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Why Pilots Hate the Idea of Cameras Watching Them Fly
If search teams ever find the wreckage of Malaysia Flight 370, a significant shortcoming of the plane's black boxes system could revive a proposal that's been kicked around for 14 years: Putting cameras in cockpits. (www.wired.com) Altro...
sharon bias 7 anni fa 8
Since the existing data recording system did little to help find MH 370, what would video bring to the table? Video might confirm absolutely when there is pilot error, but the event which brought this into question has already occurred. Does seeing a pilot's face before a crash really add information to the incident?
If there is something to fix, make the flight data recorder store data more than 2 hours. I'm not convinced that would really fix much, since most incidents occur on takeoff or landing. That's well within the 2 hour limit. The other thing which might help is making the "Ping" of a data recorder last more than 30 days. Still not sure that would have helped MH 370, but it might have narrowed down the search area.
btweston 7 anni fa 3
That was my point. But based on many of the comments here it would seems that many people on this site subscribe to the authoritarian idea that when one is at work they have no rights and must submit to constant surveillance whether it helps or not. I strongly disagree with this line of thinking. People are people whether they are wearing sweatpants or neat little outfits with stripes on the shoulders. We already have excessive monitoring in our embarrassingly paranoid culture, and in this case video wouldn't even help because, uh, where's the plane, dude?
josh homer 7 anni fa 3
Exactly. There has to be a less intrusive way of handling this. Plus I wouldn't want a pilot second guessing themselves in an emergency because they're being watched. I'd like to know what the pilots here think.
This article presents a very ridiculous argument. In the case of MH370, if the black boxes are ever found, they will not provide much info because only the last two hours of information will be saved. It is then stated that having a video recording is a way to correct this. Think about it! The problem is length of recording time. If we don't have room to store any more than the last two hours of audio, how are we to store 8 to 10 hours of audio and video? As Sharon stated below. This accident was way outside the norm and a two hour window is plenty to help solve accidents. The real problem in the case of MH370 is that we don't have whatever information that there is. Real time 24/7 flight monitoring is the answer and is available today. Cameras in the cockpit will cause more problems than they solve.
Jay Higgins 7 anni fa 1
The argument specifically related to MH370 IS ridiculous - nary a shred of that plane has been found. Generally, it's a sound idea; flight crews seldom survive the type of mishap that would be recorded, and later a recording could offer a wealth of information on process, etc. A reset button could be pushed after parking at the gate, and no one's feelings would be hurt. Security could be enhanced with cabin monitoring, too.
hondosan 7 anni fa 1
This is what confounds me. Why, with the ever-growing expansion of solid-state storage, is audio limited to 2 hours. Heck, for $600, I can buy a surveillance camera that stores a month of HD video. Of course, for MH370, that's of no consequence, as the recording media must be recovered first.
preacher1 7 anni fa 4
Your confounding is not with the equipment on the audio(CVR). That restriction came from the pilot's union(ALPA) several rears ago. The CVR has plenty of capability for more time, but ALPA fought that for whatever reason and wound up with the 2 hours and they will fight the video as well. You have many independents that would be up in arms about it too. I am like Bill Babis, it is a long ways out but it will happen one of these days. If it turns out to be a federal mandate where everyone has to do it and there is a level playing field, the we all will see it in higher ticket prices.
ken young 7 anni fa 1
Hey, welcome to how our federal government operates. In the land of stupid.
Up until about 15 years ago, the computers used for air traffic control were ancient technology.
What stops the inexpensive modernization of the ATC system is federal red tape and a management style that encourages those in charge to control their departments as though they were these little fiefdoms. "Don't rock the boat and everybody gets to retire from here"...
In the case of MH370 a camera isn't going to help any more than the black boxes...
Robert Pap 7 anni fa 2
On 9/11/2001 at 8:30 AM, the FAA, NTSB and RTCA with airlines, unions, equipment manufacturers, had a meeting on cameras in the cockpit. This was in Washington, D.C. on K Street and it was led by the New England FAA Regional Administrator. The 9/11/2001 events with smoke coming out of the Pentagon could not convince reasonable people that they need to wake up to reality. Time and current events seem to not diminish the self interest of reasonable people who still know it has to be done. They need to have an incentive or someone more reasonable needs to come to the table. Most of the arguments have long been resolved and they know it.
And would cameras have done one iota to change anything before, during, or after those events? NO! We knew what happened then and we know what happened in every incident or accident that FDRs and CVRs have been available in.
Leighton Elliott 7 anni fa 2
What would happen if the disablement of this camera system similar to what the perp/s on MH370 did with all the other detection systems? What would happen if they simply put a small piece of black electrical tape over the lens like so many PC owners all ready do? I'm afraid that a system like this would have to be "real time monitoring" to be effective and be very costly to implement and use. What would happen if the live "monitors" fell asleep out of boredom in that case? Many pilots wouldn't want that system on board, especially like last week when the idiot pilots on an Argentinian airline A-340 performed a perfect runway incursion while watching the world cup instead of the windows? (I'm sure Barcelona ATC were too).
Martin Haisman 7 anni fa 2
Circuit breaker, electrical interruption and there's the good old duct tape.
GottaFly2 7 anni fa 2
The problem seems to be we can't find them in certain situations, not the black box itself or what's in it. Location information is a very small amount of data, and shouldn't it be easy enough to send via the existing satellite communications most carriers already have? a location ping every few minutes would have been very helpful in MH370, for example...
John Brandt 7 anni fa 2
But aren't they professionals. If it would help a future flight from same fate isn't it worth being videod?or are they worried they won't be able to have private talks while landing or something else against regs. Cab drivers and buses have cameras recording planes should too!
Ric Wernicke 7 anni fa 3
There are certain groups that you need to keep an eye on them. Cashiers, janitors, security, and lawyers are examples of occupations that tend to attract those not heavily invested with integrity.
Pilots are a different breed of pups. You don't need a camera on a pilot to make sure (s)he flies the airplane. A pilot will do the right thing with the right stuff without being watched.
People that are watched while they work adjust their behavior to make a good show, but the theatrics do interfere with their work process. Such pressure would be inadvisable on the flight deck.
rdlink 7 anni fa -1
WTF? Excuse me, but pilots are just a susceptible to corruption and incompetence as any other profession, and do not need to be put on a pedestal. And this is not just to "check up on them." This is to paint a more complete picture of what happened in the event of an accident. Not necessarily to point out pilot wrongdoing, but to show what might have happened to incapacitate pilots, or something along those lines.
As far as your disparaging other professions, you should get your facts straight. There are people of integrity and lack of integrity in all professions, pilots included. And my 25+ years working with attorneys has proven beyond a shadow of a doubt that they, as a profession are some of the most ethical people you will ever meet.
preacher1 7 anni fa -1
Boy, you have drank the Kool-Aid.LOL
joel wiley 7 anni fa 1
Naw, I think he was one of those who were serving it. Nice homily for the day tho'.
indy2001 7 anni fa 3
Why would pilots interpret cameras as an invasion of their privacy? They are at work, not at home. Their work takes place in very public airspace. If teachers can be taped in their classrooms, if bus and train drivers can be taped at their jobs, and police are taped during traffic stops, why should pilots be any different? As far as interpretation, that's why both sides are represented by attorneys in a public court of law. It's time for pilots to move into the same century as the rest of us when it comes to the workplace.
BC Hadley 7 anni fa 3
What problem will having a camera in the cockpit solve?
flightprofessor 7 anni fa 1
This! This is the key. All the data salient to an accident/incident investigation is already being collected. What information would be gained by videotaping, for instance, a switch being flipped incorrectly when that information is already available from the FDR? Answer: None. Adding video would add only distraction, paranoia, complexity, electrical load, weight load, and cost. It would provide no additional relevant information. So BC Hadley has just asked precisely the correct question.
But, it makes such a great sound bite. If you can strap a camera to your helmet and make an idiotic youtube video, why not place them on the flight deck of every airplane in the world?
Who cares about thinking things thru?
On the serious side, excellent points.
Amen!!!!!!!!!!
Tim Marks 7 anni fa 5
Unless you are in one of occupations mentioned by Ric Wernicke a while ago, I will bet there is not a camera above your desk at work. If there is a camera watching you, then a breakdown of trust has occurred and your employer does not believe you or anyone else is honest enough to not be watched. The cockpit is the pilot's office and they are be trusted to perform their job for their own safety as well as that of the hundreds of passengers who depend upon them. Putting a camera in the cockpit would raise doubt about a pilot's abilities and create a firestorm of controversy with the flying public. If you are so set to get cameras onto airplanes then point them at the passengers and keep tabs on the real threat in the cabin for the record - that is what the cameras in the police cars, buses, trains, cabs and schools are looking for.
Jeff Lewis 7 anni fa 1
Three points:
(1) show me a desk in an office that cost even hundreds of millions to build, and show me a smart manager for that business, and I am sure we can see that risk exposure alone will lead that manager to set up effective systems to ensure performance.
(2) "a firestorm of controversy" and "raise doubt about a pilot's abilities"? Yeah right. All people really want is to fly as cheaply as possible, and most really do not want to know about the scary safety stuff. Thankfully, NTSB and a few others do (most of the time) work hard to investigate and present the scary stuff.
(3) actually, in law enforcement, while the badge uses dash cameras to try to nail down charged and arrested parties, the most valuable stuff has been to the benefit of citizens. We have seen some extraordinary examples of bullying, assault, and other abuses under color of authority, made clear to the world by dash camera video. Arguable, we would all be very well served if all law enforcement cameras were obligated to run/record full time, taking away the ability of rogue deputies to erase or turn cameras on/off.
Tom Bruce 7 anni fa 1
and we've seen incredibly stupid people do stupid things that led to their getting physically controlled
Fascist.
Dubslow 7 anni fa 1
Teachers bus drivers and mass transit train drivers have little to no "downtime" on the job, they are constantly busy. But pilots, especially oceanic pilots, (and to a much more limited extent, long distance train drivers) have hours on end during cruise where their work consists of nothing but saying 5 words to ATC every 10-30 minutes.
So of all the time spent in the cockpit, maybe 10-20% of it is doing things that *might* be worth recording.
jim thomas 7 anni fa 2
Aviation transportation is just another form of PUBLIC transportation. There are threat potentials from the passenger cabin and the cockpit. Unfortunately in today's world if you want a higher threshold of security then less public privacy will be required. The pilots unions and aviation companies will fight it to prevent armchair quarterback lawsuits.
Yeah....As I stated, I'm on the fence here. However, there are far too many parachute plaintiff's attorneys that will circle like vultures if cameras were permitted.
One thing that can be done, is for Congress to pass a law stating that using flight deck video recordings cannot be used as evidence in a civil proceeding of any kind.
I have great respect for flight crews... but, when I was an air controller I rode many times in the cockpit...once they understood that I wasn't a "spy" and they relaxed, most crews I was with spent the long flight hours in animated conversations ...one flight 3-4 hours on biorhythms, several flights the pilots discussed how to screw management - union issues, and some were very entertaining with good war stories... there were occasions when pilots missed calls from ATC because of these conversations... all crews put their undivided attention on landing and take-off... but, not so much, in cruise... not a criticism but, those long boring hours at cruise while they're being video'd is what they fear, I think... sorry, flight crews...
Same experiences, in my 22-yrs of FAA ATC work, too. Always fun to fly with these guys, and they got the job done, but the one most important lesson flying jumpseat, and seen over and over again, was how incredibly boring their job is most of the time. And in this regard, it is just like ATC work, too. We all have to be spooled up, ready to go, ready to act decisively on a suddenly apparent issue. At all four small towers where I worked, TV sets or laptop PC movies ended up in the tower cab during slow times and/or for major sports events. ALL TOWERS (not just one).
yep...we had a TV and a sleeping bag for the graveyard shift...
Thanks for the honest post Jeff. As I said in another post, Cameras watching flight crews would create far more problems than they could ever hope to solve. The latest iteration of FDRs and CVRs along with possible off-site data storage can handle all current and future accident investigation needs.
Jakob Xanther 7 anni fa 1
Cockpit voice recording is overwritten after 2 hours because of limited data storage in the blackbox. What makes one believe that a video recording would last longer? Video files are much larger than audio files and it's very likely that a video recording would be overwritten after 1-2 hours because of limited storage capacity. Not much help for MH370 and I doubt it wouldn't help in other cases either.
If we learn something from MH370 than we could consider changing something around primary radar coverage and recording. First of all it would be extremly intersting where MH370 went before we can discuss why it went there.
rdlink 7 anni fa 1
This may be a silly question, but in this day of satellites and constant internet connectivity what's wrong with uploading flight data and cockpit communications via a satellite uplink to store it remotely? Certainly we have the technology, and in my view it's a helluva lot better use of on-plane internet bandwidth than someone being able to update their Facebook page at 35,000 feet.
In short, data volume would be overwhelming for anyone short of NSA (who are using our tax dollars to do it).
Not silly at all Roger. That is the next logical step. Communications are already saved at the receiving facility so we don't need to duplicate that. Much FDR data is already being uplinked so that doesn't need to be duplicated either. It is the CVR and other FDR data that needs to be uplinked to a facility for storage for some determined amount of time after a safe arrival and then the space released for future flights. It would not take much to accomplish that. It is the unneeded video that would eat up tons of bandwidth and space.
steve rogers 7 anni fa 1
you know what they say , to see is to believe .
We have the data from the FDR concerning actions taken and how the aircraft reacted to them. Synchronized with that, we hear all the sounds from the cockpit area. You wouldn't believe any of it??
...actually, Bill, with your logic, why NOT have video? You are effectively saying that we have all the needed data to reconstruct what the pilot did right (or wrong) or what physically happened to the controls or panels. If we are already capturing the necessary data, then there is no additional privacy invasion by adding video, right?
Also, thinking a bit more about this, two U.S. commuter crashes come to mind: KLEX in 2006, and KBUF in 2009. Nearly 100 died between these two crashes. In both cases, the two biggest factors were pilot fatigue and non-relevant conversation between the pilots. The conversations were transcribed off of the FDR and shared with the world post mortem. But, we can only guess how tired these pilots were, based on reconstructing their hotel records, cellphone records, statements by widows, and observations by other pilots who saw a particular pilot sleeping in the crew lounge before his/her flight. Gee, video sure might have helped on the fatigue issue, don't you think? And, if a video in the KLEX tower cab showed the controller was watching DVD movie while Comair took off and crashed on the wrong (and too short) runway, well THAT would sure clarify what happened ... and cost FAA easily $100-200 Million for gross negligence.
Lastly, the video might encourage pilots to perform more professionally. In my decades working FAA ATC, I had small tower jobs that were minimally recorded, and others that were extensively recorded. It would not have bothered me in the least if we had a video recording of the Oakland Center oceanic work area, while we worked our busiest trans-Pacific traffic in the middle of the night. I guarantee you, if this was done, and the video was saved and made available for Public review, no laptops would have been setup at the control positions. Same goes for Cleveland Center (May 2011 hot mic incident with three minutes of a movie soundtrack broadcast over an ATC position); that incident would never have happened, had cheap video technologies been used to encourage professionalism.
So, back to the flight deck: we as passengers should be able to expect unerring professionalism from the crew in front, just as we should be able to expect they are taken care of by their employer (hence, well paid and well rested and not distracted by incessant and incredible b.s from management). The fact is, a lot of this aviation system has failed and will continue to fail. Simple, cheap video of work by pilots and controllers can do A LOT to reduce those failures and the lethal consequences.
You are getting professionalism. All I got to say if you don't like the quality of what you are getting, drive or ride the bus/train. Ain't nobody forcing you to fly. You can count on one hand with digits left over, the number of fatal air crashes in the last 10 years, and that includes those 2 fools last year in Asiana 214. You would need a calculator to wrack up that same # of automobile fatalaties for that time period. Now tell me more about how we need cameras in the cockpit, all because a 777 has gone missing and can't be found because the Airline was too cheap to subscribe to available services and one knee jerk reaction to a tired commuter flight crew crash that already turned the airline industry on it's head for all the wrong reason. Just keep on thinking.
Some valid points Jeff but, my stand is not against video, it is what will we gain from it. The commuter accidents you mention have been sorted out without video. It is easy to say simple and cheap but you may know better than I that it won't be. If made mandatory, I can see $200,000+ per aircraft and that would be to fill in maybe a 1% gap in accident information if that. Simple and cheap may work in an ATC facility but the recorded information would not need to be in a box required to withstand 105 Gs and 5000 degrees. I agree that aviation can always be safer but we are venturing into the land of very diminishing returns. How far do we want to go?
Bill, you wrote: "The commuter accidents you mention have been sorted out without video." Let's look at one of those accidents, Lexington, Comair, in August 2006. Was this REALLY sorted out without video? I do not think so, and if you read the NTSB report and the news articles about this accident, I think you will agree.
As a short recap, the Comair flight took off from the wrong runway, and the transcript shows the tower controller had roughly fifty seconds to just look out the window and see what was happening. There were fatigue issues for both the pilots and ATC, but they all sounded quite alert and clear on the ATC tapes. This accident happened shortly after 6AM on a Sunday morning, and the departure was the last of a group of three that the controller worked, a short flurry to start the day as is common at many lesser airports. The workload was not complex, the clearances were all crisp and made routine by the weekly and daily repetition of these short departure flurries. There was NOTHING abnormal about the events of 8/27/06, and NOTHING complex that would explain how the controller would fail to see and act on what became a lethal pilot error. Of course, relevant to this discussion, there was no video, but there could have been; and, had there been video in the tower cab, it clearly would have provided important factual information for the investigation. With video, we would have answers to these critical questions: (1)did the controller ever look out the window, and when? (2)what was the controller doing for the fifty seconds from when he issued the takeoff clearance to when the pilots pushed power forward? (3)when the controller heard the power (as he would have, given the close proximity), what was the controller doing during the first 10-15 seconds of takeoff roll, that prevented his looking and alerting the departure and saving the accident? (4) did the controller actually look, see the problem and elect to do nothing, believing nothing bad would happen?
For Comair 5191, there was a full minute for the controller to just look out the window and say 'whoa, he's on the wrong runway, and an unlit runway, too!', then key his mic and cancel the takeoff clearance. Done. This did not happen. 49 died and only the co-pilot survived. To this day, the widow of the pilot is still pushing for a real and objective investigation. Hundreds of others were impacted by direct loss of family or friends, and then there are those indirectly impacted, plus the loss of confidence in the airlines, in ATC, FAA and NTSB. NTSB managed this accident so as not to include a full Public Hearing, which served only to fuel public distrust of NTSB and their conclusions. Another time NTSB pulled this 'no public hearing' was when the Minnesota freeway bridge collapsed on 8/1/2007, killing 13. Generally, when NTSB opts to NOT have a public hearing, the accident has a higher probability of failure by a federal agency.
The investigation led by NTSB included parties such as NATCA, the union representing the tower controller. I have heard that the controller was ready to tell his story, a from-the-heart statement of what he traumatically experienced, but the NATCA officials played lawyer and shut him down and delivered the managed statements to the investigative process. On top of this, NATCA then created a bogus presentation that the controller was distracted counting paper strips at the end of his shift. There were 14 strips, and this is a VERY routine task, that most controllers would spend less than ten seconds doing. Us former controllers know this is just spin by NATCA.
So, to your statement. I think it is incorrect. IF WE HAD THE VIDEO, we would have strong evidence of exactly what happened in the tower cab during that one crucial minute when the accident should have been stopped. Or, even more likely, we would have had no accident, because the controller would not want a video capturing him watching a DVD movie, a TV, texting, napping, or otherwise not doing his job.
worked a VFR tower for years - lots of airline activity...first duty is to observe and control the airport...
even when we got a radar screen, looking out the window job #1
You're really into this Jeff, particularly for ATC. I say go for it. A cockpit camera though, which this discussion is about, would not have changed anything unless it could somehow have told the pilots what they were not seeing out the window. Wrong compass heading for the runway assigned, no runway lights, narrower runway than they were used to, etc.. Construction and a different taxi route should have put this crew on higher alert also. Sometimes we look but don't see or see what we expect to see and not what is actually there. It has been well known in aviation since Icarus that complacency kills. The controller on duty certainly was a factor and he may have had an opportunity to possibly prevent this tragedy. He did not "cause" this accident though any more than a passenger not telling a driver, about to run a red light, that the light is red is the cause of a resulting collision.
I think it is fair to say, this discussion mostly pivots on finding an appropriate balance for workplace privacy vs. safety enhanced by video. The pilot and ATC jobs are not just deeply intertwined, but also incredibly similar, in terms of attention to detail, vigilance to sense a problem and take action, and quick adverse consequences if they let their guard down. I have known well enough a few dozen ATC co-workers, and I know from my work experiences the common distractions and risky shortcuts controllers take when the get bored. Based on this experience, I am quite confident that in-tower video surveillance at KLEX on 8/27/2006 would have almost certainly ensured no accident happened. And the odds of certain key unknowns about what happened being answered during the investigation: well, no less than 100% odds, because the video would show what that FAA controller was doing that morning.
One other detail, a slight tangent about Comair5191... when this accident happened, FAA was in the middle of two weeks of aggressively briefing all ATC supervisors on the new imposed contract, which included a strict dress code and a split payscale (with new hires way below the old scale). There was even a recording going around, made at these management briefings, where a top ATC manager was giving a pep talk, telling people to take control of the towers back from the union, and get rough with people and expect management support if you want to fire someone. It was incredible, how demoralized the controllers were at that time, and how hostile things remained for the next two-plus years. That vigilance I mentioned in the paragraph above ... what do you think happens to vigilance, when safety employees are demoralized? It certainly does not improve.
So, how does this tangent connect back to the narrower concept of video on the flightdeck and, even better (from a safety and security standpoint) video that is configured to use satellites to help identify something like MH370 as it is happening? Yes, the pilots might be demoralized by management or FAA adding the camera system, but frankly a lot less demoralized than they are by all the other BS both FAA and their airline employers heap on them. And there are LOTS of issues that demoralize pilots, but I won't even list them. Bottom line, though, nearly all pilots are true professionals and deserve to be respected, not jerked around. They are capable of accepting the security need for a flightdeck video system with uplink, and their resistance would all but disappear if they were properly compensated and respected by their employers.
Well said Jeff. I consider you a brother in aviation. I'm sure our paths have crossed and may well again. Be safe and may the gods of aviation smile upon you.
One thing we all seem to forget at times and I think is evidence by both this Comair crash and the Colgan crash. You CANNOT legislate safety. Common sense and qualification should take precedence anyway. A couple of simple basic things would have prevented the Comair crash. Basic Airmanship for a stall would probably have prevented Colgan as well as Asiana 214. Complacency will bite you in the butt every time. There is a reason why the say takoffs and landings are the most dangerous time in a flight. You got to be on your game. It's kinda like taking a crap. If you don't wipe good, you'll have a mess.
One of the chronic problems in aviation, and mostly sourced at FAA, is a tendency to frame solutions far in excess of what is really, basically needed. So, they thump the chest and say it has to withstand 105 G's and 5000 degrees. But that is not needed, obviously.
Think for a moment about Malaysia 370. The aircraft was already fully equipped to transmit via satellites, as needed to perform in oceanic non-radar airspace. A few hundred dollars worth of video camera gear could easily be configured, and set to flash a shot say every three minutes via satellite, bounced on through to the airline dispatch and to the ATC service providers. Software identifies a non-image or an irregular image and flags that something irregular is on the transmitted video for MH370. Both dispatch and ATC are positioned to initiate timely actions. Worst case scenario for MH370 is ATC determines within five minutes that the flight is NORDO. Appropriate Defense authorities are immediately notified. A scramble has an intercept in effect within 10-20 minutes. And CNN has nothing to report, beyond that first day. Maybe, just maybe, if the theory that the pilot was suicidal is true, or if another theory that the pax were killed and the aircraft was essentially pirated and landed somewhere is true, well, maybe this simple and potentially very inexpensive system would have prevented it from happening.
My view is that each of these larger commercial aircraft in operation is easily worth a few hundred million $, in equipment and in life $-equivalents (as sick an idea as that is, but hey, to the airlines and the insurance companies it is just business). We have proven time and again that both pilots and controllers can and will lower their personal professional standards. We should pay all of these people like true professionals, and we should install technologies that not only ensure they perform like true professionals, but that also protect the Public. It is selfish and irresponsible for ANY pilot or controller to cry for their workplace morale and/or privacy as an excuse to not do what we can cheaply do to help protect the Public. When MH370 happens again (and we all know that it could), we will have failed to prevent it.
The only sure thing Jeff is that technology will march on. I think it is a given that video will someday be in the cockpit. The possibility exists though that pilots will not have to worry about being watched because they will not be there.
quick analogy: remember the Metrolink crash in southern Cal a few years ago? It was quickly discovered the engineer was distracted, texting on his device. Well, that example alone tells me, I want the engineers on MY train focused on the job, not texting. If a video system in the engineer's workplace existed and enabled someone else in his safety profession to identify his texting, and if it stopped another accident like MetroLink, well yay for that.
IMHO, pilots are no more god-like and no less fallible than the engineers who drive and occasionally crash trains. Those few of us who are locked onto this idea that it is offensive to pilots that they be on video from the rear of the flightdeck, ... well, we are being a bit paranoid, and have really lost touch with the safety mission under our wings. A good union will drive this point home, and use it to push for pay premiums in compensation for the high standards of professionalism these cameras can assure.
If the A/C was automatically transmitting FDR to satellite rather than video still every 3 minute, the signal loss would still have occurred triggering the response you mentioned. Sounds like a case for at least regular uplinks on international flights over water at least.
anthony fiorelli 7 anni fa 1
That is rediculous to have cameras in the cockpit. The pilots get a check ride at least once a yr to review their procedures. I would not want a camera over my shoulder recording everything. Accidents will happen unfortunately whether the crew is being watch ir not.
I vote NO
smoki 7 anni fa 1
While I'm personally opposed to video surveillance and wouldn't feel comfortable with it, I've no doubt that with time it would seem no more intrusive than a voice recorder which I don't give a second thought to until something happens that warrants it's examination by authorities and then I start to worry about what I may have said that could be misinterpreted, maybe something totally irrelevant but potentially embarrassing.
It's human nature however to be on our best professional behavior in a cockpit if there's a check airman or Fed on board observing us while conducting a line check. A video recording system that could be downloaded with ease could be used for unannounced spot checking of crews thus precluding to some extent the aforementioned having to ride. That will more than likely be the primary selling point for it with accident investigation a secondary benefit. Such an argument would be difficult to refute on privacy grounds. After all commercial ops hauling pax is a very public business.
William Jensen 7 anni fa 1
My Dad was an "old school" pilot with TWA in the useta days & he knew the guys on Flight 841 (727 that flipped over near DTW & headed for the ground @ near Mach 1. The "black box" recordings were "inadvertently" erased due to the breaker being reset. The flight crew likely did that because they didn't want the NTSB to listen to their previous "private" conversations that happened before the event, let alone the likely interesting comments on the way down to 5,000 ft before they pulled it out of the dive.
I think they still figured that one out. The DLE breaker was the one played with. The CVR just needed the erase button pushed.
Greg Smith 7 anni fa 1
More cons than pros in my opinion. It is a great way for insurance companies, aircraft manufacturers, and other "interested parties" to misinterpret the crews actions for gain or to avoid responsibility.
How many bus drivers and cab drivers are being sued if they're just doing the job!and the videos would only be seen by the authorize people .
WALLACE24 7 anni fa 1
They wouldn't do that! Lol
Right, Wallace! haha
I'm kind of on the fence here. However, I think this is going to become a reality.
Joe Morris 7 anni fa 1
We've all seen how tape recordings and other evidence end up on television later as "entertainment". It would be not different here, you can't trust the feds or anyone else not to let the really juicy parts leak out to the media. Face it, a lot of the trolls on this site would love to live vicariously through cockpit video tapes.
I bet when the flight recorder were introduced years ago , pilots must have gone nuts about it . who ever disagrees with cameras in the cockpit now most likely are the same people who would have nixed the voice recorder back then , some people don't like change , its human nature .
Well, the 2 hrs on the CVR is per ALPA, not the equipment. I personally would hate the idea of somebody looking over my shoulder ever working moment. Had a painting contractor one time that just stood there and looked at his employee while he was doing a job. Not a word said by either but I couldn't work like that. Besides, most older pilots on familiar aircraft can get thru a checklist in half the time, just by having a big part to memory. I'd hate to be involved in something and have a tape reviewed by a non aviation type person looking at the book. Not a professional alive in any career field that hasn't found a few shortcuts along the way that save time, improve efficiency, and DO NOT lead to a safety decrease of any kind.
preacher1 said: "I personally would hate the idea of somebody looking over my shoulder every WAKING moment."
FTFY.
Unfortunately, there is a weird, paranoid, authority-loving, Stockholm-syndrome-addled, conformist minority who thinks being watched all the time is the gnads, and not infrequently, seem vexed at NOT being watched all the time. Part of our new culture of narcissism, perhaps? Insecurity? Separation anxiety? Who knows what growing up addicted to texting every 10 seconds does to a person. Forgive them, for they know not what they do.
steve rogers 7 anni fa -6
that's a bunch of crap .. when it comes to public safety and record keeping , I think it makes a lot of sense , they are doing there job , everybody else in this world is recorded including at your workplace , privacy has no place in the cockpit
And anyone disagreeing with you is guilty of Crimethink, right?
Clayton Turnbull 7 anni fa 1
*their
btweston 7 anni fa -5
No, seriously. That's what fascism is, whether you vote my comment down or not.
Joseph Cornelius 7 anni fa 1
In other words, a radical and authoritarian dictatorship? Really? What are you smoking!
The murderers will luv being filmed.
skykingsp210 7 anni fa 0
If cameras were to be installed in the cockpit, the footage would need to be sent live, through a sat link to ground operations. Not another black box.
Go Live with cockpit recorders.
if you can watch cnn live 24/7 all over the world , then don't tell me that cant be done in the cockpit, a rear mounted cam would have shown all that happened that night , not their faces but their actions .
Do you mean watching CNN live24/7 on the flight deck? Yes one may be able to get a feed in there somehow. But if you are saying, since you can get CNN worldwide that it is feasible to monitor every flight deck of every aircraft flying, I believe you are mistaken. Who would pay for the technology, and the reviews?
Speak for yourself on watching CNN 24/7. If you can do it, you are the exception rather than the rule. Nobody has said the technology isn't there, BUT, who will pay for it and is it really needed?
ian francis 7 anni fa -5
No more BJ's
W S Webb 7 anni fa -1
Employee visual monitoring is a growing business.


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Q: Are sessions secure for captcha on failed login? I don't like writing open-ended questions but I have a quick security question. I have a PHP login script that shows a CAPTCHA on the third failed login attempts. The way I'm counting failed logins is by using session data. Is this secure? Is there a better way to do this? Maybe store the IP in a database table? I'm not really sure how bots and programs that try to use word list actually work.
Thanks

A: Every time you call session_start() php either creates or reads (if already exists) a cookie named PHPSESSID. This cookie stores a unique identifier for the browser session, its php's way of telling one session from the other. A bot can easily refresh this cookie with a new identifier on each request and mislead php into recognizing each failed login as a first time try, so no its not secure.
Exactly the same can be done with the IP, all $_SERVER variables can be manipulated. A clever bot can send different IP on each request. So, if you are battling a malicious bot, requests are unidentifiable.
Two solutions, an easy one and a paranoid one:
Easy solution
Add CAPTCHA by default on your login page.
Paranoid solution
Create a table in your database to log the timestamp of each and every request, regardless of IP or any other identifier. Whenever you get a request to your login page decide if you are going to show the CAPTCHA based on the elapsed time from the immediately previous request. Make sure to have a cron job (or manually) delete old rows from the table, so it won't get very big very soon.
You will have to chose a sane interval, based on the traffic of your site. Make sure the interval is configurable, cause hopefully your traffic will rise over time. The success or failure of the solution depends on choosing a balanced interval.
For extra paranoid points log and compare microtime().
Ordinarily a login script does not need a CAPTCHA, as the strain on the database to check two indexed fields against a table of a few thousand users shouldn't be much. But if your site does have more than a few thousand users, or you have valid reasons to suspect that a bot is targeting you the paranoid solution should be sufficient.
Update:
As Dean notes, faking the IP is not trivial, that's what I meant by a clever bot, didn't really thought it was valuable to elaborate further. There is a related question at serverfault.stackexchange with a detailed accepted answer on the matter. (Related articles at Symantec and Linux Security)
Of course it would be somewhat secure to go with an IP based solution, especially if your site is not likely to be an intended target (but how can you know that?). Extra things you have to factor in an IP based solution would be dynamic IPs and how to distinguish between firewalled users.
Personally, I always go with the paranoid approach, and never absolutely trust $_SESSION, $_COOKIE and $_SERVER variables.

A: What sort of abuse is most likely to occur: someone trying to break into a specific account, or someone trying to find a random login (trying various user names, probably obtained from a list of registered users.)
For the first, you could store login-attempts per user name. This also prevents login attempts through proxies (where IP wouldn't be the same all the time.)
Session probably doesn't work - it probably will only affect the people that just made mistakes, anyone deliberately trying to enter will probably clear cookies anyway.
To prevent this type, you could require to reactivate the account through a link send in email (note, I would set the limit a bit higher than three, since it's annoying. You could still combine it with a captcha - it will not stop someone very deliberate but it might help as a first line of defense and demotivate some script kiddies.)
For the second, you can't do much better than IP I'm afraid. (Do log requests, a pattern may emerge.)
To prevent this set a minimal time between attempts (on IP or also on user name), initially like 1 request per second - nothing a normal user would notice, and after 3 attempts set it to 10s, after 10 attempts increment it to half a minute (and you can keep on incrementing.) (Finetune as needed - and consider the possibility that users may come from a closed network, so multiple users will have the same IP legitimately.)
I would advise against using a captcha every time, that just annoys the user with no benefit.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Minnewaukan Public School is excited to announce we have launched a new website. Along with this there is an app you can download. This app is for both Android and iPhone devices. If you would like to download the app you can just go to the app store on your device and look up Minnewaukan Public School. You can then download the app and make sure you press allow push notifications so you can be aware of happenings at our school! If you have any questions please contact the school at 701-473-5306.


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Man Exposes Himself Several Times Inside Clothing Store in Plymouth Meeting Mall: Police
By Deanna Durante and David Chang	• Published October 12, 2016 • Updated on October 13, 2016 at 6:58 am
Police are asking any other victims to come forward after they arrested a man accused of exposing himself inside a clothing store at the Plymouth Meeting Mall several times last month.
Francisco Salazar Hernandez is charged with indecent exposure and several other offenses.
Police say Salazar exposed himself at least five times in September at the American Eagle store inside the Plymouth Meeting Mall.
"He would get a pair of pants from one of the sales personnel, walk into the fitting room under the guise of trying them on and then he would come out and say they didn't fit," said Plymouth Township Detective Sergeant Tom Longo.
Officials say Salazar would then expose himself after a sales associate brought him new jeans for him to try on. He would then leave the mall.
Sources close to the investigation told NBC10 the women in the store at first thought it was a mistake. Once it happened a third time however they became suspicious and called police, according to investigators. Officials say workers called mall security and police in late September when Salazar was at the store. Salazar was arrested after he was found in the dressing room wearing only a t-shirt, investigators said.
"I don't know what his objective was," Detective Sergeant Longo said. "I don't know what kind of perverse pleasure he was getting out of this. I can't really speak to that."
Salazar is currently out on bail but is not allowed to return to the American Eagle store at the Plymouth Meeting Mall as a condition. He is still currently permitted to visit other malls however. Police say they're unsure if he's exposed himself anywhere else and are hoping other victims come forward.
"Whenever you have a case that involves something like this there's always the possibility of additional victims coming forward," Detective Sergeant Longo said.
Salazar is scheduled to appear in court at the end of the month.
David ChangDeanna DuranteTownshipplymouthdetective sergeant

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: How to create relational mapping when an entity has more than one multivalued attribute in ER Diagram We know that if there's an multivalued attribute in any entity - A different new table must be created. My ER Diagram has an entity named 'Restaurant' which has 2 multivaued attributes - 1. Location 2. Contact_no
Restaurants may have more than one locations and every location/branch has more than one Contact_no.
How to create relational database for this? What will the primary keys of the table?


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The Vampire Diaries: 162 Candles
Stefan gets a visitor from his past for his 162nd birthday, Lexi, a 300 year old vampire who is also Stefan's oldest friend. Stefan is able to let loose with her, but he still can't seem to stop talking about Elena. After Elena stops over to see Lexi in nothing but a towel, Elena thinks that Stefan has already moved on from her. Lexi thinks she's Katherine at first and then realizes that Stefan must be trying to hold on to Katherine through Elena. Stefan insists that their resemblance drew him in at first, but Elena really is a completely different person and he loves her for it. Elena is still hesitant about letting Stefan in and is so overwhelmed with everything that has happened that she's barely left her room. Elena ends up coming to the party that Damon compelled Caroline to throw, where Lexi encourages Elena to give Stefan a chance, telling her about her own human lover and how they went through the same things. Soon Damon's reasons for wanting the party to take place and for certain people to be there become clear, introducing his ulterior motives and the bigger plan he has in store.
After learning all about her heritage from her grandmother, Bonnie begins practicing spells and grabbing control of the power she possesses instead of letting it control her. She shares her new found abilities with Elena in a mesmerizing scene when Bonnie raises and controls feathers by using her powers. It actually plays as a lighthearted scene. Since the world of vampires is opened to Elena, when she is given proof that the jokes about Bonnie being a witch with her freaky abilities were actually the truth, it isn't so hard to swallow. Hopefully in the future, their two supernatural worlds will collide and become one as things may be getting so messy that they will need each other's combined knowledge more than ever. Bonnie and Elena are able to share this mystical moment, but it makes it harder for Elena since she can't tell her what is really going on with Stefan and Damon.
We see Damon working on deceiving the vampire hunters further, convincing them that he is trying to help them. He gets insider information and it turns out they have suspicions of a vampire who can be out during the day time somehow. The only two vampires in town who have this capability are Damon and Stefan. Damon tries to use this information and the party to try to keep the hunters off their trail. Lexi asks him what he is really doing in town and Damon answers that he has a diabolical plan. He says it sarcastically as if he is playing up his evil persona, but there might be more truth to it than we think. After he targets someone else as a sacrifice, Damon claims it is all part of the plan. He does still have his weaknesses though as Bonnie now has the powerful crystal that belonged to her ancestor centuries ago. Damon is desperate to get it, but is shocked by the crystal any time he tries to take it. Even compelling Caroline to do his dirty work for him doesn't work either as it is too heavily protected.
Arielle Kebbel is charismatic and feisty as the powerful, yet sensitive Lexi, making it easy to understand why she's close to Stefan and refuses to give Damon any satisfaction. This episode seemed to acknowledge the brooding nature of Stefan and lack of personality he sometime shows. The theory is that he can never truly be himself, because no one really knows him. Lexi is the exception since she has known him for over a hundred years. Paul Wesley shows a bit of a transition in the scenes with Kebbel, giving us a look in to the more youthful and free spirited Stefan. Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy also goes through a bit of a change himself. In the last episode, Damon erased the tragedy from his memory, by Elena's request, so he didn't remember Vicki's vampiric nature. All of the memories of his parent's death and his downward spiral with drugs and drinking are erased as well. He's suddenly content and happy with his life, studying on a Friday night rather than going out and partying.
It is slightly disappointing that there seems to be a trend of certain characters getting killed off just as they start to grow on us. It makes you wonder how long this is going to go on for and how many engaging characters the show has up its sleeve-since they're forcing themselves to replace some minor, but compelling characters. At the same time though, I have to respect the writers for their boldness. They really keep the element of surprise and shock, no line is too far for them to cross. All of the character are fun and add something new to each episode, but it makes you wonder when outside forces come in, who will still be around. Damon clearly has quite an intricate plan that he is acting out, not caring who he has to use or harm to get what he wants. We are only at the beginning of figuring out what he is capable and what the truth of his complex intentions hold.


On a hot Sunday in August, there's nothing like a cool theater and a sophisticated, British, 1950's play. N. C. Hunter's 1953, A Day by the Sea, which last appeared in New York in 1955 at the ANTA Theatre (now the August Wilson, on West 52nd Street), includes three languorous acts, in a warm May setting in a garden in Dorset, England, and on the beach of the English Channel coast. Each character is so finely drawn in the Mint Theater Company's rare revival, directed by Austin Pendleton, that, even though this is a play heavy on contemplation and philosophy, low on action or shifting events, these mesmerizing characters shine from within with repressed emotionality and neediness, while enveloped in pragmatic status quo. At the end of the three-hour dramatization, I could have stayed for an immediate replay. The audience becomes bound with the repressed, yet magnetic personas, and their fates become acutely intriguing. The audience will experience seasoned theatrical pros and new faces, and, for this writer, it was good seeing Curzon Dobell (reviewed in A Happy End) and George Morfogen (reviewed in Golden Age, A Man for All Seasons, and The Lonely Way). Mr. Pendleton shone a light on the hidden depths of each character's persona and raison d'être, giving meaning to nuanced gestures and glances.
Julian Anson (Julian Elfer), the English foreign diplomat assigned to Paris, in his early forties, is suddenly re-assigned to London by his boss, Humphrey Caldwell (Sean Gormley), who arrives for the Act II beach picnic. Julian, who's plagued with the malaise of work-obsession, is unpopular in his, until now, comfortable office scene. Julian's mother, the loquacious, all-knowing Laura Anson (Jill Tanner), runs her home with precisely timed organization, caring for what appears to be her brother-in-law, David Anson (the seasoned George Morfogen), who spends much of his time (all leisure), napping or being walked or read to. David's in-house "doctor", Doctor Farley (Philip Goodwin), who provides daily elixirs (probably gin) in small glasses, likes glasses of gin, himself, and hides his empty bottles behind a chest. Laura, head of household, has collected David and the doctor into her home as companions, as her son has been abroad. A lady from the family's history has been invited to join the gathering, named Frances Farrar (Katie Firth), who survived the deaths of two husbands, each unique unto itself, and she arrives with two children, Elinor Eddison (Kylie McVey) and Toby Eddison (Athan Sporek), whose playful noise disturbs the curmudgeonly David to no end. Julian's accountant, William Gregson (Curzon Dobell), a practical guy, emanates numerical numbness and realism, expanding the communal sense of deliberate alienation.
The one character that publicly bleeds from the heart is the children's governess, Miss Mathieson (Polly McKie), who's drawn to the rootless, oft-inebriated Doctor Farley. She nonsensically begs for his hand in marriage, couched in her offer of making him "a home", and his rejection lends little credence to his body language, that belies his interest in the widow, Frances. Yet, Julian, who had climbed these hills and walked this beach with the young Frances, long ago, back in the day, beseeches her to make him a home, as well. This is not a play of easy resolutions, but rather of naturalistic isolation, the preservation of the self. For hours on end, after exiting The Beckett Theatre, the viewer will be caught up in the play's unresolved conflicts and the characters' smooth adaptations. Each actor is to be praised for fine-tuning the mannered expressiveness of feelings, needs, and opinions. Here, less is more. Charles Morgan's sets, of the garden and beach scene include fine wrought iron furniture, wicker picnic baskets, checkered cloths, and two (one for each scene) large, framed paintings that illustrate (by Stefano Imbert) an expansive garden or a rocky, coastal beach. In fact, Julian's finest moment occurred offstage, on one of the coastal cliffs, as he valiantly rescued a child's kite. But, his motive, like so many in the play, did not reach its goal. Martha Halley's costumes, especially Laura's large straw hat and loose shirts, and the men's early 1950's, retro suits, caught the eye. Lighting, sound, props, and wigs were perfectly in sync. Kudos to Mint Theater Company, and kudos to Austin Pendleton for this lovely summer respite.
in the Mint Theater Company's "A Day by the Sea"


A purse snatcher beat and robbed a woman on W. First Street on Aug. 20.
The victim told police that she was between Quentin Road and Kings Highway at 10:30 pm, when the crook snatched her purse and began beating her mercilessly, punching her several times in the face.
A gun-wielding bandit robbed a woman dining at an 86th Street restaurant on Aug. 20.
The victim told police that she was in the outdoor dining area of the restaurant between Bay Eighth Street and 15th Avenue at 11 pm when she noticed that a thief had taken her cellphone off of the table. She ran after him and the crook drew a black firearm and pointed it her way, before fleeing south-bound on Bay Eighth Street, cops said.
A crook burglarized a man's 66th Street apartment on Aug. 23, taking jewelry.
The thief busted through the front door of the apartment between Wallaston Court and 17th Avenue at 8:45 am, taking $50 worth of jewelry and the victim's birth certificate, cops said.
Someone walked off with an envelope full of cash that a man had left on the table of an 18th Avenue eatery on Aug. 22.
The victim told police that he was finishing up at a restaurant between 77th and 78th streets at 8:30 pm when he took out a white envelope containing $2,600 to pay the bill.
After paying, he walked off, but realized after about five minutes that he'd left the envelope with the rest of the cash on the table. He immediately called the restaurant and ran back to his table, only to find that the cash had been taken.
A bandit stole jewelry, credit cards, and a college ID from a man's Bay 10th Street home on Aug. 21.
The crook entered the victim's house between Cropsey and Independence avenues at 6:30 am, taking the items, cops said.
A crook beat and robbed a man of cash on 96th Street on Aug. 27.
The victim told police that he was near Bay Parkway at 8:55 pm when the thief came out of nowhere and stuck his hand in the victim's pocket, took $95, and then punched the victim in the face and bit his arm.
A 38-year-old man was arrested for robbing a man of $420 on 84th Street on Aug. 22.
The victim told police that he was near 23rd Avenue at 11:20 am when the suspect slugged him in the face and took his money. The victim immediately called police, and rode along in a squad car as they canvassed the area. Eventually, the victim spotted the suspect, who was carrying the victim's money, cops said.
A thief snatched a woman's purse inside a bar on 86th Street on Aug. 27, taking $40 and credit cards.
The victim told police that she was inside the watering hole between Bay Eighth Street and 15th Avenue at 3 am when the crook snatched her bag off of a bar counter while her back was turned.
A crook stripped the rims and tires off of a woman's car parked on Benson Avenue on Aug. 23.
The victim told police that she'd left her 2011 Honda between Bay 37th and Bay 38th streets at 11:30 pm, and returned later to find her car on blocks.


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COVID-19: Blood on Whose Hands?
Published on 05/16/2021 by Robert Dingwall
As the UK Deputy Chief Medical Officer Jonathan Van Tam said in a recent press conference, the current statistics on COVID-19 infections may be almost as good as we will ever get. When the reports of positive tests in the UK – often wrongly described as 'cases' – drop towards 1,000 per day, the overwhelmingly majority will be false. This is not a failure of the tests but a feature of the mathematics. As you look for increasingly rare events, even with good tests, false positives rapidly come to swamp true ones.
The opening of the end game also means the start of attempts to control the story ahead of the inevitable lessons learned inquiry. Different factions want to get their retaliation in first and pin blame on their opponents. The complex story of late 2019 and early 2020 is reduced to claims that X, Y and Z had blood on their hands because they did not immediately follow the injunctions of A, B, and C.
Sociologists have been studying organizational failures leading to major accidents, disasters and catastrophes for more than 50 years. I cut my own professional teeth in research on decision-making in cases of child abuse and neglect and how the ordinary work of health care, social work and legal agencies could go wrong – and how this was often misunderstood by subsequent inquiries. I came into pandemic planning in the early 2000s partly through a study of how the silent epidemic of deaths in the 2003 European heatwave went unnoticed until bodies piled up in the mortuaries. It was an experience that closely paralleled the emergence of both SARS and COVID, and Ebola in West Africa in 2013.
Science policy elites in the UK may not have much respect for sociology but this work has been extensively used in understanding medical errors, industrial accidents, nuclear power station meltdowns and space shuttle explosions. There are good reasons why the Biden Administration has appointed a sociologist as deputy director of science policy. What it teaches us very clearly is that these events are not about personalities but about the inevitable difficulties of making decisions in complex environments on imperfect and uncertain information.
If policymakers are always going to make the right decisions, they need to have perfect information in real time. Nothing is overlooked and everything is understood. There is instant feedback, permitting constant and smooth adjustment to an evolving situation. Obviously this is unrealistic. However, it is a proper use of a model to ask what stops the real world working like that.
Basically, decision-makers simply cannot have all the right information available to them at the right time in a form that they can use. Although later research has refined the approach, the fundamentals were laid out by a British engineer turned sociologist called Barry Turner in the 1970s. He identified four main categories of information failure – all of which are evident in the early UK responses to the COVID-19 pandemic.
First, there are the things that we just don't know, the unknown unknowns. In the winter of 2019/20, no one had a good understanding of the properties of this coronavirus. Indeed, relatively little was known about coronaviruses at all, compared with other types of virus. Although research was carried out at great speed – the virus genome was published in early January 2020 – there are still many unknowns. The ways in which the virus is actually transmitted, for example, continue to be disputed. Policy makers have to choose between competing claims supported by limited evidence.
Second, there are the things people know but don't fully appreciate. This may be due to factors like a false sense of security, distrust of the source, being focused on a different problem or spotting the relevant data in a flood of information. If we look back at early 2020, there are two contradictory attitudes to the Chinese data. On one hand, an expectation that the Chinese authorities would manage the Wuhan outbreak as successfully as they had managed SARS. On the other, a certain suspicion of the information coming out of Wuhan and the extent to which this was being edited by the Chinese government or manipulated by unofficial sources hostile to the government.
Third, there are the things which are known but not brought together in a timely fashion because the knowledge is distributed across a number of interested groups. In the UK, the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies, or SAGE, system was supposed to deal with this but ultimately reinforced it. A system designed for very specific short-term emergencies was not appropriate to a slow-burn, long-term problem. The original 2007 UK pandemic plan, which I was involved with, recognized this risk and assigned lead responsibility to the Cabinet Office, supporting the prime minister, precisely in order to have an impartial response to a whole-society challenge. Information would not be excluded simply because it was unfamiliar to a particular community, like that of the health department and its partners.
Fourth, there are the things we know but which do not fit our current models of understanding. Again, this is why whole-society response matters. As a sociologist of science, I am interested in what knowledge gets into decision-making and what is excluded. In this case, there is a body of research in social science and law about rules and compliance, which has never featured in the output of SPI-B – the group of health psychologists advising government. There is considerable evidence of a failure by life scientists to appreciate the limitations of experimental research in engineering, relevant to transmission, and of engineers failing to understand the limitations of unsystematic reviews in medical sciences.
These are not failures of individuals but properties of the way in which modern societies operate. Uncertainty is managed by setting boundaries around what can be considered and discussed. Sometimes those boundaries filter out stuff that later proves to be relevant.
When we read about attempts by some stakeholders, and sympathetic journalists, to blame others for failures, often in lurid language like "blood on their hands," we need to see these as complaints that, in a fast-moving situation, their interest was just not favored. Their case was not sufficiently well-evidenced or compelling enough to cut through the fog of war and compete for the limited attention that decision-makers can give to any problem.
Part of this competition is precisely that between science and politics. Whatever we might think in other contexts of the particular individual who is the UK prime minister, it is surely properly part of his role to be reluctant to impose whole-society damage in response to a sectional claim based on the hypothetical scenarios produced by a few modelers, and promoted by their allies. I have great respect for many of these scientists as individuals but they can be unworldly about the robustness of their data and the values implicit in their assumptions. Moreover, modelling does not translate directly into prescriptions for action – simple calls to reduce transmission do not specify precisely how this is best achieved.
We also need to think about the counter-factual, the alternative history. Back in February 2020, I was on a panel for Japanese TV with Gabriel Leung, who is one of the world's most eminent public health specialists. He was very clear at that point that a pandemic would only come to an end through herd immunity. The policy choice was how to get there, whether by managed infection or by vaccination, which was not at that point on offer. If we look at countries with similar demography, health systems and population health levels over the last year, what is striking is how little variation there has been in mortality outcomes. Countries that locked down harder mostly had harder rebounds and ended up in a similar place to those that went for a slower-burn strategy.
There will, of course, be lessons to be learned from this pandemic and it is right that there should be inquiries to spell them out. It will not, however, be helpful to see this as a partisan exercise in blaming individuals for acting within the limits of what was possible in systems that others had designed for very different purposes. If there is one big lesson, though, it would be that pandemics should always be treated as a whole-society challenge and led from the center of government in a way that can draw on the full range of expertise available in the country.
Robert Dingwall
Robert Dingwall is a consulting sociologist, providing research and advisory services particularly in relation to organizational strategy, public engagement and knowledge transfer. He is co-editor of the SAGE Handbook of Research Management.
View all posts byRobert Dingwall | Website
Posted in Public Policy, Science & Social ScienceTagged Coronavirus, Coronavirus Toll, COVID19, organizational failure, pandemic, Sociology
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Mexico's Baja Peninsula runs southward from Mexicali just under 800 miles to the tip of Cabo San Lucas, comprising the Mexican states of Baja California to the north and Baja California Sur to the south. Officially, the waters on the east side of the world's third largest peninsula are known as the Gulf of California, but most people refer to them as the Sea of Cortez. An impressive mountain range rises from Baja. The peak of San Pedro Martir is more than 10,000 feet above sea level. As a Baja yacht charter unfolds, the desert and craggy rocks, white sandy beaches, towering cardón cactuses, and occasional long-nosed leopard lizard ashore juxtaposed against a brilliant turquoise inland sea give a distinctly otherworldly character to the sailing experience. The exquisite beaches for swimming and snorkeling, the deserted islands to explore, and the abundance of wildlife in a remote, unspoiled natural setting makes a Baja sailing vacation a magical adventure for the entire family.
BAJA BAREBOAT CHARTERS - The ultimate in privacy & freedom, bareboat rentals are for groups having their own qualified skipper. Hiring a captain and or hostess/cook always remains an option. For a list of our available Bareboat yachts, please Click Here.
Located in Marina Costa Baja. Facilities include: restaurants, bars, shops, boutiques, markets and provisioning store at the base.
Below you will find links to additional information we are certain you will find useful pertaining to your yacht charter vacation out of Baja, Mexico.
Practical Travel Info: For useful tourism related information for Baja, Mexico.


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IFSW Welcomes the Guardian & UN Campaign to promote awareness of the effects of FGM
Information Type: News, Website/Useful LinkTopic: Human Rights, UN
Instruments used for Female Genital Mutilation
In Kenya, on 31st October 2014, Ban Ki-Moon and the Guardian launched a worldwide campaign to raise awareness of the harm caused through FGM and to work together towards elimination of this destructive practice affecting 130 million women and girls across the world. The plan is to encourage the media, in all its forms, to use its powers to influence politicians, lawyers, health and social work professionals to make sure this abuse is outlawed and our women and children are protected from harm.
A new award in journalism will recognise annually the African journalist who has covered the issues that surround FGM and its harmful effects with innovation and commitment. The Efua Dorkenoo Award offers the opportunity for the successful reporter to spend two months training and working in the Guardian's head offices in London. This partnership leads to greater strength to all those people who are working across the globe against this abuse of the person.
Efua Doorkenoo fought against FGM for 30 years heading up the Girl Generation campaign. In February 2014 by a 17 year old schoolgirl Fahma Mohammed started the most successful petition on www.change.org to highlight the issue of the 20,000 girls at risk of FGM in the UK that was followed up by the Guardian to create this award.
IFSW Global President, Ruth Stark said, "I am delighted to welcome the partnership campaign to eliminate FGM announced by the UN and our media partners the Guardian. This is not just an issue for Africa as people who propagate this practice travel across the globe. The physical, mental and emotional abuse is outlawed in many countries, but still the practice persists. IFSW will support this campaign in every Region until it is eliminated from our planet. Together we can work to eliminate FGM".
http://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/oct/30/fgm-ban-ki-moon-guardian-media-campaign-un-kenya
Addition to main article added 21 November 2014:
IFSW is deeply concerned about the lack of openness and transparency in the written judgement of the trial judge in Egypt hearing the case of the Doctor and the father of Suhair al-Bataa who died last year. The prosecution alleged that Suhair had died during the procedure of FGM. It was the first case to be heard in Egypt following new laws outlawing this practice. The Doctor and Suhair's father were cleared, they said she died from an allergy to penicillin.
According to Egyptian government statistics 90% of women under 50 have been subjected to this physical abuse that often results in physical, mental and emotional damage.
Whilst we recognise that many people who accept FGM as a religious practice the damage caused to the victim of this abuse undermines the ethical principle of all social workers that each individual must be treated with dignity and respect, including the right not to be harmed by another person.
We will continue to campaign against this harmful practice.
Keywords: Guardian, FGM, EgyptRegion: AfricaLanguage: English


At Carpet Tiles Next Day we pride ourselves on selling contract quality carpet tiles at the lowest prices. We hold large stocks of good colours which are ready for immediate dispatch to homes and offices all over the UK. From premium commercial carpet tiles to quality domestic carpet tiles, our products have the versatility to be used in any setting. No order is too large or small and we strive to give the best possible service regardless of whether you require 1 or 100 boxes.
If you're not sure which carpet tile to choose from our range, then why not ask for free samples. If you see a particular colour you like, and wish to see it first prior to ordering, just request some FREE SAMPLES. Our samples are sent via Royal Mail 1st Class post, we aim to dispatch all sample packs the same day of them being requested! For information on premium deliveries or if you have any questions about our products or services, please email us or call 01485 528993.
All the inspiration your home and business needs!
CTND is one of the UK's leading online suppliers, offering an extensive range of carpet squares for home or business use at fantastic prices. Our range of floor tiles and accessories includes everything from carpet tile tackifier adhesive to double sided carpet tape, carpet protection film and professional DIY fitting kits. You can choose from several different delivery options too, either economy (2-3 day), next day, next day AM and we have also recently added a further Saturday delivery option for anyone ordering before 2pm on a Friday.
Extra discounts are available on our site and we have several price tiers in place providing further reductions when you order in quantities over 300, 500, 700 and 1,000 tiles. Free 2 day delivery is available for orders exceeding 500 tiles, additionally if you order more than 800 tiles then you will also receive one of our professional fitting kits (worth £18.50 + vat) completely free of charge. There is no limit to how many times you can separately order over 800 tiles as we send our CTND fitting tool kit with each transaction.
We have over 20 years experience in selling top quality tiles and have built this considerable knowledge up over time with passion and enthusiasm. All the colours we sell on our website have been carefully chosen directly from several factories across the UK and Europe. We tried to compliment every colour with a choice of at least 3 different prices and construction types. Of course we understand that everyone's application is different but we're here to cover all aspects of carpet floor tiles and their advantages over other types of floor coverings. We are well equipped to answer most questions with professional and easy to understand advice, we have collected and written down these top asked questions which can be found on our FAQ's page.
We are also members of the independent review site Trustpilot, where after several days our customers will be invited to give us a review of the service they received from our company. This valuable feedback is always welcomed and appreciated but also helps us to understand and improve our products and services in the future. If any customers wish to be removed from this automated system then please let us know and you will be taken off our mailing list. To make our website even more customer friendly we have recently added different pile types to our filters down the left hand side of the inner pages. When browsing through our products you should be able to further define the results and differentiate each construction depending on pile and colour for those who know exactly what they are after. From velour to fine rib, hobnail, barrier, broad rib, polypropylene loop, nylon loop and nylon cut pile. You will be able to quickly locate the exact carpet tile you are looking for. We also are looking to increase our already large stock levels to many more thousands to ensure that we will rarely be left out of stock on our best-selling colours and ranges. This phase of expansion is expected to take place sometime early 2019.
Interested in Carpet Tiles Next Day? You can keep up to date by checking out our BLOG for articles and news, or why not give us a follow on our social media feeds. We're now on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Pinterest and LinkedIn or by viewing the videos on our YouTube channel. Likewise if you have any questions about any of our products or services then please feel free to get in touch as we always give "Service to make you Smile!"


Summing up has begun in the case of a father accused of murdering his baby daughter.
The prosecution and defence began making their closing speeches to the jury at Craigavon Crown Court on Monday.
Paul Owens, 29, is accused of killing his 14-week-old daughter Jasmine McGowan at their home in Twinbrook on the outskirts of Belfast in August 1999.
The baby had been shaken and her head had been hit off a hard surface.
The prosecution told the jury they believed Mr Owens killed the child and then tried to blame the baby's mother.
The defence said there was no doubt the baby had a miserable life, but there was no direct evidence linking the accused to the murder.


Saturday is busier than any weekday for Gowdhaman, who works as Systems Analyst at Royal Bank of Scotland. This is because he travels to Arunavoyal village—about 42 kilometers from Chennai —to teach children spoken English and extra-curricular activities every Saturday.
Gowdhaman is engaged in social work along with his former colleagues Madeena and Leelavathy, for over three years. While he was working for William's League, it was an email that triggered the volunteering spirit in him.
"On another occasion, a visually impaired person wanted to pursue her teacher training but could not afford Rs. 15,000 as fees. I mailed an appeal to my contacts in India as well as abroad and mobilised the funds. This incident made me realise that everyone wants to extend their support for a good cause, but do not know how. There were two sets of people – one who can only make a monetary contribution and the other who can volunteer his/her time and service," said Gowdhaman.
Madeena, Leelavathy and Gowdhaman helped the visually impaired students to write scribes during their free time. At once such instance, Leelavathy helped a visually impaired student to write his examination at CSIM. She learnt about the courses that was offered and discussed with Ms. Latha Suresh, about their volunteering efforts. Ms. Latha advised her to enrol in the short term course and learn to effectively coordinate the social work activities.
"I shared this information with Gowdhaman and Madeena, and all three of us decided to enrol for the Social Entrepreneurship Outlook Programme in July 2009. What was common amongst us is our helping nature," said Leelavathy.
"When I attended an interview at Google, I was not selected as I was over qualified for the position. My aim is to see that the children in the rural areas are as competent as the urban children in education as well as communication skills," he said.
"Children's are very friendly with the volunteers and like to spend more time with them. The confidence level of the children has increased and I am very happy to see the change in them. Initially, I wondered if the city volunteers would be able to adapt with the village children. But now, I am amazed to see their performance," says Madhumita.
"We want to improve the level of education of these children. They learn very quickly and are obedient. This motivates us and we want to help them more. We will continue our good work forever," says Madeena.
"I like the Word Building game and I can identify many words now. I used to hesitate to speak English, but now I am confident to speak the language. A lot of competition and games are organised which is really encouraging," says Jayakumar, a student.


text:
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The Falco family: the evolution of Leonardo's Unmanned Air Systems
In the Aerospace and Defence sector, the Unmanned Aircraft Systems follow a development and growth path characterised by different dynamics. Here is the case of Leonardo's Falco family.
The evolution of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) is a process that follows certain paradigms common to the entire aerospace and defence sector.
This process starts from an initial model designed around available technologies and the operational features required at the time of design. The model is then improved over time to respond to new needs and reflect the availability of new technologies. Another factor to consider is the continuous cycle of obsolescence resolution, with the possibility to exploit economies of scale by using components also present in the civil market and by exploiting the dual-use nature of some systems.
Falco remotely piloted aircraft systems sold worldwide
unmanned aircraft operating in 27 countries
of the Eurodrone programme, Europe's Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE) unmanned system
Technology collaboration
for the development of Skydweller, the first solar-powered drone with unlimited autonomy
Leonardo's Falco UAS is the best example of this process.
Falco is a family of systems that have been developed - in line with the above process - from an initial model called the Falco XN, launched in 2003. This evolved into the intermediate Falco EVO platform, launched in 2012 and widely used in operational tasks before arriving at the latest version, the Falco Xplorer. The latter is a very different system. It made its maiden flight in 2020 and is currently completing the long and complex certification process in close cooperation with the Italian Military Authority, the DAAA (Directorate for Air Armaments and Airworthiness).
Meteor Mirach 26
The Falco family originates from the first battlefield surveillance drones of the Mirach 20 and Mirach 26 series. These drones, developed by Leonardo (then Meteor), emerged out of a new surveillance concept pioneered by the Israeli Defence Forces during the Arab-Israeli wars of the 1970s-1980s and tested at the operational level during operations in the Beka'a Valley (Lebanon) in 1982. The first Falco system was developed from the Mirach 26. It was distinguished by the comprehensive design of all associated components, the installation of a new engine and a new ground control station, and above all the ability to operate from conventional runways using undercarriage. The first model was equipped with a 10-inch electro-optical sensor. It had a maximum take-off weight of 450 kg, 10 hours' cruising autonomy and an operational range of about 200 km in line-of-sight radio. With the emergence of new operational concepts and technologies (related to the miniaturisation of electronics and the development of new radar, radio and electro-optical systems), Falco's transformation continued along a path of continuous improvement.
Falco EVO UAV
In this way the system, in its Falco EVO variant, has come to embody the ultimate surveillance concept in both maritime and land domains. It does so through the deployment of an extensive suite of sensors: multi-mode radar for long-range surveillance; 10-15 and 16-inch multi-spectral EO-IR turrets; an ESM system to pick up and locate long-distance electronic emissions; a COMINT system; aeronautical, land and maritime radios to allow direct communication with other assets in the area of operations; and satellite connectivity for missions exceeding 200 km. The ability to exploit such a wide range of sensors is due to the versatility of its mission system and its high load capacity, increasing the maximum take-off weight to 650 kg. The most notable modifications made, besides the ability to carry an extensive suite of sensors all at once, include a wingspan almost twice that of the original model and a new heavy fuel engine, which together the system an endurance of over 24 hours. The system also incorporates fully automatic flight capabilities, including take-off and landing, thus improving its mode of use.
EOST 46 electro-optical/infrared turret
The continuous innovation process has continued with the extraordinary changes at the operational and doctrinal level that have taken place in recent years.
Modern operational scenarios, notable for a high degree of complexity and a highly variable threat, impose a need for more flexible instruments with the ability to provide a capacity for attack in response to rapidly changing circumstances: for instance, situations in which the lives of friendly are put at risk and/or the sudden transformation of a low-risk theatre into a more conventional and 'highly-contested' one.
Falco Xplorer UAV for ISR (Intelligence Surveillance and Reconaissance) missions
The latest platform in the Falco family, the Astore, was developed to respond to this new operational concept with the new technologies and functionalities available. Its precision payload (up to 70 kg, distributed on the two sub-wing pylons), combined with its retained intelligence and surveillance capability (16 hours' endurance and over 200 km of operational range), makes the Astore a flexible and complete platform. It can carry out complex missions while maintaining appropriate and efficient operational costs for the user.
The Astore comes with safety-critical equipment for attack missions, managing the redundant weapon safety chain. The pilot remains the critical element of the engagement cycle (man in the loop). The platform also has a laser targeting system to designate targets for its effectors and other platforms (buddy lasing mode). It can perform automatic post-attack reconnaissance to assess an action's effectiveness (battle damage assessment).
Astore by the numbers
>120 kg
max payload
>16 hours
>200 km
link range
>7000 m
The culmination of the process described above, the Astore is the embodiment of important innovations due to the availability of new technologies and the emergence of new doctrines and operational concepts. It thus perfectly represents the continuous improvement that underpins Leonardo's leadership in the unmanned sector.
Falco Xplorer
Falco Family for ISR
Falco EVO Frontex
Falco EVO
Mirach 40
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text:
Different Calculations
Where does Paul Macrae Montgomery get the numbers to show that "tuition at public colleges barely has risen in real terms?" ("A Theory of Bubbles," Review & Preview, Sept. 11). The College Board shows tuition at public four-year institutions rising in real terms by almost 260% since the 1975-'76 year. This increase is greater than that seen in private-college tuition over that span, as noted in my Aug. 28 guest editorial.
Edward F. McQuarrie
Santa Clara, Calif.
Paul Macrae Montgomery replies: The professor is quite correct in percentage terms, but not in dollar terms. In terms of real dollars, public college costs rose only $3,961 over the 30-year period, just $132 per year. Over that span, private-college costs rose $13,209 -- nearly 3.5 times as much as public-college costs. Our purpose was to compare today's public college cost versus today's private college costs versus today's carrying cost for a single-family home. For this, dollars are the proper metric. But I am equally confident that percentage change was the proper metric for McQuarrie's editorial.
Russian Indexing
Steve Hardy highlighted the continuing stellar performance of the Russian stock market [in his Aug. 28 Mailbag letter decrying the Third Millennium Russia Fund's underperformance of the MSCI Russia Index]. There are many reasons why an actively managed mutual fund may underperform an index, starting with the transaction costs that an actual fund must bear. Also, an investment manager must evaluate Russian companies on corporate governance, liquidity, sector prospects and other criteria.
In addition to the MSCI Russia Index, he might have also cited the index we ourselves use in our yearly prospectus, the Moscow Times Index. While the Third Millennium Russia Fund has been up over 1,000% since inception on Oct. 1, 1998, it has generally underperformed that index, although not to the degree that Hardy stated. On the other hand, most people follow the Russian Trading System Index, and our fund has outperformed the RTS index as often as not.
John T. Connor, Jr.
Third Millennium Russia Fund
Ethical Lapse
Shame on Corporate America.
The Sept. 11 cover story on the world's most respected companies reported that only 15% of the respondents valued ethical business practices as the first and most important factor. Let's put first things first.
Spokane, Wash.
Western Oil Embargo
The Sept. 11 Editorial Commentary ("The East-West War") contained the best idea I've seen yet in dealing with the Middle East: a total economic embargo. It is a shame that the Europeans will not have the fortitude to participate. That is only the first step. The second and third steps that need to be immediately embarked upon are to do Manhattan Project-type programs. We should develop nuclear fusion for cleaner electricity, and greatly improved batteries for cars to wean ourselves off hydrocarbon fuels.
Doug Culy
Tempe, Ariz.
Withdrawal from the Middle East and a Western embargo, while appealing in some ways, is totally unrealistic. It would doom Iraq to chaos at best, and, at worst, rule by Islamist theocracy. The Russians and the Chinese have shown themselves all too willing to step in when the West withdraws. At this point, we cannot convince many French, German and Norwegian companies that doing business with the Iranian ayatollahs is a bad idea. Imagine trying to convince the entire West to embargo the Middle East.
Christopher Holton
Mandeville, La.


Men's swim trunks in polyester color green. As part of the Gallo Collection line this item is perfectly suited to an everyday look. All-over contrast Mandala print. Elasticated adjustable tall waist with drawstring in the iconic color of the brand. Concealed pockets at lateral side. Front Gallo logo embroidery at lateral side. Internal mesh. COMPOSITION: 100% POLYESTER. Wash care: Hand wash or machine wash - maximum temperature 30?C. Do not use bleach. Iron at low temperature (max.110 ).


text:
package backend.interpreter.instances;

import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;

import backend.interpreter.data.DataType;
import backend.interpreter.typeclass.TypeClass;

public abstract class Instance {
    Set<TypeClass> classInstances = new HashSet<TypeClass>();

    public boolean isInstanceOf(TypeClass t) {
	return classInstances.contains(t);
    }

    public abstract DataType runMethod(String method, List<DataType> l);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub