text:
Zimbabweans Urged To Demand The Removal Of Sanctions 'NOW'
ZANU PF Spokesperson Simon Khaya Moyo
ZANU PF National Spokesperson Simon Khaya Moyo has urged Zimbabweans from all walks of life to come out in their thousands on October 25 and take part in anti-sanctions marches to be held across the country.
Khaya Moyo argued that the economic restrictions imposed on several Zimbabwean officials and entities by Western powers are at the core of economic challenges bedevilling the country. He said:
These criminal and diabolic acts have led to the collapse and closure of industries and retail establishments wherein people derived their livelihoods. The clarion call is for these illegal sanctions to be removed NOW.
Let every citizen be heard on this matter. Zimbabweans are therefore urged to gather in their multitudes across the country on Friday, October 25, 2019, and declare that ENOUGH is ENOUGH.
The United States of America, Great Britain and the European Union imposed targeted sanctions on several Zimbabweans officials at the turn of the millennium whom they accused of gross human rights abuses.
The sanctions have been renewed every year, and despite a thaw in Zimbabwe/West relations following the fall of former President Robert Mugabe in 2017, there has been a hardening of positions on both sides following the killing of unarmed civilians by armed forces in August last year and January this year.
More: The Herald
Tagged: Anti-sanctions March Sanctions Simon Khaya Moyo
6 comments on "Zimbabweans Urged To Demand The Removal Of Sanctions 'NOW'"
Observer says:
As much as sanctions must go so should Zanu Pf. Enough is enough. They have forced people to support them ever since and kill or beat up some who have gone against them, cheated at the polls since time immemorial, let alone running the country down. They make use of fear to intimidate the people. If they waged the war of liberation for democracy they should stick to that but if it was for selfishness then these self-invited sanctions are going to be part of our lives.
Pupurai says:
You lie Mr Moyo. You're a big liar. We are not coming to that zvekutungana kwembudzi. You're wasting 4million of money that you do not have over trivialities.
In my own opinion sanctions are a "legal" form of human rights violations. Why would a country of 16 million be in such a mess because of less than 200 people said to be on the targetted sanctions? Ours are not only targeted but touch just about everyone to some extent. Why can't one buy something from Amazon for instance and get it delivered to the country? Should we not be able to buy without restrictions? I feel they are just as evil. The worst is that the people who are said to be targetted have very good lives and still travel abroad be it to the imposing countries or others. They can afford to get medical treatment out there yet the innocent die in the poorly funded hospitals.
Kumarch tenge tiriko , not because we love ZANU but because we love Zimbabwe , no to SANCTIONs noo
If the zanu fools keep demanding as they always do with a big begging bowl they might find that more human rights offenders may be added to the list not stopped
You say sanctions are bad but when it was former Rhodesia you thought sanctions were wonderful and those were nation wide blanketed sanctions by the international community
In short these individuals have no right to be in position of running an egg and spoon race never mind a country they care only for a pretend liberation movement that has delivered nothing it promised millions at independence black white and coloured they have lied raped and destroyed a country whilst using this garbage nationalistic politically inflamed misinformation to torture maim ant intimidate every one this is the ideology of a terrorist organisation that no one cares for any more
Observer you have answered your own question how can only 200 murdering scum hold a hold an entire country to ransom it is a fact that every one wants them brought to justice ,do this first correct their foolish mistakes and learn to trade with other countries in an open and transparent manner
Amazon doesn't want its company embroiled with scum who murder there own relatives in the street for having a different view of how they want there lives to be governed in the future
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text:
Jeff Zimmerman
All images © Sherry Griffin / R & Company
Vine, © Sherry Griffin / R20th Century
Rain Drop, © Sherry Griffin / R20th Century
Dented Glass Sculptures, © Sherry Griffin / R20th Century
Spiked Glass Sculpture, © Sherry Griffin / R20th Century
Crinkled Vessel, © Sherry Griffin / R20th Century
Serpentine, © Sherry Griffin / R20th Century
Born in Fort Knox, Kentucky in 1968, glass artist Jeff Zimmerman grew up on the Anderson Ranch Arts Center grounds in rural Colorado. This early exposure to nature remains a potent force in his work, particularly in his glass lighting and sculptures, which often appear to hover between solid and liquid states.
Zimmerman's training was wide-reaching and interdisciplinary; he took his first glass-blowing class in 1988, while pursuing an anthropology degree in Santa Barbara, California. He went on to learn the classical Venetian approach to glass blowing while earning his BFA from the Appalachian Center for Craft in Tennessee. Zimmerman spent his college summers at the Pilchuk School in Seattle, where he came into contact with Italian glass masters Lino Tagliapietro and Pino Signoretto. He later trained as a master glass blower at C.I.R.V.A. in Marseille, France, and traveled through Europe and Africa, working with artists like Gaetano Pesce, Robert Wilson, and Robert Morris.
Prior to graduating, Zimmerman joined an experimental glass-blowing collective called the B Team. Their punk rock-inspired performances—in one, molten glass poured down onto steel umbrellas over participating artists—earned the group the Tiffany and BESSY awards, and reinforced the notion of glass as a contemporary art medium. Today his award-winning works are presented in galleries and museums around the world.
Objects from the Designer
White & Blue Glass Vase by Jeff Zimmerman, 1995

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Congratulations on your acceptance to Manhattan College! We look forward to welcoming you to campus. Here are the next steps to complete your enrollment and officially become a Jasper.
All admitted undergraduate students and their families are invited to attend one of our Accepted Students Days where you will have the chance to learn more about Manhattan College.
Accepted Students Day will be held on the following dates: Wednesday April 3, 2019, Sunday April 7, 2019, and Wednesday April 10, 2019. The program begins at 9:30 a.m. and ends at 3:30 p.m. Registration is required to attend.
You must file a FAFSA (Free Application for Federal Student Aid) to be considered for need-based financial aid from Manhattan College.
Your correct social security number must be on file with your FAFSA. If you do not provide this information, we will not be able to process your FAFSA.
You must provide our school code: 002758 in order for Manhattan College to receive your information.
The FAFSA must be signed with FSA ID's by both you and your parent in order to be processed.
The FAFSA is available on October 1 and financial aid packages will be mailed out beginning January 23.
To officially enroll, you must submit your enrollment deposit. You can pay the deposit online or by mailing a check.
After you have submitted your enrollment deposit, you will receive information with instructions about how to set up your JasperNet account so that you can register for orientation.
Letters with specific instructions are mailed out in early April for fall admission and in December for spring admission.
Orientation sessions take place over the summer for fall admission and in January for spring admission.
All incoming freshmen are required to attend one orientation session.
Parents are welcome to attend orientation.
If you plan to live in on-campus housing, you can fill out your housing application on the myHousing portal using the JasperNet username and password you set up to register for orientation. You will receive your housing assignment in July.
Learn more about available housing options and residence communities.
Students admitted into the freshman class are invited to join our Class of 2023 Facebook Group where you can connect with future classmates, get all of your questions answered and find out more about upcoming events.


text:
BDB asked to return studio gear
TWO entrepreneurs whose business closed after they claim the Bishop David Brown School in Sheerwater reneged on an agreement allowing them to use its premises say legal action against the school to recover the last of their property is imminent.
Sam Borrett, 26, and former business partner Ryan Nolan, 28, set up SoWhat Multimedia with a loan from The Prince's Trust at the Academy of Contemporary Music (ACM) in Guildford where Mr Borrett and Mr Nolan were studying music production.
Contact with the school's then head of music Mike Costa led to them entering into an agreement; in return for helping to create a recording studio on school premises for the use of students, the pair could use the premises for SoWhat business, namely studio hire.
Although they did not enter into a formal contract with the school, the pair made a formal presentation to the school's board of governors in September 2002 to propose the scheme.
The presentation said: "By utilising the existing annexe building at the Bishop David Brown School to create a recording facility and teaching area, the performing arts status and consequently the status of the school can be enhanced.
"This project is a joint venture opportunity for BDB and SoWhat Multimedia to raise the profile of the school with regard to the music department."
The presentation added that the studio would be available to SoWhat "at a nominal rate for 20 hours a week", with 14 of these at weekends, and that the "notice period for termination of agreement is to be six months for either party".
The governing body of the school and Denise Coppard, who was headteacher at that time, approved the presentation and project.
From this date, through completion of work in the studio until September 11, 2003, the relationship between BDB and SoWhat worked. The school had access to the studio, instrumental in gaining specialist performing arts status and SoWhat made money hiring out the studio.
However on that day, Mr Borrett and Mr Nolan were called to a meeting at short notice, accused of defrauding the school and told that until their accounts had been independently reviewed, the facilities were closed — the locks were changed — and the agreement was off.
An independent audit of the SoWhat accounts found nothing untoward but the school remained unwilling to allow access to SoWhat. Mr Borrett said that although some equipment, such as cables, amplifiers and keyboards, had been slowly returned, an expensive mixing desk still remained in the locked studio.
"It was the loss of the premises really that meant the business could not continue," said Mr Borrett. "We can prove the equipment is ours and we have been asking the school for it back for two years."
"Legal action is a last resort but we still have not found out what this was all about in the first place," he said.
The News and Mail approached the school's new headteacher Stuart Sheppard — who did not work at the school during the SoWhat project — for a comment.
He expressed a wish to get the matter resolved but referred the News and Mail to Surrey County Council as the local education authority as he was not involved with the school when the events with Mr Borrett and Mr Nolan occurred.
A statement from Surrey County Council on behalf of the school stated: "The governors of BDB have made numerous efforts during the past two years to resolve this contractual dispute between the school and SoWhat Multimedia.
"The school has offered to appoint an independent mediator to resolve the disputed issues relating to ownership of equipment. It remains the intention of the school to find a resolution to this matter."
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Winston Churchill said, "The most valuable thing in the world is the truth; so valuable that it has often been barricaded by a bodyguard of lies." In my life I have found that I seem to operate more smoothly on lies in those tough areas in my life, at least for the current moment. Why is that?
The truth has power, like a surgeon's knife, it often hurts to meet it face to face. When truth is in my hands, I have the power to cut the lie and alter the cancerous situation. But when it is in another's hands I find that I often barricade myself with lies of comfort to protect myself from the anticipated hurt.
Valuing truth is a process that takes a lifetime of accepting its power to guide your responses in every situation, especially over the comfortable barricades of lies. Work to see the truth over opinions, trends, fads and fashions. Then implement its power carefully and calmly as a surgeon would cut away the bad from the good. Always keep in mind, true healing can only happen when truth is in full play first with yourself and then with others.
Success comes from playing the game of life truthfully!


You're trying to find out what genre is the most natural for your vocal ability, which includes "nature" (the size, density and other characteristics of your physical instrument) and "nurture" (your current vocal technique which you've developed).
What does my heart want to do?
When you sing or hear music that moves you, what genre or style is it? When something genuinely moves you, you can make a safe bet it will have a natural audience who it would also move.
What do I want to do with my voice that would move my voice past it's comfort zone? Do I want to learn to sing classical music, authentically deliver folk or country, develop some r&b riffs, find the vocal control to sing jazz or bluegrass, learn to articulate differently for or from musical theater or gospel, power my voice into rock, experiment with the rhythmic and instantaneous rhymes of hip-hop?
satisfies and moves my heart.
This is the best way to pursue the business of music. Your priority is on the music, not on the business; you let the music drive the business. To do this, don't over-think it. But don't limit yourself if all it would take to fulfill #1 and #2 above would be some training.
For a great example of music driving the business, discover the amazing story of Eva Cassidy. She chose to do the music that satisfied her own heart, and refused to be catagorized in any particular genre. Though Eva is gone, her music lives on and has garnered the kind of music business success that has made her a true singing legend.
now i'm having so much fun, music is life!!
Congratulations, Kim, that is great news about your job at Dusty Strings!! So you got a drumming man, too, eh? God bless ya!
Hello, dear Judy! I am so happy to have an opportunity to read your articles and to be guided this way by you. Thank you for sharing with people your priceless knowledge. You inspire me all the time. Was happy to work with you. Hugs from Ukraine.
Oh my gosh, so great to hear from you, Lydia! And it was an honor to work with an artist such as yourself. Please keep in touch!


text:
package org.apache.drill.exec.ops;

import java.util.Collection;

import io.netty.buffer.DrillBuf;
import net.hydromatic.optiq.SchemaPlus;
import net.hydromatic.optiq.jdbc.SimpleOptiqSchema;

import org.apache.drill.common.config.DrillConfig;
import org.apache.drill.exec.expr.fn.FunctionImplementationRegistry;
import org.apache.drill.exec.expr.fn.impl.DateUtility;
import org.apache.drill.common.exceptions.DrillRuntimeException;
import org.apache.drill.exec.memory.BufferAllocator;
import org.apache.drill.exec.memory.OutOfMemoryException;
import org.apache.drill.exec.planner.physical.PlannerSettings;
import org.apache.drill.exec.planner.sql.DrillOperatorTable;
import org.apache.drill.exec.proto.CoordinationProtos.DrillbitEndpoint;
import org.apache.drill.exec.rpc.user.UserSession;
import org.apache.drill.exec.server.DrillbitContext;
import org.apache.drill.exec.server.options.OptionManager;
import org.apache.drill.exec.server.options.QueryOptionManager;
import org.apache.drill.exec.store.PartitionExplorer;
import org.apache.drill.exec.store.PartitionExplorerImpl;
import org.apache.drill.exec.store.StoragePluginRegistry;

// TODO except for a couple of tests, this is only created by Foreman
// TODO the many methods that just return drillbitContext.getXxx() should be replaced with getDrillbitContext()
// TODO - consider re-name to PlanningContext, as the query execution context actually appears
// in fragment contexts
public class QueryContext implements AutoCloseable, UdfUtilities {
//  private static final org.slf4j.Logger logger = org.slf4j.LoggerFactory.getLogger(QueryContext.class);

  private final DrillbitContext drillbitContext;
  private final UserSession session;
  private final OptionManager queryOptions;
  private final PlannerSettings plannerSettings;
  private final DrillOperatorTable table;

  private final BufferAllocator allocator;
  private final BufferManager bufferManager;
  private final QueryDateTimeInfo queryDateTimeInfo;
  private static final int INITIAL_OFF_HEAP_ALLOCATION_IN_BYTES = 1024 * 1024;
  private static final int MAX_OFF_HEAP_ALLOCATION_IN_BYTES = 16 * 1024 * 1024;

  /*
   * Flag to indicate if close has been called, after calling close the first
   * time this is set to true and the close method becomes a no-op.
   */
  private boolean closed = false;

  public QueryContext(final UserSession session, final DrillbitContext drllbitContext) {
    this.drillbitContext = drllbitContext;
    this.session = session;
    queryOptions = new QueryOptionManager(session.getOptions());
    plannerSettings = new PlannerSettings(queryOptions, getFunctionRegistry());
    plannerSettings.setNumEndPoints(drillbitContext.getBits().size());
    table = new DrillOperatorTable(getFunctionRegistry());

    final long queryStartTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
    final int timeZone = DateUtility.getIndex(System.getProperty("user.timezone"));
    queryDateTimeInfo = new QueryDateTimeInfo(queryStartTime, timeZone);

    try {
      allocator = drllbitContext.getAllocator().getChildAllocator(null, INITIAL_OFF_HEAP_ALLOCATION_IN_BYTES,
          MAX_OFF_HEAP_ALLOCATION_IN_BYTES, false);
    } catch (OutOfMemoryException e) {
      throw new DrillRuntimeException("Error creating off-heap allocator for planning context.",e);
    }
    // TODO(DRILL-1942) the new allocator has this capability built-in, so this can be removed once that is available
    bufferManager = new BufferManager(this.allocator, null);
  }

  public PlannerSettings getPlannerSettings() {
    return plannerSettings;
  }

  public UserSession getSession() {
    return session;
  }

  public BufferAllocator getAllocator() {
    return allocator;
  }

  public SchemaPlus getNewDefaultSchema() {
    final SchemaPlus rootSchema = getRootSchema();
    final SchemaPlus defaultSchema = session.getDefaultSchema(rootSchema);
    if (defaultSchema == null) {
      return rootSchema;
    }

    return defaultSchema;
  }

  public SchemaPlus getRootSchema() {
    final SchemaPlus rootSchema = SimpleOptiqSchema.createRootSchema(false);
    drillbitContext.getSchemaFactory().registerSchemas(session, rootSchema);
    return rootSchema;
  }

  public OptionManager getOptions() {
    return queryOptions;
  }

  public DrillbitEndpoint getCurrentEndpoint() {
    return drillbitContext.getEndpoint();
  }

  public StoragePluginRegistry getStorage() {
    return drillbitContext.getStorage();
  }

  public Collection<DrillbitEndpoint> getActiveEndpoints() {
    return drillbitContext.getBits();
  }

  public DrillConfig getConfig() {
    return drillbitContext.getConfig();
  }

  public FunctionImplementationRegistry getFunctionRegistry() {
    return drillbitContext.getFunctionImplementationRegistry();
  }

  public DrillOperatorTable getDrillOperatorTable() {
    return table;
  }

  @Override
  public QueryDateTimeInfo getQueryDateTimeInfo() {
    return queryDateTimeInfo;
  }

  @Override
  public DrillBuf getManagedBuffer() {
    return bufferManager.getManagedBuffer();
  }

  @Override
  public PartitionExplorer getPartitionExplorer() {
    return new PartitionExplorerImpl(getRootSchema());
  }

  @Override
  public void close() throws Exception {
    try {
      if (!closed) {
        // TODO(DRILL-1942) the new allocator has this capability built-in, so this can be removed once that is available
        bufferManager.close();
        allocator.close();
      }
    } finally {
      closed = true;
    }
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Celtic Music And Singing Videos
Ariana Grande and 2 Chainz's "Rule the World" music video is here. 11)—and the hype is real. The video sees Grande, who's sporting a feathered jacket, singing at a posh underground party.
We all know women are unstoppable forces, but some artists have made that abundantly clear in how they approach their music videos. In celebration of International. Frontwoman Lynn Gunn is.
Anita Baker Gospel Music Pop Music Scene Top Classical Music Album Modern Times explores the vast repertoire of the last hundred years, with special attention to music of the last few decades. See what's coming up. Your votes are in and have been counted, and the moment of truth has arrived! We're delighted to reveal the winners of this
She remembers singing at various church programs before taking her first vocal lesson as a teenager. Music has always been a passion of. "I sent in three videos in the beginning of February,".
Release Date: 2016 Here we are celebrating another Christmas and isn't each one so unique; from the magic and excitement of childhood, and the roaming and wonderment of the teens, to the arrival of adult hood and its independence and opportunity, to the married years of shared adventure and joy, and now on to parenthood and a new understanding of ourselves and the sweetness of children.
Mar 14, 2014. A playlist of Irish music for St. Patrick's Day. More videos. Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available.
Kaylee Rodgers, who has autism and ADHD, started to sing at age three and now a video of her school choir's performance of Hallelujah has attracted more than 100,000 views internationally, ITV.
Gospel music is a genre of Christian music.The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of gospel music varies according to culture and social context. Gospel music is composed and performed for many purposes, including aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes, and as an entertainment product for the marketplace.
For nine days in October, Cape Breton Island is alive with music, energy and. We have an impressive collection of videos featuring some of your favourite.
Celtic Thunder, a world renowned Irish singing group, is known around the world for their powerful stage shows and are frequently accompanied by the incredibly talented Celtic Thunder Band. This video features the following vocalists (in order of appearance): Neil Byrne, Ryan Kelly and Keith Harkin.
The lovechild of Classical and Rock with Celtic blood – that's Affinití.
In less than a year, however, he's well on his way to becoming an Irish country music star with almost 178,000 likes and a new CD "Heart & Soul" released at the end of last April. Much of the action.
When she was four she began studying at the MacCafferty School of Music, where she went on to achieve high qualifications in music and drama. She comes from a musical family and her brother, Keith, is also a successful singer both as a solo artist and with Celtic Thunder. As a child she took part in several singing and music competitions.
Here is a small glimpse of our aftershow Meet & Greet. Talk and chat with the guys, get personal pictures, win prizes and more! For VIP passes — WWW.CELTICTHUNDER.COM/TOUR —
Mar 17, 2017. 11 Celtic punk songs to blast on St. Patrick's Day. By. Jason Pettigrew. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.
May 16, 2007 · Purchase Info and Tour Dates: http://www.celticwoman.com/ Celtic Woman – A New Journey: Live at Slane Castle, Ireland 2006 Title: Spanish Lady Singers: Hayley.
An Irish singing donkey named Harriet is capturing the hearts of people all around the Internet. Irish man Martin Stanton helped usher Harriet to fame after he posted a video of the Irish singing.
Find album reviews, stream songs, credits and award information for 100 Greatest Irish Ballads and Songs – Various Artists on AllMusic – 2009
On September 8th Sherwood Forest will open its faire-grounds for another free-admission Festival of world-class Celtic Music and Highland Games, complete with Celtic Clan booths, handmade goods for shopping, gourmet foods to feast on, and cold pints of ye favorite brews.
the old jazz and swing music of the '60s and '70s." Cahill, principal vocalist for the popular Irish singing group Celtic Thunder, this week embarked on a North American tour that kicked off in.
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Dec 6, 2017. WATCH: No Irish wedding is complete without a sing-song at 5am. December 6 2017 12:34. a sing-song at 5am. Video by: Ronan O'Connor.
Celtic Woman: A Christmas Celebration is the second album from the singing group Celtic Woman.
Celtic music is a broad grouping of music genres that evolved out of the folk music traditions of the Celtic people of Western Europe. Cerdd Dant (string music) or Canu Penillion (verse singing) is the art of vocal improvisation over a given melody in Welsh.
Gospel Music Music Songs Music Videos My Music Praise Songs Celtic Thunder Celtic Music Inspirational Music Christian Songs Forward Hallelujah Sing praise to.
17 Songs. That Will Make You. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video. To Boston The Irish will go feckin' mad for this one!
Music Education Part A Form Advising Guide for Music Education (Instrumental & Vocal). Degree frames, override forms, etc. are provided on the Policies and Forms page; Registering for. PROGRAM OVERVIEW Music education students are qualified to become music. as well as intensive instruction in the major performance area in the form of private. members, with five devoting all or a
Ireland has produced a host of great singers who have made Irish traditional music popular across the world. Chloe Agnew Videos Celtic Woman. Wallis Bird. Wallis Bird videos. Mary Black. Song for Ireland Mary Black interview Stories From the Steeples review Interview – Stories From the Steeples Mary Black videos.
Zydeco sont pas salé performed by Clifton Chenier. Written by Clifton Chenier. Tradition Music, BMI, administered by Bug Music Co., BMI. From the album Zydeco Sont Pas Salé. ® and ©, 1964 and 1997 by Arhoolie Records, # CD9001.Used by Permission. Zydeco
Widgedit Musical Instrument Vast library of songs, topics, instrument courses and creative apps; Support for assessment, SEND and personalised teaching and learning. The Charanga Musical School Scheme provides teachers with week-by-week lessons for each year group in the school from ages 5-11. WICKED THE MUSICAL (Karaoke) by Karaoke. – $46.11. Home New Arrivals Add to Favourites Shipping FAQ
The Charleston Music Hall is thrilled to present the 4th Annual Celtic Night on. His songwriting style interconnects with traditional Celtic singer-songwriters. Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available.
He shot to fame in 2014 after a video of him singing a rendition of Hallelujah at a couple's wedding ceremony went viral. – The Westmeath-based priest released a 10-track album of Celtic-inspired.
Jul 17, 2018. For one of the most stunning aspects of traditional Irish music is that it. of solo airs and songs, the music has played second fiddle to dancing. Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available.
Celtic Thunder, the singing group from Ireland, are a composition of six male soloists who perform both solo and ensemble numbers.
The Founding is a Progressive Folk band with Celtic roots from Kalamazoo, Michigan. such notable events as the Michigan Irish Music Festival, the Boston Irish Festival, and The Austin Celtic Festival, Elizabeth June: Lead Singer, Flautist. Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available.
EL: What can people expect at Long's Park on Sunday? Moloney: Our concert at Long's Park is going to be a brilliant night filled with lively, upbeat Irish music, singing and dancing. Our main aim at.
. the years after Michael Flatley's "Lord of the Dance," Irish music and culture had become popular in the United States, and a PBS special featuring the Irish Tenors singing in Dublin became a hit.
Check out a snippet from the new footage of the film's stars, Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper, singing an unreleased song called "Clover. Jason Isbell and Mark Ronson. All the music is original and.
To Experience Celtic Colours is to be changed by it… The Celtic Colours International Festival is a unique celebration of Cape Breton Island's living traditional culture.
'God Gave Me You' Duet From Christian Couple Caleb And Kelsey – Christian Music Videos
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Lambert High School
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The Info List - Anawrahta
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Anawrahta
Anawrahta Minsaw (Burmese: အနော်ရထာ မင်းစော, pronounced [ʔənɔ̀jətʰà mɪ́ɴ sɔ́]; 11 May 1014 – 11 April 1077) was the founder of the Pagan Empire. Considered the father of the Burmese nation, Anawrahta
Anawrahta turned a small principality in the dry zone of Upper Burma
Burma into the first Burmese Empire that formed the basis of modern-day Burma (Myanmar).[2][3] Historically verifiable Burmese history
Burmese history begins with his accession to the Pagan throne in 1044.[4] Anawrahta
Anawrahta unified the entire Irrawaddy valley for the first time in history, and placed peripheral regions such as the Shan States
Shan States and Arakan (Northern Rakhine) under Pagan's suzerainty. He successfully stopped the advance of Khmer Empire
Khmer Empire into Tenasserim coastline and into Upper Menam
Menam valley, making Pagan one of two main kingdoms in mainland Southeast Asia. A strict disciplinarian, Anawrahta
Anawrahta implemented a series of key social, religious and economic reforms that would have a lasting impact in Burmese history. His social and religious reforms later developed into the modern-day Burmese culture. By building a series of weirs, he turned parched, arid regions around Pagan into the main rice granaries of Upper Burma, giving Upper Burma
Burma an enduring economic base from which to dominate the Irrawaddy valley and its periphery in the following centuries. He bequeathed a strong administrative system that all later Pagan kings followed until the dynasty's fall in 1287. The success and longevity of Pagan's dominance over the Irrawaddy valley laid the foundation for the ascent of Burmese language
Burmese language and culture, the spread of Burman ethnicity in Upper Burma. Anawrahta's legacy went far beyond the borders of modern Burma. His embrace of Theravada Buddhism
Theravada Buddhism and his success in stopping the advance of Khmer Empire, a Hindu
Hindu state, provided the Buddhist school, which had been in retreat elsewhere in South and Southeast Asia, a much needed reprieve and a safe shelter. He helped restart Theravada Buddhism in Ceylon, the Buddhist school's original home. The success of Pagan dynasty
Pagan dynasty made Theravada Buddhism's later growth in Lan Na (northern Thailand), Siam (central Thailand), Lan Xang
Lan Xang (Laos), and Khmer Empire
Khmer Empire (Cambodia) in the 13th and 14th centuries possible. Anawrahta
Anawrahta is one of the most famous kings in Burmese history. His life stories (legends) are a staple of Burmese folklore and retold in popular literature and theater.
1 Early life 2 Accession 3 Early reign: Consolidation of Central Burma
3.1 Economic reforms 3.2 Military organization
4 Founding of Pagan Empire
4.1 Shan Hills 4.2 Lower Burma 4.3 Arakan 4.4 Pateikkaya
5 External relations
5.1 Khmer Empire 5.2 Nanzhao Kingdom 5.3 Ceylon
6.1 Nation-building 6.2 Religious reforms 6.3 Invention of Burmese script 6.4 Governing style
7 Death 8 Legacy 9 In popular culture 10 Commemorations 11 Notes 12 References 13 Bibliography
Prior to Anawrahta, of all the early Pagan kings, only Nyaung-u Sawrahan's reign can be verified independently by stone inscriptions. Anawrahta
Anawrahta is the first historical king in that the events during his reign can be verified by stone inscriptions. However, Anawrahta's youth, like much of early Pagan history, is still shrouded in legend, and should be treated as such.[5][6]
Anawrahta was born Min Saw (မင်းစော, IPA: [mɪ́ɴ sɔ́]) to King Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu
Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu and Queen Myauk Pyinthe on 11 May 1044.[note 1] The Burmese chronicles
Burmese chronicles do not agree on the dates regarding his life and reign.[7] The table below lists the dates given by the four main chronicles. Among the chronicles, scholarship usually accepts Zata's dates, which are considered to be the most accurate for the Pagan period.[note 2] Scholarship's dates for Anawrahta's birth, death and reign dates are closest to Zata's dates.
Chronicles Birth–Death Age Reign Length of reign
Zatadawbon Yazawin 1014/15–1077/78[note 3] 62 1044/45–1077/78 33
Maha Yazawin 970/71–1035/36 65 1002/03–1035/36 33
Yazawin Thit and Hmannan Yazawin 985/86–March 1060 74 13 January 1018–March 1060[note 4] 42
Scholarship 11 May 1014 – 11 April 1077 62 11 August 1044 – 11 April 1077 32
In 1021, when Min Saw was about six years old, his father was deposed by his step-brothers Kyiso
Kyiso and Sokkate.[note 5] His father had been a usurper of the Pagan throne, who overthrew King Nyaung-u Sawrahan two decades earlier.[note 6] Kunhsaw then married three of Nyaung-u's chief queens, two of whom were pregnant at the time, and subsequently gave birth to Kyiso
Kyiso and Sokkate. Kunhsaw had raised Sokkate and Kyiso as his own sons. After the putsch, Kyiso
Kyiso became king and Sokkate became heir-apparent. They forced their step-father to a local monastery, where Kunhsaw would live as a monk for the remainder of his life.[8] Min Saw grew up in the shadow of his two step-brothers, who viewed Min Saw as their youngest brother and allowed him to retain his princely status at the court. Min Saw and his mother attended Kunhsaw, and lived nearby the monastery.[8] In 1038, Kyiso
Kyiso died, and was succeeded by Sokkate.[note 7] Min Saw was loyal to the new king. He took wives, and had at least two sons ( Saw Lu and Kyansittha) by the early 1040s. Accession[edit]
Statue of Anawrahta
Anawrahta in front of the DSA
In 1044 however, Min Saw raised a rebellion at nearby Mount Popa, and challenged Sokkate to single combat. According to the chronicles, the reason for his uprising was that Sokkate had just raised Min Saw's mother as queen. Sokkate is said to have addressed Min Saw as brother-son, which the latter took great offense. Sokkate accepted the challenge to single combat on horseback. On 11 August 1044, Min Saw slew Sokkate at Myinkaba, near Pagan.[note 8] The king and his horse both fell into the river nearby.[9] Min Saw first offered the throne to his father. The former king, who had long been a monk, refused. On 16 December 1044, Min Saw ascended the throne with the title of Anawrahta, a Burmanized form of Sanskrit name Aniruddha
Aniruddha (अनिरुद्ध).[note 9] His full royal style was Maha Yaza Thiri Aniruddha
Aniruddha Dewa (မဟာ ရာဇာ သီရိ အနိရုဒ္ဓ ဒေဝ; Sanskrit: Mahā Rājā Śrī Aniruddha
Aniruddha Devá). Burmese history
Burmese history now begins to be less conjectural.[10][11] Early reign: Consolidation of Central Burma[edit]
Principality of Pagan at Anawrahta's accession in 1044
In the beginning, Anawrahta's principality was a small area—barely 200 miles north to south and about 80 miles from east to west, comprising roughly the present districts of Mandalay, Meiktila, Myingyan, Kyaukse, Yamethin, Magwe, Sagaing
Sagaing and Katha east of the Irrawaddy, and the riverine portions of Minbu
Minbu and Pakkoku. To the north lay Nanzhao Kingdom, and to the east still largely uninhibited Shan Hills, to the south and the west the Pyus, and farther south still, the Mons.[12] Economic reforms[edit] Anawrahta's first acts as king were to organize his kingdom. He graded every town and village according to the levy it could raise. He made great efforts to turn the arid parched lands of central Burma
Burma into a rice granary. He constructed the irrigation system,[13] which is still used in Upper Burma
Burma today. He repaired the Meiktila
Meiktila Lake, and successfully built four weirs and canals (Kinda, Nga Laingzin, Pyaungbya, Kume) on the Panlaung river, and three weirs (Nwadet, Kunhse, Nga Pyaung) on the Zawgyi. (He also tried to control the Myitnge river
Myitnge river but failed despite all his efforts. The work lasted three years and there were many casualties from fever.) He peopled the newly developed areas with villages, which under royal officers served the canals. The region, known as Ledwin (lit. the rice country) became the granary, the economic key of the north country. History shows that one who gained control of Kyaukse
Kyaukse became kingmaker in Upper Burma.[12] Military organization[edit] Anawrahta
Anawrahta organized Pagan's military. His key men—known as the Four Great Paladins in Burmese history—were:[14]
Kyansittha, his son and lead general Nyaung-U
Nyaung-U Hpi, known as the great swimmer from Nyaung-U Nga Htwe Yu, former toddy tree climber from Myinmu
Myinmu (near Sagaing) Nga Lon Letpe, former farmer from near Mount Popa
Also at his service were Byatta (ဗျတ္တ), a Muslim
Muslim (likely an Arab seaman) shipwrecked at Thaton, and his sons Shwe Hpyin Gyi and Shwe Hpyin Nge, (who later entered the pantheon of Burmese spirits as Shwe Hpyin Brothers ရွှေဖျဉ်းညီနောင်). Founding of Pagan Empire[edit]
Pagan Empire, estimated by GE Harvey
By the mid-1050s, Anawrahta's reforms had turned Pagan into a regional power, and he looked to expand. Over the next ten years, he founded the Pagan Empire, the Irrawaddy valley at the core, surrounded by tributary kingdoms.[15]
Estimates of the extent of his empire vary greatly. The Burmese and Thai chronicles report an empire which covered the present-day Burma and northern Thailand. The Thai chronicles assert that Anawrahta conquered the entire Menam
Menam valley, and received tribute from the Khmer king. One states that Anawrahta's armies invaded the Khmer kingdom and sacked the city of Angkor, and another one goes so far as to say that Anawrahta
Anawrahta even visited Java to receive his tribute.[15] However, Western historians (Harvey, Hall, et al) present a much smaller empire, consisted of the Irrawaddy valley and nearer periphery. His victory terracotta votive tablets (emblazoned with his name in Sanskrit) have been found along the Tenasserim coastline in the south, Katha in the north, Thazi in the east and Minbu
Minbu in the west.[16]
Shan Hills[edit] His first efforts were in then lightly inhabited Shan Hills
Shan Hills in the east and the north. He acquired allegiance of Shan Hills
Shan Hills in two waves. In the early to mid-1050s, Anawrahta
Anawrahta first visited the nearer Shan Hills in the east, and received tribute. He founded the Bawrithat Pagoda in Nyaungshwe. The second wave came in the late 1050s and early 1060s after his march to Nanzhao Kingdom. After his return from Nanzhao expedition, Shan chiefs along the route presented Anawrahta with tributes. Still, their allegiance was nominal and he had to establish 43 forts along the eastern foothills of which the following 33 still exist as villages.[17]
Bhamo Katha Kyaukse Meiktila Mogok Mandalay Toungoo Yamethin
Kaungton Kaungsin Shwegu
Yinkhe Moda Katha Htigyaing
Mekkaya Ta On Myinsaing Myittha
Hlaingdet Thagaya Nyaungyan
Myadaung Tagaung Hinthamaw Kyanhnyat Sampanago
Singu Konthaya Magwe Taya Yenantha Sonmyo Madaya Thakegyin Wayindok Taungbyon Myodin
Myohla Kelin Swa
Shwemyo
The 43 forts were established per the royal order issued 7 February 1061 (12th waxing of Tabaung 422 ME).[18] Lower Burma[edit] After his first Shan campaign, Anawrahta
Anawrahta turned to the Mon-speaking kingdoms in the south, which like Pagan were merely large city-states in reality. He first received submission of the ruler of Pegu
Pegu (Bago). But the Thaton
Thaton Kingdom refused to submit. Anawrahta's armies, led by the "Four Paladins", invaded the southern kingdom in early 1057. After a 3-months' siege of the city of Thaton, on 17 May 1057, (11th waxing of Nayon, 419 ME), the Pagan forces conquered the city.[19] According to Burmese and Mon traditions, Anawrahta's main reason for the invasion was Thaton
Thaton king Manuha's refusal to give him a copy of the Theravada Buddhist Canon. ( Anawrahta
Anawrahta had been converted to Theravada Buddhism from his native Ari Buddhism
Ari Buddhism by Shin Arahan, a monk originally from Thaton.) In reality, it was merely a demand for submission couched in diplomatic language,[20] and the real aim of his conquest of Thaton
Thaton was to check the Khmer Empire's conquests in the Chao Phraya basin and encroachment into the Tenasserim coast.[21][22] The conquest of Thaton
Thaton is seen as the turning point in Burmese history. Still according to traditional reconstruction, Anawrahta brought back over 30,000 people, many of them artisans and craftsmen to Pagan. These captives formed a community that later helped build thousands of monuments at Pagan, the remains of which today rival the splendors of Angkor
Angkor Wat.[23] More recent research by historian Michael Aung-Thwin[24] has argued forcefully that Thaton's contributions to the cultural transformation of Upper Burma
Burma is a post-Pagan legend without contemporary evidence, that Lower Burma
Burma in fact lacked a substantial independent polity prior to Pagan's expansion, and that Mon influence on the interior is greatly exaggerated. Possibly in this period, the delta sedimentation—which now extends the coastline by three miles a century—remained insufficient, and the sea still reached too far inland, to support a population even as large as the modest population of the late precolonial era.[21] At any rate, during the 11th century, Pagan established its Lower Burma
Burma and this conquest facilitated growing cultural exchange, if not with local Mons, then with India and with Theravada stronghold Ceylon (Sri Lanka).[21][22] Arakan[edit] Anawrahta's next conquest was north Arakan (Rakhine). He marched over the pass from Ngape near Minbu
Minbu to An in Kyaukphyu, and then laid siege to Pyinsa, then the capital of Arakan. He reportedly tried to bring home the giant Mahamuni Buddha
Mahamuni Buddha but could not. He did take away the gold and silver vessels of the shrine.[25] There is no single unified Arakanese account to corroborate the event. Surviving Arakanese chronicles (from the 18th and 19th centuries) mention at least two separate raids from the east, as well as "visits" by Anawrahta
Anawrahta and Kyansittha. According to the Arakanese accounts, the attacks from the east ousted kings Pe Byu and Nga Ton in succession. However, the dates are off by centuries with the ousted kings having reigned in the late 8th to early 9th centuries, 10th to 11th, or 11th to 12th centuries.[note 10] At any rate, as was the case with the Shan Hills, Anawrahta's suzerainty over north Arakan (separated by the Arakan Yoma
Arakan Yoma range) was nominal. The "conquest" may have been more of a raid to prevent Arakanese raids into Burma,[25] and some historians (Lieberman, Charney) do not believe he (or any other Pagan kings) had any "effective authority" over Arakan.[26] If Pagan never established an administrative system to govern Arakan, it continued to foster a vassal relationship for the remainder of Pagan dynasty, occasionally placing its nominees to the Arakanese throne. Moreover, the Burmese language and script came to dominate the Arakan littoral over the next centuries. With Burmese influence came ties to Ceylon
Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and the gradual prominence of Theravada Buddhism.[27] Pateikkaya[edit] Anawrahta
Anawrahta also received tribute from the Buddhist kingdom of Pateikkaya (ပဋိက္ခယား, IPA: [bədeiʔ kʰəjá]). The location of the small kingdom remains in dispute. The Burmese chronicles
Burmese chronicles report the location as northwest of Arakan and its kings Indian.[28] But British historian GE Harvey reckoned that it was more likely nearer to the eastern Chin Hills.[29] External relations[edit] As his kingdom expanded, Anawrahta
Anawrahta came into contact with the Nanzhao Kingdom (the erstwhile home of the Burmans) in the northeast, and in the southeast, the Khmer Empire, the main power of mainland Southeast Asia at the time. He assisted fellow Theravada Buddhist Ceylon
Ceylon in its war against Hindu
Hindu Chola invaders. Khmer Empire[edit] Pagan's conquest of Thaton
Thaton shook the Mon world. Anawrahta
Anawrahta also demanded tribute from other neighboring Mon Kingdoms, Haripunjaya and Dvaravati
Dvaravati (in present-day northern and central Thailand). Haripunjaya reportedly sent in tribute but Dvaravati's overlord Khmer Empire instead invaded Tenasserim. Anawrahta
Anawrahta sent his armies, again led by the four paladins, who repulsed the invaders. The Burmese chronicles referred to the Kingdom of Cambodia
Cambodia as the southeastern limit of the Pagan Empire.[20] Nanzhao Kingdom[edit] After the Khmer advance was checked, Anawrahta
Anawrahta turned his attention toward Nanzhao. Anawrahta
Anawrahta led a campaign against the kingdom in the northeast. (According to a mid-17th century source, he began the march on 16 December 1757.)[note 11] He advanced to Dali, the capital of Nanzhao Kingdom, ostensibly to seek a Buddha's tooth relic. As in the case of the request for the scriptures from Thaton, it was really a demand for tribute. The ruler of Nanzhao shut the gates, and would not give up the relic. After a long pause, two kings exchanged presents and conversed amicably. The Nanzhao ruler gave Anawrahta
Anawrahta a jade image which had come into contact with the tooth.[28] Ceylon[edit] In 1069, Vijayabahu I of Ceylon
Ceylon asked Anawrahta
Anawrahta for aid against the Chola invaders from Tamil country. Anawrahta
Anawrahta sent ships of supplies in aid of Buddhist Ceylon.[28][30] In 1071, Vijayabahu who had defeated the Cholas asked Anawrahta
Anawrahta for scriptures and monks. The Chola invasions had left the original home of Theravada Buddhism
Theravada Buddhism with so few monks that it was hard to convene a chapter and make valid ordinations. Anawrahta
Anawrahta sent the monks and scriptures, and a white elephant as present for Vijayabahu. The Burmese monks ordained or re-ordained the entire clergy of the island. In return, the Ceylonese king gave a replica of the Buddha Tooth of which Ceylon
Ceylon was the proud possessor. The replica was then enshrined in the Lawkananda Pagoda
Lawkananda Pagoda in Pagan.[28][31] Administration[edit] Nation-building[edit] The greatest achievement of Anawrahta
Anawrahta was his consolidation of various ethnic groups into a single nation. He was careful that his own people, the Burmans, not flaunt themselves before other peoples. He continued to show regard for the Pyus, who had recently fallen from greatness. He retained the name Pyu
Pyu for his kingdom although it was under the leadership of the Burmans. He showed regard for the Mons, and encouraged his people to learn from the Mons.[28] Anawrahta
Anawrahta replaced the kings of Lower Burma
Burma ( Pegu
Pegu and Thaton) with governors. At Pegu, he allowed the king of Pegu
Pegu to remain as a vassal king in appreciation of the latter's help in Anawrahta's conquest of Thaton. But after the vassal king's death, he appointed a governor. Due to geographical distances, other tributary areas such as Arakan and Shan Hills
Shan Hills were allowed to retain hereditary chieftainships.[28] Religious reforms[edit]
Shwezigon Pagoda in Nyaung-U
In 1056, a Mon Theravada Buddhist monk named Shin Arahan
Shin Arahan made a fateful visit to Pagan, and converted its king Anawrahta
Anawrahta to Theravada Buddhism from his native Ari Buddhism. The king had been dissatisfied with the enormous power of Ari monks over the people, and considered the monks, who ate evening meals, drank liquor, presided over animal sacrifices, and enjoyed a form of ius primae noctis,[32] depraved. In Theravada Buddhism
Theravada Buddhism he found a substitute to break the power of the clergy.[33] From 1056 onwards, Anawrahta
Anawrahta implemented a series of religious reforms throughout his kingdom. His reforms gained steam after his conquest of Thaton, which brought much needed scriptures and clergy from the vanquished kingdom.[34] He broke the power of the Ari monks first by declaring that his court would no longer heed if people ceased to yield their children to the priests. Those who were in bondage of the priests gained freedom. Some of the monks simply disrobed or followed the new way. But the majority of the monks who had wielded power for so long would not go down easily. Anawrahta
Anawrahta banished them in numbers; many of them fled to Popa Hill and the Shan Hills.[17] He used traditional nat spirits to attract people to his new religion. Asked why he allowed the nats to be placed in Buddhist temples and pagodas, Anawrahta
Anawrahta answered "Men will not come for the sake of new faith. Let them come for their old gods, and gradually they will be won over."[35] Urged on by Shin Arahan, Anawrahta
Anawrahta tried to reform the very Theravada Buddhism he received from Thaton, which by most accounts, was in a state of decay, and increasingly influenced by Hinduism. (The Mon chronicles hint that Manuha was reprehensible for making a compromise with Hinduism. Shin Arahan
Shin Arahan left Thaton
Thaton because he was unhappy with the decaying of Buddhism there.) He made Pagan a center of Theravada learning by inviting scholars from the Mon lands, Ceylon
Ceylon as well as from India where a dying Buddhism was being given a coup de grace by Muslim
Muslim conquerors. The scholarship helped revitalize a more orthodox form of Theravada Buddhism.[36] To be sure, his reforms could not and did not achieve everything overnight. The spread of Theravada Buddhism
Theravada Buddhism in Upper Burma
Burma was gradual; it took over three centuries. Its monastic system did not achieve widespread village level penetration in more remote areas until as late as 19th century. Nor did the Aris die out. Their descendants, known as forest dwelling monks, remained a powerful force patronized by the royalty down to the Ava period in the 16th century. Likewise, the nat worship continued (down to the present day). Even the Theravada Buddhism
Theravada Buddhism of Anawrahta, Kyansittha
Kyansittha and Manuha was one still strongly influenced by Hinduism when compared to later more orthodox (18th and 19th century) standards. Tantric, Saivite, and Vaishnava
Vaishnava elements enjoyed greater elite influence than they would later do, reflecting both the relative immaturity of early Burmese literacy culture and its indiscriminate receptivity to non-Burman traditions. Indeed, even today's Burmese Buddhism
Burmese Buddhism contains many animist, Mahayana Buddhist and Hindu
Hindu elements.[32] Nevertheless, Theravada Buddhism, however unorthodox it might have been by latter day standards, did find a home in Anawrahta's royal patronage. His reforms made the later growth of Theravada Buddhism
Theravada Buddhism in Burma
Burma and mainland Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia possible. He was the first of the "Temple Builders" of Pagan. His chief monument was the Shwezigon Pagoda. The work began in 1059 but was still unfinished at his death 18 years later. He also built the Shwesandaw Pagoda south of Pagan to house the hair relics presented by Pegu. Farther afield, he built other pagodas such as Shweyinhmyaw, Shwegu and Shwezigon near Meiktila.[35] Invention of Burmese script[edit] Scholarship believed until recently that Anawrahta
Anawrahta commissioned the invention of the Burmese script
Burmese script based on the Mon script, c. 1058, a year after the Thaton
Thaton conquest.[37] However, recent research finds that the Burmese script
Burmese script had been in use at least since 1035, and if an 18th-century recast inscription is permissible as evidence, since 984 CE.[38] Governing style[edit] Anawrahta
Anawrahta was an energetic king who implemented many profound enduring political, socioeconomic and cultural changes. He was admired and feared but not loved by his subjects. Historian Htin Aung
Htin Aung writes:
Anawrahta was ruthless and stern not to any particular ethnic group but to all his subjects, for he felt that harsh measures were needed in building up a new nation. He never accepted the cult of the god-king, and he was impatient even with gods that his people worshipped; men came to say that he beat up gods with the flat of his lance. He achieved his aims but only at the price of his own popularity. His subjects admired and feared him, but did not love him. His execution of two young heroes for a trifling breach of discipline after the conclusion of his Nanzhao campaign angered people, and to appease them he declared that the two dead heroes were now gods who could be worshipped. His forcing of Kyansittha
Kyansittha to become fugitive increased his popularity although this action at least was justified for the great paladin, like the Lancelot
Lancelot of the Round Table, was in love with one of his queens.[39]
(The queen in love with Kyansittha
Kyansittha was Manisanda Khin U. The two young heroes executed were Shwe Hpyin Gyi and Shwe Hpyin Nge, who later entered the pantheon of Burmese nat spirits).
But people admired and feared him, and he was able to implement many of his ambitious multifaceted reforms. Death[edit] Anawrahta
Anawrahta died on 11 April 1077 in the outskirts of Pagan.[note 12] The chronicles hint that his enemies ambushed and killed him and then disposed of the body in such a way that it was never found. The chronicles state that a nat (spirit) appeared in the guise of wild buffalo and gored him to death, and then demons took away his body.[39] Legacy[edit]
Anawrahta (far left) along with the statues of Bayinnaung and Alaungpaya
Alaungpaya in front of the DSA
Anawrahta is considered one of the greatest, if not the greatest, kings of Burmese history
Burmese history for he founded first "charter polity" of what would later become modern Burma. Not only did he greatly expand the Pagan Kingdom but he also implemented a series of political and administrative reforms that enabled his empire to dominate the Irrawaddy valley and its periphery for another 250 years. Anawrahta's legacy went far beyond the borders of modern Burma. The success and longevity of Pagan's dominance over the Irrawaddy valley laid the foundation for the ascent of Burmese language
Burmese language and culture, the spread of Burman ethnicity in Upper Burma. His embrace of Theravada Buddhism
Hindu kingdom, provided the Buddhist school, which had been in retreat elsewhere in South and Southeast Asia, a much needed reprieve and a safe shelter. He helped restart Theravada Buddhism
Theravada Buddhism in Ceylon, the Buddhist school's original home.[40] The success of Pagan dynasty made Theravada Buddhism's later growth in Lan Na, Siam, Lan Xang, and Cambodia, also due in a large part to Ceylon's interactions with those lands, in the 13th and 14th centuries possible.[note 13] In popular culture[edit] Anawrahta's life stories and legends remain a popular subject of Burmese folklore. The love triangle involving Anawrahta, Kyansittha and Manisanda as well as the sad story of Saw Mon Hla, one of his queens, are a staple of Burmese theater. Due to his reputation as a stern father figure, he is not the central character in these stories where the main protagonist invariably is the romantic soldier-king Kyansittha. Commemorations[edit]
Anawrahta Road, a main avenue in Yangon UMS Anawrahta, Myanmar Navy
Myanmar Navy Corvette Team Anawrahta, one of the five student teams in Burmese schools
^ ( Yazawin Thit 2012: 95, footnote #2) which cites (Bo Lay 1990: 25–28) states that Anawrahta
Anawrahta was born on 11 May 1014. ^ ( Maha Yazawin
Maha Yazawin 2006: 346–349): Among the four major chronicles, only Zatadawbon Yazawin's dates line up with Anawrahta's inscriptionally verified accession date of 1044 CE. (Aung-Thwin 2005: 121–123): In general, Zata is considered "the most accurate of all Burmese chronicles, particularly with regard to the best-known Pagan and Ava kings, many of whose dates have been corroborated by epigraphy." ^ The Burmese calendar straddles the Western calendar year. In Anawrahta's time, each Burmese year began and ended in late March of the Julian calendar. For example, the Burmese year 376 spanned from 25 March 1014 to 25 March 1015. Scholarship usually simplifies by reporting just the leading year, e.g., 376 ME as 1014. ^ (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 230) on Monday, 8th waning of Pyatho, 379 ME (13 January 1018). (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 274) says Anawrahta
Anawrahta died in 421 ME (1059–1060 CE) right before the Burmese new year (March 1060). ^ ( Maha Yazawin
Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 347): The overthrow of Kunhsaw took place in 1021 per Zata, 971 per Maha Yazawin
Maha Yazawin and 986 per Hmannan and Yazawin Thit. ^ ( Maha Yazawin
Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 347): The overthrow of Nyaung-u Sawrahan took place in 1001 per Zata, 950 per Maha Yazawin
Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 347): Kyiso
Kyiso died in 1038 per Zata, 977 per Maha Yazawin
Maha Yazawin and 992 per Hmannan and Yazawin Thit. ^ Per Zata's horoscope section (Zata 1960: 83) as translated by the editors of ( Yazawin Thit 2012: 95, footnote #1). ^ (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 230) says he came to power on Monday, 8th waning of Pyatho, 379 ME (13 January 1018). But the Myazedi inscription and Zatadawbon Yazawin
Zatadawbon Yazawin both say Anawrahta
Anawrahta came to power in 406 ME (1044/1045 CE). Assuming that 8th waning of Pyatho is correct, he ascended the throne on 16 December 1044 (8th waning of Pyatho 406 ME). ^ (Sandamala Linkara 1931: 148–151): King Pe Byu was ousted by the "king of Pyus" in 976 CE per Saya Mi's Razawin, 1076 per Razawin Haung, or 776 per Razawin Thit. Razawin Linka also mentions the raid. Rakhine Razawin Thit, the last Arakanese chronicle written in 1931, rejects the Anawrahta's "visit", and says the raid that ousted Pe Byu took place in 776 CE, three centuries before Anawrahta. The second raid occurred in 828, 1018 or 1103, either overthrowing King Nga Ton or installing King Letya Minnan. ^ ( Maha Yazawin
Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 166 footnote #2): The date was given by the monk Taunghpila Sayadaw as part of his answers to a set questions posed by King Pindale (r. 1648–1661). ^ According to Dr. Bo Lay per (Bo Lay 1990: 24–28) as cited in ( Yazawin Thit 2012: 108, footnote #1). Chronicles say he died right before the Burmese new year, which means March 1078. According to Maha Yazawin ( Maha Yazawin
Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 180) and Hmannan (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 274), he died right before the Burmese new year's day, on the day of a particular astrological event called "Dein-Net" that occurs five to six times a year. In the footnotes of ( Maha Yazawin
Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 180), the editors note that the Dein-Net event occurred on the Thingyan Akya day that year. Since the Burmese New Year's Day fell on 26 March 1078 per (Eade 1989: 81), he died on 23 March 1078. ^ (Ricklefs et al 2010: 45–48): The spread of Theravada Buddhism
Theravada Buddhism in Siam, Lan Xang
Lan Xang and Cambodia
Cambodia was also aided by the interaction with Ceylon. However, the Ceylonese interaction was possible only because the Theravada monk order was restarted in 1071–1072 by the monks from Pagan per (Harvey 1925: 32–33) and ( Htin Aung
Htin Aung 1967: 35).
^ Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 108, footnote #2 ^ Harvey 1925: 34 ^ Htin Aung
Htin Aung 1967: 38 ^ Coedès 1968: 133, 148–149, 155 ^ Kyaw Thet 1962: 40 ^ Aung-Thwin 1985: 21–22 ^ Maha Yazawin
Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 347 ^ a b Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 227–228 ^ Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 228–229 ^ Harvey 1925: 19 ^ Htin Aung
Htin Aung 1967: 31 ^ a b Harvey 1925: 24–25 ^ Coedès 1968: 149 ^ Harvey 1925: 24 ^ a b Htin Aung
Htin Aung 1967: 34 ^ Kyaw Thet 1962: 41–42 ^ a b Harvey 1925: 26–31 ^ Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 269–270 ^ Kyaw Thet 1962: 45 ^ a b Htin Aung
Htin Aung 1967: 33 ^ a b c Lieberman 2003: 91 ^ a b Tarling 1999: 165 ^ South 2003: 419 ^ Aung-Thwin 2005: 433 ^ a b Harvey 1925: 29 ^ Lieberman 2003: 92 ^ Myint-U 2006: 72–73 ^ a b c d e f Htin Aung
Htin Aung 1967: 35 ^ Harvey 1925: 326 ^ Kyaw Thet 1962: 46–47 ^ Harvey 1925: 32 ^ a b Lieberman 2003: 115–116 ^ Htin Aung
Htin Aung 1967: 32 ^ Coedès 1968: 149–150 ^ a b Harvey 1925: 33 ^ Htin Aung
Htin Aung 1967: 36–37 ^ Harvey 1925: 307 ^ Aung-Thwin (2005): 167–178, 197–200 ^ a b Htin Aung
Htin Aung 1967: 37–38 ^ Ricklefs et al 2010: 43–45
Aung-Thwin, Michael (1985). Pagan: The Origins of Modern Burma. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 0-8248-0960-2. Aung-Thwin, Michael A. (2005). The Mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma
Burma (illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2886-8. Bo Lay, Dr. Meitthalat Lettwei Thutethana Kyan (in Burmese). Yangon: Su Paung. Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella, ed. The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1. Eade, J.C. Southeast Asian Ephemeris: Solar and Planetary Positions, A.D. 638–2000. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-87727-704-4. Hall, D.G.E. (1960). Burma
Burma (3rd ed.). Hutchinson University Library. ISBN 978-1-4067-3503-1. Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. Htin Aung, Maung (1967). A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press. Kala, U (1724). Maha Yazawin
Maha Yazawin (in Burmese). 1–3 (2006, 4th printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing. Kyaw Thet (1962). History of Burma
Burma (in Burmese). Yangon: Yangon University Press. Lieberman, Victor B. (2003). Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80496-7. Maha Sithu (1798). Myint Swe (; Kyaw Win; Thein Hlaing, eds. Yazawin Thit (in Burmese). 1–3 (2012, 2nd printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing. Myint-U, Thant (2006). The River of Lost Footsteps—Histories of Burma. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-16342-6. Pe Maung Tin; G.H. Luce (1923). The Glass Palace Chronicle
Glass Palace Chronicle of the Kings of Burma
Burma (1960 ed.). Rangoon University Press. Phayre, Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. (1883). History of Burma
Burma (1967 ed.). London: Susil Gupta. Ricklefs, M.C.; Bruce McFarland Lockhart; Albert Lau; Portia Reyes; Maitrii Aung-Thwin; Bruce Lockhart (2010). A New History of Southeast Asia. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0230212145. Royal Historians of Burma
Burma (c. 1680). U Hla Tin (Hla Thamein), eds. Zatadawbon Yazawin
Zatadawbon Yazawin (1960 ed.). Historical Research Directorate of the Union of Burma. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link) Royal Historical Commission of Burma
Burma (1832). Hmannan Yazawin
Hmannan Yazawin (in Burmese). 1–3 (2003 ed.). Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar. Sandamala Linkara, Ashin (1931). Rakhine Yazawinthit Kyan (in Burmese). 1–2 (1997 ed.). Yangon: Tetlan Sarpay. South, Ashley (2003). Mon nationalism and civil war in Burma: the golden sheldrake. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1609-8. Tarling, Nicholas (1999). The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: Early Times to c. 1500. ISBN 978-0-521-66369-4.
Anawrahta Pagan Dynasty Born: 11 May 1014 Died: 11 April 1077
Regnal titles
Preceded by Sokkate King of Burma 1044–1077 Succeeded by Saw Lu
v t e
Burmese monarchs
Pagan Dynasty 849–1297
Pyinbya Tannet Sale Theinhko Nyaung-u Sawrahan Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu Kyiso Sokkate Anawrahta Saw Lu Kyansittha Sithu I Narathu Naratheinkha Sithu II Htilominlo Naratheinga Uzana1 Kyaswa Uzana Narathihapate Kyawswa2
Myinsaing and Pinya Kingdoms 1297–1364
Athinkhaya1, Yazathingyan1 and Thihathu1 Thihathu Uzana I Sithu1 Kyawswa I Kyawswa II Narathu Uzana II
Sagaing Kingdom 1315–1364
Saw Yun Tarabya I Anawrahta
Anawrahta I Kyaswa Anawrahta
Anawrahta II Tarabya II Minbyauk Thihapate
Kingdom of Ava 1364–1555
Thado Minbya Swa Saw Ke Tarabya Minkhaung I Thihathu Min Hla Kale Kyetaungnyo Mohnyin Thado Minye Kyawswa I Narapati I Thihathura Minkhaung II and Thihathura II Narapati II Sawlon3 and Thohanbwa3 Hkonmaing3 Narapati III3 Narapati IV3
Hanthawaddy Kingdom 1287–1539, 1550–1552
Wareru Hkun Law Saw O Saw Zein Zein Pun Saw E Binnya E Law Binnya U Maha Dewi1 Razadarit Binnya Dhammaraza Binnya Ran I Binnya Waru Binnya Kyan Leik Munhtaw Shin Sawbu Dhammazedi Binnya Ran II Takayutpi Smim Sawhtut4 Smim Htaw4
Mrauk U Kingdom 1429–1785
Saw Mon Khayi Ba Saw Phyu Dawlya Ba Saw Nyo Ran Aung Salingathu Raza Gazapati Saw O Thazata Minkhaung Min Bin Dikkha Saw Hla Sekkya Phalaung Razagyi Khamaung Thiri Thudhamma Sanay Narapati Thado Sanda Thudhamma Thiri Thuriya Wara Dhammaraza Muni Thudhammaraza Sanda Thuriya I Nawrahta Mayuppiya Kalamandat Naradipati Sanda Wimala I Sanda Thuriya II Sanda Wizaya Sanda Thuriya III Naradipati II Narapawara Sanda Wizala Madarit Nara Apaya Thirithu Sanda Parama Apaya Sanda Thumana Sanda Wimala II Sanda Thaditha Maha Thammada
Prome Kingdom 1482–1542
Thado Minsaw Bayin Htwe Narapati5 Minkhaung5
Toungoo Dynasty 1510–1752
Mingyi Nyo Tabinshwehti Bayinnaung Nanda Nyaungyan Anaukpetlun Minye Deibba Thalun Pindale Pye Narawara Minye Kyawhtin Sanay Min Taninganway Min Mahadhammaraza Dipadi
Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom 1740–1757
Smim Htaw Buddhaketi Binnya Dala
Konbaung Dynasty 1752–1885
Alaungpaya Naungdawgyi Hsinbyushin Singu Phaungka Bodawpaya Bagyidaw Tharrawaddy Pagan Mindon Thibaw
1Regent or Co-Regent 2Mongol vassal (1297) 3Confederation of Shan States
Shan States (1527–55) 4Brief revival (1550–52) 5Vassal of Confederation of Shan States
Shan States (1532–42)
WorldCat Identities VIAF: 40627137 LCCN: n780230
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Sounds to me like you need to get a snowmobile!
Those snowcats really move along and move the snow but how about one of the Model T snowmobiles. Not quite as utility but full of character!
Coworker has one similar he was going to restore someday.
Would be a lot of fun, wouldn't it? Imagine going down the snowmobile trail, and hearing the arooga horn, lol.
Meanwhile, all the folks on their $10K sleds would be racing by 80-90mph faster than you were going! It would really be a blast.
Favorite styling for a pickup?
New shoes & a front bumper trim & tuck.


text:
Director, Interviews, Movies
Director Alex Holmes & Subject Tracy Edwards on Their Thrilling Sailing Doc Maiden
By Leslie Combemale
The thrilling documentary Maiden, the story of 24-year-old Tracy Edwards skippering the first ever all-female crew in the Whitbread Round the World Race in 1989, is coming to theaters. The film chronicles the challenges, victories, and overt sexism Tracy and her crew faced in sailing in the famed race around the world. Though it's filled with messages of female empowerment, it is a film everyone will find inspiring and compelling. The Credits spoke to director Alex Holmes and subject Tracy Edwards about her achievements in the historic race, making the film, and about Edwards' new project The Maiden Factor Foundation. The boat Maiden is currently sailing around the world to raise money and global awareness for educating girls.
Alex, as both a male filmmaker and a father, you've said part of your desire to make this film was to empower your daughters. What approach did you take, given it is a story about a diverse collection of powerful women succeeding?
Alex: Just as you say, why wouldn't I want to do a story about a powerful group of diverse women succeeding? To me, that's a great, celebratory story. That's what I thought the minute I heard Tracy tell it. I think for me, stories start with compelling characters. When I heard her speak at my daughter's elementary school, I knew Tracy was remarkable. You can sense her energy, passion, and drive. She held these 11-year-olds rapt about the story of her life, but also the grown-ups were all on the edge of their seats. I think everybody left there thinking better about themselves, as if they should up their game, try a little harder, and follow their dreams a little bit more. I know that's certainly how my daughter felt. I thought it a fantastic story deserving of being told, and if I'm the one to tell it, then great!
Also, I am the director of the film, but films are made by teams, just like sailing races are competed in by teams. I had the support of a fantastic producer, Victoria Gregory, who is hugely experienced in documentaries. I had the support of the most wonderful editor, Katie Bryer, and I just want to work with her again and again. She cut the film beautifully, and she was my collaborator every step of the journey. I am simply one part of a team, and it's very much a mixed gender team.
How did your own daughters inform your decision to make the film?
Alex: When I heard Tracy tell her story, I had a mirror held up to something I hadn't quite realized myself. I sat there looking at my daughter, realizing she will face so many of the obstacles that Tracy had to face over 25 years ago. I may have felt the world had moved on, but maybe that was superficial. It really focused my attention on the fact that I have a son and two daughters, and he is going to get a much easier ride in life than my daughters, even down to their impression of themselves. I had never felt like I had to encourage my son to aim for the stars, or aim high, but I felt like I had to remind my daughters of that, otherwise the world may limit their success or ambition. I felt an obligation to tell the story for them, and for their generation. It's an inspiring story, and hopefully, it will help them push back those fabricated boundaries. It almost wasn't a choice, it was a necessity to make the film.
Can you speak further about your collaboration with editor Katie Bryer? I know there was a lot of footage from the time, but putting it together had to be a real challenge.
Alex: When I learned they had cameras onboard the whole time, of course, that was music to my ears. It was a case of finding the footage, which was challenging because it had been scattered to the four winds, copied and re-copied, degraded through multiple generations. It arrived in shards, in tiny little sections, from libraries all over the world, cut to ribbons. That's where Katie came in, because she was able to take this box of pieces, this jigsaw puzzle, and out of it, weave an unbelievably smooth and expressive story. Her ability to do that amazed me. Her sensitivity to the material and to the characters was my greatest asset in making the film.
Left to Right: Tracy Edwards, Mikaela von Koskull, Michele Paret (back turned), Jo Gooding, Claire Warren, Angela Heath, Sarah Davies, Amanda Swan Neal, Dawn Riley, Sally Hunter, Jeni Mundy, Tanja Visser Courtesy of Tracy Edwards and Sony Pictures Classics
Tracy, when you consider your achievement, how have your memories changes, and what lessons have stayed with you from the experience?
Tracy: When we started the interviewing process, I thought that everything I knew about the race was in my head. It was really only when we started talking with Alex, that I realized there was a lot more in my heart that I'd not forgotten, but had discounted as not important. What the documentary has done is reminded me of the important bits. It's also reminded me of the struggle. It didn't get smaller as we moved through life but we softened the edges in our own minds of what we'd done. When people asked us if it was hard, we'd say it was really hard. Only when I saw the documentary did I realize how truly hard it had been. It really reminded me that we struggled, and there were moments when I didn't think we'd be able to do it. There was always someone among us though, that would say we could do it, cheerleading, moving us on. What I take away from that, and what the documentary has cemented within my mind, is that the battle that we fought was long and hard, and we did it anyway. That is a lesson that's been with me through every single thing I've done in my life since then, that knowledge that if I keep fighting a little bit harder, if it doesn't happen, I'll be able to say that I tried everything.
Left to right: Tracy Edwards, Dawn Riley, Sally Hunter, Angela Heath, Mikaela Von Koskull, Amanda Swan Neal, Tanja Visser, Jo Gooding Courtesy of Tracy Edwards and Sony Pictures Classics
You are now working with The Maiden Factor Foundation, which focuses on educating young girls all over the world. How has it been to see both the film release and this new way in which Maiden is being used to inspire people, happening at the same time?
Tracy: The documentary has reminded me of where we were then, and now we've gotten Maiden back, and I'm still having some of the same conversations. It's showing me where we are now. I feel optimistic looking at the amazing crew of women who are so much more experienced than we were then because they've had so much more opportunity to get on boats. They were all inspired by Maiden, so it's lovely that they've come to take Maiden around the world. My daughter's generation does fill me with optimism because all her male friends don't understand or accept inequality. That's hugely encouraging. As Alex says, though, that's what's on the surface, and sexism is still going on underneath. It's an ongoing battle. The Maiden Factor, this world trip to promote education for girls, is key. It's a key element to equality. If we can give girls the same opportunities we had, then they can rise to the challenge and demand equality on a global scale.
Maiden is in select theaters today.
Featured image: L-r: Tracy Edwards, Mikaela Von Koskull Courtesy of Tracy Edwards and Sony Pictures Classics
TAGSDirector Interviews Maiden Sony Pictures
Leslie Combemale
Leslie Combemale writes as Cinema Siren for websites including LikeABossGirls.com, where she promotes women in film with her own column, and AnimationScoop.com, where she writes about the animation industry. She has owned ArtInsights, an art gallery dedicated to film art for over 20 years, which has resulted in an expertise in the history of animation and film concept art. She is in her third year as producer and moderator of the "Women Rocking Hollywood" panel at San Diego Comic-Con. Find all her interviews and reviews at cinemasiren.com.
"The Tragedy of Macbeth" Production Designer Stefan Dechant on Joel Coen's Minimalist Masterpiece
Featured Story, Movies, Production Designer
"No Time To Die" Costume Designer Suttirat Anne Larlarb on Building the Apex Tuxedo
Advancing Diversity, Equity & Inclusion, Costume Designer, Interviews, Movies, Policy


text:
Georges Mayer Dahan, mais conhecido como Georgie Dann (Paris, 14 de janeiro de 1940 - Majadahonda, 3 de novembro de 2021), foi um cantor francês radicado na Espanha. Estudou oito anos no Conservatório de Paris e desenvolveu sua carreira artística na Espanha a partir da década de 1970, com foco em sucessos de verão, além de ter concluído o mestrado.

Às vezes censurado na Espanha franquista e possuindo (na época) um semblante provocador e ousado, Georgie Dann tornou-se tremendamente popular com canções com letras muito cativantes. Ano após ano, de forma quase sistemática, ele figurava na lista dos artistas mais vendidos da Espanha.

Durante os anos 60, 70 e 80, suas canções eram tocadas nas estações de rádio e por bandas ao vivo em festas em todo o país.

Um artista de sucesso, outro grupo (La Banda del Capitan Canalla) decidiu homenageá-lo com sua canção "Que vuelva ya Georgie Dann" em 2003.

Ele morreu em 3 de novembro de 2021, no Hospital Puerta de Hierro, em Majadahonda, após sofrer uma parada cardiorrespiratória.

Discografia
 Por que un pijama (1966)
 La contraprotesta (1967)
 Casatschok (1969)
 El dinosaurio (1972)
 El bimbó (1975)
 Campesino (1976)
 Mi cafetal (1977)
 A todo ritmo (1983)
 Arrasando (1984)
 El africano (1985)
 Macumba (1986)
 El negro no puede... (1987)
 El chiringuito (1988)
 Enróllate (1990)
 El veraneo (1993)
 Cachete, pechito y ombligo (1996)
 La duchita (1998)
 Vamos a la pista (2003)
 Dale, dale (2004)
 El rey del verano (2007)
 Los huevos (2010)
 La batidora (2012)
 La cerveza (2013)

Naturais de Paris
Cantores da França
Cantores da Espanha

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Filtered by Biology, Distribution, Federal Buildings, High-Performance Computing, Secure & Adaptive Systems, and Situational Awareness & Consequence Prediction
The researchers treated human pancreatic islets with substances produced by the body and thought to be involved in the diabetes disease process.
While it's one small step forward for mouse research, it's a big step forward for understanding proteins, the molecular workhorses in biological organisms.
Scientists Show How One Cause of Weak Enamel Unfolds on the Molecular Level
Too-tight proteins impede creation of crystalline enamel structure, which can lead to bad teeth
A Precise Look at Alzheimer's Proteins
Scientists have taken one of the most detailed looks ever at levels of soluble amyloid beta in the brain.
New Clues for Delaying, Preventing Type 1 Diabetes
PNNL scientist Wei-Jun Qian and colleagues have contributed to a study that offers clues for delaying or even preventing the autoimmune attack that's at the core of type-1 diabetes.
For Inventive Ibrahim, an Inventor's Honor
His patents involve novel MS and IMS technologies that, in the end, have enabled a deeper understanding of living systems.
Red Light, Green Light: Protein Signaling Illuminated
PNNL researchers have devised a way to measure and distinguish tiny amounts of phosphorylated proteins, an approach that could be used in research to help treat diseases such as diabetes and cancer.
PNNL, OHSU Work Together to Reveal Key Brain Switch
The structure of a fundamental electrical switch in the brain has been revealed, thanks to PNNL researchers working together with counterparts at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU).
How Colon Cancer Unfolds in the Body
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Creating a life of adventure: Bruce Lessels
By Cori Urban
Matthew Cavanaugh photo
Almost a dozen years ago Bruce D. Lessels traveled with his wife and two daughters to Chile — where 22 years earlier he had trained for the U.S. Whitewater Team. When he stepped off the bus in the same town, the first person he saw called to him by name.
Perhaps it was a coincidence, but for Lessels, co-founder and co-owner with his wife, Karen J. Blom, of Zoar Outdoor Adventure Resort in Charlemont, it was memorable. It was through his passion for whitewater racing that he developed connections to Chile and to people there, and it is because of that passion that he hopes to help people connect to one another and to nature at ZOAR.
There visitors can go rafting on the Deerfield River or take a three-hour, 11-line zip line tour on the 85-acre property. Try a kayaking trip or take instruction, primarily on the Deerfield, or rock climb in the area. There is camping and lodging on site and a retail store for whitewater gear.
"We were the first to do rafting and zipping" in the Charlemont area, which is becoming known as an outdoor adventure destination, Lessels said.
The ZOAR business began in 1989 after his five-year stint on the whitewater team. "I was looking for the next step and not sure of what I was going to do," he said. Though he had thought of beginning an outdoor adventure business, he had no business experience but decided to take the plunge anyway.
Lessels grew up in Belmont in a family that enjoyed hiking and the outdoors. He began canoeing when he was 15 through his brother's Cub Scout leader who was an active paddler in the Appalachian Mountain Club. "I liked the physical part and being outdoors on the river that had this energy," he recalled. "I often like the solitude of it. I enjoy the lack of intrusions and noise, and I love to explore."
A 1983 graduate of Amherst College with a bachelor's degree in geology, he jokes that "what I do with geology now is I walk over it all the time."
It was during college that he began closed-canoe racing with a single-bladed paddle. "It was a blast. We raced all over the world," he said, pointing out that he was third in the 1987 slalom C-1 world whitewater championship and his team of three was first in the slalom C-1 team event.
Lessels knew the Charlemont area because he had visited to paddle on the Deerfield, and he now lives in Buckland.
He is a member of the board of the Academy at Charlemont (the school his daughters attended), of Double Edge Theatre in Ashfield and the Franklin County Chamber of Commerce.
He enjoys indie/folk guitar music, playing squash and barbecues. And though he is of Scottish descent, he has no taste for haggis and because he grew up listening to his sister play the bagpipes, contends one cannot listen to unlimited bagpipe music.
Lessels, 56, stands six feet five inches tall, but laughs when he admits he is a "terrible" basketball player.
But that's not his sport.
He's looking to provide people — families, church and school groups, businesses, camp groups — with outdoor adventure for everyone from the least to the more adventurous.
ZOAR gets more than 20,000 visits a year and gives those visitors a place to connect with the outdoors and with one another. "Being in the quiet away from the hubbub, this is a place to have the opportunity to connect," he said. "A lot of people's lives are very busy and active. This is a nice way to get away from that," Lessels said.
If you go, check out more about Franklin County
Eight Franklin County views worth the visit
More adventure in Charlemont
"My husband is a motorcycle enthusiast and likes riding the Mohawk Trail"
"The county is peppered with old and new all mixed up"
"An air of peace and tranquility"
"Real community authenticity. Franklin County is not pseudo anything."
"More down to earth, no pretense, real people."
© 2016-2020 Franklin County Chamber of Commerce
P.O. Box 898, 395 Main Street,
Greenfield, MA 01302, 413-773-5463


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Q: I need Some CSS Ideas for Visualization for visitors I am currently trying to improve the look of my website (beta) for book accommodations and hostels, the site is a basically a directory for hostels.
Well, at front page, you will notice that all headings are almost sharing same color...
However i am unhappy with that, i mean i want to colorize things a bit, but need some advices from css gurus.
I know CSS's basics but i am not expert at it. Soo, would anyone recommend me good colors for headings that suits the current theme of website?
site url is: http://www.pansiyonrezervasyon.com

A: I use three sites to help me pick colors when I'm working on a design:

*

*ColorBlender

*ColorSchemer

*Adobe Kuler
Kuler has a lot of pre-created color schemes created and voted on by their community members whereas the other two sites will help you pick and come up with your own color sets.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Okay the form has been update. If you have already submitted and would like to update email me. For now if you want your age listed include it in your comments. Also, if you have any suggestions for anything else that should be included in the form please feel free to drop me a line.