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Toyin Igbira Biography: Nigeria most notorious drug baroness life history and death
Ayeni Tolulope
Here is the biography of Alhaja Monsurat Toyin Igbira, the most notorious drug baroness in the history of Nigeria. We are also going to give you details of her death.
In this KikioTolu post, we are going to tell you about how the legendary Toyin Igbira dribbled the entire country.
Toyin Igbira Biography Background
Alhaja Monsurat Asabi (Ashabi) Oluwatoyin Oyemade Rufai Abraham aka Toyin Igbira was born on the 18th of February, 1963 (although she lists her date of birth on her Facebook page as 18th of February 1960.
When she was nabbed in 1999 after extensive undercover antinarcotic operations that commenced in 1995, she had just clocked her 36th birthday. Barely literate, Toyin attended St. Paul's Primary School, Idi Oro, Mushin in Lagos State from 1970 to 1976. After that, she was admitted into the famous Reagan Memorial Baptist Girls High School on 23, Commercial Avenue, Sabo Yaba, also in Lagos State. However, by the time she got to JSS2, she dropped out. This is the unbelievable story of an African woman who defied the odds of her illiteracy to establish a formidable international drug trafficking network – one that destroyed countless lives and made many rich.
Toyin Igbira Biography: BECOMING NIGERIA'S NUMBER ONE DRUG QUEEN
Young, out of school and bereft of any tangible skills but deeply desirous on making money, she soon joined her mother in a trade that was suspected to be the smuggling of cigarettes from Cotonou in the neighboring Benin Republic.
Of this, she said:
"I dey sell am for Ojuwoye market, Mushin…I do am for eight years, I begin selling cloth."
Toyin Igbira is by all means a grandmother in the cocaine business. She first appeared on the radar of the government drug law enforcement agency as far back in time as 1994. That was an era when the kleptomaniac dictator in person of General Sani Abacha held Nigeria with an iron grip. Abacha was probably too busy deporting Nigeria's money to secret accounts in Luxembourg, Switzerland and other European states to pay heed to domestic issues such as the transformation of Nigeria into a transit point for Latin American narcoexports destined for the United States via Europe.
In 1994, she was allegedly introduced into the smoky world of drug smuggling by one Fatai, a London-based Nigerian who is now dead.
She confessed before her interrogators:
"Fatai befriend my friend Kudirat. Kudirat and Fatai live for London. Na the time when dem come Nigeria they introduce me to drug business. True to God, he did not tell me say na drug. He tell me say na tablet wey dem dey use for horse. That if dem sell the tablet for London, person go get money. He know say I get money for my cloth business. I give am money and he buy am, go sell for London. He come back and give me my money with interest. Later he tell me say na drug. Later, I start to buy myself…The name na heroin."
In early January 1996, Fatai died in circumstances that are still unclear and it was that time that one Mr. Brown surfaced and commenced 'business' as a courier for Toyin Igbira.
She revealed:
"The first time Brown carry drug to America for me, he carry three kilogramme. The second time, he carry 2.5kg of heroin.''
Spurred on by the success and the incredibly-fast profits, Brown introduced more couriers including one Ade and two disabled athletes (more on them later) one of whom is named Yekini to the domineering drug baroness.
She recollected the incident:
"Na Brown pack the heroin inside foam wey dem take siddon. Na for my dining room and I dey do my hair for the sitting room. Yekini was given one $1000 as pocket money and I for pay Yekini $2000 if he return from America."
Toyin Igbira was unstoppable as she increased the volume and frequency of the drug deals. It was a lot more favourable than the clothes trade she was using as a camouflage. Before the bubble burst for Mr. Brown, Igbira's trusted drug mule, he had transported drugs of several kilogrammes and like a stubborn squirrel, he managed to beat the American immigration and border security for Toyin Igbira's sales agents including Stephen Akinyemi Akingba alias Akinse.
Igbira kept expanding her white powder network. She reportedly claimed she met Akingba in 1991 (although the latter in his own confession said 1992) in Mushin after which she employed him as a driver. A forward-thinking and sophisticated drug queen, in November 1993, Igbira procured a Zimbabwean passport, visa and ticket and it was with these that Akingba snaked his way into the United States of America. By December of that same year, Akingba would join Igbira's brother in Chicago, thus consolidating her expansion and presence on American soil. She had truly gone intercontinental.
From their base in Chicago, Akingba often took delivery of drug consignments from Toyin's brothers and sisters for sale at an agreed commission. He also worked at a hotel as a house keeper but his major work was dishing out cocaine, heroin and all kinds of hard drugs to the hopeless addicts of America.
He confessed:
"Alhaja Toyin use to send drug, heroin to her family. When they bring it like that, they will call me. Sometimes, Alhaja use to send two kilogrammes of Heroin or more. Then they will share it and give me about 600 grammes or more to sell…"
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"Sometimes, Alhaja Toyin will tell me to sell for 9,500 dollars per 100 grammes. Then I will sell it $12,000 or $13,000. When I sell finish, I will calculate all the money, I will take my gain and give her money to her family."
Akingba had more to spit out. He claimed he sold drugs worth $600,000 (then N60 million naira) for Alhaja Igbira.
But as it is the case with drug cartels, a fight soon broke out. In April 1997, things took a turn for the horrible for the 'business partners'. That month, Toyin's sister had delivered five kilogrammes of heroin in two consignments of three and two kilogrammes. In a bizarre plot twist, Akingba said all the five kilogrammes of heroin were stolen from his car trunk by unknown persons. Immediately he discovered the 'theft', he called Toyin's sisters and brothers chilling in Chicago and delivered to them the devastating news of the loss of their lucrative 'cargo'. He did not stop there, he also called Toyin Igbira's husband in Lagos to intimate him of the development. All parties made frantic efforts to locate the missing drug package or at least understand the mystery surrounding how it vanished but there was no success. Igbira was enraged.
Akingba was in a big mess. He knew how ruthless drug barons and baronesses are and he was not oblivious of the many dangers that confronted couriers who dared to confront or play a fast one with their callous and cold-hearted bosses. In the narcoworld, only one thing mattered – money. Even more than lives.
Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant mostly used as a recreational drug. It is commonly snorted, inhaled as smoke, or as a solution injected into a vein. Mental effects may include loss of contact with reality, an intense feeling of happiness, or agitation. Physical symptoms may include a fast heart rate, sweating, and large pupils. High doses can result in very high blood pressure or body temperature. Effects begin within seconds to minutes of use and last between five and ninety minutes. Cocaine is addictive due to its effect on the reward pathway in the brain. After a short period of use, there is a high risk that dependence will occur. Its use also increases the risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, lung problems in those who smoke it, blood infections, and sudden cardiac death. Credits: Creative Commons
Thus, on the 18th of November, 1997, he jumped on the next available flight and his destination was the sprawling West African nation of Nigeria. Upon his arrival, he headed straight for the Lagos Island shop of Alhaja Toyin Igbira.
He said of that day he will never forget:
"I explain everything to her that I don't have money now and I don't want to do the drug business now because I don't know who set me up," he said. "Then I told her to help me with Yoruba medicine, black power, so that we can know who stole the five kilo of heroin."
But the vicious spirit that dwelled inside Igbira's dark heart ensured that all the explanations that Akingba gave fell on deaf ears. She was thoroughly dissatisfied and trusting no one, the only thing on her mind was how to retrieve her money.
At this point, pay close attention and see how rotten the Nigerian system is.
Alhaja Toyin got across to her friend who was working in the NDLEA and exposed Akingba as a drug dealer. Unknown to Igbira herself, the NDLEA was moving in quietly on her but they played along. On the 18th of January 1998, NDLEA operatives launched a commando-like raid on Akingba's palatial mansion at 8, Idowu Street, Ipaja and by the time the raid ended, his passport, American green card and other valuables. Igbira did not suspect a thing as the NDLEA operatives played dumb and even organized several meetings at a hotel on Airport Road for the two business partners to resolve their dispute over the missing drug package.
After days of intense negotiation, they reached a conclusion – Akingba was to pay Igbira the sum of N25 million naira for the lost drug. He was instructed to vomit an initial sum of N5 million naira. Alarmed, Akingba screamed that he had no money with him but that Alhaja Toyin could sell his Lexus car, a Quest bus and an Isuzu Rodeo sports utility vehicle all valued at N7.5 million.
Akingba confessed:
"She said she will not sell my cars unless I sell all the cars by myself within two weeks and give her N5 million so that the NDLEA oga (officers) will give me my passport and green card."
It was after this ordeal that the NDLEA arrested Alhaja Toyin Igbira in December 1997 but I will talk about this in detail in the sections below.
A woman with a heart of steel, Igbira was not afraid of the military junta as she was confidently already one of the commanders of a Lagos-based drug-running syndicate. As is the tradition in the danger-ridden and merciless world of drug trade, Igbira worked under a different name.
Igbira quickly gained notoriety as a result of her willingness to risk it all – all in a bid to make some fast cash. She ran into drug law enforcement agents countless times. In 1996, the Nigerian contingent was heading for the Summer Paralympics in Atlanta, United States of America. Slated to hold from 16th to the 25th of August of that year, it was the very first Paralympics to get mass media sponsorship and it had a budget of $81 million. It was a very big deal for the world.
But as the joyful Nigerian team headed for this global sporting event, disaster struck, a calamity beyond anyone's expectation tore the Nigerian flag into shreds. Two disabled Nigerian athletes were caught with drugs. By the time the investigations were done, all fingers pointed in the same direction of one person – Toyin Igbira. She had engineered everything and her willingness to smuggle her drugs under the official national sports channel only showed how daring she can be.
TOYIN IGBIRA: THE LIFE OF LUXURY, GLITZ AND GLAMOUR
In her heyday, Toyin Igbira was a lady of immense wealth, she was the ultimate Bujebudanu (The One With The Bottomless Pockets). No Lagos party was complete without her as she was the very life of the high society circuits. Fuji musicians sang her praise and poured accolades on her. In fact, the lyrical praise was so much that King Wasiu Ayinde Marshal (KWAM 1 later known as K1 the Ultimate) dedicated entire tracks to her and even made reference to her nasty trade when he called her 'Ónile Eru L'Abidjan' meaning 'The One With The Warehouse At Abidjan'.
Abijdan was one of the centres of drug trade for many of the narcotraders and they also used the Ivory Coast city as a hub for their textile business – a cover for their real occupation. She was one of the biggest players in the West African narcociruit and Abidjan was one of the hubs she controlled. Igbira was so glamourous that even while she was in prison, KWAM 1 continued to sing her praises with melodious tunes.
It must be pointed out that many of the female drug traffickers nabbed in Nigeria all claimed to be into the sales of textiles and fabrics. It will interest you to know that there is a curious reason behind why they are all selling clothes. In a very revealing interview in 1999, the head of NDLEA, Assistant Inspector-General of Police Ogbonna Onovo clarified and below are some excerpts from the interview:
Q: Perhaps we can ask about the mode of seizure. How was it made? Had they passed the customs..?
A: Yes, they had passed the customs. So when you see it you'll think its a photo album. That's why I said these people design various methods of concealment. It's the NDLEA man who's trained in this that can know, and we're only demanding that we be allowed to search containers that come from some countries. If a container is coming from the United States, there's no need, if a container is coming from Britain or from Holland, there's no need. But the moment a container is coming from Brazil or from Pakistan, India, Turkey or Thailand, there's red light. The say they're going to Thailand to buy fabric. It's not true. They may have up to 50 rolls of textiles inside one container but what matters is just the single roll inside it. And you know these drugs, you can hide them easily. So when the container comes in, all he does is to look for that particular bale that they want. They take it away, just put in the boot of the car and drive away. If you like you sell the remaining 25 bales for 10 kobo. That is not their business. Or when they bring these luxurious buses from Brazil, because some will claim it's luxurious bus. But you don't know that they are coming from Brazil, there's a compartment there that is concealed and drugs can be put. Or they're importing a car from Brazil, they say they're importing Golf Jetta or whatever. It gets here and they cannot drive it out. They tow it saying it has engine problem.
How can a car you imported from abroad now have engine problem right in the wharf? You know that the fuel tank is loaded with some stuff. You see these are the little things. So some people have something to hide. That's why they don't want us to be there.
TOYIN IGBIRA'S FIRST MAJOR ARREST AND HER FIERCE BATTLE FOR FREEDOM
The Untold Story of How Nigeria's Queen of Drug Trafficking Alhaja Toyin Igbira Almost Used Sex To Finish The National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) After She Was Caught And Jailed In 1999
Toyin Igbira when she was nabbed in the late 1990s: She had no equal or rival in the game, at least as far the gender was concerned.
If you are familiar with the bizarre tales of Nigerian men and women who have decided to carve a niche for themselves in the powdery world of drug trafficking, then the name Toyin Igbira will not sound surprising to you. She is the most notorious drug baroness in the history of Nigeria. Of all the female scorpions in the narcotic business, none came closer to Igbira whose daring exploits still shock many till date.
As intelligent and crafty as Toyin Igbira was 1997-2000 was one of the worst periods of her life. For much of that period, she was in jail, locked up like a common criminal after she had been nabbed after a very long pursuit by the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA).
The period remains one of the best in the history of the NDLEA as they went on a major spree and crackdown against drug traffickers all over the country. A big society lady known all at all the parties of Lagos, Alhaja Toyin was caged and as she looked on helplessly in detention, she tried every possible means to liquidate the murderous grip of the NDLEA on her. She was nabbed and flung into cell under the controversial miscellaneous offences tribunals, better known as the MOTs at that time. Although her case had not been decided yet at that time, the MOT system made it possible for her to be jailed indefinitely.
From December 1997 when she was arrested alongside eight others, she was left to rot in jail until 1999 when something interesting happened. By the way, after the arrest of Alhaja Toyin Igbira by NDLEA operatives, she was arraigned before the defunct Miscellaneous Offences Tribunal (MOT) in suit number MOT/L/16/98 on the 27th of May, 1998 based on her confessions and those of five of her drug business partners. It was the MOT that effectively ordered that she be remanded in custody and she would languish at the Kirikiri Maximum Prisons for over 16 months.
Thanks to Igbira, many drug carriers had their trips facilitated through the country's airports by Toyin Igbira. Nigeria did not just acquire her horrible reputation in one day, we have people like Toyin Igbira to praise for contributing to that jar of tar now staining all Nigerians outside the country.
Months climbed upon months and hope dimmed for her. But Toyin Igbira is a fighter with a relentless spirit. Her determination to always remain as free as the puffs from a cocaine smoker galvanised her into doing the most unthinkable thing. In her warped mind, she conjured the most devilish plot, an orchestration so manipulative that it could bring down the entire agency.
NDLEA was quite aggressive with her as they did not only cage her but impounded her property running into several millions of naira. In Lagos alone, five landed assets belonging to her were promptly snatched from her. This led to a massive legal gbonmisiomioto (tussle) between her army of lawyers and the gallant NDLEA.
Desperate to enjoy some fresh liberty, Igbira resorted to the oldest trick in the book: seduction. She made several overtures to the zonal commander of the NDLEA office in Ikeja, Mallam Samuel Bashir Gadzama. She was ready to throw her expensive Ankara fabrics away and strip herself naked then give him the most mind blowing sessions of passionate sex but unfortunately for her, the hormone-driven plan blew in her face when Gadzama rejected her Jezebelic proposals.
Igbira was more than ready to use her slim and thoroughly-bleached body to obstruct justice. Morals and ethics were useless in the vocabulary of a coke peddler. It must be highlighted that that same period was one of the bloodiest for the NDLEA as many of their operatives were mercilessly killed by drug traffickers and it would be a big blow to the morale of the agency should their boss agree to free Igbira just for a few rounds of illicit sex with the unrepentant drug empress.
Gadzama was one of the best hands in the NDLEA. A veteran in many undercover operations, he was later promoted to Director of Operations and General Investigations, effectively the number two position in the agency. In the 1990s, Gadzama had taken part in several undercover Joint Task Force operations and formerly served as the commander of NDLEA operations at the Murtala Muhammed International Airport in Lagos and also as the commander of the JTF.
He also had a brilliant working relationship with the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), a United States federal law enforcement agency under the United States Department of Justice, tasked with combating drug smuggling and use within the United States of America. So Igbira knew exactly what she was doing and why she chose Gadzama as her specific target.
The amazing thing is that drug barons in Nigeria have actually managed to poison the minds of even the most senior bosses of the agency. In November 2005 for example, a furious President Olusegun Obasanjo fired Alhaji Bello Lafiaji as the chairman of the NDLEA after he was found to have collected money from the same drug traffickers he was supposed to combat, in 2010 he would later be sentenced to 16 years in jail after he was found guilty of stealing the sum of 164,300 euros from the residence of a drug peddler in custody. Gadzama was the prosecution witness at the court trial. Lafiaji was replaced by Ahmadu Giade, a retired deputy commissioner of police. Toyin Igbira would languish in jail until something very dramatic happened.
The Shocking Story of How Justice Abubakar Abdulkadir Jega Assisted Nigeria's Most Notorious Drug Baroness And Unrepentant Cocaine Peddler Alhaja Toyin Igbira Escape Justice In August 1999
One of the countries I admire most on the planet is Singapore. It has everything that my beloved country, Nigeria does not have. Although Singapore is very tiny, so tiny that Lagos, the smallest state in my nation, is five times bigger than this southeast Asian nation called Republic of Singapore.
But make no mistake, Singapore is one of the richest nations on earth. In fact, just two nations are richer than Singapore in the whole world. This is a country that has no natural resources but leads the world in education, healthcare, technology, life expectancy, housing, personal safety and quality of life. But how come Singapore that got independence from United Kingdom in 1963 is so successful while Nigeria that became independent from the same colonial power in 1960 is struggling with devastating indicators such as the second worst infant and maternal mortality rates on earth?
Well, the answer lies in the hands of Lee Kuan Yew, the first Prime Minister and the founding father of modern Singapore. Better known as LKY, it was Lee Kuan Yew who was the brain behind the incredible leap of his country from being a haven of poverty to one of the most admired corners of prosperity in the world. However, he was able to achieve such a mind blowing transformation because he ensured the judiciary was reformed. It was so thoroughly 3 that any form of indiscipline was severely dealt with. In fact, trafficking in drugs was followed by the death sentence.
For LKY, the rights of their law-abiding citizens to a life devoid of the nefarious effects of drugs trump the so-called human rights of the drug mules. Why am I comparing Singapore with Nigeria? I am doing so simply because while the judiciary is one of the pillars of success in Singapore (where African leaders like Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe now run to for medical care), the same judiciary is one of the biggest obstacles to progress and development in Nigeria and until a proper reform of the Nigerian judicial system is done, nothing is really going to shift for the betterment of the society. I will use the case of this infamous drug peddler as an illustration.
Notoriety personified, Toyin Igbira was one of the most difficult nuts for the NDLEA to crack.
For years upon years, she had managed to outsmart the nets of the country's top drug law agency. She seemed invincible, slippery and smooth; she always operated under the radar like the lethal B2 Spirit Stealth Bomber of the United States Air Force. Igbira was known but no one knew how to nab her until luck smiled on the agency one sunny day in December 1997. There was jubilation in the NDLEA camp. One of their most prized assets was finally in their trap and they were so ready to ensure that she would rot in jail. But it was not to be. Something that would never have happened in Bedok, Singapore happened in Lagos, Nigeria.
At the very top of the list of the self-confessed drug kingpins was none other than Alhaja Monsurat Oluwatoyin Oyemade Abraham aka Toyin Igbira. On that same list were seasoned drug peddlers and cocaine trafficking veterans such as Steven Akinyemi Akingba aka Akinse (who interestingly, was the United States-based ally of Toyin Igbira as mentioned earlier), Mohammed Mohammed who was an immigration service officer attached to the Murtala Muhammed International Airport, Ikeja in Lagos and it was from his duty post that he facilitated all kinds of illicit drug transactions within and outside Nigeria, Peter Oriamen, Babajide Adeoye, Tokunbo Olaiya, Rachel Moronlayo Adeniran, Yetunde Akintan and another suspect who was captured with him.
To the utter shock and massive heartbreak of the NDLEA, five of these nine major drug suspects were all freed by Justice Abdulkadir Jega of the Federal High Court Eight. Those who regained their freedom in the hands of Jega included Toyin Igbira, Akingba, Oriamen, Adeoye and Olaiya. As for Mohammed, he was granted bail by Justice (Mrs.) Olomojobi while Adeniran, Akintan and his fellow in crime were released by Justice Kassim of Court Annex Two.
While asking for bail for Igbira, Kasoki Hart Olakanma of Femi Falana Chambers put up an energetic show and implored the judge to declare that the continued detention of the suspect at the Kirikiri Prisons since 26th of August 1998 was illegal and unconstitutional; that the provisions of section 2 (4) and 3(2) of the Tribunals Decree 62 of 1999 are illegal and unconstitutional as they violated her rights which were clearly guaranteed by section 35 and 36 of the Constitution and that the respondents (NDLEA) do not have the competence and authority to arraign, prosecute and try Igbira on account of the charges that were pending before the MOT.
The attorney did not stop there. The lawyer sought an order directing NDLEA to release all the property and documents seized from Igbira and those of other persons in her custody from illegal custody forthwith. Above all, the lawyer contended that Igbira was an innocent pigeon who knew:
"….nothing whatsoever about the offences she is being charged with…"
The lawyer also promised that Igbira would not jump bail if granted. It was a lie and a thinly-disguised ruse. The legal team of the NDLEA smelt this deceit and launched a counter attack. Lawyer Nnanna Alamegie of the NDLEA argued that Toyin Igbira was facing a solid four-count charge with several other accused persons at the MOT, Lagos Zone and that trial was already in motion before the tribunal's dissolution on the 29th of May 1999 with the coming of the democratic dispensation it is quite interesting to note that it was democracy that Igbira exploited to the fullest to regain her freedom.
Alamegie argued on with vigour saying the accused was not granted bail at the tribunal because her offence carries an imprisonment for a term of between 15 and 25 years.
He dropped a bombshell:
"…The release on bail of a person with enormous wealth may lead to a frustration of the course of trial."
He further insisted that it is in the interest of Nigeria as a country that the suspect was allowed to conclude her case from custody because she is very likely to tamper with the overwhelming bail.
He thundered:
"At the Miscellaneous Offences Tribunal, more than seven key witnesses gave evidence and the evidence so far taken shows that the applicant is one of the big-time drug barons that bring the reputation of this great country Nigeria to disrepute in the international community."
At that point, Igbira's lawyer Olakanma disputed the assertion of the NDLEA that the stupendous amount of money that the drug baroness controlled was going to frustrate the trial.
Without missing a heartbeat, Alamegie dismissed this argument when he revealed that Toyin Igbira was not only facing trial at the Zone Three of the MOT, but also facing another charge at the Zone One of the MOT on Kingsway Road, Ikoyi, for attempting to bribe NDLEA men with the hefty sum of N1.4 million naira to forestall investigations into the drug peddling case against her. She was desperate to be left off the hook.
After listening to both arguments, the judge made a puzzling declaration:
On the 18th of August 1999, Justice Abubakar Abdulkadir Jega threw a dagger right at the hearts of the tireless NDLEA operatives and detectives when he granted Toyin Igbira bail in the sum of N1 million with two sureties each in like sum. Small piece of cake. She promptly met up. All she had to do was to press buttons on her vast Lagos-Ijebu Ode network.
But the NDLEA operatives were so furious with the baffling judgment that they were ready to pounce on Igbira and re-arrest her immediately with fresh charges on her neck. In order to ensure this did not happen, Justice Jega personally and physically shielded Toyin Igbira from the action-ready NDLEA operatives when he drove her out of the court premises with his own car all in a bid to just make sure the NDLEA operatives do not rearrest the heroin baronness.
Although the case was adjourned until the whole thing went hazy. Stylishly, she regained her freedom but the NDLEA was so pissed off that they refused to hand over the property they seized from her. Not even all the legal acrobatics from Femi Falana Chambers could convince the NDLEA to release a pin to her.
The following were seized from Toyin Igbira by the NDLEA operatives:
Assorted clothes and fabrics from her 14, Nnamdi Azikiwe Street, Lagos Shop valued at N17.5 million naira.
Landed property and buildings at 36, Itire Road, Mushin, 14, Bereola Street, Surulere, 12 Owodunni Street, Iwaya and an undeveloped plot of land at 212, Church Street, Onigbagbo Village at Opebi, Ikeja.
NB: Justice Abubakar Abdulkadir Jega (who happens to be the brother of former INEC Chairman, Professor Attahiru Jega) would later rise to become an Appeal Court Justice. In September 2015, he was crushed to death during a Hajj stampede in Muna, near Mecca in Saudi Arabia while the pilgrims were on their way to Jamarat to perform the stoning of Satan. Jega was a member of the Kebbi State's hajj delegation to the desert kingdom.
But as NDLEA had predicted, Igbira did not become repentant as she immediately resumed her trade in hard drugs. It seemed nothing could deter her as she had the ultimate belief that she had mastered all the intricacies of the heavily-flawed Nigerian justice system – via a vast system of patronage and 'connections' that often involved the very functionaries in government. However, it was not long afterwards that her paths crossed again with that of her old enemy – the NDLEA.
You can see that it has been long that the Nigerian judiciary has been a major obstacle to justice in our country. In fact, on this matter, the NDLEA was so pained that on the 24th of August, just few days after Justice Jega had freed her, the agency slammed Toyin Igbira with two new charges at the Federal High Court.
The first suit FHC/L118c/99 had a two-count charge: that Toyin Igbira on or about 5 April 1995 conspired with and aided one George Olanrewaju Owumi to export 1.112 kilogramme of heroin to Zurich, Switzerland and thereby committed an offence punishable under section 10c (b) of NDLEA Decree 15 of 1992.
In the second suit, the accusation hammered on Igbira's head had it that Toyin Igbira conspired with and aided Miss Helen Osemene Izien to export 1.35 kilogrammes of heroin to New York, United States of America, offences punishable under section 10c (b) of the NDLEA Decree 15 of 1992. The NDLEA was so certain they had bulletproof cases against Igbira and that there was no way she would escape spending the rest of her cocaine-filled life behind prison walls. They were painfully disappointed.
On Monday, 6th of September 1998 when the case came up, Toyin Igbira pleaded that she was sick all of a sudden. The drama queen was determined to frustrate the case and return to her money-spinning business by all means. The cases were then adjourned till 14th of September when the charges would then be read to enable her enter a plea.
TOYIN IGBIRA SECOND ARREST AND IMPRISONMENT
After trailing her for five years since 1997, the NDLEA finally made another major breakthrough on the 15th of November, 2002. On that day, an excited Zonal Command of the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency at Ikeja announced with maximum glee that they had trapped a legendary suspect alive.
It was Alhaja Toyin Abraham Igbira again and she was arrested red-handed with a hefty package – 72 wraps of substance suspected to be heroin. Her fall from narcotic grace to criminal grass that fateful day occurred at the ever-bustling Murtala Muhammed International Airport (MMIA), Ikeja, Lagos. Igbira had informed her contacts on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean that she was on her way already. As a veteran in the illegal trade, she made sure she closed all the loops and perfected every move. However, it was a terrible day for her as the devilish package on her was discovered shortly before she was to board her flight to the United States of America.
It was that moment that many Nigerians really heard her name and saw her face for the very first time. She was paraded before ogling journalists at the NDLEA headquarters. During the adrenalin-filled press conference, Alhaji Abdullahi A. Danburam who was the NDLEA zonal commander trumpeted it loud for everyone to hear that they had been placing traps for Alhaja Igbira since 1997 but she managed to evade almost all by remaining several steps ahead of them – until the gods got pissed off and declared her cup full again on the 15th of November.
Toyin Igbira had proven to be too much of a headache, the Nigerian version of Griselda Blanco (also known as La Madrina, La Dama de la Mafia (The Lady of the Mafia), the Black Widow (because she killed all her three husbands), the Cocaine Godmother and the Queen of Narco-Trafficking, Griselda Blanco was a Colombian drug lord and she belonged to the dreaded Medellin cartel (same as that of Pablo Escobar although she was by far Escobar's senior in the trade, in fact, she was the mentor for Escobar, Gilbero Molina, Jose Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha and other notorious drug lords), she was a pioneer in the Miami-based cocaine drug trade and the underworld during the 1970s and the early 1980s. Records indicate that she was responsible for up to 200 murders as she moved cocaine from Colombia to New York, Miami in Florida and Southern California, all on American soil. An unrepentant bisexual, utterly ruthless, extremely violent and ready to kill anyone who stood in her way (at the age of 32, she gunned down her own husband and his six bodyguards over missing cocaine profits, when her third husband kidnapped their child, she had him assassinated and got her child), Blanco's distribution network brought in an eye-popping $80 million every month. Even in prison, she continued running the cocaine empire. She was shot dead in Colombia on the 3rd of September 2012 at the age of 69. A man on a bike pumped two bullets in her head as she was buying meat and he calmly walked back to his bike and vanished.)
NDLEA was working with the United States DEA and they viewed Igbira as their own Griselda Blanco.
Alhaji Danburam added with pride of an accomplished agent:
"This particular arrest led to chains of arrests that unravel the most notorious drug cartel in Nigeria, headed by a Lagos socialite, Alhaja Toyin Abraham Igbira."
Igbira was in the highest echelon of the most dangerous drug cartels in the Federal Republic of Nigeria and for the NDLEA, getting the shark in their net was a really big deal.
During the arrest, it was revealed that Igbira's address was listed as 5A, Idowu Agbede-Ile, Mushin, Lagos and her passport with which she attempted to access the United States airspace was numbered A077834 and the name she had on it was Alhaja Toyin Olusola Abikan (one of her many aliases). As if using the green passport was not damaging enough to our national image, Igbira had bought a Nigeria Airways ticket with the number 10874403939266-3.
While in NDLEA custody, the Saudi Arabia returnee excreted the entire 72 wraps of heroin. It was a messy task for NDLEA officials as they had to sort out the heroin capsules out from her faeces stage by stage, she defecated in three sessions. The drugs weighed a total of 675 grammes – shocking by any measure or standard. Igbira had everything lodged inside her gastrointestinal system, the love of sudden wealth blinded her to the fact that one of the packets bursting would mean an excruciating death for her. She did not seem to care.
The NDLEA boss called on the public to assist them in the war against dangerous drugs while revealing that Igbira was going to be dragged to court as a second offender on drug running charges.
"This particular case, which was a celebrated one in the history of NDLEA, is still pending in the law court with Alhaja Toyin A. Igbira facing multiple charges for drug related offenses…"
As part of the evidence collected against Igbira and her fellow drug traffickers were a Mercedes Benz 300E and Nissan Altima and two Nissan sport utility vehicles that belonged to Stephen Akingba – Toyin's accomplice who was based in the United States of America.
LIFE OF TOYIN IGBIRA AFTER FREEDOM
After her relentless battle to free herself from the grips of the NDLEA and the government, it did not look like Igbira left her nefarious old trade. She continued with the drug business. In August 2007, something very dramatic happened at the Murtala Muhammed International Airport. Just a few days after the NDLEA arrested a senior crew member of the Virgin Atlantic Airways with about 1.75 kilogrammes of substances suspected to be cocaine, another drug peddler was nabbed.
This time around, it was not a well-dressed member of the flight crew but a regular passenger. Aged 42, Babatunde Jamiu was arrested by eagle-eyed NDLEA officials during the screening of passengers on Virgin Nigeria from Lagos to London at the international wing of the Murtala Muhammad Airport, Ikeja. The time on that fateful day was around 8:48 pm Nigerian time and it was on a Sunday. He was attempting to export the narcotic substances which he had ingested when he was arrested.
The most interesting part of his story came when he was being interrogated. That was when he revealed that he was not acting alone. The name of his sponsor that mentioned flicked more than a few eyebrows in the NDLEA. He revealed that he was being sponsored by no other than the notorious Toyin Igbira and he gave her residential address as being in Surulere, Lagos.
Pumped with action and armed with scandalous information from the suspect, NDLEA officials stormed the home of Igbira in the early hours of 13th August, 2007. But as if she was alerted by an informant or insider owl at the airport of Jamiu's capture, Igbira had vanished.
It was a massive disgrace and a gargantuan humiliation. She had stealthily escaped from the radar of Nigeria's number one drug law enforcement agency. NDLEA officials were told she had travelled the previous day. It was a disappointing outcome for the gallant officers of the agency. While Babatunde Jamiu was still excreting the drugs he ingested, a flustered agency released a press statement signed by the NDLEA public relations officer at the airport, Mr. Ofoyeju Mitchell and in it, Alhaja Toyin Igbira was declared wanted.
It went thus:
'A prominent Lagos-based celebrity, textile merchant and notorious drug baroness Alhaja Toyin Igbira has been declared wanted by the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) following the arrest of one Mohammed Babatunde Jamiu by Narcotic Officers at the Murtala Muhammed International Airport (MMIA), Lagos.'
Most probably the woman with the worst record with the NDLEA in Nigeria, Toyin Igbira remains a prominent Lagos-based socialite, 'celebrity', textile merchant and incorrigible drug baroness who operates with absolute impunity in a country with broken legal system steered by a nonchalant judiciary. Convicted and sentenced to terms of imprisonment in two separate cases filed against her by the NDLEA on several counts of exportation and conspiracy to export illicit drugs, Alhaja Toyin Igbira remains that drug baroness who outsmarted an entire nation.
According to an interview done in September 1999 with NDLEA Boss Assistant Inspector-General (AIG) of Police, Ogbonna Onovo, Igbira was going straight to resuming her drug business. While expressing his frustration at the country's justice system, an exasperated Onovo said:
Journalist: Perhaps I should ask you a question about the long detention period. In the past there had been cases of people being detained for three, four years….
Onovo: Are you talking about detention in prison custody or in NDLEA custody.
Journalist: NDLEA custody.
Onovo: We don't detain people. Go and check. We complete our investigations early enough, we file provisional charges and such person is detained in prison custody. Look at it, that was why special offences tribunals were created so that these cases can be handled immediately.
We have a detention cell here. For example, if they bring a deportee from the airport now or like these people we brought from Kano, for preliminary investigation, we can take them to court on a charge and they will be detained in prison custody awaiting trial. So you take them to court; the court will now remand them in prison custody. And that brings us to the fact that we're now operating in a democracy where we'll have to take our cases to the federal high court. The miscellaneous offences tribunals have been abolished. So, we all know that in the federal high court, they have their hands filled up now and what we're seeing today is that most of the suspects that are taken to the federal high court are being granted bail. I'm not saying that the citizen who's entitled to bail should not take it but what I'm saying is about national interest. We cannot take a drug baron and send him back to society in the name of complying with his fundamental human rights when that person is also a danger to the society.
We're taking cases to courts and the courts are granting bail to drug barons. When I say drug barons I know that such people have the wherewithal to organise and thrive in drug business. Alhaja Toyin Igbira is on bail. You know the celebrated case. We went to court the other day and she was granted bail. When NDLEA goes to arrest now, they say NDLEA has committed contempt of court. Mohammed, the immigration officer, is on bail. The human rights groups, they're shouting. Judges are saying that they're complying with the rule of law. I tell you, anyone who's a drug baron cannot change. It's like a leopard that can't change its spots. Now she's on bail, I tell you she (Igbira) has started the business again.
TOYIN IGBIRA LATER IN LIFE
In March 2014, it was reported that the mother of three was battling an unnamed illness and was hibernating abroad where she had reportedly gone for treatment.
Today, Toyin Igbira lives her life as a free Nigerian woman. She still maintains her textile shop at her usual base and is not far from parties. A lover of fun, customized diamonds, expensive jewelry, exotic automobiles and anything that oozes luxury, Toyin Igbira seems determined to enjoy her life to the fullest and till the very end. Her tempo might have reduced somewhat but she is still very much active.
A couple of decades ago, she dominated the news waves of the Lagos society alongside personalities and the big spenders like Sanje (Sanjay) Olohuntoyin, Muyiwa Bashorun aka Bill Gates of Africa aka Borokini of Isolo, Niyi Obodo (Niyi Aderinoye), Sati Ramon aka Omo Salawe aka Ibu Owo Oko Monica, Kunle Atoyegbe, Akindele Olohuntoyin, Demola Oyefeso, Akanni Gbenguse Gentleman, Bode De Way, Kuso Ferrari, Afo Guarantor, Femi Abiodun Lekuti (aka Danku Baba Imole), Prince Bola Atobatele, Toyin Akindele Ikumoluyi (Ile Eru), Rilwan Aleshinloye, Tunde Borokinni, Wale Saubana Atanda Balogun, Wale Adeniyi Saubana, Goddy Anabor, Alumile Adedeji aka Ade Bendel (I wrote about him HERE), Monsurat Chicago (Toyin Igbira's goddaughter who died suddenly in her sleep at the age of 50 in June 2015 few days after celebrating her mother's 75th birthday celebration), Kayode Oduniyi aka Kay-Hanger, Dotun Aderibigbe aka Lobito, Jide Okunnu aka Oga Copperfield, Segun Alawaye, Ade Odutayo, Babatunde Onakoya aka Debasco, Yomi Oluwole, Wole Amodemaja, Tunde Oloko, Muhyideen Aileru, Kayode Lanihun, Segun Awesu, Wale Awesu, Tayo Alakiu, Taye Adekanmbi, Olumide Abegunde and so many others I cannot remember now. These people were hailed to no end by musicians but 99% of them are nowhere to be found today although almost all of them are alive.
On 12th May 2017, Toyin Igbira launched a major party for the burial of her mother at Eagles Club, Surulere, Lagos. King Sunny Ade was there to play live on the stage. Toyin Igbira did not spare any cash in honouring her late mother – the one who put her toes in the line of business that brought her so much turmoil and wealth.
Alhaja Monsurat Asabi (Toyin Igbira) finally succumbed to ovarian cancer on Saturday 20th July, 2019 in a private hospital at Surulere.
TOYIN IGBIRA DEATH
On the 20th of July, 2019, Narcotic baroness, Toyin Monsurat Asabi, popularly known in Nigeria's social circuit as Toyin Igbira, died of ovarian cancer, she was 56-years-old as at the time of her death.
Igbira was reportedly diagnosed with ovarian cancer about 10 years ago. The search for cure took her to hospitals in Europe and America until she died this weekend.
According to a source "She died here (Nigeria) though she discovered she had cancer in the UK. She noticed her stool was black and when she went to complain in a London hospital, it was discovered that she had cancer."
Some think that cancer that killed Toyin Igbira resulted in "damage" done to her system during the days of trafficking drugs through ingestion kikiotolu.com gathered.
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About Ayeni Tolulope
Ayeni Tolulope is a fine-grained Journalist, Writer, Digital Media Strategist. He has been a member of the Fourth Estate for three years. He worked with LailasNews for over a year.
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text:
Articles in category: Awards
MDC Foods scoops bronze in frozen food awards for Asda Masala
Specialist vegetable and ready meal manufacturer, MDC Foods, scooped a bronze award in the Best New Poultry-Based Product category for its Chicken and Spinach Masala at the annual British Frozen Food Federation (BFFF) awards. As part of the Asda Chosen
22/06/2011 | Awards, Services Time | Read More
Electronic charity box, Pennies, wins digital technology award
Pennies, an electronic charity box set up by registered charity, The Pennies Foundation, has won the fundraising category at the inaugural Technology4Good Awards. The awards were set up to celebrate the work of charities, businesses and individuals across the UK
New web site serves up ACE initiative for North West food and drink
A pilot scheme to help food and drink businesses win national recognition and awards has been launched in the North West, with the aim of positioning the region as a leading food tourism destination. The first of a potential roll
26/05/2011 | Awards, Manufacturer news, Retail News, Services Time | Read More
Last call for entries in 2011 Specsavers everywoman in Retail Awards
Entry to the 2011 Specsavers everywoman in Retail Awards closes at 5pm on 23 May 2011. The awards highlight inspirational role models and their accomplishments within the retail sector. According to the 2010 Skillsmart Retail Analysis, 2.8m people in the
Cornish Blue is big cheese in top awards
A British cheese, Cornish Blue, has been crowned World Champion at the 2010 World Cheese Awards – the first time a British producer has won the title in 10 years. The world's greatest cheese awards, run by the UK's Guild of
30/11/2010 | Awards | Read More
Co-operative scoops trio of Quality Food Awards
The Co-operative has scooped three Quality Food Awards, including one for its Truly Irresistible Brandy Butter Ice Cream, new for Christmas 2010. The ice cream won the Christmas Confectionery category with judges praising its strong brandy aroma and frozen yogurt
Finalists announced for Wales the True Taste Awards
The finalists in the 2010 Wales the True Taste Awards have been announced with 81 producers shortlisted for Gold, Silver or Bronze prizes out of a total of 350 who entered this year. The presentation ceremony will take place at

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Tag Archives: You're the Best Thing About Me
MUSIC REVIEWS and NEWS
Hard Cuts: Songs from the H A R D L O V E Sessions (EP) – NEEDTOBREATHE
NEEDTOBREATHE has stated that one of the hardest parts about finishing their chart-topping 2016 album H A R D L O V E was determining which songs had to be cut to get down to the twelve songs for the album. This new EP contains six songs, two of them alternate versions of "Hard Love", along with four songs that were cut from the original album.
The EP contains two new versions of "Hard Love", one featuring Serena Ryder and one featuring Andra Day. Along with the version featuring Lauren Daigle from The Shack: Music From and Inspired By, this makes three versions of the song released since the album was released last year, which seems to be a bit of an overkill.
Below are brief comments on the other four songs:
Waiting – This song was produced by Dave Tozer and NEEDTOBREATHE, and written by Bear and Bo Rinehart. It is a keyboard driven song with a strong drum beat, backing vocals and a good guitar solo. He is haunted by a woman, who keeps him waiting, shaking, trembling, and chasing mistakes that he made. It's my least favorite of the new songs.
Count on Me – This song was produced by Dave Tozer and NEEDTOBREATHE, and written by Tozer, Bear and Bo Rinehart. This song features a strong drum beat, keys and some backing vocals. Thematically it is similar to "Brother" from their excellent Rivers in the Wasteland album. It features encouraging lyrics.
Everybody needs a pick me up
Walking on Water – The last two songs of the four new ones were my favorites, starting with "Walking on Water". This song will appeal to the band's Christian fan base as it will remind them of Peter walking on the water to Jesus in Matthew 14. It starts slowly and then builds powerfully and joyfully on the chorus with a with a strong drum beat and backing vocals. There's no turning back.
Can't see nothing at all
But Your outstretched arms
Help me believe it
Though I falter
You got me walking on water
Cages – This song was produced by Ed Cash and NEEDTOBREATHE and written by Bear and Bo Rinehart. It's another song that the band's Christian fan base will resonate with. It starts as a piano-driven song, with light drums. He was looking for attention, was needing redemption but all he got was cages. It then builds powerfully with drums and guitar. They reference their 2009 album The Outsiders, stating that they're a band of outsiders.
I'm in a prison for a man gone wrong
But I've found a future, this is not my home Continue reading →
Categories: Music & Concert Reviews and News | Tags: Christ and culture, Christianity and Culture, Coram Deo, Hard Cuts, Jeff Lippencott, Music News, music quotes, music reviews, NEEDTOBREATHE, R.C. Sproul, Saints of Zion, U2, You're the Best Thing About Me | Permalink.


These achievement skill levels have been complied from years of research and surveys among unicyclists from all over the world. They are intended to encourage unicyclists to progress at an even pace over a wide variety of unicycling skills. These levels are not connected to the competition rules, other than in descriptions of how the skills are to be performed. Skill levels are useful for helping riders determine a sequence of skills to learn, and to give them ideas for things to try.
In order to be eligible to achieve a level a rider must have passed all previous levels.
All riding skills start with the rider riding forward, seated with both feet on the pedals except for side ride (level 10). All skills end with rider riding forward at least 3 full revolutions of the wheel, seated with both feet on the pedals.
In order to pass an exam a rider must perform all skills in that level at the first attempt, except for a maximum of three skills that must be performed at the second attempt. This allows for three mistakes per level, but no more than one mistake per skill.
The correct execution of the skills is described in Standard Skill Descriptions, section 7.2 in the IUF Regulations For International Competition.
At each level starting from level 3, riders must add one new mount to those they have previously demonstrated. Repeating the same mount with the opposite foot does not constitute a different type of mount. A listing of some of the known mounts can be found in the Standard Skill Descriptions, section 7.2 in the IUF Regulations For International Competition.
To formally achieve a skill level a rider must pass a skill level exam with an authorized examiner. Examiners are authorized by the IUF, the USA or other connected unicycling organizations. If no authorized examiner is available, riders can send a video tape, with no edits per level, to an authorized examiner in their country, or to the IUF Skill Levels and Rules Committee. Videos must clearly show all the necessary details of each skill.
There is also a printer-friendly page of this list.
At the old page you can find the video's in Quicktime, Real, or Windows Media format.


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|Ronnie Spector, Lead Singer of the Ronettes, Passes Away at 78|Dior Has Teamed Up With Technogym for the Ultimate in Fitness Equipment|Tupac Shakur's Sister Claims Executor of Her Mother's Estate Has Embezzled Millions|Andrea Jenkins Becomes the First Transgender Elected Official in U.S.|Samuel L. Jackson to Star in Apple TV's 'The Last Days of Ptolemy Grey'|Dwyane Wade Becomes Part-Owner of Real Salt Lake Major League Soccer Team|Jada Pinkett Smith to Star in Director Matthew A. Cherry's Drama 'Redd Zone'|Black Women Talk Tech Inc. Expands Footprint with New Acquisition|Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley Honored with New Bill|Despite Pandemic Worries, Cancer Screenings for Black Adults Must Persist
Viola Davis: 'Pay Me What I'm Worth'
ABC/YouTube
Academy Award-winning actress Viola Davis has a message for Hollywood: "Give me what I'm worth."
The actress was speaking at a Women in the World event in Los Angeles on Feb. 13 when she spoke candidly about the pay-wage gap between herself and her White counterparts.
"I have a career that's probably comparable to Meryl Streep, Julianne Moore, Sigourney Weaver," said Davis. "I am nowhere near them. Not as far as money, not as far as job opportunities, nowhere close to it."
The Emmy award-winning actress said that she's often compared to Streep, her Doubt co-star and friend.
Video: Zendaya, Timothée Chalamet and Sharon Duncan-Brewster Talk "Dune'
"People say, 'You're a Black Meryl Streep … We love you. There is no one like you," said the Julliard alum. "OK, then if there's no one like me … pay me what I'm worth."
Ronnie Spector, Lead Singer of the Ronettes, Passes Away at 78
Tupac Shakur's Sister Claims Executor of Her Mother's Estate Has Embezzled Millions
Samuel L. Jackson to Star in Apple TV's 'The Last Days of Ptolemy Grey'


text:
Q: Need Ansible playbook inorder to calculate number of users currently login into VPN Writing ansible playbook for "Count number of users currently login to VPN".Using Junos modules as suggested by network team.I have installed below softwares on my RHEL 7 machine with Ansible 2.9 version installed.
Junos Ansible Requirements
===============================
-->Install Dependencies

# pip install ncclient

# pip install junos-eznc

--> Install Juniper.junos Galaxy role

ansible-galaxy install juniper.junos

---> Have NETCONF enabled on Juniper devices over SSH

# set system services netconf ssh

--->(Optional)

#pip install junos-netconify (python lib for juniper console)

Whenever i am writing any playbook, I am getting below error.
Playbook:-
---
- name: Get device uptime
  hosts:
   - dc1
  roles:
   - Juniper.junos
  connection: local
  gather_facts: no

  vars_prompt:
    - name: username
      prompt: Junos Username
      private: no

    - name: password
      prompt: Junos Password
      private: yes

  tasks:
  - name: get uptime using galaxy module
    junos_command:
      commands: show system uptime
    register: uptime

  - name: display uptimes
    debug: var=uptime

Error:-
PLAY [Get device uptime] **************************************************************************************************************

TASK [get uptime using galaxy module] *************************************************************************************************
fatal: [172.16.130.1]: FAILED! => {"changed": false, "msg": "invalid rpc for running in check_mode"}

PLAY RECAP ****************************************************************************************************************************
172.16.130.1               : ok=0    changed=0    unreachable=0    failed=1    skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0

I was just exploring ansible networking commands & got above error.Please suggest what configurations required working with junos.

A: Please find below playbook to check no. of users currently login to VPN:-

*

*name: Get system users currently logged in
hosts: all
connection: local
gather_facts: no
roles:

*

*Juniper.junos
tasks:

*

*name: Retrieve facts from device running Junos OS
juniper_junos_facts:

*name: Print version
debug:
var: junos.fqdn

*name: Run RPC Commands
juniper_junos_command:
commands="show security dynamic-vpn users"
format=text
dest={{ junos.fqdn }}.output

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
let ENDIANNESS_CACHED = ''
const getEndianness = () => {
  if (ENDIANNESS_CACHED === '') {
    ENDIANNESS_CACHED = 'unknown'
    try {
      const uint8Array = new Uint8Array(new ArrayBuffer(2))
      const uint16array = new Uint16Array(uint8Array.buffer)
      uint8Array[ 0 ] = 0xa1 // set first byte
      uint8Array[ 1 ] = 0xb2 // set second byte
      if (uint16array[ 0 ] === 0xb2a1) ENDIANNESS_CACHED = 'little'
      if (uint16array[ 0 ] === 0xa1b2) ENDIANNESS_CACHED = 'big'
    } catch (error) { console.error('[getEndianness]', error) }
  }
  return ENDIANNESS_CACHED
}

const assert = (assertion, ...args) => { // always Error throw (console.assert in Browser do not throw)
  if (assertion) return
  console.error('[ASSERT]', ...args)
  throw new Error(`[ASSERT] ${args.join(', ')}`)
}

export {
  getEndianness,
  assert
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Honoring the fallen: A Memorial Day tribute
While today may mean family gatherings and picnics for some, Memorial Day is a true time to pay tribute to those who died serving in the military.
Author: Ryan Leckey
Published: 6:43 AM EDT May 31, 2021
Updated: 6:43 AM EDT May 31, 2021
While Memorial Day may mean family gatherings and picnics for some, this holiday is a true time to pay tribute to those who died serving in the military.
Newswatch 16's Ryan Leckey shared several tributes on Monday.
According to the U.S. Dept. of Veterans Affairs, Memorial Day was declared a national holiday in 1971.
Some even still refer to it as "Decoration Day."
Even decades later, sometimes there's confusion around exactly what this holiday is all about.
It's definitely a lot more than just cookouts and barbecues.
Memorial Day is a time to pay tribute to the fallen. It's all to honor those who died serving in the military. Many veterans would agree this is not a day to thank a veteran as that federal holiday is on November 11.
Memorial Day is a time to pause and reflect and honor those who died serving our country.
A number of military members would also agree this day is not one to be celebrated more so observed.
It's why many veterans might cringe when they see posts on social media saying "Happy Memorial Day," as this Monday is definitely a somber holiday.
Honoring the fallen in Luzerne County
Ways to celebrate Memorial Day virtually and outdoors
Remembering the true meaning of Memorial Day


60 MMS December 2017 mmsonline.com QUALITY GAGING TIPS Columnist regular cleaning of indicating gages and bench comparators. If the system is an optical-based one, cleaning the optics and lenses is critical, especially when the instrument has been in stor- age for a while. As we often have noted in this column, dirt is the No. 1 enemy of accuracy. Dirt, dust, grit, chips, grease, scum and coolant will interfere with accuracy of optics, gage blocks, indicators and precision comparators. Clean all such instruments thoroughly at each use. Pay special attention to rust preventatives that may have been employed prior to storing the gage, as these can dry out over time and become virtu- ally invisible, yet they still represent a substantial coating if not removed. • Take the same steps to ensure the reliability of the master, whether it is a master disc, master ring, gage block or qualified part. Examine for nicks and scratches and the scars of rough han- dling. Ensure they also have been recently cali- brated and cer tified, and handle them as you would any critical and important standard. After all, they are designed to provide the basis for the precision measurement of the gage. • Double-check that the correct gage is being pulled for the application. Many gages look alike, but they each may have different characteristics based on the par t being measured. Does the gage have the correct contact, gaging force and location of measurement that is required for the part being measured? Finally, if you see a sudden shift in your process during the day, these same basic steps should be part of your troubleshooting routine. In a situ- ation such as this, don't automatically assume your gage is correct just because it has a calibra- tion sticker. Strange things do happen, and you will do well to investigate all possibilities, especially the ones that familiarity or habits can make us overlook. You wouldn't want the pilot of your flight to assume that a strange noise or sudden bump was acceptable. If something seems not quite right, take a step back and find out what's hap- pening and why. Renishaw Inc West Dundee, IL www.renishaw.com RenAM 500M, for a new era of metal additive manufacturing For more information visit www.renishaw.com/additive Renishaw's new metal powder bed fusion additive manufacturing system for industrial production, RenAM 500M, features increased emphasis on automation and reduced operator intervention. The system is the first to be designed and manufactured in-house by Renishaw, applying over 40 years of cross-sector engineering excellence that spans electrical, mechanical and optical technologies.


text:
Drugs Live results: how different types of cannabis affect the brain
New UCL-led research reveals the positive and negative effects of different types of cannabis on the human brain, in a trial broadcast on Channel 4: Drugs Live: Cannabis on Trial.
"Our cannabis research over the last six years has highlighted how different types of cannabis can have different effects," explains Professor Val Curran, Director of the UCL Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, who led the study. "The cannabis plant contains around 100 unique ingredients called 'cannabinoids'. The two most prominent of these are THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol). THC is the stuff that makes you stoned. Our previous research suggests that CBD may be a kind of antidote to some of the harmful effects of THC."
In the study, the team compared the effects of two different types of cannabis. One type has high levels of THC (~13%) but virtually no CBD and is often referred to as 'skunk'. The other type, sometimes called 'hash', generally has a lower level of THC (~6.5%) and substantial amounts of CBD (~8%).
Each of the 21 volunteers went to the laboratory on three separate days and inhaled the placebo, high-potency or low-potency cannabis which had been evaporated into a balloon. Volunteers were given twice as much low-potency cannabis so that the dose from both types of cannabis was about 5mg THC (about a third of a standard 'spliff'). After inhaling the cannabis or placebo, volunteers were asked to perform various tasks, some inside an MRI scanner.
Both types of cannabis were found to significantly increase brain activity when people were listening to music that they enjoyed. People's desire to listen to music rose 55% on cannabis compared with placebo. Cannabis also made participants twice as likely to report hearing voices in random white noise, with 94% participants on cannabis hearing speech compared with 47% of participants on placebo. Cannabis significantly impaired memory, tested by asking people to listen to and repeat short passages.
People use cannabis for different reasons, but many of the effects that people enjoy are still present in low-potency varieties without some of the harms associated with the high-potency varieties.
Professor Val Curran
The high-potency cannabis impaired connectivity in the brain's salience network, which helps to focus different parts of the brain on important tasks. This network is thought to underpin the motivation to turn ideas into action and get things done. These changes may explain why people on high-potency cannabis also performed worse in a test of motivation, which asked them to choose whether put in more effort for greater rewards.
Participants reported more enhanced sound perception on the low-potency cannabis than when on high-potency cannabis or placebo. They had more brain activation in the visual cortex on low-potency cannabis than on placebo, when looking at pictures that they were asked to memorise. They also made fewer errors in remembering those pictures than when on high-potency cannabis.
Blood pressure also varied across the different types, with a mean diastolic blood pressure of 70 for placebo, 74 for low-potency cannabis and 79 for high-potency cannabis.
"We confirmed that CBD helps to counteract some of the negative effects of THC, and for many participants led to a more pleasant experience," says Professor Curran. "People use cannabis for different reasons, but many of the effects that people enjoy are still present in low-potency varieties without some of the harms associated with the high-potency varieties such as skunk. In the UK, 80% of the cannabis sold nowadays is skunk, making it hard for people to access cannabis with a THC-CBD balance.
"The increasing market dominance of skunk over the last decade has occurred alongside an increase in the numbers of people seeking treatment for cannabis addiction. About 10% of cannabis users now fit clinical criteria for addiction to the drug. We are concerned that skunk may be significantly more addictive than other forms of cannabis and that it might provoke greater paranoid episodes and memory loss."
The study forms part of an ongoing research program into the effects of drugs on human cognition, emotion and behaviour at the UCL Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit (CPU), funded primarily by the MRC with additional support from Drug Science and the Beckley Foundation.
Drugs Live on Channel 4
Professor Val Curran's academic profile on IRIS
UCL Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit
Channel 4 presenter Jon Snow inhaling cannabis (courtesy of Channel 4)
Harry Dayantis
Email: h.dayantis [at] ucl.ac.uk


Mike Hommey [:glandium] has approved the revision.
[Feature/Bug causing the regression]: There is no specific issue that is motivating this uplift.
[Is this code covered by automated tests?]: all the tests!
Attachment #9009577 - Flags: approval-mozilla-beta?
Sorry I didn't notice this earlier -- why is libcxx still on trunk?
No good reason, do you want me to fix that?
Yeah we should be consistent.
Uplift approved for 63 beta 9, thanks.


PIE Shop is a manufacturing-focused incubator and community facility located in Portland's Central Eastside with the goal of getting IoT products from concept to their first 1,000 units. Our goal is build the next generation of IoT companies here in Portland.
PIE Shop exists to connect new and old makers with the tools and expertise they need to imagine a product and successfully bring it to market. It will also empower the labor force with a series of vocational training programs and certification.
For more information, see Malia Spencer's coverage of the R/GA accelerator and PIE Shop.


My boss told me: - Do you think you can come at the office on Saturday? I know it's your day off and maybe you have plans, but I need you! - OK, no problem, I said. But there's probably going to be a lot of traffic so I might be late. - So when will you be here? - Monday.


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Feeling inspired by Claire's boudoir experience? We're privileged to offer one reader and 10 runner ups the same experience with the incredible Divine Divas! Plus the overall winner will also receive a wall art worth £495.
A boudoir experience is a chance to try something new, be pampered, build your confidence and learn something new about yourself. It truly is a day like no other, one you will reflect on fondly for years and years to come.
The 3 hour boudoir experience includes hair styling, makeup and a photoshoot worth £50.
The overall winner, in addition to the experience, will also win a wall art worth £495. 10 runner ups will receive £50 off any images in addition to the experience. To enter, simply complete the form below and look out for extra ways to enter over social media.


The month of April is a great time to get involved and help make a difference in your community. Here are 6 easy steps to get you started giving back.
First, choose a cause or charity that you're passionate about and start advocating for it in your daily life through social media, conversations with friends and family, adjustments to your habits, etc.
We offer the cheapest international and domestic ticket prices, which you can book online or after arriving.
A great way to give back is by helping a neighbor in need. Cook a meal or mow the lawn for someone in your community who could use some help.
The more people you've got behind you, the bigger impact you can make! Get a group together and tackle a cause one Saturday each month.
When you've found a group that does good in your community, don't keep it to yourself. Spread the word to colleagues, family and neighbors and encourage them to participate.
Giving back really does feel good. And once you start, you may never want to stop. So, do your best to volunteer or donate on a regular basis – it'll become a habit in no time.


text:
Assam Becomes The Most Vulnerable State For Japanese Encephalitis (JE)
GUWAHATI: With death of several persons every year since 2013, Assam has now become the most vulnerable State in the country for Japanese Encephalitis (JE).
Till a few years ago the disease was confined only to a few districts in Upper Assam. But now several districts in lower Assam and Barak Valley are witnessing outbreak of JE, the development posed as a major challenge for the Health department.
In 2013, 134 people died of Japanese Encephalitis, 165 died in 2014, 135 in 2015, 92 in 2016, 87 in 2017 and 94 in 2018. Sources told The Sentinel that if the unreported cases of JE are taken into account the death will be much higher than the official figures. The death toll this year has already crossed 50.
"Outbreak of Japanese Encephalitis was confined mostly to the Upper Assam districts till 2015. But now the situation has changed and there have been outbreak of the disease in lower Assam and even the Barak valley districts. Change of pattern of JE outbreak has made Assam the most vulnerable State," the source said. According to records available with the Union Health Ministry, the outbreak of JE in other States, including West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar are confined to a few pockets.
A senior doctor of medicine at Gauhati Medical College & Hospital said going by the pattern of outbreak of JE it is feared that the disease could now affect the entire populace of the State. "This is a new challenge for the healthcare providers," he said.
The doctor said each fresh outbreak involves a complex chain — transfer of virus from wild water birds (hosts) to mosquitoes (vectors) to pigs (amplifying hosts, where the virus reproduces heavily) to mosquitoes to humans (who do not infect other humans).
"The disease can be prevented by controlling the mosquito population, isolating pigs and avoiding mosquito bites through use of repellents, nets, long-sleeved clothes, coils and vaporizers," the doctor said. There is no antiviral treatment of the disease. Doctors try to relieve symptoms and stabilize the patient.
The doctor appealed to the people not to ignore fever. "When a person suffers from fever he should immediately visit his nearest health centre instead of taking medicines from pharmacy," he said, adding that delay in treatment may make a case critical.
Sources said that ten high endemic districts – Sivasagar Barpeta, Nagaon, Sonitpur, Darrang, Udalguri, Bongaigaon, Cachar, Morigaon, Nalbari, have been included under the multi-pronged strategy adopted for prevention and control of JE. These districts have also been covered under adult vaccination campaign to prevent the disease.
Also Read: Patients suffering from Japanese Encephalitis to avail special ICU support in Assam
TagsJapanese Encephalitis
Union Jal Shakti Minister Gajendra Singh Shekhawat Reviews Flood Situation
GUWAHATI: Union Jal Shakti Minister Gajendra Singh Shekhawat visited Assam on Tuesday for a first-hand assessment of the flood situation. The Minister was...
Funds For Floods: Centre Releases Rs 251.55 Crore of SDRF
Staff Reporter GUWAHATI: The Centre has released Rs 251.55 crore as the first installment of SDRF (State Disaster Response Fund) for the year 2019-20. The...
Coal scam: Wait For Prosecution Sanctions Lingers
Staff Reporter GUWAHATI: The CID's wait for prosecution sanctions against 11 accused in the coal scam from the departments concerned is becoming far too long...
New Medical College In NE: Centre To Bear 90% of Total Expenditure,10% By States
STAFF REPORTER GUWAHATI: The Centre will bear 90 percent of the total expenditure to be required in setting up new medical colleges in the north-eastern States...
Committee To Implement Clause 6 of Assam Accord
STAFF REPORTER GUWAHATI: The Centre has reconstituted the high-level committee on the implementation of Clause 6 of the Assam Accord with new members. Clause 6...
Assam Artistes Win Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards
STAFF REPORTER GUWAHATI: Renowned dancer and choreographer Jatin Goswami has been selected for the prestigious Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellow or Akademi Ratna...
Brimming With Ideas: Modi 2.0 Government Sets Targets For Ministries
NEW DELHI: With pressure on the Modi 2.0 government to deliver on poll promises, all the ministries have been directed to create dashboards on key target areas...
Prime Minister Narendra Modi Takes Stock of Flood Situation
OUR BUREAU GUWAHATI/NEW DELHI: Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Monday called Chief Minister Sarbananda Sonowal and took stock of the ongoing flood situation in...
Will Myself Decide On My Successor: Dalai Lama
DHARAMSALA: Tibetan spiritual leader the Dalai Lama, respected by millions as a living god, who has been caught in a controversy over his recent joke that his...
90% of KNP (Kaziranga National Park) And 85% of Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary Under Water
GUWAHATI: The surging waters have wreaked havoc in the KNP (Kaziranga National Park) and Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary making wild animals run helter-skelter for...
Punjab Chief Minister Amarinder Singh Seeks All-Party Meet On Water Crisis
NEW DELHI: Punjab Chief Minister Amarinder Singh on Monday suggested an all- party meeting chaired by the Prime Minister to evolve a consensus and formulate a ...
Lok Sabha Passes National Investigation Agency (Amendment) Bill
NEW DELHI: The Lok Sabha on Monday passed the National Investigation Agency (Amendment) Bill, 2019 that will also allow the probe agency to probe terror cases...
River Linking: MPs In Rajya Sabha Want Discussion
NEW DELHI: Amid the intensifying water crisis in the country, MPs in the Rajya Sabha during "zero hour" on Monday raised the issue of inter-linking of rivers...
Information About How To Avail EWS Quota
Lying outside the reservation bracket (SC, ST and OBC) and the gross annual income of your family is less than Rs 8 lakh (in case of Central quota) or Rs 6...
Assam Accord Relevant; Implementation Department Has Become Irrelevant!
GUWAHATI: For the last 33 years, the Assam Accord has been considered as one of the most sacrosanct documents in the State. Agitations were launched and many...
Tricksters Bleed Farmers Dry, Defraud Rs 10 Crore
Indian Newspaper Society (INS) Plea On Customs Duty For Newsprint


Angela Merkel is pressuring Russian President Vladimir Putin to investigate and put a stop to reported abuses of the LGBTQ community in Chechnya.
The German chancellor, visiting Russia for the first time in two years, said she raised the issue with Putin, along with other human rights issues, during a meeting. In a joint press conference with Putin in Sochi held afterward, she made clear that Germany is taking the reports seriously and urges Russia, of which Chechnya is a federal subject, to do likewise.
Gay and bisexual men in Chechnya are being detained, beaten, and killed, and the Chechen president is reportedly trying to purge the country of queer men by Ramadan, which takes place at the end of this month.
Chechen and Russian officials are denying the reports.
A small group of demonstrators protesting the treatment of LGBTQ people in Chechnya were arrested this week by Russian police.
"I pointed out again how important demonstration rights are in a civil society, how important the role of NGOs are, and in particular that we are getting negative reports about how gay people are being treated in Chechnya," Merkel said, Putin standing right beside her.
"I asked Vladimir Putin to use his influence to protect these minority rights, as it is being done in the case of the Jehovah's Witnesses," she continued.
The Russian Supreme Court recently ruled that the country's branch of Jehovah' Witnesses was extremists, and that it was to be disbanded and its assets seized.


Vezi Acum Midsomer Murders S06E01 - A Talent for Life Online Subtitrat in romana calitate HD. Midsomer Murders S06E01 - A Talent for Life este un episod lansat pe 3 ianuarie 2003 super! Vezi acum online gratuit!
Accusations of unsportsmanlike conduct on the river are bedevilling the Midsomer game fishermen, and Barnaby has to interview elegant widow Isobel Hewitt, a spendthrift, fast-living, Jaguar-driving 75-year-old, when another lady fly-fisher accuses her of a violent assault. Then first Isobel and later her fellow villager Dr Duncan Goff are found on the river-bank with their skulls smashed in, and there is no shortage of suspects - including an antique dealer who apparently specializes in befriending elderly widows. The picture is confused when one of the suspects, chef-restaurateur Keith Scholey, is found frozen to death in his walk-in deep freeze, with the lock of the door jammed by a nail. Troy has a theory that Scholey was the killer and has made his suicide look like murder, but will that be the end of the affair?
Distribuie sau scrie parerea ta despre episodul Midsomer Murders S06E01 - A Talent for Life.


Today I'm very excited to finally share with you my new MOC, after 1 month of work on it. I really wanted to see what would happen if I made a car without a WIP topic, like how @Charbel released his superb Volcano RS Supercar. So it all started back when I got inspiration from @Madoca 1977's Corvette and Supercar, and @Fosapifi's Porsche Spyder. I wanted to make a car around that scale. My other main goal was a robust chassis. So it began with a small independent front suspension, then a chassis with that, a rear live axle, mini engine, and 2-speed gearbox. Soon a body was created and I thought I was almost done. But then there was trouble. I realized the serious problem, the engine's crankshaft, when a section was sticking out the lowest, pushed on the axle that drove the gears that drove the wheels. This suspension was used. When it hit that axle it bounced, creating a rough ride all the time. So I replaced that with a solid diff, and it was smooth sailing, err, building, from there.
So here we are. I am also happy to share this because I managed to get some pictures I am very proud of, with a very-close-to-white background!
With the wheel arches removed, it looks like a Toyota AE86 drift car, probably due to the square shape.
Please tell me what you think of it! Have a great day!
The chassis is great, but the body work could use a little touch-up here or there. Nice work!
Cool model, the functions and chassis are good, but there a few holes in the bodywork that could maybe be fixed up.
Where do you live? The terrain in the outdoor photos (which are excellent) looks very similar to the hills near my home.
Nice work, but I don't think the spoiler should be blue... it would be better in red or black.
I also think the body could do with some filling in, but I do like the engine!
I need those wheels! They are a good wheel for vehicles that size, and yours is excellent.
@mocbuild101 Thanks, I forgot to share the picture of the black spoiler.
Thanks everyone! Here are some pictures of the body filled in. I'll admit it makes a bigger difference I imagined.
Nicely done. Everything is super compact, must be tough building on that scale. Keep it up!
It's amazing how such a small thing can make so much difference!
Thanks! You are correct, some of the aspects of this model were hard to make.


Taste Quality at Jaya Grocer's Taste New Zealand Food Fair!
Have you heard about the very popular Taste New Zealand Food Fair? Well, it's back, organized by New Zealand Trade and Enterprise (NZTE), Taste New Zealand will be held at all 19 Jaya Grocer outlets nationwide from 3rd May to 21st May 2017. What is there to look forward to? Over 150 New Zealand products, with 30 new exclusive products featured! Be spoilt for choice. Read on.
Taste New Zealand Food Fair offers quality, honest products comprising a delectable selection of new artisanal treats, guilt-free chocolates, premium New Zealand apples and kiwifruits. I have a whole lot of it at my home now, and it's awesome I tell you.
New Zealand Fair, Be There!
At the fair too, customers who spend RM50 in a single receipt at Jaya Grocer Taste New Zealand will be able to redeem an exclusive 60th Anniversary themed shopping bag and enter a lucky draw contest. The grand prize winner will win RM888 worth of New Zealand products!
If you haven't tried New Zealand's leading dairy brands, Fonterra - Anlene Heart-Plus, then you must! It is the only high calcium milk in Malaysia with dual action formula that supports greater mobility (MoveMax) and heart health (HeartMax). he MoveMax formulation contains important nutrients such as magnesium, zinc, and Vitamins B, C, D & E to help care for bones, joints and muscles, while the HeartMax formulation contains Omega 3 (DHA + EPA), plant sterol, potassium, Vitamin B12 and folic acid that enables optimal cholesterol levels, blood pressures and blood sugar levels.
Who doesn't love themselves some good ol high quality chocolates? At the fair, be on the look out for two new Whittaker's' new artisanal varieties – Fijian Ginger and Kerikeri Mandarin; a rich 62% dark chocolate infused with mandarin paired with luscious, crystalized ginger. I tried out the limited edition Sharebags – Whittaker's Tweats of creamy milk chocolate with popping candy, and it's the best!
Be sure to get New Zealand's No. 1 Biscuit Brand, Griffin too! Made with real New Zealand milk and milk chocolate, these are really delightful biscuits! With over 150 products featured at Taste New Zealand, experience and taste quality at all 19 Jaya Grocer outlets from 3rd - 21st May 2017. Remember to follow them at www.facebook.com/newzealandfood for more information!
Whitaker's is very popular but no, not for old folks like me, sweet.


text:
Cluster of Excellence Internet of Production
You Are Here: Collaboration between Seoul National University and RWTH strengthened
The Cluster of Excellence
Collaboration between Seoul National University and RWTH strengthened
You Are Here:Collaboration between Seoul National University and RWTH strengthened
The Internet of Production (IoP) in selected Media
Seminar at the SNU
On June 26, Matthias Brockmann, Managing Diretor of the Cluster of Excellence, gave a lecture on the topic of interdisciplinary learning and hosted a seminar on the topic of "Internet of Production-Research Roadmap of RWTH Aachen University for Industrie 4.0" at Seoul National University within the framework of his stay abroad in Korea. The lecture was given with professors and students of the SNU as well as industry representatives present.
The focal point of the international meeting was the broad range of opportunities and possibilities of international collaboration. Seoul National University is handeled as one of the most prestigious universities in Asia and is characterized by a high involvement in the research of textile technology and the affiliated industry. The cooperation with RWTH University's competences in the field of manufacturing technology and robotic, which has been stabilised by a proposal on the topic of World Wide Lab, opens up new possibilities of international technical collaboration and cooperation. Matthias Brockmann assesses the meeting as a valuable opportunity for streghtening the bond between the German and Korean research collaboration: "The collaborative research is to be strengthend especially by means of our 'Memorandum of Understanding' with Seoul National University as one of the leading technical Universities in Korea. The competences of Korean universities in the field of Information and Communication Technology are important factors of the international research collaboration."
Scientific Cooperation Portal
Faculty of Georesources and Materials Engineering
Faculty of Arts and Humanities


The Superwinch line of hydraulic winches provides you with a continuous duty solution to your winching requirements.
They were designed with the toughest commercial/industrial applications in mind.
Available in a full range of planetary and worm-gear drives with capabilities from 8,000 to 30,000 pounds.
load holding brakes, and LCV to give you precise control of your load. When the job is on the line, look no further than Superwinch.


text:
American Musicals: the Complete Books and Lyrics of Eight Broadway Classics, 1927-1949
Home » Literature » Library Of America
The Broadway musical is one of America's great indigenous popular forms, a glorious hybrid that emerged "out of our speech, our tempo, our moral attitudes, our way of moving" (as Leonard Bernstein put it). Now, in this first volume of a landmark two-volume collection, The Library of America presents eight enduring masterpieces charting the Broadway musical's narrative tradition from the groundbreaking Show Boat (1927) through the start of the genre's Golden Age in 1949. Based on new research, this historic collection presents the complete libretto of each musical in its Broadway opening night version, making these beloved stories available as never before. Irving Berlin and Moss Hart's As Thousands Cheer is published here for the first time. Show Boat and Pal Joey are presented in newly restored versions. South Pacific returns to print for the first time in decades.
Each of these classic musicals has evolved over time, receiving many important revivals and new productions. This Library of America volume offers readers unprecedented insight into this living history with a selection of hard-to-find or previously unpublished supplementary items, including lyrics of songs dropped out-of-town or added in later revivals. Lavishly illustrated with 32 pages of photographs and other images drawn from the original productions, this volume also contains biographical sketches of the book writers and lyricists; cast lists and other information about the shows' Broadway openings; and detailed accounts of the path each show took on the road to Broadway.
AMERICAN MUSICALS 1927-1949 contains:
Book and lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II - Music by Jerome Kern
As Thousands Cheer
Lyrics and music by Irving Berlin - Sketches by Moss Hart
Book by John O'Hara - Music by Richard Rodgers - Lyrics by Lorenz Hart
Music by Richard Rodgers - Book and lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II
Book and lyrics by Betty Comden and Adolph Green - Music by Leonard Bernstein
Finian's Rainbow
Music by Burton Lane - Lyrics by E. Y. Harburg - Book by Fred Saidy and E. Y. Harburg
Kiss Me, Kate
Music and lyrics by Cole Porter - Book by Sam[uel] and Bella Spewack
LIBRARY OF AMERICA is an independent nonprofit cultural organization founded in 1979 to preserve our nation's literary heritage by publishing, and keeping permanently in print, America's best and most significant writing. The Library of America series includes more than 300 volumes to date, authoritative editions that average 1,000 pages in length, feature cloth covers, sewn bindings, and ribbon markers, and are printed on premium acid-free paper that will last for centuries.
Laurence Maslon


Imagine a dream that you can control. Lucid dreaming is when you are aware that you're dreaming and, to a certain extent, you're able to control the development of the dream. Because dreams are an integral part of your emotional stability, mastering "the art" of lucid dreaming has possible therapeutic potential.
The earliest study done on the subject was by Stephen LaBerge at Stanford University Sleep Research Center in 1980. In the study, he was able to demonstrate that time perception is the same during dreams as it is during wakefulness. Over the years, he developed and solidified his research into a concise program called "The Lucidity Institute." The program has received praise as well as criticism, but it is worthy of some observations.
How can lucid dreaming help us?
LaBerge claims that if we can maintain awareness during the time of dreams and then learn to alter the contents of the dream, we can do much to conquer our fears and alter their impact, especially the anxiety that daily events can cause us. If you know you are experiencing a dream, then the rules of the "real world" no longer apply and you are free to do "impossible things" (like change the dream script or the outcome). Some experts claim that lucid dreaming has the potential for promoting personal growth and self-development, enhancing self-confidence, and facilitating creative problem-solving.
It's been suggested that trying to manipulate one's dreams can have some less-than-optimal consequences. A bad dream is a symptom of something upsetting, so some believe that we should pay attention to the matter rather than attempt, through dream manipulation, to avoid it. A bad dream can represent conflict that was not resolved during your waking hours, and conflict should be faced and managed or resolved. The therapeutic goal of dreaming is to manage stress and conflict so you're not left with emotional instability. That means that a bad dream has a purpose, and altering the dream could have a negative outcome.
When a particular nightmare is recurring and disruptive, there is a role for lucid dreaming in the sense that manipulating the ending of the nightmare may reduce the emotional effects, especially the disruptive impact on the person during waking hours.
Another psychological technique similar to lucid dreaming is called "narrative therapy." The goal of this therapy is to reduce the impact that the bad dream has, typically on depression and other problems, in waking life. This technique involves remembering the dream, and then having conversations about the distressing contents of the bad dream.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in which the same frightening experience keeps occurring through a dream is perhaps the best example of when lucid dreaming may have therapeutic use. In this case, the therapy involves conscious reenactment of this (nightmarish) dream with an attempt to alter the ending to remove the anxiety-provoking element of the dream. This technique is called imagery-rehearsal therapy.
Functional MRIs can capture the activity of the pre-frontal cortex during periods of stress — for example, in a threatening situation. During dreams that are instigated by this anxiety-provoking situation, this same threatening situation produces less lasting anxiety, which means it is an optimal time to manipulate the scene playing out during the dream for a better resolution.
If an individual can master lucid dreaming, they may have the opportunity to reduce the excess anxiety that often persists with repeated bad dreams. You resolve the anxiety-provoking dreams by directing the new ending.
How do you learn to dream lucidly?
Clearly, it takes training to develop these awareness skills.
In the first part of LaBerge's program, individuals are trained to form the habit of examining the environment that accompanies a state of awareness during the day. Someone who is a lucid dreamer develops a much higher level of awareness and it is this newly developed hyper-awareness that is credited with improving working memory. The program is based on the hope that these new mental habits routinely practiced during the day can continue in the dream phase at night. The second part of the program is to consistently remind yourself as you are falling asleep that when you dream, you realize that you are dreaming.
For the program to be effective, you also need to get enough sleep consistently. Sleep deprivation results in a lower proportion of REM phase sleep. It takes at least 90 minutes to enter REM from the start of sleep, and then the REM phase only lasts a few minutes. Then there needs to be another cycle before REM occurs again.
Because REM is often called "wakeful sleep," it is the ideal time to manipulate dreams or to utilize the lucid dreaming technique. That's one of the more critical roles that adequate hours of sleep plays in this program: You need enough REM phases to complete the dream and its manipulation.
Lucid dreaming is just one example of the potential ways that more research can help to reveal opportunities to manipulate components of sleep; and doing say may help treat or reverse certain psychological and even physical conditions.


text:
Q: Android: Viewing Two Activities in One Screen I'm looking for the simplest way to have two activities displayed at once, so that one Activity always remains visible, and the other changes with user interaction.
In other words:

*

*I currently have code for a program with several Activities.

*The user can navigate between these activities.

*I want to add a new Activity that will always be visible alongside what I already have.

*When the user navigates from the current Activity to another one, this new "side Activity" will remain visible.

I've seen many different ideas for doing something similar, but haven't been able to adapt them to my needs.
Any help would be appreciated.

A: None of what you want is possible with activities. The closest thing is using themes so that your "side activity" is partially visible behind other non-full-screen activities. However, getting this to work properly on a wide range of screen sizes will be difficult, and managing your task stack to pull this off does not strike me as being much fun.
You should be able to create something that resembles what you seek with the proper application of fragments, but you will wind up with one large activity and a bunch of fragments, as opposed to a bunch of activities.
At the activity level, Android is not designed for some persistent element that you seek.

A: You can achieve something that is similar to what you want (in terms of what the user sees). But it wouldn't be actually two activities running.
Check Fragments Documentation. I think you want to use two fragments: one on the top of the screen and another one on the bottom.

A: Like others have said, you can't have multiple Activities on screen at once.  However, you could refactor your separate activities into Views, then show a single Activity with one persistent View alongside a group of swappable Views (managed by tabs or ViewFlipper).