text:
Literacy Afloat
Sketch between Decks, May 75, Gabriel Bray, 1775, National Maritime Museum.
The first thing we have to recognize in examining literacy among common sailors of the eighteenth century is that literacy is a spectrum. We should be careful not to conflate being literate at the time as translating to both reading and writing. As Tamara Plakins Thornton wrote in her excellent Handwriting in America: A Cultural History:
Because reading and writing were understood to serve entirely different ends, instruction in one was divorced from instruction in the other. Reading was taught first, as a universal spiritual necessity; writing was taught second, and then only to some.[8]
Thornton was writing about Americans, with a focus on New England, but the point still holds that the ability to read or write was not mutually inclusive or exclusive.
To teach reading as religious education was seen as a basic need. Olaudah Equiano, enslaved aboard a naval vessel, made friends with a captain's servant named Daniel Queen who 'taught me to shave and dress hair a little, and also to read in the Bible.'[9] There does not appear to have been any objection to enslaved Africans like Equiano learning to read, though he does state that some objected to his learning navigation as such a skill could be directly applied to escape.[10] This implies that reading was not seen as having the same value toward freedom as other skills. More to the point, other sailors on Equiano's ship were competent enough in reading that they could teach others.
As N.A.M. Rodger stated in his The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy:
How many men would or could read is difficult to say. Many were undoubtedly illiterate, probably more than the average of their class, but there are chance references to men off watch reading in their hammocks, and very likely it was common.[1]
Historians agree that some degree of literacy was present in a majority of sailors. There is no foolproof system for examining this, but the most commonly used framework for getting a ballpark estimate of literacy is through examining documents that sailors had to sign. If a sailor made his mark, rather than a signature, it is taken as a possible sign of illiteracy. N.A.M. Rodger does this in The Wooden World. Marcus Rediker, in his Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Merchant Seamen, Pirates and the Anglo-American Maritime World, 1700-1750, argues for a high literacy rate among sailors:
As many as three-quarters of the sailors employed in the merchant shipping industry between 1700 and 1750 were literate if judged by the standard of the ability to sign one's own name...All captains, mates, and surgeons were literate, but, at best, only two of three common seamen could even sign their name.[2]
There are many documents with signatures that one can use to measure potential literacy. For example, I've been examining the wills left behind by sailors killed on the Braddock Expedition, or those who died shortly thereafter. Midshipman Thomas Gill, and able seamen Nathaniel Gee and Alexander Frazier all signed their name by their own hands, but carpenter Jonathan Hill and boatswain's mate John Cain only left a mark.[3] Rodger and Rediker both work with far larger sample sizes than this, but merely for the sake of example this would indicate that 60% of the detachment was literate.
Rodger acknowledged this rough system in measuring literacy is of limited use:
How many of those who could sign their names were functionally literate for everyday purposes one cannot say, but a proportion must certainly have been.[4]
Rediker similarly cautions:
There is reason to suspect that the actual proportion of the literate may have been considerably smaller, because not all who could sign their names could read and write.[5]
Ira Dye, in his paper 'Early American Merchant Seamen' in The Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, looked at later generations of sailors, but used the same method for examining literacy. Dye worked under the assumption that being able to sign one's name was 'midway between the capacity to read and the capacity to write.'[6]
The assumption that signing one's name was an indication of a broader literacy was one that existed at the time. Jacob Nagle was called by the captain on a naval vessel to answer for a cup he had written on:
I trimbled, though I new I got the cup onestly. I went aft, where the capt was sitting by a small table, and the purser giving him the cup, "Is this your cup?" "Yes, Sr." "Is this your righting?" "Yes, Sire." He calld his steward and desired him to bring up pen, ink, and paper. When it was brought, he desired me to right. I asked hime what I should right. He made the answer, "What was on the cup." I rought, "Jacob Nagle, Born in the Town of Reading, Berks County, Pennsylvania State, N. Amrice." With my fright and trimbeling I did not right it half so well, but he saw it was the same hand. "You must act as ships steward under the purser," the capt replyed. I made answer that I did not now my own allowance. He replied, "What is the pusser for, but to give you instructions and books."[7]
Given that Nagle wrote more than just his name, we might even assume that the captain made a broader judgment than he would for sailors who could only sign their names. This assumption was not misplaced, despite Nagle's creative phonetic spelling.
Mary Lacy, who disguised herself as a man and went to sea as a carpenter's apprentice, felt guilty for leaving her family. She related this telling anecdote of trying to seal a letter to her parents:
I observed the people now on board were employing themselves in writings letters to their friends; which put a thought into my head to write to my mother, to inform her where I was; which I knew would be a great satisfaction to my parents; I could write but very indifferently; and to entrust any person with my thoughts on this occasion I imagined would be very improper. At last; I resolved to write myself; but, after having wrote my letter, I had nothing to seal it with; and thinking a bit of pitch would do, I went to the pitch-tub for some, which, when I thought I had got, it proved to be tar; so that with using it I soiled the letter very much. I was now greatly perplexed to contrive a method to seal it up. At length, one of the men, who observed I had been writing, gave me a wafer, which did completely.[11]
Not only were multiple common sailors ('the people') engaged in writing, they possessed material culture specific to the act of writing letters: sealing wafers.
Focusing on those sailors who could read and write should not distract us from the fact that illiteracy was undeniably present. Both John Nicol and Hannah Snell, sailors whose recollections were compiled and sold as memoirs, were incapable of writing and relied on others to pen their stories.[12]
In short, I don't have a good answer as to how present the ability to read or write was among common sailors of the eighteenth century. Literacy rates are quite probably much higher than is commonly assumed, while illiteracy was still a common condition.
[1] Rodger, N.A.M., The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy, New York: W.W. Norton, 1996, page 45.
[2] Rediker, Marcus, Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Merchant Seamen, Pirates and the Anglo-American Maritime World, 1700-1750, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989, page 158.
[3] PROB 11/826/161, 11/821/148, 11/821/151, 11/820/386, 11/823/229.
[4] Rodger, Wooden World, page 45.
[5] Rediker, Between the Devil, page 158.
[6] Dye, Ira, 'Early American Merchant Seafarers,' The Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Volume 120, No. 5, October 15, 1976, page 340.
[7] Nagle, Jacob, The Nagle Journal: A Diary of the Life of Jacob Nagle, Sailor, from the Year 1775 to 1841, edited by John C. Dann, New York: Weidenfield & Nicolson, 1988, page 60.
[8] Thornton, Tamara Plakins, Handwriting in America: A Cultural History, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996, page 5.
[9] Equiano, Olaudah, The Interesting Narrative and Other Writings, edited by Vincent Carretta, New York: Penguin, 2003, page 92.
[10] Equiano, Interesting Narrative, pages 122-123.
[11] Slade (Lacy), Mary, The History of the Female Shipwright, London: M. Lewis, 1773. in The Lady Tars: The Autobiographies of Hannah Snell, Mary Lacy and Mary Anne Talbot, Tucson, Arizona: Fireship Press, 2008, pages 72-73.
[12] Nicol, John, The Life and Adventures of John Nicol, Mariner, edited by Tim Flannery, New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1997; Snell, Hannah, The Female Soldier; Or, The Surprising Life and Adventures of Hannah Snell, London: R. Walker, 1750, in The Lady Tars: The Autobiographies of Hannah Snell, Mary Lacy and Mary Anne Talbot, Tucson, Arizona: Fireship Press, 2008.
Labels: literacy
Working with cheaply published chapbooks, authors have attempted to get a feel for the number of people who could read in the UK throughout the 18th century. One source had found 200,000 of these books were being published each year in Scotland alone in 1775. http://www.nwta.com/courier/1999-fall/chapbooks.html
virginiantar January 8, 2018 at 6:57 PM
A very interesting read, as always. I look forward to investigating some of these forces further myself.
Braddock's Tars: Common Sailors and the Braddock E...
Staved Tankards and Coopers
Flogging and the Cat
Hammocks, Bedding, and Where they Slept
The Midday Meal in the Cabin on the Ship Providenc...
Homosexuality in the Royal Navy
Frying Watches
The Death of Cook, 1784, 1787-1788


text:
<?php
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// This software is licensed under the MIT license. Use as you wish but give
// and take credit where due.
//
// Author: Paul Lemmons
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------
?>
<?php
include 'include/RegFunctions.php';

if ($Admin != 'Y')
{
   header("refresh: 0; URL=Admin.php");
   die();
}
WriteToLog("Entered Tally System");

$prevTime = "";
?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

       <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
       <title>
          Assign Awards
       </title>
      <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us" />
      <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
      <link rel="stylesheet" href="include/registration.css" type="text/css" />

Select Event to Assign Awards

    <?php
         //--------------------------------------------------------------------
         // First get a list of all scheduled events
         //--------------------------------------------------------------------
         $results = $db->query("select    e.EventID,
                                          e.EventName,
                                          CASE e.ConvEvent
                                             WHEN 'C' THEN 'Convention'
                                             WHEN 'P' THEN 'Preconvention'
                                             ELSE          'Other'
                                          END
                                          ConvEvent,
                                          CASE e.TeamEvent
                                             WHEN 'Y' THEN 'Team'
                                             WHEN 'N' THEN 'Individual'
                                             ELSE          'Other'
                                          END
                                          EventType,
                                          s.StartTime,
                                          s.SchedID,
                                          e.IndividualAwards
                                 from     $EventsTable   e,
                                          $EventScheduleTable s
                                 where    e.EventID = s.EventID
                                 and      e.EventAttended = 'Y'
                                 order by s.StartTime,
                                          e.EventName")
                   or die ("Unable to get scheduled event list:" . sqlError());
         $first = 1;
         ?>

         <?php
         //--------------------------------------------------------------------
         // No loop through the events reporting on the details
         //--------------------------------------------------------------------
         while ($row = $results->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC))
         {
            $EventID          = $row['EventID'];
            $EventName        = $row['EventName'];
            $ConvEvent        = $row['ConvEvent'];
            $EventType        = $row['EventType'];
            $EventTime        = TimeToStr($row['StartTime']);
            $SchedID          = $row['SchedID'];
            $IndividualAwards = ($row['IndividualAwards'] == 'Y');

            if ($EventType == 'Team')
            {
               $cntResult = $db->query("SELECT  count(distinct r.ParticipantID,
                                                               r.EventID)
                                         FROM   $RegistrationTable r,
                                                $EventsTable       e,
                                                $TeamMembersTable  m
                                         WHERE  r.SchedID   = $SchedID
                                         AND    r.EventID   = $EventID
                                         AND    r.EventID   = e.EventID
                                         AND    e.TeamEvent = 'Y'
                                         AND    m.TeamID    = r.ParticipantID
                                        ")
                            or die ("Unable to get Registration count for event:" . sqlError());;
               $numEvents = $cntResult->fetchColumn();

               if ($IndividualAwards)
               {
                  $cntResult = $db->query("SELECT  count(distinct m.ParticipantID)
                                             FROM  $TeamMembersTable m,
                                                   $TeamsTable       t
                                             WHERE m.TeamID  = t.TeamID
                                             and   t.EventID = $EventID
                                            ")
                                 or die ("Unable to get Registration count for teams members:" . sqlError());;
                  $numEvents += $cntResult->fetchColumn();
               }
            }
            else
            {
              $cntResult = $db->query("SELECT  count(distinct r.ParticipantID,
                                                              r.EventID)
                                        FROM   $RegistrationTable r,
                                               $EventsTable       e
                                        WHERE  r.SchedID   = $SchedID
                                        AND    r.EventID   = $EventID
                                        AND    r.EventID   = e.EventID
                                        AND    e.TeamEvent = 'N'
                                       ")
                           or die ("Unable to get Registration count for event:" . sqlError());;
               $numEvents    = $cntResult->fetchColumn();
            }

            if ($numEvents == 0)
               $numAwards = 0;
            else
            {
               if ($EventType == 'Team')
               {
                 $cntResult = $db->query("SELECT  count(distinct r.ParticipantID,
                                                                 r.EventID)
                                           FROM   $RegistrationTable r,
                                                  $EventsTable       e,
                                                  $TeamMembersTable  m
                                           WHERE  r.SchedID   = $SchedID
                                           AND    r.EventID   = $EventID
                                           AND    r.EventID   = e.EventID
                                           AND    e.TeamEvent = 'Y'
                                           AND    m.TeamID    = r.ParticipantID
                                           AND    r.Award Is Not Null
                                         ")
                             or die ("Unable to get Registration count for event:" . sqlError());;
                  $numAwards = $cntResult->fetchColumn();

                  if ($IndividualAwards)
                  {
                     $cntResult = $db->query("SELECT count(distinct m.ParticipantID)
                                                FROM  $TeamMembersTable m,
                                                      $TeamsTable       t
                                                WHERE m.TeamID  = t.TeamID
                                                and   t.EventID = $EventID
                                                and   m.Award is not null
                                             ")
                                    or die ("Unable to get Registration count for teams members:" . sqlError());;
                     $numAwards += $cntResult->fetchColumn();
                  }
               }
               else
               {
                 $cntResult = $db->query("SELECT  count(distinct r.ParticipantID,
                                                                 r.EventID)
                                           FROM   $RegistrationTable r,
                                                  $EventsTable       e
                                           WHERE  r.SchedID   = $SchedID
                                           AND    r.EventID   = $EventID
                                           AND    r.EventID   = e.EventID
                                           AND    e.TeamEvent = 'N'
                                           AND    r.Award Is Not Null
                                         ")
                             or die ("Unable to get Registration count for event:" . sqlError());;
                  $numAwards = $cntResult->fetchColumn();
               }
            }

            if ($numAwards == $numEvents)
               $StatusColor = 'Green';
            else if ($numAwards == 0)
               $StatusColor = 'Red';
            else
               $StatusColor = 'Yellow';

            if ($prevTime != $EventTime)
            {
               ?>

                  <?php  print $EventTime; ?>

               <?php
               $prevTime = $EventTime;
            }

            if ($numEvents > 0)
            {
               if ($numAwards != $numEvents)
                  $ReportWarn = '&Warn=1';
               else
                  $ReportWarn = '';
            ?>

               <td style='width: 2%' id="preserve" bgcolor="<?php  print $StatusColor; ?>">
               <?php  print $EventName; ?>
               <?php  print "$numAwards/$numEvents"; ?>
               <?php  print $EventType; ?>
               <?php  print "Assign Awards"; ?>
               <?php  print "Print Report"; ?>

         <?php
            }
         }
         ?>

         <?php footer("","")?>

Unscheduled Events

    <?php
         //--------------------------------------------------------------------
         // First get a list of all Unscheduled events
         //--------------------------------------------------------------------
         $results = $db->query("select    e.EventID,
                                          e.EventName,
                                          CASE e.ConvEvent
                                             WHEN 'C' THEN 'Convention'
                                             WHEN 'P' THEN 'Preconvention'
                                             ELSE          'Other'
                                          END
                                          ConvEvent,
                                          CASE e.TeamEvent
                                             WHEN 'Y' THEN 'Team'
                                             WHEN 'N' THEN 'Individual'
                                             ELSE          'Other'
                                          END
                                          EventType
                                 from     $EventsTable   e
                                 where    e.EventAttended = 'N'
                                 order by e.ConvEvent,
                                          e.EventName")
                   or die ("Unable to get Unscheduled event list:" . sqlError());
         $first = 1;
         ?>

         <?php
         //--------------------------------------------------------------------
         // No loop through the events reporting on the details
         //--------------------------------------------------------------------
         while ($row = $results->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC))
         {
            $EventID   = $row['EventID'];
            $EventName = $row['EventName'];
            $ConvEvent = $row['ConvEvent'];
            $EventType = $row['EventType'];

            if ($EventType == 'Team')
            {
              $cntResult = $db->query("SELECT  count(distinct
                                               r.ParticipantID,
                                               r.EventID)
                                        FROM   $RegistrationTable r,
                                               $EventsTable       e,
                                               $TeamMembersTable  m
                                        WHERE  r.SchedID   = '0000'
                                        AND    r.EventID   = $EventID
                                        AND    r.EventID   = e.EventID
                                        AND    e.TeamEvent = 'Y'
                                        AND    m.TeamID    = r.ParticipantID
                                       ")
                           or die ("Unable to get Registration count for event:" . sqlError());;
            }
            else
            {
              $cntResult = $db->query("SELECT  count(distinct r.ParticipantID,
                                                              r.EventID)
                                        FROM   $RegistrationTable r,
                                               $EventsTable       e
                                        WHERE  r.SchedID   = '0000'
                                        AND    r.EventID   = $EventID
                                        AND    r.EventID   = e.EventID
                                        AND    e.TeamEvent = 'N'
                                       ")
                           or die ("Unable to get Registration count for event:" . sqlError());;
            }
            $numEvents = $cntResult->fetchColumn();

            if ($numEvents == 0)
               $numAwards = 0;
            else
            {
               if ($EventType == 'Team')
               {
                 $cntResult = $db->query("SELECT  count(distinct
                                                  r.ParticipantID,
                                                  r.EventID)
                                           FROM   $RegistrationTable r,
                                                  $EventsTable       e,
                                                  $TeamMembersTable  m
                                           WHERE  r.SchedID   = '0000'
                                           AND    r.EventID   = $EventID
                                           AND    r.EventID   = e.EventID
                                           AND    e.TeamEvent = 'Y'
                                           AND    m.TeamID    = r.ParticipantID
                                           AND    r.Award Is Not Null
                                         ")
                             or die ("Unable to get Registration count for event:" . sqlError());;
               }
               else
               {
                 $cntResult = $db->query("SELECT  count(distinct r.ParticipantID,
                                                                 r.EventID)
                                           FROM   $RegistrationTable r,
                                                  $EventsTable       e
                                           WHERE  r.SchedID   = '0000'
                                           AND    r.EventID   = $EventID
                                           AND    r.EventID   = e.EventID
                                           AND    e.TeamEvent = 'N'
                                           AND    r.Award Is Not Null
                                         ")
                             or die ("Unable to get Registration count for event:" . sqlError());;
               }
               $numAwards = $cntResult->fetchColumn();
            }

            if ($numAwards == $numEvents)
               $StatusColor = 'Green';
            else if ($numAwards == 0)
               $StatusColor = 'Red';
            else
               $StatusColor = 'Yellow';

            if ($prevTime != $ConvEvent)
            {
               ?>

                  <?php  print $ConvEvent; ?>

               <?php
               $prevTime = $ConvEvent;
            }
            if ($numEvents > 0)
            {
               if ($numAwards != $numEvents)
                  $ReportWarn = '&Warn=1';
               else
                  $ReportWarn = '';
            ?>

               <td style='width: 2%' id="preserve" bgcolor="<?php  print $StatusColor; ?>">
               <?php  print $EventName; ?>
               <?php  print "$numAwards/$numEvents"; ?>
               <?php  print $EventType; ?>
               <?php  print "Assign Awards"; ?>
               <?php  print "Print Report"; ?>

            <?php
            }
         }
         ?>

         <?php footer("","")?>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
TESTING QUESTION: Whatever happened to FICAC investigation into alleged corrupt dealings between former Health Minister and VanMed Labs director Arveen Chandra as Minister Koya tests allergy machine!
Van aged new allergy testing machine
Good news for people as we now have the first ever Allergy Testing Machine in Fiji and the Pacific region.
The Allergy Testing Machine was brought in by VanMed Labs Director Arveen Chandra.
Chandra says the machine will benefit people in Fiji as it will not only do testing for allergies.
He says the tests and results on the Allergy Testing Machine will now only take four hours.
Speaking during the launch at President's Plaza in Samabula last night, Minister for Industry, Trade and Tourism Faiyaz Koya says the state of the art machine will pave the way for excellence in the health sector.
The cost of the Allergy Testing Machine is $85,000: Source - Fijivillage News
From Fijileaks Archive:
IT has emerged that Arveen Chandra, one of three principal suspects in the 'Healthgate Scam' involving the regime's former Minister for Health Dr Neil Sharma is first cousin of the Solicitor-General Sharvada Nand Sharma. It is alleged that Chandra was dismissed from his previous workplace for wrongful conduct but Sharma, with his legal connections, allegedly got Chandra back on his feet. Chandra's VanMed business was reportedly struggling and he was moving from Labasa to Lautoka to Suva to set up shop unsuccessfully. It only recently expanded, and as one Fijileaks commentator notes, "readers can now piece together how that was possible". Another of Sharvada Sharma's first cousin is Seema Sharma, Director, Trade at Ministry of Industry and Trade.
http://www.fijileaks.com/home/family-friends-fraud-and-ficac-as-ficac-releases-statement-confirming-victor-lals-expose-of-dr-neil-sharma-and-mohealth-scam-one-suspect-is-cousin-of-solicitor-general
http://www.fijileaks.com/home/over-dozed-with-confusion-ficac-told-fiji-sun-that-fijileaks-heathgate-report-was-fake-now-it-is-telling-fbc-investigation-is-still-ongoing-we-say-it-was-completed-in-2012
http://www.fijileaks.com/home/healthgate-its-2015-and-ficac-is-yet-to-take-former-health-minister-into-custody-for-khaiyum-has-leaned-on-ficac-not-to-pursue-dr-neil-sharma-for-trial-will-expose-khaiyum
IS POLICE and FICAC allergic to approach him as Arveen Chandra shoots his way into another Cabinet Minister's good books with his new allergy testing machine?
UPDATE: ONE envoy on the reshuffle list accused of beating and hospitalizing his wife - REPORTS with Fiji Women's Crisis Centre
Dekho
I already pointed out that if you are a Bainimarama- Khaiyum arselicker you will not face justice. Your political masters will protect you from that. Facing the law for any wrong doing is mostly reserved for opponents and critics.
rajend naidu
We learn from ABC Pacific Beat 3/9 that " New Zealand has suspended aid to Nauru's justice sector in a move that had been anticipated after it's criticism of government actions seen as diminishing the rule of law... " ( NZ suspends aid to Nauru's justice sector citing diminishing rule of law).
And Nauru's president was in Fiji rubbing shoulders with Fiji's erstwhile dictatorial rulers at a development forum set up by them after the coup.
Yes, we have leaders like that - the type who take their country backwards at home then attend development forums abroad!
Rajend Naidu.
Tomasi Koroi
My comments to an earlier posting apply here as well: This man set up a first class medical lab in Fiji. And we all patients, irrespective of race or colour, benefit from this. Many lives have been saved. Such contribution deserves a state medal. But for Victor Lals, even this is not good enough. Like for Kamlesh Prakash. see my comments on the previous posting by Victor Lal.
Anti-Indian bashing by supposedly former Fiji Indians. You guys are a joke. I know Kamlesh. He is just as decent as any decent person in Fiji can be. I know that technical training is at all time high in Fiji; all my friends in the FEF are pleased with the changes Kamlesh brought about. The only ones displeased are those sacked or sidelined for stealing, taking bribes, selling certificates, picking double pays, taking cuts from suppliers, etc. Alas most of these are, shamefully for me, my brethren. Former Fiji Indians should learn to accept that there are good and capable Indians in Fiji, just as there are capable Fijians and capable whites in UK.
Tomasi, the posts on fijileaks is not against Any race or party. Victor is bringing the truth about individuals who hide behind the mask of good Fiji citizens.
Look outside the box and you will see the reason and benefits of appointments to certain elites.
Kamlesh Prakash should be facing the drums of law but he is being awarded safe heaven just like the ex Military boss.
Where is the transparency?
Wake up bhaiya
@yash, how exactly did you conclude that whatever was said about Kamlesh is truth? Your version of truth seems to be what you want to believe. The reality is very different. The propaganda against Indo-Fijians is nothing new. The only difference is that previously it was done by other races, now it is our own people motivated by personal agendas. Here's hoping against all hope that the evil intentions of those hell-bent of marginalising the Indo-Fijian community doesn't succeed.
@tomasi, I can very well describe the fate of Indo-Fijians through this very common phrase-"when Indo-Fijians have friends like Victor Lal, who needs enemies". In his delusional world and those of his masters, Indo-Fijians are responsible for all the problems in Fiji as other races are all saints. Wasn't this the same philosophy that was used by coup perpetrators that Victor once revolted against. Seems like Victor and Co feel rewarding to swim with his brothers from coupfourpoint five dynasty. Good luck to him and his newfound purpose of life.
Tomato koroi
So you prefer a wife beater to be the new envoy to Abu Dhabi.
Check his police records.
Another of Khaiyums bomb maker friends of 1987.
Chiku
Can the allergy machine test if we, the people of Fiji are allergic to Bainimarama and Khaiyum!
Very true Tomasi
Victor Lal
Tomasi Koroi and Johnny.
I do not know if you are one and the same person but let me tell you. Our stories have nothing to do with RACE but DISGRACE.
What you two are saying is that we should close ranks as a race and let our Indo-Fijian thieves, coupists, wife beaters to enjoy the new found powers under Bainimarama's guns.
That will never happen. We have also attacked native Fijians and other non-Fijians from all parties, and will continue to do so. If you do not like Fijileaks go elsewhere - there are many pro-Khaiyum and Bainimarama newspapers and other social media
The answer to your first question is No. Tomasi Koroi and I' m two different individuals with no relation to each other. You can very easily verify this with our IP addresses and e-mall contacts.
Secondly, I'm not asking you to turn a blind eye to coupists, wife beaters and thieves as you proclaim. What I fail to grasp is why are your site targeting Indo-Fijian appointments? As soon as an Indo-Fijian is earmarked for appointment in a key government posts, fijileaks come up with all guns blazing trying to discredit the person without doing any actual background checks on him/her. You have bluntly attacked a very capable person in Kamlesh on the basis of unsubstiantiated claims by one individual who clearly has an agenda. You are also using Kamlesh's relation to Ganesh Chand to discredit him. You seem to be giving positive coverge to known coupists like Naiqama but take offence if any Indo-Fijian supports an elected government. What do you expect all Indo-Fijians to do-resign from government positions because it is run by bainimarama and kaiyum. What will that achieve?
Like you have worked in Fiji Sun and know how they operate, I have spend a great deal of my life in Fiji Times during the netani rika/Fred Wesley era and I can say this with absolute guarantee that they are not neutral and fair as you and some others make them look like. They also have a hidden face that is only seen by those that have gone through the system. Use your investigative skills and go through some of the cases lodged against Fiji Times in the employment relations tribunal.
You are asking us to chose another forum. So all of a sudden, their is no freedom of exression in your site. You want yes man. Isn't this exactly what you accusing bainimarama/kaiyum to be doing? Sorry Victor but it seems that you have the nerve to critique but not to take critisms. There are coupists, wife beaters, child molesters and thieves on the other side of the house. If you are really neutral as you claim, out them as you are closing to be doing the Indo-Fijians. Do you think that tikolevus, waqabacas, radrodros, ratus and adis have a closet with any dirty linen?
Tualeita
Having been a regular reader of Fiji Leaks, I don't think Victor Lal targets only Indo-Fijians. But I do realize that many allegations need to be fact-checked first before I will believe them and that there are those of every ethnicity whose only reasons for abusing authority and the trust of the people are selfish greed for power, fame and money.
Tualeita is spot on in his comment that there are those of every ethnicity and I would add every nationality whose only reason for abuse of power and trust of people is greed for power and money.
We have our leaders and politicians who have been doing that as revealed by Fijileaks .
But today we have a more illustrious example. We have a man who was one day the President of his country and the next day behind bars as a prisoner in his country for corruption. This is story of the Guatemalan President reported just a while ago on Aljazeera news 4/9.
It is not uncommon to have corruption at the highest level of government.
This letter is dedicated to one Donald Singh who seem to think government officials and politicians in power are infallible!
People interested in this case and there should be many from Fiji because it tells us how things are meant to work in a functioning democracy should look up the article ' Judge orders Pretrial detention for Guatemalan ex- President' in Latin American Herald Tribune 4/9.
Donald Singh need not bother.
Johnny, you are using the TOR browser to write anonymously as it changes your IP address everytime you sign in....the deep web bhaiya !!!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Education department decides to conduct survey of achievements of government schools
Chandigarh, (Gurpreet) : While furthering its latest initiatives, the school education department has decided to conduct a survey of the achievements of all government and government aided schools as per the directions of the Education Minister Mr. Vijay Inder Singla.
Regarding the preparation of this survey to be conducted by the school education department under the supervision of Mr. Singla, Secretary School Education Mr. Krishan Kumar reviewed the arrangement of 'Punjab Achievement Survey' in a detailed online meetings with the DPIs, Nodal Officers, District Education Officers, Block Primary Education Officers and other officials.
Disclosing this here today a spokesperson of the school education department said that this survey would test the quality of education in the government and government aided schools of the state during the current academic session 2020-21. The survey will begin with a quiz in August and there will be an other quiz about a fortnight later about survey. The children will have their first mock test in September. The second mock test will be held in October and the third test in November. There will be no separate syllabus for this survey and it will be based on the syllabus of the subject already being studied. The survey has been conducted on the basis of class wise. There will be all the subjects for primary classes and four subjects will be for 6th to 10th (English, Mathematics, Science and Social Studies) classes. Survey will be based on some elective subjects for 11th and 12th classes.
According the spokesperson for the success of this survey the nodal officers of the concerned districts, district education officers, block education officers, education reform teams, district and block mentors, Parho Punjab, Praho Punjab Team, school heads and teachers have been entrusted with the responsibility of preparing and encouraging the students. The district and block mentors of all the districts will train the teachers regarding the survey and the teacher will further inform the children about it and motivate them to participate. Sample materials for quiz preparation will be provided online by the department. In addition, children and parents will be made more aware of this survey through various means. The main objective of this survey is to prepare the teachers and students from the all aspects for National Achievement Survey to be conducted by the central Government.


text:
Janet Ecker
BA (Journalism), University of Western Ontario
Janet L. Ecker is the former President and CEO of the Toronto Financial Services Alliance (TFSA), a concept she turned into a growing and influential public-private partnership dedicated to building Toronto as an international financial services centre. With government and industry support, she also established the Global Risk Institute in Financial Services to leverage the sector's global reputation for stability, as well as the Centre of Excellence in Financial Services Education to capitalize on the region's talent advantages. The Centre was recognized by the World Economic Forum as a best practice in collaborative public-private partnerships. In 2014, TFSA also led Canada's successful bid to become the North American trading hub for the Chinese currency, the Renminbi.
Ms. Ecker was formerly the Minister of Finance for Ontario, Canada's largest province, and was the first woman to deliver a budget in the province. During her political career, she delivered significant public policy reforms as Minister of Education, Minister of Community and Social Services and Government House Leader. Before entering public life, Ms. Ecker was the Director of Policy for the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario, the doctors' regulatory body, the first non-physician to hold the position.
She currently sits on a wide range of public and private boards, agencies and government advisory committees and is a Senior Fellow of the C.D. Howe Institute and a member of its National Council.
In 2016 she received the Order of Canada for public service, in recognition of her contributions to the financial sector and in her political life. A frequent public speaker and media commentator, she received the "Excellence in Leadership" award from the Transformation Institute for Leadership and Innovation in 2014, a Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal for public service in 2012 and was recognized as one of the "Most Influential People in the World's Financial Centres" by Financial Centres International in 2010. She also received one of "Canada's Most Powerful Women: Top 100 Award" from the Women's Executive Network and the Richard Ivey School of Business in 2003. Ms. Ecker is one of the founders of Equal Voice, a national, multi-partisan organization working to elect more women.


Photo of Lorraine Marwood presenting as part of a series of creative workshops on the Campaspe River in Elmore called Exploring the Campaspe. Photo by Meg Doller, Project Manager.
This great photo of Lorraine in action was taken by Meg Doller during Lorraine's workshop 'two word poems' with a bunch of young people. Meg is project manager of a series of creative workshops on the Campaspe River in Elmore called Exploring the Campaspe and Lorraine's workshops were the first to be offered. Lorraine is an amazing facilitator and the children wrote a series of wonderful works. We loved having her in Elmore!
Thank you for this info, Meg.


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text:
Ciudad Morelos är en ort i Mexiko.   Den ligger i kommunen Playas de Rosarito och delstaten Baja California, i den nordvästra delen av landet,  km nordväst om huvudstaden Mexico City. Ciudad Morelos ligger  meter över havet och antalet invånare är .

Terrängen runt Ciudad Morelos är platt åt nordväst, men åt sydost är den kuperad. Havet är nära Ciudad Morelos åt sydväst. Den högsta punkten i närheten är Mesa Redonda,  meter över havet,  km öster om Ciudad Morelos.  Närmaste större samhälle är Tijuana,  km norr om Ciudad Morelos. Omgivningarna runt Ciudad Morelos är i huvudsak ett öppet busklandskap.

Stäppklimat råder i trakten. Årsmedeltemperaturen i trakten är  °C. Den varmaste månaden är augusti, då medeltemperaturen är  °C, och den kallaste är december, med  °C. Genomsnittlig årsnederbörd är  millimeter. Den regnigaste månaden är december, med i genomsnitt  mm nederbörd, och den torraste är juni, med  mm nederbörd.

Kommentarer

Referenser

Orter i Baja California

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
For Patent Trolls, Location Is Everything
Legislative Analysis by Elliot Harmon
Share It Share on Twitter Share on Facebook Copy link
This is the year for patent reform. Let's put an end to forum shopping.
There's a bill on the U.S. Senate floor that would make it more difficult for patent trolls to pressure innovators with unfair infringement lawsuits. But there's a key provision missing. Without that provision, we think that the bill's reforms would not be as effective as they could be.
The PATENT Act (Protecting American Talent and Entrepreneurship Act) would take some big steps to fix patent litigation. It would require patent owners to provide more in-depth information about the alleged infringement at the time when they file suit (it's a common patent troll tactic to waste defendants' time and money with unclear allegations). It would make it more difficult for trolls to target end users. When the court rules against a troll, it would allow the court to more easily require the troll to pay the defendants' legal fees. We've written about the PATENT Act before, and we think it's a promising development.
What's missing? Venue reform.
Why does venue matter?
Under current law, a patent owner can usually file suit in any district in which the defendant does business. The federal circuit has ruled that for the purposes of determining where a patent case is heard, a business is considered active in any state in which its products or services are available. For many patent defendants, that means that a troll can sue them for infringement in any district in the U.S., regardless of where they're based or conduct the bulk of their business.
To understand why that's a problem, look no further than the Eastern District of Texas. In the past 16 years, the Eastern District has become increasingly attractive to patent trolls as a venue for patent infringement suits. In the first half of 2015, nearly half of the nation's patent lawsuits were filed there.
Earlier this year, we reported that some Eastern District of Texas judges had instituted rules that seemingly contradict federal procedural law. For example, the federal rules allow a defendant to file a "motion for summary judgment," arguing that the plaintiff cannot win given the undisputed facts of the case. This process is meant to be quicker and more efficient than trial and can discourage patent owners from filing blatantly absurd infringement suits.
But some judges in the Eastern District require defendants to ask for permission to file a motion for summary judgment, with no assurance that the court will give that permission. As for defendants that are granted permission to file a motion for summary judgment, those motions are successful only 18% of the time (the national average is 31%).
Another way the Eastern District favors patent owners is with discovery rules. Discovery is the process whereby litigants request information and documents from each other that will be relevant to the case. Discovery is often very expensive for defendants in patent infringement cases; it's one of several factors that can make patent litigation much more costly for the defendant than for the plaintiff.
It's particularly problematic in the Eastern District, where judges require parties to turn over a lot of information without being asked and to do so very early on in the litigation. That increases costs on defendants (who are usually the ones with lots of documents, especially when the patent owner is a non-practicing entity) and helps patent owners push for a settlement.
The upshot is clear: if you're a patent troll, file your infringement suits in the Eastern District of Texas. They'll be expensive for defendants, and that expense will give you ample leverage to pressure for a settlement. If they do go to a trial, you'll have an elevated chance of winning.
Venue reform strengthens other patent reform measures
We think it's crucial that a comprehensive patent reform package includes venue reform. In fact, its absence in the PATENT Act arguably weakens other provisions in the bill.
As we mentioned above, one of the key changes the bill would make is allowing courts to force plaintiffs to pay defendants' legal costs for unreasonable infringement suits (fee shifting). But it's important to keep in mind that judges will have considerable discretion when deciding whether to award fees.
Given the Eastern District of Texas' track record, it may be less likely to grant defendants' motions for attorney fees than other districts. The district appears to have denied all motions for fees in recent months, though the data set is very small. Since fee shifting is largely within the judge's discretion, it will give plaintiffs even more incentive to sue in the most plaintiff-friendly jurisdictions.
It's not about Texas
It would be a mistake to think that venue reform is just about Texas. It's not. If the Eastern District changed its rules, other districts might take its place. And therein lies the real problem: as long as plaintiffs can file patent lawsuits anywhere, defendants' rights will only be as strong as the weakest link.
Allowing plaintiffs to sue in any district unavoidably creates a market for forum selling. In that market, the plaintiff has all of the buying power. Any rule changes, biases, or precedents that benefit the plaintiff (or even appear to benefit the plaintiff) will be rewarded; any that don't will be punished. As Daniel Klerman and Greg Reilly put it, "When plaintiffs have wide choice of forum, such judges have incentives to make the law more pro-plaintiff, because plaintiffs choose the court with the most pro-plaintiff law and procedures."
Even if no court went out of its way to favor patent owners, their ability to shop for a forum would still be inherently advantageous. It's unavoidable that patterns emerge among courts, both in their procedures and in their rulings. Predictable patterns in judges' perspectives aren't necessarily a bad thing, but forum shopping lets plaintiffs exploit them.
It's not too late
The Innovation Act is currently on the floor in the U.S. House of Representatives. EFF endorses both bills, while recognizing that each one has its strengths and weaknesses, but one thing that the Innovation Act gets right is venue reform.
Under the Innovation Act, venue for patent litigation would be limited to districts where it makes sense; for example, where the defendant's principle place of business is, or where the patent owner has a working, manufacturing facility. We believe that that simple provision is an essential bedrock that will significantly strengthen the final patent reform package.
This is the year for patent reform. If you care about innovators' rights, contact your representative, contact your senators, and let them know that patent reform is important to you. Tell them it's crucial that venue reform makes it into the final bill.
patent reform
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Deeplinks Blog by Joe Mullin | January 20, 2021
Blyncsy's Patent On Contact Tracing Isn't A Medical Breakthrough, It's A Patent Breakdown
Stupid Patent of the MonthContact tracing is critical for limiting the spread of a contagion like COVID-19, but that doesn't mean it's inventive to compare people's locations using their smartphones. Rather, it's all the more important to protect the basic methods of public health from bogus patent claims.The CDC ...
Deeplinks Blog by Joe Mullin | December 31, 2020
Fighting Abusive Patent Litigation During a Year of Health Crisis: 2020 Year In Review
The coronavirus dominated the news cycles, and our personal lives, in 2020. Scientists around the world raced forward to create a vaccine. Alongside that massive effort to create a critical new invention, we saw a renewed debate about patents and their role in helping, or hindering, innovation. At EFF, we've...
Deeplinks Blog by Joe Mullin | October 29, 2020
It's Time to Kick Patent Trolls Out of the International Trade Commission
The International Trade Commission, or ITC, is a federal agency in Washington D.C. that investigates unfair trade practices. Unfortunately, in recent years, it has also become a magnet for some of the worst abusers of the U.S. patent system. Now, there's a bill in Congress, the Protecting America's Interest Act...
Deeplinks Blog by Alex Moss | August 26, 2020
Throwing Out the FTC's Suit Against Qualcomm Moves Antitrust Law in the Wrong Direction
The government bestows temporary monopolies in the form of patents to promote future innovation and economic growth. Antitrust law empowers the government to break up monopolies when their power is so great and their conduct is so corrosive of competition that they can dictate market outcomes without worrying about their...
Deeplinks Blog by Joe Mullin | August 24, 2020
Courts Shouldn't Stifle Patent Troll Victims' Speech
In the U.S., we don't expect or allow government officials – including judges--to be speech police. Courts are allowed to restrain speech only in the rarest circumstances, subject to strict limitations. So we were troubled to learn that a judge in Missouri has issued an order stifling the speech of...
Deeplinks Blog by Rory Mir | August 10, 2020
Guitar Villain? Ubisoft Patents Basic Teaching Techniques
In 2012, Ubisoft launched an educational video game called Rocksmith. The idea was simple: why get good at playing a toy guitar, as in games like "Guitar Hero," when you can use—and learn to play—the real thing? Their game helps beginner musicians identify the skills they need to work...
Deeplinks Blog by Alex Moss | August 7, 2020
Victory! EFF Defends Public's Right to Access Court Records About Patent Ownership
The public's right of access to court proceedings is well-established as a legal principle, but it needs constant defending. In part, that's because private parties keep asking publicly-funded courts to resolve their disputes in secret. As we and others have written before, this problem is especially great...
Deeplinks Blog by Alex Moss | June 30, 2020
EFF Successfully Defends Users' Right to Challenge Patents and Still Recover Legal Fees
When individuals and companies are wrongly accused of patent infringement, they should be encouraged to stand up and defend themselves. When they win, the public does too. While the patent owner loses revenue, the rest of society gets greater access to knowledge, product choice, and space for innovation. This is...
Deeplinks Blog by Alex Moss | May 7, 2020
The Patent Office Is "Adjusting" to a Supreme Court Ruling by Ignoring It
In 2014, the Supreme Court decided the landmark Alice v. CLS Bank case. The Court held generic computers, performing generic computer functions, can't make something eligible for patent protection. That shouldn't be controversial, but it took Alice to make this important limitation on patent-eligibility crystal clear.Last year, the Patent Office...
Deeplinks Blog by Joe Mullin | April 29, 2020
The "Inventor Rights Act" is an Attack on True Invention
Certain patent owners just can't get enough of the monopoly power patents bestow. That's why they keep trying to make it easier to get and sue over patents, despite Supreme Court rulings that point in the opposite direction.Their latest effort, the misleadingly-named "Inventors Rights Act," also known as H.R....


Who would you vote for? If the world could vote?
Wow, that felt good – I just went to that site and 'voted'! I've often thought throughout this campaign that, since whoever is President of the US does effect the whole world, perhaps the whole world should be able to vote?
Blimey… no one likes McCain much do they (apart from Macedonia, bizarrely). Is it genuinely the politics do you think or is a large part of it championing of the "underdog"? Not that he is an underdog, but it would be more than a coup for the Democrats if he did win. Does the world want to see a Democrat in the White House, or a black man?
I can vote-and did so! I went for Obama. Basically because he seems like a calm and intelligent statesman, and I think we need that calming influence in the world at the moment. Have no idea how he'll do-but don't think there will be any rash/crazy ideas hatched while he's in office. Fingers crossed!
I suspect if you asked most people supporting Obama to describe why, they would say things like; inspirational, visionary, thoughtful, intelligent, articulate, measured etc etc. The word 'black' would barely appear.
I suspect if you asked most people supporting McCain to describe Obama, they would say things like, black.
This flow chart might help you to decide.
… ComRes also asked a series of questions asking whether people would be prepared to vote for a leader who was black, muslim, gay or from another minority group. The question drew its inspiration from a similar poll conducted in the USA by Gallup last year, which found amongst other things that 5% of American voters said they wouldn't vote for a black candidate and a majority (53%) wouldn't vote for an atheist.


text:
Just Like Me! ( für Genau wie ich!) ist eine niederländische Jugend-Dramedy im Doku-Soap-Stil, die im Auftrag der Walt Disney Company durch die Produktionsfirma Tuvalu Media entstand. Die Erstausstrahlung erfolgte am 28. Mai 2016 auf dem Disney Channel Niederlande und Belgien. Das Finale der Serie wurde am 5. Oktober 2017 ausgestrahlt. Im deutschsprachigen Raum fand die Premiere der Serie am 24. März 2020 auf Disney+ statt.

Handlung
Die Serie erzählt die Geschichte von fünf Teenagern, die sich zusammenschließen, um erfolgreiche Videokünstler zu werden. Jeder von ihnen besitzt ein anderes Talent. Am Wochenende treffen sie sich in der Shake, einer coolen Saftbar auf einem Boot, um dort gemeinsam Ideen zu sammeln und Videos zu produzieren. Zusammen entdecken die Freunde ihre kreativen Talente, müssen aber zugleich lernen mit den Höhen und Tiefen von Internetstars umzugehen, neue Abonnenten für sich zu begeistern und sich gegenseitig im Teenager-Alltag zu unterstützen.

Und so sehen sich die Freunde unter anderem mit folgenden Fragen konfrontiert: "Wie gehe ich mit kommerziellen Möglichkeiten und Cybermobbing um?", "Wie werde ich ein Internetstar ohne mich selbst zu verlieren?" und "Hält es unsere Freundschaft aus, wenn ich eine Solo-Gelegenheit nutze?"

Besetzung

Crossover
In der ersten Staffel hatte Ridder van Kooten als seine Figur Levi aus der niederländischen Disney Channel Original Series Jonge Garde einen Gastauftritt. In der zweiten Staffel spielt Ridder van Kooten die neue Hauptfigur Finn.

Weblinks
 Just Like Me! bei Disney+

Einzelnachweise

Fernsehserie (Niederlande)
Fernsehserie der 2010er Jahre
Kinder- und Jugendfernsehserie
Disney Channel


I have an internal table filled with XML for an Excel sheet. I can open it in Excel by downloading to a file and opening the file (sample code below).
However can this (the internal table XML data) be opened in Excel without downloading it to a file first? Thanks.
data cl_document type ref to i_oi_document_proxy.


text:
An Egyptian Middle or New Kingdom Mirror
A bronze mirror, rare and with a great provenance, dating to either the Middle Kingdom or the early New Kingdom of Egypt (circa 2100 – 1450 BC). The disk has a slightly ellipsoidal form and is attached to the handle by a tang. The handle is in the shape of a papyrus column with foliate capital, surmounted by flaring umbels on which two falcons can be seen, supporting the mirror disk on their backs.
Mirrors were full of symbolic meaning, being related to the sun. Their shiny appearance copied that of the sun disk, as did their shape which usually is not completely circular but a bit oval, just like the sun itself (which is an oblate spheroid, especially when seen near the horizon). Falcons, sometimes seen below the disk as on our example, could represent the sun god. The handle of a mirror often also display symbols. The grip can have the shape of a divine standard or, more frequently, has the shape of a papyrus stalk or shows a depiction of the goddess Hathor; both were connected to sexuality, fertility and rebirth. The same applies to handles in the form of nude female figures.
Ancient Egyptian words to indicate a mirror illustrate this connection to the sun and resurrection clearly: "ankh" (a homonym with the word ankh, "life"), "iten" (homonym with the word iten or Aten, "sun disk") "the divine", "the Heliopolitan", "the one who is in eternity", "the one who opens the face" (the mirror revealed the face parallel to what happened during the daily ritual in the temple, where the opening up of the shrine revealed the statue of the god).
It is therefore understandable that mirrors accompanied the dead into the afterlife. They were often depicted on the inside of Middle Kingdom coffins, sometimes on the eastern panel, in front of the face of the mummy which was lying on its left side, watching the rising sun. But also real mirrors were part of the tomb equipment. Sometimes they were put between the bandages of the mummy, also as small amulets, usually of faience.
For almost identical mirrors see the British Museum London, inv. nos. EA2731 (which is dated to the Middle Kingdom) and EA32583, dating to the New Kingdom; Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, accession number 20.1790 and 20.1792 (both 2nd Intermediate Period) and 27.872 (New Kingdom); Egyptian Museum Cairo, nos. 44.027 - 44.031.
Christine Lilyquist, Ancient Egyptian Mirrors from the Earliest Times through the Middle Kingdom (Münchner Ägyptologische Studien, 27) (München und Berlin, 1979), esp. p. 46, figs. 82-86;
Constance Husson, L'offrande du miroir dans les temples égyptiens de l'époque gréco-romaine. Lyon, 1977;
Georges Bénédite, Miroirs (Catalogue Général des Antiquités Égyptiennes du Musée du Caire, Nos. 44001-44102) (Le Caire, 1907), p. 14-16 ; pls. VII-IX (no. 44.027, 44.028, 44.029, 44.030, 44.031);
Claire Evrard-Derriks, "Le miroir représenté sur les peintures et bas-reliefs égyptiens", in: Miscellanea in honorem Josephi Vergote. Edenda curaverunt P. Naster, H. De Meulenaere et J. Quaegebeur (Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica 6/7) (Leuven, 1975-1976), p. 223-229;
Claire Derriks, Les miroirs cariatides égyptiens en bronze. Typologie, chronologie et symbolisme (Münchner Ägyptologische Studien, 51). (Mainz am Rhein, Von Zabern, 2001);
Heinrich Schäfer, "Die Ausdeutung der Spiegelplatte als Sonnenscheibe", Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache and Altertumskunde 68 (1932), p. 1-7;
Erik Hornung, E. und Elisabeth Staehelin, Skarabäen und andere Siegelamulette aus Basler Sammlungen (Ägyptische Denkmäler in der Schweiz, 1) (Mainz am Rhein, Von Zabern, 1976), p. 140-141;
Joachim F. Quack, "Das nackte Mädchen im Griff halten. Zur Deutung der ägyptischen Karyatidenspiegel", Die Welt des Orients 33 (2003), p. 44-64;
Léon Anlen - Roger Padiou, Les miroirs de bronze anciens. Symbolisme et tradition. Collection des auteurs et pièces de musées (Tredaniel, 1989);
Jeanne Vandier d'Abbadie, Catalogue des objets de toilette égyptiens. Musée du Louvre, Departement des antiquities égyptiennes (Paris, Éditions des musées nationaux, 1972);
Rita E. Freed, Egypt's Golden Age. The Art of Living in the New Kingdom 1558-1085 BC (Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, 1982) p. 185-186, no. 214;
Jacques F. Aubert – Liliane Aubert, Bronzes et or égyptiens (Paris, 2001), p. 47-48; 180-184; 404-406.
Middle to Early New Kingdom, circa 2100 - 1450 B.C.
Height 18.6 cm including handle; diameter of disk 12.6 cm maximum.
Dutch private collection M.H., bought at Christie's London, 3 July 1996, lot 231; previously anonymous private collection, bought at Sotheby's, 22 October 1934, prior to that in the collection of Mansoor Abd Essayid; this was an official of the Egyptian State Railways, Cairo, who owned an important collection of antiquities.
Intact, in very good condition overall; minor scratches; lower handle missing.


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text:
using System;

namespace Orleans.Runtime
{
    internal static class ApplicationRequestsStatisticsGroup
    {
        private static HistogramValueStatistic appRequestsLatencyHistogram;
        private const int NUM_APP_REQUESTS_EXP_LATENCY_HISTOGRAM_CATEGORIES = 31;
        private const int NUM_APP_REQUESTS_LINEAR_LATENCY_HISTOGRAM_CATEGORIES = 30000;

        private static CounterStatistic timedOutRequests;
        private static CounterStatistic totalAppRequests;
        private static CounterStatistic appRequestsTotalLatency;
        private static FloatValueStatistic appRequestsAverageLatency;

        internal static void Init(TimeSpan responseTimeout)
        {
            if (!StatisticsCollector.CollectApplicationRequestsStats) return;

            const CounterStorage storage = CounterStorage.LogAndTable;
            appRequestsLatencyHistogram = ExponentialHistogramValueStatistic.Create_ExponentialHistogram_ForTiming(
                StatisticNames.APP_REQUESTS_LATENCY_HISTOGRAM, NUM_APP_REQUESTS_EXP_LATENCY_HISTOGRAM_CATEGORIES);

            timedOutRequests = CounterStatistic.FindOrCreate(StatisticNames.APP_REQUESTS_TIMED_OUT, storage);
            totalAppRequests = CounterStatistic.FindOrCreate(StatisticNames.APP_REQUESTS_TOTAL_NUMBER_OF_REQUESTS, storage);
            appRequestsTotalLatency = CounterStatistic.FindOrCreate(StatisticNames.APP_REQUESTS_LATENCY_TOTAL, false, storage, true);

            appRequestsAverageLatency = FloatValueStatistic.FindOrCreate(
                    StatisticNames.APP_REQUESTS_LATENCY_AVERAGE,
                       () =>
                       {
                           long totalLatencyInTicks = appRequestsTotalLatency.GetCurrentValue();
                           if (totalLatencyInTicks == 0) return 0;
                           long numReqs = totalAppRequests.GetCurrentValue();
                           long averageLatencyInTicks = (long)((double)totalLatencyInTicks / (double)numReqs);
                           return (float)Utils.TicksToMilliSeconds(averageLatencyInTicks);
                       }, storage);
        }

        internal static void OnAppRequestsEnd(TimeSpan timeSpan)
        {
            appRequestsLatencyHistogram?.AddData(timeSpan);
            appRequestsTotalLatency?.IncrementBy(timeSpan.Ticks);
            totalAppRequests?.Increment();
        }

        internal static void OnAppRequestsTimedOut()
        {
            timedOutRequests?.Increment();
        }
    }
}


text:
Courage is needed for success
Thermik was founded by Peter Hofsaess in Pforzheim in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany, in 1968. Peter Hofsaess was the first person to successfully solve the problem of current self-heating in bimetal switches. He subsequently had the vision of developing the world's best and most reliable thermal protectors and introducing them to the market. Three billion units of these high-quality products are currently in use across the world.
Marcel P. Hofsaess became the successor to the founder and fostered the innovative spirit of Thermik even further. The company developed and implemented innovative strategies under his leadership, establishing itself as the world's most technically and financially successful supplier of thermal protectors and thermistors. Thermik is currently one of the most successful SMEs in Europe and a leading innovator by a large margin. The management of the Group, now under second-generation leadership, also plays a decisive role in continuing the spirit of innovation that defines Thermik.
"Ever since we moved into the new headquarters in 2011, we have registered three times as many German and international patents compared to the previous 10 years!"
Marcel P. Hofsaess,
Thermik holds almost 1,000 German and international patents (source: DPMA analysis, as of 2016), which is more than the property rights owned by all other competitors combined. Meanwhile, the founder's successor has been equally prolific in developing innovative solutions. Marcel P. Hofsaess has invented a greater number of new thermal protectors than anyone else in the world – by a large margin. He alone is cited in as many property rights as all other inventors in the sector who come between second and seventh place.
The fact that the company founder Peter Hofsaess is also on the list of the most prolific inventors shows the extraordinary continuity that runs through the company history. The number of patented inventions attributed to Marcel P. Hofsaess is in fact the fifth largest among all living inventors in Germany when all sectors are taken into account. This says a great deal about the company's philosophy and the innovative spirit that inspires Thermik to create new inventions time and again.
The widest range of products on the market
The company has the largest and most modern portfolio on the market, including a wide range of thermal protectors, PTC motor protection sensors (resistors) and PTC heating elements. The company is also constantly developing customised solutions. Thermik develops customised applications for many renowned market leaders, allowing them to maintain a competitive edge. The company is constantly adding innovative touches to the sector with its numerous inventions, which are regularly recognised by Germany's largest and most highly regarded auditor. According to this auditor, Thermik Gerätebau GmbH is one of the 75 most efficient and 100 most innovative SMEs in Germany.
Leading manufacturer of innovative, high-quality thermal protectors
The corporate headquarters was moved from Baden-Württemberg to Sondershausen in the municipality of Kyffhäuserland in the state of Thuringia in 2011 in order to prepare the company for the challenges of the future. Thermik develops new products each year. As a result, the company owns more patents and property rights for thermal protectors than all other competitors combined. This means Thermik Gerätebau GmbH is the world's leading manufacturer of innovative, high-quality thermal protectors.


text:
Marhult är en småort i Granhults socken i Uppvidinge kommun, Småland och ligger cirka 5 km nordväst om Lenhovda, på gränsen till Växjö kommun. Två hus väster om orten som ligger i Växjö kommun ingår i småortens avgränsning.

I Marhult fanns en träindustri som lades ner 2005.

Noter

Orter i Uppvidinge kommun
Orter i Växjö kommun
Småorter i Sverige


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text:
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A very generous fleshy textured McLaren Vale Cabernet.
Opaque very dark red black colour with deep dark red hue. The nose displays aromas of dark blackcurrant and cassis followed by a touch of liquorice and some dark chocolate. Full bodied the palate delivers a very ripe flavour profile of cassis, dark chocolate, liquorice and spice. Fine grained tannin structure with aftertaste of dark chocolate, liquorice, blackcurrant and spice.


A 38-year-old Belgian woman was euthanized in 2010, and her family is seeking justice.
After 66 years of marriage, Charlie and Francie Emerick chose to take advantage of Oregon's Death With Dignity Law. Last April, with physician assistance, the couple took lethal doses together to end their own lives.
Canadians, or at least Canadian media elites, seem intent on creating a real-life version of what novelist P.D. James, in her novel "The Children of Men," called "quietus": that is, state-sanctioned mass suicide of the those deemed to be a burden to the rest of society.
Who Decides When Life is Worth Living?
Oregon man wants assisted-living facility to stop feeding his wife so she can die.


text:
The Anatomy of the Tongue in Cheek är den kristna pop/rock-gruppen Relient K:s andra studioalbum och släpptes 28 augusti 2001.

Låtlista
Alla låtar är skrivna av Matt Thiessen; förutom "Those Words Are Not Enough", skriven av Matt Hoopes.

"Kick-Off" – 0:39
"Pressing On" – 3:29
"Sadie Hawkins Dance" – 2:57
"Down In Flames" – 4:07
"Maybe It's Maybeline" – 3:14
"Breakdown" – 3:45
"Those Words Are Not Enough" – 4:39
"For The Moments I Feel Faint" – 3:47
"Lion Wilson" - 0:36
"I'm Lion-O" – 2:55
"What Have You Been Doing Lately?" – 3:23
"May The Horse Be With You" – 2:17
"My Way Or The Highway...." – 3:47
"Breakfast At Timpani's" – 0:22
"The Rest Is Up To You" – 4:04
"Failure To Excommunicate" – 3:35

Musikalbum 2001
Album av Relient K


Below is a listing of all Soleil Radiant Heaters.
Radiant Heater DF1609A Dual Watt 1200/1500 Radiant Heater Ribbon Element Thermostat Safety Tip-Over & Cut-Off Switch Metal Structure Body Tip Over Alarm w/ Fan.
Copyright © 2006-2019 Geneva Industrial Group INC. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Atahualpa ou Atahuallpa (quéchua Ataw Wallpa, 30 de março de 1502 - Cajamarca, 26 de julho de 1533) foi o décimo terceiro e último Sapa Inca (imperador inca) de Tahuantinsuyu, como era chamado o Império Inca. Foi o governante de Quito por cinco anos antes de conquistar o Império Inca de seu irmão Huáscar. Depois de derrotar seu irmão, Atahualpa tornou-se muito brevemente o último Sapa Inca (imperador soberano) do Império Inca (Tawantinsuyu) antes da conquista espanhola. Atahualpa herdou o Reino de Quito de seu pai, o Sapa Inca Huayna Capac em 1525. Antes que Huayna morresse, fez um testamento verbal onde dizia que pretendia dividir seu império em duas partes. Atahualpa se tornaria rei na seção norte do Império Inca e seu meio-irmão mais Huáscar, receberia a seção do sul como Sapa Inca. Huayna morreu de uma doença infeciosa (possivelmente varíola). Atahualpa governou Quito pacificamente por 5 anos, até que seu irmão Huáscar tentou conquistar o Reino de Quito anexando a região dos Cañaris.

A questão das panacas
Existe toda uma polêmica sobre a matrilinearidade de Atahualpa. Pedro Cieza de León afirma que Atahualpa nascera em Cusco e era mais velho que Huascar. Cieza afirma que a mãe, Tupa Palla, era de uma linhagem Hurin Cusco (Quillaco) e negava que fosse uma princesa de Quito. Já Diego Esquivel y Navia  quando fala do final do governo de Huyna Capac mencionam a origem nortenha da mãe de Atahualpa, mas mais adiante, ao mencionar os descendentes de Huayna Capac, nomeia Thupa Atahuallpa e sua mãe Tocto Ocllo Cuca Coya, que pertencia ao Hatun Ayllu (a linhagem de Pachacuti).

O principal divulgador da origem nortenha de Atahualpa foi Garcilaso de La Veja, que pertencia pelo lado materno a linhagem de Tupac Yupanc e, por conseguinte fazia parte da panaca Capac Ayllu a mesma da mãe de Huascar (Rauha Ocllo), motivo pelo qual Garcilaso era partidário de Huascar.

A inexatidão do relato de Garcilaso aparece em várias partes. Sua crônica trata de diminuir a imagem de Pachacuti por ser uma figura proeminente do Hatun Ayllu. Coloca um Inca Yupanqui entre Pachacuti e  Tupac Yupanqui, para dissimular o príncipe Amaru que durante um tempo foi co-regente de Pachacuti e logo foi deposto em favor de Tupac Yupanqui, circunstancias que incomodavam Garcilaso porque a historiografia europeia não admitia situações similares. Por ultimo segundo os costumes tradicionais do velho mundo, não podia explicar a situação existente entre os filhos de Huayna Capac e a importância da filiação materna, incompreensível para o século XVII imbuído de primogenituras, bastardias e direito paterno.

Por esse motivo Garcilaso optou, seguido por outros cronistas, pela versão de uma divisão do Tahuantinsuyu atribuída a Huayna Capac no sentido de deixar o Curacado de Quito para Atahualpa e o resto dos estados a Huascar. Esse fracionamento assemelhava ao que havia nos reinos europeus durante a era medieval entre os filhos de um rei.

A disputa pela Mascapaycha
Os cronistas achavam que no período pré-hispânico a mascapaycha era herdada pelo filho legitimo mais velho de um soberano. Sem duvida ao estudar as crônicas e verificar os acontecimentos que se sucediam após a morte de cada Inca, descobrimos que os hábitos sucessórios eram completamente diferentes. Os próprios cronistas desmentem suas afirmações quando tratam de casos concretos.

Um grupo de nobres foi até a huaca de Urcos Calla para se encontrar com a coya Rauha Ocllo, entre eles estava Chuquis Guaman, que convenceu alguns nobres a dar um golpe, matar Huascar e colocar em seu lugar seu meio-irmão Cusi Atauchi. Temendo um fracasso Chuquis Guaman foi a Cusco e  revelou a Tito Atauchi o plano para matar Huascar e sua mãe. Tito Atauchi, fiel a Huascar, prendeu Chuquis Guaman, Cusi Atauchie e os demais conspiradores e ordenou sua execução.

Estes acontecimentos e os castigos impostos aos encarregados de trazer o corpo de Huayna Capac fez com que vários membros da comitiva fúnebre ficassem apreensivos e retornassem a Quito. Estes atos aumentaram o descontentamento das panacas contra Huascar, sobretudo entre os membros dos Hanan Cusco, parentes dos nobres executados.

Enquanto se desencadeavam estes acontecimentos em Cusco, e depois da partida do séquito de Huayna Capac, Atahualpa voltou a Tumipampa e ordenou a edificação de novos palácios para uma possível visita de Huascar, atitude que desgostou ao curaca de Tumipampa chamado Ullco Colla. Este cacique enviou mensageiros secretos para Huascar queixando-se de Atahualpa e insinuando que este estaria preparando uma sublevação.

Huascar ao receber as notícias de Ullco Colla se enfureceu com sua mãe e sua irmã pelo descuido que tiveram em deixar Atahualpa em Quito, local em que estavam os principais generais que serviram Hayna Capac, e Huascar acreditava que os militares iriam apoiar seu irmão.

Atahualpa cumprindo costumes enviou para Huascar em Cusco ricos presentes, mas Huascar ficou irado e matou os mensageiros. Com isso houve o rompimento entre os irmãos, pois diante a atitude de Huascar, Atahualpa não poderia retornar a Cusco como lhe ordenara o irmão, pois seria ir em direção a morte certa. Outra fontes citam que foram os generais de Huayna Capac que permaneceram no norte que incentivaram Atahualpa a se rebelar contra o irmão.

Enquanto Atahualpa iniciava uma rebelião aberta contra seu irmão, Huascar estabelecia seu governo na capital e no início do enfrentamento contava com o apoio dos nobres de Cusco e da classe dirigente do Tahuantinsuyu. Mas não se preocupou em preservar seu prestigio entre eles, nem de conseguir a amizade e o respeito dos generais que serviram fielmente seu pai. De caráter covarde, violento, cruel e irresponsável, Huascar não deu aos nobres dos Ayllus reais a atenção que estavam acostumados. As tradições andinas exigiam a reunião e assistência do Inca aos membros das panacas e dos ayllus importantes nas grandes festividades que tinham lugar em praça publica para fortalecer os vínculos de reciprocidade entre os parentes, mas Huascar não comparecia às festividades.

Guerra dos Dois Irmãos

Aproximadamente em 1529, Atahualpa foi aprisionado por Cañaris leais a Huáscar num tambo, mas libertado durante a noite por simpatizantes. Atahualpa rumou para Quito, onde reorganizou suas forças e atacou Tomepampa.

Rumando para Caxabamba, Atahualpa ordenou o massacre de todos os povos e tribos que se aliaram a Huascar. (os povos da região de Tallán: Punaeños, Chimus, Yungas, Guayacundos e Cañaris). Atahualpa, foi varrendo tudo em seu caminho até chegar a Tumbes, onde a maioria da população o apoiava. O Curaca Chirimasa (ou Chili Masa) tornou-se um de seus principais aliados e disponibilizou 12 mil guerreiros em balsas para conquistar a Ilha Puná, cujos habitantes eram tradicionalmente rivais dos tumbis e leais a Huáscar. Os ilhéus, que eram grandes navegadores, derrotaram o exército de Atahualpa superiores em número.

Em 1530, Huáscar organizou um poderoso exército e o enviou ao norte tendo no comando de seu irmão, o general Huaminca Atoc. Enquanto isso em Quito, Atahualpa organizava suas forças após a derrota na ilha Puná, reuniu seus generais Challcuchimac, Quizquiz, Rumiñahui e Ucumarí e ordenou-lhes avançar. O plano de Huascar era avançar para o norte e tomar Tomepampa e Quito. No confronto as forças de Huascar saíram vencedoras, mas apesar de vencerem não conseguiram capturar Atahualpa.

Atahualpa marchou com as tropas que conseguiu reunir para Latacunga para reforçar suas tropas, ordenando ao general Challcuchimac parar não recuar mais e dar batalha ao inimigo. Essa iniciativa estimulou seus seguidores que travaram uma segunda batalha, desta vez sob o comando dos generais Quizquiz e Challcuchimac, as tropas de Atahualpa foram vitoriosas numa fragorosa derrota de Huascar.

Huáscar nomeou como novo comandante supremo das suas forças outro de seus irmãos, Huanca Auqui. As tropas de Huascar atacaram Tomepampa e Molleturo , mas foram derrotadas em ambas as ocasiões. Os nortistas continuaram seu avanço para o sul. Todos os dias eles aumentam suas forças com novos recrutas, mas ainda estavam em menor número (as tropas de Huascar eram estimadas em cerca de 80 mil homens). Com o avanço das tropas de Atahualpa, os huascaristas recuaram para o sul, em direção a Cusco, sofrendo sucessivas derrotas ao longo do caminho.

Quando os sobreviventes do exército de Huascar chegaram a Cajamarca procuraram se reorganizar. La receberam reforços liderados pelo general Tito Atauch, eram cerca de 10 mil homens a maioria chachapoyas. Já as forças de Atahualpa lideradas por Quizquiz ocuparam  Huancapampa e avançaram para enfrentar o inimigo, travando a batalha de Cochahuaila (entre Huancabamba e Huambo). A luta foi sangrenta e durou até o final do dia. Na manhã seguinte os guerreiros de Quito atacaram os chachapoyas, matando mais da metade do contingente; o que sobrou do exército huascarista foi para o Planalto de Bombón (região de Pasco). Huascar mandou em auxílio a suas tropas o general Mayta Yupanqui, e um contingente de nobres de Cusco. Com os reforços as tropas de Cusco conseguiram defender a ponte sobre o rio Angoyaco (atual Izcuchaca) por mais de um mês, mas depois disso foram forçadas a continuar a sua retirada para o sul, sendo novamente derrotadas em Vilcas.

Em 1532, as tropas de Atahualpa já ocupavam o centro e o sul do Peru. Huascar transferiu todas as suas forças para Cusco, onde foram reorganizadas em três exércitos. O primeiro sob seu comando pessoal, capitaneados por nobres do Hurin Cusco, o segundo liderado pelo general Uampa Yupanqui, foi enviado para Cotabambas, onde as forças inimigas estavam. O terceiro, comandado pelo general Huanca Auqui, tinha a missão de monitorar e emboscar os inimigos quando surgisse a oportunidade. Enquanto isso generais de Atahualpa Quizquiz e Challcuchimac cruzaram o rio Cotabamba com suas forças.

As tropas de Uampa Yupanqui se enfrentaram com o inimigo em Huanacopampa (província de Cotabambas, na região de Apurímac). Durante esta batalha o general nortenho Tomay Rima foi morto. A noite as tropas de Atahualpa retiraram-se para um monte. Vendo que o local estava cercado por grama seca, Hascar ordenou iniciar um incêndio que matou muitos dos seus inimigos. Os sobreviventes conseguiram atravessar o rio Cotabamba, mas erroneamente Hascar decidiu não para persegui-los.

No dia seguinte, Huascar ordenou ao general Topa Atao atravessar o rio e perseguir o inimigo. Topa Atao atingiu um barranco  chamado Chontacajas, onde enfrentou as tropas de Challcuchimac, que os estavam esperando de emboscada , Topa Atao foi derrotado e capturado. Challcuchimac então ordenou a Quizquiz para atacar o inimigo pela retaguarda. Huáscar, que estava marchando confiante, foi surpreendido ao ver Challcuchimac bloqueando seu caminho e Quizquiz o atacando pela retaguarda sendo facilmente aprisionado junto com Topa Atao enquanto suas tropas se dispersavam. Após prender Huascar, Challcuchimac seguiu para Huanacopampa, onde estavam aquarteladas as últimas tropas de Huascar.  Disfarçado de Huascar e em sua liteira, Challcuchimac conseguiu se aproximar das tropas de Cusco e dizimá-las, já Huanca Auqui dispersara suas tropas quando soube da prisão de Huascar, deixando Cusco livre para ser ocupada.

Após a vitória sobre Huascar

Voltando para a cidade de Cusco, a capital do império, para tomar posse do trono que recentemente conquistara, Atahualpa parou na cidade andina de Cajamarca, conduzindo um exército de cerca de 80 mil guerreiros, quando foi aprisionado pelo conquistador espanhol Francisco Pizarro, no dia 16 de novembro de 1532.

O episódio ocorreu quando o soberano inca, depois de aceitar um convite de Pizarro para jantar e conversar, veio à praça principal de Cajamarca trazendo apenas um pequeno contingente de guardas de honra. Quando Atahualpa chegou, a praça aparentava estar vazia, pois os homens de Pizarro aguardavam ocultos. Atahualpa foi recebido apenas pelo padre Vicente Valverde que, através de um tradutor, imediatamente interpelou Atahualpa exigindo que ele e seu séquito se convertessem ao cristianismo e se submetessem à soberania do rei espanhol, ameaçando-o, pela recusa, de ser considerado um inimigo da Igreja Católica e do Reino da Espanha.

De acordo com lei espanhola, a esperada recusa de Atahualpa à tal "exigência" permitiria que os espanhóis oficialmente declarassem guerra aos incas. Pelo relato dos conquistadores, já havia sido dada um breviário (livro de orações) a Atahualpa que, tendo ouvido a insolente exigência, atirou-a ao chão, constituindo este gesto uma grave ofensa aos invasores católicos. Atahualpa acabou aprisionado no Templo do Sol. Em troca da liberdade, Atahualpa concordou em encher de peças de ouro o grande aposento que ocupava, e a dar ao espanhol o dobro daquela quantia, em prata.

Embora aturdido com o resgate, Pizarro jamais teve intenção de libertar Atahualpa, que pretendia mantê-lo como refém para evitar uma escalada da violência, já que o general inca Ruminavi ainda estava no comando de grande contingente de guerreiros incas.

Como Huascar ainda estava vivo e poderia fazer um acordo com Pizarro, Atahualpa determinou a execução de Huascar, demonstrando assim que ainda mantinha autoridade. Este fato determinou a Pizarro que se apressasse a executa-lo.

Atahualpa foi acusado de ter cometido vários crimes:  heresia, poligamia, e também por ter mandado matar seu irmão Huascar e ordenado mais uma dezena de outros crimes. Atahualpa foi julgado culpado de todas as doze acusações e condenado a ser queimado vivo na fogueira. No momento da execução, Atahualpa aceitou a proposta do padre Valverde de diminuição da pena e aceitou ser batizado para em seguida ser morto por enforcamento no dia 26 de julho de 1533.

Após a morte de Atahualpa, Pizarro colocou um irmão de Atahualpa, Túpac Hualpa como governador de Cusco que foi envenenado e logo em seguida outro irmão Manco Yupanqui.

Ligações externas

Imperadores incas
Naturais de Quito
Pessoas da realeza executadas