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25 Darkest Manga You Need to Read in 2023
By Arthur S. Poe / March 31, 2022 January 5, 2023
If you're a manga fan, you probably know by now that the world is extremely diverse. Manga titles can be classified according to the targeted demographics, as well as different genres, but the borders are often blurred and unclear. Regardless of any of these categories, though, manga titles tend to be very dark from time to time, and for different reasons. In this article, we are going to bring you a list of the 25 darkest manga titles you should read.
1. Uzumaki
2. Homunculus
3. Tokyo Ghoul
4. King of Thorn
5. Elfen Lied
6. Hellsing
7. PandoraHearts
8. DEATH NOTE
9. The Flowers of Evil
10. Berserk
11. Vagabond
12. 🢒M⊙NS†ER🢐
13. Parasyte
14. Pet Shop of Horrors
15. Vinland Saga
16. CLAYMORE
17. Mirai Nikki
18. Dorohedoro
19. GANGSTA.
20. The Junji Ito Horror Comic Collection
21. The Record of a Fallen Vampire
22. Battle Royale
23. Drifting Net Cafe
24. I Am a Hero
25. Chainsaw Man
Original Run: January 19, 1998 – August 30, 1999
Number of Volumes: 3
Kirie Goshima lives in the small town of Kurouzu, a bit isolated between the sea and the surrounding mountains. She's a perfectly normal high school girl, but her boyfriend's father begins to behave in a disturbing way: he is obsessed with observing spiral-shaped objects. This form is becoming more and more present in the small town, as if under the effect of a curse.
Original Run: March 17, 2003 – February 21, 2011
Number of Volumes: 15
Manabu Ito is a wealthy medical student with an interest in the occult, while Susumu Nakoshi is a very rational salaryman, on extended leave and recently living in his car. Due to money troubles, Susumu accepts Manabu's offer to undergo trepanation in exchange for 700,000 yen. This trepanation activates a new function of Susumu's Sensitive Homunculus, which then acquires a sixth sense.
Original Run: September 8, 2011 – September 18, 2014 / October 16, 2014 – July 5, 2018
Number of Volumes: 14 / 16
In the city of Tokyo, creatures named ghouls have appeared and feed on human flesh to survive. One day, Ken Kaneki, a young student, is attacked by one of them and suffers a serious injury.
RELATED: Tokyo Ghoul Arcs in Order: How Many Are There & What Are They About?
To stay alive, he receives a transplant from the ghoul that attacked him and becomes a hybrid, half-human half-ghoul (artificial one-eyed). Quickly, he realizes that he can no longer eat the same foods as before. He then enters the service of the café "L'Antique", a den of ghouls, where he learns to feed himself without harming humans.
But he will soon find himself at the heart of a bloody war between the CCG (Ghoul Control Center), determined to find and exterminate them to the last, and the Aogiri Tree, an organization of merciless ghouls. . He discovers that ghouls are not so different from humans, and little by little he will begin to adapt.
Original Run: October 2002 – October 2005
In the near future, a terrible disease appears. It infects human cells and transforms people into rock-solid matter. The virus responsible is called "Medusa", in reference to the gorgon Medusa, a creature from Greek mythology whose gaze turned humans to stone. There is no cure for this disease.
A private company, named Véga, offers a solution: place patients in a state of cryogenic sleep until the medicine has progressed sufficiently to find a cure. Places being limited, only 160 people will be chosen worldwide, through a lottery. Kasumi and Shizuku are twins and both have Medusa. They participated in this lottery but only Kasumi was drawn.
They however go together to the place of cryonics and have a conversation before the departure of Shizuku. When Kasumi and the other 159 patients wake up, they see the ground overgrown with giant brambles. According to the computers, however, they only slept for two days.
Original Run: June 6, 2002 – August 25, 2005
The story is set in Kamakura, Japan, and revolves around the Diclonius, mutant beings very similar to humans but with two strange horns on their heads and endowed with very strong invisible limbs called "vectors". Believed to be dangerous to the normal human race, Diclonius babies are killed at birth or locked up in research laboratories, subjected to terrible torture and extremely violent experiments.
One of them, Lucy, however, manages to escape to the sea, massacring anyone who comes in front of her. She is found on the beach by two boys in a complete state of amnesia and double personality, caused by a shooter shot in the head while escaping.
The young Diclonius finds herself with a completely different personality and the two boys decide to call her with the only word she can pronounce, namely "Nyu". Unable to leave her alone in those conditions, they take her home waiting to find out about her past. But the military does not give up and remains on the trail of her. What's more, every time the girl hits her head she goes back to being Lucy.
Original Run: May 1997 – September 30, 2008
It centers around the Royal Order of Protestant Knights, which is an organization founded by Abraham Van Hellsing and run by his descendants. His mission is to protect the queen and the borders of the country from any supernatural threat. The organization is led by Sir Integra Fairbrook Wingates Hellsing, the last living member of the family, who inherited her responsibility as director after her father's death when she was 12 years old.
RELATED: Hellsing v Hellsing Ultimate: The Differences Explained and Which One Is Better
Under her command are Walter C. Dornez and Alucard, a powerful vampire who was captured by the family a hundred years ago. Later the ex-policewoman Seras Victoria also joins, who after being bitten by Alucard becomes her offspring and by extension a Hellsing soldier.
Original Run: May 18, 2006 – March 18, 2015
Oz is heir to the Vessalius family, the most prestigious of the four great ducal families in his country. Having just celebrated his 15th birthday, he undertakes the ceremony of passage to adulthood that all nobles must respect. However, what was supposed to be a formality will quickly take another turn, Oz being sent to the Abyss, a parallel world where according to legend criminals who have committed unforgivable crimes are sent. Cooperating with B-Rabbit, a Chain, the name given to the inhabitants of this world, he sets out to return to his world.
Thus begins his long quest for answers, including his so-called crime which may ultimately be more related than he thinks to the lost memories of B-Rabbit, otherwise known as Alice. Accompanied by her as well as Gil, her faithful servant, and several other important allies, the young man will try to discover the truth about the mysteries of his world, in particular about a century-old tragedy.
Original Run: December 1, 2003 – May 15, 2006
Light Yagami is a gifted high school student who judges the current world to be criminal, rotten and corrupt. His life changes completely the day he accidentally picks up a mysterious notebook entitled "Death Note". Its user manual states that "the person whose name is written in this notebook dies".
At first skeptical, Light however decides to test the notebook and discovers that its power is very real. He meets the former owner of the Death Note, a death god named Ryuk. This one declares to have voluntarily dropped his notebook in order to entertain himself. Light decides to use the Death Note to exterminate the criminals, with the aim of building a perfect world of which he will be the god.
RELATED: Death Note Watch Order: The Complete Guide (Series and Movies)
He gradually learns to use the powers of the notebook and its rules: the user can only kill a person if he knows their face, by writing their first and last name. He can also specify the cause and detailed circumstances, the default cause being heart attack.
The many unexplained deaths of criminals around the world attract the attention of Interpol and the mysterious L, a particularly talented detective, but whose identity no one knows. L decides to investigate the serial killer, nicknamed "Kira" by the general public.
Original Run: September 9, 2009 – May 9, 2014
Takao Kasuga is a normal boy, fond of literature and in particular of Les fleurs du Mal by Charles Baudelaire. One day, Takao impulsively steals the tracksuit of partner Nanako Saeki, the girl he likes. The next day, however, Takao discovers that he has been discovered by another companion, Sawa Nakamura, strange and lonely, who blackmails him by forcing him to sign a "contract" with her.
The girl, in exchange, will keep her secret, otherwise, it will be made public. The story, therefore, focuses on the consequences of the children's actions, which end up profoundly influencing their family, school, and city context.
Original Run: August 1989 – present
Berserk tells the story of the meeting of Guts and Griffith, leader of the Falcon Troop, a band of mercenaries in the pay of the kingdom of Midland. From this meeting will be born an ambiguous friendship, but nevertheless efficient: the presence of Guts, a warrior with the disproportionate sword, will quickly prove essential to the ambition of the young Griffith, swashbuckler and outstanding tactician.
RELATED: 25 Best Manga Like Berserk You Need to Read
The anime is thus the account of the rise and fall of the Falcon Troop, and of the relation between Guts and Griffith, particularly complex, between the relation of interest (Griffith uses the force of Guts), mutual respect ( both see each other as soldiers), and deep affection (each inexplicably needs the other's presence).
Original Run: September 17, 1998 – May 21, 2015 (on hiatus)
In 1600 the terrible battle of Sekigahara took place, which established the power of the Tokugawa shogun. Among the fighters, Shinmen Takezo, son of a great samurai, is ready to do anything to survive. Returning to his native village, he is rejected by the inhabitants for having deserted. Pursued, he then begins a long wandering, with a single objective: to become the greatest samurai in Japan.
Vagabond is a long initiation manga, which leads the hero to discover, to understand the world around him and himself, dedicating himself to the way of the sword. Changing his name to Miyamoto Musashi, he challenges and confronts the most powerful samurai, carried away by a murderous spiral, and torn by his love for Otsu, his childhood friend.
Original Run: December 1994 – December 2001
Düsseldorf, 1986. The young and brilliant Japanese neurosurgeon Kenzo Tenma saves a child, Johan Liebert, from certain death, after he was found wounded with a bullet in the head; her twin sister Anna is also hospitalized in shock. The fact that he had chosen to operate on the child instead of the mayor is however criticized by the director, and Tenma loses his social status. Later the twins suddenly disappear, while in the hospital garrison some crimes involving Tenma's main opponents occur.
Original Run: 1988 – 1995
One night, spheres the size of tennis balls, containing snake-like creatures, fall in unknown numbers all over the world. They are programmed to take the place of human brains. One of these attacks a young man, Shinichi, during his sleep, trying to enter through his ear but cannot reach him, the latter having kept his headphones on for the night.
RELATED: 15 Best Anime Like Parasyte You Need to Watch
Jolted awake as the parasite tries to enter through his nose, he tries to defend himself but ends up having his right hand punctured. The high school student then takes his headphones and wraps them around his arm, preventing the parasite from climbing to the brain.
Unable to leave his arm, the latter finally merges with his right hand. Meanwhile, other parasites, having managed to take over their host's brain, begin to feed on human beings, while the creature and Shinichi are forced to cohabit.
Count D is the mysterious manager of an exotic pet store in Los Angeles's Chinatown. The animals that the Count sells (gives, lends, or simply exchanges for candy), come with a contract with three important clauses. These clauses change depending on the animal sold, and breaking this contract induces (or intentionally provokes) dire consequences for the buyer (consequences always related to conflicts and problems in his life), for which the store does not accept any responsibility, although the intrinsic intent is actually to cause such events.
Individual chapters of Pet Shop of Horrors are often based on these consequences and are presented as stand-alone stories, generally introducing one or more characters in each chapter. With the exception of the main characters (Lion and the Count), it is rare for a character to appear in the anime for more than one chapter, giving the series a very episodic nature, unlike the manga, where individual stories are chained into macro-stories.
In the miniseries, Detective Leon Orcot is the nexus that ties the chapters together in an ongoing plot, usually in the form of a subplot within each chapter. He initially suspects that Count D is a criminal who uses the pet shop as a front for drug trafficking; but as he progresses through the series, he learns more about the pet shop and Count D himself, beginning an unlikely friendship between them as he tries to uncover the truth.
Original Run: April 13, 2005 – present
In 1002 A.D. in a small village in Iceland lives Thorfinn, a six-year-old boy, with his father Thors, mother Helga, and sister Ylva, delighting in hearing stories about the legendary land of Vinland from the mouth of the trader and navigator Leif Erikson. Father Thors is a former mercenary of the Jomsborg Vikings who faked his death to retire to lead a peaceful existence away from violence.
RELATED: Vinland Saga Season 2: Release Date, Trailer, Plot, Cast and More
But when King Sweyn I of Denmark summons his vassals to invade England, Thors must also answer the call to protect his village from possible repercussions. However, his boss has not forgotten his desertion and plans to kill him by hiring the pirate Askeladd. Having been ambushed, Thors prefers to be killed in order to save little Thorfinn, who had secretly boarded his ship.
Original Run: June 6, 2001 – October 4, 2014
Claymore takes place in a fictional world co-inhabited by the human species and by a species of demons known as Yōma, which are natural predators of human beings (in the manga they are also known as Specters). An innate ability of the Yōma is to take human form, which allows them to live hidden among humans.
The only beings capable of identifying these creatures and eliminating them are the female warriors known among humans as Claymores, who are beings created by a secret organization from humans. The name given to these warriors is due to the large sword they carry, known as a claymore. Although their appearance is very similar to humans, they have some peculiarities. The most outstanding physical feature is their silver eyes, which have also earned them the name "silver-eyed witches".
Original Run: January 26, 2006 – December 25, 2010
Yukiteru Amano is a solitary young boy who takes refuge in his imagination to escape the social void that constitutes his daily life. He considers that he can avoid any annoyance by observing the world from an external point of view, and records all the events happening around him in the form of a diary which he keeps using his mobile phone.
One day, one of the imaginary entities serving as his playmates, Deus ex Machina, god of time and space, and Mumur, Deus' helper, offers him to participate in a game. Yukiteru realizes that the phone on which he recorded his observations begins to contain entries about the future around him. Initially he uses this power excessively and is happy to possess it until his diary predicts his own death and a girl from his class, Yuno Gasai, who also has a diary from the future follows him; he then ignores that she wishes to save him.
The game has begun, a game of survival where the winner can become the god who will succeed the current Deus. Twelve people were elected to compete, all of whom received a future journal in relation to what they used to note in their regular journals. All will have to take advantage of the information relayed by their future diaries, to hope to survive by killing the others and achieving victory.
Original Run: November 30, 2000 – September 12, 2018
The series is set in a fantasy world divided into three distinct realms: Hole, a dirty, degraded, polluted, and violent metropolis where humans live; the world of sorcerers, a rich, colorful, and magic-dominated kingdom, connected to the human world through magically created doors; and hell, where the souls of dead sorcerers gather and demons live.
RELATED: Dorohedoro Season 2: Release Date, Trailer, Plot, Cast, and More
Although indistinguishable in appearance, humans, and sorcerers belong to two different species: the former developed naturally, and the latter created by the primeval demon Chidaruma. Sorcerers have a unique circulatory system, which allows them to produce smoke from their fingers or mouth through which they perform their magical abilities. Each sorcerer possesses a specialized type of magic, which can be either common or highly sought after, such as healing, the ability to bring the dead back to life, or control time.
Original Run: 2011 – present
The story follows Nicolas Brown and Warwick Arcangelo, two contract killers with opposite personalities: the first is deaf, taciturn, and secretive while the second is boastful and a womanizer. They live in Ergastulum, a city controlled by the mafia and gangs, and earn their living by performing various paid tasks ranging from delivery to assassinations under the guise of their "agency" of "services of all kinds".
Their lives will be turned upside down when they meet Alex, a prostitute who is trying to escape the underworld. It is then that the newcomer discovers that Nick is "indexed", or "twilight".
Tomie is a student hated by her peers for her arrogance and selfishness. She is attracted to Professor Takagi. One day she is inadvertently pushed by her boyfriend Yamamoto following an argument, and she falls off a cliff. Her body is mutilated by schoolmates and the teacher, and her pieces are hidden in various places, so as to hide what happened from the authorities. The next day, Tomie returns to class. The girl makes men fall in love with herself, drives them crazy, causes them to kill her and then regenerates herself indefinitely.
The collection includes a variety of different horror stories.
Just over a thousand years ago, the terrifying powers of the vampire queen, Adelheid, nearly destroyed the world. The humans led by the so-called great master in spiritual energy, that is to say Maria Saberhagen of the infinite crosses, imprisoned him while waiting to be powerful enough to take his life. It was without counting on the king of the vampires: since then, he seeks her relentlessly and, for her, he abandoned his crown and his.
Men, dhampirs (half-men, half-vampires), all seek to eliminate him for fear of the chaos he could unleash. For a millennium, a merciless war has been going on between Rose-Red Strauss with her one and only ally, Lætitia, and the dhampirs led by Bridget.
The Vampire King also has a tough time dealing with his most fearsome enemy the Black Swan, a spell devised by Saberhagen that reincarnates itself in the body of every young woman with every new generation. The vampire king may defeat them one after the other, but the powers of the black swan increase with each generation, and he knows that one day he will be definitively defeated.
In the Republic of Greater Asia, a geographically totalitarian state that is an alternate version of Japan, Battle Royale law applies. In accordance with this law, each year a third grade high school class is chosen by lottery to participate in what is called "The Program." The game consists of a fight where the participants must kill each other in a place specially chosen by the government and previously evacuated.
To force them to participate, they are placed on a collar that provides the control center with the position of the students and that explodes in the event of a breakout or riot. Participants are given survival gear that includes a random weapon (from machine guns to pot lids), to standardize chances of survival. The objective is that there is only one survivor left, the only one who can return home.
The manga features students from one of the extracted classes: Shiroiwa High School's Class 3-B, 21 boys and 21 girls. Your show will take place on an evacuated island. The students almost immediately separate into two different factions: those who refuse to play the game looking for ways to rebel against the government, and those who agree to fight.
While the latter generally move alone, the "rebels" form different groups and implement different strategies to end the game, such as a direct attack on the command center headquarters and the head of the operation, Professor Yonemi Kamon, designed by hacker and anti-government rebel Shinji Mimura, who fails dramatically, while members of the class continue to die one after another.
Original Run: February 28, 2009 – June 28, 2011
Koichi Toki is an office worker or salaryman with a wife, he works hard to bring food to the home and leads a rather simple and boring life. During a work trip he decides to spend time in an internet cafe, where he meets an ex-classmate after a while without seeing each other.
In the same cafe, several customers begin to have problems with their computers and the cell signal disappears, the group of customers along with the manager of the place, Toki and her partner are trapped, to discover that they are in a mysterious place that is not Japan. The group suffers from misunderstandings, several escalations of anger and despair trying to survive while the relationship between Toki and his friend progresses little by little.
Original Run: April 27, 2009 – February 27, 2017
Hideo Suzuki, a paranoid former mangaka whose girlfriend, Tekko, is an up-and-coming mangaka herself, tries to find success again by presenting a manga of his production. Thanks to the money that the manga can bring him, he wants to buy a house to live there with her. However, he does not notice the beginnings of an epidemic that transforms people into bloodthirsty monsters.
As the infection spreads across Japan, possibly even the entire world, Hideo will try to survive the outbreak and witness the destruction of Japanese society under the horde of infected and survivors who have for the most also abandoned all humanity.
Original Run: December 3, 2018 – present
The story takes place in a world where demons are born from human fears. Demons are often dangerous and malevolent, their power proportional to how strongly their corresponding fear is incited into the collective human consciousness. However, humans can sign contracts with them to use their powers.
RELATED: 15 Best Manga Like Chainsaw Man You Need to Read
People who specialize in hunting and employing demons are called demon hunters. Demons originate from Hell and exist in an endless life cycle between Earth and Hell: they are reborn on Earth when they are killed in Hell, and vice versa. In Hell live extremely powerful demons called Primal Fears, who have never been killed. The transit between the two worlds seems to be supervised by the Devil of Hell.
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Joan Crawford - "Monica Rivers"
Ty Hardin - "Frank Hawkins"
Michael Gough - "Albert Dorando"
Judy Geeson - "Angela Rivers"
Robert Hardy - "Detective Superintendent Brooks"
Following the public freak-accident death of a high-wire performer, circus-owner Monica Rivers (Crawford) become the center of the attention as murders begin to plague the traveling circus.
 "Berserk" was the first film made under a three-film contract with Columbia Pictures in February 1966.
October 10th: Filming begins in London, England.
October 20th: Joan and the cast and crew attend Billy Smart's Circus' "Gala Night". On this date much of the circus footage used in the film is record.
July 27, 1967: Special screening at the Walnut Mall Theater in Petersburg, Virginia.
December 19, 1967: Special screening at the Lowe's Theater in Dayton, Ohio.
January 11th, 1968: Limited release in 28 theaters in New York.
January 27th, 1968: The film opened in six theaters in Toronto, Canada.
April 14th, 1968: Opens at the Fox Theatre in Detroit, Michigan. The premiere is attended by the film's producer, Herman Cohen.
 $310,138.00 (Opening week, January 10-15, 1968) 29 New York theaters: (Including; DeMille, Loew's 83rd Street, Orpheum, Sheridan (Manhattan) Paradise (Bronx), Paramount, Stapleton (Staten Is.), Avalon, Kings, Met, Oriental (Brooklyn), Bay Terrace, Elmwood, Prospect, Triboro, Valencia (Queens).
$18,000.00 (First week, January 11th, 1968) The Demille Theater - New York, New York.
 $18,000.00 (First Week, January 27th, 1968) 6 theaters - Toronto, Canada.
$16,200.00 (2-day, February 9th-10th, 1968) 2 theaters - Columbus, Ohio (Loew's, Loew's East).
$120,000.00 (Week of February 14th, 1968) 27 theaters - National.
$7,000.00 (2-day, February 16th-17th, 1968) Beacon Theater - Boston, Massachusetts.
$26,000.00 (Second week, February 28th, 1968) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
$11,000.00 (Third week, March 20th, 1968) RKO Theatre - New York, New York.
$11,382.00 (1-day, Opening week, April 14th, 1968) Fox Theater - Detroit, Michigan.
"Joan Crawford, one of motion pictures' great stars, returns to the films in "Berserk," now showing in New York.
"Berserk," the new suspense drama starring Joan Crawford, had its metropolitan New York area premiere at the DeMille Theater on Broadway and at 28 Showcase theaters on January 10. Co-starred in the mystery-thriller are Ty Hardin and Diana Dors. Featured are Michael Gough, Judy Geeson and Robert Hardy.
Miss Crawford, one of the screen's greatest stars, plays the owner and ringmaster of a traveling circus that is plagued by a series of grisly murders.
In recent years Miss Crawford has made a number of highly successful films, among them "Sudden Fear," "Whatever Happened To Baby Jane?" and "Strait-Jacket."
Teenager Judy Geeson is one of the screen's most popular newcomers. In the past year she has made four films, "To Sir, With Love," with Sidney Poitier, "Hammerhead," with Vince Edwards, "Prudence and the Pill" with Deborah Kerr and David Niven, and "Berserk."
The Herman Cohen production for Columbia Pictures was filmed in England under the direction of Jim O'Connolly from a screenplay by Cohen and Aben Kandel."


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Supreme Court will resume hearings on Pakistan's constitutional crises decision
Supreme Court will resume hearings on Pakistan's constitutional crises decision
Earlier today, the Supreme Court of Pakistan began hearing the issue pertaining to the "unconstitutional" decision by National Assembly Deputy Speaker Qasim Suri to obstruct the passage of a vote of no-confidence in Prime Minister Imran Khan.
Supreme Court of Pakistan's Chief Justice Umar Ata Bandial had taken suo motu notice of the constitutional crisis that had ensued after Suri barred voting on the motion, declaring it "unconstitutional" – a decision that the Opposition described as an outright breach of the country's Constitution.
Justice Bandial's five-member larger bench, which also includes Justice Muneeb Akhtar, Justice Aijazul Ahsan, Justice Mazhar Alam, and Justice Jamal Khan Mandokhel, will hear arguments from the attorneys for the remaining respondents in the case today. Justice Bandial will preside over the hearing.
Attorneys for the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N), the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), the Supreme Court Bar Association (SCBA), the Sindh High Court Bar, the Attorney General of Pakistan, and the Advocate General of Punjab presented their arguments before the court.
"The establishment of a caretaker administration is subject to the court's proceedings and we hope to resolve the case today," CJP Bandial had said during the hearing, according to a transcript.
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"The court will declare the judgment on the basis of the law and the Constitution, rather than on the basis of personal loyalty."
He stated that the Supreme Court will issue an order once all of the parties have finished their arguments.
Supreme Court decision

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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UK private sector grows at fastest rate in 8 months -PMI
21st February 2022 21st February 2022 2 Mins Read
Europe - Western Europe
LONDON, Feb 21 (Reuters) – Activity in Britain's private sector picked up at the fastest pace since June 2021 this month, as spending on travel, leisure and entertainment rose after an easing in the Omicron wave of coronavirus cases, a survey showed on Monday.
However, businesses' costs rose at the second-fastest rate since the IHS Markit/CIPS composite Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) began in 1998, which will add to the Bank of England's (BoE) concerns about the persistence of soaring inflation.
The composite PMI's headline output index rose to 60.2 in February from 54.2 in January, its highest in eight months and above all forecasts in a Reuters poll of economists.
The index sank to an 10-month low of 53.6 in December when Britons were advised to work from home due to Omicron and many chose to cut back on socialising in the run-up to Christmas.
February's rise was driven by an increase in the flash services PMI to 60.8 from 54.1 in January, while the manufacturing PMI was unchanged at 57.3.
"Private-sector companies reported another steep increase in incoming new work in February," IHS Markit said. "Stronger client demand was widely linked to improving confidence about the UK economic outlook and roll back of pandemic restrictions."
Britain's economy had just returned to its pre-pandemic size before it was hit by the Omicron variant in December.
The BoE expects the economy to recover its size at the end of 2019 by March.
But it sees headwinds to further growth from a squeeze on household living standards as inflation is on course to hit a 30-year high of more than 7% in April when regulated energy prices rise.
Monday's PMI showed the composite input cost index rose to 81.8 from 80.2 – the second highest reading on record after November's 83.2. Higher wages, energy bills and raw material costs all contributed to rising operating expenses.
Hiring rose at the fastest rate since October. Tightness in the labour market, where there is a record number of job vacancies, is one of the main reasons why the BoE fears that high inflation could be slow to dissipate.
The central bank has raised rates twice since December, and financial markets expect a further increase from 0.5% to 0.75% or even 1% on March 17 after the BoE's next meeting.
(Reporting by David MillikenEditing by William Schomberg and Toby Chopra)
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Cavendish Morton (17 February 1911 – 30 January 2015) was a British painter and illustrator, a member of the Norwich Twenty Group.  A painter in oils and watercolour, he concentrated on marine scenes and landscapes. He exhibited at the Royal Academy and was a member of both the Royal Institute of Painters in Oil and Royal Institute of Painters in Watercolours.

Biography
Morton was born in Edinburgh, with twin brother Concord Morton (1911-1979), to the actor, art director and photographer Cavendish Morton (1874–1939) and Mary Phyllis Joan Logan, who acted and wrote romantic fiction under the name Concordia Merrel. The boys were brought up in Thornton Heath, Surrey.. The family settled at Bembridge, on the Isle of Wight, where the two boys were home-schooled, with an emphasis on the arts.

During the Second World War Cavendish worked in the aircraft industry. In 1946 he married the musician Margaret Rosemary Elisabeth Britten (1919-2000) on the Isle of Wight. They moved to Suffolk and he taught at Old Hall School, Hethersett in Norfolk, between 1957 and 1967. They later lived at Eye in Suffolk where Morton was art therapist at Hartismere Hospital. He twice became Eye town mayor.

He made a series of art programmes for children, for Anglia Television, in the 1960s and also illustrated books by Dorothy Hammond Innes (1906-1989). He also designed the bodies of various cars, some of which raced at Le Mans. He was a member of the Norfolk & Norwich Art Circle between 1951 and 1967 and became a member of the Norwich Twenty Group and the Norfolk Contemporary Art Society. In 1963 he became chairman of the Gainsborough's House Society in Sudbury and helped ensure that it remained an independent museum and art gallery. Moreton was a member of the Ipswich Art Club from 1950 and exhibited at the club's 1974 centenary exhibition. He was exhibited widely in London and throughout East Anglia, with an annual exhibition at the Aldeburgh Festival.

His wife died in 2000 and Morton died on 30 January 2015, being survived by their son and two daughters.

In July 2012, the book Conversations with Cavendish Morton, about the artist, was published by Bella Janson.

Concord and Cavendish produced a number of artworks together.

References

1911 births
2015 deaths
British illustrators
Norwich Twenty Group
British centenarians
Men centenarians

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
TGR5 Activation Modulates an Inhibitory Effect on Liver Fibrosis Development Mediated by Anagliptin in Diabetic Rats
The Major Histocompatibility Complex of Old World Camels—A Synopsis
Individual Copy Number of Ribosomal Genes as a Factor of Mental Retardation and Autism Risk and Severity
Discovery of a Novel MHC Class I Lineage in Teleost Fish which Shows Unprecedented Levels of Ectodomain Deterioration while Possessing an Impressive Cytoplasmic Tail Motif
10.3390/cells8101152
O'Connor, E. A.
Westerdahl, H.
Burri, R.
Edwards, S. V.
Open AccessReview
Avian MHC Evolution in the Era of Genomics: Phase 1.0
Emily A. O'Connor
Helena Westerdahl
Reto Burri
Scott V. Edwards
3,*
Department of Biology, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
Department of Population Ecology, Institute of Ecology & Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07737 Jena, Germany
Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Cells 2019, 8(10), 1152; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8101152
Received: 12 August 2019 / Revised: 16 September 2019 / Accepted: 20 September 2019 / Published: 26 September 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) in Health and Disease)
Review Reports Cite This Paper
Birds are a wonderfully diverse and accessible clade with an exceptional range of ecologies and behaviors, making the study of the avian major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of great interest. In the last 20 years, particularly with the advent of high-throughput sequencing, the avian MHC has been explored in great depth in several dimensions: its ability to explain ecological patterns in nature, such as mating preferences; its correlation with parasite resistance; and its structural evolution across the avian tree of life. Here, we review the latest pulse of avian MHC studies spurred by high-throughput sequencing. Despite high-throughput approaches to MHC studies, substantial areas remain in need of improvement with regard to our understanding of MHC structure, diversity, and evolution. Recent studies of the avian MHC have nonetheless revealed intriguing connections between MHC structure and life history traits, and highlight the advantages of long-term ecological studies for understanding the patterns of MHC variation in the wild. Given the exceptional diversity of birds, their accessibility, and the ease of sequencing their genomes, studies of avian MHC promise to improve our understanding of the many dimensions and consequences of MHC variation in nature. However, significant improvements in assembling complete MHC regions with long-read sequencing will be required for truly transformative studies. View Full-Text
Keywords: MHC genes; birds; disease resistance; orthology; life history; gene duplication; long-read sequencing; high-throughput sequencing; concerted evolution; ecology MHC genes; birds; disease resistance; orthology; life history; gene duplication; long-read sequencing; high-throughput sequencing; concerted evolution; ecology
ZIP-Document (ZIP, 18 KiB)
O'Connor, E.A.; Westerdahl, H.; Burri, R.; Edwards, S.V. Avian MHC Evolution in the Era of Genomics: Phase 1.0. Cells 2019, 8, 1152.
O'Connor EA, Westerdahl H, Burri R, Edwards SV. Avian MHC Evolution in the Era of Genomics: Phase 1.0. Cells. 2019; 8(10):1152.
O'Connor, Emily A.; Westerdahl, Helena; Burri, Reto; Edwards, Scott V. 2019. "Avian MHC Evolution in the Era of Genomics: Phase 1.0" Cells 8, no. 10: 1152.
Cells, EISSN 2073-4409, Published by MDPI Disclaimer
The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal Cells are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.


text:
import os
from time import gmtime, strftime

from .. import mylog

class StrBuilder:
    '''|
    | String builder used to generate text files. It supports indentation to facilitate formatting
    |________'''
    def __init__(self, indentation='    '):
        self.indentation = indentation
        self.level       = 0
        self.code        = ''
        self.noindent    = False

    def noIndent(self):
        '''|
        | Switch-off indentation. Auto-enabled when adding a string
        |________'''
        self.noindent = True
        return ''

    def indent(self, levels=1):
        '''|
        | Increase indentation
        |________'''
        self.level += levels
        return ''

    def dedent(self, levels=1):
        '''|
        | Decrease indentation
        |________'''
        if self.level >= levels:
            self.level -= levels
        else:
            self.level = 0
        return ''

    def __add__(self, value):
        '''|
        | Add a string to the code generator. Enables indentation if it was disabled
        |________'''
        tmpIndent = 0 if self.noindent else self.level
        self.code += tmpIndent*self.indentation + str(value)
        self.noindent = False
        return self

    def __sub__(self, number):
        '''|
        | Remove the last 'number' of characters from the end of the string
        |________'''
        self.code = self.code[:-number]
        return self

    def newLine(self, num=1):
        '''|
        | Add 'num' new line characters at the end of the string
        |________'''
        for n in range(num):
            self.code += '\n'
        return ''

    def __str__(self):
        return str(self.code)

    def header_comment(self, str):
        '''|
        | Insert formatted python-commented text
        |________'''
        words = str.split()
        subs = []
        my_sub = []
        n = 68
        for i in range(len(words)):
            if len(' '.join(my_sub)) + len(words[i]) < n:
                my_sub.append(words[i])
            else:
                subs.append(" ".join(my_sub))
                my_sub = [words[i]]
        subs.append(" ".join(my_sub))

        tmpIndent = 0 if self.noindent else self.level
        indent = tmpIndent * self.indentation
        s =                             "'''|\n"
        for line in subs: s += indent + '| '  + line + '\n'
        s +=                   indent + "|________'''\n"
        return s

    def write(self, filename, overwrite=False):
        '''|
        | Write the built string to a file
        |________'''
        try:
            if overwrite:
                with open(filename) as f: mylog.warn("File '" + filename + "' found. It will be overwritten...")
            else:
                filename_1 = filename+str(strftime(" (%Y-%m-%d %H:%M)", gmtime()))
                with open(filename) as f: mylog.info("File '%s' found. It will be backed-up in file %s." % (filename,filename_1))
                os.rename(filename, filename_1)
        except IOError as e:
            mylog.info("Writing file: " + filename)

        tmpFile = open(filename, 'w')
        tmpFile.write(self.code)
        tmpFile.close()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
namespace orbit_producer_side_service {

ErrorMessageOr<std::unique_ptr<ProducerSideServer>> BuildAndStartProducerSideServer() {
  return BuildAndStartProducerSideServerWithUri(
      orbit_producer_side_channel::kProducerSideWindowsServerAddress);
}

}  // namespace orbit_producer_side_service


text:
Volunteering on the excavations Vindolanda
The Vindolanda Trust has been accepting volunteers on to its excavations since its foundation in 1970. From then to now, over 8000 people have benefitted from this challenging experience. There are two ways you can volunteer on the Vindolanda excavations: you can either join our excavation team, getting down and dirty in the trenches, or our post-excavation team, handling and sorting through the many materials recovered each day.
The Vindolanda Trust recognises the substantial contribution of its volunteers to our understanding of the site, and therefore Roman Britain as a whole. We are committed to the view that volunteers should continue to have the opportunity to share in the experience of working on one of the most exciting archaeologically sites in Western Europe, and part of the Hadrian's Wall World Heritage Site.
Participation is a minimum of one period, which consists in two consecutive weeks. Volunteers can be accepted for a maximum of two periods (4 weeks) in the season. The two periods do not have to be consecutive, but each period of two weeks should be uninterrupted so you can enjoy the best possible experience.
The excavation places go on a first come, first served basis: it is recommended that you apply as soon as it is convenient once the programme details are announced. The applications will go live on this website at the beginning of November for the following years excavations and post-excavations.
The 2021 excavations will be populated with the deferred 2020 excavators who could not participate due to covid19 restrictions in 2020. We are therefore not currently offering new places for participation in 2021. The 2020 excavators who deferred their places to 2021 will be contacted in January with a new set of excavation guidelines which will take into account the latest government advice to keep the team safe while working at the site in 2021. Once those guidelines have been sent out in January they will also appear as a downloadable PDF in the link below.
What_we_provide.pdf
Packing_list.pdf
Information about the SMC
Whats involved when excavating
Published: 4th March, 2019
Author: Andrew Birley


Fuel your career ascent through the HMG Strategy platform.
Our dynamic video series enables our members to share their thought leadership, opinions, and best practices with our global network.
Our extensive video collection enables HMG's members to stay connected to the top techniques in leadership, innovation, transformation, and other disciplines that are fostering successful outcomes for 21st Century executives.


text:
@interface _FDFullscreenPopGestureRecognizerDelegate : NSObject <UIGestureRecognizerDelegate>

@property (nonatomic, weak) UINavigationController *navigationController;

@end

@implementation _FDFullscreenPopGestureRecognizerDelegate

- (BOOL)gestureRecognizerShouldBegin:(UIPanGestureRecognizer *)gestureRecognizer
{
    // Ignore when no view controller is pushed into the navigation stack.
    if (self.navigationController.viewControllers.count <= 1) {
        return NO;
    }

    // Ignore pan gesture when the navigation controller is currently in transition.
    if ([[self.navigationController valueForKey:@"_isTransitioning"] boolValue]) {
        return NO;
    }

    // Prevent calling the handler when the gesture begins in an opposite direction.
    CGPoint translation = [gestureRecognizer translationInView:gestureRecognizer.view];
    if (translation.x <= 0) {
        return NO;
    }

    return YES;
}

@end

@implementation UINavigationController (FullscreenPopGesture)

- (void)addFullscreenPopGesture{
    if (![self.interactivePopGestureRecognizer.view.gestureRecognizers containsObject:self.fd_fullscreenPopGestureRecognizer]) {

        // Add our own gesture recognizer to where the onboard screen edge pan gesture recognizer is attached to.
        [self.interactivePopGestureRecognizer.view addGestureRecognizer:self.fd_fullscreenPopGestureRecognizer];

        // Forward the gesture events to the private handler of the onboard gesture recognizer.
        NSArray *internalTargets = [self.interactivePopGestureRecognizer valueForKey:@"targets"];
        id internalTarget = [internalTargets.firstObject valueForKey:@"target"];
        SEL internalAction = NSSelectorFromString(@"handleNavigationTransition:");
        self.fd_fullscreenPopGestureRecognizer.delegate = self.fd_popGestureRecognizerDelegate;
        [self.fd_fullscreenPopGestureRecognizer addTarget:internalTarget action:internalAction];
    }
}

- (void)removeFullscreenPopGesture{
    if ([self.interactivePopGestureRecognizer.view.gestureRecognizers containsObject:self.fd_fullscreenPopGestureRecognizer]) {
        NSArray *internalTargets = [self.interactivePopGestureRecognizer valueForKey:@"targets"];
        id internalTarget = [internalTargets.firstObject valueForKey:@"target"];
        SEL internalAction = NSSelectorFromString(@"handleNavigationTransition:");
        self.fd_fullscreenPopGestureRecognizer.delegate = nil;
        [self.fd_fullscreenPopGestureRecognizer removeTarget:internalTarget action:internalAction];

        [self.interactivePopGestureRecognizer.view removeGestureRecognizer:self.fd_fullscreenPopGestureRecognizer];
    }
}

- (_FDFullscreenPopGestureRecognizerDelegate *)fd_popGestureRecognizerDelegate
{
    _FDFullscreenPopGestureRecognizerDelegate *delegate = objc_getAssociatedObject(self, _cmd);

    if (!delegate) {
        delegate = [[_FDFullscreenPopGestureRecognizerDelegate alloc] init];
        delegate.navigationController = self;

        objc_setAssociatedObject(self, _cmd, delegate, OBJC_ASSOCIATION_RETAIN_NONATOMIC);
    }
    return delegate;
}

- (UIPanGestureRecognizer *)fd_fullscreenPopGestureRecognizer
{
    UIPanGestureRecognizer *panGestureRecognizer = objc_getAssociatedObject(self, _cmd);

    if (!panGestureRecognizer) {
        panGestureRecognizer = [[UIPanGestureRecognizer alloc] init];
        panGestureRecognizer.maximumNumberOfTouches = 1;

        objc_setAssociatedObject(self, _cmd, panGestureRecognizer, OBJC_ASSOCIATION_RETAIN_NONATOMIC);
    }
    return panGestureRecognizer;
}
@end


A bibliography of resources about the Chitimacha language.
Almost all languages have some grammatical means for categorizing nouns. This book provides a comprehensive and original analysis of noun categorization devices all over the world. It will interest typologists, those working in the fields of morphosyntactic variation and lexical semantics, as well as anthropologists and all other scholars interested in the mechanisms of human cognition.
Following Campbell (1997:342), Aikhenvald analyses Chitimacha as having a set of "suppletive classificatory verbs" which alternate on the basis of position, orientation, or stance in space.
Aoki lists Chitimacha as an example of a language with glottalized continuants, which he says are rare crosslinguistically.
Chitimacha is noted as one of the cultures of the Southeast which used cane for blowguns (p. 177), and they also made cords from fibers and potentially Spanish moss (p. 1136). There is also evidence, from Swanton (1946), that the Chitimacha used persimmon (p. 436), the Diospyros plant (p. 436), red mulberry (p. 760). Chitimacha is also listed as the source for several terms for Florida plants (pp. 590, 1112).
It is generally agreed that about 7,000 languages are spoken across the world today and at least half may no longer be spoken by the end of this century. This state-of-the-art Handbook examines the reasons behind this dramatic loss of linguistic diversity, why it matters, and what can be done to document and support endangered languages. The volume is relevant not only to researchers in language endangerment, language shift and language death, but to anyone interested in the languages and cultures of the world. It is accessible both to specialists and non-specialists: researchers will find cutting-edge contributions from acknowledged experts in their fields, while students, activists and other interested readers will find a wealth of readable yet thorough and up-to-date information.
Swadesh (1934, 1946) is cited as stating that Chitimacha allows for free variation between glottalized and unglottalized consonants (p. 112, 114), and the analysis here is that this is a case of loss of phonological contrast due to language obsolescence.
Syncretism – where a single form serves two or more morphosyntactic functions – is a persistent problem at the syntax–morphology interface. It results from a 'mismatch' whereby the syntax of a language makes a particular distinction, but the morphology does not. This pioneering book provides the first full-length study of inflectional syncretism, pre- senting a typology of its occurrence across a wide range of languages. The implications of syncretism for the syntax–morphology interface have long been recognized: it argues either for an enriched model of feature structure (thereby preserving a direct link between function and form), or for the independence of morphological structure from syntactic structure. This book presents a compelling argument for the autonomy of morph- ology, and the resulting analysis is illustrated in a series of formal case studies within Network Morphology. It will be welcomed by all linguists interested in the relation between words and the larger units of which they are a part.
Chitimacha is listed as an example of a language with a syncretism between 2nd and 3rd person, independent of number.
Freeman and Smith 1973. Duplicate in Broadside Collection, no. 112.
A letter circulated by the U.S. Department of War in 1826, requesting that vocabularies of Native American languages be collected wherever possible, based on the accompanying 280-word list (compiled by Thomas Jefferson). As a result of this circular, many of the earliest attested sources of Native languages of the United States consist of a Jefferson list, including the Chitimacha. Martin Duralde acquired a translation of the words on the Jefferson list into Chitimacha in 1802. Enclosed notes are a comparative vocabulary (possibly Jefferson's), as well as a list of verbal forms and sentences. The letter recommends using 'the plan proposed by Mr. Pickering' for orthography, but asks respondents to accompany their list with a key to the phonetics as well. A third enclosure is Gallatin's attempt to 'arrange the dialects' according to language. This would be his 1828[?] publication.
Contains numerals from each of the following languages: Attacapa, Chitimacha, (H'Hana), Napa, Diegueno, Coco-Maricopa, Piro, Apache, (Coppermine), Opata, Yaqui, Seri. Copies by Gibbs.
List of numerals which includes data from Duralde's (1802) vocabulary.
225 pages, numbered, of which 15 pages (pp. 186-201) are Chitimacha and Atakapa vocabularies and notes.
Most likely a copy of the Duralde vocabularies, and probably Gallatin's (1848) version published in the Transactions of the American Ethnological Society.
Bernard, Shane K. 2013. A snake, a worm, and a dead end: In search of the meaning of "Teche". Bayou Teche Dispatches . Accessible at: http://bayoutechedispatches.blogspot.com/2013/01/a-snake-worm-and-dead-end-in-search-of.html.
Bernard describes his investigations into the origin of the word Teche, which he ultimately summarizes in his 2016 book, Teche: A history of Louisiana's most famous bayou .
Bernard provides an engaging history of the Bayou Teche, which is where the Chitimacha town of Charenton sits today, and where the tribe's lands were historically. As such, the Chitimacha people feature significantly in the earlier parts of the book. In the preface, Bernard also discusses possible Chitimacha origins for the name of Bayou Teche, namely that it derives from the Chitimacha word ciix 'worm'.
Chitimacha is presented as an example of a language that distinguishes first from non-first person, citing data from Swadesh (1946).
Franz Boas writes to John R. Swanton requesting any information he has regarding the Chitimacha language, for the "investigator" to use (likely meaning whichever of Boas' students he chose to send - in this case, Morris Swadesh).
You will remember that when we went over the question of linguistic field work last, we thought that some field work on the Gulf Coast might be desirable, and that particularly Shetimasha should be more fully investigated. Would you be good enough to let me know just what you have, and any directions that you could give to the investigator so that he may find the proper person with the least delay.
Chitimacha is mentioned as an example of a syncretism between 2nd and 3rd person, as part of a typological survey of syncretism.
Chitimacha is mentioned as a language having gone extinct.
Chitimacha is mentioned multiple times as an example of different types of phonological inventories or features. The data come from Swadesh (1934; 1946).
Booker's doctoral dissertation reconstructing aspects of Proto-Muskogean morphology. The place of Chitimacha in the Southeast area is discussed in the introduction, but otherwise the language is not mentioned.
An entry for the 'Chitimachan' linguistic family is given on pp. 66-67. Powell lists the known spellings of Chitimacha, gives Gatschet's 'cooking pots' etymology. He notes that Du Pratz thought the Chitimacha related to the Taensa, but that Gallatin disproved this theory by examining the Duralde vocabulary. He also cites Gatschet's work with the tribe in 1881.
Chitimacha vocabulary items appear starting on p. 292.
Chitimacha vocabulary are included on pp. 44, 46.
Speck mentions that the Chitimacha are known for having practiced head-flattening (p. 294).
A thorough bibliography of the Southeast U.S., with numerous references to works about Chitimacha.
Chitimacha, along with Atakapa, Biloxi, Timucua, and Seminole, are mentioned as having been analyzed by Wissesr (1938) as having "economic systems that were less dependent on corn and used aquatic foods to a greater degree." (p. 5) Kroeber also included Chitimacha in the Southeast culture area (p. 6). Swanton took Chitimacha basketry to be one of the highlights of regional cultural development (p. 7), and he includes them in the Southeastern area (1946).
Swanton describes the cultures of the Southeast and their shared traits. He surmises that the Chitimacha population was originally more densely situated along the coast than the interior, but later moved inland (p. 376). He also states that the Chitimacha have the best basketry techniques, and treats this artistic ability as a mark of high civilization.
The Chitimacha have greater use of aquatic foods than other cultures in the Southeast (p. 237). A summary of Gallatin and Powell's linguistic classifications is given starting on p. 304, wherein Chitimacha is listed as its own stock. The language families of the Americas are also summarized in an appendix beginning on p. 403.
The authors review the history of ethnographic and linguistic research on the languages and cultures of the U.S. Southeast. Chitimacha is mentioned several times, listing the various ethnographers who worked with the tribe. The authors also note that cane basketry had achieved the form of high art among the Chitimacha.
Chitimacha is listed as an example of a language with suppletive verbs, and follows the general typological patterns of suppletion established by Booker based on her sample (i.e. 'die' and 'kill' are commonly suppletive, as are locative intransitives, etc.).
The present volume aims to familiarize interested readers with the extent and variation of the accelerating phenomena of language endangerment. They will find global overviews on endangered languages in chapters dealing with all major geographic regions of the world. These contribu- tions provide insights into the specific areal dynamics of language endan- germent, past and present. In addition, the authors discuss numerous key issues concerning the documentation of endangered languages. This book is aimed not only at scholars and students from the various sub-disciplines of linguistics, but also addresses issues that are relevant to educators, lan- guage planners, policy makers, language activists, historians and other re- searchers in human science. The volume comprises updated versions of presentations from the Colloquium Language Endangerment, Research and Documentation Setting Priorities for the 21st Century held in Bad Godesberg from Feb- ruary 12th17th, 2000 and sponsored by the Volkswagen Foundation. Be- sides the present publication, the colloquium had a substantial impact on the genesis of the UNESCO report Language Vitality and Endanger- ment, as well as the Recommendations for Action Plans. Between 2001 and 2003, a UNESCO ad-hoc expert group on endangered languages (co-chaired by Akira Yamamoto and Matthias Brenzinger) collaborated with the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Section in Paris to draft a preliminary version.
Chitimacha is listed as one of the language isolates of North America.
The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics provides a state-of-the-art survey of this well-established ? eld of linguistics. Thanks to recent technological advances and the rise in availability of large-scale datasets, the importance of diachrony as a key to understanding human language has been reinforced. This Handbook unites an international group of scholars with expertise in a range of ? elds relating to the study of language change, and their chapters encompass: • an overview of the main current and critical trends • the methods which underpin current work • an analysis of the relationship between the diachronic and synchronic study of the topic • models of language change • examples from primary data • the importance of historical linguistics for other sub? elds of linguistics and other disciplines. Focusing on the synthesis of work on synchrony and diachrony and bringing together diverse aspects of work that relate to language change, this Handbook is essential reading for researchers and postgraduate students working in this area.
The Chitimacha-Totozoquean hypothesis of Brown, Wichmann, & Beck (2014) is noted as being the result of the more recent availability of large, reliable data (p. 65).
A letter from Mary M. Bradford to Grace Nicholson concerning a set of Chitimacha baskets that Bradford was sending to Nicholson. At the end of the letter is is a list of drawings of the different patterns of basket, along with their Chitimacha name and English translation. The transcription of the Chitimacha is English-based.
Let me thank you for your letter and the check for $35.00 in payment of the next of twelve double weave box shape baskets, made by old Clara Darden, of the Chetimaches Indians. She is the oldest indian[?] of her her tribe being nearly 100 years old with but one eye and one tooth. So it is not often that she feels well enough to work on her baskets, and she was more than a year making this next of 12 baskets. In 1901 when I began this Indian work, Old Clara was the only woman in the tribe who could make a perfect basket. There were two or three who had learned when they were younger but had not made any baskets for years as there was no demand for them, and they knew nothing of shipping[?] them, so they no longer made any. When my friend [Hlm?] F. K.[?] Doubleday of New York offered 15.00 to be divided into three prizes for the first perfect basket made by any of the Chetimaches women or girls. I undertook to see it done, and had old Clara Darden show them what kinds of reed cane to gather then how to split the cane. (they split it with their teeth when I asked old Clara how she could do it with only one tooth she said her gums were so hard she split it with them.) then what roots to gather and how to make with them the red, yellow, & black dyes, then how to dye the cane, and then how to weave [things?] beautiful double & single weave baskets with their many beautiful patterns on them, all them[?], this old woman taught the young women and girls. and it is for that reason that I am so [???] that her work should be placed in one of the large museums, with her name on it and a card telling what she has done for her tribe that she has in teaching the young women, preserved for them a most beautiful art that is all their own, that has been handed down to them from time immemorial by their ancestors. The Indian line on the Bayou Teche, when the first white people found them with a large village, and their large tract of land which surrounded their village was granted by Spain & France, and confirmed by the U.S.A. at the "Treaty of Paris." all in recognition of their services to the colonists. I am sending you under separate cover a photograph of Clara Darden at work splitting the canes. After splitting them with her hands as she is doing in the picture, she with her teeth peels off the out side of the cane, & that is what she makes her baskets of. The photograph is [5-0??] etc. I have made out a list of I think (or nearly as I can remember) the 12 patterns on the next of baskets with their indian name and meaning. If any of these patterns are not on the baskets, make an out line of the pattern that is, and send it to me & I will send you its name and meaning.
An extensive bibliography of sources on the Lower Mississippi Valley, at least twenty-some of which relate to Chitimacha directly.
Relying on Gatschet's (1883) description of the Chitimacha, Brown finds just one Spanish loan in Chitimacha, kaanux (Gatschet: ka'nush) 'Frenchman', which actually derives from the Spanish word Mexicano 'Mexican' according to Chafe (1983). Thus the only loanword that Brown found in Chitimacha was actually borrowed from the northwest rather than the east, as most borrowings in the region were. Brown also notes that the term kahpi 'coffee' is borrowed into Chitimacha, but states that the origin is uncertain between English, Spanish, and French.
This is the first line of the abstract.
This is the second line of the abstract.
Broadwell mentions briefly that Haas (1951, 1952) considered the possibility that Chitimacha was distantly related to Muskogean.
Brown summarizes his earlier work (pp. 130, 143) from Brown (1998) and Witkowski & Brown (1983), both of which include small amounts of data from Chitimacha.
The Chitimacha are mentioned as being able to trace their original homestead to within Louisiana borders (p. 1). Kniffen et al. (1987:75) state that some Chitimacha took refuge with the Houma during the 1900s (p. 7), and that French had largely replaced Chitimacha (Kniffen et al. 1987:126; cited on p. 18). Dreschel (1996) states that the Chitimacha used Mobilian Jargon (p. 11-12).
This vocabulary offers a substantial lexical inventory of Mobilian Jargon, a Muskogean-based pidgin of the lower Mississippi River valley, and includes some 1,250 entries plus comparative data of sources, drawn both from memory fieldwork with the pidgin's last speakers and from philological re- search. Allowing for idiosyncrasies of early spelling conventions, the historical evidence demonstrates not only remarkable consistency with modern record- ings of Mobilian Jargon and with comparative data for related source lan- guages, but also the feasibility of systematic philological reconstructions or reconstitutions by triangulation. The vocabulary shows considerable lexical richness with a diversity of semantic domains, confirming multiple usages and manifold social contexts for the pidgin, as indicated by historical and ethno- graphic data. Its lexicon further reveals substantial etymological variation, re- flecting contributions from the speakers' diverse first languages, and lends support to a multilectal interpretation of Mobilian Jargon, including the lingua franca Creek of colonial Alabama and Georgia.
Drechsel provides Chitimacha etymologies for several of the vocabulary items in Mobilian Jargon.
Crawford notes that numerous Native American languages contain the phonological sequence ya, with a meaning pertaining to 'mouth'. He includes the Chitimacha word yak- 'weep, cry, mew' in his data (p. 271).
Data from Swadesh (1946:318) is used to illustrate that Chitimacha forms causatives of 'eat' and 'drink' (verbs of ingestion) via suppletion.
This article does not mention Chitimacha, but is used as the basis for a potential Chitimacha connection with Mesoamerican in Brown, Wichmann, & Beck (2014).
The Washa / Chawasha / Yakni-Chito people are said to have spoken a language very similar to Chitimacha. Their language variety was extinct by 1805, at which point only five individuals from the tribe were known to still be alive.
This is the only grammatical sketch of Chitimacha ever published by Swadesh, and as such it is widely cited (though see Swadesh (1933, 1944) for detailed descriptions of Chitimacha phonetics and auxiliaries). It provides very brief descriptions of Chitimacha phonology and morphosyntax, and numerous examples.
Greenberg's provocative work claiming that all languages of the Americas except for Dene and Inuit are genetically related in a broad family he calls Amerind. Data from Chitimacha are used for his reconstructions. Chitimacha is placed within the Tunican family (along with Tunica and Atakapa), under the Hokan-Siouan macro-family. The Chitimacha data appear primarily on pp. 144-162. Chitimacha data are from Haas (1956, 1958).
Brightman provides an overview of Chitimacha history, language, and culture. Includes a list of known Chitimacha villages, their names, and English translations (pp. 642-644), with an accompanying map.
Crawford provides a lengthy history of the work on languages of the U.S. Southeast. Chitimacha is discussed on pp. 61-62, where Crawford mentions that he visited the tribe in 1969, and recorded 14 words still remembered by Chief Emile Stouff.
Bushnell provides a brief overview of Chitimacha culture, and one Chitimacha word (gah-mail' 'bowl', p. 304, although this term is suspect because Chitimacha was not known to contain an /l/ phoneme; it may however be related to gah- 'bite', with the pluractional -ma). The information comes from an interview with Abel Billiot, a Chitimacha man from the village Point-au-Chien. Bushnell also states that the Chitimacha at that time were divided into two groups - one in the west around Charenton, and another situated on Bayou La Fourche.
Across the southeastern United States, native American languages have linguistically accommodated the European-introduced peach by referring to it through the use of respective terms for the native plum. This has taken the form of marking reversals in which native words originally designating plum have shifted in reference to peach, with modified (overtly marked) 'peach' terms used to denote plum (e.g., 'little peach'= plum). Marking reversals were moti- vated throughout the region by a radical change in the relative cultural im- portance of the two referents, wherein the introduced peach surpassed the native plum in salience. The broad distribution of this nomenclatural feature is probably attributable both to diffusion and to independent development. Other widespread features involving words for introduced items are noted including a marking reversal in which the introduced pig and the native opossum are nomenclaturally linked. These lexical traits suggest the southeastern United States to be a post-contact linguistic area.
Brown notes that several terms - most especially 'plum' and 'possum' - have shifted from being the unmarked form of a pair of native vs. introduced word to the marked one in languages of the Southeast. In Chitimacha, this shift involved the change in meaning of nanu from 'apple' to 'persimmon', so that 'apple' is now nanu qatin 'large persimmon'. The data used appear to come from Gatschet (1883) and Swanton (1919).
A paragraph about the possible genetic relationships of Chitimacha to other languages is on p. 146. Campbell states that he finds none of the proposed relationships sufficiently convincing. He notes that some of Greenberg's (1987) data concerning Chitimacha is factually incorrect or spurious (pp. 237-239). Campbell asseses the possibility of an Atakapa-Chitimacha connection on pp. 305-306 (cf. Swadesh 1946, 1947) and finds it untenable. He likewise considers Haas' (1951, 1952, 1960) Gulf proposal (which included Chitimacha) to be problematic, and critiques a number of her proposed cognate sets (pp. 306-308).
Campbell & Kaufman critically examine proposed distint genetic relationships involving the languages of Mesoamerica. A single Chitimacha data point is included on p. 366.
A linguistic analysis of the Chitimacha language as it relates to the Uto-Aztecan speakers of Mesoamerican for the purposes of drawing connection s between the SOutheastern United States adn Mexico/Mesoamerica.
The authors propose a long-distance genetic relationship between Chitimacha and the hypothesized Totozoquean family (proposed in Brown et al. 2011) of Mesoamerica. The include a set of 91 proposed cognates, and point out some strutural similarities between the languages as well. Some discussion of the role of the spread of maize and its relationship to this connection is included also.
Chafe estimates that Chitimacha has fewer than 10 speakers, all over 50. However, the last fluent speaker, Mrs. Delphine Ducloux, passed away two decades prior, in 1940 (though Crawford (1975) was still able to record 14 words from Chief Emile Stouff in 1969).
A one-paragraph description of previous work on the Chitimacha language is provided on p. 312. Proposed relationships including Chitimacha are mentioned in passing throughout the book, but none discuss Chitimacha in detail.
Greenberg, Joseph H. & Morris Swadesh. 1953. Jicaque as a Hokan language. International Journal of American Linguistics 19(3): 216–222.
A number of Chitimacha cognates are included as part of the proposed Hokan-Siouan macro-family.
Hutchins, Thomas. 1784. An historical narrative and topographical description of Louisiana, and West-Florida . .
The Chitimacha are not included in du Pratz' map, but Chapter XI (p. 130 ff.) is 'The war with the Chitimachas', but includes only a brief summary paragraph of events that preceded du Pratz' arrival in the colony.
du Pratz, Le Page. 1757. The history of Louisiana, or of the western parts of Virginia and Carolina, Vol. 1 . .
Vater, Johann Severin. 1820. Analekten der Sprachenkunde [Analects of linguistics] . .
Includes the Chitimacha vocabulary recorded at Attakapas Post in 1802.
Kimball suggests that Koasati waksiná 'cypress' is borrowed from Chitimacha ho ʔakšuš naʔa 'that is a cypress' (p. 474).
Swanton, John R. 1952. The Indian tribes of North America (Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 145). Smithsonian Institution.
Swanton includes a section on Chitimacha on pp. 202-204. This is a more concise summary of his earlier description of the Chitimacha in his 1911 Indian tribes of the Lower Mississippi Valley.
Densmore reports a personal correspondence from John Swanton that suggests that the name Chitimacha may be derived from the name of Grand Lake, which is Xeyti in the language. Densmore summarizes her fieldwork briefly. She visited Charenton in 1933 and worked with Chief Benjamin Paul, who she says was 64 at the time. Chief Paul's wife, Mrs. Christine Paul, and his niece, Mrs. Delphine Ducloux, also assisted. None of the people Densmore interviewed were able to recall any Chitimacha songs, but she did record a number of traditions and stories (in English). The most widely distributed pictures of Chief Paul and Mrs. Ducloux are from photographs Densmore took on this trip and published accompanying this article.
With a working definition of grammatical agreement proposed and the questions seen as pertinent to the study of agreement phenomena listed, a crosslinguistic survey of three types of agreement features - gender, number, and person - is presented on the followed by some crosslinguistic generalizations about agreeing constituents. The theory according to which agreement markers and anaphoric pronouns are grammatically derived by the same types of rules is informally shown to be predictive of some of the restrictions observed both in respect to agreement features and agreeing constituents.
Moravcsik notes that only human nouns are marked for plural in Chitimacha (but not all human nouns; p. 352). She also notes that plural pronominal markers differ both from each other and from nominal plural marking (p. 354). She cites Swadesh (1946) for both points.
Read provides one place names which he believes is Chitimacha in origin - Natchez, possibly from nakx qasi 'warrior' (p. 44).
Nicklas briefly mentions the Chitimacha in his overview of the languages of the Southeast.
Includes the Chitimacha story of creation, a brief history of the Chitimacha, and a list of previous publications about the Chitimacha people. James Crawford reports eliciting 14 words from Emile Stouff in 1969 (Crawford 1975), but no Chitimacha data are included in this book.
Drechsel states that Chitimacha may have been an influence on Mobilian Jargon (p. 26).
An extremely thorough dictionary of Chitimacha based on archival sources, with additional neologisms coined by the Chitimacha language revitalization program included as well. The book has numerous typos and erroneous analyses, however, and should not be considered a reliable source. It is mostly useful for looking up page numbers in the original source material.
Haas discusses Chitimacha in the context of defining the notion of a language isolate. She also mentions that Chitimacha is one of the languages of the Southeast that has positional auxiliary verbs.
A short history and anthropology of the Chitimacha people. Includes the occasional word in Chitimacha, but otherwise the language is not discussed much.
A brief survey of the history of Southeastern linguistics, in particular the previous attempts at classification and reconstruction. She mentions that Boas was strongly inclined to document especially the isolates of the Southeast, in the face of the prevailing trend of the time that attempted to lump all these languages into larger families, and thus see the individual languages as of perhaps of less interest. As such, Boas sent Swadesh to document Chitimacha.
Kroeber defines the Southeast U.S. as a culture area which includes Chitimacha (pp. 63-64). He provides a density figure for Chitimacha of 32 people per hundred kilometers squared, seemingly based on Mooney's (1928) population estimates.
Gleason, Henry Allan. 1955. An introduction to descriptive linguistics , Revisedth ed. Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Chitimacha is mentioned as a member of the Tunican linguistic family (p. 475).
A 100-page grammar sketch of Chitimacha. The book has numerous factual errors and mistakes in analysis, and should not be considered a reliable resource.
Ultan, Russell. 1978. Some general characteristics of interrogative systems. In Joseph H. Greenberg (ed.), Universals of human language, Vol. 4: Syntax . Stanford University Press.
Devices used to mark questions and certain types of tab questions in 79 random randomly chosen languages are examined in terms of features of intonation and word accent, order and segmental elements as well as parameters of expected response (yes-no, information, alternative questions) and of grammatical domain (word, sentence). Intonation in yes-no questions typically consists of a rising or higher-pitched or -stressed terminal contour, always in prepositional languages and nearly always in postpositional. The same is true of information questions but to a lesser extent. Question words generally tend to be marked by higher pitch or greater stress, particularly in SOV languages. Yes-no-question inversion results in VSO constituent order. In information-question inversion question words are almost always sentence-initial in SVO and VSO languages, while in SOV languages there is a tendency to maintain neutral declarative order. These favored orders reflect topicalization of the verb in yes-no questions and of the nonverbal constituent in information questions. Question particles are usually sentence-initial or -final, the latter especially in SOV languages. There appear to be no general restrictions on the cooccurrence of question particles with either interrogative inversion or question words. Most tag questions contain negative markers. The response to a confirmation-requesting tag question generally mirrors the affirmative or negative mode of the declarative portion of the question, thus reaffirming its truth value.
Chitimacha is listed as a language with a terminal prosodic fall in polar interrogatives (pp. 220, 234).
Hymes discusses the fact that much of our work on Native American languages is dependent on the earlier research of just one or two scholars, and gives Chitimacha as an example (p. 13). Most all work on Chitimacha after 1930 is based on Swadesh's fieldwork and handful of publications about the language.
Lyovin, Anatole V. 1997. An introduction to the languages of the world . .
Chitimacha is mentioned a handful of times in the text, but only in passing.
Presentation at the 2013 winter meeting of SSILA in Boston. The authors present data for a potential historic connection between Chitimacha and the hypothesized Totozoquean family of Brown et al. (2011).


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https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/2/150217-ceres-nasa-dwarf-planet-asteroid-belt.html
Photograph by NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA
These images, the sharpest yet of the dwarf planet Ceres, are about four times more detailed than the best photos from the Hubble Space Telescope.
New Photos of Dwarf Planet Ceres Reveal Mysterious Bright Spots
As NASA's Dawn spacecraft races toward a March 6 arrival at the icy world, puzzling features come into view.
By Nadia Drake, for National Geographic
New images of the dwarf planet Ceres, the largest body in the asteroid belt, reveal a world that's even stranger than scientists expected.
The 590-mile-wide (950 kilometers) icy world is pockmarked by craters, photos released Tuesday show, and has curiously rugged terrain at its south pole and several enigmatic bright spots dotting its surface.
It's those bright spots—perhaps expanses of ice, but for now scientists can't say—that are attracting the bulk of speculation. At least one of them has been glimpsed before in blurrier pictures taken with the Hubble Space Telescope.
"Our sharper view reveals some [spots] that Hubble could not discern," says Dawn chief engineer and mission director Marc Rayman of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. "As Dawn gets closer and gathers more data on their appearance and their composition, we surely will get insight into what they are. I can't wait!"
Shot February 12, the latest images were taken when the Dawn spacecraft was 53,500 miles (86,000 kilometers) from Ceres. Dawn is scheduled to slip into orbit around Ceres on March 6 and spend the next year looking for clues about what the world is made of, what lies beneath its surface, and the unexpected tufts of water vapor reported in 2014.
Watery and relatively huge, Ceres is wildly out of place in the asteroid belt, a stretch of space between Mars and Jupiter that's mostly populated by smaller, dustier space rocks.
Some scientists think that's because Ceres was born somewhere else, while others suggest it might have grown up at a slightly different time. Dawn will help unravel the mystery of Ceres by comparing it with another relative giant in the asteroid belt: dry and dusty Vesta, which Dawn orbited from mid-2011 through late 2012.
Ceres and its neighbors are relics from the dawn of the solar system, when the sun was young and the planets grew from a swirling disk of gas and dust. Reading the ancient records stored in bodies like Ceres helps reconstruct those early years.
These worlds contain clues not only about the solar system's birth 4.5 billion years ago, but also about a tumultuous reorganization that took place hundreds of millions of years later.
The Dawn spacecraft will spend the next year studying Ceres, and when it runs out of fuel, it'll shut down and stay in orbit around the dwarf planet.


text:
See East Aurora Featured In this Tourism Video
For a quick bite to eat or for casual fine dining, here is a list of local restaurants you might enjoy. In addition, you might want to visit:
The Aurora Players, Inc.
P.O. Box 206
One of the nation's oldest active community theatre groups, the Aurora Players began in the early 1930s as a study group meeting in members' living rooms for dramatic readings. In 1941, Aurora Players incorporated and then gained the use of the historic Roycroft Pavilion in Hamlin Park, located in the center of the village. Over the years, Aurora Players converted the open air picnic shelter into the present theatre, comfortably seating just under 200 persons. Aurora Players performs three shows per year: usually including a musical, a comedy and a drama or mystery. Players has earned the reputation for presenting quality theatre entertainment throughout Western New York.
Hawk Creek Wildlife Center
1963 Mill Road
Aurora, NY 14052
Hawk Creek is one of the largest not-for-profit educational outreach and raptor rehabilitation facilities in New York State. Through over 2500 education programs and 500 animal patients each year, Hawk Creek reconnects humans to the natural world and inspires an appreciation of nature.
Millard Fillmore House
24 Shearer Avenue
A national historic landmark house built by our 13th President of the United States, Millard Fillmore and furnished and restored in the 1826 era. June 1-Oct. 15, Wed, Sat, Sun, 1-4pm. Closed holidays. $5 donation per adult.
Roycroft Campus
31 S. Grove Street
Elbert Hubbard and his Roycroft Renaissance continue to blossom in East Aurora and throughout the country. A National Historic landmark since 1986, the fourteen-building (9 public) Roycroft Campus attracts thousands annually through today's similarly inspired artists and artisans. The Roycroft Inn and Shops, as they were historically known, are famous once again. Sun-Sat Call for times & event schedule
Roycroft/Elbert Hubbard Museum
363 Oakwood Avenue
Craftsman bungalow house A Craftsman bungalow house is filled with artifacts of Elbert Hubbard, publisher and founder of one of America's most successful Arts and Crafts Colonies, "The Roycroft," in East Aurora, NY. Hubbard was able to attract writers and artisans like Stephen Crane and Walter Jennings and visitors to the Roycroft by Rockefeller, Ford and Edison. The Roycroft Craftsmens' fine books, copperware, leather crafts and furniture are on display at the Museum. June 1-Oct. 15; Wed, Sat, Sun; 1-4pm; Closed holidays, $5 per person
The Roycroft Inn
40 South Grove Street
The Beautiful Roycroft Inn has been completely restored and is open to the public for dining and accommodations. 22 guest suites, fine dining and Sunday Brunch.
The Classic Rink
41 Riley Street
On January 1, 2008 history was made in Orchard Park, NY. Ralph Wilson Stadium hosted the first ever outdoor NHL game in the United States. The NHL "Winter Classic" game matched the Buffalo Sabres against the Pittsburgh Penguins before a record-setting crowd of 71,217. The Winter Classic portable rink system was purchased later in 2008 and erected as a tribute rink to this historic event in the center of the Village of East Aurora. The Winter Classic rink is now operating under an open-sided pavilion roof in East Aurora.
Vidler's 5 & 10 Store
690 Main Street
Take a step back in time as you enjoy the atmosphere of an old five and dime. Family owned since 1930, the circa 1890 building features yarn, needlecrafts, housewares, crafts, a frame & card shop and a toy counter. Mon-Thur, Sat. 9am-5:30pm; Fri. 9am-9pm; Sun. 12pm-4pm Closed holidays.


The stars of HGTV's "Flip or Flop," former couple Christina and Tarek El Moussa, are reportedly being sued by an ex-employee who claims they owe him money for finding them homes to feature on the home renovation show, according to TMZ.
Jonathan Schmier, an alleged former employee of the El Moussas' company Next Level Property Investments, said in court documents obtained by TMZ that the stars failed to pay him for finding five homes for them to flip in North Carolina. Schmier was reportedly promised $5,000 per house (in commission) and almost $13,000 in back wages, but he claims he never received any compensation for his services.
"Flip or Flop" normally features properties in California, though Schmier claims he was told the show was branching out to North Carolina, Gossip Cop reports. He reportedly worked for the former couple for about eight months in 2016, finding properties for them to work on.
The El Moussas, along with their business partner Pete de Best, HGTV and its parent company Scripps Network, are all named as defendants in the suit.
Schmier claims in the documents that he contacted Scripps' vice president of legal affairs, who had no knowledge of the show's plans to expand beyond California. He also reportedly tried to discuss the payment issues with the others involved, but the defendants refused to respond, Gossip Cop notes.
Schmier is seeking a total of $37,800, according to TMZ.
A representative for HGTV said the network is aware of the lawsuit, but did not provide a comment. A rep for Christina declined to comment, as well. HuffPost has reached out to Tarek's team and will update this post accordingly.


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High youth access to movies that contain smoking in Europe compared with the USA
Reiner Hanewinkel1,2,
James D Sargent3,
Sólveig Karlsdóttir4,
Stefán Hrafn Jónsson4,5,
Federica Mathis6,
Fabrizio Faggiano6,7,
Evelien A P Poelen8,
Ron Scholte8,
Ewa Florek9,
Helen Sweeting10,
Kate Hunt10,
Matthis Morgenstern1,2
1Institute for Therapy and Health Research, Kiel, Germany
2Institute for Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
3Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
4Directorate of Health, Reykjavik, Iceland
5University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
6Piedmont Centre for Drug Addiction Epidemiology, A.S.L. TO3, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
7Avogadro University, Novara, Italy
8Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
9Laboratory of Environmental Research, Department of Toxicology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
10Medical Research Council (MRC) Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, Glasgow, UK
Correspondence to Dr Reiner Hanewinkel, Institute for Therapy and Health Research (IFT-Nord), Harmsstrasse 2, 24114 Kiel, Germany; hanewinkel{at}ift-nord.de
Background Based on evidence that exposure to smoking in movies is associated with adolescent smoking, the WHO has called on countries to assign a rating that restricts youth access to such movies.
Objective To evaluate youth access to movies that portray smoking in European countries and compare with that in the USA.
Methods The authors identified the most commercially successful movies screened in six European countries (Germany, Iceland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland and UK) and the USA between 2004 and 2009. The authors coded the 464 movies that were screened in both Europe and the USA according to whether or not they portrayed smoking.
Results 87% of the movies were 'youth' rated in Europe (ratings board classification as suitable for those younger than 16 years) compared to only 67% in the USA (suitable for those younger than 17 years). Smoking was portrayed in 319 (69%) movies. 85% of the movies that portrayed smoking were 'youth' rated in Europe compared with only 59% in the USA (p<0.001).
Conclusions Tobacco imagery is still common in popular films shown in European countries and the USA. None of the seven countries examined followed the WHO recommendations on restricting youth access to movies that portray smoking. Compared to the USA, European youths have access to substantially more movies in general, and this gives them access to more movies that portray smoking in particular.
smoking initiation
packaging and labelling
taxation and price
primary healthcare
smoking onset
denormalization
cotinine
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050050
Funding The study was supported by European Commission and Ministry of Health of the Federal Republic of Germany. KH and HS are funded by the UK Medical Research Council (MC_US_A540_0041). The coding of the US movies was supported by the National Institutes of Health (grant NIH CA 077028).


macgyver joining 0.60 😀 really creative!
I did something similar, but joining is really random.
And TWICE, restarting server list, looking for 59/60 and going in.
If the server restarts, connect to a server. Most properly you will get an error. If you click connect on the same server again and NOTHING happens just wait a minute or two. You will connect automatically then.


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Home Obits Ellen Veazey Jordan Voshell, 93, admired for her impeccable sense of style
Ellen Veazey Jordan Voshell, 93, admired for her impeccable sense of style
H.D. Oliver Funeral Apartments
Mrs. Ellen Veazey Jordan Voshell, 93, passed away peacefully Sunday, Aug. 19, 2018, at Bay Lake Retirement and Assisted Living Community, Virginia Beach.
Born in Petersburg, she was the daughter of the late Joseph B. Veazey and Sally M. Veazey. Ellen graduated from Petersburg High School and soon after married James A. Jordan Jr. As newlyweds, Jim served in World War II, and Ellen cared for their first child, James A. Jordan III. In 1956, Jimmy and Ellen moved to the Thoroughgood neighborhood of Virginia Beach and subsequently had their second child, Robin.
Ellen had an impeccable sense of style, and her smile was captivating. Some of her personal interests included music, gardening, decorating, painting and tennis. Ellen and Jim enjoyed playing bridge, dancing, community activities, boating, traveling and making long-lasting friendships with their neighbors. Ellen was a member of the Thoroughgood Garden Club and Bayside Presbyterian Church, where she was a choir member, Women's Circle member and enjoyed arranging flowers for Sunday church services.
In 1999, Ellen married Dr. Thomas H. Voshell Jr., finding great companionship and purpose in their later years. Tom and Ellen were able to travel extensively, they enjoyed their beautiful home and neighborhood bike rides. Tom was a true blessing to Ellen and the family.
Ellen was preceded in death by her husband, James A. Jordan Jr., married 46 years; second husband, Dr. Thomas H. Voshell Jr., married 10 years; six brothers and four sisters; grandson, Scott Jordan; stepdaughter, Patricia Dedio; and stepson, Thomas H. Voshell III.
Left to cherish her memory are her son, James A. Jordan III (Andrea) of Chesapeake Beach, Maryland; daughter, Robin Jordan Stenger of Virginia Beach; stepdaughter, Joan Werner of Virginia Beach; stepson, Russell Voshell (Lorrie) of Virginia Beach; three grandchildren, Amie Jordan, Maegan Jordan Conner (Jason) and Cory Stenger (Kelly); four great-grandchildren, Payton, Corbin, Jacob and Brycen; and many nieces and nephews.
The family thanks Bay Lake Retirement and Assisted Living Community for their many years of outstanding love and care of Ellen and the team at Kindred Hospice for their compassionate care. The family also wishes to thank all of Ellen's friends for their loving cards and visits over the years.
The family will receive friends from 7 to 8 p.m., Thursday, Aug. 23, at H.D. Oliver Funeral Apts., Laskin Road Chapel. A funeral service will be held at 11 a.m., Friday, Aug. 24, at the funeral home chapel followed by interment in Eastern Shore Chapel Cemetery.
Flowers will be accepted, or memorial donations may be made to the charity of your choice.
Share online condolences with the family at H.D. Oliver Funeral Apartments.
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Little Red Riding Hood coloring pages. Free Printable Little Red Riding Hood coloring pages.
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Payments are made in advance trough bank.


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