PYC3705 EXAM PREPARATION – Previous Exams This document is an easy to read compilation of past UNISA Exam Questions and Answers Answers are motivated by a combination of: •	Previous feedback to assignments •	Excerpts from the Study Guide •	Excerpts from the Study Notes Exams covered are: •	2018 May June – Exam Paper 2 •	2018 May June – Exam Paper 1 •	2017 Oct Nov •	2017 May June •	2016 Oct Nov •	2016 May June •	2015 Oct Nov •	2015 May June •	2014 Oct Nov •	2014 May June •	2013 Oct Nov •	2013 May June •	2012 Oct Nov •	2012 May June •	2011 Oct Nov Note that these are arranged with the most recent first, as the format and lay-out of these have changed over time (with the assumption of the most recent being the most relevant – without disregarding the importance of the older papers). Please note: This document is an additional tool for exam preparation. The Stuvia-user that compiled and uploaded this document takes no responsibility for incorrect answers. Students must ensure that they study the prescribed material and understand the content.
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No more 'Munnabhai' films for now: Raj Kumar Hirani
Comments [ 0 ] By IANS | 05 November 2007 | 12:24pm
Mumbai, Nov 5 (IANS) Though overwhelmed by the response his 'Lage Raho Munnabhai' continues to get, director Raj Kumar Hirani has decided to steer clear of the Munnabhai series, for now. His next will be a 'serious take' on the education system.
Rajkumar Hirani" src="http://www.india-forums.com/bollywood/images/uploads/rajkumar_hirani_big.jpg" align="right" border="" hspace="5" vspace="5"> The film, which he starts next year, 'is a serious take on the education system and how it's screwing up the kids', Hirani told IANS.
It will star three young actors - therefore no Sanjay Dutt or Arshad Warsi, the mainstays of both Munnabhai films that were runaway hits.
Hirani says it is time to prove his versatility as a filmmaker.
'I really need to prove myself beyond the (Munnabhai) series. Otherwise, my well-wishers will turn around and ask, 'Can he do anything else?' But, of course, Sanju, Arshad and I have a responsibility to carry forward the series.'
'But 'Lage Raho...' wasn't a sequel. It was an independent film. Thank god, critics saw this as an original script. But I need to get away from these two guys. I must say Sanju and Arshad worked very hard. In 'M.B.B.S.' they had a readymade script to rely on. In 'Lage Raho', the script went through changes right till the end. Sanju's contribution was immense.'
The next Munnabhai film too will be written by Abhijat Joshi and produced by Vinod Chopra. 'Let me be in my comfort zone at least in these areas,' he laughed.
Hirani is delighted by the impact of his 'Lage Raho...'.
'This one really surprised me. A couple were in dispute about buying a flat because according to the expert it wasn't the correct location by the rules of vastu shastra. After seeing the film, the couple decided to give the vastu angle the slip and decided to buy the flat. I don't think the first film had this kind of impact. People are saying 'Lage Raho...' has gone far beyond 'M.B.B.S'.'
Hirani says he was petrified of writing the 'Lage Raho Munna Bhai' script.
'I wasn't scared of writing 'Munnabhai M.B.B.S.' But writing 'Lage Raho...', where I had to bring in Mahatma Gandhi, was scary. What saved Gandhi-ji and my film from getting stressed was the humour. You know Gandhi-ji was a very humorous man. But still I took a big risk in doing a film where Gandhi was a character.'
Several actors including Naseeruddin Shah were auditioned for Gandhi's role.
'We had spoken to Naseer. He was interested. But he got busy with 'Krrish'. Then there was his own directorial venture. Then we thought of Surendra Rajan who had played Gandhi-ji in Raj Santoshi's 'Legend Of Bhagat Singh'. He had played the sweeper in 'Munnabhai M.B.B.S'. We finally zeroed in on this wonderful theatre and television actor Dilip Prabhavalkar for the role.'
'We sent Dilip's pictures to the guy who had done Ben Kingsley's makeup and he approved. Though Dilip had done his homework, he couldn't get it right on the first day. We then let him be. We told him to stop aping Gandhi-ji, just be himself as the attire was enough to suggest whom he was playing.'
While working on the film, Hirani developed a special respect for Mahatma Gandhi and his ideology.
'I wasn't a huge Gandhian fan before making this film. But I started reading up on him for this film. It required a lot research. That's when I discovered about this amazing man. His simple honest principles are eminently applicable today. Why do we wait for others to change the world? Why can't you or I do it?'
'I don't claim to be anywhere near perfect. But I've strongly started believing in Gandhi-ji's ideology.'
'Take that scene where the man keeps repeatedly spitting outside the neighbour's door and the owner of the house decides to clean the spit repeatedly until the other man is shamed into stopping... that actually happened to my mother-in-law. A neighbour used to throw eggshells in her garden.'
'I'm not offering Gandhism as a full and final solution. But it's better than the complete erosion of ideology in today's society.'
However, in the long run, he says, he might make a Munnabhai film again.
'When I did 'Munnabhai M.B.B.S.' they said comedies don't run. When I did a sequel to 'M.B.B.S' they said sequels don't run. Now they'll say I'm capable of doing sequels only, not serious films. What to do? I'm really not worried about the next Munnabhai film. I already see it in my mind.'
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26 years ago today Meena, the founder of RAWA (the Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan) was assassinated (whether by fundamentalist scum or scum in the pay of the soviet puppet regime, it is not known... although the balance of suspicion falls on the regime scum). She was just 30 years old and had devoted all of her adult life to the stuggle for women's rights in Afghanistan. The world lost an inspirational figure that day.
Meena called the women of Afghanistan sleeping lions, pledging that one day they would awake and roar. In 1977, at the age of 20, she launched the country's first movement for women's rights, calling her group the Revolutionary Association for the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA). Its goals: the restoration of democracy, equality for men and women, social justice, and the separation of religion from the affairs of the state. But in a country mired in tradition and occupied by the Soviet Union, Meena's beliefs were threatening enough to get her assassinated. Ten years after founding RAWA, she was kidnapped and killed.
Although she was only 30 when she died, Meena had already planted the seeds of an Afghan women's rights movement based on the power of knowledge. She believed that if women were able to read and write, that if they could communicate and learn about the world, they would discover their own strength and could make a difference in their own society. After the Soviet invasion in 1979 she established schools and orphanages for refugees pouring over the border into Pakistan. Those schools offered opportunities never available previously to young Afghan women. "Meena didn't just give me an education; she taught me that I had the right to live a better life," says Sahar Saba, an early student at RAWA's first school in Quetta.
Although the status of women has advanced a little since the downfall of the Taliban in 2001, both the Karzai regime and its western backers are at best lukewarm on women's rights and the Taliban are resurgent. RAWA are needed as much today as they ever were.
In 2006 Meena was nominated as one of the Heroes of the past 60 years by the Asian edition of Time Magazine. It was heartening to see her name alongside those of Gandhi, Mother Theresa and Aung Sang Suu Kyi
Labels: Meena, RAWA
She was truly a great woman, one who was well aware of what she was letting herself in for but acted anyway.
She was indeed Susan
Woman or rare courage indeed. As for the lion roaring - I am afraid I wouldn't live to see it. Not in Afghanistan, at least.
She certainly was. Sadly I can't see it either
It's still so hard for many women to get an education in some parts of the world. And it's so dangerous for the pioneers fighting for it. I don't know where they find the courage. I deeply admire Meena. I hope that her dream is fulfilled one day for the women of her country.
I hope so too Claude but I fear I won't see it
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War of the Months: February
Well it's the Third Thursday of the Month, you know what that means! Part of 2011's on-going examination of the greatest films of each and every month, today we're taking a long hard look at the Chilly Month of Love and Groundhogs, February.
February: Month of Love and Horror
There are a lot of bad movies that come out in February. Not nearly as many as January, but it's still a pretty rough dumping ground. It actually has its share of surprisingly decent ones (more on that later), but for the most part it's still Hollywood Hangover. It's the month to make a quick buck. There are typically tons of Romantic Comedies and Cheap Horror Films both designed to get kids in the sack around Valentine's Day. There also tends to be tons of modern blaxploitation films, possibly either from the shared heritage of crappy Comedies or maybe it's just Black History Month.
February and March are typically months when Hollywood is gearing up heavily for Awards. It's almost as if the studios concentrate more on the great films that came out at the end of the past year than films released contemporaneously. This happens more in January and February, with March showcasing its share of Blockbusters as late, but still wholly aberrant of quality film-making.
Box Office Returns - The Passion and Superheroes
Go look at some lists from the Biggest February Weekend Openings. You'll see that The Passion of the Christ (2004) has the #1 spot by a wide margin. This is pretty atypical for a February Release, it simply coincided with the first week of Lent that year. After in the Top Ten that you'll see everything I was describing above. Horror (#2 Hannibal [2001], #8 Friday the 13th [2009]), Romance (#3 Valentine's Day [2010], #5 Hitch [2005], #10 50 First Dates [2004]), Black Comedies (#7 Tyler Perry's Madea Goes to Jail [2009]) and some Superhero Crap (#4 Ghost Rider [2007], #9 Daredevil [2003]). That leaves #6 Shutter Island (2010) as a strange outlier in both quality and box office for February.
If we're keeping track, January's Greatest Month ever was 2010 mostly fueled by the legs of AVABAR (2009). That stood at just a creep over a billion clams (I should write like this all the time). February's Greatest Month Ever is a bit short of that, only $769 Million, which isn't that much higher than the typical January (including this year's). Also like January February has become more popular recently. 2009 was fueled by a handful of decent successes including Coraline, He's Just Not That Into You and the aforementioned Friday the 13th and Madea Goes to Jail. It also always gets a little boost from Oscar Nominees that receive an extended run and interest around this time. See? Flicks from 2008 were particularly strong in this regard (Only 2007 and 2004 nominees have received a higher percentage boost in the past twenty years). This was because most 2008 nominees were small films that no one had seen. Slumdog Millionaire (2008) gained 2,329 theaters and $96.6 million total after its nomination (68% of its Total Gross). So you can start to see where the money is coming from. Not to say it's any huge amount (of all months, only April, September and October are lower), but that's that.
Best Films Ever Released in February:
Now, as I was saying earlier, February has the occasional strange gem among the usual trash. Even one Best Picture Winner from recent memory. It's also interesting that in the mid-1990s we saw a spate of Classic Goofy Cult Comedies, all February Releases. Among these are Wayne's World (1992), Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (1994), Billy Madison (1995), Happy Gilmore (1996) and Black Sheep (1996). Since this streak there have been a spite of pretty decent comedies recently including Saving Silverman (2001), Eurotrip (2004) and Semi-Pro (2008). I actually find myself laughing with all these films tho I realise they won't be found on any other Best Of-List ever. February also naturally features Groundhog Day (1993), which is a fantastic flick, possibly one of Bill Murray's greatest movies where he's not hunting ghosts. I'll add three decent action flicks as honourable mentions, including Pitch Black (2000), Constantine (2005) and Push (2009). But now we'll get into the Top Ten Greatest Movies Ever Released in February:
#10: Be Kind Rewind (2008)
#9: Army of Darkness (1993)
#8: Super Troopers (2001)
#7: The Quick and the Dead (1995)
#6: Old School (2003)
#5: Office Space (1999)
#4: Shutter Island (2010)
#3: Groundhog Day (1993)
#2: Silence of the Lambs (1991)
#1: Taxi Driver (1976)
Before I forget, I don't want to leave out Norbit (2007), Eddie Murphy's fat suit opus. Oh wait...he did that before. Classic February.
So that's that then. Behold the Majesty of the Month of Love. And Snow. Stay tuned next month for our Blockbuster Preview Month, March.
Labels: Movies, Oscars, War of the Months
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The Obligatory Grammy Complaint Post
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The Long Halloween Vol. II: Super Bowl Sunday
Oscar Zone Vol. II; Part II: Acting!


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Podcast: Racism and COVID-19: The historical, political, and social foundations
In this episode of Who Belongs? we hear from a three-guest panel of Berkeley faculty who provide various perspectives on the different forms of racism we've been witnessing since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. We hear about the experiences of Asian Americans who are facing a surge in hate crimes, the disparate impacts on black and brown communities in terms of the rates of death, and about how politicians are using the crisis to engage in racial fear mongering. But the panelists don't focus so much on the incidents themselves as on the structures that have created the conditions for these forms of racism to emerge with such force.
The panelists examine these issues by placing them in historical, social, and political contexts so we can think about how to respond to the crisis in ways that doesn't reinforce the structures that set the stage for what we're currently experiencing. The guests are Catherine Ceniza Choy, who is a Professor of Asian American and Asian Diaspora Studies, and Comparative Ethnic Studies; Ian Haney López, who is a Professor of Law and Director of the Racial Politics Project, and the author of Dog-Whistle Politics, and the more recent book Merge Left; and Osagie K. Obasogie, who is a Professor of Bioethics and chair of our Institute's Health Disparities research cluster.
Subscribe to Who Belongs? on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, Soundcloud, Spotify, Stitcher, and anywhere else podcasts are found to keep up with future episodes of the show.
Op-Ed: John Cho: Coronavirus reminds Asian Americans like me that our belonging is conditional (LA Times)
Straight talk: A conversation about racism, health inequities and COVID-19 (Video)
Joe Biden's anti-China ad (Video)
Interview Transcript:
Osagie Obasogie: The kind of strong movements we've seen towards reopening America seem to be, at some level, in conversation with this idea that those who are impacted by COVID-19 are people who are not valuable. Populations who are a burdened to the public and therefore their health problems and health disparities should not take away economic opportunity from those who are productive. This conversation is straight from late 1800s, early 1900s, eugenic ideology.
Marc Abizeid: Hello and welcome to this episode of Who Belongs?, a podcast from the Othering & Belonging Institute at UC Berkeley. My name is Marc Abizeid, the host of the show. In this episode we have a three guest panel of Berkeley faculty who provide various perspectives on the different forms of racism we've been witnessing since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. We'll hear about the experiences of Asian Americans who are facing a surge in hate crimes. We'll hear about the disparate impacts on black and brown communities, in terms of the rates of death. We'll hear about how politicians are using the crisis to engage in racial fear-mongering.
Marc Abizeid: But the panelists don't focus so much on the incidents themselves as on the structures that have created the conditions for these forms of racism to emerge with such force. The panelists examine these issues by placing them in historical, social and political contexts, so we can think about how to respond to the crisis in ways that don't reinforce the structures that set the stage for what we're currently experiencing.
Marc Abizeid: The first guest is Catherine Choy, who is a Professor of Asian American and Asian Diaspora Studies and Comparative Ethnic Studies. The second guest is Ian Haney Lopez, who is a Professor of Law and the Director of the Racial Politics Project. He's also the author of Dog Whistle Politics and the more recent book, Merge Left. The third guest is Osagie Obasogie, who is a Professor of Bioethics and chair of our institute's, Health Disparities research cluster. Let's cut straight to the interview which we'll start right now.
Marc Abizeid: Professor Choy, you've noted that this is not new or unique and blaming Chinese people or Asians more generally for diseases. So can you start us off by giving us a little bit of background on that history?
Catherine Choy: Tragically, there's a much longer history of associating Asian and by extension, Asian American bodies with disease as disease carriers. This goes back over 150 years, that in the 1860s through the 1880s when there were smallpox outbreaks here in the United States, they were blamed on the Chinese. In the US, we also see the association in the early 1900s of the bubonic plague with Japanese arrivals to the United States. When the United States colonized the Philippines in the early 1900s, some of their colonial health officials referred to Filipino bodies as incubators of leprosy. And this something that has continued in more recent times. In the early 21st century, we also saw how SARS led to anti Asian hostility and harassment because of the association with SARS and Asian, Chinese bodies as disease carriers. And we're seeing it in the present day.
Marc Abizeid: So the next question I wanted to ask is something that's already been talked about a bit in the news from various perspectives: is the terming of the coronavirus by Trump and the Republicans as the China virus or the Wuhan virus? Professor Ian Haney Lopez, I know you're a specialist in political messaging. Maybe you can start by sharing, from your perspective, what you hear when you hear that term, China virus.
Ian Haney López: Leaders are making decisions about how they will direct blame. In something like a pandemic, it's a health crisis and trying to understand its origins, its etiology from a public health perspective, that's important. We'll get there but in the short run, we need to deal with it as a public health crisis. Right now we're living in a context in which the leadership of the United States has failed spectacularly to protect us. In that context, what we're seeing is that the American political leadership, especially from the Republican Party and from the administration of Donald Trump, is seeking to politicize this pandemic. Seeking to make it part of partisan politics.
Ian Haney López: They've tried various strategies but key among them and the one they seem to be settling on right now as the strategy, the messaging strategy they will pursue through November is to blame the Chinese. Calling it a Chinese virus but also saying, well, this isn't racism. This isn't even about nationality, this is about the Chinese Communist party. We can't be racist. This is just geographically true. It's just a fact that the communist party bobbled their response when the pandemic began there.
Ian Haney López: So they're saying all of that and in addition, what they're trying to do is they're trying to connect the Democratic Party and the presumptive Democratic nominee, Joe Biden, to this blame the Chinese strategy by identifying Biden as been friendly toward and defensive of the Chinese. Indeed, America First, one of the largest pro Trump super packs has recently launched ads with a #BeijingBiden. This is very much a political strategy.
Ian Haney López: At root, it's a political strategy that connects up to a 50 year effort to racialize American politics, to stoke racial conflict and division. But to do so in coded terms that allow plausible deniability. In this case this is, put bluntly, this is dog whistle politics. This is an effort to trigger racist thinking, racist fears and stereotypes of the sword that Professor Choy has identified as being deeply rooted in American culture. But to vivify them, to stoke them, to energize them in the present, purposefully, as a political strategy.
Marc Abizeid: Professor Choy, can I get your thoughts from your perspective about this issue of racializing viruses. Because it's not just an abstract issue. It's something that has real life impact and consequences on everyday people. So can you talk a little bit about that, about what those terms mean for how Asian Americans are viewed and treated?
Catherine Choy: The labeling of COVID-19 as a Chinese virus has had extremely harmful consequences, for not solely Chinese and Asians but also for Chinese and other Asian Americans. And that has to do with a history of racial lumping where the general public cannot tell apart a Chinese first-generation migrant from a fourth generation Chinese American. One of the disturbing things that I have read about recently, in the news is that a new reporting center called Stop AAPI Hate has recorded that between mid March and mid April of this year, in just a little over a month, there have been almost 1500 coronavirus related racist incidents targeting Asian Americans. This has real consequences as you point out on the lived experiences of Asian Americans but also, Asians throughout the world.
Marc Abizeid: Osagie, do you want to add anything on this topic, not just from a public health perspective but also someone who studies history?
Osagie Obasogie: I'll just add to this, to the important comments made by my colleagues, that we often hear this argument that the naming convention of leading a disease to its origins is something that's been around for a long time and is without any operational implication. I think, we just need to complicate that in really laid bare but that's not always true. So, for example, the 'Spanish flu' of 1918. Public health historians have come to the conclusion that actually started in Kansas and we don't call that the Kansas flu. I've never heard that, right? This is to say that when we associate locations in peoples with diseases, there is a deep political motivation behind it as both Ian and Catherine have talked about. And we have to really push back when we hear people trying to normalize the association between Chinese Americans, Chinese people and COVID-19.
Marc Abizeid: I want to turn to the disparate impacts of COVID-19. From a public health perspective and I'll just mention, Osagie, that you participated in a really extraordinary panel last week with a number of other public health experts who are looking at the impacts of the virus on black and brown community specifically. There were a couple of narratives that the panelists were trying to dispel and I'll just list them really briefly. There was this argument, this narrative put forth that there's a biological basis for why black people are dying at rates much higher than white people. There's another one that people of color have higher rates of preexisting conditions. Then finally, that communities of color are not following shelter and place order. So really it's their own fault, if they get sick. But as you pointed out, public health as a field also has a role in propping up some of these narratives. So can you expand a little bit on that from your perspective?
Osagie Obasogie: Sure. I think, public health as a field has tried to distinguish its work from what happens in medicine by paying attention to the social determinants of health. Clinical medicine is often focused on the biological or physiological processes that might lead individuals to become sick. Public health participants tried to provide a more holistic understanding of how illness and disease spreads by looking at social environmental factors and looking at health as a population issue or the product of population in group circumstance.
Osagie Obasogie: While public health has tried to do that, there have been some enforcement moments where it has evolved back to an individual's framework that is attributing public health phenomenon to individual behaviors. So an example of this was the U.S. surgeon general, who spoke a couple of weeks ago, who tried to speak to communities of color by suggesting that we can combat what is a public health problem by individual absence such as, people of color to stop smoking and not drinking and not use drugs.
Osagie Obasogie: That's unfortunate and deeply problematic framing to suggest that COVID-19 can be dispelled or fought off by a series of individual behaviors. And it doesn't take seriously the notion that the racial disparities that we see with COVID-19, are tied intimately to a long history of racism in medicine and in public health in terms of having access to various resources that other communities have access to. It's also deeply connected by deeper histories and legacies of slavery, eugenics, scientific racism, et cetera, in addition to the contemporary issues that communities of color continue to fight. So this is to say that in order to have a more accurate and shall we say, productive and successful battle against not only COVID-19 but also the racial disparities we see in terms of, who's impacted? We really had to take these history seriously and understand that it's going to require a structural approach in terms of trying to make sure that these communities and their healths are taken seriously.
Ian Haney López: I'd love to comment on that also. I think what's happening here is we're seeing a couple of different political narratives developing around the disproportionate deaths in communities of color. And they're contradictory, although, ultimately they say they serve the same end which is to create a partisan divide over this public health emergency. One narrative, it says that it's overwhelmingly people of color, who are dying, they're concentrated in the cities and all of these shelter in place requirements that have the effect of shutting down the economy are being instigated by government in order to protect people of color. And that plays into a 50 year old reactionary narrative that says, distrust liberals, distrust government, distrust major social institutions like unions, they care more about protecting people of color than they do about hardworking Americans and hardworking American serves as a proxy for whites. So that story has reemerged.
Ian Haney López: Then, in addition, there's also this seemingly contradictory story that says, whites are the ones who are sheltering in place and if black and brown communities are experiencing disproportionate deaths, it's because they're not taking appropriate steps. Which is another way of saying, disproportionate effects on communities of color that do reflect the way, Professor Obasogie said that, do reflect a long legacy.
Ian Haney López: An entrenched legacy of discrimination are instead are a reflection of dysfunctional behaviors within communities of color themselves. But when you combine those two narratives, what you see as a politically polarizing story that says, we are a country that's fundamentally divided by race. People of color are threatening. People of color are undeserving. Government takes their side. We need to trust instead the political leaders who resist government, who stand outside of government, who represent the marketplace. That is to say the business elites, people like Donald Trump.
Marc Abizeid: Osagie, I want to go back to something that you also talked a little bit about during the panel last week and it's just relevant to note that you're also a bioethicist and a researcher of history. So you have a unique perspective on this issue of eugenics. And you noted a correlation between the realization that there were disparate impacts of the coronavirus on people of color and calls to reopen the economy. You talked about this as a modern form of eugenics. So can you talk a little bit about that? Expand on that?
Osagie Obasogie: This is, for me, an interesting realization that there was a correlation and I want to emphasize correlation and not causation. Well, correlation between two narratives. One, which was around the emerging data that came out a couple of weeks ago in terms of who was being impacted by a COVID-19. That data showed that it was just a portion of elderly individuals and people of color. That conversation emerged again around the same time as we started to see these more active efforts to articulate a movement around reopening America.
Osagie Obasogie: That correlation to me is interesting because it suggests that these narratives are in conversation with one another. That is that the kind of strong movements we've seen towards reopening America seem to be at some level in conversation with this idea that those who are impacted by COVID-19 are people who are not valuable. Populations that do not contribute to the economy. Populations who are burdened to the public and therefore their health problems and health disparities should not take away economic opportunity from those who are productive.
Osagie Obasogie: This conversation is straight from late 1800s, early 1900s, eugenic ideology. That is that those individuals... I'll take a step backwards and just frame it for us. Eugenics was this ideology that emerged in late 1800s, early 19 hundreds that suggested that we should use medicine, science and technology to, in a sense, make sure that we weed out and that is prevent the birth of those populations that are a burden to society and promote the birth and health of those people who are seen as good as superior.
Osagie Obasogie: A simple part of that conversation was deeply class-based and race-based. That is that certain populations are inherently a burden and therefore they should not be around with us. So I think it's important to track the legacy of this eugenic ideology. Many people suggest that eugenics as an idea disappeared after World War II, after we realized the horrific implications of eugenics. But the legacy of eugenics is what is to this very day and influences many aspects of scientific research and medicine and moreover public policy.
Osagie Obasogie: So we really have to take seriously how that ideology shapes, claims to reopen America when it becomes increasingly apparent that the folks who are burdened by this pandemic are folks who were considered not valuable in many people's eyes. We really have to also just make sure that these conversations about reopening America, don't happen on terms that exclude the voices of those who are most vulnerable. Because again, as a society, our commitments and our responsibility is to everyone. Not simply those who are eager to get the economy back up and going.
Marc Abizeid: Professor Choy, I wanted to ask you about this article that I came across over the weekend and I sent it to you because I thought it was really relevant to the larger theme of our podcast which is called Who Belongs. The article was by the actor John Cho. It was an op-ed and John Chow -- he played in Harold & Kumar and a few other movies -- he talks about how it's in crises like these where Asian Americans are reminded that they don't really belong. It dissolves this narrative that Asian Americans are a model minority. That they've proven that they can be accepted and integrated into the larger society. But then when something like this happens, it's a reminder that their belonging is really temporary and conditional. I just wanted to get your thoughts on that perspective.
Catherine Choy: John Cho is a terrific actor and also a UC Berkeley alumnus who took some of Ethnic Studies courses. So, go bears. I read his op-ed and I appreciated it very much. One of the things that we have observed, from this pandemic is that for Asian Americans, you're the model minority until you're not. It does show that there is an unstable belonging for Asian Americans in the United States and that stereotypes of, Asian Americans as perpetual foreigners who are not American or the opposite of American, are sadly still with us.
Catherine Choy: The model minority is a controlling image that has been with us for some time. It became popular in the late 1960s. At that point was referring to Asian immigrant trip and Norris saying that they could pull themselves up by their bootstraps and that they were doing very well here in the United States and later it would morph into Asian Americans with kids who were super smart in math and other STEM fields.
Catherine Choy: I see the rise of the image of the model minority alongside the persistent stereotype of Asians and Asian Americans as disease carriers. Both of them actually work together. They are stereotypes of Asian Americans as either subhuman or superhuman but never quite human and certainly not American. So John Cho brought up something that is happening today but that we've also seen in the past that is dangerous and that we need to speak out against.
Catherine Choy: I also want to point out that, Asian American Studies scholars, have called the model minority myth for two main reasons. One is that, Asian Americans are an incredibly diverse heterogeneous population. It is a community that also deals with low educational attainment and poverty and other struggles contrary to the glowy image of the model minority as a success story.
Catherine Choy: It's also a myth because one of the most dangerous things about the Asian Americans as a model minority is that it has historically pitted Asian Americans against other racialized groups and has said that Asian Americans are a model minority in contrast to African Americans and Latinx. This works, not to help Asian Americans, this is actually quite destructive. It's divisive and it sets all of us back. So that op-ed brings up a number of complex issues that we all need to be grappling with in this very moment.
Marc Abizeid: I just want to turn back to that question of political messaging. We've already talked about what Trump and the Republicans are doing but now we have this new political ad from Joe Biden-
Joe Biden ad narration: He failed to act. So now Trump and his allies are launching negative attacks against Joe Biden to hide the truth. Here are the facts. Joe Biden warned the nation, In January, that Trump had left us unprepared for a pandemic. Then Biden told Trump he should insist on having American health experts on the ground in China.
Joe Biden: I would be on the phone with China and making it clear. We are going to need to be in your country. You have to be open. You have to be clear. We have to know what's going on.
Joe Biden ad narration: But Trump rolled over for the Chinese. He took their word for it.
Newscaster: President tweeted, China has been working very hard to contain the coronavirus. The United States greatly appreciates their efforts and transparency.
Donald Trump: John, I spoke with President Xi and they're working very hard and I think it's going to all work out fine.
Joe Biden ad narration: Trump praised the Chinese 15 times, in January and February, as the coronavirus spread across the world.
Donald Trump: It's a tough situation. I think they're doing a very good job.
Journalist: Are you concerned about its potential impact in the global economy?
Donald Trump: I think that China will do a very good job.
Joe Biden ad narration: Trump never got a CDC team on the ground in China and the travel ban he brags about, Trump led him 40,000 travelers from China into America after he signed it. Not exactly airtight. Look around, 22 million Americans are out of work and we have more efficiently reported cases and deaths than any other country. Donald Trump left this country unprepared and unprotected for the worst public health and economic crisis in our lifetime. And now we are paying the price.
Marc Abizeid: So I wanted to get your thoughts and reactions on that. Maybe we can start with Professor Haney Lopez.
Ian Haney López: To understand what the Republicans are doing, the first point is, they have settled on a strategy of linking the pandemic to China and then linking China to the Democrats. When I say the Republicans, I don't mean just Donald Trump. This is actually a strategy that is now being promoted, for instance, to every Republican candidate for the Senate either for election or for reelection. This is really going to be a coordinated message that we're going to hear across many different campaigns throughout the remainder of this campaign season. But how is it that they are linking China to the pandemic? I've already said they're doing so through dog whistles, that is, by referring to it as the Chinese virus or by consistently talking about it as the Wuhan virus. But that's only the first step in a more complex choreography.
Ian Haney López: In addition to that, the right is counting on progressives to criticize them for racism or xenophobia. It's part of their strategy to provoke those charges because they then immediately turn around and say, they're not racist at all, that's the denial part, they're not racist at all. They just said something that was geographically accurate or is accurate in pinning the blame on a national government that failed to respond adequately and sufficiently rapidly. Not racism at all.
Ian Haney López: Then in the next move, they counter punch and say, see, there you go again. Political correctness, Democrats and liberal government doing more to protect minorities than to actually save America from this pandemic. In other words, Republicans have a strategy in which they push race into the conversation, deny that, that's what they're doing and then wait to be criticized for racism or xenophobia and then counter punch and say, no, the real enemy in America is liberals and their political correctness.
Ian Haney López: So the question then becomes, how can Democrats respond? One thing that Democrats can do is simply to ignore this phenomenon. Obviously, that's insufficient. Another thing progressors can do is to go ahead and call the right racist and xenophobic and bigots. That simply plays directly into their hands. A third solution that occurs to many Democrats is unpalatable, unlikely to be effective but seemingly the only thing they can do and it's precisely what Joe Biden is doing right now. That is, imitate the Republican strategy.
Ian Haney López: Accept the basic framework of the Republican narrative that China is the problem but contest, who's the real friend of China? Who was weak on China? So what Biden's ad does is it confirms the idea that China's really to blame and then it turns around and says, hey, and don't worry, Democrats will be tougher on China than the Republicans will.
Ian Haney López: This is going to be a disaster for the Democrats. It's going to be a disaster for China. It's going to be a disaster for the Chinese. It's going to be a disaster in terms of increasing racial division but it's also going to be an electoral disaster in terms of Democrats. Because in effect, the Democrats are saying, we accept the idea that the 2020 election will be a contest between two parties as to which is better at racial fear-mongering. If that's the form of the contest, there's no chance that Joe Biden and the Democrats are going to be better racist fear-mongering than Donald Trump, the Republican establishment and the right-wing echo chamber established through Fox News, Rush Limbaugh, Breitbart and so on.
Marc Abizeid: Professor Choy, did you want to add anything as far as the, what your fears were about what the consequences of that type of strategy would be for Asian Americans who are already facing a very hostile environment?
Catherine Choy: That ad was problematic. It continues to reify binaries between, what is American? And what is Chinese? It suggests that what is Chinese is diseased, is secretive, is untrustworthy. And these kinds of racial, national binary's will potentially contribute. They will potentially exacerbate anti-Asian violence in the United States. I'm very critical of this ad and I would like to see Joe Biden and the Democratic Party take on new different frameworks for disgusting the pandemic and US-China relations.
Marc Abizeid: So in this last part, I want to look towards the future and see what could come out of this pandemic? There's a couple of different ways of looking at this. I know that there is a danger. We've already seen it actually. There's a couple of examples in how the pandemic is being used as an excuse by Trump and the administration to push policies that actually just hardened racist structures. For example, ending sale policies at the border. Another example was how Trump tried to halt immigration though I just read this morning that a judge blocked that order. That suggestion. So then what are the alternatives? What are the positive things that we can see? In terms of messaging, what is the alternative message that the opposition could put forward that uses this pandemic as an opportunity to bring people together as opposed to furthering othering?
Catherine Choy: One of the risks that we take in divisive language is increasing racial hostility, harassment, violence. As an alternative, what I would love to see our politicians here in the United States and American institutions and organizations do, is to acknowledge that Asian Americans are Americans. That they are human beings and that we all have a stake in the rise of anti-Asian violence here in the United States. I'd also like to see an alternative framework that elevates a sense of communal care, public health that is for the public good and that truly incorporates the most vulnerable groups in our American society as well as some of the more privileged ones.
Marc Abizeid: Ian, did you want to add?
Ian Haney López: I think in order to understand the way forward, we have to be clear about precisely the danger we risk. It's something that Naomi Klein has written about under her book, The Shock Doctrine. She calls it disaster capitalism. The idea there is that in the midst of crises, the wealthy few, capitalist elites seize the moment to enact reforms that further concentrate wealth and power in their hands at a moment when people are fearful and distracted, focus merely on getting through the crisis and not paying attention to these deeper structural, political and economic changes. Well, I think that's right. We are seeing disaster capitalism play out in many different ways right now. The relief that's being passed. Trillions of dollars of money, major tax cuts, a lot of it rigged to go to the very rich.
Ian Haney López: But it's not just disaster capitalism hidden behind a crisis, it's disaster capitalism hidden behind racist fear-mongering. It's precisely the effort by the right to direct people's attention to China, to the Chinese, to immigrants generally. That prevents people from focusing on the way in which, in fact, the rich are seeking to take advantage of even a global health crisis to irrigate more and more power and wealth for themselves.
Ian Haney López: Once we see that clearly, that opens up a different possibility. Not simply in terms of political messaging but in terms of our ability as a society to recognize that our fates are truly linked. When we accept racist stereotypes about Asians and Asian Americans, we end up voting in a way that gives power to billionaires who are running a con on all of us. When we do that, we ended up with a society rigged for the few in which the rest of us live in economic misery and in racial conflict. It's so important to say, yes, this is racism. Yes, this is bigotry. But not because of personal prejudice on the part of Donald Trump or anybody else, it's rather racism as a political strategy by the billionaire class to get us fighting each other so we won't notice the way in which they're rigging the rules and wrecking democracy for all of us.
Ian Haney López: That's not just some message that has been made up in the holes of Berkeley. That's a message that we ran a two year project to study and we showed in that project, The Race Class Narrative Project that, that is the single most potent political message today. Stronger than any other progressive message available and stronger even than the rights message of racial fear. The pandemic is a moment when we need government on the side of all of us and the only way to do that is to create a multiracial movement in which every racial group understands our fates are linked. The only way to do that is to show people that racism against brown, black, yellow and red people is being run as a billionaire's con and that when we reject that we can make sure that government actually works for all of us.
Osagie Obasogie: Yeah. One thing I'll add is, I think, a related concern to discussion that we're having is having a bar of historical understanding of how notions of improving or protecting public health has been a cover for initiating disastrous policies in the past and the need to be attuned to how that might occur here. In particularly, in the wake of COVID-19, we've seen silver examples where local politicians are thinking about how to reopen society in a way that can protect us from the further spread of the virus. We've seen scenarios that are, in many ways, downright dystopian.
Osagie Obasogie: The idea of, before you are allowed to walk into a restaurant or any public space, you have your temperature taken. You have to wear certain protective measures. We're seeing a series of conversations where, in the name of public health, we are going to require people to have a certain prerequisites to ensure that they are protecting themselves and other people. I think one thing we want to pay attention to is how these types of measures whether it's taking people's temperatures. Whether it is stopping people who aren't wearing protective mask. Whether it is other efforts to, in a sense, surveil people's biological capacities and predispositions.
Osagie Obasogie: How this on the one hand may, in some circumstances, be a reasonable way to stop the spread of disease but can also be used as a way to initiate forms of surveillance that can be downright harmful and disastrous. The communities that are most likely to be harmed by that are going to be vulnerable populations. So communities of color and other vulnerable groups. I think it's important for us to realize how there is a deep history of how public health measures have been used to do this. In making sure that as we think about what measures we actually need to protect us going forward, that there is a careful balance between what's actually a productive and protecting society and what may, in a sense, go overboard and have external externalities that could be quite harmful to those folks who are in most need.
Marc Abizeid: I've heard those concerns being raised but they're mostly have been around the role that tech's playing. Google and Apple and tracking your phones and your movements and who you're encountering. But I didn't realize that it also went to, I mean, I didn't realize that that wearing masks or getting your temperature checked was also a controversial policy. Could you elaborate just briefly on that? Because I think that's something that most people would just think it's common sense.
Osagie Obasogie: At some level it may be practical given the situation. But I think we have to have a serious conversation anytime we put prerequisites on who can participate in civil society. Whether it is someone who has the right temperature or wearing the right protective gear. Again, might be a reasonable given what's happening at a particular moment. But at the same time, these are requirements for basic participation in terms of being able to work, being able to enjoy society with your family. We just have to have a really careful conversation to make sure that the measures that we enact are doing what they're supposed to do and are not leveraged to an extent to make other people's lives harder than it may already be.
Ian Haney López: I Just want to amplify what a Professor Obasogie is saying. One of the most striking images that I've seen recently is the Philadelphia Police dragging a black man off of a bus using six or seven white police officers. Using a tremendous amount of force, dragging him off a bus ostensibly because he's not wearing a mask. Contrast that with an image in which one police officer or one community service officer approaches someone not wearing a mask and hands them a mask. If the issue is a mask, yes, there's ways in which we can do that, that facilitates participation and inclusion.
Ian Haney López: The danger is that we'll use a sense of crisis and panic to instead hardened prejudices, hardened lines of exclusion and shift the country towards militarism and authoritarianism. It's not the mask per se. It's how we go about expressing our commitment to the health of each and every one of us. Do we all matter in the way that we designed public health responses so that we do the best we can in protecting each other's health? Or do we design public health policies in the way that tracks existing hierarchies as to who matters in society and who doesn't?
Osagie Obasogie: I think just to add to that excellent point is that notions of public health are tied tightly to the state's police power. That is, states have wide authority to enforce and protect the public health in ways that can be quite shocking to the conscience. As professor Haney has noted, we already have examples where we see this occur and as this moves forward we may see even more razes examples of force being used in the name of public health. This is why I think it's critically important for us to have these conversations early in terms of what's needed, how are we going to enforce it and to make sure that populations that are already vulnerable aren't further marginalized in the name of protecting the public's health.
Marc Abizeid: That wraps up this episode of who belongs. Thank you to our guests, Catherine Choy, who is a Professor of Asian American and Asian Diaspora Studies and Comparative Ethnic Studies. Ian Haney Lopez, who is a Professor of Law and Director of the Racial Politics Project and Osagie Obasogie, who is a Professor of Bioethics and chair of our institute's, Health Disparities research cluster. For a transcript of this interview and links to relevant resources, including those cited in this interview is at our website at belonging.berkeley.edu/whobelongs. Thank you for listening.


text:
The Mali Graben () is a creek and a natural branch of the Gradaščica River in southwest Ljubljana. It flows south of and parallel to the Gradaščica and is the largest affluent of the river Ljubljanica. It is also known as Stržen (literally, 'thalweg') and Mala voda ('Little Creek').

The creek is a natural channel. It splits from the Gradaščica not far from Bokalce Castle, then flows across the southern part of the Murgle residential district and joins the Ljubljanica from the left side near the Gruber Canal. Most water from the Gradaščica is diverted into the Mali Graben, helping alleviate flooding of the Trnovo District of Ljubljana.

References

External links
A map. Provided by Geopedia.

Rivers of Ljubljana
Gradaščica

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Weather Channel is iconic for its drenched Chicken Little reporters hanging desperately on to their hoods as they scream over whipping winds "Look behind me!" in front of bending trees, monster waves, downed power lines, and flooded streets. Now it claims it will deliver sober reflection on the slow-motion weather disaster of global warming.
That is quite a task, since the Weather Channel's climate scientist admits that her station was "very conservative for a long time. It didn't want to offend anyone." It is also daunting because people like it a bit warmer.
"That really is a fundamental question, to see if we can get people's attention about what 1 degree of warming is doing," said Heidi Cullen, host of "The Climate Code," which will air this fall. "I have a sound bite of Oprah Winfrey saying: 'One degree of warming? That sounds great.' But we're already witnessing the extreme effects, like melting glaciers. One degree is not benign."
Cullen was in Indianapolis to plug the show, telling members of the National Association of Black Journalists that the extreme effects may hit hardest in low-income, disproportionately African American urban areas, as exemplified by Hurricane Katrina. The Harvard Medical School's Center for Health and the Global Environment warns that rising levels of heat-trapping carbon dioxide may promote asthma, which is already costing $3.2 billion a year to treat children nationally. Asthma increased 160 percent for preschool-age children between 1980 and 1994, according to the center.
Perhaps the most provable danger is weather that is too warm. According to the Centers for Disease Control, nearly 9,000 people died around the nation from extreme heat exposure from 1979 to 2002 -- more than from hurricanes, lightning, tornadoes, floods, and earthquakes combined.
It could get much worse, according to Laurence Kalkstein, president of the International Society of Biometeorology and a retired University of Delaware researcher who helped the National Weather Service devise its excessive-heat-warning system for 20 US cities. He said over the telephone that New York City and Philadelphia normally average about 470 and 90 deaths a year due to the heat. If those cities were to be hit with a heat wave like the one in 2003 that killed an estimated 30,000 people in Europe, New York could see 3,200 deaths and Philadelphia 400.
He said the heat risks are much higher in the urban North than the hotter South and Southwestern United States because northern housing structures, built for the cold, trap much more heat. "My personal observation from studying Philadelphia is that poor blacks living in 'heat islands' are more vulnerable because either they don't have access to air conditioning or people have window units but keep them off to save money, or because the elderly nail their windows shut because of crime," Kalkstein said from his home in Florida.
Kalkstein said the unprecedented obesity and diabetes crisis of African Americans may put them at even more risk of dying during heat waves. "I don't like it when people say everything is going to get worse with global warming," Kalkstein said. "For instance, I'm not sure yet that we can conclusively tie asthma to it. But heat is the silent killer. I'm scared about it."
A decade ago, the Weather Channel's Cullen was extracting sediment cores from the bottom of the Persian Gulf for Columbia University, studying the interaction between climate and societies. She said "The Climate Code" will try to extract global warming from the bottom of inner-city agendas by featuring community activists who are trying to reach people unmoved by Hollywood eco-celebrities and untouched by Al Gore's film "An Inconvenient Truth." She said the show will attempt to get across the fact that "the weather isn't apolitical and not an act of God." She added, "Our hand is now helping to guide it."
Weather Channel vice president Janet Johnson, an African American, said that while melting ice sheets might seem irrelevant to a struggling family on the south side of Chicago (where 700 people died in a heat wave in 1995) or along the Gulf Coast, people might be able to understand global warming better if they view it in terms of not being able to get flood insurance, or having higher medical bills, higher air-conditioning bills, and losing loved ones to the heat.
If people see the possible impact in those terms, they will not need Chicken Little. "It's a tough story to tell," Johnson said, "but we will go where the science goes. We hope we can convince people that a warmer winter is not a good thing."


Matthew and I are blessed to celebrate our anniversary this week in Mexico. It's a place we have come to love over the last twelve or thirteen years. It was Matthew's parents who first introduced us to the beautiful scenery, tropical climate, and wonderful people. It is through their generosity that we can come back and visit again and again. Every time we come back, I learn more deeply about servanthood as time and again these selfless people live a life we are all called to as believers.
I have always been a beach comber. These trips to the Mexican beaches allow me to get lost in the hunt. I love to search what the ocean spits back up on the land. It's like she vomits back up that which she no longer wants. Or maybe she is throwing things up there to give me clues about herself.
There are shells, pieces of drift wood and coral. Things that truly appear other worldly. They are snippets of the life beneath the surface of the sea. A life I cannot know. Time stands still as I search the sand for treasures. The cares of my world begin to slip away as I turn over, pick up, and examine things from a place I will never go.
There are very few shells that make it to be spit up onto the beach completely intact. The surf has been too hard on most, and they are broken, or chipped. It is but a lucky few who make it to the shore in pristine condition. I used to search only for those few, discarding the ones who were not so lucky. But then, one day a few trips back, I realized that there is still value in the chipped, in the broken. They have a much deeper, more poignant story to tell me. They still have value.
God talks to me about these things as I get lost in the hunt. As I let go of the hectic nature of my life and the distractions that pull my attentions away from him, he joins me there where the water meets the sand. As I pick up a broken shell, and turn it over in my hand, I think of the journey it took to get there. I am tempted to throw it back where I found it, and God speaks to my heart, and reminds me of people that are thrown away just as easily. Damaged people. Broken people. People deemed no longer worthy of our time or energy because of the journey they have taken.
But God sees their value. He knows their power to contribute. He knows where he can still take them, in spite of their brokenness. He can do for them, what I cannot do for the broken and chipped treasures I find. He can redeem them. He can restore them. We need to see their potential. We need to see them the way God sees them. We are so quick to throw stones at their hurting places, when we should offer the balm that will sooth and heal. It wasn't so long ago that we needed that balm, but our memory gets fuzzy on that part sometimes.
Choosing the pristine is easy. Lifting up the broken takes effort. Yet, as believers, it is what we are called to do. We are the church, and we are the hope of the world.


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Whether it's Hartsfield-Jackson Airport or any other airfield in the metro area CarriageHouse Transportation will get you there! For weddings, sporting events, proms, business meetings, anniversary-birthday outings, shopping and boys/ girls night out CarriageHouse Transportation will be ready to provide you our client with reliable, courteous and time sensitive service throughout metro Atlanta and beyond. We are ready to take care of the needs of our clients whatever, whenever, where ever that might be and meet the challenge head-on!


MY GOLDEN BIRTHDAY PARTAY! THE OUTFIT - THE PEOPLE - GOOD TIMES!
The best part of this dress is actually covered up by my hair. It has double thick straps that cross at the shoulders.The sleek fit made the dress flirty rather than slutty and thats always a good thing.
What I love about it too is that the color yellow lets you have fun with the jewelry. Thank you to Forever 21 for having this huge blue ring and crazy gem bracelet.
This was a gift from my mom, its from the Erickson Beamon Collection via Target. Its classically me. I love jewelry, especially rings .. the bigger, the more unusual.. the better. What I loved about this one is the array of color, this picture seriously doesn't do it justice.
I forgot to take a picture of my shoes, so I did it today because seriously shoes are key in putting together the perfect outift. The only way to compliment a yellow dress is to match it with another vibrant color and as soon as I saw these at Charlotte Rousse I knew they would be perfect. The round toe and the small heel made me feel like I was walking on clouds all night.
The best part of having a birthday party is being able to see friends and here are some names you may recognize.
Nadine from Agent Noir Diaries, Sara from Spun and me.. I want to thank them for coming, but they could have told me that I had cupcake on my face.. oh well!
Not pictured: Birdie from Bonnie Vie and Jess from Fresh Jess - I know there's pictures somewhere.
Yes, there's still a little bit of cupcake on my face, but I just think that's a sign of a good party and it was!
Thank you for all of the twitter love yesterday too. If you want to help me figure out to do the actual day of my birthday - Monday - leave me a little message here.
Thanks to Clutch22 for taking my outfit pictures!
Happy birthday! You looked fabulous - love the shade of yellow of that dress.
Hey baby you look AMAZING!!!! I wore blue so tragically we weren't psychically merging but it was BRIGHT ELECTRIC blue so we were doing the primary colors at least. Love you hope you had an awesome night.
Love the yellow and blue together.
great blog, love your title banner!
I'm so glad you put pictures of your outfit up bc it was definitely hard to see in the late night of Red Door! LOVED the ensemble- especially the shoes- definitely bold & fun, perfect for a bday celebration!
Ooh, you look amazing! I would never have thought to wear blue shoes with yellow!
Looks like you had a good party and a good Birthday!
Happy Belated Birthday! And you looked fab on your birthday! Adorable outfits all around!
You looked GORGEOUS!!! Loved the whole entire look, including the new hair!
Glad you had a blast and so happy to help you celebrate!
Thanks for all of the super flattering comments, you all rock my world. Also the bday wishes I know will make this the best year yet.
All of you are too good to me!


will I punish your heaven?
will I be there to go with you?
will I bury the raven?
and will I stand to watch you burn?
say will we dive in the water?
say will I die in your water?
say will I cry for this moment to live?
say will I cry for the water?


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Q: Deixar de colocar índices ou foreign keys numa tabela pode tornar a consulta lenta? O que sempre que li alguns tutoriais falando sobre MySQL e também já ouvi de alguns colegas programadores é que a falta de índices ou chaves estrangeiras numa tabela pode deixar uma consulta lenta.
Por exemplo, tenho um sistema onde a tabela usuarios tenha um campo nivel_id para referenciar o id de niveis. Mas eu não coloquei nivel_id como foreign key de niveis.id, eu apenas define ela como INT UNSIGNED.
Sobre isso tenho algumas dúvidas:
1 - É verdade mesmo que isso pode fazer com que uma consulta se torne lenta?
2 - Se a resposta pra pergunta acima é "Sim", gostaria de saber o porquê de deixar lenta.
3 - A falta de índices ou foreign keys podem deixar uma consulta mais lenta, num caso de um JOIN por exemplo?
Exemplo para a questão 3:
SELECT A.*, B.nome FROM usuarios
JOIN niveis AS B ON B.id = A.nivel_id

Se a consulta acima retornasse umas 10.000 linhas, por exemplo, ela seria mais rápida usando FOREIGN KEY ou INDEX?
Estou perguntando isso porque já tive que dar manutenção em alguns sistemas em que não colocaram FOREIGN KEYS em alguns registros que deveriam ser relacionados e, além de tornar alguns dados inconsistentes, queria saber se corro risco de ter uma lentidão apresentada por conta disso.

A: Em geral

*

*talvez, depende

*talvez, depende

*talvez, depende

Um pouco menos geral
INDEXES  melhoram buscas com valores específicos nas colunas indexada (incluindo joins) mas incorrem overhead em INSERT|UPDATE, vide Quais as vantagens e desvantagens do uso de índices em base de dados?.
FOREIGN KEYS vão afetar negativamente tempo de INSERT|UPDATE, o que é lógico já que ter que garantir integridade referencial envolve checagens extras (pense em como você implementaria esse mecanismo e vai ver que não tem como fugir de um custo extra). Elas também podem acelerar operaçõesSELECT, contudo como e porque vai depender do banco de dados sendo usado.
O impacto "negativo" de FKs e INDEXES em inserções/atualições é claramente documento em alguns bancos, ex: PostgreSQL recomenda remover indexes e foreign keys em bulk inserts, o mesmo para MySQL.
O impacto positivo de FKs em SELECTS é algo meio obscuro, sinceramente nunca havia ouvido falar disso e não encontrei documentação explicita sobre, mas existem relatos pela net e até um exemplo abaixo mostrando como de fato isso ocorre.
Sendo preciso
Use EXPLAIN: PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite, Oracle, SQL Server.
Vamos pegar seu exemplo e fazer uma análise rasa dele no MySQL:
CREATE TABLE niveis (
    id INT,
    nome VARCHAR(255)
);
CREATE TABLE usuarios (
    id INT,
    nivel_id INT
);

Sem indexes e fks com a query
EXPLAIN SELECT A.*, B.nome FROM usuarios AS A JOIN niveis AS B ON B.id = A.nivel_id \G

temos:
*************************** 1. row ***************************
       id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
    table: A
partitions: NULL
     type: ALL
possible_keys: NULL
      key: NULL
  key_len: NULL
      ref: NULL
     rows: 1
 filtered: 100.00
    Extra: NULL
*************************** 2. row ***************************
       id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
    table: B
partitions: NULL
     type: ALL
possible_keys: NULL
      key: NULL
  key_len: NULL
      ref: NULL
     rows: 1
 filtered: 100.00
    Extra: Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop)

Vamos focar na coluna type com valores ALL e ALL. O que isso indica é que todas as linhas da tabela A vão ser escaneadas e para cada uma delas nós vamos escanear todas as linhas da tabela B, o equivalente ao seguinte pseudo-código:
para id in A:
    para id_2 in B:
        if id == id_2:
            print(id, id_2)

Uma operação O(n^2).
Agora usando INDEXES (PRIMARY KEY gera UNIQUE CLUSTERED INDEXES em MySQL):
ALTER TABLE niveis ADD PRIMARY KEY (id);
ALTER TABLE usuarios ADD PRIMARY KEY (id);

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT A.*, B.nome FROM usuarios AS A JOIN niveis AS B ON B.id = A.nivel_id \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
           id: 1
  select_type: SIMPLE
        table: A
   partitions: NULL
         type: ALL
possible_keys: NULL
          key: NULL
      key_len: NULL
          ref: NULL
         rows: 1
     filtered: 100.00
        Extra: Using where
*************************** 2. row ***************************
           id: 1
  select_type: SIMPLE
        table: B
   partitions: NULL
         type: eq_ref
possible_keys: PRIMARY
          key: PRIMARY
      key_len: 4
          ref: test.A.nivel_id
         rows: 1
     filtered: 100.00
        Extra: NULL

Novamente temos ALL para A, mas agora com eq_ref para B. ALL vai percorrer todas as linhas de A e eq_ref vai utilizar o index e pegar apenas as linhas necessárias, equivalente a:
para id in A:
    if B possui id:
        print(id, id)

O(n).
Por fim vamos análisar com a FOREIGN KEY:
ALTER TABLE usuarios ADD FOREIGN KEY (nivel_id) REFERENCES niveis(id);

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT A.*, B.nome FROM usuarios AS A JOIN niveis AS B ON B.id = A.nivel_id \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
           id: 1
  select_type: SIMPLE
        table: A
   partitions: NULL
         type: index
possible_keys: nivel_id
          key: nivel_id
      key_len: 5
          ref: NULL
         rows: 1
     filtered: 100.00
        Extra: Using where; Using index
*************************** 2. row ***************************
           id: 1
  select_type: SIMPLE
        table: B
   partitions: NULL
         type: eq_ref
possible_keys: PRIMARY
          key: PRIMARY
      key_len: 4
          ref: test.A.nivel_id
         rows: 1
     filtered: 100.00
        Extra: NULL

index + eq_ref. Segundo a documentação index é "praticamente" ALL, porém geralmente mais rápido pois faz a busca completa na estrutura de indexão ao invés de diretamente na tabela. Ou seja, ainda O(n), mas mais veloz que ALL + eq_ref.
Por fim é importante deixar claro que resultados de EXPLAIN variam, e muito, conforme dados e quantidade deles, então é importante não ficar preso a primeira análise pois ela vai precisar ser repetidada conforme seu banco cresce e a estratégia de indexação pode mudar várias vezes (isso não quer dizer que o EXPLAIN é inútil em uma database vazia, o banco não vai fazer mágica para transformar suas queries ineficientes em algo decente, um ALL, ALL por exemplo é quase sempre um mal sinal).
Comentários
Primeiramente se você não tem certeza de que isso vai causar um impacto visívelmente negativo na sua aplicação (quase nunca vai), use foreign keys. Razões:

*

*O banco de dados é otimizado para lidar com isso, tentar replicar essas checagens na sua aplicação vai definitivamente ser mais lento.

*A grande força de SQL é ser uma linguagem declarativa, você não especifica "como" fazer, apenas "o quê". Isso vale para a integridade referencial, você declara quais relações existem sem precisar implementar elas em código. Levando a ideia para seu código você teria que fazer as duas coisas, declarar as relações e implementar as checagens, não muito produtivo.

*Se o seu modelo é grande, se seu app é complicado e você não tem uma longa barba e se chama Ken Thompson (ou algum dos outros barbudos antediluvianos) você vai gerar incosistência no seus dados se tentar manter eles coerentes trantando tudo na aplicação. É um fato da vida, aceite.

Sobre os INDEXES não tem receita de bolo, você vai ter que avaliar o uso geral da sua aplicação e que tipos de queries são feitas para poder determinar quando utilizar eles. Sim, EXPLAIN é complicado e tedioso, mas você não precisa usar a todo momento, apenas quando estiver em dúvida sobre o comportamento do RDBMS em queries complexas, aí não tem como fugir.

A: Meu amigo, irei resumir o que em conhecimento sobre isso.
FK desnecessárias fazem com que o banco realize consultas desnecessárias aumentando o custo. Caso o seu modelo necessite de FK, implemente-as.
Sobre os índices: quase todos os SGBDs criam índices por baixo dos panos, mas coloca-los de forma explícita talvez seja o melhor caminho. Isso lhe faz ter aumento de performance e em algumas consultas pode reduzir o custo de forma grandiosa.

A: Varios fatores podem tornar a pesquisa lenta:
Select * from usarios
é mais lento que
Select id,usario,senha from usarios
porque ? no primeiro exemplo eu forcei o banco a pesquisar e ordenar todas as colunas da tabela usuarios. Claro que em tabelas pequenas o tempo é imperceptivel, mas imagine uma tabela que possua um numero relativamente alto de colunas, o desempenho da consulta seria afetado.
Indices são criados automaticamente nos SGBDs mais inteligentes porém nem todos são otimizados para este tipo de serviço. Criar um indice é uma forma de aliviar o stress do banco.
Por exemplo eu vou mostrar quando se cria um indice por nome.

Observe que na coluna Indice ID, é o comportamento normal do banco.
Quando eu criei um indice para o nome, ele ordenou dessa forma por baixo dos panos "Observe a indice por Nome".
Se eu rodar uma query buscando todos os nomes que começa com L, em qual indice vai ser mais rapido? acertou se disse no indice de nome, pois o banco vai ir direto naquela parte onde todos nomes começam com L.
Sobre FKS, como foi dito acima se o banco não precisa não as implemente, FKS desnecessarias são equivalente a buscas desnecessarias.

A: Primeiro vamos separar as coisas. Criar índice e colocar uma restrição de chave estrangeira são coisas diferentes e não relacionadas diretamente.

É verdade mesmo que isso pode fazer com que uma consulta se torne lenta?

Deixar de colocar índice é quase certo que sim, na maioria dos casos, embora o sistema pode ser inteligente em certas ocasiões e conseguir fazer de uma forma razoável, ou então pode ser que tudo dê na mesma, mas é raro. Veja mais em Quais as vantagens e desvantagens do uso de índices em base de dados?. O SGDB pode criar um índice temporário na falta de um. Se isso ocorrer sempre é porque está faltando índice.
Mas tem caso que índice demais pode tornar as escritas mais lentas.
Lento é um conceito muito amplo. Tem várias formas de lentidão, algumas mais importantes, outras menos.
A chave estrangeira não afeta nada até onde se sabe no geral, mas nada impede de algum banco de dados inventar alguma maluquice.

Se a resposta pra pergunta acima é "Sim", gostaria de saber o porquê de deixar lenta.

Ter chave estrangeira de forma direta não causa ou deixa de causar problemas. Na verdade sua existência em alguns casos pode causar lentidão porque ela pode forçar uma verificação desnecessária em algum momento, mas nada crítico. O fato é que com ou sem ela é preciso ter cuidado e saber o que está fazendo, ver se o planejamento da consulta está adequada. Por ter algo extra a fazer a tendência é ela mais prejudicar do que ajudar na performance. E se tiver a chave estrangeira e não tiver índice aí é quase certo que será pior, mas é mais pelo índice.

Se a consulta acima retornasse umas 10.000 linhas, por exemplo, ela seria mais rápida usando FOREIGN KEY ou INDEX?

Com índice, certamente que sim, desde que criado adequadamente, claro. Com chave estrangeira não, ela é só uma restrição, não uma forma de otimização, a consulta se baseia nela mesma, não importa como a chave estrangeira foi definida, ela é uma ferramenta de integridade e não de acesso.
Quando pega tudo e não tem ordem específica a necessidade de índice é menor ou inexistente, pelo menos para a tabela usuarios aí.
Já niveis sem índice pode ser trágico. Mas pode nem ser tanto, pode ser que tenha poucos níveis para pegar, pode ser que entre tudo em cache e fique rápido. A pergunta não diz quantos níveis existem.
Uso do EXPLAIN
Pode ser que um dia seja lento, outro menos de acordo com o uso, pode ser que uma versão nova do MySQL melhore, ou seja, é detalhe. Cache conta muito nessas horas também. Por isso o EXPLAIN deve ser usado com cuidado, as pessoas acham que todos os dias ele dará o mesmo resultado, isto não é verdade, então é bobagem ver um exemplo dele para o entendimento geral. O que vem em um momento, em uma caso específico, na mesma tabela, na mesma query, pode ser diferente em outro caso de uso. O EXPLAIN sem saber da configuração geral, sem saber que dados tem ali, sem conhecer as estatísticas armazenadas só te engana, portanto tem nada de precisão nela. E se não souber interpretar o resultado pode causar mais estrago.
Consistência
Essa estória de não ter FOREIGN KEY e inconsistência andarem juntos só é verdade quando você deixa o banco de dados cuidar para você, se sua aplicação cuidar ela se torna desnecessário. Tem gente que não usa FOREIGN KEY nunca ou quase nunca, e é alguém que gosta de performance, como você deve saber desse seu amigo :). Sabendo fazer a performance melhor, uma pena que nem todos os saibam, por isso tem bastante software ruim por aí.
Performance
O segredo da performance é a modelagem básico correta pensada para performance e uso adequado de índice. Evite:

*

*ter que acessar mais de uma tabela na consulta

*acessar coisas demais e desnecessárias na maioria das consultas

*e acessar diretamente a tabela quando precisa de acesso diferente da estrutura básica dela.

Veja Como aplicar indexes para melhorar a performance das queries?. E também Subqueries podem diminuir a performance? Mito ou verdade? já que JOIN não deixa de ser uma subquery.
Coloquei no GitHub para referência futura.

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