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José Ruben, né le  à Paris (France) et mort le  à New York (États-Unis), est un acteur, metteur en scène et pédagogue américain d'origine française.

Biographie

Au cours des années 1900, José Ruben étudie notamment à l'Université et au Conservatoire de Paris, puis émigre en 1910 aux États-Unis, où il s'installe défintivement, obtenant en 1918 la nationalité américaine.

Dans son pays d'adoption, il entame sa carrière comme acteur de théâtre et joue notamment à Broadway, où sa première pièce est  de Robert Smythe Hichens et Mary Anderson (1911-1912). Suivent notamment Roméo et Juliette de William Shakespeare (1918, extraits avec Laurette Taylor), Les Revenants d'Henrik Ibsen (1916-1917, avec Arthur Hohl, puis 1926, avec Lucile Watson), Les Deux Orphelines d'Adolphe d'Ennery et Eugène Cormon (1926, avec Mary Nash, sa première épouse de 1918 à 1927 — divorce — et Fay Bainter) et Comme tu me veux de Luigi Pirandello (1931, avec Judith Anderson et Douglass Dumbrille). Sa dernière pièce comme acteur à Broadway est The Great Sebastians d'Howard Lindsay et Russel Crouse (1956, avec Lynn Fontanne et Alfred Lunt).

Toujours à Broadway, il débute comme metteur en scène à l'occasion de la pièce The Exile de Sidney Toler (1923, avec Etienne Girardot et lui-même). À ce titre, suivent entre autres l'opérette Die Fledermaus de Johann Strauss II (1929-1930), la comédie musicale  de Sigmund Romberg (1935-1936, avec Walter Slezak), ainsi que la pièce Le Mariage de maman de Louis Verneuil (1936-1937, avec Sylvia Field et lui-même).

S'ajoutent des opéras, dont Manon Lescaut de Giacomo Puccini et La traviata de Giuseppe Verdi (tous deux en 1944 et avec Dorothy Kirsten dans les rôles-titres), ou encore Der Fliegende Holländer de Richard Wagner (1945), ces trois œuvres produites par le New York City Center.

Accaparé par la scène, il apparaît occasionnellement au cinéma durant la période du muet, dans vingt-deux courts métrages américains de 1914 à 1916, puis dans trois longs métrages américains,  de George Fitzmaurice (coproduction américano-britannique, 1922, avec James Kirkwood Sr. et Anna Q. Nilsson), Dark Secrets de Victor Fleming (1923, avec Dorothy Dalton et Robert Ellis) et enfin Salome of the Tenements de Sidney Olcott (1925, avec Jetta Goudal et Godfrey Tearle).

Il enseigne également l'art dramatique, en particulier durant les années 1940 au Barnard College de New York.

José Ruben meurt en 1969, à 84 ans.

Contributions scéniques

Théâtre à Broadway

Acteur
1911-1912 :  (The Garden of Allah) de Robert Smythe Hichens et Mary Anderson (d'après le livre éponyme du premier), mise en scène de Hugh Ford : Batouch
1916-1917 : Les Revenants (Ghosts) d'Henrik Ibsen : Oswald Alving
1917 :  (The Life of Man) de Leonid Andreïev, adaptation de Clarence L. Meader et Fred Newton Scott : l'homme
1917-1918 : Madame Sand de Philip Moeller : Alfred de Musset
1918 : Roméo et Juliette (Romeo and Juliet) de William Shakespeare (extraits) : Roméo
1918 : I. O. U. d'Hector Thurnbull et Willard Mack
1919 : The Dancer d'Edward Locke : Bojdan Borivenko
1920 : Amour sacré, Amour profane (Sacred and Profane Love), adaptation du roman éponyme d'Arnold Bennett : Emilio Diaz
1920 : The Checkerboard de Fanny et Frederick Hatton : Feodor Masimoff
1920-1921 : Der Weibsteufel (Thy Name Is Woman) de Karl Schönherr, adaptation de Benjamin Glazer : l'homme
1921 : Swords de Sidney Howard : Cannetto
1922-1923 : Gringo de Sophie Treadwell : Tito « el Tuerto »
1924 : Madame Simone, extraits de pièces jouées par Madame Simone
1924 :  de  : Schram
1924 : Bewitched de Sidney Howard et Edward Shelden, production de John Cromwell : le marquis
1925-1926 : Les Marchands de gloire (Merchants of Glory) de Marcel Pagnol et Paul Nivoix, adaptation de Ralph Roeder :  Denis
1926 : Les Revenants (Ghosts) d'Henrik Ibsen : Oswald Alving
1926 : Les Deux Orphelines (The Two Orphans) d'Adolphe d'Ennery et Eugène Cormon, adaptation de N. Hart Jackson : Pierre Frochard
1927 : Jacob Slovak de Mercedes De Acosta : rôle-titre
1928-1929 : La Robe rouge (The Red Robe), adaptation par Stanley J. Weyman de son roman Sous la robe rouge (Under the Red Robe), mise en scène de Stanley Logan : Cardinal de Richelieu
1931 : Comme tu me veux (As You Desire) de Luigi Pirandello, adaptation de Dmitri Ostrov, mise en scène de Marcel Varnel : Boffi
1933 : The Drums Begin d'Howard Irving Young, mise en scène et production de George Abbott : Gaston Corday
1934-1935 : Rain from Heaven de S. N. Behrman, mise en scène de Philip Moeller : Nikolai Jurin
1943 :  (The Vagabond King), opérette, musique de Rudolf Friml, lyrics et livret de Russell Janey : Louis XI
1956 : The Great Sebastians de (et produite par) Howard Lindsay et Russel Crouse, mise en scène de Bretaigne Windust : Karel Cerny

Metteur en scène
1923 : The Exile de Sidney Toler (+ acteur : Jacques Cortot)
1929 : First Mortgage de Louis Weitzenkern
1929-1930 : Die Fledermaus (A Wonderful Night), opérette de Johann Strauss II
1930 : Cafe de Marya Mannes
1931-1932 : , comédie musicale, musique de Jerome Kern (orchestrée par Robert Russell Bennett), lyrics et livret d'Otto Harbach, chorégraphie d'Albertina Rasch, direction musicale de Victor Baravalle (+ acteur : Clément Daudet)
1934 : All the King's Horses, comédie musicale, musique d'Edward A. Horan (orchestrée par Robert Russell Bennett et Hans Spialek), lyrics et livret de Frederick Herendeen
1935 : Strip Girl, comédie musicale, musique d'Harry Archer, lyrics de Jill Rainsford, livret d'Henry Rosendahl
1935-1936 : , comédie musicale, musique de Sigmund Romberg (orchestrée par Robert Russell Bennett), lyrics d'Oscar Hammerstein II, livret de Frank Mandel
1936 : Forbidden Melody, comédie musicale, musique de Sigmund Romberg, lyrics et livret d'Otto Harbach
1936-1937 : Le Mariage de maman (Matrimony Pfd.) de Louis Verneuil, adaptation de Grace et James Forbes (+ acteur : André Lorre)
1938 : Madame Capet de Marcelle Maurette, adaptation de George Midlleton, costumes d'Helene Pons (+ acteur : Herman)
1939 : Susanna, Don't You Cry, comédie musicale arrangée par Hans Spialek sur des musiques et lyrics de Stephen Foster, livret de Sarah Newmeyer et Clarence Loomis, décors et lumières de Robert Edmond Jones
1946 : Flamingo Road de Robert et Sally Wilder
1946-1947 : Toplitzky of Notre Dame, comédie musicale, musique de Sammy Fain, lyrics et livret de George Marion Jr.

Autres fonctions
1936 : Alice Takat de Dezső Szomory, production d'Ed Wynn (adaptation)

Productions du New York City Center
Metteur en scène
1944 : La Bohème et Manon Lescaut, opéras de Giacomo Puccini
1944 : La traviata, opéra de Giuseppe Verdi
1944 : , opérette, musique de Sigmund Romberg, lyrics et livret d'Oscar Hammerstein II, Frank Mandel et Laurence Schwab, décors d'Oliver Smith
1945 : Der Fliegende Holländer, opéra de Richard Wagner
1945 : Faust, opéra de Charles Gounod

Filmographie partielle

(CM = court métrage)
1915 : A Daughter of Earth de J. Farrell MacDonald (CM) : Warner fils
1915 : Eyes of the Soul de Travers Vale (CM) : Joe Abbott
1915 : The Rehearsal de J. Searle Dawley (CM) : Cecil King
1915 : The Worth of a Woman de Travers Vale (CM) : Barlow
1916 : The Iron Will de J. Farrell MacDonald (CM) : Lieutenant Szilard
1922 :  de George Fitzmaurice : Ribière
1923 : Dark Secrets de Victor Fleming :  Mohammed Ali
1925 : Salome of the Tenements de Sidney Olcott : Jakey Solomon

Notes et références

Liens externes

Acteur français de cinéma
Acteur américain de cinéma
Acteur français du muet
Acteur américain du muet
Acteur français de théâtre
Acteur américain de théâtre
Metteur en scène américain
Pédagogue américain
Naissance en décembre 1884
Naissance à Paris
Décès en avril 1969
Décès à 84 ans
Décès à New York
Étudiant de l'université de Paris

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Civil War Confederate General James Longstreet Autograph
Roughly 2.5 by 4 inch's on card. James Longstreet (January 8, 1821 January 2, 1904) was an American soldier and diplomat. He was one of the foremost Confederate generals of the American Civil War and the principal subordinate to General Robert E. Lee, who called him his "Old War Horse". He served under Lee as a corps commander for most of the battles fought by the Army of Northern Virginia in the Eastern Theater, and briefly with Braxton Bragg in the Army of Tennessee in the Western Theater.
After graduating from the United States Military Academy at West Point, Longstreet served in the MexicanAmerican War. He was wounded in the thigh at the Battle of Chapultepec, and afterward during recovery married his first wife, Louise Garland.
Throughout the 1850s, he served on frontier duty in the American Southwest. In June 1861, Longstreet resigned his U. Army commission and joined the Confederate Army. He commanded Confederate troops during an early victory at Blackburn's Ford in July and played a minor role at the First Battle of Bull Run. Longstreet made significant contributions to several important Confederate victories, mostly in the Eastern Theater as one of Robert E.
Lee's chief subordinates in the Army of Northern Virginia. He performed poorly at Seven Pines by accidentally marching his men down the wrong road, causing them to be late in arrival, but played an important role in the Confederate success of the Seven Days Battles in the summer of 1862, where he helped supervise repeated attacks which drove the Union army away from the Confederate capital of Richmond. Longstreet led a devastating counterattack that routed the Union army at Second Bull Run in August. His men held their ground in defensive roles at Antietam and Fredericksburg. Longstreet's most controversial service was at the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, where he openly disagreed with General Lee on the tactics to be employed and reluctantly supervised several unsuccessful attacks on Union forces, including the disastrous Pickett's Charge.
Afterwards, Longstreet was, at his own request, sent to the Western Theater to fight under Braxton Bragg, where his troops launched a ferocious assault on the Union lines at Chickamauga, which carried the day. Afterwards, his performance in semiautonomous command during the Knoxville Campaign resulted in a Confederate defeat. Longstreet's tenure in the Western Theater was marred by his central role in numerous conflicts amongst Confederate generals.
Unhappy serving under Bragg, Longstreet and his men were sent back to Lee. He ably commanded troops during the Battle of the Wilderness in 1864, where he was seriously wounded by friendly fire. Longstreet enjoyed a successful post-war career working for the U. Government as a diplomat, civil servant, and administrator. His support for the Republican Party and his cooperation with his old friend, President Ulysses S.
Grant, as well as critical comments he wrote about Lee's wartime performance, made him anathema to many of his former Confederate colleagues. His reputation in the South further suffered when he led African-American militia against the anti-Reconstruction White League at the Battle of Liberty Place in 1874.
Authors of the Lost Cause movement focused on Longstreet's actions at Gettysburg as a primary reason for the Confederacy's loss of the war. Since the late 20th century, his reputation has undergone a slow reassessment.
Many Civil War historians now consider him among the war's most gifted tactical commanders. The item "Civil War Confederate General James Longstreet Autograph" is in sale since Wednesday, June 23, 2021.
This item is in the category "Collectibles\Autographs\Military". The seller is "civil_war_photos" and is located in Midland, Michigan. This item can be shipped worldwide.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Blacker's newest yarn, Jacob DK, is available in 4 natural shades and 4 dyed shades.
The striking two-colored coats of Jacob sheep inspired Blacker to create this unique yarn, with four distinct bases using the natural fleece colors.
When the fleeces arrive at Blacker's mill, they are hand sorted by color and selectively blended to achieve four undyed shades. Traditional marls are created by plying two shades together but they've combined shades in the spinning process to create subtle and contemporary marls. The glorious gradient of natural shades - Clay, Marlstone, Granite and Basalt - are dyed in the same colors, so the transition from light to dark comes from the fleece itself.
Even from the same sheep, the pale and dark Jacob fibers have different textures. The lightest shades have wonderful drape and a subtle sheen, whereas the darker shades are more bouncy. This subtle variation is one of the many joys of working with wool sourced directly from British producers.
The yarn is worsted spun giving it a smooth handle and wonderful stitch definition, making it idea for garments and shawls. Despite its smoothness, Jacob is also hardwearing enough for outerwear and accessories, even socks!
The breed is believed to have come to the UK from the Middle East, possibly via Spain. Spotted Jacob sheep can be seen Egyptian wall paintings dated to 1800 BCE, making them one of the most ancient sheep breeds. How wonderful to think that their fiber is still being used almost 4,000 years later!
CARE hand wash, lay flat to dry. do not tumble.


text:
Book lovers miss out on arrival of new titles
22 Jun 2021 By ANIRBAN RAY
Book lovers are eagerly waiting to get their hands on their favourite titles as consignments are indefinitely delayed. Due to the pandemic there are a few or almost no new books reaching book stores.
Satish Verma, an ardent reader, said, "Though the world has gone from paperbacks to online reading, I am an old-school individual and love to hold books in my hands. I have been waiting long to read the new releases from Booker winners. The available stocks are old."
An official from the Borders bookstore said, "There has been a delay of a few months for the books to come. We are unable to take new orders from book lovers. Our main office in Sohar is closed due to the pandemic and our supplier based in Dubai is unable to get down new stocks."
Favourite titles including Tintin and works of authors like Gibran and Rumi are not on the shelves of Al Bhaj Books.
One staff member said, "There have been no new deliveries for the last few months owing to the pandemic. No new titles will be coming in the next few weeks too and we are unable to meet the demand.
"Right now, school text books are available and so are some classics. But some popular ones are yet to come," he said.
He added that however some works of popular writers like Paulo Coelho and Chetan Bhagat are available and people still look forward to them.


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On September 21, 2016, a boat capsized off the Egyptian coast with around 600 refugees on board in the Mediterranean Sea. 204 bodies were recovered (including at least 30 children), around 160 people were rescued, and hundreds of people remain missing, with approximately 300 people presumed dead. Four people were arrested for trafficking and breaking capacity laws. The incident was the worst in 2016 in the Mediterranean Sea.

Reactions
An Egyptian Member of Parliament named Elhamy Agina reacted to the incident by stating that the victims of the disaster "deserved to die" and "do not deserve sympathy", causing controversy after an emergency cabinet meeting between President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi and Egypt's security chiefs.

See also
 Timeline of the European migrant crisis
 Ghost boat investigation

References

2016 in Egypt
Migrant shipwreck
Maritime incidents in Egypt
September 2016 events in Egypt
Transport disasters involving refugees of the Arab Winter (2011–present)

Migrant boat disasters in the Mediterranean Sea


3. Satya Nadella Rewrites Microsoft's Code Microsoft's CEO has stopped infighting, restored morale, and created more than $250 billion in market value. All it took was focusing on what matters most.
4. The Matrix: Teams Are Gaining Greater Power in Companies Collaborative teams are the new black! Both leaders and team members need to know how to collaborate together to accelerate success.
5. Can 10 Minutes of Meditation Make You More Creative? Can 10 Minutes of Meditation Make You More Creative? Sometimes it's hard to keep having great ideas day after day. What do you do when you run out of good ideas? How do you "get your mojo back"?


India is estimated to generate 6.5 million outbound luxury and Mice tourists annually by 2020, reinforcing the country's influence as a key source market for Mice and luxury travel, according to figures published ahead of the fifth Annual Mice India and Luxury Travel Congress (MILT).
The projected market growth accounts for the Ministry of Tourism's official outbound tourism figures, specifically for India's current 1.5 million outbound Mice travellers and 3.6 million outbound luxury travelers. As calculated by Mastercard, both markets are forecast to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.6 per cent to 2020.
Supporting travel and tourism businesses as they capitalise on the growth potential, Dubai-based B2B event specialist QnA Global is the organiser of the fifth Annual MILT Congress, which is all set to take the Indian Mice and luxury travel industry by storm yet again on July 27 and 28 at the Hyatt Regency in Mumbai and on August 1 and 2 at Andaz by Hyatt in Delhi NCR.
In 2016, the GCC witnessed an unprecedented spike in arrivals from India, with both Dubai and Abu Dhabi naming the country their top source market for the year. There was an increase of 15 per cent in the arrivals from India in 2016, following a 20 per cent rise in 2015, according to official tourism figures published by Dubai's DTCM and Abu Dhabi Tourism and Culture Authority, respectively.
In 2016, India ranked as the fastest growing outbound business travel market of any country in the world, with the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) reporting spending in this segment increased 5.4 per cent over the year. Not only is the market growing in volume and value but, following the introduction of more direct flights to key cities across the world, Indian travellers now venture further than ever before.
Data published by Skyscanner named Singapore, Australia and Malaysia as the most searched for destinations by Indian travellers, with growth at 202 per cent, 67 per cent and 46 per cent respectively, year-to-date (YTD).
As countries around the world continue their efforts to attract the Indian market to their destination, marketing spends have increased aggressively with the aim to improve brand visibility. According to Anastasia Glushenkova, regional Mice and corporate sales manager, Rixos Hotels Turkey, India is emerging as a popular market since the past two years for Turkey and especially the Antalya region. "Rixos Hotels is targeting the Indian market as it's matching requirements of the RFP's from Mice and Luxury Leisure segment, along with the expectations of our properties in revenue, length of stay and rooms amount", she added.


At Fleurop.com every bouquet is affectionately arranged. However, it is necessary that you follow the recommendations hereafter to ensure you enjoy your flowers as long as possible.
First of all you need a clean vase. It must be free of germs and any soap residue.
Ideally, rinse the vase in the dishwasher. Please clean the vase each time you change the water.
Mix the flower food with water according to directions, it provides all the necessary ingredients to hydrate fresh cut flowers for the maximum enjoyment.
Incidentally, most flowers prefer lukewarm water because compared with cold it has fewer air bubbles, which could block water intake in the stems.
To ensure that your bouquet of flowers retains the shape as arranged, under no circumstances should you open the string (if there is one tied around the stems). This ensures that a bouquet will keep its shape for longer - in terms of appearance as well as condition. Remove leaves that have fallen into the water, and dead heads. These would otherwise accelerate the natural withering process.
To ensure that your flowers can soak up sufficient water quickly, you should cut the stems with a sharp knife before placing them in the vase, and again a few days later. Please do not use scissors as these will squash the stems too much. If possible, make a slanted and long cut downwards.
The right location also determines how long you can enjoy your flowers. For the longest life, keep your roses away from direct sunlight, heat and drafts.
Fruit permanently emits the gas ethylene. This accelerates the ripening process of apples and pears etc. However, what is good for green bananas so that they turn yellow means a premature end to flowers. Avoid placing your bouquet near a fruit bowl.
A little amount of water will always evaporate, so top up the vase daily with fresh water. After three days the water should be replaces completely. Make sure you clean the vase thoroughly each time you change the water.


Community Outreach Project - More Info Coming Soon!
For information about school-wide events and activities (non-uniform days, fundraising deadlines, breakfast club, etc.), please refer to the OACS school calendar.


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Emily Ratajkowski's Sexuality Comes With Its Share Of Downsides
Chanel Adams
Emily Ratajkowski is not afraid to express herself sexually. She often takes to Instagram to post topless and nude photos. She still suffices Instagram's strict non-nude policy by giving the important bits covered up. Emily Ratajkowski, an opinionated feminist, recently said that she's proud of her sexuality. She doesn't intend to change anytime soon. She's been criticized for showing off too much skin on social media. But she's not bothered by what the critics have to say about her. Unfortunately, her smoldering sexuality has cost her an acting career.
Emily Ratajkowski is gracing the cover of Glamour UK's August 2017 issue. She believes that only certain women are allowed to be feminists. The type of women Rajatkowski is referring to is the ones who stay covered up at all times. Once again, Ratajkowski is speaking out about women's rights, gender equality, and sexuality in her latest cover story with Glamour UK.
"To start saying that certain people need to have a license to be a feminist is insane," she told the publication. "Emma Watson said feminism isn't some kind of tool to beat other women with, it's supposed to be a freedom of choice."
Emily Ratajkowski claims that she wants to encourage other young women to express their sexuality. According to her, there's no wrong way to do it.
[Image by Pascal Le Segretain/Getty Images]
"I believe in sexuality," Ratajkowski explained. "I think it's a wonderful thing, and, if anything, I want women to understand their own sexuality outside of a patriarchal male gaze. We're the core of sexual beings, and I think that's something that should be celebrated rather than attacked."
That doesn't mean that she will take on every "bikini girl" role she's been offered. Emily Ratajkowski has been typecast in films. She's having a difficult time getting her acting career started. But Ratajkowski remains hopeful about her career. She's fortunate to do modeling, and that she doesn't have to worry about finding other ways to make money. However, Ratajkowski claims that being sexual can have its share of downsides. She desperately wants to prove that she's more than just a pretty face.
[Image by Rich Fury/Getty Images for H&M]
Emily Ratajkowski is also gracing the cover of Harper's Bazaar Australia. She spoke to that magazine about the backlash she received for her oversexualized selfies and photo shoots. She also admitted the reason why she can't score acting gigs. It's because her "boobs are too big." She doesn't think her natural features should hold her back. It also doesn't mean she's not smart or talented.
What are your thoughts on Emily Ratajkowski? What do you think is the real reason why she's having trouble scoring acting gigs in Hollywood? Do you think it's because she's seen as a bikini girl? Sound off below in the comments section.
[Featured Image by Andreas Rentz/Getty Images]
'General Hospital' Scheduling Note: Tuesday's Show May Be Impacted By Trump Impeachment Trial, ABC Cautions January 21, 2020
Victoria Beckham Thrills Fans With Spice Girls Throwback Pic In Honor Of Emma Bunton's Birthday January 21, 2020


10 hours ago at the weather station it was -3.4 °C+26 °F, clear, normal air pressure, light breeze (2 m/s) (7 km/h) (4 mph) (4 knots) (2 Bft) blowing from the north-west.
Today we expect +2..0 °C°F, +36..+32 °C°F, mainly without precipitation, light breeze. Tomorrow: +2..+5 °C°F, +36..+41 °C°F, without precipitation, gentle breeze.
53 minutes ago, the minimum air temperature ( -17 oC +1 oF ) was observed in Kogalym district in Kogalym (airport).
4 hours ago, the maximum air temperature ( +3 oC +37 oF ) was observed in Kondinsky district in Shaim.


The river Douro winds its way from Spain and eventually reaches Porto on the Atlantic coast. On its journey, it passes through the oldest wine-producing region in the world - Port - which was first established in 1756. The river has created a valley of spectacular beauty with hills falling steeply down to the water's edge and vineyards that yield wines of excellence. The Douro Valley has maintained its rural character and traditional roots with charming rural villages, unspoiled vistas, and stunning natural beauty.
Salamanca is one of the prettiest and best preserved of the old Spanish cities, and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. With a turbulent past, the city's been conquered, influenced and shaped by Hannibal, the Romans, the Moors and the French. Today it is a city of golden stone architecture, narrow cobblestone streets and beautiful plazas.
The 7 night river cruise begins and ends in Porto, Portugal's second largest city and sails through various locks to reach Barca d'Alva with stops to visit Braga, the "Rome of Portugal", Vila Real and the gardens of Solar de Mateus, Salamanca and the Porto wine trail.
To make the most of this destination we suggest a cruise & stay holiday. Begin or end your 7 night cruise with a stay in Porto, one of Europe's most charismatic cities and the place that gave the country (and Port wine) its very name.
We offer three ships along the same itinerary that begin and end their journey in Porto on Portugal's north-west coast.


INDIAN WELLS, Calif. (AP) — Victoria Azarenka has been awarded a wild card into the main draw of the BNP Paribas Open after being off the tour for months because of a custody dispute involving her son.
She will return to the California desert after missing last year's tournament following the birth of her son. The former top-ranked player won at Indian Wells in 2012 and 2016.
Azarenka had requested wild cards into Auckland and the Australian Open to start the year, but she withdrew from both events. The custody dispute had limited her travel. She will have a protected ranking when she returns.
Azarenka has reunited with coach Slava Konikov, who resigned last week as Sacramento State men's coach to work with her. He coached Azarenka from 1998-02, when she was the world's top-ranked junior player.
Five more men's and women's wild cards will be awarded in the coming weeks for the tournament that runs March 5-18.


Even though 2017 was an extraordinary year for the growth and momentum of the cannabis industry, 2018 promises to be even better, as acceptance of pot grows – both medically and recreational.
With California making the use of recreational pot legal, and Canada moving toward doing the same across the entire country, it will keep the impetus behind the trend in play.
This is good news for many companies in the indusry, including Aurora Cannabis (OTCQX:ACBFF), which will complete its Aurora Sky project around the time marijuana is legalized in Canada.
The country's two largest theme park operators have already checked in with their holiday-quarter results, and now it's time to see how the leading regional amusement park players are doing. Cedar Fair (NYSE:FUN) reports its latest financials on Wednesday morning. Six Flags Entertainment (NYSE:SIX) follows with its earnings release the next morning.
Integrity Gaming (OTCMKTS: IGAMF) and Six Flags (NYSE:SIX) are both consumer discretionary companies, but which is the better investment? We will compare the two businesses based on the strength of their dividends, profitability, valuation, analyst recommendations, earnings, risk and institutional ownership.
In this episode of Industry Focus: Consumer Goods, Vincent Shen and Motley Fool contributor Dan Kline take a first pass at understanding what it takes to run a theme park with three of the biggest names in the industry — Six Flags (NYSE:SIX), Cedar Fair (NYSE:FUN), and SeaWorld (NYSE:SEAS).
SIX (CURRENCY:SIX) traded down 0.6% against the US dollar during the one day period ending at 15:00 PM Eastern on February 4th. One SIX token can currently be bought for about $0.0061 or 0.00000177 BTC on cryptocurrency exchanges including Coinsuper, Liquid and Stellarport. SIX has a total market cap of $1.68 million and $58,579.00 worth of SIX was traded on exchanges in the last 24 hours. During the last week, SIX has traded down 6.5% against the US dollar.
Six Flags Entertainment Corporation (NYSE: SIX) shares were also up, gaining 9 percent to $64.54 as the company posted a narrower-than-expected loss for its first quarter.
ValuEngine lowered shares of Smart & Final Stores (NYSE:SFS) from a sell rating to a strong sell rating in a research report released on Wednesday.
Smart & Final (NYSE: SFS) and Kroger (NYSE:KR) are both consumer staples companies, but which is the better business? We will compare the two companies based on the strength of their dividends, institutional ownership, profitability, earnings, analyst recommendations, valuation and risk.
Shares of Tronox Ltd (OTCMKTS:TROX) traded down 8.6% on Tuesday . The company traded as low as $10.95 and last traded at $11.09. 1,237,777 shares changed hands during trading, a decline of 7% from the average session volume of 1,334,449 shares. The stock had previously closed at $12.14.
Shares of Tronox (NYSE:TROX) jumped over 20% today after the company announced it had filed a joint motion with the U.S. Federal Trade Commission to delay the appeal schedule regarding the review of its proposed acquisition of Cristal. The move suggests the titanium dioxide manufacturer and the FTC are making progress toward a compromise over the acquisition of the Saudi-based chemicals producer, which has been under intense regulatory scrutiny for two years.
Tronox (OTCMKTS:TROX) had its target price lowered by equities research analysts at BMO Capital Markets to $13.00 in a report released on Tuesday, The Fly reports. The firm currently has an "outperform" rating on the basic materials company's stock. BMO Capital Markets' target price indicates a potential upside of 0.93% from the company's previous close.
Gazit Globe (NASDAQ: GRIF) and Griffin Industrial Realty (NASDAQ:GRIF) are both small-cap finance companies, but which is the superior business? We will contrast the two companies based on the strength of their dividends, analyst recommendations, institutional ownership, risk, profitability, earnings and valuation.
Wells Fargo & Company MN increased its position in Griffin Land & Nurseries, Inc. (NASDAQ:GRIF) by 155.3% during the fourth quarter, according to the company in its most recent 13F filing with the SEC. The firm owned 3,876 shares of the financial services provider's stock after purchasing an additional 2,358 shares during the quarter. Wells Fargo & Company MN owned approximately 0.08% of Griffin Land & Nurseries worth $142,000 as of its most recent SEC filing.
Griffin Industrial Realty (NASDAQ:GRIF) and NEW WORLD Dev L/ADR (OTCMKTS:NDVLY) are both finance companies, but which is the better business? We will contrast the two businesses based on the strength of their dividends, analyst recommendations, earnings, institutional ownership, risk, profitability and valuation.
News headlines about Griffin Industrial Realty (NASDAQ:GRIF) have trended somewhat positive this week, according to Accern Sentiment Analysis. The research firm identifies positive and negative media coverage by reviewing more than twenty million news and blog sources in real-time. Accern ranks coverage of companies on a scale of negative one to one, with scores closest to one being the most favorable. Griffin Industrial Realty earned a news sentiment score of 0.20 on Accern's scale. Accern also assigned media headlines about the financial services provider an impact score of 44.889795908597 out of 100, indicating that recent media coverage is somewhat unlikely to have an impact on the company's share price in the immediate future.
"One seemingly interesting bright spot though now that the sector has come off a bit is steel. Two steel stocks in United States Steel Corporation (X) and Steel Dynamics, Inc. (STLD) not only are looking technically attractive once again, they're offering some nice value on a fundamental basis, albeit for very different reasons.
However, it also speaks to the flexibility of the company's growth goals and how they have shifted with the market. When the industry was struggling, Nucor was more willing to expand via acquisition, taking advantage of the downturn to pick up assets at bargain prices. At this point, the overall steel industry is starting to recover, with even financially weak competitors like United States Steel Corporation (NYSE:X) and AK Steel (NYSE:AKS) reporting notably improved financial results in 2017. Now Nucor is shifting gears and working to fine-tune the profile of its business from within.
We're moving deeper and deeper into earnings season. If you're looking to make real money, the time to get started is now. Money Morning Quantitative Specialist Chris Johnson argues the markets are at a tipping point. And with just a few smart plays in today's classic stock picker's market… you can pull in triple-digit gains with just a small investment. Read those picks right here.
The Trump administration is considering a 25% tariff on up to $200 billion in Chinese goods. This is the latest escalation of an ongoing trade spat that has ripped through the heartland of the United States and threatens to bring the market rally to a screeching halt. On Tuesday, soybean prices rallied more than $0.28 in Chicago on speculation that the Trump administration is looking to resolve trade relations with China. Following the White House's announcement, soybeans gave back a majority of those gains as trade fears rattled the agriculture industry. Finally, Apple Inc. (Nasdaq: AAPL) is on the verge of becoming the first $1 trillion company by market capitalization. The firm was close to topping $200 per share on Wednesday morning after a terrific earnings report after the bell yesterday.
TMX Group Ltd (TSE:X) – Equities researchers at National Bank Financial lowered their Q3 2018 earnings per share estimates for shares of TMX Group in a research report issued on Monday, July 16th. National Bank Financial analyst J. Gloyn now forecasts that the company will post earnings of $1.30 per share for the quarter, down from their prior estimate of $1.33. National Bank Financial currently has a "Outperform" rating and a $88.00 price target on the stock. National Bank Financial also issued estimates for TMX Group's Q4 2018 earnings at $1.35 EPS and FY2019 earnings at $5.68 EPS.
United Bankshares, Inc. (NASDAQ:UBSI) – Analysts at Boenning Scattergood reduced their Q2 2019 earnings estimates for shares of United Bankshares in a research report issued to clients and investors on Wednesday, January 30th. Boenning Scattergood analyst M. Schultheis now anticipates that the financial services provider will post earnings of $0.63 per share for the quarter, down from their previous estimate of $0.64. Boenning Scattergood has a "Hold" rating on the stock. Boenning Scattergood also issued estimates for United Bankshares' Q3 2019 earnings at $0.65 EPS, Q4 2019 earnings at $0.63 EPS, FY2019 earnings at $2.55 EPS and FY2020 earnings at $2.60 EPS.
In the Lightning Round, Cramer was bullish on Salesforce.com (CRM) , American Airlines (AAL) , Align Technology (ALGN) , Procter & Gamble (PG) , United Bankshares (UBSI) , Valeant Pharmaceuticals (VRX) and Dominion Energy (D) .
BidaskClub upgraded shares of United Bankshares (NASDAQ:UBSI) from a hold rating to a buy rating in a research report sent to investors on Saturday.
Shares of United Bankshares, Inc. (NASDAQ:UBSI) have been assigned an average recommendation of "Hold" from the seven brokerages that are currently covering the firm, Marketbeat.com reports. Five investment analysts have rated the stock with a hold recommendation and one has issued a buy recommendation on the company. The average 12 month price target among analysts that have issued ratings on the stock in the last year is $39.33.
BidaskClub cut shares of Encore Wire (NASDAQ:WIRE) from a hold rating to a sell rating in a research note issued to investors on Tuesday.
A number of other research analysts also recently commented on the company. Zacks Investment Research raised Encore Wire from a sell rating to a hold rating in a report on Friday, August 10th. DA Davidson set a $60.00 target price on Encore Wire and gave the stock a buy rating in a report on Thursday, August 2nd. One analyst has rated the stock with a sell rating, two have issued a hold rating and two have issued a buy rating to the stock. Encore Wire presently has a consensus rating of Hold and a consensus price target of $60.00.
Encore Wire (NASDAQ: WIRE) and Arconic (NYSE:ARNC) are both industrial products companies, but which is the better business? We will contrast the two businesses based on the strength of their institutional ownership, valuation, analyst recommendations, profitability, dividends, earnings and risk.
Cal-Maine Foods Inc (NASDAQ:CALM) reached a new 52-week high during mid-day trading on Wednesday . The company traded as high as $52.15 and last traded at $52.25, with a volume of 5956 shares trading hands. The stock had previously closed at $51.05.
Cal-Maine Foods Inc (NASDAQ:CALM) has earned an average recommendation of "Hold" from the six brokerages that are covering the stock, Marketbeat.com reports. Three equities research analysts have rated the stock with a hold rating and two have assigned a buy rating to the company. The average 1-year target price among analysts that have covered the stock in the last year is $55.00.
General Electric Co. (NYSE: GE) has ousted its CEO John Flannery. Shares are up more than 10% as investors celebrated the news. GE has been mired in a slump, particularly its turbine business. The firm's new CEO is H. Lawrence Culp, Jr., the former CEO of the industrial firm Danaher. Shares of LendingClub Corp. (NYSE: LC) are under pressure after the SEC charged one of the firm's divisions with mishandling client money. This weekend, the firm reached a settlement with regulators on charges that the firm inflated its revenue and made changes to products to make the firm look healthier than it is. As a result, the firm's board of directors forced CEO Renaud Laplanche to resign. Goldman Sachs Group Inc. (NYSE: GS) has replaced CEO Lloyd Blankfein, who has stepped down after more than a decade at the helm at one of Wall Street's most iconic banks. David Solomon – who has previously served as the firm's president and COO – will now bet the new CEO. His tenure begins at a tough time for Goldman as the bank struggles with lower trading desk revenues. Look for earnings reports today from Cal-Maine Foods Inc. (NASDAQ: CALM) and Xcerra Corp. (NASDAQ: XCRA).
News headlines about Cal-Maine Foods (NASDAQ:CALM) have trended somewhat positive recently, Accern Sentiment reports. The research firm rates the sentiment of media coverage by monitoring more than twenty million blog and news sources. Accern ranks coverage of companies on a scale of negative one to one, with scores nearest to one being the most favorable. Cal-Maine Foods earned a news sentiment score of 0.21 on Accern's scale. Accern also assigned media stories about the basic materials company an impact score of 45.5279430715424 out of 100, meaning that recent media coverage is somewhat unlikely to have an effect on the stock's share price in the immediate future.
Monday was generally a good day for the stock market, although major benchmarks showed a considerable amount of variation in how they performed. The Dow Jones Industrial Average and S&P 500 seemed to benefit the most from news that the U.S., Mexico, and Canada had resolved their trade differences and come to a trilateral agreement, but the Nasdaq Composite lagged, and small-cap stocks posted substantial declines. Also hurting the overall market were some disturbing developments regarding some key companies. Infinera (NASDAQ:INFN), Akorn (NASDAQ:AKRX), and Cal-Maine Foods (NASDAQ:CALM) were among the worst performers on the day. Here's why they did so poorly.
Owens Corning (NYSE:OC) was the target of some unusual options trading activity on Monday. Stock investors acquired 28,306 call options on the stock. This is an increase of approximately 4,772% compared to the average volume of 581 call options.
Shares of Owens Corning (NYSE:OC) dropped as much as 14% today after the company announced second-quarter 2018 earnings. The manufacturer of roofing materials, building insulation, and composites delivered a relatively solid performance compared to the year-ago period, with revenue up 14% and net income up 26%.
Owens Corning (NYSE:OC) has been given an average rating of "Hold" by the twenty-one brokerages that are covering the stock, Marketbeat reports. Two analysts have rated the stock with a sell recommendation, eight have issued a hold recommendation and eleven have assigned a buy recommendation to the company. The average 1 year target price among analysts that have updated their coverage on the stock in the last year is $82.13.
Three of our Motley contributors have identified a trio of such value stocks you could consider buying right now: Owens Corning (NYSE:OC), Brookfield Infrastructure Partners (NYSE:BIP), and General Motors (NYSE:GM). Here's what makes these stocks so compelling.
This entry was posted in Top Stocks and tagged CALM, CHCO, GRIF, OC, SFS, SIX, TROX, UBSI, WIRE, X on February 14, 2019 by ggkandy.


text:
Джованні Джаконе (,  1 грудня 1900, Турин —  1 квітня 1964) — італійський футболіст, що грав на позиції воротаря.

Виступав, зокрема, за «Ювентус» та «Торіно», а також національну збірну Італії.

Клубна кар'єра
Народився 1 грудня 1900 року в місті Турин. Розпочинав грати у футбол у місцевих клубах «Торінезе» та «Пасторе»

З 1919 року, першого повоєнного чемпіонату Італії, став виступати за команду клубу «Ювентус», в якій провів два сезони, взявши участь у 31 матчі чемпіонату. Відзначався досить високою надійністю, пропускаючи в іграх чемпіонату в середньому менше одного голу за матч.

Протягом 1921—1923 років захищав кольори команди «Торінезе».

Своєю грою за останню команду привернув увагу представників тренерського штабу клубу «Торіно», до складу якого приєднався 1923 року. Відіграв за туринську команду наступний сезон своєї ігрової кар'єри.

Завершив професійну ігрову кар'єру у клубі «Пасторе», за команду якого виступав протягом 1924—1925 років.

Виступи за збірну
Джованні Джаконія став першим гравцем, який представляв «Ювентус» у складі національної збірної Італії. 28 березня 1920 року він зіграв у товариському матчі проти збірної Швейцарії (0:3). До того майже 10 років у Скуадрі Адзуррі не було представника «Юве» (перший матч у своїй історії італійці зіграли 15 травня 1910 року).

У серпні того ж року у складі збірної був учасником футбольного турніру на Олімпійських іграх 1920 року в Антверпені, де зіграв у двох матчах і пропустив чотири голи. Після турніру за збірну бульше не грав.

Всього протягом кар'єри у національній команді провів у формі головної команди країни 4 матчі, пропустивши 8 голів.

Помер 1 квітня 1964 року на 64-му році життя.

Статистика виступів

Статистика виступів за збірну

Примітки

Посилання
 Статистика виступів за збірну на сайті Федерації футболу Італії.

Італійські футболісти
Футбольні воротарі
Футболісти «Ювентуса»
Футболісти «Торіно»
Уродженці Турина


↵a P values represent the difference in response on the two backgrounds and are calculated as P = 2a, where a is the proportion of bootstrap replicates out of 1000 in which the proportional decrease in mean was greater or less on the unloaded background than on the loaded background, whichever value is <0.5. This accounts for the two-tailed nature of the test.
***Significant effect of mutagenesis within a background, P < 0.0006.


text:
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text:
Is the sustainable development goal target for financial risk protection in health realistic?
Stéphane Verguet1,
Addis Tamire Woldemariam2,
Warren N Durrett3,
Ole F Norheim1,4,
Margaret E Kruk1
1 Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
2 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
3 Department of Political Science, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
4 Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Correspondence to Stéphane Verguet; verguet{at}hsph.harvard.edu
Background Setting Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals for health has largely focused on defining specific targets of mortality and morbidity reduction over given time periods. Yet, less attention has been devoted to setting targets for the systemic determinants of health delivery, such as access and financial risk protection (FRP)—prevention of medical impoverishment. We examined candidate targets for FRP among low and middle-income countries by 2040.
Methods We used a data set on estimates of incidence of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE)—medical expenditure exceeding 40% of household capacity to pay—among 110 countries over 1995–2007, augmented by estimates of the percentage of out-of-pocket expenditure out of total health expenditure (OOPEXP), the share of health expenditure as a percentage of gross domestic product (HEXGDP) and the gross domestic product per capita (GDPC). Using a simple model and 2040 estimates for OOPEXP, HEXGDP and GDPC from the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, we projected CHE incidence by 2040 for four country income groups.
Results We predicted that the 2040 incidence of CHE among households would be: 2.13% (Uncertainty interval: 0.60-6.87) among low-income countries, 1.15% (0.32–3.81) among lower-middle-income countries and 0.65% (0.18–2.21) among upper-middle-income countries. By 2040, the probability of achieving CHE <1.00% would be: 0.1 for low-income countries, 0.4 for lower-middle-income countries and 0.7 for upper-middle-income countries; for CHE <0.50% , it would be 0 for low-income countries, 0.1 for lower-middle-income countries and 0.3 for upper-middle-income countries.
Conclusions Historical trends of CHE rates can help define post-2015 targets for FRP. The projected achievements suggest that elimination of medical impoverishment will not be achieved by 2040 and that countries must urgently enact dramatic changes in policy to ensure FRP to their populations.
financial risk protection
out-of-pocket costs
low and middle-income countries
This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt and build upon this work, for commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Sustainable Development Goal for health (SDG3), 'to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages,' includes a subtarget on achieving 'universal health coverage, including financial risk protection and access to quality, essential health services.'
There has been little attention until recently to establishing an empirical basis for the measurement, tracking and setting of appropriate SDG targets for financial risk protection (FRP)—prevention of medical impoverishment—based on what might be possible to achieve in the future.
We studied, as our measure of lack of FRP, observed past rates of catastrophic health expenditure—out-of-pocket medical expenditure exceeding 40% of household capacity to pay—and their determinants among countries over past times.
We estimated the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure by country income group based on trajectories of health spending and financing, and subsequently tested candidate targets for FRP by the year 2040.
Historical trends of catastrophic health expenditure rates can help define post-2015 targets for FRP. The projected achievements suggest that elimination of medical impoverishment would not be achieved by 2040.
The need to measure progress in health has been particularly apparent in relation to assessing whether countries are on track to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).1–3 Measuring progress will also be crucial in determining whether countries can achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)4 which were ratified by United Nations member states in September 2015 at the General Assembly in New York. The SDG for health (SDG3) is to 'ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.'5 SDG3 also includes a subtarget (3.8) on achieving 'universal health coverage, including financial risk protection and access to quality, essential health services.5
An important contribution of the universal health coverage (UHC) discussion is its focus on health-related financial burdens, particularly those due to payment for health services. One policy lever for reducing financial burden on families is to increase the proportion of prepayment (eg, social insurance, tax-based financing) and reducing out-of-pocket (OOP) financing in national health spending.6 Prepayment mechanisms and public finance may also lead to more efficient attainment of desired health outcomes.7
Attention to financial risk protection (FRP)—prevention of medical impoverishment—has grown in recent years as studies have found that OOP medical costs are a leading cause of impoverishment in many countries, and cross-country data have confirmed that high OOP health payments, often in the order of 40% and above of total health expenditure, increase risk of poverty.8 9 Expanding healthcare without FRP is not sustainable. Often, households choose from among several coping strategies in order to manage health-related expenses. When current income or savings are not sufficient, some resort to borrowing money or selling assets to pay for healthcare.10 Household medical expenditure can often be 'catastrophic'11 12—defined as exceeding a certain fraction of total household expenditure or income.
While UHC has been extensively promoted in the past 5 years, there has been little attention until recently to establishing an empirical basis for the measurement, tracking and setting of appropriate targets for one of its essential components: FRP.6 13–17 One repeated statement has been that no households should face catastrophic medical expenditure from OOP payments,16 an aspiration which has been taken up in several global health areas such as tuberculosis (TB) ('0% families facing catastrophic costs due to TB')18 or surgery ('100% protection against impoverishment from out-of-pocket payments for surgical and anaesthesia care').19
Importantly, the WHO and the World Bank (WB) in their 2015 progress report towards UHC17 proposed to monitor the lack of FRP by two common indicators: the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE)—the proportion of households whose health expenditure is greater than a given threshold of total expenditure; and the incidence of impoverishment—the proportion of households pushed below the poverty line because of health expenditure. The WHO/WB report also included estimates on levels and trends of CHE for 37 countries over 2002–2012.17 This major effort, combined with a large mobilisation from the international and academic community, has led to refining the FRP measure within the SDGs20 with the inclusion of indicator 3.8.2: 'lack of financial protection – proportion of the population with large household expenditure on health as a share of total household expenditure or income21
To the best of our knowledge, there has been no official SDG discussion on what could be FRP targets based on what might be possible to achieve in the future. In this respect, studying observed past rates of CHE—OOP medical expenditure exceeding 40% of household capacity to pay—and their determinants among countries over recent times might prove helpful in testing the feasibility of a proposal for a FRP target in the post-2015 agenda and enhancing accountability towards UHC while building on the WHO/WB framework. Hence, in this paper, we estimated the incidence of CHE by country income group based on trajectories of health spending and financing, and subsequently tested candidate targets for FRP by the year 2040 (a year for which estimated spending and financing data were available), relying on empirical and estimated data and using a rudimentary modelling approach.
We chose the incidence of CHE, which is the percentage of households experiencing OOP medical expenditure greater than 40% of their capacity to pay, as defined by the WHO,6 as our measure of lack of FRP. Incidence of CHE was selected as our 'dependent variable' as readily useable estimates of CHE have been well documented and published for more than a hundred countries over 1995–2007,9 22 which we used in our analysis.
Two key determinants of the incidence of CHE at the country level identified by the seminal Xu and colleagues' analysis8 were the percentage of OOP expenditure as of the total health expenditure and the percentage of health expenditure as a share of gross domestic product (GDP), which we denoted OOPEXP and HEXGDP, respectively. We used OOPEXP and HEXGDP estimates as given by the WB23 for the time period 1995–2013 and as forecasted by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) and the WB24 for the year 2040. We also added GDP per capita, which we denoted GDPC. Wealthier countries offer more extensive healthcare services and their citizens have more resources to invest in health.
The list of all countries retained for the analysis is given in online supplementary appendix S1. Among the 179 countries, 32 were low income, 45 were lower middle income, 51 were upper middle income and 51 were high income, according to the WB's income group classification.23
Supplementary Appendix 1
[SP1.pdf]
First, following previous approaches,8 9 we estimated a simple model relating CHE to its key determinants of OOPEXP, HEXGDP and GDPC in the following way:
is a country random effect capturing heterogeneity and variations between countries and studies and
is an error term. A number of alternative model specifications could be tried and are discussed in online supplementary appendix S1. However, model (1) was retained for simplicity as data for OOPEXP, HEXGDP and GDPC (and not for other predictors) were readily available annually over 1995–2013, and recent estimates for OOPEXP and HEXGDP were available for the single year 2040.24
Second, OOPEXP and HEXGDP estimates were available for both the year 201323 and the year 204024; and GDPC estimates were available for the year 2013.23 As for GDPC estimates for 2040, from the projections for the years 2015–2021 from the International Monetary Fund,25 we calculated the annualised rates of change (in % per year) in GDPC for low-income, lower-middle-income, upper-middle-income and high-income countries. Subsequently, we used such annualised rates of change to predict what would be GDPC, for each country, depending on their income group, for 2040. Using the 2040 values of GDPC, OOPEXP and HEXGDP in equation (1), we could estimate a predicted incidence of CHE by 2040 for each country, which was then aggregated per income group by arithmetic average.
Third, we compared our estimated 2040 incidence of CHE per income group to four candidate targets: (1) <0.50% ; and three other targets, that is, (2) <1.00%; (3) <1.50%; and (4) <2.00%. To judge whether such targets might be realistic under current trends, we estimated the probability that each income group (low income; lower middle income; upper middle income) would have achieved them by 2040, according to our predictions.
Uncertainty analysis
We pursued a probabilistic sensitivity analysis. For each income group (low income, lower middle income, upper middle income, high income), we pursued Monte Carlo simulations (n=100,000 trials) capturing both parameter uncertainty in the inputs (OOPEXP, HEXGDP, GDPc) and estimation uncertainty in the model. Parameter uncertainty was included through sampling n values for OOPEXP and HEXGDP parameters to which was assigned a beta distribution built on each input's mean and uncertainty interval,24 and for the growth rate of GDPc per income group to which was assigned a gamma distribution built on mean and SD.25 The estimation uncertainty was included through sampling n values for each combination of the model coefficients extracted from a multivariate Gaussian distribution using mean and variance-covariance matrices from the fitted model (1). Both parameter uncertainty and estimation uncertainty were varied simultaneously, resulting in n samples for each country CHE incidence. Through aggregation (arithmetic average) of country results within each income group, we again obtained n samples for CHE. Finally, extracting the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles allowed the determination of 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), which we reported along our results.
All analyses were conducted with the R statistical software version 3.3.1 (www.r-project.org).
We first report on the findings from model (1), where we observed that: for a relative reduction of 10% in the odds of OOPEXP we obtained a relative reduction of 7% in the odds of CHE; for a relative increase of 10% in the odds of HEXGDP, we obtained a relative increase of 7% in the odds of CHE; and for a relative increase of 10% in GDPC, we obtained a relative decrease of 4% in the odds of CHE (table 1).
Results for the predictors of logit of incidence of catastrophic health expenditure as a function of the percentage of OOPEXP, the percentage of HEXGDP and the GDPC
While examining the trends in GDPC over 2015–2021, we calculated annual rates of change of 4.5% (SD 2.9%) for low-income countries, 4.5% (SD 2.7%) for lower-middle-income countries, 4.1% (SD 2.4%) for upper-middle-income countries and 3.4% (SD 2.0%) for high-income countries.
With these inputs, we predicted the incidence of CHE among households in 2040 for each income group classification (figure 1). Estimated CHE would be: 2.13% (UI: 0.60-6.87)for low-income countries, 1.15% (0.32-3.81) for lower-middle-income countries, 0.65% (0.18-2.21) for upper-middle-income countries and 0.40% (0.11-1.39) for high-income countries. We also quantified the annualised rate of decline in the incidence of CHE over 2013–2040 (figure 2), which would be of: 1.3% (UI: −0.4% to 4.7%) per year for low-income countries, 1.7% (0.2%–4.8%) for lower-middle-income countries and 1.5% (0.0%–4.2%) for upper-middle-income countries.
Estimated incidence and corresponding uncertainty ranges of catastrophic health expenditure among low-income (red), lower-middle-income (purple), upper-middle-income (blue) and high-income (black) countries in 2013 and 2040.
Distribution of the estimated annualised rate of decline over 2013–2040 of the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure among low-income (red), lower-middle-income (purple) and upper-middle-income (blue) countries.
Furthermore, we studied how the gaps in CHE incidence across income groups would evolve over 2013–2040 by examining whether the annualised rates of decline in CHE incidence (n=100,000) of the low-income and lower-middle-income countries group would be greater than those of the upper-middle-income countries group over the same time period (figure 3A,B). Notably, we found that low-income countries (probability of 0.39), compared with lower-middle-income countries (probability of 0.55), would be unlikely to reduce the gap with upper-middle-income countries.
Rates of decline of incidence in catastrophic health expenditure over 2013–2040 of low-income (A) and lower-middle-income (B) countries (y-axis) compared with the rates of decline of upper-middle-income countries (x-axis) (n=1000 trials extracted from Monte Carlo simulations). A dot above the grey line indicates that the rate of decline of the income group is greater than the rate of decline of upper-middle-income countries; the corresponding probability is indicated in the top left corner and the 95% uncertainty contours in red.
No low-income countries would achieve CHE <0.50% by 2040 (table 2); the probability for lower-middle-income countries would be less than 0.10; the probability for upper-middle-income countries would be about 0.31. With a CHE target <1.0%, the probability for low-income countries would be 0.11, 0.39 for lower-middle-income countries and 0.74 for upper-middle-income countries. With a CHE target <1.5%, it would be: 0.27 for low-income countries, 0.65 for lower-middle-income countries and 0.90 for upper-middle-income countries.
Probability (n=100,000 trials from Monte Carlo simulations) that country groups achieve specific financial risk protection targets of estimated incidence of CHE by 2040. Financial risk protection targets are: CHE <0.50%; CHE <1.00%; CHE <1.50%; and CHE <2.00%.
We presented in this paper estimates of the incidence of CHE in 2040 per country income group using readily available data and a simple modelling approach.
As identified previously,8–10 15 our analysis confirms the percentage of OOP expenditure out of total health expenditure (OOPEXP) as the main driver of CHE. According to our predictions, in 2040, the estimated incidence of CHE among households would be 2.13% (UI: 0.60-6.87) among low-income countries, 1.15% (0.31-3.81) among lower-middle-income countries and 0.65% (0.18-2.21) among upper-middle-income countries. The estimated relative reduction in CHE incidence over 2013–2040 would be of about 29% among low-income countries, 37% among lower-middle-income countries and 33% among upper-middle-income countries. This suggests that forecasts in financing policy would be supportive of FRP.
One purpose of our analysis is to help define what might be a feasible post-2015 target for FRP in health. In this respect, we found that, by 2040, the probability of achieving CHE <0.50% would be 0 for low-income countries, less than 0.10 for lower-middle-income countries and 0.31 for upper-middle-income countries. By contrast, with CHE <1.00%, it would be: 0.11 for low-income countries, 0.39 for lower-middle-income countries and 0.74 for upper-middle-income countries. While 0.50% and 1.0% both appear as low numbers, they translate into hundreds of thousands of people who are at risk of impoverishment if the reduction in OOP payments is not dramatically accelerated (1% of households correspond to about 2 500 000 families in India, 600 000 in Brazil and Indonesia, and 160 000 in Ethiopia, for example).
Our study has four key limitations. First and foremost, we relied on older CHE estimates9 22 which cover a time period over 1995–2007 and about a hundred and ten countries from all income levels. This points to the critical need that OOP health payments data be collected and reported routinely. New data on OOP payments are urgently needed and would be an important public good to support the global campaign for UHC. In this regard, the WHO/WB UHC tracking report17 critically provides directions and points to the limitations of past efforts including reliability and comparability across household expenditure surveys,26–28 and the needs for strengthening data availability and comparability in the future and for additional data notably on the long-term impact of household OOP payments and the distribution of those over time.29 Second, our modelling strategy was basic. More sophisticated approaches could have been used to forecast the changes in CHE incidence, and predict which countries would achieve distinct FRP targets by 2040. Here, we opted for a rudimentary approach consistent with previous work,8 9 which was readily applicable with underlying data (notably the available estimates for HEXGDP and OOPEXP for the year 204024 and easily communicable to policymakers). Third, our study uniquely considered CHE, defined as medical expenditure exceeding 40% of household capacity to pay, as measure of (lack of) FRP. This measure was proposed as an indicator for monitoring progress towards UHC at country and global levels16 17: it is an indicator with which decision makers are familiar and for which data were readily available for analysis,9 22 hence our decision to use it in this study. Yet, the CHE metric presents a number of associated issues, most importantly the use of a defined threshold (ie, 40% of capacity to pay).11 Other metrics could be used such as impoverishing expenditure (eg, defined as medical expenditure pushing households under an absolute or relative poverty line), or forced borrowing or asset selling to finance medical expenditure.10–12 In addition, current CHE measures do not account for individuals who fail to obtain needed healthcare due to their inability to pay and thus are likely to underestimate financial burdens of illness. Finally, in Xu and colleagues9 three key determinants of high CHE were identified: high availability of health services, poverty and lack of prepayment mechanisms. Since countries differ substantially with respect to all three factors, their trajectory is extremely hard to predict. Due to data limitations, our model did not separate the availability of health services and shift towards prepayment mechanisms that accompanies income growth. If future expansion of health services availability is more rapid than the shift towards prepayments, CHE may well increase with economic growth. If we take into consideration the relative lack of adequate data, uncertainty and the dynamic interaction between these key determinants, we may conclude that lower CHE targets are more realistic, but still aspirational.
Protection from financial risks associated with healthcare expenses is a crucial component of national health strategies in many countries. From an ethical perspective, the loss of well-being from being pushed into poverty by health expenditure is no less devastating than the loss of health due to illness.30 Moving towards UHC is important because it will promote better health and it will protect people from poverty, the need to borrow money or possibly financial ruin. FRP is therefore a key objective for health systems.
This paper shows the reduction in CHE that may occur on current trajectory of health spending and financing policy.24 However, SDGs are aspirational by design. This analysis simply used historical trends and did not model what would result from increased priority to SDGs. Financing instruments including public finance and a higher share of public health expenditure through general taxation and payroll taxes could progressively replace OOP payments and reduce CHE. Countries spending more than 3% of public health expenditure as a share of GDP, as argued by The Lancet Commission on Investing in Health for achieving the 'grand convergence' around infectious, child and maternal mortality by 2035,31 often meet OOPEXP under 20%.32 33 Using our model and setting OOPEXP to a cap of 20% (or 15%) by 2040, the estimated incidence of CHE would become 0.86% (0.69) among low-income countries, 0.56% (0.47) among lower-middle-income countries and 0.45% (0.37) among upper-middle-income countries. This shows that large increases in public finance could substantially accelerate attainment of FRP. For instance, Thailand's universal coverage scheme providing a comprehensive tax-financed benefits package given to the poor and those in the informal sector substantially reduced medical impoverishment since its inception in 2002.34 Likewise, the experience of several other low and middle-income countries suggests that UHC can hasten achievement of FRP.35 For example, through its Health Transformation Programme, Turkey substantially expanded insurance coverage within 10 years.36 With introducing Seguro Popular in 2003, Mexico has expanded access to comprehensive health services with FRP.37 Ethiopia is currently maintaining selected essential services free of charge and rolling out health insurance schemes on its way to UHC (box).
Provision of financial risk protection in Ethiopia
Ethiopia has long recognised that direct out-of-pocket (OOP) payments at the point of care prevent a majority of the population from accessing health services and result in financial hardship for many, and has therefore designed two appropriate strategies: maintaining selected high-impact fee-exempted services for everyone, and risk pooling and prepayment mechanisms.
The first strategy is putting in place a fee exemption for a set of selected high-impact and cost-effective services including vaccinations, in-facility birth services, antiretroviral treatment, tuberculosis treatment, and so on. Such 'exempted' essential services organised into the five categories of family health, communicable disease prevention and control, hygiene and environmental health, health education and communication, basic curative care and treatment of chronic conditions, have been provided to all free of charge and will remain so.38
Second, there are two insurance schemes. Social health insurance (SHI) is a compulsory scheme for people in the formal sector where employees and employers contribute to the scheme, and which has about 1.8 million members. Community-based health insurance (CBHI) is a voluntary scheme meant for those in the informal sector and is largely subsidised by the government. It has been successfully scaled up in 200 districts (25% of Ethiopia's districts).39 The next 5-year health sector plan, the Health Sector Transformation Plan (HSTP), sets 100% coverage for SHI and 80% for CBHI, and puts targets of reducing OOP expenditure from 34% to 15% of total health expenditure by 2020.40 41 The primary objective is to reduce the reliance on direct OOP payments, lower the financial barriers to access and thereby diminish the impoverishing impact. With these two schemes, the level and share of revenues channelled through prepaid and pooled mechanisms will be increased, reducing fragmentation to increase the redistributional capacity of the pooled funds, on the move towards universal coverage. In the long term, the HSTP intends to harmonise the benefits packages of and integrate the two schemes.
To achieve substantial improvements in FRP in the decades ahead, dramatic policy changes need to happen in low and middle-income countries, led by countries and supported by the international community. Thus, our work here should be viewed as a conservative estimate of what the future holds. The purpose of UHC and, indeed of the SDGs, is to change the future.
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Contributors SV initiated and conceptualised the study. SV coordinated the research and did the analysis with MEK. WND pursued some of the preliminary analyses. SV wrote the first draft of the report. ATW drafted the box. All authors subsequently read, revised and approved the report.
© Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted. This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt and build upon this work, for commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


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text:
Upgrade at Main Rd & Heddon St, Heddon Greta
Upgrade at Main Road and Heddon Street,
Heddon Greta
Transport for NSW is upgrading Main Road to improve traffic flow and safety from Stanford Street to just north of Trenchard Street.
OCT 2021Start of work for Stage two
Work on the second stage of work will start on Monday 11 October and will be delivered in sections, starting at the eastern end of the project from near Averys Lane to east of Trenchard Street.
Work will be carried out between 7am and 5pm on weekdays. Occasionally we will carry out night work to minimise impacts to motorists.
We expect to complete up to three night shifts between 6.30pm and 4.30am in the week starting Sunday 17 October to set-up traffic arrangements for the first section of work. Work on the first section will be carried out in October and November, weather permitting.
Due to staging of utility relocations, when this first section of work has been completed there will be a temporary stoppage in work during December and we will return in January to continue with the next section of the project from near Heddon Street to Young Street.
For more information download our October 2021 project notification (PDF, 191Kb).
Stage one of the upgrade involved road upgrade work to facilitate the installation of traffic lights at the Main Road and Heddon Street intersection and providing two lanes in each direction at the intersection. This work has been funded and delivered by the Developer of the nearby residential estate and was required as part of the Developer's Development Application approval with Cessnock City Council.
To provide further traffic flow benefits to motorists, Transport for NSW has developed a second stage of work which would adjoin the upgraded intersection.
The NSW Government is investing $1 million through the Housing Acceleration Fund for the second stage of work and $2 million through the Traffic Efficiency Program, with a further $3 million provided through developer contributions.
This upgrade will manage traffic flow on Main Road and ensure the new Heddon Street intersection will operate effectively as traffic volumes increase, with significant residential development expected in the area over coming years.
The second stage of work involves:
extending the two travel lanes in each direction on Main Road.
extending the concrete median from Heddon Street to Stanford Street to improve safety by separating motorists travelling in opposite directions and preventing motorists from turning across multiple lanes.
banning right turns in and out of Stanford Street, to reduce the risk of crashes. Motorists will be able to turn right by using the new traffic lights at the Heddon Street intersection.
closing the access into Averys Lane from Main Road. Motorists will be able to access Averys Lane by using the new traffic lights at the Heddon Street intersection.
introducing a no stopping zone along this section of Main Road and at the Heddon Street intersection.
providing off-peak parking in front of the local shops. Parking will not be permitted between the hours of 6.30am and 9.30am and 3pm and 6pm weekdays.
installing roadside safety barrier to help prevent motorists from veering off the road.
providing a cycle lane to help cyclists travel safely through the intersection
upgrading watermains.
constructing the final road surface and traffic light posts at the intersection at Heddon Street
The traffic lights at Main Road and Heddon Street will be switched on when stage two has been completed.
View or download a copy of the project design (PDF, 553Kb).
Traffic changes
There will be some temporary traffic changes to ensure the work zone is safe. A reduced 40km/h speed limit will be in place until completion of stage two. Temporary barriers will remain at the Heddon Street intersection with left in and left out access in place until stage two is completed.
Lane closures and traffic control will be in place during work hours and may affect travel times.
Work will be delivered in sections starting at the eastern end of the project. Parking will be impacted within the work area, however parking for the local shops will be provided during construction.
Please keep to speed limits and follow the direction of traffic controllers and signs.
Work on the first section east of Averys Lane will be carried out in October and November.
We will return in January to continue the section from Heddon Street to Young Street.
September 2021 project notification
Stage two work starting on Main Road upgrade, Heddon Greta from early October.
October 2021 project notification
Stage two work starting on Main Road upgrade, Heddon Greta from Monday 11 October.
Project update for Main Road upgrade, Heddon Greta.
May 2020 project notification
Have your say on proposed upgrade of Main Road and Heddon Street at Heddon Greta.
September 2020 consultation report
Main Road and Heddon Street upgrade, Heddon Greta.
27 May 2020 - Heddon Great community invited to help shape road upgrade 24.4Kb
Email: chandra.kasturiarachchi@transport.nsw.gov.au
Phone: 0428 614 711 (Business hours, Project Delivery Manager Chandra Kasturiarachchi)
Mail: Chandra Kasturiarachchi Transport for NSW - Locked Bag 2030, Newcastle 2300 NSW
© Transport for NSW Last Updated: 05 October 2021


VSC Technologies is a subsidiary of the French National Railway Corporation (SNCF) under the SNCF online travel agency, Voyages-sncf.com, which handles long-distance and high-speed passenger services. Based near Paris and employing more than 170 people, VSC offers complete technology solutions and services for the railway distribution needs of its customers and hosts critical applications for railway reservations.
In 2009, Voyages-sncf.com managed a business volume of 2.4 billion€, with more than 10 million unique visitors per month. To handle the volume, the VSC team needed a benchmark platform to improve their new strategic software project—a data warehouse application used in a transactional context and refreshed in near-real time to model large volumes of business transactions. Their usual provider required eight months to deliver the platform. When VSC partner Ysance recommended Amazon Web Services (AWS) as an alternative, VSC jumped at it.
AWS was integrated as a test platform through Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2), Amazon Elastic Block Storage, and Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3), and VSC customers used the platform for performance testing during development. The test platform was identical to the target service platform, with Apache Tomcat and MySQL in the front-end tier and Oracle, Oracle Data Integrator, and several Java batch applications in the back-end tier.
The application was benchmarked with Apache JMeter and Apache Cactus.
The VSC team found that they needed to adapt to different hardware performance when changing platforms to AWS. They learned to be flexible in application design and less dependent upon visibility into disk and network I/O performance.
VSC Technologies deputy general manager Pierre Matuchet likes the simplicity and flexibility of AWS. In particular, Matuchet cites the exceptional time to market, because AWS allows VSC to test its new service three months before rollout, as opposed to only one month with its usual provider solution. Matuchet also points out that AWS reduces risk on the IT infrastructure during delivery.
The success of their test platform using AWS inspired the VSC team to plan a proof of concept to extend their development infrastructure for more complex applications, including a link to the mainframe and more transactional databases.