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Home EJIL Analysis Palestine v United States: Why the ICJ does not need to decide whether Palestine is a state
Palestine v United States: Why the ICJ does not need to decide whether Palestine is a state
Published on November 22, 2018 Author: Jure Vidmar
Palestine's institution of proceedings against the United States before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) has already drawn much attention on this blog (see here and here) and elsewhere. A great deal has already been said on Monetary Gold and admissibility. My post will focus on the Article 34(1) ICJ Statute requirement that '[o]nly states may be parties in cases before the Court'. Contrary to some arguments that have been made on this blog and elsewhere, I will argue that for the purposes of Article 34(1) the ICJ does not need to decide whether Palestine is a state, let alone weigh the Montevideo criteria. An entity may be a 'state' for the functional purposes of certain treaties and procedures created by those treaties, but such procedures have no implications for the substantive legal status of the entity under general international law. I will also argue that Palestine's access to these procedural treaty mechanisms is UNESCO membership and not the status of a non-member observer state in the UN.
When a treaty uses the word 'state'
The ICJ proceedings are only open to states. But this does not mean that the legal status of an entity can be determined as a side-effect of the ICJ's procedural rules. The logic of such an argument would go as follows: the ICJ can only hear cases between states, so if the ICJ exercises its jurisdiction, the parties in the proceedings must be states. This would be an implicit reading of the requirement contained in an international treaty that an entity be a state. Such implicit readings are not uncommon in international legal scholarship. We indeed often read in leading textbooks that since UN membership is only open to states, this is the ultimate confirmation that a UN member indeed is a state.
If the logic of implicit reading of the state requirement in international treaties were correct, the ICJ would clarify Palestine's legal status by declaring the case inadmissible, e.g. if it found the situation as falling within the Monetary Gold principle. In order to apply the Monetary Gold principle, the Court would arguably need to have jurisdiction to hear a case between the two parties which would be, according to the implicit reading of the 'state requirement', enough to claim that Palestine was a party in the proceedings and thus a state. But this is clearly not the intention of the word 'state' when it is used for the purposes of international treaties and their procedural mechanisms, and where regulating an entity's legal status is clearly not the object and purpose of the treaty.
The 'Vienna formula'
The VCLT defines an international treaty as an agreement between states. Article 81 VCLT opens the Convention for signature to
all States Members of the United Nations or of any of the specialized agencies or of the International Atomic Energy Agency or parties to the Statute of the International Court of Justice, and by any other State invited by the General Assembly of the United Nations to become a party to the Convention.
Note that Article 81 VCLT (the 'Vienna formula') does not open the Convention to any entity that meets the Montevideo criteria or any other so-called objective criteria for statehood under general international law. It adopts a purely functional approach for the purposes of treaty participation and without any discussion about the entity's legal status under the law of statehood.
As was explained on this blog back in 2012 (see here and here), the 'Vienna formula' has also been applied in other treaties, not only in the VCLT context, and functionally used when a treaty generically says it is open to any state, yet without specifying how the term state is to be understood for its purposes (see summary of Practice of the Secretary-General as Depositary of Multilateral Treaties). This means that Palestine can participate in international treaty regimes that are generically open to any state (see below for details). The legal situation at stake is nevertheless a bit different because the question is not whether Palestine can become a party to the ICJ Statute but whether it can bring this case as a state non-party to the Statute. The question is now whether the 'Vienna formula' can be applied more broadly and beyond the process of joining a treaty.
As I explained in detail in this article, the actual effect of the 'Vienna formula' is that it defines the term 'state' for the procedural purposes of participation in a treaty regime and does so without any prejudice toward the entity's territorial legal status. This means that where treaties refer to states party or non-party to that treaty (absent any other treaty definition), the default definition of the word 'state' follows the 'Vienna formula'. This is not to say that either Article 81 or even the VCLT as a whole are necessarily applicable. It only means that the 'Vienna formula' is functionally used even outside the VCLT context. While Palestine would not be joining a treaty in this case, it would still be participating in the treaty-established procedures. Treaties cannot adopt different functional definitions of the term 'state' when they refer to procedural participation of states party and of states non-party. In both circumstances the yardstick should be the 'Vienna formula'.
If Palestine can participate in international treaty regimes or in certain procedural mechanisms established by international treaties, this has nothing to do with the Montevideo criteria or any other substantive rules governing the law of statehood. For these reasons I also believe that the ICJ can decide on its jurisdiction without discussing Palestine's statehood. The ICJ could here once again draw a line between substantive and procedural law. It could say that membership of a specialized agency of the UN gives Palestine the procedural capacity to bring this case, while this has no substantive implications for Palestine's legal status under general international law.
UNESCO membership as a window to international treaties
It has been suggested on this blog and elsewhere that Palestine's legal capacity was created by its status as a non-member observer state in the UN. As discussed on this blog back in 2012 when Palestine was admitted to this informal club (see here and here), this 'membership' may have been significant politically, but it did not create any new legal capacities for Palestine. Some attempts have been made to again attach certain implicit meanings to the phrasing 'non-member state'. I have already rejected the implicit readings of the word 'state' in international treaties. The status of a non-member observer states in the UN is not even grounded in any treaty. This is an informal extra-Charter club. Moreover, some previous members of this informal club actually were not states or at least had contested legal status (e.g. Austria prior to 1955, East Germany between 1972 and 1973, Bangladesh between 1973 and 1974, South Vietnam between 1952 and 1976).
What gave Palestine the legal capacity to enter into international treaties and even bring a case to the ICJ is its UNESCO membership. As UNESCO is a specialized agency of the UN, this was Palestine's window into the 'Vienna formula'. Note that the status of a non-member observer state in the UN does not have such effects. If one were willing to accept that states can be created as a procedural side-effect of international treaty organs, one could also conclude that a two-thirds majority in the UNESCO General Conference has the power to create states (see Article 2(2) of the UNESCO Constitution which uses the phrasing 'states not members of the [UN]' and makes new admissions contingent on a two-thirds majority in the General Conference). But again, the 'Vienna formula' is not about the substantive law of statehood. It is a procedural yardstick.
UNESCO membership gave Palestine the legal capacity to participate in international treaty regimes via the 'Vienna formula'. But the 'Vienna formula' is not there to create states or clarify international legal status. It understands the term state for certain functional purposes of participation in international treaty regimes. Some international treaties create complex procedural mechanisms and independent treaty organs. When an entity becomes a party to these procedural mechanisms, this has no implications for the substantive legal status of the entity. After all, even the UN has had two fully-fledged non-state members, Belarus and Ukraine while they still were Soviet republics. For these reasons, the ICJ does not need to consider Palestine's status under the law of statehood when deciding on its jurisdiction in the case at hand; and vice versa, if the ICJ does exercise its jurisdiction, Palestine will not become any more or less of a state than it is now.
Filed under: EJIL Analysis, International Court of Justice, Jurisdiction, Palestine, States and Statehood, Territorial Disputes, Treaty Law
Palestine Sues the United States in the ICJ re Jerusalem Embassy
Palestine's Application the ICJ, neither Groundless nor Hopeless. A Reply to Marko Milanovic
Palestine as a UN Observer State: Does this Make Palestine a State?
Does General Assembly Resolution 67/19 Have Any Implications for the Legal Status of Palestine?
Tags: Monetary Gold, Palestine
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Pok Yin Stephenson Chow
Hi Jure, thanks for this, just a quick point. If you look at the text of the VCLT carefully, Article 1 on the scope of the Convention provides that 'The present Convention applies to treaties between States'. Article 2 provides that 'for the purpose of this Convention… 'Treaty' means an international agreements concluded between States'. Article 3 further clarifies that the VCLT does not apply to international agreements concluded between a state and other subjects of international law or between other subjects of international law. In other words, the definition of a treaty as between states, is a working definition that applies only to the context of the VCLT. We know for a fact that some international agreements are open to 'sub-state entities'. The Agreement establishing the WTO and the GATT for example are open to 'separate custom territories' including places like Hong Kong. Article 81 of the VCLT seems to be telling of the fact that a treaty does not necessarily have to be concluded between states, and it might only simply imply that non-state entities are too entitled to endorse the rules expressed in VCLT as governing treaties between states (rather than evidence of the functional use of the term 'state(s)'). (Similarly, see 1986 VCLT between States and IOs.) Following from there, it becomes a bit difficult to appreciate your subsequent arguments and thoughts, especially how these observations can somehow be transposed/applied to the current context/dispute. Best, Stephenson
Kriangsak Kittichaisaree
In June 2015, Palestine, for the 1st time, attended a meeting of States Parties to any treaty in its capacity of a 'State Party'– in this case the 1982 UN Conv. on the Law of the Sea. There was opposition in the Credentials Committee to P's attendance in that capacity. As President of that 25th Mtg of States Parties to UNCLOS, I suspended debates and actions in the Plenary until this matter was settled one way or another; otherwise, there would be procedural implications in relation to the quorum and the 2/3 majority votes required for the election of one member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf to be held at that Mtg. The Credentials Comm. eventually recognized the credentials of Palestine to attend the Mtg as a State Party (and see para. 7 of http://undocs.org/SPLOS/285). It was hoped that this 'precedent' would ensure that Palestine would not have any future difficulty in being recognized as a 'State Party' to any treaty to which it became party, with all inherent rights and obligations accruing from that legal status.
Binh Ton
Dear Mr. Vidmar,
Your argument is interesting but not persuasive in my opinion. The UN Charter and ICJ Statute, in many provisions, clearly distinguish "State" and "members of the UN" (e.g. Art. 4.3 ICJ Statute "The conditions under which a state which is a party to the present Statute but is not a Member of the United Nations may participate…"). And Art. 34(1) ICJ Statute uses the term "State". So if Palestine is qualified under this Article just because it is a member of a specialized agency of the UN, it would be an interpretation contrary to the intention of State parties.
The status of Palestine was considered in the context of UNCLOS Art 305(1)(a) 'all States' that may become party to UNCLOS, not Art 305(1)(e) that allows self-governing territories that have not gained full independence like Cook Islands and Niue to become party to UNCLOS.
Sorry….Cook Islands and Niue = associated States permitted by Art 305(1)(d) to become party to UNCLOS.
I promise to say no more.
Andreas Chorakis
Allow me to differ myself. Stricto sensu the art.34.1 refers explicitly to state.this is a jurisdictional prerequisite, since ICJ is a mechanism for the interstate dispute settlement. The application of Vienna formula is not universal. It can be applied only to treaties that contain this provisions. The ICJ statute does not include the provision. In this end, the Unesco example is pointless since UNESCO Treaty contains the formula. In another context of cases, such the International Criminal Court, the decision about the status of Palestine was not necessary. However, a mechanisms which is devoted to resolve only inter-state dispute, cannot function properly if it would not declare whether Palestine is a state. The only occasion that this would be acceptable is if the ICJ statute uses the Vienna formula. Something which does not happened in the case at hand.
Jure Vidmar
Jure Vidmar is Professor of Public International Law, Maastricht University, the Netherlands. Prior to joining Maastricht, he held several teaching and research positions at Oxford University. He is also affiliated with the University of Pretoria and was a Visiting Fellow in the Human Rights Program at Harvard Law School. Jure is the author of 'Democratic Statehood in International Law: The Emergence of New States in Post-Cold War Practice' and co-editor (with Erika de Wet) of 'Hierarchy in International Law: The Place of Human Rights'. Jure is also the editor-in-chief of the Hague Yearbook of International Law. Read Full


The aim of the article is to present the standpoints of the Polish Socialist Party against the May coup d'Etat in 1926. The paper brings close the actual influence of socialists and dependent on trade unions within the preparation and course on the May coup d'Etat 1926. The author analyses the role and influence of the socialist past of Marshal Jozef Pilsudski in obtaining the support of the leftist forces in the decisive moments of the 1926 coup d'Etat. The article contains a comparative analysis of the political postulates of the Polish Socialist Party as well as the actions taken by the leading groupings aimed at carrying out political and system reforms in the Second Polish Republic. It was shown that the concept of Polish socialists, adopted at the beginning of the 1920s, consisting of achieving program objectives through gradual and non-revolutionary socio-political reforms, paradoxically was abandoned in 1926 in favour of solutions characteristic for revolutionary groups.


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September 2015 - Hawaiian Quilting With Poakalani & Co.
After several weeks of delay Kay was finally able to layout her full size quilt. Designed in honor of her mom Leilani. So do you like it plain or with the flowers blooming in their vibrant colors?


The tomb of Durandus in the Dominican church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva in Rome. On the left side, he is presented to the Virgin and Child by St. Privatus, the patron saint of his see; St. Dominic is on the right.
Like earlier medieval writers on the liturgy, (of whom there are not a great many,) Durandus simply takes it for granted that the Church's received liturgical texts are full of allegories, and may be explained as having a mystical significance greater than their mere letter. In this, his attitude to the liturgy is similar to that of the Church Fathers to the Holy Scriptures, and that of the Biblical authors themselves to earlier parts of the Bible. An interesting example of this is his explanation of the readings of Matins in the period after Pentecost.
The system of Scriptural readings assigned to the Office goes back to the 6th century; it originated in the ancient Roman basilicas, but we know nothing about how it was devised. When it was extensively revised in the Tridentine reform, the basic pattern of readings (Isaiah in Advent, St Paul after Epiphany, Genesis in Septuagesima etc.) was not changed, but completed and expanded. Following the feast of Pentecost, the readings are from the books of Kings until the first Sunday of August, when the Church takes up the Sapiential books, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Wisdom and Ecclesiasticus. In September are read Job, Tobias, Judith and Esther, followed by the two books of the Maccabees in October, and Ezechiel, Daniel and the twelve minor prophets in November.
As he goes through the liturgical texts of the individual Sundays after Pentecost, Durandus is particularly concerned to explain both the mystical significance of the readings taken from a particular book, and their connection with the Sunday Masses. Of course, the date of Pentecost changes every year, ranging from May 10th to June 13th; therefore, the Office readings, which are tied to the calendar months, coincide with a different Sunday every year. Durandus' allegorical links between these readings and the Sundays assumes a period of only 24 weeks between Pentecost and Advent, although there can be as many as 28. This section of the Rationale is quite long, and I here give only a few selection from the more interesting passages, all from the sixth book.
But because war is not waged well without discretion, in the period that follows come the books of Solomon. Again, because vices arise, against which patience is necessary, the history of Job comes after that.
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Heliodorus Driven from the Temple (2 Maccabees 3), by Bertholet Flémal, 1658-62, following Raphael's depiction of the same subject in the Stanza di Elidoro in the Vatican Museums.


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Home » News, Region » Story
Dubai's first building biologist receives global recognition
Pooja Srivastav, CEO, Shreem International, conferred the Adam Global Outstanding Leadership Award for her efforts to champion the cause of sustainability goals in the United Arab Emirates and across the world, says company's representative
Dubai, UAE, 12 February 2019: In recognition of her efforts to champion the cause of sustainability goals in the United Arab Emirates and across the world, Pooja Srivastav, CEO, Shreem International, and Dubai's first building biologist, was awarded the 'Adam Global Outstanding Leadership Award'.
Pooja Srivastav, CEO, Shreem International, receiving the Adam Global Outstanding Leadership Award
According to Shreem International, Srivastav is a known electromagnetic radiation expert and possesses a deep understanding of Geopathic Stress – a distortion of the earth's natural electromagnetic field that weakens the human immune system, thereby making us more vulnerable to illnesses, the communiqué said.
Commenting on the occasion, Pooja said: "I'd like to thank Adam Global for acknowledging our efforts. This will serve as an encouragement as we aim to create further awareness about 'Green buildings', which are eco-sustainable and emit positive energy, inside and outside. World over, builders and developers have begun using building material that reduces electromagnetic radiation and geopathic stress, a pollution that many people are not aware of, but which has consistent and gradual impact on our physical and mental well-being."
The award was presented by Rt. Honorable Paul Clark, Past Minister of State for Her Majesty the Queen, United Kingdom, the communiqué said. The ceremony, which took place during the three-day Adam Global International Business Conference, was attended by Lords, ministers of state, ambassadors and business icons from the UK and Europe, the communiqué further said. More than 200 business leaders from five continents, representing over 100,000 corporate clients, investors and business owners participated in the event, the communiqué added.
Taher Akhter, Founder and Chairman, Adam Global, appreciated Pooja's initiative to promote geopathic stress-rectified buildings, and said, "We are proud to recognise Pooja Srivastav with the Outstanding Leadership Award, at the Annual General Meeting, in Dubai."
Related tags: Adam Global, Geopathic Stress, Outstanding Leadership Award, Pooja Srivastav, Shreem International

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Chicago Booth Campaign: Inquiry & Impact
Photo by Art & Alex Photography
Alumni Amy and Richard Wallman have committed $75 million to support the University of Chicago Booth School of Business.
University of Chicago Booth School of Business alumna Amy Wallman, '75, and alumnus Richard Wallman, '74, have made a $75 million gift to the University, building upon their legacy of philanthropic support of students and faculty.
In recognition of this gift, Chicago Booth will name its academic high honors distinction after the Wallmans. This group of top students will be known as the Amy and Richard F. Wallman Scholars at Chicago Booth. The designation will be permanently bestowed upon graduating MBA students who earn high honors at Booth, as well as all alumni who have already achieved this distinction.
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The school plans to use the gift to support a number of initiatives, including scholarships for students in the Full-Time, Evening, Weekend, and Executive MBA programs. This will allow Booth to recruit from a broader and more diverse set of students and offer expanded financial assistance.
"We have great affection for the University of Chicago – the Booth School of Business is world class, and we hope our gift makes it even better," Amy Wallman said. "The Booth School is very special to us not only because we met there," Richard Wallman added, "but also because we have sponsored 26 scholarship recipients over the years and are delighted to have had a modest impact on these students' lives."
After earning her MBA from Chicago Booth in 1975, Amy Wallman began her career at EY and retired as an audit partner in 2001; most recently, she was director at Omnicare from 2004 to 2015. Richard Wallman graduated from Booth in 1974 and began his career with the Ford Motor Company. He served as the chief financial officer and senior vice president of Honeywell International Inc., a diversified industrial technology and manufacturing company, and its predecessor AlliedSignal, from 1995 to 2003. Richard Wallman also served in senior financial positions with IBM and Chrysler Corporation.
"MAINTAINING AND EXTENDING BOOTH'S PROMINENCE IN RESEARCH AND ENHANCING THE IMPACT OF OUR IDEAS ON THE WORLD BY TRAINING TOMORROW'S LEADERS IS ESSENTIAL FOR OUR CONTINUED SUCCESS."
—Madhav Rajan, Dean of Chicago Booth
"The transformative gift from Amy and Richard is a testament to their generosity and the endorsement of Chicago Booth's enduring strengths, in our programs and our extraordinary faculty," said Booth Dean Madhav Rajan. "Maintaining and extending Booth's prominence in research and enhancing the impact of our ideas on the world by training tomorrow's leaders is essential for our continued success. The Wallman Scholars will be recognized as preeminent in this cadre of future leaders, modeling the potential and the spirit of their benefactors. I look forward to working with the Wallmans in using their gift to make the greatest impact."
Funds from the gift also will be used to enhance Booth's co-curricular programming, faculty research, and emerging priorities at the discretion of the dean.
"Amy and I were so impressed with Dean Rajan's vision for the school; we hope our gift will help advance that vision," said Richard Wallman.
"This is a unique opportunity to make a difference in the careers of Chicago Booth students for generations to come and express our gratitude to those who have helped us," Amy Wallman said. "Our parents were great role models to both of us; they gave us the confidence that we could accomplish anything."
"THIS IS A UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY TO MAKE A DIFFERENCE IN THE CAREERS OF CHICAGO BOOTH STUDENTS FOR GENERATIONS TO COME AND EXPRESS OUR GRATITUDE TO THOSE WHO HAVE HELPED US."
—Amy Wallman, '75
Richard Wallman also gave credit to Larry Bossidy, former chairman and CEO of Honeywell International Inc.
"Working for Larry Bossidy is the best thing that happened in my career – he's affected my life in so many positive ways," Richard Wallman added. "We also wish to express our deep appreciation to our dear friends at Centerbridge Partners and Merrill Lynch, as they were key enablers of this gift."
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Thank you for investing—in inquiry, impact, and Chicago Booth! The University of Chicago Campaign: Inquiry and Impact was successfully completed on December 31.
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Apparently, I share a birthday with Google. Google is turning 10 and I am turning 26. I have lots of thoughts about turning 26, but a combination of staying up late and a baby who decided 4 AM would be a great time to get up today has left me a little fuzzy this morning. I'll try to put something coherent together later, but we'll see. It's going to be a busy couple of days because Kari and Jonathan are here for the weekend! Here's a picture so you'll all forgive me for this pointless, pointless post.
I, for one, am a COMPLETE sucker for it. Count me in. Happy birthday, google. Maybe I should have gotten them a card… you, howeverm earned one magical phone call in which I asked to talk to your sister. You're welcome!
Keep the pointless posts coming, as long as they contain pictures of that gorgeous little girl. And Happy Birthday to her gorgeous mother.
Aaaahhh I love baby smiles! Happy belated b-day!


text:
Travis Simpkins
Freelance Artist and Museum Professional. Portrait Commissions and Historical Research. www.tsimpkins.com
Norman Rockwell. American Illustrator, Painter and Freemason. by Travis Simpkins
Portrait Sketch of
American Illustrator
Painter and Author
known for cover images of
Artwork housed in the
Norman Rockwell Museum
Freemason
Red Mountain Lodge No. 63
Arlington, Vermont
by Travis Simpkins
Norman Rockwell - Documentary
www.nrm.org
Posted by Travis Simpkins at 12:00 AM
Labels: Art History, Artist, Freemasons, Grand Lodge of Vermont, Norman Rockwell, Norman Rockwell Museum, Travis Simpkins
Travis Simpkins is a freelance artist and museum professional. His works are in numerous collections throughout the U.S. and Europe.
Recent Works by Travis Simpkins in Oil and Charcoal www.tsimpkins.com
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Well Fargo urged its customers on Thursday to visit bank branches or use telephone banking due to continuing problems with its website.
In a statement, a bank spokeswoman described the issue as "an unusually high volume of traffic" that is causing slow or intermittent access to its website.
"The vast majority of customers are not impacted, but for those who are, we encourage them to access their accounts through our stores, ATMs or by phone as we work to resolve the issue," she wrote.
Wells Fargo is one of several banks that have been targeted with distributed denial-of-service (DDOS) attacks over the last several months, which seek to jam websites with traffic to make them unavailable.
A group calling itself the "Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Cyber Fighters" launched attacks against Wells Fargo and other financial institutions in September following the publication of a 14-minute video trailer insulting the Prophet Muhammed. Wells Fargo apologized at the time for the disruptions.
The video, which appeared on YouTube, has been removed by Google in some countries since it violates local law, but the company has left it up in most countries since it does not violate its guidelines.
The Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Cyber Fighters Group posted a message on Pastebin on Tuesday, saying that it intends to continue to launch attacks against financial institutions until the video is removed.
It warned this week's attacks will be on the same scale as last week. Arbor Networks, a networking security company, said some of the DDOS attacks peaked at 60Gbps, up from an average attack rate of just 1.67 Gbps in September. The attackers are employing a tool called Brobot that sends specially crafted DNS (Domain Name System) packets, the company said.
Other banks targeted include U.S. Bancorp, JPMorgan Chase, Bank of America, PNC Financial Services Group and SunTrust Banks.


Summary MU-MIMO enabled AC2600 class wireless router with Gigabit Ethernet ports and dual port USB 3.0 storage and printer sharing.
TP-Link's Archer C2600 AC 2600 Wireless Dual Band Gigabit Router makes the third QCA-based 4x4 router with working MU-MIMO to hit the SmallNetBuilder test bench. So excuse me if I dispense with the MU-MIMO background provided in the previous reviews. Hit Part 1 of the Linksys EA8500 review for a quick review of what MU-MIMO is and why you might care. You can also do a quick skim of the Amped Wireless "Athena" RTA2600 review to see how it fared.
The rear of the C2600 has four RP-SMA antenna connectors, power connector, on / off switch and four Gigabit LAN ports and one Gigabit WAN port. There are no link / activity lights for the individual Ethernet ports. All you get is one LAN indicator on the top panel that lights steadily when something is connected to one or more LAN ports.
The two USB 3.0 ports are on the router's right side, with other buttons shown in the callout graphic below.
The bottom and back part of the top panel of the router have plenty of vent slots. There are no vents on the sides. The C2600 is designed to sit flat on a desk, but can be wall mounted via two bottom-panel screw slots that will orient the rear panel toward the ceiling.
TP-LINK didn't put a short-term hold on its FCC ID docs, so I didn't have to open the router for component identification. The first picture shows the main board out of its shell, but with RF cans and heatsinks in place.
Here's a closer picture with the cans removed. It's still not clear enough for component ID. But the FCC internal pictures file had close-ups of most key parts.
Here's the bottom of the board with the two radios' RF cans intact. There are no heatsinks on these cans.
Key components for the TP-LINK, Linksys and Amped Wireless AC2600 routers are summarized and compared in Table 1. Component-wise, the three are the same except for Amped's choice of QCA9990 radio vs. the QCA9980 used in the TP-LINK and Linksys designs. QCA describes the 9980 as aimed at router and gateway designs while the 9990 is for enterprise access points.
Here are the Amped (top) and Linksys (bottom) board top shots for comparison. The components used may be similar, but these are three very different board designs, with TP-LINK the only one with the radios on the bottom of the board.


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IBM Keeps Weakening Its Commitment to Developers and Software Communities
Posted in GNU/Linux, IBM, Red Hat at 6:43 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz
IBM did a lot more for us over a decade ago (e.g. OpenDocument Format advocacy)
Six months ago: IBM (Red Hat) Lectured FSF That It Needed More Diversity, But Was It Looking at the Mirror? IBM and Red Hat Are Even Less Diverse.
Summary: After many years of brain-draining and head-hunting/poaching the real development community (Free software and GNU/Linux, sometimes outsourced to Microsoft servers) Red Hat bought the most widely-used community-centric clone of its primary product (RHEL) and now IBM demotes it, decades down the line…
IBM appointed Red Hat's (former) CEO to serve as President and a pro-GNU/Linux person as CEO. A reasonably technical guy was left in charge of Red Hat and these changes were effective earlier this year (in springtime, just after COVID-19 lock-downs across Europe).
This site is no foe of Red Hat. We're just realists. IBM was never too serious about Red Hat. We hear stories about lack of commitment, we read about layoffs, systemd causes some concerns and various products are being abolished, e.g. Container Linux (CoreOS), KDE support in Red Hat, even certain parts of Fedora.
"What remains to be said (which we did not see being expressed elsewhere) is that the demotion of CentOS isn't and wasn't unforeseen; when Red Hat took over the project it had already struggled for a number of reasons…"IBM, which has a racist past, insists that it is no longer racist; it has a CEO who was born in India, it keeps stressing that it loves women, and it even works to abolish words it deems "rude" (we still think censorship of words where such lingual cull tackles no real or perceived problem is equally rude).
We're not against IBM. We're not against Red Hat, either (some probably considered us pro-Red Hat back when we called for a boycott of Novell). We're against software patents. We're also against dishonesty.
This morning we thought about preparing an article about CentOS (which still runs some of our systems), but it seems like some sites beat us to it with reasonably OK analysis (here's a pair/couple from Sam Varghese, dated today [1, 2]; more will be in Daily Links), so we'd rather focus on suppressed issues nobody else covers, such as EPO scandals, especially at times like these (there's a strike planned in all four sites next week).
What remains to be said (which we did not see being expressed elsewhere) is that the demotion of CentOS isn't and wasn't unforeseen; when Red Hat took over the project it had already struggled for a number of reasons (references in our IRC logs) and Red Hat never treated it like a first-class citizen. We weren't sure a CentOS 8.x would be released at all (it took some time). Several clones like CentOS perished last year and around that time. IBM is really eager to just milk as much money as possible out of RHEL. Oracle has its own clone, but it's anything but "community"-like. As for the Fedora "community", it has been mostly decimated by now. Watching Planet Fedora, it's mostly IBM staff and it's not very active. Ryan told us last night about a number of Fedora issues he noticed (as a user) and observed for quite some time, noting: "It's down to less than a skeleton crew."
"I wasn't happy with what happened to their KDE SIG," he said. "One person who has been there from the KDE on Red Hat beginning (Rex Dieter)" got Kevin Kofler banned, "and [what remains is] a few part timers who mostly use Edge on Windows 10."
"It's completely falling apart. Fedora's KDE spin has totally gone off the rails."
IBM seems to be consolidating around cheap and outsourced hosting; there are also layoffs. Things were different when Samuel J. Palmisano and Irving Wladawsky-Berger were still at IBM. █
IBM is Not a Community
Corporations Love Shareholders, Not Software Freedom or Users' Needs
[Meme] IBM is Totally Not Killing CentOS


Yesterday was a very sad day for me. The D Tuning Peg on My '91 Washburn D10N died. Basically it is slipping when I try to tune up.
I bought the guitar in '91. It's my first guitar. It's the guitar I learned to play on. I have had other guitars, but it's the only one that I have kept through the years.
I want to replace the tuning pegs and was wondering if any of you knew how I would go about getting replacements. It looks like it would be easy to swap out...if I knew which ones to get.
I know I could take it to a guitar shop and have them do it..in fact I did so a few years back and the guitar tech looked at me like I was crazy for wanting to do so...saying it would cost more than the guitar was worth...I think he wanted me to buy a new guitar. Clearly it can't be that hard, right?
Bottomline is I like my D10N. It's not replaceable. Nothing sounds like it.
Any ideas how I go about finding a replacement?
Hi, pawndream, and welcome to the forum. Are you sure that there is not a screw on the tuner which just needs tightening?
If you need new tuners, Stew Mac (Stewart Macdonald) luthier supplies has several different tuners at different price ranges for sale. Just Google and see. And I'm sure that there are others as well.
You can also head down to your local music store and should be able to buy a set of replacement tuners. My local GC or Daddy's Junky Music usually has several brands in stock.
I know that today's D10s come with Grover Style tuners and it should be possible to swap in replacement Grovers without the need for new screw holes or any dimensioning of the peg holes. Can anyone confirm that - can you just drop in the Grovers? If so, I might put some 18:1s on my lovely new D10SCE (which, by the way, I'm coming to love deeply - SO sweet to play! It's always in my hands).
I'm not sure what stock tuners would be on a '91 D10N. I think the answer pawndream needs is to the same question as mine but relative to the '91 D10N - can he just drop replacement Grovers in without any drilling etc.?
By the way, pawndream, I have Grover 18:1s on my WG2S and my new Idol WI45. I love 'em! Smooth and accurate.


There is a rumor that Spring may finally be creeping around the corner… The weather is warmer, and I did see a few flowers and buds on my walk yesterday – though fewer than normal, for this time of year.
Meanwhile, we're still eating a lot of root vegetables… so I was looking for Something Else to do with carrots. I mean, carrots are really delicious – they're sweet, and crisp, and the bright color helps the look of a plate – and I do have several way to cook them already, but… a little variety still helps.
Ginger is a classic combination with carrots. I was at the little greengrocer/convenience store across the street – we have many of them in New York, and the vegetables available in mine are much better than the ones in the local grocery store. (There are stores with very good produce departments – just not the one down the block from me…) I needed some onions – and I noticed the root ginger. I haven't used that for a while… and it is a wonderful combination with carrots (I still had a couple, from my last Greenmarket foray.) Good, I thought, that will add some sparkle.
Then, at home, I noticed the orange juice – another good combination with both carrots and ginger. I decided to cook the carrots in the OJ and ginger.
First, I cut the carrots in matchsticks. Yes, if you have a mandoline with a julienne setting, go ahead and use it. I don't, so I just sliced them. (Which really doesn't take long for two carrots… though it might be a drag to cut enough for a large family.) You can cut them any way you like, of course – I thought this would work well for the tender crisp texture, and provide plenty of surface for the seasoning.
Then I put the cut carrots in a shallow pan – I used a small frying pan – with about half a cup of orange juice. I'd actually planned to use less, but it was the end of the container, and I didn't want to put it back with just a couple of ounces – and I think this worked very well. I wanted to reduce the juice, as well as cook the carrots, so I put the pan over high heat, and let the juice boil.
While it boiled, I grated the ginger. I recently acquired a proper Japanese ginger grater, so used it for the first time. It has the moat around the grater to catch the juice – indeed, in some Japanese dishes you use only the juice, squeezing the pulp dry and then discarding it. I've used the fine side of an ordinary grater, before, but I realize it did lose some of the juice. Use whatever you have. I used a sharp paring knife to peel the end of the ginger root, and then grated the exposed part, and set it aside.
Meanwhile, the juice was cooking down nicely, and thickening slightly, which caused it to coat the carrots. I added the ginger juice and pulp (I hadn't wanted it to boil long,) reduced the heat slightly, and started stirring. Once the juice was really reduced, I also added a bit of butter for richness and to smooth it out into a sauce. Once it glazed the carrots, I served them.
They were wonderful, if I do say so myself. The carrots were the tender crisp texture I'd wanted (I'd been afraid of over cooking them, boiling down that much juice.) The orange juice added sweetness as well as flavor, the ginger balanced that with a delicate bite. (Rich's one suggestion was More Ginger – I'll do that, next time.) It gave me glazed carrots without any added sugar – and with much more interest than some I've had. I'm definitely going to use this for guests, and for holidays, as well as just to give us variety.
Scrub carrots, peel if needed. Cut into matchsticks.
Place carrots and orange juice in a shallow pan. Bring to a boil, and let continue to boil, to both cook the carrots and reduce the liquid.
When the juice has boiled down by half, add ginger. Start to stir every minute or two.
When the juice is boiled almost away, leaving just a little liquid in the pan and glazing the carrots, add butter, stir, and serve.
Ginger with carrots is a perfect match and a wonderful way to add a gentle heat to pair with the sweetness. And I hope you're right - I'm ready for spring to get here!
Thank you! Honey carrots was always a bit too sweet for me, in the middle of a meal - but I liked the idea of a touch of sweetness, to balance the ginger, and thought the juice would provide that. I think it worked well... I hope you enjoy it.


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Home News Cybersecurity
Drooms and Oodrive form strategic partnership
Technology & software solutions
Drooms, a provider of virtual data rooms in Europe, and Oodrive, a European specialist in sensitive data management, have formed a strategic partnership and will market their joint solution in their respective markets: France and French-speaking territories for Oodrive, and Germany and German-speaking territories for Drooms.
Oodrive, a French specialist in highly-secure collaboration and electronic signature solutions, meets the highest French and international certification standards and requirements with regards to sensitive data processing. It provides a solution in over 90 countries and for over 15,000 customers, including BNP Paribas, Banque de France, Axa, DGA, Air Liquide, Airbus, Kering, Air France and other companies in a range of sizes and sectors, including 80% of CAC 40 companies.
Drooms, the Frankfurt-based company, is operating in the virtual data room market, with sales offices across Europe. Its technology gives enterprises controlled access to large quantities of confidential data. Owing to the renowned quality of its proposition, Drooms leads the European market and has gained the trust of large corporations such as METRO GROUP, Deloitte, KPMG, PwC, JP Morgan, CBRE and UBS, as well as numerous SMEs.
Both businesses are set to profit from each other's innovational expertise and local distribution network. A staff exchange is part of the cooperation: a team from each partner will join Oodrive in Paris and Drooms in Munich.
Both companies believe that data security will be the major issue of the future, as recent events confirm the risk of European company data migrating to the US with the support of both the Patriot Act and CLOUD Act via US companies or their European subsidiaries.
Both companies also stress the high security of their servers, Board Communication and Data Room products as independent European companies.
Alexandre Grellier, Co-founder and CEO of Drooms, says: "We are thrilled to be cooperating with Oodrive, whose focus on - and commitment to - security, trust and performance so clearly matches our own. Our alignment will create substantial value for our clients in terms of ease-of-use and security. They will particularly benefit from our common drive for innovation and our regional expertise."
Édouard de Rémur, Co-founder and Senior Vice President of Oodrive, adds: "It is vital that French and European actors start using data sovereignty software solutions, especially when it comes to sensitive data management. Furthermore, they need to realise that there are credible alternatives to American providers, who do make quite a stir, but whose products are not as advanced as ours, and who also must comply with the CLOUD Act. For a long time Oodrive and Drooms have focused their efforts on creating expert and highly-developed products in their own sectors. It is now time for our companies to lay claim to excellence and make it known throughout Europe. Our partnership is a perfect opportunity to do so."
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text:
Best Online Hotel and Restaurant Management Degree Programs
If you're considering the pursuit of an online bachelor's in hotel and restaurant management, read on to compare the best programs based on cost, flexibility, and accreditation. Find your path forward today.
Common Coursework
As colleges and universities navigate the COVID-19 pandemic, we're continuing our efforts to provide you with useful student resources and the latest online program information. Check our coronavirus resources page to learn more.
Whether working at the Four Seasons or a beloved local restaurant, creating a welcoming, professional, and memorable occasion is the highest priority for hospitality professionals. Learning the tricks of the trade alongside valuable business skills like financial management and marketing can serve professionals in this field looking to take their careers to the next level.
Earning an online bachelor's in hotel and restaurant management signals to prospective employers a high level of commitment to the discipline and specialized training. Read on to learn about common classes found in these programs and available jobs for graduates.
What Are the Best Online Bachelor's in Hotel and Restaurant Management Programs? Here Are Our Top 5:
Is your school on this list? Get the BestColleges ranking seal.
#1 Florida International University Miami, FL
#2 The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa, AL
#3 Johnson & Wales University Providence, RI
#4 Texas Tech University Lubbock, TX
#5 University of Missouri Columbia, MO
How We Rank Schools
At BestColleges, we believe a college education is one of the most important investments you will make. We want to help you navigate the college selection process by offering school rankings that are transparent, inclusive, and relevant for online students.
Our rankings are grounded in a few guiding principles and use the latest statistical data available from trusted sources. Read our Ranking Methodology. We hope our approach helps you find the school that is best for you.
Related Programs That Might Interest You
Learn about start dates, transferring credits, availability of financial aid, and more by contacting the universities below.
2020 Best Accredited Online Bachelor's in Hotel and Restaurant Management Programs
Florida International University View School Profile Miami, FL
FIU serves about 58,000 students each year through various programs, including an online bachelor of science in hospitality management. Students can complete all of the program's coursework online through the Canvas platform or take some courses at FIU's Miami campus.
The program's 120-credit curriculum covers topics like commercial food production, lodging operations control, and hospitality analytics and revenue management. Learners can pursue a complementary minor such as hotel management or restaurant/food service management. Students round out the program by completing at least 500 hours of practical industry training.
Applicants must submit ACT or SAT scores. FIU also offers a dual-degree track that enables learners to obtain a bachelor's and master's in five years.
The University of Alabama View School Profile Tuscaloosa, AL
UA powers distance education through its Bama By Distance program, which uses the Blackboard Learn platform. Undergraduate students can enroll in UA's fully online bachelor of science in hospitality management program. Throughout the program's 120-credit curriculum, students gain the skills needed to pursue careers in convention sales and marketing, food service management, and the hotel and resort industry.
Program coursework includes principles of food preparation, catering management and quantity food, and employee recruitment and supervision. Students also delve into managerial accounting and computer information systems. Participants also complete a 500-hour internship.
Applicants need a minimum 2.0 GPA. Individuals who graduated from high school at least four years before applying do not need to submit ACT/SAT scores. UA provides a variety of financial aid, including scholarships specifically for distance learners.
Johnson & Wales University View School Profile Providence, RI
Based in Providence, Rhode Island, JWU serves over 7,300 students, many of whom study online. JWU's undergraduate offerings include an online bachelor's degree in hospitality management. Distance learners in this program use the Blackboard platform to access 11-week, asynchronous classes. Participants may graduate in under four years.
Major courses include strategic marketing, operations analysis, and dynamics of tourism and sustainability. Students also learn to manage the hotel guest experience, focusing on industry standards and quality control. Learners gain hands-on skills by completing an internship, and they can also expand their education by pursuing a human resource management minor.
JWU offers four yearly start dates. Program applicants need at least two years of full-time work experience after graduating from high school.
Texas Tech University View School Profile Lubbock, TX
TTU is a public research institution that delivers over 300 academic programs. Undergraduate students can earn an online bachelor's degree in hotel and restaurant management. This degree completion program targets students who already hold an associate of applied sciences degree, and participants can graduate in two years.
Online courses cover topics like personnel management, marketing and sales, and strategic purchasing practices. Students complete 1,200 hours of hands-on work experience through labs and internships. They personalize their curriculum with 36 elective credits, choosing from advanced courses like wine tourism and lodging operations. The program delivers coursework asynchronously through the Blackboard platform.
TTU's bachelor's in hotel and restaurant management program is accredited by the Commission for Programs in Hospitality Administration.
University of Missouri View School Profile Columbia, MO
Mizzou serves about 30,000 students through more than 300 academic programs, including a fully online bachelor of science in hospitality management that emphasizes hands-on business skill development. Requiring 120 credits, the curriculum consists of classes like hospitality law and strategic management.
Students take advanced courses in their chosen specialty area, selecting from options like food and beverage management, conference and events management, and lodging management. Learners can also pursue a sport venue management track, learning to coordinate facilities maintenance and oversee live entertainment events. Students in all tracks must complete an internship.
Mizzou offers spring, fall, and summer start dates. First-year applicants must meet minimum ACT or SAT score requirements that scale based on their high school GPA and class rank. Transfer applicants must have a 2.5 GPA or higher.
What Can I Expect From an Online Bachelor's in Hotel and Restaurant Management Program?
Pursuing a bachelor's in hotel and restaurant management makes sense for individuals who enjoy working with others and are passionate about food, travel, or tourism.
Pursuing a bachelor's in hotel and restaurant management makes sense for individuals who enjoy working with others and are passionate about food, travel, or tourism. Working in this field can make for many late nights and long shifts, so prospective students should consider the long-term scheduling implications before taking the plunge.
The majority of online bachelor's in hotel and restaurant management programs require four years of full-time study and consist of approximately 120 credits. Part-time students usually need six years to graduate.
While most of the curriculum focuses on general education and core hospitality topics, some programs also offer the opportunity to develop specialized knowledge. Concentration options often include hotel and lodging management, beverage management, and meetings and event management.
Given the hands-on nature of hotel and restaurant management jobs, many degrees also include an internship component. These semester-long experiences allow degree-seekers to shadow and learn from experienced hospitality professionals before leaving school.
Prospective students may encounter hotel and restaurant programs offered as a bachelor of arts or a bachelor of science. The BA typically requires a foreign language component, making it a great fit for those seeking international roles. The BS tends to focus more on business topics.
Still Looking for the Right Fit? Discover Similar Programs.
Best Online Bachelor's in Hospitality Management Programs Best Online Bachelor's in Business Management Programs Best Online Bachelor's in Finance Programs
What Courses Will I Take in an Online Bachelor's in Hotel and Restaurant Management Program?
Coursework for online bachelor's in hotel and restaurant management programs familiarizes learners with every step of the hospitality process, from online bookings to repeat guests. Each school will offer its own unique curriculum, but the following section highlights several common classes.
Hospitality Industry Foundations
Typically taken in the first year of studies, this course looks at the many different careers within the hospitality industry while also covering historic and contemporary trends. Students also consider how economic forces influence both hotels and restaurants.
Dining Room Service
This course covers many core topics related to dining rooms, including food and beverage operations, food presentation techniques, reservation systems, and design plans. The class often culminates in a dining room service presentation by students.
Food Service Sanitation
Whether working in a hotel, restaurant, or resort, understanding the laws and regulations governing food sanitation is critical. This course reviews how food should be handled and processed to prevent foodborne illness.
Designed for future hotel managers, concierges, and other hospitality staff, this course looks at how to deliver a quality guest experience. With an eye toward leadership, the course also covers how to evaluate and train staff and measure the effectiveness of guest policies.
Restaurant Revenue Management
Restaurant managers must carefully oversee the money that comes in and out of the restaurant if they hope to turn a profit. This course looks at some of the theories and techniques around food and beverage costs, labor management, and returns on investment.
Find the Tools You Need to Get Started on Your Degree
Scholarships and Financial Aid for Online College Students Your Guide to College Loans Your Guide to the FAFSA
What Can I Do With an Online Bachelor's in Hotel and Restaurant Management Degree?
Earning an online bachelor's in hotel and restaurant management qualifies graduates to take on many rewarding jobs in multiple settings. Whether working as the manager of a luxury resort in Cabo San Lucas or overseeing the opening of a funky neighborhood diner in SoHo, earning this degree signals to prospective employers a seriousness and dedication to the field.
Roles in hospitality can pay solid salaries, especially in management. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports that lodging managers earned a median annual salary of $54,430 in 2019 and food service managers earned a median annual salary of $55,320.
true Restaurants
More than 12 million employees worked in the restaurant industry in the U.S. in 2020. This industry offers many opportunities for advancement and growth; around 90% of restaurant managers and 80% of restaurant owners started out in entry-level positions. While restaurants were negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the industry is expected to bounce back.
Pursuing a career in accommodations affords graduates of an online bachelor's in hotel and restaurant management program the opportunity to work in many different settings. Some may feel drawn towards quaint bed and breakfast locales, while others may want to work for multinational luxury hotel chains.
Travel is a significant component of the hospitality industry. Working as a travel consultant or planner allows graduates to help individuals arrange all the components of their trip, including lodging, meals, and transportation.
Many towns and cities across the world rely on tourism to fuel their economics. By working as a tourism professional, graduates have the chance to educate visitors about a unique location, help them discover the best spots in town, make recommendations on where to stay and eat, and create travel plans for visitors.
Many larger hotels maintain event spaces to host events like school reunions, corporate retreats, weddings, and conferences. Working in the event side of the hospitality industry often means juggling both lodging and food and beverage responsibilities while also ensuring event spaces are set up correctly, technical needs are met, and organizers receive the support needed to pull off a great event.
Hotel and Restaurant Management Not for You? Check Out These Related Careers.
Business Management Careers Entrepreneurship Careers Finance Careers
Frequently Asked Questions About Bachelor's in Hotel and Restaurant Management Programs
Is a bachelor's in hotel and restaurant management worth it?
The hotel and restaurant industries typically have not required individuals to possess a four-year degree to move up the ranks, but this has started to change. Earning a bachelor's in hotel and restaurant management demonstrates to employers your commitment to continued education. Evaluate program costs and reach out to industry professionals to discuss which qualifications are valued in the field to determine whether a bachelor's is worth it for you.
What can I do with a bachelor's in hotel and restaurant management?
An online bachelor's in hotel and restaurant management can open the doors to multiple careers in several different areas of the industry. Graduates can find work as beverage managers or hotel event planners, among other jobs.
Are hotel and restaurant management majors in demand?
While the COVID-19 pandemic has temporarily put a damper on in-person dining and travel, these sectors may begin to recover as vaccines become more widely available. The BLS projects 8% job growth for event planners between 2019 and 2029.
How much money can I make with a bachelor's in hotel and restaurant management?
Many jobs within the hospitality industry pay in the neighborhood of $50,000. According to the BLS, lodging managers earned a median salary of $54,430 in 2019, while food service managers made $55,320 per year and meeting, convention, and event planners earned $50,600.
What are the highest paying jobs with a bachelor's in hotel and restaurant management?
Salary potential in the hospitality industry depends on location, education, experience, and the specific employer. Sales professionals in the field typically bring home high salaries. According to the BLS, sales managers earned a median annual salary of $126,640 in 2019.


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text:
Myrietech
Tech news updates
Tag: India
Samsung M30 Price in India Said to Start at Rs. 15,000, February Launch Date Tipped
February 18, 2019 Anindita Ghosh
Samsung M30 price in India is said to be around Rs. 15,000 Highlights Samsung M30 price in India is expected
LinkedIn's Salary Feature Comes to India, Gives a Breakdown Based on Title, Location
Professional social network site LinkedIn on Thursday launched the 'LinkedIn Salary' feature which will provide a detailed breakdown of salaries
India Among Top 4 Countries Targeted for Phishing Attacks: RSA Security
India is among the top four nations targeted by phishing attacks, a new report said on Monday, adding that the
India Ranked 12 Globally for Web-Borne Threats: Kaspersky Lab
Globally, India ranks 12th when it comes to the dangers associated with surfing the web, according to a new report
Nearly All Mobile Handsets Sold in the Country Are 'Made in India': CMR
Domestic manufacturing of mobile phones saw a significant increase in the third quarter of 2018, with almost 94 per cent
PlayStation Store Prepaid Cards Now Available in India
Sony has finally made PlayStation Store prepaid cards available in India. Available in denominations of Rs. 500 to Rs. 4,500, this
Delhi Gets Free Wi-Fi, High-Speed Broadband Under Smart City Project
Parts of the national capital will now enjoy free Wi-Fi and high-speed broadband as Union Home Minister Rajnath Singh launched
Facebook Blood Donations Hub Launched for India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
As it had announced back at its F8 developers conference last month, Facebook has launched its Blood Donations hub for India, Pakistan. and Bangladesh. The move coincided with
WhatsApp Said to Hasten Payments Push in Its Biggest Market, India
Facebook is set to offer its WhatsApp payment services to the whole of India as early as next week in an attempt to
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text:
Anders Celsius's Thermometer
Gustavianum Museum
The first thermometer made with the almost-universal temperature scale is backwards.
CoolCrab (Atlas Obscura User)
Top Places in Uppsala
The Flogsta Scream
Pelle Svanslös Crosswalk
Anders Celsius was a Swedish astronomer and physicist based in Uppsala in the 18th century. His research mainly focused on the moon and the brightness of stars, but he is best remembered for his work with temperature.
Celsius determined that the freezing of water was independent of atmospheric pressure and latitude, and though the boiling point of water did differ with these variables, it was directly correlated. With this knowledge, the scientist proposed a new temperature scale in 1742 that put 100 degrees between the boiling point of water and its freezing point.
The system was easy to use and work with, and fit well in the other decimal units of the SI system (International System of Units). The new scale was quickly accepted as the standard for temperature all over the world. Today this is still the case, with the exception of the United States, the Bahamas, Belize, the Cayman Islands, and Liberia.
The first thermometer made in this scale by Celsius himself was kept in Uppsala Observatory for many years and eventually donated to the Gustavianum Museum, where it is on display now. If you look at it closely, you'll notice one major difference between this early instrument and modern-day degrees Celsius (or centigrade) thermometers: The scale is backwards.
On Celsius's thermometer, zero degrees is the boiling point of water and the freezing point is at 100 degrees. Strange as it seems, this likely came from the way astronomers view the brightness of stars; bright stars have negative values and very dim ones have higher, positive ones. About a year after Celsius proposed his namesake system, the scale was reversed by French physicist Jean-Pierre Christin to the recognizable values we use today.
Update as of July 2021: The Gustavianum Museum is currently closed for renovations and will reopen in fall 2023.
The thermometer is in a glass case on the first floor of the Gustavianum. You will need a ticket to ent
marvelous maps and measures astronomy instruments of science science history museums
typecastphil, hrnick
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Celsius
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius
https://www.gustavianum.uu.se/gustavianum-eng/exhibitions/permanent-exhibitions/the-history-of-uppsala-university/
Rune Staff Collection
Universitetshuset Runestone Circle
The second oldest anatomical theater is housed in a museum of curiosities.
The second-largest collection of runic calendar staffs in Sweden.
A large collection of ancient runestones decorates this university courtyard.
Fjärdingen, Sweden
Uppland Runic Inscription 489
A rare rune stone dedicated to a woman.
Helsinki Observatory
Finland's oldest astronomical observatory once played a crucial role in seafaring and timekeeping.
Van der Wall Telescope
Once the world's biggest telescope, it was later used as a coat hanger by a famous Dutch astronomer.
Gaithersburg, Maryland
U.S. National Prototype Kilogram
This golfball sized platinum iridium cylinder is the official starting point for all national weight calibrations
Zrinjevac Meteorological Column
This 135-year-old weather station studied the effects of the climate on human health.


text:
Q: How can I form an ordered list of values extracted from HashMap? My problem is actually more nuanced than the question suggests, but wanted to keep the header brief.
I have a HashMap<String, File> of File objects as values. The keys are String name fields which are part of the File instances. I need to iterate over the values in the HashMap and return them as a single String.
This is what I have currently:
private String getFiles()
{
    Collection<File> fileCollection = files.values();
    StringBuilder allFilesString = new StringBuilder();

    for(File file : fileCollection) {
        allFilesString.append(file.toString());
    }
    return allFilesString.toString();
}

This does the job, but ideally I want the separate File values to be appended to the StringBuilder in order of int fileID, which is a field of the File class.
Hope I've made that clear enough.

A: Something like this should work:
List<File> fileCollection = new ArrayList<File>(files.values());

Collections.sort(fileCollection,
                 new Comparator<File>()
                 {
                     public int compare(File fileA, File fileB)
                     {
                         final int retVal;

                         if(fileA.fileID > fileB.fileID)
                         {
                             retVal = 1;
                         }
                         else if(fileA.fileID < fileB.fileID)
                         {
                             retVal = -1;
                         }
                         else
                         {
                             retVal = 0;
                         }

                         return (retVal);
                     }
                 });

A: Unfortunately there is no way of getting data out of a HashMap in any recognizable order.  You have to either put all the values into a TreeSet with a Comparator that uses the fileID, or put them into an ArrayList and sort them with Collections.sort, again with a Comparator that compares the way you want.
The TreeSet method doesn't work if there are any duplicates, and it may be overkill since you're not going to be adding things to or removing things from the Set.  The Collections.sort method is a good solution for instances like this where you're going to take the whole HashSet, sort the results, and then toss away the sorted collection as soon as you've generated the result.

A: OK, this is what I've come up with. Seems to solve the problem, returns a String with the File objects nicely ordered by their fileId.
public String getFiles()
{
    List<File> fileList = new ArrayList<File>(files.values());

    Collections.sort(fileList, new Comparator<File>()
                               {
                                   public int compare(File fileA, File fileB)
                                   {
                                       if(fileA.getFileId() > fileB.getFileId())
                                       {
                                           return 1;
                                       }
                                       else if(fileA.getFileId() < fileB.getFileId())
                                       {
                                           return -1;
                                       }
                                       return 0;
                                   }
                               });

    StringBuilder allFilesString = new StringBuilder();

    for(File file : fileList) {
        allFilesString.append(file.toString());
    }
    return allFilesString.toString();
}

I've never used Comparator before (relatively new to Java), so would appreciate any feedback if I've implemented anything incorrectly.

A: Why not collect it in an array, sort it, then concatenate it?
-- MarkusQ

A: You'll have to add your values() Collection to an ArrayList and sort it using Collections.sort() with a custom Comparator instance before iterating over it.
BTW, note that it's pointless to initialize the StringBuffer with the size of the collection, since you'll be adding far more than 1 character per collection element.

A: Create a temporary List, then add each pair of data into it. Sort it with Collections.sort() according to your custom comparator then you will have the List in your desired order.
Here is the method you're looking for: http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/util/Collections.html#sort(java.util.List,%20java.util.Comparator)

A: I created LinkedHashMap a dozen times before it was added to the set of collections.
What you probably want to do is create a TreeHashMap collection.
Creating a second collection and appending anything added to both isn't really a size hit, and you get the performance of both (with the cost of a little bit of time when you add).
Doing it as a new collection helps your code stay clean and neat.  The collection class should just be a few lines long, and should just replace your existing hashmap...
If you get in the habit of always wrapping your collections, this stuff just works, you never even think of it.

A: StringBuffer allFilesString = new StringBuffer(fileCollection.size());

Unless all your file.toString() is one character on average, you are probably making the StringBuffer too small. (If it not right, you may as well not set it and make the code simpler) You may get better results if you make it some multiple of the size.  Additionally StringBuffer is synchronized, but StringBuilder is not and there for more efficient here.

A: Remove unnecessary if statment.
List<File> fileCollection = new ArrayList<File>(files.values());
Collections.sort(fileCollection,
             new Comparator<File>() {
                 public int compare(File a, File b) {
                     return (a.fileID - b.fileID);
                 }
             });


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