text:
package com.zxh.ssm.module.whole.pojo;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class DiseaseOutbreakExample {
    /**
     * This field was generated by MyBatis Generator.
     * This field corresponds to the database table disease_outbreak
     *
     * @mbggenerated
     */
    protected String orderByClause;

    /**
     * This field was generated by MyBatis Generator.
     * This field corresponds to the database table disease_outbreak
     *
     * @mbggenerated
     */
    protected boolean distinct;

    /**
     * This field was generated by MyBatis Generator.
     * This field corresponds to the database table disease_outbreak
     *
     * @mbggenerated
     */
    protected List<Criteria> oredCriteria;

    /**
     * This method was generated by MyBatis Generator.
     * This method corresponds to the database table disease_outbreak
     *
     * @mbggenerated
     */
    public DiseaseOutbreakExample() {
        oredCriteria = new ArrayList<Criteria>();
    }

    /**
     * This method was generated by MyBatis Generator.
     * This method corresponds to the database table disease_outbreak
     *
     * @mbggenerated
     */
    public void setOrderByClause(String orderByClause) {
        this.orderByClause = orderByClause;
    }

    /**
     * This method was generated by MyBatis Generator.
     * This method corresponds to the database table disease_outbreak
     *
     * @mbggenerated
     */
    public String getOrderByClause() {
        return orderByClause;
    }

    /**
     * This method was generated by MyBatis Generator.
     * This method corresponds to the database table disease_outbreak
     *
     * @mbggenerated
     */
    public void setDistinct(boolean distinct) {
        this.distinct = distinct;
    }

    /**
     * This method was generated by MyBatis Generator.
     * This method corresponds to the database table disease_outbreak
     *
     * @mbggenerated
     */
    public boolean isDistinct() {
        return distinct;
    }

    /**
     * This method was generated by MyBatis Generator.
     * This method corresponds to the database table disease_outbreak
     *
     * @mbggenerated
     */
    public List<Criteria> getOredCriteria() {
        return oredCriteria;
    }

    /**
     * This method was generated by MyBatis Generator.
     * This method corresponds to the database table disease_outbreak
     *
     * @mbggenerated
     */
    public void or(Criteria criteria) {
        oredCriteria.add(criteria);
    }

    /**
     * This method was generated by MyBatis Generator.
     * This method corresponds to the database table disease_outbreak
     *
     * @mbggenerated
     */
    public Criteria or() {
        Criteria criteria = createCriteriaInternal();
        oredCriteria.add(criteria);
        return criteria;
    }

    /**
     * This method was generated by MyBatis Generator.
     * This method corresponds to the database table disease_outbreak
     *
     * @mbggenerated
     */
    public Criteria createCriteria() {
        Criteria criteria = createCriteriaInternal();
        if (oredCriteria.size() == 0) {
            oredCriteria.add(criteria);
        }
        return criteria;
    }

    /**
     * This method was generated by MyBatis Generator.
     * This method corresponds to the database table disease_outbreak
     *
     * @mbggenerated
     */
    protected Criteria createCriteriaInternal() {
        Criteria criteria = new Criteria();
        return criteria;
    }

    /**
     * This method was generated by MyBatis Generator.
     * This method corresponds to the database table disease_outbreak
     *
     * @mbggenerated
     */
    public void clear() {
        oredCriteria.clear();
        orderByClause = null;
        distinct = false;
    }

    /**
     * This class was generated by MyBatis Generator.
     * This class corresponds to the database table disease_outbreak
     *
     * @mbggenerated
     */
    protected abstract static class GeneratedCriteria {
        protected List<Criterion> criteria;

        protected GeneratedCriteria() {
            super();
            criteria = new ArrayList<Criterion>();
        }

        public boolean isValid() {
            return criteria.size() > 0;
        }

        public List<Criterion> getAllCriteria() {
            return criteria;
        }

        public List<Criterion> getCriteria() {
            return criteria;
        }

        protected void addCriterion(String condition) {
            if (condition == null) {
                throw new RuntimeException("Value for condition cannot be null");
            }
            criteria.add(new Criterion(condition));
        }

        protected void addCriterion(String condition, Object value, String property) {
            if (value == null) {
                throw new RuntimeException("Value for " + property + " cannot be null");
            }
            criteria.add(new Criterion(condition, value));
        }

        protected void addCriterion(String condition, Object value1, Object value2, String property) {
            if (value1 == null || value2 == null) {
                throw new RuntimeException("Between values for " + property + " cannot be null");
            }
            criteria.add(new Criterion(condition, value1, value2));
        }

        public Criteria andBreakyearIsNull() {
            addCriterion("breakYear is null");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andBreakyearIsNotNull() {
            addCriterion("breakYear is not null");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andBreakyearEqualTo(Integer value) {
            addCriterion("breakYear =", value, "breakyear");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andBreakyearNotEqualTo(Integer value) {
            addCriterion("breakYear <>", value, "breakyear");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andBreakyearGreaterThan(Integer value) {
            addCriterion("breakYear >", value, "breakyear");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andBreakyearGreaterThanOrEqualTo(Integer value) {
            addCriterion("breakYear >=", value, "breakyear");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andBreakyearLessThan(Integer value) {
            addCriterion("breakYear <", value, "breakyear");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andBreakyearLessThanOrEqualTo(Integer value) {
            addCriterion("breakYear <=", value, "breakyear");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andBreakyearIn(List<Integer> values) {
            addCriterion("breakYear in", values, "breakyear");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andBreakyearNotIn(List<Integer> values) {
            addCriterion("breakYear not in", values, "breakyear");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andBreakyearBetween(Integer value1, Integer value2) {
            addCriterion("breakYear between", value1, value2, "breakyear");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andBreakyearNotBetween(Integer value1, Integer value2) {
            addCriterion("breakYear not between", value1, value2, "breakyear");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andBreakmonthIsNull() {
            addCriterion("breakMonth is null");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andBreakmonthIsNotNull() {
            addCriterion("breakMonth is not null");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andBreakmonthEqualTo(Integer value) {
            addCriterion("breakMonth =", value, "breakmonth");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andBreakmonthNotEqualTo(Integer value) {
            addCriterion("breakMonth <>", value, "breakmonth");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andBreakmonthGreaterThan(Integer value) {
            addCriterion("breakMonth >", value, "breakmonth");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andBreakmonthGreaterThanOrEqualTo(Integer value) {
            addCriterion("breakMonth >=", value, "breakmonth");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andBreakmonthLessThan(Integer value) {
            addCriterion("breakMonth <", value, "breakmonth");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andBreakmonthLessThanOrEqualTo(Integer value) {
            addCriterion("breakMonth <=", value, "breakmonth");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andBreakmonthIn(List<Integer> values) {
            addCriterion("breakMonth in", values, "breakmonth");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andBreakmonthNotIn(List<Integer> values) {
            addCriterion("breakMonth not in", values, "breakmonth");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andBreakmonthBetween(Integer value1, Integer value2) {
            addCriterion("breakMonth between", value1, value2, "breakmonth");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andBreakmonthNotBetween(Integer value1, Integer value2) {
            addCriterion("breakMonth not between", value1, value2, "breakmonth");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andProvinceIsNull() {
            addCriterion("province is null");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andProvinceIsNotNull() {
            addCriterion("province is not null");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andProvinceEqualTo(String value) {
            addCriterion("province =", value, "province");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andProvinceNotEqualTo(String value) {
            addCriterion("province <>", value, "province");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andProvinceGreaterThan(String value) {
            addCriterion("province >", value, "province");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andProvinceGreaterThanOrEqualTo(String value) {
            addCriterion("province >=", value, "province");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andProvinceLessThan(String value) {
            addCriterion("province <", value, "province");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andProvinceLessThanOrEqualTo(String value) {
            addCriterion("province <=", value, "province");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andProvinceLike(String value) {
            addCriterion("province like", value, "province");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andProvinceNotLike(String value) {
            addCriterion("province not like", value, "province");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andProvinceIn(List<String> values) {
            addCriterion("province in", values, "province");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andProvinceNotIn(List<String> values) {
            addCriterion("province not in", values, "province");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andProvinceBetween(String value1, String value2) {
            addCriterion("province between", value1, value2, "province");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andProvinceNotBetween(String value1, String value2) {
            addCriterion("province not between", value1, value2, "province");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCityIsNull() {
            addCriterion("city is null");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCityIsNotNull() {
            addCriterion("city is not null");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCityEqualTo(String value) {
            addCriterion("city =", value, "city");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCityNotEqualTo(String value) {
            addCriterion("city <>", value, "city");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCityGreaterThan(String value) {
            addCriterion("city >", value, "city");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCityGreaterThanOrEqualTo(String value) {
            addCriterion("city >=", value, "city");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCityLessThan(String value) {
            addCriterion("city <", value, "city");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCityLessThanOrEqualTo(String value) {
            addCriterion("city <=", value, "city");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCityLike(String value) {
            addCriterion("city like", value, "city");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCityNotLike(String value) {
            addCriterion("city not like", value, "city");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCityIn(List<String> values) {
            addCriterion("city in", values, "city");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCityNotIn(List<String> values) {
            addCriterion("city not in", values, "city");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCityBetween(String value1, String value2) {
            addCriterion("city between", value1, value2, "city");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCityNotBetween(String value1, String value2) {
            addCriterion("city not between", value1, value2, "city");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCountyIsNull() {
            addCriterion("county is null");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCountyIsNotNull() {
            addCriterion("county is not null");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCountyEqualTo(String value) {
            addCriterion("county =", value, "county");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCountyNotEqualTo(String value) {
            addCriterion("county <>", value, "county");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCountyGreaterThan(String value) {
            addCriterion("county >", value, "county");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCountyGreaterThanOrEqualTo(String value) {
            addCriterion("county >=", value, "county");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCountyLessThan(String value) {
            addCriterion("county <", value, "county");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCountyLessThanOrEqualTo(String value) {
            addCriterion("county <=", value, "county");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCountyLike(String value) {
            addCriterion("county like", value, "county");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCountyNotLike(String value) {
            addCriterion("county not like", value, "county");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCountyIn(List<String> values) {
            addCriterion("county in", values, "county");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCountyNotIn(List<String> values) {
            addCriterion("county not in", values, "county");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCountyBetween(String value1, String value2) {
            addCriterion("county between", value1, value2, "county");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCountyNotBetween(String value1, String value2) {
            addCriterion("county not between", value1, value2, "county");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andTownIsNull() {
            addCriterion("town is null");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andTownIsNotNull() {
            addCriterion("town is not null");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andTownEqualTo(String value) {
            addCriterion("town =", value, "town");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andTownNotEqualTo(String value) {
            addCriterion("town <>", value, "town");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andTownGreaterThan(String value) {
            addCriterion("town >", value, "town");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andTownGreaterThanOrEqualTo(String value) {
            addCriterion("town >=", value, "town");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andTownLessThan(String value) {
            addCriterion("town <", value, "town");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andTownLessThanOrEqualTo(String value) {
            addCriterion("town <=", value, "town");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andTownLike(String value) {
            addCriterion("town like", value, "town");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andTownNotLike(String value) {
            addCriterion("town not like", value, "town");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andTownIn(List<String> values) {
            addCriterion("town in", values, "town");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andTownNotIn(List<String> values) {
            addCriterion("town not in", values, "town");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andTownBetween(String value1, String value2) {
            addCriterion("town between", value1, value2, "town");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andTownNotBetween(String value1, String value2) {
            addCriterion("town not between", value1, value2, "town");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCasenumIsNull() {
            addCriterion("caseNum is null");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCasenumIsNotNull() {
            addCriterion("caseNum is not null");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCasenumEqualTo(Integer value) {
            addCriterion("caseNum =", value, "casenum");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCasenumNotEqualTo(Integer value) {
            addCriterion("caseNum <>", value, "casenum");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCasenumGreaterThan(Integer value) {
            addCriterion("caseNum >", value, "casenum");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCasenumGreaterThanOrEqualTo(Integer value) {
            addCriterion("caseNum >=", value, "casenum");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCasenumLessThan(Integer value) {
            addCriterion("caseNum <", value, "casenum");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCasenumLessThanOrEqualTo(Integer value) {
            addCriterion("caseNum <=", value, "casenum");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCasenumIn(List<Integer> values) {
            addCriterion("caseNum in", values, "casenum");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCasenumNotIn(List<Integer> values) {
            addCriterion("caseNum not in", values, "casenum");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCasenumBetween(Integer value1, Integer value2) {
            addCriterion("caseNum between", value1, value2, "casenum");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }

        public Criteria andCasenumNotBetween(Integer value1, Integer value2) {
            addCriterion("caseNum not between", value1, value2, "casenum");
            return (Criteria) this;
        }
    }

    /**
     * This class was generated by MyBatis Generator.
     * This class corresponds to the database table disease_outbreak
     *
     * @mbggenerated do_not_delete_during_merge
     */
    public static class Criteria extends GeneratedCriteria {

        protected Criteria() {
            super();
        }
    }

    /**
     * This class was generated by MyBatis Generator.
     * This class corresponds to the database table disease_outbreak
     *
     * @mbggenerated
     */
    public static class Criterion {
        private String condition;

        private Object value;

        private Object secondValue;

        private boolean noValue;

        private boolean singleValue;

        private boolean betweenValue;

        private boolean listValue;

        private String typeHandler;

        public String getCondition() {
            return condition;
        }

        public Object getValue() {
            return value;
        }

        public Object getSecondValue() {
            return secondValue;
        }

        public boolean isNoValue() {
            return noValue;
        }

        public boolean isSingleValue() {
            return singleValue;
        }

        public boolean isBetweenValue() {
            return betweenValue;
        }

        public boolean isListValue() {
            return listValue;
        }

        public String getTypeHandler() {
            return typeHandler;
        }

        protected Criterion(String condition) {
            super();
            this.condition = condition;
            this.typeHandler = null;
            this.noValue = true;
        }

        protected Criterion(String condition, Object value, String typeHandler) {
            super();
            this.condition = condition;
            this.value = value;
            this.typeHandler = typeHandler;
            if (value instanceof List<?>) {
                this.listValue = true;
            } else {
                this.singleValue = true;
            }
        }

        protected Criterion(String condition, Object value) {
            this(condition, value, null);
        }

        protected Criterion(String condition, Object value, Object secondValue, String typeHandler) {
            super();
            this.condition = condition;
            this.value = value;
            this.secondValue = secondValue;
            this.typeHandler = typeHandler;
            this.betweenValue = true;
        }

        protected Criterion(String condition, Object value, Object secondValue) {
            this(condition, value, secondValue, null);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The EB5 Affiliate Network State of Georgia Regional Center, LLC became a USCIS-designated regional center in July 2014 and its operating area covers all 159 counties in the state of Georgia. This regional center has been approved to focus on the industries of full-service restaurants and new multifamily housing construction.
The EB5 Affiliate Network State of Georgia Regional Center, LLC, is operated by the EB5 Affiliate Network, which owns seven USCIS-approved entire state regional centers, and which has combined regional center coverage in up to 10 states. The EB5 Affiliate Network specializes in EB5 regional center consulting, investor fundraising, and EB-5 business strategy, and has helped hundreds of foreign investors immigrate to the United States. The EB5 Affiliate Network's goal is to cooperate with EB-5 partners who are interested in creating economically viable, marketable, and financially-sound EB-5 projects which can be funded successfully by overseas investors.
The management team behind the EB5 Affiliate Network includes Samuel Silverman, who is extensively experienced in real estate financing, development, management and brokerage in the states of Georgia, California, Florida, and Pennsylvania, and also in the People's Republic of China. In addition to previously serving as the corporate strategy and expansion director for Jack Nicklaus in the PRC, Samuel worked at the successful business strategy and management consulting firm, the Boston Consulting Group. Samuel received his bachelor's degree in economics with a Mandarin Chinese concentration from Yale University, and he also earned a certificate in financial accounting from the London School of Economics and Political Science.
Mike Schoenfeld, a managing member of the EB5 Affiliate Network, is seasoned in business diligence, management consulting, private equity investment, and entrepreneurship. He previously worked for the middle-market private equity firm AEA Investors, with $6 billion under management, where he oversaw control-oriented investments in industrial and consumer goods, and business services companies. Mike has also worked at Boston Consulting Group, and during his employment there, directly engaged with Fortune 500 Companies in the areas of financial services, transportation, industrial goods, real estate, and information technology. Mike graduated from the University of North Carolina with his bachelor's degree in economics, along with his bachelor's degree in business administration.
Timothy Shih is experienced in public and private securities offerings, and banking and corporate restructuring, among other corporate transactional matters. He has worked at the law firm, Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP, as an attorney, and has also served as general counsel for a leading entertainment company in the PRC. Tim graduated from Yale University with his bachelor's degree in computer science, and he received his Juris Doctor from the Duke University School of Law.
If you wish to learn more about the EB5 Affiliate Network State of Georgia Regional Center, LLC, please fill out the form on the right of the page.


text:
Q: Summary Statistics of a Array Type Column in a Spark DataFrame def toDouble(s: String) = {
  if ("?".equals(s)) Double.NaN else s.toDouble
}
  def parse(line: String) = {
  val pieces = line.split(',')
  val id1 = pieces(0).toInt
  val scores = pieces.slice(2, 11).map(toDouble)
  val matched = pieces(11).toBoolean
  MatchData(id1, scores, matched)
}
case class MatchData
(
    id1: Int,
    scores: Array[Double],
    matched: Boolean
    )
val inputrdd = spark.sparkContext.textFile("../donation/block_*.csv")

    val noheader = inputrdd.filter(x => !x.contains("id_1"))
    val df= noheader.map(line => parse(line)).toDF()

The schema of the Data Frame is as below
root
|-- id1: integer (nullable = true)
|-- scores: array (nullable = true)
|-- element: double (containsNull = false)
|-- matched: boolean (nullable = true)

The first three records are as below
 [53113,WrappedArray(0.833333333333333, NaN, 1.0, NaN, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0),true]
 [47614,WrappedArray(1.0, NaN, 1.0, NaN, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0),true]
 [70237,WrappedArray(1.0, NaN, 1.0, NaN, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0),true]

I want to get the summary statistics  like count , mean, max , min for each element in the Wrapped Array column.
My idea was to create another DataFrame for the WrappedArray Elements alone by filtering out the NaN values and giving a column alias as the index of the Array Element.
The use a select on the DataFrame of functions like count(), min() max() etc.
But not without any result.
val dfnona = (0 until 9).map(i => {
  df.select("scores").as[Seq[Double]].filter(s=> s(i) !=Double.NaN).alias(i.toString())
})

dfnona.select(count("0"),mean("0"), stddev_pop ("0"),max("0"),min("0")).show()

Can someone give me some directions on how to achieve this.

A: If the scores array is fixed length for entire DataSet then you can this solution.
val df = ... //create dataframe with schema you mentioned

//Here $"scores"(0) fetches first element in Scores Array
val subjects = df.withColumn("sub1", $"scores"(0))
  .withColumn("sub2", $"scores"(1))
  .withColumn("sub3", $"scores"(2))
  .withColumn("sub4", $"scores"(3))
  .select("sub1", "sub2", "sub3", "sub4")

// Alternate approach
val numberOfSubjects = 4
val subjects = (0 until numberOfSubjects).foldLeft(df)((accDf, index) => {
  accDf.withColumn(s"sub${index}", $"scores" (index))
})

subjects.printSchema()

root
 |-- sub1: double (nullable = true)
 |-- sub2: double (nullable = true)
 |-- sub3: double (nullable = true)
 |-- sub4: double (nullable = true)

Now you can apply all statistical functions on sub1, sub2, sub3, sub4 columns.

A: This is the code I came up with.
This post helped. and mrsrinivas above too.
val dfs = (1 until 10).foldLeft(parsed) {case (df , i ) => (df.withColumn("score"+i.toString(), $"scores"(i)))}
val scores =  dfs.drop("scores")
for (x<- scores.columns.filter(colname=> colname.contains("score")))
              {
              dfs.filter(!isnan(dfs.col(x))).describe(x).show()
              }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Have Mercy is an album by a rock band called The Mooney Suzuki.

After the band finished touring for Alive and Amplified, they had some troubles. Founder guitarist Graham Tyler's father died, a strong supporter of the band from its early days, and Graham left to tend to his family. Then, the rhythm section dropped out. Sammy James Jr., guitarist and singer, wrote many of these songs during the troubled time. When he finally got around to recording them, Graham had rejoined, along with the original drummer, Will Rockwell-Scott.

Current bass player Reno Bo and ex-bass player Michael Bangs are both credited with backing vocals in the liner notes. Ironically, neither of them actually plays bass. Sammy James Jr. covers that.

After all of this, the band eyed an August 2006 release. However, their label V2 Records instead changed it to January 2007 for a better publicity push. Then, V2 folded, and the band spent 5 months looking for a way to release the album. It finally came out in June 2007 with bonus tracks on Elixiia Records/Templar Label Group.

The cover art resembles Soft Machine's album Third.

Track listing
99%
This Broke Heart of Mine
Adam & Eve
Ashes
Rock 'n' Roller Girl
First Comes Love
Mercy Me
Good Ol' Alcohol
The Prime of Life
Down But Not Out
Leap of Faith (bonus track)
You Never Really Wanted To Rock 'n' Roll (bonus track)
Caroline (digital bonus track only)
Say That You Will (digital bonus track only)

References

2007 albums
The Mooney Suzuki albums

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The bathtub drain stopper plays an unheralded but important role in the hygiene routines of many Americans. If you exclusively take showers to get clean, you probably don't think twice about the drain plug, and might not even own one. For a relaxing bath, however, the drain plug is even more important than candles and a rubber ducky. Read on for tips on how to install a universal drain plug if yours is missing or malfunctioning.
There are plenty of reasons you might need to install a new drain plug in your tub. Even a tiny leak around the seal of a stopper can be annoying and wasteful. Perhaps the old plug has become lost or broken, or you're tired of dealing with a standalone plug that gets in the way when you aren't using it. Or maybe you just want to update the look of your tub. Fortunately, you can purchase kits that include press-on drain stoppers and overflow caps that will fit in most tubs.
Replacing the stopper is one of the simpler bathroom plumbing repairs you can take on. The kit should have supplies that allow you to either screw the new stopper into your drain flange, or glue it into the tub using an adhesive. It's easier and less time consuming to screw in the part, but that may not be an option because your flange doesn't have threads, or they don't match up with the new plug. If the plug isn't a perfect fit, you can also use the silicon adhesive to fill in any gaps and create a better seal. Keep in mind that if you use glue, you need to wait several hours for it to harden before you can test or use the tub.
If you purchase a press-on drain stopper, there's no need to hook it up to a new or existing lever that you control via a switch on the overflow cap. This makes your bathroom plumbing repair far simpler than it would be otherwise. However, you still might find it worthwhile to replace the overflow cap with a new model, even if just for aesthetic purposes so it matches the new drain plug.
In some cases, you can simply unscrew the old overflow cap and replace it with a shiny new one. However, the job gets more complicated if you have an old drain lever that you want to remove. In that scenario, you might need some extra tools to extract pins and pull out all the old parts.
If you aren't up to the task of installing a new drain stopper on your own, or you need any other assistance with bathroom repairs, contact an expert local plumber today.


text:
D4 bookworms revere Joyce and Yeats
Image by Alanna O'Shea.
Summer seems like the appropriate time to celebrate some of Ireland's most famous literary talents. This June saw the annual Bloomsday tribute to James Joyce, as well as a special celebration for the 150th anniversary of the birth of William Butler Yeats.
Both these writers have strong ties to Dublin 4, having lived in Sandymount. While Sandymount Green might turn into a stadium of prose and poetry for two days in June, does this actually encourage more people to buy their work?
NewsFour asked Brian O'Brien, the owner of Books on The Green bookshop in Sandymount, if people come to local bookshops on these days, whether to buy Ulysses or a book of Yeats poetry. He said that the events did generate a few visitors to the shop, although the weather kept a few people outside in the sun this year.
He did say that, overall, there is no shortage of people up to the challenge of reading the work of these famous writers. Not only does he stock Ulysses, Joyce's most difficult work, but the 700 page, stream-of-consciousness tome frequently sells out.
"Any of the Irish authors or poets do well," says O'Brien. "Patrick Kavanagh and others are still popular."
Certainly, any residents with an interest in local history will know that, if you can brave Joyce's esoteric prose, you can find some gems about Sandymount and beyond in his work.
His writing was often a love letter to Dublin. One of the most famous passages in Ulysses takes place in Sandymount, when his protagonist takes a long, contemplative walk along the strand.
The influence Joyce and Yeats have on the area extends further than a few days in June, though, while Sandymount's literary pedigree makes it a destination for a small but not insignificant number of book-loving tourists.
O'Brien says Books on the Green gets frequent visits from tourists staying in Sandymount Hotel and the local B&Bs. There is also a steady trickle of people interested in seeing the house where W.B. Yeats was born on Sandymount Avenue. On Dromard Terrace, you can see the house James Joyce was living in on the date all the events of Ulysses takes place, 16th June 1904. Of course, many people want to take a walk on the Strand, perhaps hoping for the same sort of epiphany that struck Stephen Dedalus.
For those interested in knowing more about Sandymount in Joyce's work, Walking Into Eternity by Rodney Devitt helps you understand the Sandymount of Joyce's time and can be useful for taking a walking tour of the village through Joyce's eyes.
Events like those of this summer are useful to keep these authors in our consciousness; it is not hard to see these great writers losing favour in a digital age.
Joyce's style was hard to comprehend when it was first published and it may be even harder for the modern reader to understand. Reading poetry like Yeats's requires long periods of intense concentration, something that is hard to achieve today, when smartphones allow access to the internet at any time. Still, perhaps romantic Ireland is not dead and gone, as Yeats proclaimed so many years ago.
By Alanna O'Shea
On August 14, 2015 / Culture, Events / Comments

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Hi guys, A very quick post today, but it may help some of you.
Hi everyone! Today I'm going to be talking about some tips for keeping your makeup bag as light as possible, which is especially important when you don't have the luxury of lugging loads of products around!
Read more "Makeup On the Go | Kajal"


Real Madrid are reportedly lining up a bid for out-of-favour Chelsea midfielder John Obi Mikel.
According to Diario Bernabeu, the European Cup holders have set their sights on bolstering their engine room with the experienced Nigeria international.
Los Blancos head coach Carlo Ancelotti worked with Mikel during his time at the helm in west London, and is keen on setting up a reunion when the transfer window reopens.
The 28-year-old is one more season away from qualifying for a testimonial, having joined the Premier League leaders in 2006. However, he may be willing to sacrifice the milestone in order to pursue more match time, having made only 22 appearances this term.
On the other hand, he must weigh up whether he stands a better chance of breaking into the Real first-team or re-establishing himself as a regular at Chelsea.
Mikel's contract has two years remaining, which means he could be available for a relatively small fee this summer.
He was part of Ancelotti's double-winning side in the 2009-10 campaign, tasting Premier League and FA Cup glory under the Italian.


text:
UT Southwestern Medical Center Awarded 7 CPRIT Grants Worth $22 Million
November 25th, 2014 Anna Tan, RN 1 comments
Several members of the UT Southwestern Medical Center faculty have just received Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (CPRIT) grants totaling $22 million to fund further research on immunotherapy, leukemia, liver cancer, and to recruit new faculty members to the institution. These UT Southwestern researchers were selected to receive 7 out of 32 CPRIT grants that amount to $65 million in funding for cancer-related projects awarded to promising ventures in product development, preventive health, and recruitment. The recipients were carefully selected through an intensive review, recommendation by their respective program review councils, and final approval by CPRIT's Oversight Committee.
"The research projects selected at UT Southwestern represent the innovative approaches being taken by members of the Simmons Cancer Center to find new and better therapies for those facing a cancer diagnosis, and to better understand the biological processes involved," said Dr. James Willson, Dean of Oncology Programs, Professor and Director of the Harold C. Simmons Cancer Center, Professor of Internal Medicine, and holder of The Lisa K. Simmons Distinguished Chair in Comprehensive Oncology. "We are continually encouraged by the support that CPRIT provides UT Southwestern researchers to further the goal of eradicating cancer."
The 7 grants aimed to help accelerate the translation of new discoveries against cancer into clinical updates and commercial development, include:
$2 million to explore a new antibody treatment for leukemia,
$1.35 million to target liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma
$1.1 million to investigate a receptor for anti-cancer immunotherapy
[adrotate group="15″]
The remaining 4 UT Southwestern grants, totaling $18 million, will be used for the recruitment and funding of both experienced and emerging, promising investigators who have made substantial contributions and progress in cancer research. New recruits are essential to strengthening not only the university's, but the state's capabilities in exploring and fighting cancer.
Dr. ChengCheng Zhang, an Associate Professor of Physiology and Developmental Biology and a member of the Simmons Cancer Center, will be investigating a novel antibody therapy for treating acute myeloid leukemia (AML). His research will be focusing on inhibiting molecular targets called LILRB, which have been observed in mice to drive leukemia development. Dr. Zhang believes this may be the key to inducing complete remission.
Dr. Hao Zhu, an Assistant Professor with the Children's Medical Center Research Institute at UT Southwestern, the Simmons Cancer Center, and Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, will be researching the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex in liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. He observed the suppression of this pathway aids hepatic regeneration and has the potential to prevent the development of liver cancer.
Dr. Kiyoshi Ariizumi, an Associate Professor of Dermatology, and Dr. Ponciano Cruz, Vice Chairman and Professor of Dermatology with the Simmons Cancer Center, are working on targeting the DC-HIL receptor for anti-cancer immunotherapy. They noted the presence of DC-HIL on the cell surface of MDSC in mice and patients with melanoma, which disabled the ability to kill cancer cells. They believe the solution to reactivating cancer-killing cells is by blocking this protein.
Next article Hackerman Advanced Research Awards 2 UT Arlington Professors
Previous article Texas A&M Health Science Center To Coordinate Statewide Alzheimer's Disease Research Grants Program
Anna Tan, RN
Anna is responsible for the scripting and production of video news content. Her skills as a registered nurse as well as a proven video content creator on YouTube and other social media platforms allow her to create video news reports that are engaging and easy to understand for patients.


text:
NCTT: NARN Collective Think Tank
About the NARN-Collective Think Tank (NCTT)
NCTT's Ten Core Objectives for Progress and Social Transformation
Articles by NCTT-members
J. Heshima Denham
Kambui Robinson
Michael Reed Dorrough
Mutope Duguma
Sitawa Nantambu Jamaa
Sondai Dumisani
Our Pilot Programs
The Closed Circuit Economic Initiative (C.C.E.I.)
The Sustainable Agricultural Commune (S.A.C.)
Sustainable Agricultural Commune (SAC)
New Afrikan Navigation Assistance Program (NANAP)
YCAP
W.L. Nolen Mentorship Program
NCTT
Tag Archives: SF Bay View
Mutope Duguma, NCTT, Sitawa Nantambu Jamaa
Institutionalized racism and censorship are relatives
May 28, 2013 NCTT
This comes from the SF Bay View, May 24, 2013:
Statement from the Pelican Bay Human Rights Movement First Amendment Campaign
by Sondai Dumisani, Abasi Ganda, Mutope Duguma, Abdul O. Shakur, Sitawa Nantambu Jamaa
The San Francisco Bay View National Black Newspaper for March 2013, Vol. 38, Issue 3, was censored by staff at Pelican Bay due to an article titled "Prisoners' peaceful protest to resume July 8 if demands are not met" on Page 3 in the "Behind Enemy Lines" section. The article was written by our four representatives, Sitawa Nantambu Jamaa, Arturo Castellanos, Todd Ashker and Antonio Guillen.
Before it was sent to Willie and Mary Ratcliff for publication, it was sent to the following: Gov. Brown, the secretary and undersecretary of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation and to the warden of Pelican Bay State Prison. The article was then forwarded to many news outlets, including the local news here in the Crescent City area.
Every prisoner with a TV watched it being aired three or four times, where it was also reported that we prisoners will be going back on our peaceful hunger strike on July 8, 2013, if our Five Core Demands are not met, as per our representatives, due to our long term confinement, torture and overall prison oppression, in which prisoners are made to suffer indefinitely in solitary confinement, administrative segregation and security housing units throughout California.
The article for which Capt. Puget stopped delivery of the SF Bay View is the exact same article that Lt. Diggle passed around the prison for the four representatives, per Associate Warden P.T. Smith. That is how it was able to be circulated throughout solitary confinement.
So it is very questionable how CDCr and PBSP can now state that the article is, and I quote, "a threat to the penological interests" under California Code of Regulations Sections 3006(c)(5) and 3135(c)(5). The rules read as follows:
"3006. Contraband. … (c) Except as authorized by the institution head, inmates shall not possess or have under their control any matter which contains or concerns any of the following: … (5) Plans to disrupt the order, or breach of security, of any facility."
"3135. Disturbing or Offensive Correspondence. … (c) Certain correspondence, including but not limited to the following, is disallowed, regardless of values or morals, in order to ensure the safety and security of the institution/facility. … (5) Concerns plans to disrupt the order, or breach the security of any institution/facility."
There has been a clear line of communication between our representatives and CDCr and PBSP. It is understood that all prisoners' actions will always be peaceful. Under no circumstances can we see how on the one hand the CDCr and PBSP can kill us prisoners with oppressive prison policies, then turn around and say that they are concerned with the security of the institution but not the many human beings inside this institution who are being tortured and murdered by proxy.
The prisoners are not the culprits here. We are only responding to the horrible prison conditions that are sucking the very life out of us each and every day we spend wasting away in solitary confinement, under sensory deprivation that allows the prison officials to administer a very cruel form of physical and psychological torture.
The SF Bay View does not advocate violence, nor is it complicit in conspiring to advocate violence. The SF Bay View is a 21st century independent national Black newspaper that economically struggles daily to put this information out to the public.
It serves the interests of human beings who struggle day to day, especially those in the New Afrikan, Afrikan Amerikan and Latino communities, who are disenfranchised by the poor governing practices of the states. It is a newspaper that is serving the interests of all poor citizens of this nation. It has no political ties to no one. It caters to no establishment. It is a very small newspaper that is exercising its right to freedom of speech, a freedom that is protected by the First Amendment of the Constitution.
The CDCr and PBSP are trying to use their political power through the use of prison rules and policies to censor the SF Bay View. Why? No reason but racism, in order to suppress the voice of the prisoners and the people.
The PBSP SHU white male officers are obsessed with the SF Bay View. They go online and read its contents, and they converse with each other daily about it. They attempt to threaten, intimidate, as well as question prisoners who are writing these articles in the Bay View.
The lot of them, for the most part, see the Bay View as a threat to their interests personally. They sadly see only black and white. They have nothing good to say about the newspaper, despite it being representative of their own class interests. Yet they cannot see past their racism.
I asked one officer how many times have the L.A. Times, USA Today, Sacramento Bee or Triplicate been mail-stopped for printing the same rhetoric? He initially said he didn't know, but once I pressed him, he said, admittedly, "Never." I then asked him, "Why do you think that?" He immediately had an epiphany and went on the defensive.
These officers are reading the SF Bay View front to back, and they hate the fact that someone would even provide a platform for prisoners to express themselves, especially when those prisoners are talking about prison oppression. Any mention of torture inside solitary confinement kicks off their reaction, because these officers are the oppressors, the puppets who carry out the many atrocities perpetrated against the prisoners daily in the prison industrial slave complex.
To say the SF Bay View is a threat to the penological interests of the prison and that it plans to disrupt the order or breach the security of any facility is what those of us in this country who are conscious men and women of all nationalities call "institutionalized racism," where institutions hide behind broadly interpreted prison rules, policies, laws, both state and federal, to suppress the people's right to assemble in peaceful protest by exercising our freedom of speech, especially where there exists an outright abuse of power by the state and federal government.
The only defense that can protect the people is to assemble the power of the people. We are our only defense. We have suffered enough injustice at the hands of a very evil system – CDCr and PBSP – and it is time that we prisoners express that pain and suffering by all means at our disposal, because CDCr and PBSP are censoring SF Bay View in order to censor prisoners, because we are exposing the cruel and unusual treatment of prisoners.
We collectively commend and value the courage and commitment as well as the principled stand that the SF Bay View is taking to speak truth to power. But there must be real clarity brought to what is going on here, because throughout Amerika there are New Afrikan prisoners who are held in solitary confinement for refusing to become a-political, meaning to cease adhering to their political, ideological and philosophical beliefs, for which we are persecuted by the state, which is a practice that is in direct contrast to our First Amendment rights.
These cruel and unusual punishments are crimes against our humanity, and because we choose to exercise our constitutional rights, we are now being severely punished and tortured by the state of California, the same state that is now censoring the SF Bay View to further silence our voice.
We say that the SF Bay View must continue to fight against institutionalized racism, prisoner oppression, long-term solitary confinement and any other form of abusive actions by the state that uses its power to suppress the voice of the people, because the New Afrikans, Afrikan-Amerikans in Amerika, have no voice. We have been shut out of mainstream media politically, socio-culturally and economically since our inception into this nation, so that we have no outlet to convey our concerns and suffering, as they relate to our conditions inside of Amerika. We have been silenced as a people.
The current New Afrikan/Afrikan Amerikan newspapers, for the most part, only cover politicians who are Afrikan Amerikans and celebrities, along with stories that make the mainstream media or news where some injustice occurred that is so egregious that the world is forced to pay attention to it. Other than that, our voice as an oppressed class of people inside these prisons and in the free world is shut out.
So we ask every conscious human being to get a subscription to the San Francisco Bay View Black National Newspaper and all the unconscious human beings also need to get a copy of the SF Bay View. This way, Willie and Mary can continue to represent the oppressed people of this nation and the non-oppressed, while at the same time beating back the attacks by our oppressors.
We ask that the financially able individuals from all walks of life make generous contributions to the San Francisco Bay View in hopes that it can continue the struggle as the voice of the oppressed prison class and our communities by speaking truth to power where there is sincere need to do so and by all means support our Pelican Bay Human Rights Movement to end long term solitary confinement and prison torture, the death penalty and suicides inside these torture chambers.
We write this article on behalf of our First Amendment Campaign and we encourage people to join our "Hands Off the Bay View" campaign.
We encourage businesses to advertise in the Bay View.
Send our brothers some love and light:
Sondai Dumisani (s/n R. Elllis), C-68764, D1-223 (SHU), P.O. Box 7500, Crescent City, CA 95532
Abasi Ganda (s/n E. Jackson), C-33559, D2-107 (SHU), P.O. Box 7500, Crescent City, CA 95532
Mutope Duguma (s/n J. Crawford), D-05996, D1-117 (SHU) , P.O. Box 7500, Crescent City, CA 95532
Abdul Olugbala Shakur (s/n J. Harvey), C-48884, D1-119 (SHU), P.O. Box 7500, Crescent City, CA 95532
Sitawa Nantambu Jamaa (s/n R. Dewberry), C-35671, D1-117 (SHU), P.O. Box 7500, Crescent City, CA 95532
2013Abasi GandaAbdul O. ShakurcensorshipMutope DugumaPelican Bay State PrisonSF Bay ViewSitawa Nantambu JamaaSondai Dumisani
J. Heshima Denham, NCTT
Working the room: Inmates in solitary confinement tell their stories and move people to action against torture and systemic oppression
February 1, 2013 NCTT
From: SF Bay View
January 30, 2013by Destiny N. Thomas
Inmates trapped in segregated housing within prisons across the state of California are banding together, setting aside their differences, to expose the human toll of torturous living conditions inside state prisons. While undergoing abusive treatment and sensory deprivation, these organizers have managed to ignite calls for prison reform and self-sufficient communities in a way that transcends the very walls that house them – bringing a voice to a population whose silence is mandated by codes of conduct.
Heshima Denham
Heshima Denham provides a glimpse of what a day in the life of a prisoner housed in SHU torture units is like. He maintains a daily exercise regimen from within his cell, as he is hardly ever allowed to leave his cell. While the small television in his cell shows the daily news of global oppression, the sharp pain Denham has experienced in his side as a result of a previous hunger strike is his constant reminder of the importance of surviving and resisting while housed in the Corcoran SHU.
The food selection never alternates and is designated by day; it is served at below room temperature, in small portions. In an attempt to maintain some degree of humanness, Denham greets guards with a "thank you" only to be met by laughter. Because bathing is not permitted on a daily basis, Denham takes a birdbath in his cell's sink.
His day is filled with self-assigned research, caseloads, activism and journalism. The law library at Corcoran is indefinitely off limits. This adds to Denham's frustrations. Where a person outside of a SHU torture unit would seek other inmates for education on legal and political matters, SHU confines enforce sensory deprivation, so communication is prohibited altogether. The only form of permitted communication, mail, often arrives an entire month after its postmark. To top it all off, Denham has grown accustomed to waking up with migraines, as he has been exposed to constant illumination for 12 years.
The effects of constant illumination
Constant illumination, an unvarying exposure to light around the clock, is a customary practice in prisons nationwide. The effects of continuous exposure to light are vast. Courts have yet to officially recognize this as cruel and unusual punishment as put forth by the Eighth Amendment. One court has cited the benefit to the safety of guards as outweighing the damaging effects of the conditions, although the brightness of the light could possibly be evidence of torture. It was found, constant illumination could only be deemed a violation of human rights if it "causes sleep deprivation or leads to other serious physical or mental health problems."
However, studies show, constant illumination leads to dramatic decreases in dopamine levels, a biological chemical that affects a person's ability to control body movement and other sensory-related bodily functions. This leaves people vulnerable to extreme anxiety, hallucinations, decreased motor skills, and likely to develop Parkinson's Disease.
In 2008, the British Broadcasting Company (BBC) launched a documentary titled "Total Isolation." Six volunteers agreed to be confined to a cell, much like those of solitary confinement in prisons, and live alone in complete darkness for a total of 48 hours. Before being locked away, volunteers were tested for "visual memory, information processing, verbal fluency and suggestibility."
By the end of the two-day study, volunteers were unable to maintain any meaningful sense of time, they experienced hallucinations, both visual and physiological, and one volunteer was certain his sheets had been soaked. In the two-day time period, volunteers lost the ability to perform basic tasks like thinking of words beginning with the letter "f."
The participants in "Total Isolation" understood they would be released soon and they entered into the cells without the fear of being abused by staff or retaliated against for expressing discomfort. Prisoners trapped in solitary confinement in the United States have none of these assurances. One could only imagine the ways this would amplify the effects of sensory deprivation.
Solitary confinement a violation of human rights globally
Many have asked the question: Is solitary confinement torture? It is. The United States goes on record as being against inhumane treatment of international prisoners while contradicting itself right here in the United States. The United States – reluctantly – signed the United Nations Convention Against Torture in 1988, three years after Afghanistan, a nation the United States has accused of inhumane practices. One of the main themes in this document is the emphasis on the definition of torture: "any state-sanctioned action by which severe pain or suffering, mental or physical, is intentionally inflicted for obtaining information, punishment, intimidation or discrimination."
Yes, solitary confinement is torture; it is a violation of some of the most basic of human rights; and the agents of the state responsible for carrying out this abuse need to be exposed.
California's Pelican Bay State Prison has 1,000 cells delegated to segregation and torture and many prisons nationally assign segregated housing for indeterminate periods of time. Heshima Denham, a prisoner in the torturous SHU at Corcoran State Prison, explains the conditions barred by the United Nations Convention Against Torture virtually "define the validation, indeterminate-SHU and debriefing processes" of state prisons.
Denham goes on to explain, "You'll only get out of SHU if you parole, debrief or die." Debriefing, here, is the state's term for coercing a prisoner to give up information about another prisoner in exchange for being released from the SHU. Often times, the information an inmate is forced to confirm is imposed by prison officials. Whether the information gathered is true or not – this type of coercion leads to murder at the hands of general population inmates and is torture, as defined by the United Nations.
In 1890, the Supreme Court in James J. Medley's request to be released from solitary confinement found it to be unconstitutional for a prisoner to be held to a sentence handed down by the courts only to then be subjected to more sentencing, in the form of indeterminate segregation, at the will of prison officials. While this same case did not result in a finding that solitary confinement is entirely unconstitutional, justices went on record noting the devastating blow to mental and physical health that these conditions cause.
A common challenge to solitary confinement is the Eighth Amendment – a claim of cruel and unusual punishment. No cases have successfully proven the conditions in solitary confinement are, in fact, cruel and unusual at the United States Supreme Court level.
Where courts have agreed constant darkness poses a hardship on physical and mental health, prisons now enact constant illumination. Where a prison administration finds segregated prisoners' complaints may be valid, parallel conditions to those of solitary confinement are then imposed on those in general population, making it difficult for prisoners to prove their hardships are due to conditions unique to solitary confinement.
The Supreme Court requires, to prove an Eighth Amendment violation, prison officials must be shown as having been purposefully unresponsive to the harshness of conditions. In Sandin v. Conner (1995), the Supreme Court noted, if a move to segregated population led to an "atypical and significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison life," a prisoner would have a cause of action.
The vagueness of the Sandin v. Conner requirements for proving Eighth Amendment violations – the precondition of proving something is in fact harsh and then showing prison officials were aware of the harshness and took no action of improvement – has led to prison officials imposing policies and conditions that conceal the true harshness of conditions.
The courts do not require a significant improvement in conditions when harshness is demonstrated. So prisons make minor changes that satisfy the need for action but don't necessarily improve conditions – barring inmates from claiming intentional harm was inflicted on them.
For example, where courts have agreed constant darkness poses a hardship on physical and mental health, prisons now enact constant illumination. Where a prison administration finds segregated prisoners' complaints may be valid, parallel conditions to those of solitary confinement are then imposed on those in general population, making it difficult for prisoners to prove their hardships are due to conditions unique to solitary confinement.
The state's evasive tactics for avoiding bad publicity
Several inmate organized hunger strikes have brought attention to the harsh conditions of solitary confinement. Prisons now face pressure from the media and public who demand immediate changes to prison policies. The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) claims to be in the midst of making changes to the SHU assignment and release procedures. However, there is no mention of changes being made to actual conditions within SHU, where significant degradation of health begins to set in within the first several hours of isolation and sensory deprivation.
Specifically, the CDCR claims to be making temporary changes to the "way [they] manage gangs." Institutional Gang Investigators are establishing new gang profiling tactics, no longer singling people out as gang members by association or symbols. This policy change does not equate to the immediate release of inmates already confined to SHU for tattoos, artwork and writings as a result of the previous policy. In fact, a new "step-down" program has the potential to increase time spent in the SHU.
What the CDCR says will not change is the "option" to debrief – now formally called "cooperation." The new policy grants more arbitrary power to prison officials when deciding to lock someone up in the SHU.
Self-sacrifice and the toll of resisting behind bars
Organizing against capitalism while behind bars poses a significant risk to the physical and mental health of politically organized prisoners. While participating in nation-wide hunger strikes in 2011, Heshima Denham lost approximately 45 pounds. Denham's story is not unique. Many prisoners succumb to the stress on their bodies entirely.
Knowing inmates were experiencing health complications as a result of the hunger strikes, in addition to outright denying strike participants food, the CDCR "revised its medical evaluation policy for hunger strikers to minimize the amount of medical evaluation and data … They have ceased taking vital signs – blood pressure, heart rate, temperature – altogether and are weighing [inmates] only twice a week unless "it appears [they] need it."
One wonders to what extent retaliatory SHU housing impacts a prisoner's quality of life and will for freedom. Solitary Watch, a web-based collective with the aim of exposing the realities of solitary confinement, tells the story of Armando Morales (CDCR No. P-80673) who hanged himself to death in his solitary confinement cell at the California State Prison in Corcoran on Aug. 28, 2012. "He was found on his cell floor with a shoelace and a blue blanket wrapped around his neck." Another inmate housed in Morales' unit reported Morales was intimidated and threatened by IGI efforts to force him to debrief.
Inmate calls to action
The New Afrikan Revolutionary Nation (NARN) is a community of Black people who seek transformative discourse, nationwide networking and an end to systemic oppression. Their common interest in anti-oppression work unites them, even while behind bars. The NARN Collective Think Tank (NCTT) is active in the torturous SHUs of California's prison system.
Inspired by the Occupy Wall Street movements across the country, Occupy NCTT works to develop and implement programs, policies and initiatives that align themselves with "Occupy" objectives and community activists globally. The NCTT is a collective that ultimately works toward the day when "freedom, justice, equality and human rights are extended to all mankind," heavily aligning with the 10 Core Objectives of the global Occupy movement.
Heshima Denham, a very active coordinator of the NCTT, works daily with fellow members to develop "programs that improve the daily lives and material living conditions of the people and contribute to the end of oppression of man/woman by man/woman." Denham likens systemic oppression to a wooden board, saying the likelihood of shattering that board is far greater when the hand – the fingers representing individual groups resisting oppression – is a clinched fist, as opposed to an open hand of stiff fingers.
Following this rationale, according to Denham, solidarity does not require a monolithic stance. With that, the NCTT seeks to rally solidarity through a central blog for the purposes of networking amongst interest groups, activists and those with the common goal of ending oppression – fortifying the proverbial fist.
NCTT Closed Circuit Economic Initiative
The NCTT Closed Circuit Economic Initiative was born out of the realization that lower income communities – not just Black ones – do not spend money in ways that enrich their own communities. The idea is that a neighborhood is more likely to thrive when that community is self-sufficient and invests close to home. The Closed Circuit Economic Initiative solicits the help of the broader Occupy movement in educating communities about the benefits of investing in one's own neighborhood and about the program itself.
By surveying the community, organizers will be able to identify which goods and services are of greatest importance to that particular community. Once those goods and services have been identified, the most common good or service will become the basis for a cooperative economic venture in that community, thereby keeping funds circulating within the community for that particular commodity.
Essentially, with each member of the community committing to a minimal monthly financial contribution of even $1, a grocery store would be kept running on a monthly basis until it could sustain itself. The business would be jointly owned by all who contributed, with those who have technical expertise also owning a share and contributing their know-how to the maintenance of the business.
Sixty percent of profits would be paid to members of the community who contributed and 40 percent would be kept in an interest-bearing account. The money from this savings account would then be used to purchase and support additional businesses that support the initial venture.
NCTT Sustainable Community Agricultural Commune
The NCTT is very vocal about the need for accessible, quality food and resources in lower income communities. The Sustainable Community Agricultural Commune relies on alliances with Occupy the Hood and Occupy Wall Street. It calls for a joint effort in taking inventory of all land on a per-community basis – making note of who owns what – for the purpose of converting unused land into community-owned agricultural land. With the incorporation of innovative farming techniques and minimal contributions of community members in the form of labor and/or $1 per month, per resident, the commune would be able to distribute 60 percent of the revenue brought in by the agricultural space and farmers' markets to community members and utilize the rest of the profits for expansion.
The belief here is that the availability of healthy, affordable food promotes healthy living, creates community-based jobs and lessens the likelihood of incriminating activities associated with the present lack of resources and income in underserved communities.
NCTT Block Vote Initiative
In response to tainted political representation and political corruption, the NCTT proposes a uniform platform centered on interests that generally improve the quality of life for those who seek to dismantle systemic oppression. The idea is that through surveys, public forums, community education and dialogue, the agreed upon will of the people participating in the initiative becomes the national platform for their public political voice.
A Voter Access Fund would work to ensure people are properly registered and prepared to vote. Where a policy or political action is either supported or challenged by the Block Vote Initiative collectively, related public actions would take place to insure sufficient public awareness. The pre-established initiatives would then become a national push for legislation. The proposed initial actions include:
A total ban on corporate lobbying and "strategic analysts" during elections;
An establishment of community-based parole boards so that the actual community the incarcerated person is returning to is able to make their own decisions about whether or not a prisoner is ready to return home, as opposed to probation decisions being left in the hands of law enforcement, the DA and members of traditional parole boards typically not as interested in community well-being and sustainability;
Comprehensive, universal healthcare for those earning under $25,000 and families earning under $50,000.
Occupy the Beat
The three proposed NCTT initiatives are in need of publicity, funding and organizers. One mode for raising the necessary startup resources is Occupy the Beat, a benefit concert series designed to create awareness about oppression and raise funds for the development of these and future initiatives.
A Nationwide Call to Unity
Heshima Denham explains a ban against media interviewing prisoners has meant endless retaliation by prison authorities and a lack of transparency that leads to increased prisoner vulnerability, especially following the last two hunger strikes. This leaves mainstream media in a position to misrepresent and further "dehumanize" the prison population. Without the protection of direct media attention – and with newly incorporated prison medical procedures for those participating in hunger strikes – prisoners need to mobilize to protect one another from within.
With that, an "Agreement to End Hostilities" was issued to take effect on Oct. 10, 2012, by a group of prisoners at Pelican Bay State Prison. The significance of this document is in its call to end racial tensions within prisons for the sake of banding together to demand prison reforms and improved housing conditions. Specifically,
"beginning on Oct. 10, 2012, all hostilities between our racial groups in SHU, ad-seg, general population and county jails will officially cease. This means that from this date on, all racial group hostilities need to be at an end. And if personal issues arise between individuals, people need to do all they can to exhaust all diplomatic means to settle such disputes; do not allow personal, individual issues to escalate into racial group issues!"
The agreement, signed by members of each racial group represented in the prison system, warns inmates of possible administrative retaliation and divisive tactics, but encourages inmates to remain vigilant and move in solidarity.
By taking to heart the experiences shared by Heshima Denham, housed in the Corcoran State Prison's Secure Housing Unit (SHU), we learn that one of the greatest gestures of support and reassurance of the safety of prisoners who are vocal about their circumstances is constant visibility. The danger and risk associated with being in prison is magnified if at any point a prisoner becomes just another voiceless number.
This notion is not far from the realities underserved communities face daily. The reality is that all evidence points to capitalism. To put it succinctly, yes, solitary confinement is torture; it is a violation of some of the most basic of human rights; and the agents of the state responsible for carrying out this abuse need to be exposed.
Destiny Thomas, a graduate student at the California Institute of Integral Studies studying prison activism with Anthropology Department Chair Andrej Grubacic, can be reached at destinynthomas@gmail.com. Readers are encouraged to write to Heshima Denham, J-38283, Cor SHU 4B-1L-43, P.O. Box 3481, Corcoran CA 93212.
20133 pilot programsDestiny ThomasinterviewsJ. Heshima DenhamNCTTpolitical activismSF Bay Viewsolitary confinement
By suspending the Death Penalty, Gov. Newsome shows he is governor even to the least
Statement in support of the hunger strikes that are underway
On Self-Defense against Racist Murder
Free California Movement: Abolish the 'legal' slavery provision of the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
Categories Select Category Free Alabama Movement Free California Movement J. Heshima Denham Jabari Scott Kambui Robinson Michael Reed Dorrough Mutope Duguma NCTT NCTTCorSHU Pelican Bay Short Corridor Collective Sitawa Nantambu Jamaa Sustainable Agricultural Commune (SAC) Uncategorized W.L. Nolen Mentorship Program YCAP
3 pilot programs
Agreement to End Hostilities (A.E.H.)
authoritarian psychosis
CCR Title 15
Chokwe Lumumba
Closed Circuit Economic Initiative (CCEI)
cognitive restructuring
Corcoran SHU
Creating Broken Men
CSP-Corcoran SHU
Dr. Edgar Schein
indefinite SHU confinement
Jabari Scott
Jackson Rising
mandatory brainwashing
N.A.R.N.
NCTT-Cor-SHU
NCTTCorSHU
New Afrikans
peaceful protests
Pelican Bay Short Corridor Collective
Pelican Bay State Prison
poetic expressions
police killings of children
politicised prisoners
Power Concedes Nothing
SF Bay View
Step Down Program (SDP)
treatment of people in prison
United Convention Against Torture
unity in the movement
Zaharibu Dorrough
Supporting the Movement and Suggesting Ideas, by the N.A.R.N. Collective Think Tank, a collective of people (formerly) inside the SHU's of California and people outside in support: Unity is Strength – "Creating solutions for the movement to transform society."
Follow NCTT: NARN Collective Think Tank on WordPress.com
View NARNCTT's profile on Twitter
Amend The 13th
California Prison Focus
California Prison Watch
Free Alabama Movement (FAM)
Khalfani Malik Khaldun (IN)
Kijana Tashiri Askari
Michael Reed Dorrough is Innocent
Prison Activists Resource Center
Prisoner Human Rights Movement
Prisoner Human Rights Movement BLUE PRINT: Agreement to End All Hostilities
Prisoner Hunger Strike Solidarity
SF BayView
NCTT Programs
New Afrikan Math and Science Centers Initiative


Nautical The system of ropes, chains, and tackle used to support and control the masts, sails, and yards of a sailing vessel.
The supporting material for construction work.
When your job requires a Master Rigger, Tribar Services, Inc. has the licensed professional you need. You can trust our carefully selected Master Riggers to ensure that your jobs are performed safely and efficiently – and in compliance with all state rules and regulations.
Each of our Master Riggers goes through an extensive training and examination process, ensuring top-quality professionals on your jobsite. As a leading provider of rigging services, we adhere to all location mandates, guaranteeing safety and excellent performance.
For a price quote for your Rigging project please contact us through our website by clicking here, or call us at 732-291-3464.
© Copyright 2019 Tribar Services, Inc.


text:
How Migraines Protect Against Type 2 Diabetes
TOPICS:American Chemical SocietyDiabetesInsulinPeptide
By American Chemical Society August 26, 2021
People who get migraines are less likely to develop type 2 diabetes, while some people who develop diabetes become less prone to migraines. Today, scientists studying the link between these conditions report how the peptides that cause migraine pain can influence production of insulin in mice, possibly by regulating the amount of secreted insulin or by increasing the number of pancreatic cells that produce it. These findings could improve methods to prevent or treat diabetes.
The researchers will present their results at the fall meeting of the American Chemical Society (ACS). ACS Fall 2021 is a hybrid meeting being held virtually and in-person August 22-26, and on-demand content will be available August 30-September 30. The meeting features more than 7,000 presentations on a wide range of science topics.
The link between the two diseases isn't obvious: "Migraines happen in the brain, while diabetes is associated with the pancreas, and these organs are far from each other," says Thanh Do, Ph.D., the project's principal investigator. His group became interested in the subject after a number of papers described an inverse relationship between the conditions.
Researchers already knew that two peptides in the nervous system — calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) — play a major role in causing the pain of migraines. These same peptides, along with the related peptide amylin, are also found in the pancreas. There, they influence release of insulin from beta cells.
Insulin regulates blood sugar levels by helping other cells in the body absorb glucose and either store it or use it for energy. In type 2 diabetes, those other cells become resistant to insulin and less capable of absorbing glucose, leading to high blood sugar levels. The beta cells initially compensate by ramping up insulin production but eventually wear themselves out and die, exacerbating the issue.
Because of their role in migraine and diabetes, CGRP and PACAP offer targets for therapies that could treat either of these conditions. Migraine drugs that interfere with CGRP and its cellular receptors recently went on the market, and other treatments are being studied. Yet, more research is needed to clarify the peptides' effects. Do is trying to clear up contradictory findings about their impact on insulin.
To probe the peptides' activity in mice, Do's University of Tennessee group devised a method to glean data from just a few hundred beta cells. They recently reported that this technique showed that CGRP lowered levels of mouse insulin 2, the analog of human insulin. This may counter the insulin resistance that develops in type 2 diabetes, Do says. But CGRP was less effective at regulating mouse insulin 1, which agrees with early studies showing that mice with only insulin 1 are prone to developing diabetes.
The disease is also associated with aggregation of amylin, says Aleksandra Antevska, a graduate student in Do's lab who is presenting the work at the meeting. These aggregates may contribute to the beta cell damage that helps cause type 2 diabetes, Do notes. Because amylin and insulin are co-secreted by beta cells, using CGRP to limit insulin production could also limit amylin production, he says. That could protect the cells and help normalize their function.
PACAP, too, is thought to play a protective role against type 2 diabetes. That's confusing since PACAP has been shown to stimulate insulin release, which leads to insulin resistance, Do says. His team is now trying to resolve this conundrum. The group's initial findings show that PACAP's actions could depend on glucose levels. The team has found preliminary evidence that PACAP regulates insulin in a glucose-dependent manner and promotes beta cell proliferation, rather than prodding existing beta cells to work harder — thus avoiding the risk of wearing out the existing cells. They are developing analytical methods to test this.
"Despite these positive results, you can't inject CGRP and PACAP into the body as therapeutic strategies for diabetes because these peptides cause migraine pain," Do says. "But once we understand how they exert their effects on insulin secretion, we can design peptide analogs that would control insulin but would not bind to the pain receptor."
Because CGRP and PACAP can seemingly protect against diabetes, Do and others worry that the anti-CGRP and anti-PACAP treatments under development or already on the market for migraine could have the unintended consequence of increasing the risk of diabetes. In addition, these peptides are involved in numerous other beneficial functions in the body, such as blood vessel dilation. So Do and other scientists are also exploring the potential risks of altering the peptides' activity.
A recorded media briefing on this topic will be posted Thursday, Aug. 26 at 9 a.m. Eastern time at www.acs.org/acsfall2021briefings.
The researchers acknowledge support and funding from the University of Tennessee.
Elucidating molecular connections between migraine and diabetes via neuropeptides
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance leading to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. For several decades, the accumulation and aggregation of amylin has been implicated in the loss of β-cells. However, anti-aggregation treatments have not been effective. Alternatively, lowering the production of amylin could be a better approach. Since amylin is co-secreted with insulin from β-cells, peptides that regulate insulin secretion but do not harm the β-cells will likely keep the level of amylin under control. Genetically reducing insulin secretion has been shown to increase insulin sensitivity and extend the life span in old mice. Recently, an inverse relation between T2DM and migraine has been observed. We hypothesize that the protective effect of migraine against diabetes is attributed to the elevated concentration of signaling peptides including calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRPs) or pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP). Using a liquid chromatography ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (LC-IMS-MS) optimized for volume-limited samples (<150 cells per analysis), we showed that human α-CGRP remodeled amylin aggregation and suppressed mouse Ins2 secretion. Interestingly, α-CGRP oligomers stimulated mouse Ins1, indicating the dual effect of this peptide on regulating insulin. This is the first time the dual effects of CGRP on mouse Ins1 and Ins2 release were observed from isolated single mouse islets. Finally, while rodents are the most widely used preclinical animal model in diabetes research, they have a two-gene insulin system while humans only have one. The mouse Ins1 gene is considered to be a duplicate and defective of Ins2. Ins2 is the ancestral gene and the human orthologue. Our LC-IMS-MS study also showed that mature mouse Ins1 and Ins2 adopt drastically different structures which may account for their diverged functions.
Engineered Insulin Stays in Bloodstream, Offers Better Diabetes Control
Promising Target for Diabetes Treatment Discovered by Scientists
Researchers Develop a New Ultrafast Insulin for Management of Blood Sugar in Diabetes
Scientists Engineer a Better Way to Block Viruses That Cause Childhood Respiratory Infections
Researchers Reveal Diabetes Results From Breakdown of Epigenetic Control
Obesity / Type 2 Diabetes Changes Cell Response to Glucose, Uses Slower Metabolic Path
Acupuncture Can Reduce Migraine Headaches – Effective Alternative to Drugs
Diabetes Vaccine Gives Promising Results in Clinical Study
Be the first to comment on "How Migraines Protect Against Type 2 Diabetes"


We understand that every single move is unique to each client. Regardless if you are relocating nearby or relocating from Dublin 10 to a new country we will handle all your requirements. You can rely on JIT Removals to move your household safely and efficiently. At JIT Removals we'll come to your Dublin 10 home, carefully pack all your belongings and then transport them safely and securely leaving you with the enviable job of relaxing and enjoying the prospect of your fresh start.
The Move Manager will carefully plan your Dublin 10 home move with you and give professional help and advice to take the worry out of moving. With are adaptable approach to each individual we will customise our service to work for you.
Our van are all equipped with equipment to move your possessions properly. Our team arrive in uniform, on time and ready to get to work. They have all the tools to dismantle and put together all your furniture.
We all know that moving house can be demanding! This is something that we at JIT Removals understand. Call us now and allow us to take care of it all.
JIT Removals provide professional house clearance solutions in Dublin 10 so call today.
Hefty and unwieldy appliances need removing? Changing bedroom or living room furniture? Or maybe you need a big piano moved? We can help.
Planning a modest move? Or maybe you need a wide range of bulky goods relocating or storing? JIT Removals provide a huge selection man with a van services in Dublin.


The following are some questions we frequently receive along with their associated answers. If your question is not addressed on this page, please contact us so that we can assist further.
1. How can S3 help me?
S3 is meant to be a friendly, easily accessible office and a hub of resources, referrals, and information across the Institute. We are here to help with any concern you have, whether it is academic or personal. Besides providing support and advice, we can provide advocacy and consultation with faculty, administration, housing, financial services, and various Institute offices on your behalf. S3 deans can also advocate on students' behalf if they encounter academic difficulties and are under review by the Committee on Academic Performance (CAP). If you are thinking of taking a semester away from school, we can plan and arrange for your time away from MIT and also help with planning for your return.
2. What should I expect when I come to S3?
You can call or stop by the front desk to make an appointment, or come to walk-in hours from 10:00 am to 11:00 am and 2:00 pm to 3:00 pm every weekday. We are open on weekdays from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm. When you set up an appointment, if you have a preference for a dean or type of dean, please let the front desk know. When you come to your first appointment you will probably meet with a dean for thirty minutes, and during that time, you will have an informal conversation about the reason you set up the appointment. You should feel free to ask your dean any questions you have in order to make yourself feel more comfortable. Together with your dean, you will come up with a plan for next steps, which may or may not include another visit to S3.
3. What's the difference between S3 and MIT Mental Health and Counseling Service?
Although MIT Mental Health and Counseling Service is one of our closest partners, we are very different offices. MIT Mental Health and Counseling Service provides individual counseling and psychotherapy, group counseling, evaluations, consultations, and neuropsychology consults. Their staff consists of psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and nurses. MIT Medical and the MIT Mental Health and Counseling Service do not provide advocacy on behalf of students to the academic world for confidentiality reasons.
S3 does not provide treatment or therapy. Our staff is composed of academic administrators from a variety of backgrounds. We help students dealing with academic and personal issues by providing support, guidance, advice, advocacy, and referrals. Most often, the students we see are dealing with a combination of academic and personal problems and we work together with you to sort everything out.
If you aren't sure where to go, you can visit either S3 or MIT Mental Health and Counseling Service and we will make a referral if necessary.
4. How many MIT students seek help at S3?
Approximately 75 percent of all MIT students will visit S3 at least once during their years at MIT, and we have well above six thousand student visits each year!
5. Is what I say in S3 confidential?
What students say to us is generally confidential, though there are situations when limited information would be shared on a need-to-know basis. Please read our Privacy Statement for more information.
6. If I fall behind in my work, or if I fail some of my tests, what are my options?
Many students get discouraged, thinking it's "too late" to turn things around with their work, and they may give up and just stop going to class. It's important to know there are always options, and they vary depending on the circumstances. Come to S3 and let us explore them with you.
7. Can I come to S3 if I'm concerned about a friend?
Absolutely. We encourage any student who is concerned about a friend to come in and talk with us. We are happy to provide support and suggestions about ways to approach the situation so that your friend gets the help they may need.
8. If I'm sick, what should I do about my exam or problem set the next day?
If you are too sick to take an exam or complete other work, we encourage you NOT to do so. Rather, you should immediately seek medical attention at MIT Medical, let your professor know that you will not be able to complete the work, and contact S3. We can then work with your professor to either postpone the work, or make other arrangements. This also applies to final exams.
9. If I want to take time away from MIT, will I be allowed to return?
Many students (about one hundred each year) choose to take time away from MIT, and most of those students return as planned. We work closely with each individual student to set up a plan for their time away, as well as for their return. All return requests are processed through S3. See the Requesting Return section for complete details.
10. If I'm dealing with personal issues that are interfering with my work, how do I talk to my professor about it?
Talking to professors about personal issues can feel intimidating. S3 deans are happy to assist with this, either by providing suggestions on how to approach your professor about the issue, or, with your permission, consulting with the professor on your behalf.


text:
Home / American Journal of Health Behavior, Volume 44, Number 2
Social Risk Factors for Medication Nonadherence: Findings from the CARDIA Study
Buy Article:
$39.00 + tax (Refund Policy)
Pressing the buy now button more than once may result in multiple purchases
Authors: Oates, Gabriela R. 1 ; Juarez, Lucia D. 2 ; Hansen, Barbara 3 ; Kiefe, Catarina I. 4 ; Shikany, James M. 5 ;
Source: American Journal of Health Behavior, Volume 44, Number 2, March 2020, pp. 232-243(12)
Publisher: PNG Publications and Scientific Research Limited
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.44.2.10
Objectives: Nonadherence to medications has been documented, but the combined effect of social risk factors on medication nonadherence has not been investigated. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, a population-based prospective cohort. The sample (N = 1506) included subjects who at Year 20 (2005-06) were taking prescription medications and completed a 4-item Medication Adherence Scale. Social risk factors were education of high school or less, annual household income <$25,000, high financial strain, high chronic stress, low social support, and high social strain. Results: In a fully adjusted logistic regression model, income <$25,000 (OR = 2.37 [95% CI 1.12-4.98], p < .05) and high chronic stress (OR = 2.07 [95% CI 1.09-3.94], p < .05) were significantly associated with medication nonadherence. Individuals with ≥3 social risk factors had >3 times higher odds of nonadherence than counterparts with no social risk factors (OR = 3.26 [95% CI 1.72–6.19], p < .001). Conclusion: Low income and chronic stress are associated with medication nonadherence, and the odds of nonadherence increase with the accumulation of social risk factors. Findings may be used to develop risk prediction tools to identify individuals who can benefit from adherence-promoting interventions.
No Reference information available - sign in for access.
No Citation information available - sign in for access.
No Supplementary Data.
No Article Media
No Metrics
Keywords: CHRONIC STRESS; INCOME; MEDICATION ADHERENCE; SOCIAL FACTORS
Document Type: Research Article
Affiliations: 1: Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL., Email: [email protected] 2: Scientist III, Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 3: Scientist I, Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 4: Professor and Chair, Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 5: Professor of Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
Publication date: March 1, 2020
More about this publication?
The American Journal of Health Behavior seeks to improve the quality of life through multidisciplinary health efforts in fostering a better understanding of the multidimensional nature of both individuals and social systems as they relate to health behaviors.
The Journal aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the impact of personal attributes, personality characteristics, behavior patterns, social structure, and processes on health maintenance, health restoration, and health improvement; to disseminate knowledge of holistic, multidisciplinary approaches to designing and implementing effective health programs; and to showcase health behavior analysis skills that have been proven to affect health improvement and recovery.
Subscribe to this Title
Ingenta Connect is not responsible for the content or availability of external websites
/g, '>').replace(/\\t/g, ' ').replace(/\\n/g, '
'); if (shortdescription.length > MAGIC_LENGTH) { shortdescription = "" + shortdescription.substring(0, MAGIC_LENGTH - 100) + "... more"; } $(".descriptionitem").prepend(shortdescription); $(".shortdescription a").on("click", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(".shortdescription").hide(); $(".originaldescription").slideDown(); }); });
Activate personal subscription
Reference exports +-
Linking options +-
Ingenta Connect
Ingenta DOI
Receive new issue alert
Latest TOC RSS Feed
Recent Issues RSS Feed
© Get Permissions