text:
New evidence of hostile behaviour by Home Office against international students
On Thursday 18 July, the APPG on TOEIC (All-Party Parliamentary Group on Test of English for International Communication) launched a report that reveals new evidence that the Home Office has taken rash and unnecessarily hostile action against international students accused of cheating on the TOEIC test in 2014, and that key parts of the Department's response have been covered up.
The report also concludes that the evidence used by the Home Office to revoke the visas of tens of thousands of international students was "confused, misleading, incomplete and unsafe".
The report is the result of four evidence sessions, where affected students, legal experts, technical experts and third sector representatives were questioned by members of the APPG. This included Migrant Voice Director Nazek Ramadan. (Migrant Voice is the Secretariat to the APPG on TOEIC, offering advice and administrative support.)
From the foreword by Stephen Timms MP, Chair of the APPG on TOEIC:
"One thing that struck me throughout our hearings was that evidence from ETS – the basis for denying visas to thousands of overseas students, often with catastrophic effects – quite simply could not be relied upon. The inquiry concluded that the evidence used against the students was confused, misleading, incomplete and unsafe…
"Some students have – at great cost – managed to clear their names. However, universities still see them as a risk due to the nature of the allegations made against them. As things stand, and without help from the Government, their futures remain bleak. This report sets out crucial steps we believe the Government must now take."
Nazek Ramadan, Director of Migrant Voice said:
"This report reveals shocking new evidence that the Home Office ignored expert advice, relied on dodgy evidence and took action against students they claimed were treated fairly – and that the Department continues to cover up the full extent of those blunders.
"The result was that tens of thousands of people have spent five years living a nightmare. One student told the APPG that the allegation was like a cancer that had infected his whole family.
"We welcome the Home Secretary's announcement that he plans to make a statement on this matter before the summer recess, and we urge him to read this report and its recommendations before he makes his final decisions. He does have the power to put this right."
Some of the key new findings:
- At a confidential meeting of experts in August 2014, Home Office officials disclosed that they were unsure whether the evidence against the students was robust enough to stand up in court and asked whether it should be "shored up" or "redone". This was after thousands of students had already had action taken against them on the basis of that evidence. The Home Office ignored the advice of the experts at that meeting and are still refusing to admit publicly that the meeting ever happened.
- The Home Office has relied extensively on a 2016 report by Professor Peter French, which concluded that the rate of "false positives" (individuals wrongly identified as having cheated) in the ETS checking process would be less than 1%. In evidence to the APPG, French stressed that his conclusion was only correct "if the results that ETS had given the Home Office were correct". As detailed in the report, all of the experts questioned the reliability of those results, casting significant doubt on the usefulness of that statistic, used so heavily by the Home Office in their defence. French also cautioned against using his conclusion to argue that any particular student cheated, an approach the Home Office has used consistently.
- The Home Office has repeatedly insisted that 'questionable' students – those who may have cheated, according to the ETS evidence – had no action taken against them without being offered the chance to sit a new test. New evidence reveals that lists of students accused of cheating sent by the Home Office to institutions where they were enrolled did not distinguish between 'invalid' and 'questionable' students. They were all thrown out and therefore liable to removal from the UK.
- According to one lawyer – who has dealt with around 100 TOEIC cases – the Government "pioneered a process that made it as difficult" as possible for those accused of TOEIC fraud to clear their names, said Barrister Michael Biggs. They were left with "no effective remedy".
- The Chair (Home Office official Peter Millington) of a working group designed to support students indirectly impacted by the TOEIC allegations refused to send a letter from members of the group raising concerns about the lack of support being offered "on the basis that he couldn't write such a letter to his boss". The concerns were never addressed and, before its termination just a few months later, the group helped just 300 out of 68,000 affected students.
- Students who have won their cases are still being denied access to UK education institutions, with rulings in their favour not regarded as "clear judgements" and their immigration records seen as a threat to the institution's licence. At least one university has also refused help to a former student wrongly accused of cheating on the basis that to do so would be a threat to their licence.
The recommendations:
1. There must be no further detentions or forced removals of students accused of cheating in a TOEIC test;
2. People who lost their visas because ETS accused them of cheating should be allowed to sit a new, secure English language test, and, if they pass, their previous visa status (or today's equivalent) should be restored without charge, valid for at least 12 months;
3. The immigration record of every person who passes the new test should make clear that the allegation of cheating no longer stands;
4. Higher and further education institutions should be advised that the TOEIC allegation, and related issues such as a break in studies, should be wholly disregarded in assessing applications from these students;
5. A working group should be established to support students and facilitate their return to study, to support those on work or entrepreneur visas to find new jobs or restart their businesses, and to monitor this support process, with representatives from Home Office, UKVI, Department of Education, Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, UCAS, relevant third sector and student support organisations, and students themselves;
6. Financial support should be provided to enable students who lost their fees as a result of a TOEIC allegation to complete their studies;
7. The Home Office should work with High Commissions in relevant countries, including Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India, to ensure that those who have returned home or been forcibly removed are informed about these arrangements.


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Q: javascript empty an array and validation I'm trying to load some content via Ajax and fancybox, I have a problem establishing a validation before fetching the content. I'm trying to check if the array has some value first, and does not equal the default first dropdown option, then proceed.
My first element of the dropdown is the Select Object with a value Object, but for example if I select X, content will load, then if I select Object, the validation is not working, and content for the last selection is loading.
HTML
<select  id="sat" onChange="get_bm(this.value)">
<option value="Object" selected="selected">Object Name</option>
<option value="X" selected="selected">X</option>
<option value="Y" selected="selected">Y</option>
</select>

<input name="Btn" class="toolsMenu channel fancybox.ajax" href="content.php"  onclick="get_info()"/>

Javascript
function get_info(){

var Satquery = new Array();  //create Array with two dropdown selections
var bm = document.getElementById("bm").value; //Get Dropdown1 value
var sat = document.getElementById("sat").value;  // Get Dropdown2 value
Satquery [0] = bm;
Satquery [1] = sat;

if (Satquery[1] !== 'Object' || Satquery[0] !== null ){    //Here some validation that its not empty and does not equal the default selection option

  $(".channel").fancybox({
    ajax : {
        type : "POST",
        data : "Sat="+Satquery
    },
        fitToView   : true,
    autoDimensions : true,
    closeClick  : false,
    openEffect  : 'none',
    closeEffect : 'none'
});

  }

Satquery =[]; /// Here Im trying to empty the array after each click because if I select again 'Select object' with value 'Object' the validation is not working and content for last selected item is being loaded..
  }

A: Replace "OR" with "AND".
Change
if (Satquery[1] !== 'Object' || Satquery[0] !== null )

to
if (Satquery[1] !== 'Object' && Satquery[0] !== null )

or even
if (Satquery[1] !== 'Object' && Satquery[0])

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Hello! My name is Rachel, and I love coffee, whiteboards, and making awesome things.
I am a storyteller, a breakfast enthusiast, a boxer, and an aspiring novelist. I'm also a fire fighter's daughter, a sister to an Army ranger, and someone who thinks about the kind of world I want my someday-family to live in.
After graduating with a degree in design and web development, I made the jump into the advertising world in New York City, where I produced a wide variety of projects—from unconventional digital experiences and branded content to traditional advertising mediums, such as print and broadcast. I now work as a human-obsessed designer & engineer focused on making the world better by making better things. I am currently a MS Fellow with the IDM program at MIT in Cambridge, MA.
I think best with a pencil in my hand, strive to learn from everyone I encounter, and never take myself too seriously. I hope to give a TED talk some day—Here's to doing something worth talking about.
I am an enthusiastic "maker" with experience in advertising, interaction design, film, and product design. I began my career as an art director for an advertising agency in New York City, where I produced a wide variety of projects—from unconventional digital experiences and branded content to traditional advertising mediums. I'm currently building my skills as a human-obsessed engineer focused on making the world better by making better things. I am currently a MS Fellow with the IDM program at MIT in Cambridge, MA.
Developed, prototyped and tested new product concepts. Proactively developed a framework for strategic brainstorming across multiple engineering teams.
Delivered trend analysis and design research as part of a small, interdisciplinary product team.
Generated and executed conceptual advertising campaigns for General Electric, Visa,Tropicana, and The American Red Cross.
I formed and led a group of student designers to create branding, direct mail and promotional materials for non-profit clients, as well as an annual report for national business competitions.
Rachel Moore is an M.S. Fellow at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Cambridge, MA.


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R&O employees spent innumerable extra hours in attention to special requests from the school district. They were tremendously patient and showed their commitment to providing the owner/client with the best product possible by expending many hours above and beyond what was required.
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The primary reasons R&O was selected for our project was that your team demonstrated an understanding of our vision, the partnerships we wanted to create and our desire to mitigate any impact to the fully operating mall (600,000 SF mall with several major anchors), this was in addition to your decades of retail experience and excellent reputation. Further R&O assigned the resources in concert with the needs of the project and us (the developers) in order to accomplish the project both per our leasing obligations as well as within budget, all of which was done during one of the most difficult economic periods our country has ever experienced.


text:
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Box Vale Tramway Trail
Box Vale Tramway Trail - Trail Description
Type: Tramway trail
Location: Near Mittagong, Southern Highlands, South of Sydney
Start/end: Mittagong to
Length open: 4.5km
Surface: Compacted earth
Terrain: flat to slight incline
Public transport: Train
Contact Region: Country NSW & ACT
Approaching the tunnel (Feb 2018)
Creek crossing at start of Trail. Railway bridge is missing. (Feb 2018)
Visit this former railway line used to transport coal from the Natti Region to the main southern line at Mittagong.
Travelling from the north (Sydney) by road, turn left off the F6 Hume Freeway at Mittagong (in Southern Highlands some 111 km south of Sydney), drive through the township of Mittagong, bear right along the old Hume Highway in middle of the township, follow it until it crosses the new Hume Freeway at Welby. Turn right almost immediately along a dirt roadway. After 100 meters bear left at a small roadway entrance marked Box Vale Walking Track or similar. You will now enter a well defined car parking area at the trail head in what is known as the Mt Alexander Reserve.
Travelling from the south, turn off the F6 Hume Freeway at the Mittagong sign. This will exit you onto the old Hume Highway at Welby. Directly opposite this intersection proceed along a dirt road. After 100 meters bear left at a small roadway entrance marked Box Vale Walking Track or similar. You will now enter a well defined car parking area at the trail head and be in what is known as the Mt Alexander Reserve.
In June 2011 there was no toilet or water provided at this trail head. The Trail commences downhill at a location interprative sign. Take your own water on this journey.
Located in State Forest, the Box Vale track was a narrow gauge tramway created to service a coal mine in Box Vale Creek. The tramway and its bridges are long gone but the cuttings, embankments and an 84m-long tunnel remain. The trail is located in the scenic Nattai River Valley and features cuttings,a tunnel, passes an old dam.
Much of these original railway formations have been overrun by Mother Nature but it remains an easy 4.5km one-way walk or cycle (beware: mountain bikes for experienced users only). The track was constructed for and is best suited for walking. At the end of the track are some picnic tables and a superb lookout over the Nattai River. Return is via the same path. Suitable all seasons but best in spring.
The line, of standard gauge, was built in 1888 to carry coal mined in Nattai Gorge the seven klms to the main southern Line at Mittagong. The line passes through several cuttings and a tunnel 84 metres in length. It ends at the "incline", by which coal was brought up from the gorge. The Colliery probably had its heyday in 1888, when 100 tons of coal per week were shipped to Melbourne during a coal strike. The Colliery was closed in 1896 and the tramway (railway) abandoned. The last part of the line was opened as a walking track in 1996. Design and finance were by Nowra Lands Office. The construction was done by wards of the State from Toombong School, the Mount Alexandra Committee and people employed under the Community Employment Programme.
Macarthur Bushwalkers & BUG
Email or click here: nsw@railtrails.org.au.
Box Vale Tramway Trail - Photos
Creek crossing at start of Trail. ...
Information sign at trailhead (Feb
The Casuarina Cutting (Feb 2018)
Sign at Trail Head
One of the many embankments (Feb 20
On the embankment approaching the t ...
View from Nattai Gorge Lookout (Feb
The Tree Fern Cutting (Feb 2018)
Along the Trail
Tunnel approaching
Old Formation
11 February , 2015 by cascho
I was on this trail this morning (Wednesday 11th 2015) – firstly it is walking trail for hikers. You can mountain bike it – but the first section to actually get to the tramway is not suited to anyone who isn't an excellent mountain bike rider with a lot of experience. The trail is actually one of the most interesting rail trails I have been on, because of the cuttings and tunnel you pass through – so far none of the other trails I have done come close to depth of the cuttings and the tunnel. The view at the end is reasonable, but the trail is almost over grown in parts and sometimes it is difficult to distinguish the overgrown trail from the dirt roads where they cross. If you go early morning before anyone else, watch out for spider webs.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
That Happy Expectation
"For the saving grace of God made its advent to all humanity, training us that, disowning irreverence and worldly desires, we should be living sanely and justly and devoutly in the current eon, anticipating that happy expectation, even the advent of the glory of the great God, and our Saviour Jesus Christ..." Titus 2:11-14
Life After Death? Part 2: The State of the Dead
In Job 14:10 the following question is asked: "Man breathes his last, and where is he?" Job is speaking of human beings in general here. Before we hear his answer, let's first take a look at what the Bible says elsewhere about the location of people after they breathed their last.
When Abraham breathed his last, where does Scripture say he went? In Genesis 15:15, God tells Abraham, "You shall go to your fathers in peace; you shall be buried in a good old age." In this verse, what does the pronoun "you" refer to? Well, we know that it was a corporeal being that was "buried." So unless God's talking to two different persons here (he's not), we can conclude that it was this same corporeal being that went to his fathers in peace. In Genesis 25:8, we read, "Then Abraham breathed his last, and died in a good old age - an old man full of years. And he was gathered to his people."[1] When we read, "and he was gathered to his people," the pronoun "he" refers to the same corporeal being who "breathed his last" and was buried. Continuing with verses 9-10, we read: "Isaac and Ishmael his sons buried him in the cave of Machpelah, in the field that Abraham purchased from the Hittites. There Abraham was buried, with Sarah his wife." The expression "and he was gathered to his people" (which seems to be equivalent in meaning to Abraham's going to his fathers in peace) is explained by Jacob in a later chapter: "Then he [Jacob] commanded them and said to them, 'I am to be gathered to my people; bury me with my fathers in the cave that is in the field of Ephron the Hittite...There they buried Abraham and Sarah his wife'" (Gen. 49:29, 31). From this verse it is evident that for a person to "go to his fathers" or to be "gathered to his people" simply meant for them to die and join their ancestors in the grave, where all alike return to the dust of the earth. So to answer Job's question in regards to Abraham, we may say simply, "He joined his wife Sarah and other deceased members of his family in the grave."
Again, when Moses breathed his last, where was he? In Deut 31:16 God tells Moses, "Behold, you are about to lie down with your fathers" (Deut 31:16). It is evident that to go to one's fathers in peace and to lie down with one's fathers are equivalent in meaning. Since the former expression refers to persons joining their ancestors in the grave, the latter does as well. God also tells Moses (Deut 32:50),
Go up this mountain of the Abarim, Mount Nebo, which is in the land of Moab, opposite Jericho, and view the land of Cannan, which I am giving to the people of Israel for a possession. And die on the mountain which you go up, and be gathered to your people, as Aaron your brother died in Mount Hor and was gathered to his people.
Finally, in Deut 34:5-6 we read, "So Moses the servant of the LORD died there in the land of Moab, according to the word of the LORD, and he buried him in the valley in the land of Moab opposite Beth-peor; but no one knows the place of his burial to this day." So where was Moses after he died? Answer: he was buried by God "in the valley in the land of Moab opposite Beth-peor." There, Moses (the once-living man who had "breathed his last) lay down with his fathers in the earth and was thus "gathered to his people." We also read of David that he "slept with his fathers" (1 Kings 2:10; cf. Acts 13:36). The same is said of Solomon (1 Kings 11:43; 2 Chron. 9:31), of Asa (1 Kings 15:24; 2 Chron. 16:13), of Jehosaphat (1 Kings 22:50; 2 Chron. 21:1), of Azariah (2 Kings 15:7), of Jotham (2 Kings 15:38; 2 Chron. 27:9); of Abijah (2 Chron. 14:1), of Uzziah (2 Chron. 26:23), of Hezekiah (2 Chron. 32:33), of Rehoboam (1 Kings 14: 31; 2 Chron. 12: 16) and of Josiah (2 Kings 22:20).
The same thing is said of the unrighteous as well. It is said of Jeroboam "that he slept with his fathers" (1 Kings 14:20; 2 Kings 14:29), of Abijam (1 Kings 15:8), of Baasha (1 Kings 16:6), of Omri (1 Kings 16:28), of Ahab (1 Kings 22:40), of Joram (2 Kings 8:24), of Jehu (2 Kings 10:35), of Jehoahaz (2 Kings 13:9), of Joash (2 Kings 13:13), of Jehoash (2 Kings 1 4:1 6), of Menahem (2 Kings 15:22), of Ahaz (2 Kings 16:20), of Manasseh (2 Kings 21:18; 2 Chron. 33:20) and of Jehoiakim (2 Kings 24:6).
It is clear from all these texts that all people – whether pious or profane, believer or pagan, righteous or unrighteous - are said to "lie down" or "sleep" with their ancestors. Jacob - a believing, righteous man - desired to "lie with his fathers" (Gen. 47:30), and his death is called being "gathered to his people" (49:29, 33). And speaking of the wicked it is said, "He shall go to the generation of his fathers" (Ps. 49:19). This is said not only of single individuals, but of whole generations (Judges 2:10). When people were said to go to their fathers at death (Gen. 15:15) and to go down to their children who were dead (Gen. 37:35; cf. 42:38; 44:29, 31), nothing more was meant than that they joined them in the grave, where all alike return to the dust from which we were made (Gen 3:19; 18:27). As David's death was quickly approaching, he told his son Solomon that he (David) was about to "go the way of all the earth" (1 Kings 2:2; cf. Josh 23:14). That is, after his death David knew he would return to the dust, where his fathers "slept" (see Daniel 12:2). And David's fate after death would later be contrasted with that of the Messiah's, who it was prophesied would not see corruption after death: "For you will not abandon my soul to Sheol, or let your holy one see corruption" (Ps 16:10; cf. Acts 2:24-31). Here, the Messiah's "soul" refers to the Messiah himself, and his not being abandoned to "Sheol" is equivalent to him not seeing "corruption," or returning to dust in the tomb in which he was buried. But what is Sheol?
The Domain of the Dead
While several derivations for the Hebrew word she'ohl' have been offered by Biblical scholars, it may have been derived from the Hebrew verb sha'al' meaning "to ask, request." It may thus be understood to denote something which (in a figurative sense) continually asks or craves for more (Prov. 27:20; 30:15-16; Hab. 2:5). Judging from how the word is consistently used in Scripture it can be reasonably inferred that Sheol simply denotes "the grave" in a general sense - i.e., wherever the dead reside. That is, Sheol denotes the domain or "resting place" of the dead, where both man and beast return to the dust of the earth (Job 17:16), whether this takes place in a keber (a tomb or place of burial - Gen 23:7-9; Jer. 8:1; 26:23) or elsewhere (Gen. 37:35; Isa 14:9, 11, 15, 19). That Sheol refers to the grave in a general sense (i.e., wherever the dead reside and return to dust) becomes especially evident when we consider the fact that the contents of Sheol are such as can belong only to the grave. We read of gray hairs as being in Sheol (Gen 42:38; 44:29, 31), gray heads (1 Kings 2:6, 9), bones (Ps 141:7; Ezekiel 32:27), sheep (Ps 49:15), material possessions (Num 16:32-33), and swords and other weapons of war (Ezekiel 32:27). Worms and maggots are also spoken of as if present in Sheol (Job 17:13-14; 24:19-20; Isaiah 14:11; cf. Job 21:23-26). And it is noteworthy that Korah and his company were said to go down to Sheol "alive," which would make little sense if Sheol denoted a supernatural realm of "disembodied spirits." When Sheol is understood to denote the grave in a general sense, what we're told in Numbers 16:32-33 makes perfect sense. Korah and his company simply went down alive to the place where their corpses would reside and ultimately return to dust. Although their resting place was much deeper in the earth than most other places of burial, they were in Sheol nonetheless.
Because burial was the typical way in which the Hebrews disposed of their dead, Sheol is appropriately described as being beneath the surface of the earth (Ps. 63:9; 86:13; Prov. 15:24; Isa. 7:11; 57:9; Ezek. 26:20; 31:14; 32:18; Prov. 15:24). The dead descend or are made to go down into Sheol, while the revived are represented as ascending or being brought and lifted up from it (1 Sam. 2:6; Job 7:9; Ps. 30:4; Isa. 14:11, 15). And like the caves and other burial places used by the ancient Hebrews, Sheol is described as a place with gates (Job 17:16, 38:17; Isa. 38.10; Ps. 9:14) and as having a "mouth" or place of entrance: "As when one plows and breaks up the earth, so shall our bones be scattered at the mouth of Sheol" (Ps. 141:7) - i.e., at the entrance to the grave. "Therefore Sheol has enlarged its appetite and opened its mouth beyond measure, and the nobility of Jerusalem and her multitude will go down, her revellers and he who exults in her" (Isa. 5:14). Sheol is also described as marking the point of greatest possible distance that persons could be from the heavens (Job 11:8; Amos 9:2; Ps. 139:8) - hence the expressions "depths of Sheol" (Deut. 32:22; Ps. 86:13; Prov. 9:18) and "depths of the pit" (Ps. 88:6; Lam. 3:55; Ezek. 26:20, 32:24), which denotes the lowest places of burial.
Sheol, or the grave, is further described as a place of silence (Ps. 3:17, 6:6, 30:10, 88:13, 94:17, 115:17). It is called the "land of forgetfulness" (Ps. 88:12), where all who reside there are without any memory of the past, as well as forgotten by the living (Ps. 31:12). In Job 40:12-13 God declares, "Look on everyone who is proud and bring him low and tread down the wicked where they stand. Hide them all in the dust together; bind their faces in the world below." Here "the world below" (literally, "the hidden places") undoubtedly refers to Sheol, and (as elsewhere) is associated with "dust." Job calls this silent resting place of the dead "the land of darkness and the shadow of death: a land of darkness as darkness itself; and of the shadow of death, without any order; and where the light is as darkness" (Job 10:20-22; see also Ps. 88:12; Job 3:5, 16; 12:21-22; 17:13; 1 Sam. 2:9; Ps. 44:19, 107:10, 14, where similar statements are made). This is, of course, fitting imagery if Sheol refers to those darkened places concealed from mortal eyes where corpses return to dust. Sheol is also described as a state of corruption and destruction (see Job 26:6, 28:22; Ps. 88:11, 16:10; Job 4:18-20; Ps. 49:9-20; Prov. 15:11, 27:20; Acts 13:26) where one's form is said to be "consumed" (Ps 49:14). David prophesied that God would not abandon the Messiah's soul (i.e., the Messiah himself) in the grave, or let him see corruption (Psalm 16:10; cf. Acts 2:27). Since David is employing Hebrew parallelism (i.e., where the writer expresses the same thought in slightly different words), it follows that for God to abandon Christ in the grave would mean to let him "see corruption" (which is a reference to his physical body, which would have begun to decompose had God not raised him from the dead on the third day).
Since death comes to all, Sheol is appropriately referred to as the "appointed house for all the living" (Job 30:23; 17:13; Eccl. 11:5). It is here that the dead meet (Ezek. 32; Job 30:23) and rest from their earthly toil in silence without distinction of rank or condition - the rich and the poor, the pious and the wicked, the old and the young, the master and the slave:
Why did I not die at birth, come out from the womb and expire? Why did the knees receive me? Or why the breasts, that I should nurse? For then I would have lain down and been quiet; I would have slept; then I would have been at rest, with kings and counsellors of the earth who rebuilt ruins for themselves, or with princes who had gold, who filled their houses with silver. Or why was I not as a hidden stillborn child, as infants who never see the light? There the wicked cease from troubling, and there the weary are at rest. There the prisoners are at ease together; they hear not the voice of the taskmaster. The small and the great are there, and the slave is free from his master. Job 3:11-19 (cf. Isa. 57:2; Rev. 14:13).
The state of those who have died is the same for all, irrespective of the character or social status they possessed while alive. In Ecclesiastes 12:5, Solomon tells us that, at death, "man goes to his eonian or age-abiding (Hebrew: olam) home." This is undoubtedly a reference to Sheol. Previously he had declared, "All go to one place; all are of the dust, and all return to dust again" (Eccles 3:20). Though a grim and sobering reality to be sure, this is our common lot as mortals.
It would not be inaccurate to describe Sheol as "the domain of the dead." At the same time, it must be remembered that to speak of "the dead" in Scripture is to speak of that which remains after a person's breath or "spirit" has departed and returned to God. In other words, to speak of "the dead" is to speak of a lifeless body (James 2:26) - i.e., a corpse, or the remains of a corpse. So if Sheol refers to the domain or resting place of "the dead" - and "the dead" refers to that which remains after a person dies and begins to return to the dust - then Sheol is wherever a person's dead body (or the dust to which a person's dead body has returned) resides.
Job Answers His Question
Let us now return to the question posed by Job: "Man breathes his last, and where is he?" As we've seen above, when man breathes his last he goes to Sheol (the grave) where he is represented as "sleeping" in the dust of the earth until the resurrection. And not surprisingly, this is exactly how Job answers his own question in vv. 11-15:
As water disappears from the sea, and a river becomes parched and dries up, so man lies down and does not rise. Till the heavens are no more, they will not awake nor be roused from their sleep. Oh, that you would hide me in Sheol, that you would conceal me until your wrath is past, and that you would appoint me a set time, and remember me! If a man dies, shall he live again? All the days of my appointed time I would wait, till my renewal should come. You would call, and I would answer you; you would long for the work of your hands.
According to Job, when a man dies he is in Sheol, which denotes the place where the dead reside and return to the dust. Notice that, like the rest of the inspired writers of Scripture, Job speaks of death as being like a "sleep" from which the dead must be awoken (of course, to speak of the dead as "sleeping" is to employ figurative language to describe the state of death; this figurative "sleep" language will be examined in a little more detail later on). Notice also that, for Job, those who reside in Sheol were thought to no longer be exposed to God's "wrath." Rather, they were in need of being "remembered" by God. Job's words above make perfect sense if the state of the dead was understood to be a temporary state in which man's living, conscious existence has been put on hold. Another interesting thing to note is the second question Job asks: "If a man dies, shall he live again?" Today, one of the most popular questions asked by "Christian evangelists" is, "Where will you spend eternity when you die?" But no one in Scripture ever asked such a question. Job's concern was not where he would go after he died, but whether he would live again (i.e., whether he would be restored to life, or resurrected). For Job - and, I believe, for all the saints in the Bible - resurrection was understood as being the only possible entrance into "life after death."
That dead people were understood to be wherever their dead remains were (and thus no longer conscious) was also believed by king David: "The dead do not praise the Lord, neither do any that go down into silence" (Psalm 115:17). "For in death there is no remembrance of you: in Sheol, who shall give you thanks?" (Ps. 6:5) "Shall the dust praise you? Shall it declare your truth?" (Ps. 30:9) "Will you show wonders to the dead? Shall the dead arise and praise thee? Shall your loving kindness be declared in Sheol, or your faithfulness in destruction?" (Ps. 88:10-11; cf. verse 12 and Ps. 118:17, and Isa. 38:18-19, where similar things are stated). Statements such as these make perfect sense when we identify "the dead" as simply the physical remains of those whose life and breath has departed from them. Because a dead person was identified as the physical remains of a person whose breath and life had departed from them (e.g., a corpse or the dust to which corpses begin to return) rather than a disembodied, immaterial being existing in some other location (e.g., heaven or "hell"), those who were dead were thought to have lost all capacity to engage in any vital activity (of which worship was seen as the greatest).
Psalm 146:3-4 may be used to sum up the views that have been advanced so far: "Put not your trust in princes, nor in a son of man, in whom there is no help. His breath goes forth, he returns to the earth; in that very day his plans perish." Here, the Psalmist is describing the very reverse of what took place at man's creation, showing his dissolution by tracing back the steps taken in his formation. Just as God formed man from the dust of the earth and breathed into his nostrils the "breath of life" to make him a "living soul," so, at death, the "breath" or vital power that God imparted to us "goes forth," and we immediately begin to return to the elements of the earth from which we were made.
Notice that the person himself is not identified with the "breath" that is represented as going forth at death, but with that which inevitably "returns to the earth" (i.e., the body). The Psalmist also declares that, on the day of a person's death, his "plans perish." The word translated here as "plans" is 'eshtônâh - which, according to Strong's (H6250), means "thought." While this is the only occurrence of 'eshtônâh in the OT, the Greek word used to translate it in the LXX (dialogismos) appears more often in the NT, and can denote "the thinking of a man deliberating with himself" (see, for example, Matt 15:19; Luke 5:22; 6:8; 24:38; Rom 1:21; 1 Cor. 3:20; James 2:4). From these considerations we may reasonably infer that death was thought to put an end to all of man's deliberations and plans. But why might this be so? Answer: because when a person dies, his brain is no longer functioning. And with the cessation of all mental activity, the plans conceived in his mind necessarily "perish." This fact is consistent with what we are told elsewhere in the OT, where those who die are spoken of as being "no more" (Gen. 42:13, 36; Lam 5:7; Ps. 39:13; cf. Matt. 2:18).
That David's son Solomon held to the same view as his father (as well as Job and others) is evident from his words in the book of Ecclesiastes. Consider the following passage where, like Job, Solomon refers to the state of the dead as being one in which people are no longer being troubled or oppressed:
Then I returned and considered all the oppression that is done under the sun: And look! The tears of the oppressed, but they have no comforter. On the side of their oppressors there is power, but they have no comforter. Therefore I praised the dead who were already dead, more than the living who are still alive. Yet, better than both is he who has never existed, who has not seen the evil work that is done under the sun. Eccl 4:1-3
That the dead are not engaged in any kind of conscious activity is taught even more explicitly by Solomon later on in the same book. In Eccl 9:3-6 we read:
This is an evil in all that is done under the sun, that the same event happens to all. Also, the hearts of the children of man are full of evil, and madness is in their hearts while they live, and after that they go to the dead. But he who is joined with all the living has hope, for a living dog is better than a dead lion.[2] For the living know that they will die, but the dead know nothing, and they have no more reward, for the memory of them is forgotten. Their love and their hate and their envy have already perished, and forever they have no more share in all that is done under the sun.
Here Solomon is not merely saying that the dead know less than the living (while still perhaps knowing some things); rather, he's making the much more radical claim that the dead don't know anything at all. Note also the fact that the complete lack of knowledge that the dead are said to have is contrasted with the knowledge possessed by the living that "they shall die." The knowledge of one's own mortality is an example of the most basic kind of knowledge possessed by adult human beings.
But what if someone were to reverse Solomon's statement to instead read, "For the dead know that they have died, but the living know nothing?" Every reasonable person would understand such a statement to be completely false. The author would be rightfully interpreted as making the absurd claim that, while the living aren't aware of anything at all, the dead (in contrast) are! Thus, as it reads, this verse provides irrefutable evidence that the author believed death to be the termination of conscious existence. For Solomon, "the dead" are those who have begun to return to the dust of the earth because their "spirit" (i.e., the "breath of life") has departed from them and returned to God (Eccl 12:7). Having ceased to be "living souls," they have consequently lost the capacity to know or do anything at all.
The solemn words in v. 10 with which Solomon concludes this passage may be used to sum up the ancient Hebrew understanding of man's state after death: "Whatever your hand finds to do, do it with your might, for there is no work or thought or knowledge or wisdom in Sheol, to which you are going."
Summary of David and Solomon's View of Death
There is an impressive consistency between the view of death found in the Psalms and in the work of David's son, Solomon. If all we had were the works of these two kings of Israel we could summarize the Scriptural view of death as follows: When man dies he begins to return to the dust of the earth from which he was made (Ps 90:3; 104:29; 146:4; Eccl 3:18-21; 12:7). Death frees men from their oppressors (Eccl 4:1-3). Those who are dead are "no more" (Ps 39:13). While the living know that they will die, the dead know nothing (Eccl 9:5). Their love and their hate and their envy have perished (v. 6). "Sheol" is where the dead reside (Ps 6:5; 16:10; 30:3; 31:17; 49:15; 88:3; 89:48; 116:3; 139:8; Eccl 9:10), and is called man's "olam (age-lasting) home" (Eccl 12:5). There is no work or thought or knowledge or wisdom in Sheol (Eccl 9:10). Sheol is sometimes referred to as "the pit" (Ps 30:3, 9; 55:23; 88:4, 6; 103:4). Man's nephash ("soul") goes to Sheol (Ps. 16:10; 30:3; 49:15; 86:13; 89:48). Sheol is described as a place of corruption (Ps 16:10) and destruction (Ps 40:2; 55:23) where one's form is "consumed" (Ps 49:14). Those who are in Sheol are said to be "dust" (Ps 30:3, 9). Sheol is represented as being a place of silence (Ps. 3:17; 6:5; 30:9; 88:12; 94:17; 115:17) and darkness (Ps 88:12). God's steadfast love and faithfulness is not declared in Sheol, and his wonders and righteousness are not made known there (Ps 30:9; 88:10-12). Those who reside in Sheol have no remembrance of God (Ps. 6:5; 88:12) and do not praise or worship him (Ps 6:5; 30:9; 88:10-12; 115:17).
Death is "Sleep"
There can be no denying the fact that, in Scripture, dying is figuratively called "falling asleep," and being dead "asleep" (see, for example, Deut 31:16; 2 Sam 7:12; 1 Kings 2:10; 1 Kings 11:43; 1 Kings 14:31; 1 Kings 15:8; 1Kings 15:24; 2 Chron. 28:27; 2 Chron. 33:20; Job 3:13; 7:21; 14:21; Ps 13:3; 17:15; 76:5; 90:3-6; Jer. 51:39; Isa. 26:14; Dan. 12:2; Matt 9:24-25; Matt 27:51–52; John 11:11–14; Acts 7:6, 59–62; Acts 13:36; 1 Cor. 11:30; 1 Cor. 15:6, 16-18, 20, 32, 51; 1 Thess. 4:13–16; 5:10; 2 Pet 3:4). What is disputed, however, is to what exactly this "sleep" metaphor applies. Does it refer to some aspect of man's nature that is not essential to his continued existence as a conscious person, and which he may live without after death? To put it another way, is it a person's body that is represented as being "asleep" after death, while some other "part" of them remains "awake?" Or, does this metaphor pertain to the total person as a unified and integrated whole, and to that which makes human persons who and what they are? If the former, then it would mean that we do not need our bodies in order to be alive, since "sleep" is a metaphor for death. If the latter, then any such notion that people continue to exist in a "disembodied" state after death is both false and unbiblical, and consequently ought to be rejected.
Matthew 27:52 (among other verses) seems to provide us with an answer to this question. There, the Gospel writer records that "…many bodies of the saints who had fallen asleep were raised." At face value, this verse appears to stand at odds with the common idea that, following death, people are alive and conscious in a disembodied state. According to Matthew, it is not merely the bodies of the saints, but the saints themselves who are depicted as having "fallen asleep." Similarly, Luke tells us that, after praying for those who were putting him to death, Stephen "fell asleep" (Acts 7:60). And when speaking of his friend Lazarus, Christ told his disciples that Lazarus had "fallen asleep" (John 11:11) - and by that he meant that Lazarus had died (v.13). But if this metaphor applied to anything other than that which was essential to Lazarus' personal identity, then it would have been inaccurate to say that Lazarus died or "fell asleep" (for the name "Lazarus" applies to the whole person, and not to some unessential part of what makes him who he is). And when Christ raised Lazarus from death, there is no suggestion that the "real" Lazarus was alive and well in a disembodied state, waiting for Jesus to call him back from heaven so that he could reanimate his body. Instead, John's language presupposes that the "real" Lazarus – i.e., the person himself - was indeed dead and in a tomb. When, at Christ's command, Lazarus' "spirit" returned to his body, the dead man was "awakened" from his "sleep."
In addition to Matthew 27:52, Daniel 12:2 also sheds much light on the nature of death and the "sleep" metaphor used in Scripture. There, we read that, at some future time, "Many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, some to everlasting life, and some to shame and everlasting contempt." Here, the "sleep" metaphor obviously applies to that which returns to the dust of the earth - i.e., the physcial, human body. And since it is human persons who are said to "sleep" in death, then it can be reasonably inferred that human persons are constituted by, and inseparable from, their physical body.
At this point it may be well to ask, "What is it that makes sleep an appropriate metaphor for death?" We know that during physical sleep, bodily functions continue uninterrupted. Though no longer under voluntary control, the body continues to function as it does when the person is awake. Even muscular activity remains. But in death this is not the case. In death, all bodily function has ceased. Thus, the similarity between death and sleep is not to be found here. But when we consider the effect of sleep on the cognitive functions, it is quite a different story. As everyone knows from experience, sleep reduces the mind to a state of unconsciousness. In fact, "sleep" is defined as "a natural and periodic state of rest during which consciousness of the world is suspended." When sleeping, a person possesses neither conscious awareness nor voluntary control over oneself; to be both consciously aware and asleep (even in a dream-state) are necessarily mutually exclusive experiences. The major qualitative difference between the sleep state and the waking state, then, is the presence or absence of consciousness, or mental awareness. Thus, when referring to death, the "sleep" metaphor appropriately emphasizes the absence of consciousness and mental awareness.
Thus, when used as a metaphor for death, "sleep" is a highly appropriate word to convey the idea that the dead are not engaged in any kind of conscious activity (Eccl 9:10). Those who believe the dead are conscious may argue that the Greek word most commonly used by Paul in reference to the dead (koimao) - and which is most commonly translated "sleep" - does not necessarily refer to a state of sleep, or suggest the idea that a person is unconscious; rather, it can denote a conscious state of rest from labour and troubles. They may also argue that the Greek word hupnos would be more appropriate if Paul and the other NT authors wanted to convey the idea that the dead are unconscious. However, the word koimao can and does apply just as naturally to a state of unconsciousness as the word hupnos. In the LXX, for example, the word koimao was used to convey the same meaning of "sleep" as hupnos (e.g., Judges 16:14, 19, 20; 1 Kings 19:5; Ps 3:5; 4:8; 13:3; Prov. 4:16). Job 14:12 is especially relevant, for here both koimao and hupnos are used in reference to the "sleep" of the dead. In Psalm 13:3 hupnos is used in the expression "sleep of death," and in Psalm 76:5 the word appears yet again in reference to death. The same goes for Jer. 51:39 ("sleep a perpetual sleep").
Moreover, in the NT koimao seems to have been used and understood to convey the same general meaning as hupnos (Matt 28:13; Luke 22:45; Acts 12:6). John 11:11-12 is especially significant. There, we read (ESV):
After saying these things, he said to them, "Our friend Lazarus has fallen asleep (koimaō), but I go to awaken him (exupnizō, "to awake out of sleep")." The disciples said to him, "Lord, if he has fallen asleep (koimaō), he will recover." Now Jesus had spoken of his death, but they thought that he meant taking rest (koimēsis) in sleep (hupnos).
Notice that when Jesus told his disciples that Lazarus had "fallen asleep" (koimaō) they thought he was talking about literal sleep (hupnos). Jesus then has to tell them plainly that Lazarus was dead - and when he spoke of "Lazarus" he was talking about the dead occupant of the tomb he was soon to visit, not a disembodied spirit that was relaxing somewhere in a conscious state of existence. So while it's true that hupnos is the more technical word for "sleep," koimao is often used to convey the same meaning. And when applied to the dead, I submit it carries the same idea (since those who are dead appear to the living to be "sleeping" or "reposing").
Moreover, in Matt 28:13 it would be pretty strange if koimaō didn't suggest an unconscious sleep! So while the word koimao doesn't necessarily suggest an unconscious state (as does hupnos), it is completely consistent with it. And there is good reason to believe that an unconscious state is being implied when this word used in reference to the dead. During the intermediate state, the dead are "resting" in the sense that they are no longer engaged in conscious thought or vital activity, as are the living (Job 3:11-19; Ps 6:5; 30:9; 88:10-12; 115:17; Eccl 9:5-6, 10).
Any objection that the Biblical metaphor of sleep refers "only" to our physical bodies presupposes that which first needs to be proved: namely, that we, as human persons, are constituted by something other than our physical bodies, and that our capacity for consciousness and mental activity can continue after death in a so-called "disembodied state" of existence. In other words, to argue that the sleep metaphor refers "only" to our bodies presupposes that human persons are not constituted by their bodies, and that the possession of a body is not essential to our existence as human persons. Although this widely-held view of human nature can be traced all the way back to the religious and philosophical beliefs of the earliest civilizations of human history (i.e., the Assyrians, Egyptians, Babylonians, Greeks, etc.), and is a view held by people from nearly every religious tradition in the world (both past and present, East and West) I believe the Biblical record is entirely against it. Consider the following two simple arguments from Scripture:
Argument 1:
1. According to Scripture, when a person's "spirit" departs from them and returns to God, it is the person himself who is said to "return to the earth" (Job 10:9; Psalm 90:3; 104:29; 146:4).
2. It is the person's body that "returns to the earth," not their spirit (which is said to "return to God").
3. Therefore, a person is constituted by their body, and not by their spirit.
4. Consequently, a person can have no personal existence after death in a so-called "disembodied state."
1. When Christ died, his "spirit" returned to God, its source (Luke 23:46), and his body was entombed (Matt 27:59-60).
2. After his death, Christ was always said to be wherever his body was, not where his spirit went (Matt 12:40; John 19:33, 40, 42; Acts 2:39, 13:29; 1 Cor. 15:3-5; cf. John 11:17, 43-44).
3. Therefore, Christ, the person, was constituted by his physical body, and not by his spirit.
4. Consequently, Christ had no existence as a human person in a so-called "disembodied state" between his death and resurrection.
[1] It's interesting to note that, from Joshua 24:2, we learn that Abraham's people were idol-worshipping pagans. Thus, the people to whom Abraham was gathered when he died were deceased idol-worshipping pagans!
[2] When Solomon says, "A living dog is better than a dead lion" (probably a proverbial saying), he's simply making a value judgment regarding two different states, and pointing out what would have been obvious to those reading. Life, in general, is a blessing and not a curse. Generally speaking, people would rather be alive than dead. His meaning may be better understood by what he says just before this proverb: "But he who is joined with all the living has hope." In general, those who are alive choose to remain alive because they at least have hope of some temporal good, or of experiencing that which makes life worth living. While we don't know what the future holds, as long as we're alive there is at least the possibility that we will experience some degree of happiness (whether the enjoyment be intellectual or physical or spiritual). Because the dead know nothing, they have lost the capacity to experience happiness. And for those living who aren't in an utterly pitiable condition (i.e., those who are "oppressed" and without comfort - Eccl 4:1-3), it would seem that the possibility of being happy is worth the risk of not being happy. Thus, for Solomon, life is, in general, considered a blessing simply because of the hope that it offers those still alive. A living dog (while not considered a noble animal among the Hebrews) is still better than a dead lion by virtue of the fact that it is alive, and (generally speaking) being alive was considered better than being dead.
Posted by Aaron Welch at 3:21 PM
Aaron Welch
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Hands on: LG webOS TV review (2014 TVs)
By Andy Madden 2014-05-12T11:09:56Z
Hands on review: LG webOS (2014)
On 21st March 2013, LG acquired webOS – the operating system formerly used by Palm and Hewlett Packard. The aim was to develop the platform, transforming it from a handy handheld OS, to the smartest of smart TV solutions.
Now, after months of engineering and development from the ground up, webOS is ready to roll out on LG's 2014 TVs. On a recent trip to its Silicon Valley Lab, LG offered us the chance to get some hands on time with the new platform. Could this be the new smart TV platform all flatscreen manufacturers aspire to?
MORE: LG buys HP's WebOS for new Smart TV platform
Smarter than your average OS?
Although picture quality is at the forefront of our minds when reviewing a TV, you can't ignore a set's operating system and smart platform. After all, this is your main point of contact with the set; the front line on which you have to do battle, navigating your way through a maze of different menus. A poorly executed smart platform can be a real barrier for the user.
Initially we were a little apprehensive about some of LG's aims for webOS. Colin Zha, Director Of Product Management at LG's Silicon Valley Lab, says: "It's all about entertaining the customer – trying to give the product personality."
We're wholly convinced a TV needs a personality, just a menu system which doesn't leave you tearing your hair out would be welcome.
But from the moment you pick up LG's gyro-equipped Magic Remote and fire up webOS, you get the feeling the Korean giant could be onto something good. It's certainly a step up from the company's previous NetCast platform.
Hit the home button on the Magic Remote and you're greeted with the TV's main menu page. WebOS shows a row of "cards", fanned out across the bottom of the screen.
It's an area which LG calls the "present", where all your favourite services and sources are made available.
Click on "today" and you're presented with a line up of content that's available to view on that particular day. The content is sucked in from content providers both online and off-air. If nothing takes your fancy, you can and refresh the lineup by spinning it like a virtual slot machine.
Clicking on the tab on the left-hand side of the screen takes you what LG refers to as the 'past', where the apps, services and channels you've been using are ready to spring into life. It's session based and populated over time, but when you turn the TV off, the list is erased and is ready to be populated by the next user.
Tap the right-hand tab with your virtual cursor and you're transported to the 'future'. Not literally though; this is the 'launcher' an area where all your apps are located.
From here, you can access other areas of webOS – including the new LG Store, where you can download and add more apps, as well as get content recommendations.
You can customise your favourite apps and inputs by using the the Magic Remote (or normal remote) to highlight, drag and drop the relevant icons in any preferred order, which is then mirrored on the main home page.
In practice, it seems to work really well: the Magic Remote is sensitive to movement but not overly so. The system's quick to act and there's virtually no delay between button presses and the TV doing your bidding.
LG encouraged us to switch between a 4K stream of of House Of Cards on Netflix to a music concert on YouTube. Multitasking was a strong feature of webOS back in the Palm and HP days, and it seems to add a new lease of life to the TV.
The set makes the switch between the two apps instantaneously and the TV is intelligent enough to remember where you left off.
Admittedly, this was being tested on one of the company's flagship UB980V TVs – we were unable to test webOS on budget models with less powerful processors, although LG claimed there wouldn't be a massive difference in the user experience between mid- and high-end models.
Interactive set-up experience
From the moment the TV is plugged in, webOS makes an impact. Mundane menus are gone in favour of a more interactive set-up experience.
LG uses Bean Bird, a colourful animated character who helps guide you through various tasks, such as connecting a set-top-box or games console, or simply scanning the airwaves for channels.
To some it's could feel a little gimmicky, but others will see there's level of depth and attention to detail here that rival systems don't seem to get.
Some smart TV platforms feel like they're trying to fit a square peg in to a round hole. WebOS just appears to have more fluidity and show more common sense.
If LG's picture quality is as good as the user experience, the company could be in for a successful year.
We'll be getting our first LG review samples in the next few weeks so you won't have to wait long to find out…
MORE: LG confirms 2014 webOS smart TV ranges, features, pricing, dates
MORE: Best TVs to buy in 2014
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This is a gallery page containing specially selected image and media files. They have been chosen as highlights of a particular topic, but do not represent the full range of files that are available on Commons. For a wider selection of files connected with The Rolling Stones, see Category:The Rolling Stones.
The Rolling Stones are an English band whose rhythm and blues and rock & roll-based music became popular during the "British Invasion" in the early 1960s. They are still very popular.
1.1 Mick Jagger
1.2 Keith Richards
1.3 Ron Wood
1.4 Charlie Watts
1.5 Ex-members
2 Live concerts
2.1 Band
2.2 Guest musicians
2.3 Venues
Members[edit]
Mick Jagger[edit]
Main gallery: Mick Jagger.
before a concert at Georgia Southern University in Statesboro, 1965
Mick Jagger arriving at Schiphol Airport for a Rolling Stones concert in The Hague, 1967
concert at Winterland Palace in San Francisco, 1972
concert in New York City, 1970s
concert in Zuiderpark in The Hague, 1976
concert in Rotterdam, 1982
concert in Turin, 1982
concert at San Siro Stadium in Milan, 2003
world premiere of the Rolling Stones movie Shine a Light, Berlinale 2008
concert at Hyde Park in London, 2013
painting by Silvia Klippert
Mick Jagger talks about recording at Chess Studios, snippet from a BBC interview, 2012
Keith Richards[edit]
Main gallery: Keith Richards.
before a concert at Georgia Southern College in Statesboro, 1965
at Fornebu airport in Oslo, 1965
concert in the 1970s
concert in Rio de Janeiro, 1995
concert at Duke University, 2005
concert in Hannover, 2006
concert at Stade de France in Saint-Denis, 2006
concert at First Mariner Arena in Baltimore, 2006
concert in 2007
Ron Wood[edit]
Main gallery: Ron Wood.
concert at Candlestick Park in San Francisco, 1981
in Atlanta for the shooting of a music video, 2005
Charlie Watts[edit]
Main category: Charlie Watts
concert at Rupp Arena in Lexington Kentucky, 1981
Ex-members[edit]
Main category: Brian Jones
Main category: Mick Taylor
Main category: Bill Wyman
concert in Chicago, 1975
Live concerts[edit]
Main category: Concerts of the Rolling Stones
Band[edit]
Pictures, that show at least two band members or a member of the touring band in the context of a Rolling Stones concert.
the band at Messehallen Skoyen in Oslo, 1965
Brian Jones, Mick Jagger, Keith Richards and Bill Wyman, concert at Kungliga Tennishallen in Stockholm, 1966
Mick Jagger, Brian Jones, Keith Richards, Charlie Watts and Bill Wyman, concert at Houtrusthallen in The Hague, 1967
concert at Kiel Auditorium in St. Louis, 1972
Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, concert at Winterland Palace in San Francisco, 1972
Ron Wood and Mick Jagger, concert in Chicago, 1975
the band with Billy Preston on piano, concert in 1975
Ron Wood, Keith Richards and Mick Jagger, concert in 1975
the band with Billy Preston and Ian Stewart on keyboards, concert in 1975
Mick Jagger and Ron Wood, concert in Zuiderpark in The Hague, 1976
Mick Jagger, Keith Richards and Ron Wood, concert in Lexington Kentucky, 1981
Bill Wyman, Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, concert in St. Louis, 1981
Mick Jagger and Bill Wyman, concert in Rotterdam, 1982
Keith Richards and Mick Jagger, concert in Rotterdam, 1982
Mick Jagger and Ron Wood, concert in Turin, 1982
Ron Wood, Mick Jagger, Keith Richards and Darryl Jones, concert at Rogers Skydome in Toronto, 2005
Keith Richards, Mick Jagger and Ron Wood, concert at Rogers Skydome in Toronto, 2005
Charlie Watts, Ron Wood, Keith Richards, Mick Jagger and Darryl Jones, concert at Giuseppe-Meazza-Stadion in Milan, 2006
Ron Wood and Mick Jagger, concert in Vienna, 2006
Darryl Jones, concert in Hannover, 2006
Ron Wood, Charlie Watts, Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, concert in Nice, 2006
Mick Jagger on screen, concert in Twickenham, 2006
Ron Wood and Mick Jagger on screen, concert in Twickenham, 2006
concert in Twickenham, 2006
Keith Richards on screen, concert in 2006
Charlie Watts, Keith Richards, Mick Jagger and Darryl Jones, concert at Prudential Center in Newark, 2012
Charlie Watts, Keith Richards and Mick Jagger, concert at Prudential Center in Newark, 2012
the band with Chuck Leavell on keyboards and Darryl Jones on bass, concert in Boston, 2013
Keith Richards and Mick Jagger, concert in Boston, 2013
Ron Wood, Keith Richards, Mick Jagger and Bobby Keys, concert at Hyde Park in London, 2013
Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, concert at Hyde Park in London, 2013
Lisa Fischer and Mick Jagger, concert at Hyde Park in London, 2013
Mick Jagger and Lisa Fischer, concert at Hyde Park in London, 2013
Ron Wood and Keith Richards, concert at Hyde Park in London, 2013
Keith Richards, Darryl Jones and Bobby Keys, concert at Hyde Park in London, 2013
Mick Taylor and Mick Jagger, concert at Hyde Park in London, 2013
Mick Taylor and Keith Richards, concert at Hyde Park in London, 2013
Guest musicians[edit]
Pictures, that show a guest musician (who is not a member of the touring band) in the context of a Rolling Stones concert.
Ron Wood, guest Paolo Nutini, Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, concert at the Isle of Wight Festival, 2007
Ron Wood, Keith Richards, guest Amy Winehouse and Mick Jagger, concert at the Isle of Wight Festival, 2007
Ron Wood, guest John Mayer, Charlie Watts and Mick Jagger, concert at Prudential Center in Newark, 2012
choir from London for You Can't Always Get What You Want, concert at Hyde Park in London, 2013
Venues[edit]
stage and audience at Knebworth Fair, 1976
Stockholm Stadion with audience from above before a concert, 1995
Twickenham Stadium with audience before a concert, 2006
Washington-Grizzly Stadium in Missoula with audience during a concert, 2006
stage at Prudential Center in Newark, 2013
Other[edit]
Bill Wyman, Keith Richards, Brian Jones, Charlie Watts and Mick Jagger at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, 1964
Bill Wyman, Brian Jones, Charlie Watts, Keith Richards and Mick Jagger at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, 1964
trade ad for 1965 Rolling Stones' North American tour
photo of Brian Jones, Charlie Watts, Mick Jagger, Keith Richards and Bill Wyman from a trade ad for 1965 Rolling Stones' North American tour
Brian Jones, Keith Richards, Mick Jagger and Bill Wyman at Fornebu airport in Oslo, 1965
Mick Jagger, Bill Wyman, Brian Jones, Keith Richards and Charlie Watts at Fornebu airport in Oslo, 1965
trade ad for The Rolling Stones' fall 1965 North American tour
Bill Wyman, Brian Jones, Keith Richards, Mick Jagger and Charlie Watts with journalists, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, 1966
photo of Charlie Watts, Mick Taylor, Bill Wyman, Keith Richards and Mick Jagger from a trade for their album Sticky Fingers, 1971
Mick Jagger's stage jumpsuit - Rock & Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, Cleveland
collage of Ron Wood, Mick Jagger and Bill Wyman at a concert in Chicago, 1975
world premiere of the Rolling Stones movie Shine a Light, red carpet at Berlinale, 2008
world premiere of the Rolling Stones movie Shine a Light, Berlinale Palast, 2008
collage of Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Ron Wood and Charlie Watts
record, album Metamorphosis from 1975 with Spanish captions, made for sale in Argentinia
tape of the album Bridges to Babylon from 1997, made for sale in Ukraine
Multiple platinum award for the album Voodoo Lounge, Museo del Rock in Madrid
Retrieved from "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rolling_Stones&oldid=568294917"
Gallery pages of musical groups


The literature on millennials is extensive. And I have not read it. But as a college professor, I have lived and worked with them day in and day out for many years. More and more I realise that I face the same challenges they do.
I offer no precise diagnosis of the problems millennials face. It is obvious that the current cultural climate has serious consequences for all of us — though often more serious for those who have known nothing else. We experience disintegration and disconnection; we are distracted and bored. We form addictions. We are often not at peace.
For years I have suggested to my students that they start a garden over the summer. This year I am going to be more insistent. Gardening is not, in my judgment, just one healthy hobby among many others. Rather, I am convinced that this is the strong medicine directly fitted to address our worsening ailment.
Read the rest at The Catholic Gentleman.


text:
Carier
Projects Management
Find / Research Potential Partners
Market Researches
Menu ... - About us - Experience - Clients - Carier - Contacts - Services - - Projects Management - - Find / Research Potential Partners - - Feasibility Studies - - Market Researches - - Investment Projects - - Other Services
Personal communication and attentiveness to each client's needs and problems.
An experienced, creative and attentive team of professionals.
Staged on the business idea is born until its realization.
We feel responsible for the environment, and strive to achieve a positive contribution to the future of Lithuania.
World's leader in secure and private email services is opening its new office in Vilnius
ProtonMail, one of the most famous cyber security companies, has opened its new office in Vilnius. This Swiss startup was the first company to offer a private and secure email that can be used by people without any technological background. According to the company's representatives, the decision to expand to Lithuania was made because of many talented specialists here.
ProtonMail was created in 2014 at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). The idea of encrypted email has appealed to thousands of people – the company attracted more than half a million dollars of crowdfunding in only a few months.
Today, more than 12 million users worldwide use the products of the company – email and Virtual Private Network (VPN).
Vilnius is the sixth office of ProtonMail. The company also has its branches in Geneva, Zurich, San Francisco, Skopje and Prague. According to ProtonMail representatives, the need for online privacy on has been growing immensely. This is one of the reasons for the company's expansion.
'Global technology market is distinguished by the fact that it is not restricted by geographical boundaries, specialists can work anywhere in the world at any time. In Vilnius we found not only a lot of talented professionals, but also people who looking for meaning at their work. This motivation is very important for us, thus we are planning to expand our team here', said CEO of ProtonMail.
Currently, fourteen IT, business development and marketing specialists work at ProtonMail in Vilnius. The company has more than one hundred employees worldwide.
Source: www.investlithuania.com
Address: Žalgirio str. 93, LT-08218, Vilnius
Phone: +37068548056, +37062023126
Phone/Fax: +37052728439
All rights reserved © 2008-2017 JSC "Consultus Magnus"


The brand new multifunction digital relay CRM-100, which belongs to thetime relays category, finds its use in controlling the diverse devices of your household.
It can handle light or heating control, it can also be used to control motors or pumps. What's new for you?
17 functions - 4 time functions controlled by the supply voltage and 13 functions controlled by the control contact.
Thanks to the digital display and settings you have the time set without any mechanical tolerance.
The digital display ensures a clear view of the time function.
Time range 0.1 s - 999 hours.
The CRM-100 is designed for DIN rail mounting.
Find more about CRM-100 on this product page.


text:
Home > Postdoc Jobs > Norway Postdoc Jobs >
University of Oslo Postdoc Jobs
The University of Oslo Postdoc job vacancies are all listed on one page, making it convenient to search for and plan your career growth. University of Oslo Postdoctoral Positions can be filtered based on subjects. The listed Oslo Postdoc opportunities are for Norwegian and English-speaking applicants.
21 University of Oslo Postdoc Vacancies - February, 2023
Postdoctoral Research Fellowship ERC-project "Before Copyright" – University of Oslo, Norway, 2022
A Postdoctoral Research Fellowship (SKO 1352) is available at the Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History, University of Oslo, Norway, 2022...
Postdoctoral Research Fellowship in Machine Learning for Chemistry
Job description A position as Postdoctoral Research Fellow in Machine Learning for Chemistry is available at the Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences in the Department of Chemistry, Univer...
Postdoctoral Research Fellow in Microplastics Mass Spectrometry
Job description Position as Postdoctoral Research Fellow available at the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo. Starting date: 01.09.2023. The ap...
Postdoctoral Research Fellow in Mathematics
Job description Position as Postdoctoral Research Fellow available at the Department of Mathematics. No one can be appointed for more than one Postdoctoral Research Fellowship at the University of O...
Postdoctoral Research Fellow in Sustainable Battery Technology for Renewable Energy Systems
Job description A Postdoctoral Research Fellow position is available at the Department of Technology Systems (ITS) of the University of Oslo. Starting date: as soon as possible The fellowship is a ...
Postdoctoral Research Fellow in Digital Health in a Global Context
About the position Position as Postdoctoral Research in the "EquityAMR" (Equitable Antimicrobial Resistance") project is available at the Department of Informatics at the University of Oslo. The a...
Post-Doctoral Research Fellowship within music and nature
Job description A Postdoctoral Research Fellowship (SKO 1352) is available at the Department of Musicology (IMV), University of Oslo. The position will be affiliated with a new research initiative...
Postdoctoral fellow Special Needs Education and Inclusive Practice
Job description Applicants are invited for a 4 year position as Postdoctoral Fellow within Centre for Research on Special Needs Education and Inclusive Practice (SpedAims) to be based at the Departme...
Senior Researcher in Medieval Studies
Job description A temporary position of Senior Researcher (SKO 1109) in Medieval Studies is available at the Department of Conservation, Archaeology, and History, University of Oslo. The position ...
Postdoctoral Fellow University Pedagogy
Job description Applicants are invited for a three or four year position as Postdoctoral Fellow in university pedagogy attached to the Department of Education (IPED), Faculty of Educational Sciences,...
Below given information is for general purpose. Check out individual job ads for exact details.
University of Oslo Postdoc Salary
NOK 553,500 – 626300 per annum depending on qualifications and seniority as Postdoctoral Research Fellow (position code 1352).
In other words, 55,000 - 63,000 USD per year will be the salary for Postdoc or Postdoctoral Researcher Fellows in University of Oslo, Norway.
Approximately 4,500 ~ 5,200 USD may receive before tax. [updated Jan 2023]
UiO Official Job Ads


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Is Bloomin' Brands really LGBTQ friendly?
http://bloominbrands.com
Bloomin' Brands has A LOT of work to do when it comes to diversity and inclusion in the workspace. With a core of 50/100 in the latest Corporate Equality Index, this company is in the bottom 10% of all American corporations that received a score by the Human Rights Campaign. In particular, Bloomin' Brands benefits still don't offer equivalency in same- and different-sex domestic partner medical and soft benefits, and equal health coverage for transgender individuals without exclusion for medically necessary care. The company's efforts on inclusive culture and corporate social responsibility are also lagging.
Outback Steakhouse is owned by Bloomin' Brands
Carrabba's Italian Grill is owned by Bloomin' Brands
Fleming's Prime Steakhouse
Fleming's Prime Steakhouse is owned by Bloomin' Brands
Bonefish Grill is owned by Bloomin' Brands
Aussie Grill
Aussie Grill is owned by Bloomin' Brands
Does Bloomin' Brands offer LGBTQ friendly benefits to its employees?
Bloomin' Brands does provide some inclusive benefits as part of their offering for US Employees, in terms of health Insurance equality for spouses or domestic partners for different-sex and same-sex couples, or equal health coverage for transgender individuals.
Does Bloomin' Brands have an LGBTQ inclusive culture?
Bloomin' Brands has shown some commitment to diversity through initiatives like:
Training for new hires and employees, executives performance tied to diversity goals.
Policies that support an inclusive culture around gender identity and self expression.
Employee groups and/or diversity councils within the company to support LGBTQ employees.
Other programs around hiring, supplier selection, marketing, and philanthropy to support LGBTQ individuals, causes, and organizations.
Does Bloomin' Brands have inclusive workforce protections?
Bloomin' Brands has inclusive workforce protections, with policies that include both sexual orientation and gender identity & expression for all operations
Human Rights Campaign report on Bloomin' Brands
Bloomin' Brands has achieved a score of 50/100 on the 2021 Corporate Equality Index by the Human Rights Campaign.
by Human Rights Campaign
Instead of searching, get our Chrome extension to discover LGBTQ+ friendly brands automatically!


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People celebrate Orthodox Christmas Eve in Sarajevo, BiH
0 Comment(s) Print E-mail Xinhua, January 7, 2022
People burn dried oak branches during a traditional ceremony in front of the Old Orthodox Church to celebrate Orthodox Christmas Eve in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Jan. 6, 2022. (Xinhua/Nedim Grabovica)
People burn dried oak branches during a traditional ceremony to celebrate Orthodox Christmas Eve in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Jan. 6, 2022.


U.S. Supreme Court Rejects EPA Mercury and Air Toxics Standards for Power Plants | Fire on the River!
On June 29, 2015, the United States Supreme Court held that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) acted unreasonably when it deemed cost irrelevant to the decision to regulate emissions of mercury and other hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) from power plants under the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS). Michigan v. E.P.A., 135 S. Ct. 2699 (2015). The MATS, which is now on remand to EPA, is one of the Obama administration's signature environmental rulemakings.
After conducting the required study, EPA found that regulation of power plants under section 112 was both appropriate and necessary. EPA's regulatory analysis estimated that the regulation would cost power plants $9.6 billion per year with corresponding benefits of only $4 to $6 million. However, EPA determined the costs and benefits were not relevant to the initial decision of whether or not to regulate power plants under the MATS.
Justice Scalia, writing for a five-justice majority, disagreed. Even under the deferential standard adopted in Chevron U. S. A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U. S. 837 (1984)—which directs courts to accept an agency's reasonable resolution of an ambiguity in a statute that the agency administers—EPA could not reasonably interpret the "appropriate and necessary" standard in this context as requiring no consideration of costs and benefits. In a dissent joined by Justices Ginsburg, Breyer, and Sotomayor, Justice Kagan argued that although EPA had not considered costs in its initial decision to regulate power plants, EPA subsequently considered costs in great detail when categorizing and setting emissions limits for power plants, identifying $80 billion in quantifiable benefits of the rule. Assuming EPA can apply this cost data on remand to meet the "appropriate and necessary" standard, the substance of EPA's rule is likely to remain intact.
The more lasting impact of this case may come from Justice Thomas' concurring opinion, in which he called into question the validity of the longstanding Chevron doctrine. By allowing agencies to determine the meaning of ambiguous statutes, Thomas argued, the doctrine vests legislative power in the executive branch. Moreover, by requiring courts to acquiesce to agency interpretations of these statutes, Thomas claimed, the doctrine undermines the judicial branch's ultimate interpretive authority.


Eminem performs during the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in Indio, California.
Eminem revealed that he has started work on his next solo record during an interview with Hot 97's Peter Rosenberg this morning. "I'm kinda getting into my next record a little bit," the Detroit rapper said.
The album will be his first solo record since 2010's Recovery, and the new record will be the followup to Hell The Sequel, the debut from his collaborative project with Royce da 5'9″, Bad Meets Evil.
That's not all Eminem is working on: He's completing work on a new album from the hip-hop supergroup Slaughterhouse, he said. Their Shady Records debut is out June 12th.
Back in April, the four members of Slaughterhouse – Royce da 5'9″, Joe Budden, Joell Ortiz and Crooked I – spoke with Rolling Stone about the new record, Welcome To: Our House, and Eminem's contribution as executive producer.
During his chat with Rosenberg, Eminem also confirmed that Slaughterhouse will play Hot 97's Summer Jam, which takes place June 3rd at MetLife Stadium.


Maker House is a Hintonburg-based business that sells locally-crafted furniture and housewares. Founded in 2015, Maker House has been generating sales for more than 100 Canadian artisans, and their showroom is full of items that represent diverse cultures, backgrounds, and perspectives.
Maker House is also a strong supporter of local charities and charitable initiatives. As part of their #CraftChange initiative, the company donates 2% of all sales to community non-profits. And for the months of July, August, and September, Maker House has selected Helping With Furniture as their #CraftChange partner!
We'd like to offer great thanks to Maker House for this, and we strongly encourage our friends and supporters to visit the store, throughout the summer and well beyond.


Your success depends on how well your company handles customer relationship management (CRM).
Every customer has their own set of unique needs that need to be met. The client knows what these requirements are, but you do not until you get to know your customer. It is something that requires some excellent data tracking as well as simply getting to know the client.
Whether it is a start-up or a Fortune 500 company you need to handle each differently. Touchpoints will be different along with how you service them. However, they can both be your loyal customer if you treat them right. You can identify when the customer is likely to purchase particular products and what kind of goods they favor overall. It is something that makes for an easier shopping experience and builds trust and loyalty.
The basic concept of CRM is exactly as it sounds. It is about relating to and managing the customer base that you have worked so hard to build.
As most business owners know, maintaining a client is a lot more profitable than acquiring a brand new customer. However, it is not always easy to convince the same person to return to do business with you time and time again. It is particularly difficult if you remain strangers with them.
Most companies use software programs to help manage their large customer bases these days. This makes a lot of sense as it 's hard to store massive quantities of information on several customers all at the same time on paper. It is a lot easier to have a software program that can both store all of that information as well as make it easy to comb through as needed.
As much news as there is about the storage of personal information these days, customers tend to like it when they can trust the companies they do business with to properly store and maintain their information. They like this because it creates a more personalized experience for them and keeps their information safe and secure.
Finally, having a software product that helps with customer relationship management can also be helpful for processing payments. There are features available via the software that makes purchasing products online much easier. Invoicing and accepting payments from customers via the Internet is an option that many would like to have in their back pocket.
Having the ability to quickly see who has paid, who still requires making a payment, is imperative. It is certainly worth the cost to get a software program that can do all of these very useful tasks for your company.


Anna Morgan: "Some of the best people watching in the city! I love running and walking here. Great place to stroll with a friend and chat."
Lil' Tita: "Gran lugar y buenos afters si es que vienes al FFF Fest"
Jeremy Wallace: "Good coffee roasted by Cuvée. Good service. Fast internet for a coffee shop! 100mbps internet provided by the hotel. Lots of seating. Bright and open workspace. I Definitely recommend this coffee shop"
Paola Mckee: "They brew incredibly delicious beer. My favorite is the Double predestination. Used to come for the beer, but then I tried their tortas and their food gave me another reason to frequent. So good!"
Ana Herrera: "El mejor sitio de Austin. Barra enorme de cervezas, snacks y también cocktails bien hechos. Precio normal, razonable.Los camareros (chicos) pecan un poco de prepotencia"
Cecilia Meza: "Este parque está increíble tiene las mejores vistas de Austin! Imperdible"
Ben Sun: "The Strokes concert was surprisingly easy to get into for a free show, despite people hopping the fence near the port-a-potties. Vendors are super nice and some are fun to bargain with."
Social News Network: "There is a huge selection of books organized really well.There's a great selection of journals, stationery and cards. Also check out the rows of magazines, some of which you can't find anywhere else!"
Austin American-Statesman: "Indie bookseller since 1970, BookPeople is a winner of Bookstore of the Year by Publisher's Weekly. Employee-written reviews, a coffee shop and tons of book signings and events make it a must-see."
Amanda Sanchez: "Beautiful park to just relax and bring your dog to.....and during the day on the weekdays are mainly empty so its really nice when you just need some fresh air but quiet time as well :)"
Maegan Harless: "Absolutely love this park. It's huge & has off leash areas for your dog. Great place to bring a picnic as well! Lots of restaurants near by and even trails to go for a run/bike ride on!"


text:
Rusnano (en ) est un fonds d'investissement étatique russe, chargé de développer l'industrie nanotechnologique en Russie. Rusnano investit directement et indirectement dans tous les principaux domaines où de la nanotechnologie est utilisée : microélectronique, optique, télécoms, énergies classiques et renouvelables, santé et biotechnologie, matériaux et métallurgie, ingénierie et chimie.

Les investissements de Rusnano ont permis de créer environ 97 usines et centres R&D dans 37 régions de Russie. La gestion des actifs de la société "Rusnano JSC" est assurée par "Rusnano Management company". Anatoli Tchoubaïs est son président du directoire et directeur général entre 2008 et 2020. Il est remplacé par  en .

De plus, le groupe Rusnano comprend le "Fund for Infrastructure and Educational Programs (FIEP)" (en ), une organisation à but non lucratif qui permet: la formation d'infrastructures pour la nanotechnologie, le développement des ressources humaines pour la nanotechnologie, le développement du marché des produits de la nanotechnologie, l'amélioration du cadre législatif de l'innovation, la standardisation et certification des nanoproduits et évaluation de leur sécurité, le raffinements en métrologie, ainsi que la vulgarisation de la nanotechnologie et des produits nanotechnologiques..

Historique de Rusnano
Le , dans un discours à l'Assemblée fédérale, le président russe Vladimir Poutine a qualifié la nanotechnologie de l'un des domaines prioritaires pour le développement de la science et de la technologie et a proposé de créer la Société russe de nanotechnologie (en ).

Le , la société d'État Société russe de nanotechnologies (en ) est officiellement enregistrée. La même année, le gouvernement de la Fédération de Russie fait une contribution foncière de 130 milliards de roubles .

Le , Rusnano a pris la  place dans la notation des principales entreprises innovantes en Russie.

En , le premier nanocentre «Rusnano» a été ouvert à Kazan - le Centre des nanotechnologies de la République du Tatarstan (en ).

En 2013, Rusnano a adopté un système de mesures pour réduire le nombre d'employés et réduire les coûts. Cette année, pour la première fois, la société est passée du service de la dette en cours au remboursement de la dette.

En , dans un entretien au président russe Vladimir Poutine, Anatoli Tchoubaïs déclare que les usines construites par les investissements de Rusnano ont versé 132 milliards de roubles de taxe au budget fédéral pour toute la période de fonctionnement, remboursant intégralement la contribution de l'État.

Notes et références

Entreprise des nanotechnologies
Entreprise ayant son siège à Moscou

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Beyonce's Sister Claims That She Was 'ASSAULTED' . . . By A Group Of OLDER WHITE WOMEN At A Concert . . . Should She Have FOUGHT BACK???
Beyonce's sister Solange went on social media last night, claiming that she was assaulted by a group of angry concertgoers. The women reportedly HIT HER WITH A FRUIT.


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Ковачът е занаятчия, занимаващ се с обработка на метали. Изработката на метални изделия е важно достижение в човешката цивилизация и служи за периодизиране на историята, като се различават медно-каменна, бронзова и желязна епоха. Професията на ковача добива особена значимост, когато започва употребата на желязо. Изключителната роля, която изиграва професията "ковач", намира отражение в пантеона и митовете на повечето народи.

С настъпването на индустриализацията и възможностите на промишлеността да задоволява тези потребности, ковачите се занимават предимно с ръчно художествено коване и изработване и ремонт на селскостопански сечива и инструменти.

Освен да коват металите и да ги обработват с нагряване и охлаждане, с което да се осъществява процесът закаляване, могат да отливат метали във форми, като изработват по този начин заготовки, да щамповат, изтеглят и др. Главен материал за работа на ковача са металите: желязо, чугун, стомана, а също така бронз, мед, благородни метали.

Коване
Коването е основното техническо действие на ковача.

Ръчното свободно коване включва следните действия: сплескване, изтегляне, пробиване на отвори, закаляване, насичане на орнаменти върху метала, набиване на релефни форми, ковашко заваряване.

Инструменти
 чукове.
 вария с маса от 2 до 16 kg
 ковашки чукове – с маса от 0,5 до 2 kg
 пещ
 наковалня. Биват безроги, еднороги, двуроги.
 клещи
 мех

Изделия
Ковачите изработват огромно количество необходими за съществуването на човека предмети:
 инструменти и сечива
 оръжия и ризници
 строителни елементи
 украшения
 транспортни средства

Външни препратки
 Мирча Елиаде, Ковачи и алхимици, София: Хемус, 2000

Занаяти
Професии свързани с металообработване


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@XmlSchema(elementFormDefault = javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlNsForm.QUALIFIED)
package eu.chargetime.ocpp.model.firmware;

import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlSchema;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Our lawyers specialize in family law, custody disputes, LVU, criminal cases, plaintiff attendance and defense.
We at AVA Advokater take social commitment seriously and provide free phone advice at scheduled times. Contact us if you are seeking a specialist lawyer when you are involved in paternity/maternity disputes, custody disputes, child visitation or in need of sole custody. Contact us if you or your child are victims of a crime and are facing a police report or even suspected of criminal activity and may need a defense. Contact us if you have a problem after being reported to social services (Socialtjänsten) and risk having your child taken away with the aid of LVU.
AVA Advokater in Gothenburg is run by lawyer Caroline Högberg and lawyer Lena Wiström Klingefjäll whose work is characterized by great commitment, high legal competence, accuracy, efficiency and accessibility. Your rights are our primary mission and we always do our utmost to achieve concrete results for our clients.


Chiropractic was unlicensed in New York State, so at age 31, Dad decided to move his practice elsewhere. He first hopped on a bus to Miami, slept on the beach there, and decided Miami wasn't for him. He tried Denver next, and ran into another chiropractor who needed help with his practice. Dad joined the practice, and his parents soon followed him there. Things looked promising until Dad found out that the other chiropractor was tainting patient samples with food coloring. Now broke, Dad decided to give California a try.
Grandma and Grandpa followed along, landing in Venice Beach where Grandpa, going blind from diabetes, sold flowers on the street. Grandma also worked. Dad had to go back to college to pick up some credits for licensing. He enrolled in a small chiropractic college in Hollywood while he lived in a rooming house and subsisted on peanut butter sandwiches. He met another chiropractor named Hansen there and they started a practice together on Hawthorne Blvd, across from the Hawthorne Grill (of Pulp Fiction fame). At that point Dad was 33. Hansen was handy as a sighted partner, but he wasn't around much, and he eventually left the practice entirely.
Grandma and Grandpa got an apartment 6 or 8 blocks away in Lawndale. Grandma would dress in white and help out as a receptionist, or in whatever way she could. Dad was pulling in $400 per week, and he felt rich. He was also an active member of the Los Angeles Bahá'í community, one of the largest and most distinguished Bahá'í communities in the world. With the death of the Guardian, it was a dark time for Bahá'ís, but they would soon recover.