neutral cities. Lecce and Asenovgrad, follower cities, ensure the replicability of the model. CARTIF leads the evaluation of the impact of the actions of the whole project. More information
The main objective of SENATOR project is to provide four governance schemes for urban planning policies, such as User demand planning, Transport planning and City infrastructure management. More information
The SPROUT project has a consortium of 29 members, coordinated by Zaragoza Logistics Center and composed of European and non-European cities and regions, international organisations, urban transport authorities and road operators, research centres and networks and universities. Its main objective is to put cities at the centre of the urban mobility transition. The project focuses on the development of new knowledge and practice-based tools to solve mobility challenges related to both passenger and freight transport in six pilot cities. More information
Co-gistics (Mobility and Logistics Cluster of the Euskadi)
European CIP project that aims to develop, implement, adapt to existing services and implement five advanced services in seven different environments (Arad, Bordeaux, Bilbao, Frankfurt, Thessaloniki, Trieste and Vigo): CO2 footprint estimation and tracking; multimodal loader, smart truck parking and unloading area management; efficient driving support; and priority and speed advice in order to demonstrate that cooperative logistics services (including smart loading) combined with existing freight services result in more sustainable and economically efficient freight transport. More information. More infomation.
The FREILOT service aims to drastically increase energy efficiency in road freight transport in urban areas through a comprehensive treatment of traffic management, fleet management, the delivery vehicle and its driver, and to demonstrate in four related pilot projects that fuel consumption reductions of up to 25% in urban areas are feasible. More information.
Large-scale demonstration project, led by CARTIF, whose main objective is to develop and validate in three lighthouse cities (Valladolid-Spain, Nottingham-UK and Tepebaşı-Turkey) a holistic and replicable urban regeneration model that facilitates the process of transforming urban environments into more sustainable and smarter areas. To ensure the replicability of the model two follower cities (Seraing-Belgium and Miskolc-Hungary) participate in the project. More information
CITYlogin, a sustainable last mile urban distribution company, in collaboration with the Municipal Transport Company of Madrid (EMT), launches the last mile logistics pilot of goods in the framework of the European collaborative project LEAD. This public-private collaboration has led to the creation of a micro hub for on-demand logistics operations located in the underground car park facilities of Madrid's Plaza Mayor. The implementation of these micro logistics hubs is part of the measures included in the Madrid 360º Environmental Sustainability Strategy.
The main objective of this project is to improve the efficiency and sustainability of goods delivery systems, to incorporate electric vehicles in the last mile, to boost the deployment of autogas by promoting it as an alternative fuel for long-distance transport, and to develop a more efficient distribution network model. More information
The LEAD project will create digital twins of urban logistics networks in six cities, to support experimentation and decision-making with on-demand logistics operations in a public-private urban environment. Innovative solutions for city logistics will be represented by a set of value case scenarios, which address the requirements of the on-demand economy while aligning competing interests and creating value for all stakeholders. More information
El proyecto SOLUTIONSplus tiene como objetivo establecer una plataforma global para The SOLUTIONSplus project aims to establish a global platform for shared, public and commercial electric mobility solutions and to start the transition towards low-carbon urban mobility. The project work plan encompasses city-level demonstrators to test different types of innovative and integrated electric mobility solutions, vehicle and user-level demonstrators, complemented by scaling-up and replication activities.
Shared micro depots for urban pickup and delivery) (CENIT)
Urban space is limited and shrinking more and more each year. For logistics service providers, retailers and even urban residents, the last mile of goods further exacerbates the congestion of these urban spaces. "Shared micro depots for urban pick-up and delivery (SMUDs) address today's inefficient approaches to space utilisation and pollution prevention. SMUDs provide a publicly acceptable solution for last mile delivery to be operated for the benefit of urban residents. The SMUD implementation process is evaluated within two living laboratories in the cities of Helmond (NL) and Helsinki (FI). Further support for future micro depots is developed through a roadmap and an implementation programme, as well as a toolbox with a wide range of solutions and best practices regarding e.g. planning and site selection, functional and architectural design and business models offering services for B2B, B2C and C2C.
Port Logistics projects
Identification of needs and opportunities for collaboration for the Energy Transition in Spanish Ports
In collaboration between Logistop's Decarbonisation and Port Logistics Working Groups, the project "Identification of needs and opportunities for collaboration for Energy Transition in Spanish Ports" has been launched.
The aim of this project is to carry out an analysis of the initiatives and projects of the different Port Authorities in the fields of energy and digital transition that can structure a collaboration between the participants in order to subsequently access national and/or European funding.
The Port Authority of Gijón participates as a partner in the project "ECO-GATE: European COrridors for natural GAs Transport Efficiency", whose general objective is to study the efficiency of the conventional and renewable NGV market throughout the Atlantic Corridor (Portugal, Spain and France) and its interconnection with the Rhine-Danube Corridor to Heddesheim (Germany), the Mediterranean Corridor, through new technologies and innovative solutions for the supply of logistics services, cleaner fuels, refuelling, infrastructure manufacturers, vehicles and components and operational processes. More information
The Port Authority of Gijón participates as a partner in this European project dedicated to carrying out a series of pilot tests, dissemination actions and technical studies with the aim of promoting the preparation of reception and treatment facilities for ballast water and other types of waste in the ports of the Atlantic arc, within the framework of the adoption of the IMO international convention for the control and management of ballast water and sediments from ships. More information
PLANET (Fundatión Valenciaport)
PLANET addresses the technological and logistical challenges implied by the rapid expansion of European transport networks and their integration into the emerging global trade corridors. In this regard, PLANET will assess the impact of such integration from geo-economic and technological perspectives: a) the geo-economic approach contemplates the modeling and specification of the dynamics of new trade routes and their impact on logistics infrastructure and operations, with specific reference to the TEN-T network; b) the technological approach addresses the adaptation of the EU logistics network through disruptive concepts and technologies (IoT, blockchain, Physical Internet, 5G, 3D printing, autonomous/automated vehicles, Hyperloop, etc. ) that can shape its future and address its shortcomings, in line with the concept of a federated network of platforms driven by the Digital Transport and Logistics Forum (DTLF).
The project will design and develop 3 Living Labs including maritime and rail transport for intercontinental connectivity and provide the experimentation environment to design and exploit future integrated green corridors. More information.
It is an infrastructure project co-financed by the European Commission through the CEF program. The project is fully aligned with the objectives of the Mediterranean Corridor, one of the nine TEN-T corridors in which the Port of Valencia is a key node. In addition, the project fits perfectly into the Strategic Plan of the Port Authority of Valencia, which has as its main objective the integration of the Port of Valencia into the national and European infrastructure networks, contributing to the competitiveness of its industrial hub by improving connections to and from its hinterland. The CONNECT Valenciaport project is part of a global and ambitious project aimed at improving the accessibility of the port of Valencia by sea and land.
In particular, the project concerns the improvement of the rail infrastructure, including studies and construction works, and addresses the most urgent problems affecting the rail infrastructure of the Port of Valencia. More specifically, it proposes to address the lack of interoperability of the port's rail infrastructure with the Mediterranean Corridor. More information.
Las actividades piloto servirán para mejorar, adaptar y demostrar la viabilidad de las soluciones propuestas, así como sus beneficios, antes de implementarlas a gran escala. El proyecto evaluará los pilotos de Industria 4.0 aplicados al entorno operacional de las terminales de contenedores seleccionadas, incluyendo la implantación de nuevas redes de sensores en equipos portuarios, el diseño algoritmos de predicción y la aplicación de inteligencia artificial a los modelos actuales de business intelligence utilizados por las terminales de contenedores. More information.
El proyecto MOSES tiene como objetivo mejorar el componente SSS de la cadena de suministro de contenedores mediante una serie de innovaciones que incluyen buques innovadores y la optimización de las operaciones logísticas. El resultado final del proyecto será un rediseño completo de la operativa portuaria basada en la operación con feeder con medios propios de manipulación de contenedores y que no dependa de la disponibilidad de práctico o remolcadores para entrar en puerto. Con respecto a la participación de la Fundación Valenciaport, su principal rol es analizar cómo se verá afectada la operativa portuaria e identificar modificaciones que es necesario realizar en los sistemas de notificación a buque/puerto, operativa de terminales de contenedores, sistemas de carga de baterías del buque hibrido y estudiar los flujos de carga entre el puerto de Valencia y puertos de mediano tamaño. More information.
The main objective of the SMILE project was to contribute to the development of smart and energy efficient Mediterranean cities through the testing of smart solutions in the field of urban logistics in order to reduce energy consumption, emissions, noise and traffic congestion. Six cities participated in this project: Piraeus, Bologna, Montpellier, Rijeka, Barcelona and Valencia. Specifically, in Valencia, an electric mobility pilot was launched focusing on last mile parcel delivery, using electrically assisted tricycles and supported by a micro distribution platform. This pilot was carried out between October 2014 and January 2015.
SUMPORT (Fundatión Valenciaport)
The SUMPORT (Sustainable Urban Mobility in MED PORT cities) project aims to improve planning capacities, elaborate or update Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans, as well as develop pilot actions related to sustainable mobility in six port cities: Valencia, Koper, Kotor, Durres, Igoumenitsa and Limasol.
The pilots to be developed in the framework of the SUMPORT project are related to the following areas: 1)extension or creation of bike lanes (Limasol, Durres and Kotor); 2) actions focused on promoting bike sharing systems (Valencia and Igoumenitsa), 3) simulations of maritime transport (Igoumenitsa); 4) implementation of carpooling systems for workers (Port of Valencia); 5) elaboration, updating or harmonization of the SUMP (Port of Valencia, Durres and Iguminitsa); and 6) enhancement of infomobility to promote public transport (Koper). More information.
LASH FIRE (Legislative Assessment for Fire Safety Risks and Innovations in the Ro-Ro Environment) is an international research project that aims to significantly reduce the risk of fires on board ro-ro vessels. Bringing together 26 project partners from 13 EU Member States to investigate cost-effective measures to mitigate the risk of ro-ro space fires, LASH FIRE aims to provide a recognised technical basis for the revision of international IMO regulations, thereby greatly improving fire prevention and ensuring fire management on ro-ro vessels without resorting to external intervention. Taking a holistic approach to the problem, the ultimate goal of LASH FIRE is to build European industry knowledge to address the technical challenges of these updated rules, enhancing shipyards, system providers and other industries to develop and build safer and more competitive ships for sustainable transport. More information.
Proposal for Technical Assistance and Consultancy for the elaboration of a Sustainable Energy Plan for the Port of Motril
In collaboration between the Decarbonisation and Port Logistics Working Groups of Logistop, this project has been launched to develop a proposal for technical assistance and consultancy for the development of a Sustainable Energy Plan in the form of a Roadmap to achieve the decarbonisation of the logistic-port operations of the Port of Motril and the transformation of the Port of Motril into an environmentally sustainable "energy island" with zero-emissions with the horizon of 2030.
The Port Authority of Gijón has participated as a partner since 2015 in the CORE LNGas Hive project, led by ENAGAS and with the participation of more than 30 partners. The project aims to develop an integrated, safe and efficient logistics chain for the supply of liquefied natural gas, LNG (small scale and bunkering) as fuel in the transport sector, especially maritime, in the Iberian Peninsula. More information
The LNGHIVE2 VESSELS DEMAND: GREEN AND SMART LINKS – LNG solutions for smart maritime links in Spanish Core ports project includes the adaptation of five vessels to be fuelled with LNG (Abel Matutes, Nápoles, Sicilia, Bahama Mama and Martín i Soler), adapting the vessels' current main engines without the need to replace them with new ones. More information
COREALIS (Fundatión Valenciaport)
The COREALIS project proposes a strategic and innovative framework, supported by disruptive technologies (IoT, data analytics, 5G networks, etc.) to enable ports to manage present and future capacity, traffic, efficiency and environmental challenges.
The proposed innovations aim to increase the efficiency of port operations and optimize land use, while being financially viable, respecting the principles of the circular economy and being at the service of the environment and the urban environment. All innovations will be implemented and tested in real operating conditions in 5 Living Labs, in the ports of Piraeus, Valencia, Antwerp, Livorno and Haminakotka. More information.
H2PORTS (Fundatión Valenciaport)
The H2Ports project is an Action aligned with the needs and objectives of the European Commission and the port industry. The objective is to provide efficient solutions to facilitate a rapid evolution from a fossil fuel based industry to a low carbon and zero emission sector. Hydrogen has been tested in other logistics and transport sectors as a solution for machinery and vehicles, so the action proposes different pilots to bridge the gap between prototypes and pre-commercial products.
Its cross-cutting objective is to carry out feasibility studies for the development of a sustainable hydrogen supply chain in the port, coordinating all the actors involved: customers, hydrogen producers, suppliers, etc. The expected results of the project are to test and validate hydrogen technologies on port machinery in order to have applicable and real solutions without affecting the performance and safety of port operations and producing zero local emissions. More information.
SPROUT (Fundatión Valenciaport)
The SPROUT project seeks to define a new innovative formula driven by cities themselves and based on data to address the impact of new mobility patterns, digital operating and business models and the needs of transport users. It aims primarily to place cities at the center of the urban mobility transition. Based on the solutions to urban mobility problems developed by six pilot cities: Valencia, Padua, Kalisz, Budapest and Tel Aviv (Europe) and Ningbo (China), the project work will focus on producing new, practice-based knowledge and tools that will contribute to an innovative policy response. More information.
Adimen Portua (Mobility and Logistics Cluster of the Euskadi)
Optimization of the Efficiency of Port Processes through Advanced Information Collection and Analysis Techniques. With the objective of generating a technological platform that will support port processes. This support will be materialized in a series of technological tools and solutions that will focus on the collection of data and information necessary to know in a reliable way and in real time the port reality, in order to improve port processes, after a process of analysis of this reality. More information.
Galatea (Clúster de mobility y logística de Euskadi)
The GALATEA project aims to develop new cross-sectoral and cross-border value chains, supporting innovative SMEs, to foster the development of key "Blue Growth" industries in Europe. This development will be driven by the integration of technologies and knowledge from the aerospace and ICT sectors, to the following domains: ports, ships, shipyards and maritime surveillance. More information.
Project aimed at developing new cross-sectoral value chains. To help SMEs and other stakeholders identify market trends and opportunities and support the incubation of innovative projects and ideas in the water industry. More information.
The PIONEERS consortium (Portable Innovation Open Network for Efficiency and Emissions Reduction Solutions) involves CENIT working together with other leading international think tanks, ports, terminal and transport operators, technology developers and public entities to form a leading voice in the greening of European ports, showcasing solutions to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in ports and safeguarding competitiveness. PIONEERS brings together the ports of Antwerp, Barcelona, Constanta and Venlo to address the challenge for European ports to reduce GHG emissions and meet Green Deal targets, while remaining competitive and committed to blue growth. The ports will implement a total of 19 green port innovation demonstrations in four main pillars: clean energy production and supply, sustainable port design, modal shift and flow optimisation and digital transformation. More information.
Decarbonisation projects
The latest major sustainable innovation project is H2-Login, developed at our Illescas facilities. It is a pioneering project in the Spanish and European logistics sector, and one of the first implementations of green hydrogen projects that combine production and consumption on-site, taking advantage of the capacities of the logistics platform.
The hydrogen is produced in an electrolyser powered by photovoltaic electricity generated in the logistics warehouses themselves. The hydrogen produced is used to power forklifts for the movement of goods in the warehouses and a fuel cell electric van. It is also complemented by the investments that the FM Logistic group has made in renewable energy through photovoltaic solar energy installations.
The whole ensures that the carbon footprint of the movement of goods is zero.
The project is a technological model and a paradigm of sustainability in the sector, as it guarantees emission-free logistics operations from the origin of the energy to its final use.
Europe needs to identify on a large scale the major emitters in order to be in a position to firstly monitor and secondly reduce air pollution. LIFE GySTRA will provide the most effective solution to this problem, creating a global system to accurately quantify vehicle emissions in real driving situations, not only to monitor them, but also to support the creation of a policy to reduce them. This will be achieved through the use of a new remote sensing device adapted to current EU requirements: the RSD+. More informaction
NEMO aims to create a turnkey solution whereby new systems are integrated into existing infrastructure to empirically measure emissions and noise emitted by individual vehicles. The new measurement systems, together with the implementation of new mitigation solutions, form a comprehensive and scalable solution to improve air quality and reduce noise impacts in EU cities. More information
This project aims to demonstrate the feasibility of using electric vehicles (as an alternative to traditional combustion vehicles) and logistics consolidation platforms for the urban distribution of goods. More information
Manual for the purchase of service vehicles / different propulsion technologies (CENIT)
A quarter of all man-made CO2 emissions are produced by transport, leading to an unsustainable and intolerable situation in our cities and metropolitan areas. To reduce emissions for road transport, it is necessary to focus on technological advances and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. In response to these needs, we have seen the emergence of alternative energy powered vehicles such as electric and gas powered vehicles on the market.
The aim of this project has been to develop a guide for the procurement of alternative energy goods vehicles to fossil fuels for road transport companies. The handbook is aimed at road transport companies/operators as a guide for the procurement of alternative energy freight vehicles.
Coordinated by CARTIF, the mySMARTLife project aims to create sustainable and green cities, increasing energy efficiency, the use of renewable energy and reducing CO2 emissions. More information
This project aims to promote clean and energy-efficient vehicles, electric bicycles and electric scooters (e-bikes), for goods delivery and passenger transport. More information
BOOSTLOG's vision is to transform the European R&D ecosystem in freight transport and logistics to optimally promote the generation of impact from investment in R&D, contributing to the objectives of the EU policy towards climate neutrality, the reduction of pollution, congestion and noise, the free movement of goods, internal security, the digital transformation of logistics chains and data exchange logistics ecosystems; and the sustainability and competitiveness of companies generating value for society. More information
HALLO - pilot cities for low-emission last mile delivery (CENIT)
The post-pandemic growth of e-commerce has raised concerns about the viability of small businesses surviving in a fossil fuel-free transport zone. The pilot study, led by the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (AMB) with consortium members from Sweden and the Netherlands and funded by EIT Urban Mobility and Horizon Europe, aims to create a test bed to help small businesses by incorporating them into the business model using cargo bikes and dynamic advertising.
Digitization and automation projects
Development of AI applications aimed at optimising the management of transport and associated logistics elements
Within the framework of Logistop's Automation and Robotics Working Group, we are working on a proposal for a collaborative technological project in the framework of intermodal transport with several companies involved in the entire chain, to be presented in a call for proposals linked to the Next Generation Funds.
The aim of iNGENIOUS is to design and evaluate the Next Generation Internet of Things technology to contribute to the digitisation of supply chains. To do so, different technologies will be tested, such as 5G, Artificial Intelligence, blockchain, etc. Six use cases will be carried out to validate the technologies developed in the project and focused on the automation of loading and unloading processes in terminals and warehouses; geolocation in the transport of goods by train and ship; and the development of systems for the prediction of events and the exchange of documentation in transport and logistics operations. Más información
It aims to create the largest network of connections between agents working on the development and introduction of bipedal robotics in Europe, in order to promote the elimination of non-technical market access barriers and boost the growth of the sector. The project brings together a consortium of more than 25 institutions from 13 European countries, led by the Cognitive Neurorehablitation Group of the Cajal Institute of the CSIC, in which innCome participates collaborating in the management and coordination tasks of the project, as well as leading the dissemination and communication of the project. More information
AI-CUBE aims to improve the understanding of the different digital technologies related to artificial intelligence (AI) and Big Data (BD) applied in industrial processes for all SPIRE sectors (cement, ceramics, chemical, engineering, minerals, non-ferrous metals, steel and water). Therefore, close collaboration with industry is essential to achieve a thorough understanding of the possible areas of AI application in processes, technology, sensor applicability and assessment of their level of implementation. More infomartion
Modelo para la transformación digital de la cadena de suministro en la Industria 4.0. Con el objetivo de impulsar y facilitar la toma de decisiones empresariales, especialmente en entorno PYME, respecto al proceso de digitalización industrial, de cara a incrementar su competitividad. More information.
Hydrocarbon Output Prediction with Machine Learning (LIS Data Solutions)
Development for Exolum of Machine Learning (ML) models on a modular and scalable analytics platform. The project included data ingestion from the client's IT systems and the subsequent dumping of the results back into the data ecosystem. After a quality check of the obtained forecasts and the complete data flow, the new output prediction models were implemented in the supply logistics operation.
Predictive Maintenance (LIS Data Solutions)
Implementation for Volkswagen of a real-time data acquisition system that automatically extracts the data measured by the robots themselves. All information is stored in a scalable database, which is used for further analysis. By means of different mathematical models, which were aligned to the specific problem, the risk of failure and wear and tear of the machines is evaluated. In addition, customised dashboards have been implemented that visualise all information in real time. This system includes automated alarms that alert the production team to production problems.
Innovation Guide for Logistics (CENIT)
The objective of this project has been to develop a guide for small companies, in the field of road transport companies, in order to provide them with decision-making tools for digital transformation. First, an analysis of the operations in small road transport companies and of the technologies mainly used in the industry was undertaken to identify the main operations and common characteristics in these companies. A methodology was then proposed to rank the importance of the technology and the potential benefit of its implementation. The user is guided, both qualitatively and quantitatively, through the best technology choice. Secondly, once a technology is suggested through this assessment, the implementation and fit of the technology is evaluated in terms of infrastructure, personal requirements and other technological requirements to support the final decision.
The Transforming Transport project (48 partners with expertise in transport, logistics and ICT) demonstrated, in a realistic, measurable and replicable way, the transformative effects that Big Data can have on the mobility and logistics market. Thirteen pilots were launched in 7 domains: highways; connected vehicles; rail infrastructures; ports; airports; urban mobility and e-commerce logistics. More information
It aims to facilitate effective planning and optimisation of transport operations in the supply chain, taking advantage of the ever-increasing amount of real-time data from the logistics environment. More information
LABYRINTH will enable the development of a new centralised planning system, capable of communicating with all drones active in a given area and identifying their directional path to calculate alternative routes to avoid collisions between drones. This system will improve the safety and efficiency management of civilian land, sea and air transport, as well as emergency and rescue operations. The project is made up of a consortium of 13 public and private entities, spread across 5 European countries. The Carlos III University of Madrid leads the project and innCome participates by providing support in management and coordination tasks, as well as in communication. More information
The aim of the project is to test new technological paradigms, such as Blockchain technology, Physical Internet and Big Data, and to assess their impacts on the logistics corridors between China and Europe, and USA and Europe by optimising the connection between the TEN-T networks and the New Silk Road and emerging routes. More information
FENIX desarrollará la primera arquitectura federada europea para el intercambio de datos al servicio de la comunidad logística europea de transportistas, proveedores de servicios logísticos, proveedores de infraestructura de movilidad, ciudades y autoridades con el fin de ofrecer interoperabilidad entre cualquier plataforma individual existente y futura. El proyecto plantea nueve pilotos en los diferentes corredores principales de la Red Transeuropea de Transportes (RTE-T). El corredor Atlántico centrará sus casos de uso en el escenario Puerto Marítimo – Puerto Seco con el Puerto de Bilbao como actor principal. Los principales objetivos de FENIX son establecer una red federada de agentes de transporte y logística en toda Europa, que permita compartir la información y los servicios necesarios para optimizar la RTE-T; demostrar la viabilidad operativa y los beneficios a través de los pilotos nacionales organizados: centrarse en probar las capacidades de interoperabilidad logradas; y establecer el programa de construcción de comunidades de corredores de la UE y promover los beneficios para los participantes en términos de reducción de costos y emisiones de GEI. More information.
Algorithm Development with AI (LIS Data Solutions)
ENCE required the development of classification and machine learning algorithms for the design of a tool for the management of tree felling operations in order to reduce the risk of accidents and plan tasks in a more optimal way. Through decision tree and algorithm training methodologies and based on the accumulated knowledge of years of experience of the company's operators, a Business Intelligence tool was developed based on AI Knime algorithms that provided information to assess the risk of accidents based on more than 30 variables. Interfaces were developed to SAP, external supplier systems, as well as to Open Data databases of forestry, GIS databases and meteorology
Control and tracking of the transports involved in the process (LIS Data Solutions).
The solution connects all ENCE's IT systems with GPS system providers, integrating the transport process at a single point independent of the different combinations in the systems. The solution allows real-time visibility and tracking with details of the route, stops and the information contained in the delivery notes. Reporting to the agents involved in the transport. Once the journey is completed, an audit is carried out to detect deviations and non-conformities with the process. All processed data is stored for further study and to support data-driven decision making. Data acquisition is performed using Elastic (ELK) Stack and Apache Spark as the processing engine.
Circular Economy projects
The Port Authority participates as a stakeholder in the LOOP PORTS Project. The main objective of this project is to facilitate the transition towards a more circular economy in the port sector, where the value of products, materials and resources is maintained in the economy for as long as possible and waste generation is minimised. The project, through the creation of a Ports for the Circular Economy Network, provides an innovation ecosystem that aims to stimulate the implementation of circular economy initiatives in European ports. The network will mainly focus on the following materials: metals, plastics, cements and biomaterials. More information
The European REWAISE project is focused on optimising the management and use of the properties of water to achieve a more sustainable and efficient water cycle. The project, funded by the European Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020, is made up of 24 entities from 11 European countries, led by Aqualia, including innCome, which provides support in management and communication tasks. REWAISE works to reduce the use of freshwater and recover energy, nutrients and dissolved materials in water, favouring a sustainable and carbon-free hydrological cycle. The project will rely on a network of 9 Living Labs, led by leading European water utilities, to test and apply the technological innovations developed throughout the project. More information
The main objective of this project is to move towards a new paradigm of waste management, moving away from traditional finalist treatment and disposal models towards new models of recycling and recovery of materials based on the principles of the Circular Economy. More information


text:
Why one Giants pitcher spent the offseason…
Why one Giants pitcher spent the offseason gaining weight
Drew Pomeranz explained why he gained 15 pounds this offseason
Oakland Athletics starting pitcher Drew Pomeranz (13) gets a ball as he prepares to pitch against the Boston Red Sox in the first inning of a MLB game at O.co Coliseum in Oakland, Calif., on Tuesday, May 12, 2015. (Ray Chavez/Bay Area News Group)
Oakland Athletics starting pitcher Drew Pomeranz (13) delivers against the Los Angeles Angels in the fifth inning of their MLB game at O.co Coliseum in Oakland, Calif., on Friday, May 30, 2014. ( Ray Chavez/Bay Area News Group)
Oakland Athletics pitcher Drew Pomeranz (13) gets a visit from pitching coach Curt Young and teammates in the third inning of their game after the Houston Astros score at O.co Coliseum in Oakland, Calif., on Sunday, April 26, 2015. (Susan Tripp Pollard/Bay Area News Group)
Oakland Athletics starting pitcher Drew Pomeranz (13) throws against the Chicago White Sox during the first inning of their game at O.co Coliseum in Oakland, Calif., on Tuesday, May 13, 2014. (Jane Tyska/Bay Area News Group)
PUBLISHED: February 25, 2019 at 4:05 pm | UPDATED: February 26, 2019 at 4:32 am
SCOTTSDALE, Ariz.–Every February, baseball players report to spring training to make an all-important announcement.
"I'm in the best shape of my life," they say.
Last offseason, Drew Pomeranz wanted to join his fittest baseball brethren, so he tried to cut out salts, butter and oils from his diet. He never felt quite right.
Pomeranz struggled through the worst season of his professional career as he dealt with a flexor strain and bicep tendinitis. He posted a 6.08 ERA in 26 games and was initially left off the Boston Red Sox playoff roster.
He considers the 2018 season an aberration.
"In my mind, I completely throw out last year," Pomeranz said. "It's not like, 'Oh man, I've lost it. I'm declining.' It's just one of those years where everything went the way I didn't want it to. I just try and erase all of it except for the World Series ring. I'll keep that."
Upon becoming a free agent, Pomeranz took a different approach to the offseason. He focused on strength training and hit the weight room, but he also reverted to his old diet. It's one that has served him well.
"I'm actually 15 pounds heavier by design," Pomeranz said. "Last year I was working out a lot and was eating cleaner and sometimes you accidentally lose a few pounds just by eating cleaner food. This year I was eating everything, working out hard, worried about strength. I think that helps you stay healthy too."
In January, Pomeranz signed a one-year deal with the Giants because he wanted to compete for a job in a starting rotation instead of a bullpen. With Johnny Cueto sidelined for most if not all of 2019 and Jeff Samardzija's status uncertain, Pomeranz figured he could come to camp and win a job.
His manager hopes he does.
"You have to deal with ups and downs in this game and you're going to have an off year but he's had a lot of success too," Bruce Bochy said. "He's healthy, has above average pitches and if he's healthy, it's going to work here."
Pomeranz made his Cactus League debut in Monday's 4-4 tie against the White Sox and allowed two hits and one earned run in two innings of work. He pitched in relief behind Derek Holland Monday, but Pomeranz will be stretched out like a starter this spring.
The 6-foot-6 left-hander believes he'll have the durability to rebound in the Giants' rotation, especially after working back to his fighting weight.
"Carrying a little extra fat around, it's important for guys," Pomeranz said. "You see guys lose weight, come in and their velo drops and they get hurt. You don't have any protection in your body."
Pomeranz is excited to work with Giants pitching coach Curt Young, who guided him during his two-year stint in Oakland from 2014-2015. Holland gives Young some of the credit for helping revitalize his career last season and believes Pomeranz is in line to benefit from the partnership.
"If that's what we're going to call it, the Derek Holland candidate to bounce back, I think he can definitely do it," Holland said. "This will be good for him here and I think he's got a lot to bring to the table."
Is Pomeranz in the best shape of his life? That's a question he doesn't necessarily need to answer.
After gaining 15 pounds and adding strength to his frame, Pomeranz feels much better than he did last year. And that's what matters to the Giants.