Astrology and gemstones go hand in hand. In astrology, gemstones are often recommended according to the nature of your horoscope. It is generally believed that if you wear a gemstone according to your horoscope, you will gradually be able to overcome the obstacles and hazards in your life. Thus, the concept birthstone also came into existence. But only natural gemstones will be able to give you the desired results. Sometimes unhappy relationships or not getting success in any field can be the cause of imbalances in our horoscope. Wearing the right gemstones will be able to provide a successful career and a fulfilling life in terms of love and marriage. Gems have the ability to affect energy fields in a subtle way which emanates from every living thing. The pattern of energy in a natural gemstone affects the emotional as well as mental energies and at the same time promotes lasting changes.
Thus natural gemstones are used to increase efficiency or remove any deficiency that might be there in your horoscope. They can be divided into two types, hot and cold. Ruby, red coral, cat's eye and diamond are considered to be hot stones while pearl, blue sapphire and gomed are the cold ones. These healing natural gemstones works by emanating a protective aura which the wearer will definitely not miss and has the ability to resist any kind of vibrations that might come from external sources.
Gemstones function in two ways: spectrum effects and radioactive effects.Every gemstone has its own particular character, properties and abilities such as color, hardness, their crystal structures etc. These healing natural gemstones aids concentration as well proves to be beneficial for any business endeavor. You will have to know, understand and most importantly have faith in your gemstone to derive the maximum benefits out of it. But before that, try to match your gemstone according to your horoscope.
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text:
1Prehistory
2.1Classical Antiquity
2.2Medieval Bulgaria
2.3Ottoman Bulgaria
2.419th century
3Economy and Social Welfare
4Provinces
5Society
(Redirected from Provinces of Bulgaria)
Република България (Bulgarian)
Republika Balgariya
Motto: Unity makes strength
Съединението прави силата (Bulgarian)
Saedinenieto pravi silata (transliteration)
"Dear Motherland"
"Мила Родино" (Bulgarian)
"Mila Rodino" (transliteration)
Location of Bulgaria (green)
– on the European continent (light-green & grey)
– in the European Union (light-green) — [Legend]
and largest city
42°41′N 23°19′E / 42.683°N 23.317°E / 42.683; 23.317
Official script
84.8% Bulgarians
8.8% Turks
4.9% Roma
0.1% Russians
0.1% Armenians
0.5% others
1.2% indeterminate
Unitary parliamentary republic
• President
Rumen Radev
• Vice President
Iliana Iotova
• Prime Minister
Galab Donev
Establishment history
• 1st Bulgarian Empire
• 2nd Bulgarian Empire
• Principality of Bulgaria
• Declaration of Independence
110,993.6[1] km2 (42,854.9 sq mi) (103rd)
• Water (%)
2.16[2]
• June 2021 estimate
6,875,040[3] (106th)
63/km2 (163.2/sq mi) (120th)
GDP (PPP)
2021 estimate
$174.998 billion[4] (73rd)
• Per capita
$25,471[4] (55th)
$77.782 billion[4] (68th)
$11,321[4] (61st)
Gini (2020)
40[5]
very high · 56th
Lev (BGN)
UTC+2 (EET)
UTC+3 (EEST)
.бг
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Bulgaria (officially called the Republic of Bulgaria) is a country in south-eastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. Bulgaria is the south of the River Danube and west of the Black Sea. To the south of Bulgaria is European Turkey, Greece, and North Macedonia. To the north of the Danube is Romania, while to the west of Bulgaria is Serbia.
The capital and the biggest city is Sofia. Their money is called the lev. The Bulgarian government is a member of the European Union and NATO. Rumen Radev became President in 2017.[7] The population of Bulgaria is a little more than 7 million people.[8]
Bulgaria has its own language, called Bulgarian. It is a type of Slavic language. It is related to languages like Serbian and Russian. Bulgaria borders Romania, Serbia, North Macedonia, Greece, Turkey, and the Black Sea. One of the national heroes of Bulgaria is Vasil Levski who led the fight for independence in the late 1800s.
Prehistory[change | change source]
In what is now Bulgaria, many different people and different cultures lived over time. This includes Neolithic, Hamangia culture, Vinča culture, eneolithic, Varna culture (5th millennium BC) and the Bronze Age Ezero culture.
History[change | change source]
Classical Antiquity[change | change source]
The Thracians lived in the area of modern Bulgaria (in Thrace or Latin: Thracia). King Tere united the people in Odrysian Kingdom around 500 BC.
Alexander the Great had influence over the people in the 4th century BC.
The last Hellenistic Thracian kingdom became part of the Roman Empire in the 1st century AD. The lands of Bulgaria were then part of the Roman Empire.
Eurasian Avars, South Slavs and Huns settled all over the territory of modern Bulgaria during the 6th century.
Medieval Bulgaria[change | change source]
The Bulgars arrived in Thracia in the 7th century. The Bulgars established the First Bulgarian Empire in 681 AD, after a war with the Romans in which the Bulgarians had success. In 1018, the Romans overcame the Bulgarians in war, the Bulgarian state ended, and Bulgaria became part of the Roman Empire again.
The Second Bulgarian Empire started in a rebellion about 1185 AD. The state had Tarnovo as the capital.
Ottoman Bulgaria[change | change source]
The Ottoman Empire took over in 1396 and ruled Bulgaria for about 500 years. The Ottomans had very strict rules and the Bulgarians suffered. The Bulgarians rebelled several times against the Turkish rulers.
Under the Ottoman Rule Turks and Muslim Gypsys was settled elswhere in Bulgaria, also some of the Rhodope Mountains Bulgarians became Muslim and called Pomak. After the loss of the Crimean Khanate in 1783 Muslim Crimean Tatars and Muslim Crimean Gypsys who called themself Turkoman went to Ottoman Bulgaria in Dobruja part.
19th century[change | change source]
In 1876, there was the April Uprising, a Bulgarian rebellion against the Ottoman Empire. In the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), the Russian Empire overcame the Ottomans. In 1878, Bulgaria became, in part, independent, although the Ottomans controlled its foreign policy.
Bulgaria pulled away from Ottoman Empire's influence with the help of the Russian Empire who were already fighting the Ottomans. But it was not until 1908 that the whole country of Bulgaria was united as modern Bulgaria.
Bulgaria joined the side of Germany in World War I and lost. Bulgaria had hoped to get part of the lands Bulgaria lost in the Balkan Wars.
During the first year of World War II Bulgaria said it was neutral and refused to join sides with Nazi Germany or the Soviet Union. Bulgaria's military and economy were had a close connection with Germany. Bulgaria's leaders signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany in March 1941. This let German forces go through Bulgaria to reach Greece.
Bulgaria's troops invaded Greece and Yugoslavia just after the governments of those countries surrendered. Bulgaria occupied the lands of modern North Macedonia and parts of Greece. (Both areas had been part of Bulgaria before the Balkan Wars.) The Bulgarian government also sent Jews to concentration camps and ghettoes in the Holocaust. The king of Bulgaria, Tsar Boris III, died after talking to Hitler in August 1943. Before the Tsar died, the Kingdom of Bulgaria had sent at least 11,343 Jews to the extermination camps.
In 1944 when it became clear that the Allied Powers would win the war, Bulgaria had to find another solution. Their leaders declared that they withdrew from the Axis forces and helped the German army leave the Balkans through Bulgaria. The Soviet Union didn't respect Bulgaria's claim to be neutral. The Red Army invaded Bulgaria in September 1944. At the same time, a new pro-Soviet government took power in Sofia. At this point, the Jews were released from the ghettoes and concentration camps in Bulgaria. The new government joined the Allies, and the military started to attack the German army, which the Bulgarian government had helped to leave Bulgarian lands.
The Soviets replaced the royal monarchy with Communism in 1947 before they withdrew from Bulgaria in 1949. For 40 years, under their leader Todor Zhivkov, Bulgaria was very close to the Soviet Union and followed their instructions. Bulgaria invaded Czechoslovakia to stop the Prague Spring in 1968.
Shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall, on 10 November 1989, the Bulgarian Communist Party gave up their rule and allowed the country to elect leaders of their own choice. But in a few years, Bulgaria had serious money problems under the new socialist government. Since that time Bulgaria has recovered in many ways and is much more stable. It is still one of the poorest countries in Europe. Problems in the administration, a weak court system, and organized crime are the biggest issues for Bulgaria.[8]
Economy and Social Welfare[change | change source]
Bulgaria's economy was dependent on the COMECON market. This was a group of communist countries (Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Romania) that agreed to work together. This group fell apart in 1989 with the fall of communism in Europe. While this was good for personal freedom, it was too much of a change for the businesses and jobs. Also, Yugoslavia, their neighbor, fell into a civil war as their country broke apart, and that did not help Bulgaria. Living standards fell by 40 percent as people lost their jobs and their savings were not worth much, and even some newborn babies were sent to orphanages when their parents could not take care of them.
In 1994 Bulgaria had a short economic boom. But that slowed down in 1996 from bad finance deals and other banking problems. In 1997 there was high inflation (the money could not buy as much as it did before). Retired people had little income (their pension did not go up as fast as inflation did) and their savings were not worth very much. Many retired people were begging in the streets for food. But since then the economy has grown steadily. People from outside the country started putting money into businesses and houses, and Bulgarians learned how to make their own businesses.
Today Bulgaria has Europe's lowest income and corporate tax, 10 percent for both individuals and businesses. This makes Bulgaria a very good place for business. Bulgaria also has skilled and educated workers. The average monthly salary in Bulgaria is still cheap at 400 euro or $541 USD.[9]
The state no longer has free health care. This system has been replaced by an insurance plan that people pay for, and drug costs are based on income. Private health care is encouraged nowadays. Help for people who lose their jobs is no longer automatic, but some help is available, based on family status and length of unemployment.[10]
The retirement age for men is 64 years and for women 61 years.[11] It will be 63 years and 9 months for woman and 65 years and 3 months for man in 2032.
Provinces[change | change source]
Since 1999, Bulgaria has been divided into 28 provinces or regions. Each province is named after its local capital. The provinces are divided into municipalities, there are 264 in total.
Population (Census 2001)[12][13]
Population growth (2001/2011)[12]
Land area (km²)
Population density (/km²)
Blagoevgrad 341,173 323,552 -5.2% 6,478 49.95 14
Burgas 423,547 415,817 -1.8% 7,618 54.58 13
Dobrich 215,217 189,677 -11.9% 4,700 40.36 8
Gabrovo 144,125 122,702 -14.9% 2,053 59.77 4
Haskovo 277,478 246,238 -11.3% 4,033 61.06 11
Kardzhali 164,019 152,808 -6.8% 4,032 37.90 7
Kyustendil 162,534 136,686 -15.9% 3,027 45.16 9
Lovech 169,951 141,422 -16.8% 4,134 34.21 8
Montana 182,258 148,098 -18.7% 3,595 41.20 11
Pazardzhik 310,723 275,548 -11.3% 4,393 62.72 11
Pernik 149,832 133,530 -10.9% 2,377 56.18 6
Pleven 311,985 269,752 -13.5% 4,216 63.98 11
Plovdiv 715,816 683,027 -4.6% 5,973 114.35 18
Razgrad 152,417 125,190 -17.9% 2,648 47.28 7
Ruse 266,157 235,252 -11.6% 2,616 89.93 8
Shumen 204,378 180,528 -11.7% 3,365 53.65 10
Silistra 142,000 119,474 -15.9% 2,862 41.74 7
Sliven 218,474 197,473 -9.6% 3,646 54.16 4
Smolyan 140,066 121,752 -13.1% 3,532 34.47 10
Sofia-Capital 1,170,842 1,291,591 +10.3% 1,349 957.44 1
Sofia (province) 273,240 247,489 -9.4% 7,277 34.01 22
Stara Zagora 370,615 333,265 -10.1% 4,959 67.20 11
Targovishte 137,689 120,818 -12.3% 2,735 44.17 5
Varna 462,013 475,074 +2.8% 3,819 124.40 12
Veliko Tarnovo 293,172 258,494 -11.8% 4,684 55.19 10
Vidin 130,074 101,018 -22.3% 3,071 32.89 11
Vratsa 243,036 186,848 -23.1% 4,098 45.59 10
Yambol 156,070 131,447 -15.8% 4,209 31.23 5
Society[change | change source]
Development region
Population (Census 2011)
Most populous urban center
Severen tsentralen 14,974 848,863 Rousse
Severoiztochen 14,487 952,264 Varna
Severozapaden 19,070 835,587 Pleven
Yugoiztochen 19,798 1,059,359 Burgas
Yugozapaden 20,306 2,199,712 Sofia
Yuzhen tsentralen 22,365 1,455,449 Plovdiv
Bulgaria 111,000 7,351,234 Sofia (1,359,520)
There are 6 Bulgarian development regions of 27 smaller provinces. See List of settlements in Bulgaria for a list of all large locations.
In Bulgaria there are 5,664,624 citizens of Christian Bulgarians and Muslim Pomaks, 1,200,000 citizens of Muslim Turks and Crimean Tatarians[14] and 800,000 Citizens of Christian and Muslim Roma/Gypsies.[15]
Bulgaria is classified as a developing country by the EU.
Number of people living in Bulgaria: 7,351,234
Female: 3,770,897 (51%)
Male: 3,580,337 (49%)
Those living in cities: 5,357,633 (73%)
Those living in villages: 1,993,601 (27%)
Number of dwellings (houses, apartments, summer house/villa, any place where people can live): 3,898,688
Number of households (people living together - families, roommates, etc.): 2,826,740
List of rivers of Bulgaria
↑ Penin, Rumen (2007). Природна география на България [Natural Geography of Bulgaria] (in Bulgarian). Bulvest 2000. p. 18. ISBN 978-954-18-0546-6.
↑ "Field listing: Area". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 31 January 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
↑ "Population and Demographic Processes in 2019 | National statistical institute". www.nsi.bg. Archived from the original on 18 June 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2021". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
↑ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
↑ Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2020. pp. 343–346. ISBN 978-92-1-126442-5. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
↑ "Rumen Radev". President of the Republic of Bulgaria. 22 January 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
↑ 8.0 8.1 "CIA - The World Factbook - Bulgaria". Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
↑ "What is the average salary in Bulgaria". Answers.com.
↑ "Regeringens webbplats om mänskliga rättigheter" (PDF). www.manskligarattigheter.se. [permanent dead link]
↑ "Kapital Quarterly". Archived from the original on 5 November 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 http://www.nsi.bg/EPDOCS/Census2011final.pdf Archived 2013-07-27 at the Wayback Machine Census 2011 PDF
↑ 13.0 13.1 http://censusresults.nsi.bg/Welcome.aspx Census 2011
↑ "Population of Turkish Diaspora, 16 April 2006 Sunday 23:33". Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
↑ "Новини от България и света, актуална информация 24 часа в денонощието". News.bg.
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text:
Il y a eu plusieurs cas de violence contre les musulmans indiens depuis la partition des Indes en 1947, souvent sous la forme d'attaques violentes contre des musulmans par des foules hindoues qui forment un modèle de violence religieuse sporadique entre les communautés hindoue et musulmane. Plus de  ont été tuées dans des violences communautaires hindoues musulmanes depuis 1950 dans  de violences communautaires entre 1954 et 1982.

Les causes de cette violence contre les musulmans sont variées. On pense que les racines se trouvent dans l'histoire de l'Inde : réaction, revanche ou ressentiment envers les conquête et domination islamique de l'Inde à partir du Moyen Âge, les politiques respectueuses des statu quo ante établies par le colonisateur britannique du pays et, en 1947, la partition violente de l'Inde en un État islamique du Pakistan ayant une double assise territoriale (Pakistan occidental et Pakistan oriental) et prenant en tenaille une Inde laïque comportant une minorité musulmane qui, bien que résiduelle, demeurait, en chiffres absolus, la plus forte minorité religieuse au monde. De nombreux chercheurs pensent que les incidents de violence anti-musulmane postérieurs sont conjoncturellement motivés et relèvent de la stratégie électorale des principaux partis politiques associés au nationalisme hindou comme le parti Bharatiya Janata (branche politique du RSS). D'autres chercheurs estiment que la violence n'est pas généralisée mais qu'elle est limitée à certaines zones urbaines et nourrie par des conditions socio-politiques locales.

Manifestation
La violence contre les musulmans prend fréquemment la forme d'attaques populaires contre des musulmans par des hindous. Ces attaques sont appelées émeutes communautaires en Inde et sont perçues comme faisant partie d'un schéma de violence sectaire sporadique entre la majorité des communautés hindoues et minoritaires musulmanes, et ont également été liées à un rejet du projet politique islamiste ou une montée de l'islamophobie à travers le  siècle. La plupart des incidents se sont produits dans les États du nord et de l'ouest de l'Inde, tandis que le sentiment communautaire dans le sud est moins prononcé. Parmi les incidents les plus importants, on peut mentionner les massacres de Great Calcutta en 1946, Bihar et Garmukhteshwar en 1946 après l'émeute de Noakhali au Bengale oriental, le massacre de musulmans à Jammu en 1947, le massacre à grande échelle de musulmans à la suite de l'opération Polo à Hyderabad, anti- Émeutes musulmanes à Calcutta au lendemain des émeutes de Barisal en 1950 et des émeutes de 1964 au Pakistan oriental, des émeutes du Gujarat de 1969, des émeutes de Bhiwandi en 1984, des émeutes de Gujarat en 1985, des émeutes de Bhagalpur en 1989, des émeutes de Bombay, de Nellie en 1983 et des violences au Gujarat en 2002 et 2013 Émeutes de Muzaffarnagar.

Ces schémas de violence sont bien établis depuis la partition, avec des dizaines d'études documentant des cas de violence de masse contre des groupes minoritaires. Plus de  ont été tuées dans des violences communautaires hindoues musulmanes depuis 1950. Selon les chiffres officiels, il y a eu  de violence communautaire entre 1954 et 1982 et, entre 1968 et 1980, 530 hindous et  Musulmans tués dans un total de  de violence de masse.

En 1989, il y a eu des incidents de violence de masse dans tout le nord de l'Inde. Praveen Swami pense que ces actes de violence périodiques ont "marqué l'histoire de l'Inde après l'indépendance" et ont également entravé la cause de l'Inde au Jammu-et-Cachemire en ce qui concerne le conflit du Cachemire.

En 2017, India Spend a rapporté que 84 % des victimes de violences exercées en Inde de 2010 à 2017 étaient des musulmans, et près de 97 % de ces attaques ont été signalées après .

Causes et effets
Les racines de cette violence se trouvent dans l'histoire de l'Inde, résultant du ressentiment persistant envers la domination islamique de l'Inde à partir du Moyen Âge, des politiques établies par les colonisateurs britanniques du pays, de la partition violente de l'Inde en un Pakistan musulman et de l'Inde avec une grande mais minoritaire Population musulmane. Certains chercheurs ont décrit les incidents de violence anti-musulmane comme étant politiquement motivés et organisés et les ont qualifiés de pogroms  ou d'actes de génocide   ou d'une forme de terrorisme d'État avec "massacres politiques organisés"  que de simples " émeutes ". D'autres soutiennent que, bien que leur communauté soit confrontée à la discrimination et à la violence, certains musulmans ont connu beaucoup de réussite, que la violence n'est pas aussi répandue qu'il y paraît, mais qu'elle est limitée à certaines zones urbaines en raison des conditions socio-politiques locales, et il y a de nombreuses villes où les musulmans et les hindous vivent en paix avec presque aucune incidence de violence sectaire. Dans les émeutes anti-musulmanes en Inde, trois musulmans sont tués pour un hindou. La concurrence économique entre hindous et musulmans entraîne également des émeutes planifiées où les entreprises musulmanes sont spécifiquement ciblées.

Rôle des partis politiques
De nombreux spécialistes des sciences sociales estiment que nombre de ces actes de violence sont soutenus institutionnellement, en particulier par les partis politiques et les organisations liées à l'organisation de volontaires nationalistes hindous, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS). En particulier, les universitaires reprochent au Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)(parti indien du peuple) et au Shiv Sena d'avoir été complices de ces incidents de violence, et d'avoir utilisé la violence contre les musulmans dans le cadre d'une stratégie électorale plus large. Par exemple, les recherches de Raheel Dhattiwala et Michael Biggs ont déclaré que les assassinats sont beaucoup plus élevés dans les régions où le BJP fait face à une forte opposition électorale que dans les régions où il est déjà fort. En 1989, le nord de l'Inde a vu une augmentation des attaques orchestrées contre les musulmans, et le BJP a eu plus de succès aux élections locales et étatiques. L'anthropologue social Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah conclut que les violences à Bhagalpur en 1989, à Hashimpura en 1987 et à Moradabad en 1980 étaient des tueries organisées. Selon Ram Puniyani, le Shiv Sena a été victorieux aux élections en raison de la violence dans les années 1990, et le BJP au Gujarat après la violence de 2002. Gyan Prakash, cependant, met en garde contre le fait que les actions du BJP au Gujarat ne correspondent pas à l'ensemble de l'Inde, et il reste à voir si le mouvement Hindutva a réussi à déployer cette stratégie à l'échelle nationale.

Facteurs économiques et culturels
Les nationalistes hindous mettent en avant l'assujettissement historique de l'Inde par les conquérants musulmans comme origine de cette violence. Ils estiment que, depuis la partition, les musulmans indiens sont affidés au Pakistan islamique et constituent de potentiels terroristes. Par conséquent, les hindous sont en droit de compenser les torts passés et réaffirmer leur fierté. Le taux de fécondité plus élevé chez les musulmans est un thème récurrent dans la rhétorique de la droite hindoue qui voit là l'élément d'un plan d'ensemble visant à réduire les hindous à l'état de minorité dans leur propre pays.

Une autre raison invoquée pour expliquer ces flambées de violence est la mobilité ascendante des castes inférieures provoquée par l'expansion de l'économie. La violence serait devenue un substitut aux tensions de classe. Les nationalistes, plutôt que de traiter les revendications de la classe inférieure, considèrent plutôt les musulmans et les chrétiens comme n'étant pas "entièrement indiens" en raison de leur religion et décrivent ceux qui commettent des attaques comme des "héros" qui ont défendu la majorité contre des "anti-nationaux". Les musulmans sont considérés comme suspects et leur loyauté envers l'État est remise en question. Selon Omar Khalidi :  La violence anti-musulmane est planifiée et exécutée pour rendre les musulmans économiquement et socialement paralysés et, en tant que résultat final de ce retard économique et social, les assimiler dans les échelons inférieurs de la société hindoue.  Le nationalisme culturel a également été invoqué pour expliquer les cas de violence perpétrée par Shiv Sena qui, au départ, prétendait parler au nom du peuple du Maharashtra, mais a rapidement réorienté sa rhétorique en incitant à des violences contre les musulmans. Les Shiv Sena ont été complices des violences de 1984 dans la ville de Bhiwandi, puis des violences de Bombay en 1992 et 1993. Dans les deux cas, Sena a reçu l'aide de la police et des autorités locales. D'autres violence ont été suscitées par Sena en 1971 et 1986. Selon Sudipta Kaviraj, les Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) sont toujours engagés dans les conflits religieux qui ont commencé à l'époque médiévale.

Les violences anti-musulmanes peuvent susciter des représailles à l'encontre des hindous résidant en dehors de l'Inde. Depuis les années 1950, des attaques ont eu lieu contre les derniers hindous du Pakistan et du Bangladesh en réponse à des violences antimusulmanes en Inde. Après les violences de 1992 à Bombay, des temples hindous ont été attaqués dans des pays tiers: Grande-Bretagne, Dubaï et Thaïlande. Cette violence récurrente est devenue un modèle rigoureusement conventionnel qui crée un fossé entre les communautés hindoue et musulmane.

Jamaat-e-Islami Hind s'est prononcée contre ces affrontements communautaires, car elle estime que la violence affecte non seulement les musulmans, mais l'Inde dans son ensemble, et que ces émeutes nuisent au progrès de l'Inde. Au Gujarat, le Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act de 1985(TADA) a été invoqué dans des incidents liés à la violence communautaire en 1992 et 1993. La majorité des personnes arrêtées en vertu de cette loi étaient musulmanes. À l'inverse, la TADA n'a pas été utilisée après les violences perpétrées contre les musulmans lors des émeutes de Bombay.

Démographie
Les politiciens du BJP, ainsi que ceux d'autres partis, soutiennent que la démographie joue un rôle essentiel dans les élections indiennes. Le BJP estime que plus le nombre de musulmans dans une circonscription est élevé, plus les chances des partis centristes de répondre aux demandes des groupes minoritaires sont élevées, ce qui réduit les chances des musulmans de "construire des ponts" avec leurs voisins hindous. En tant que tel, selon cet argument, "l'apaisement musulman" est la cause profonde de la violence communautaire. Susanne et Lloyd Rudolph soutiennent que la disparité économique est une raison de l'agression manifestée envers les musulmans par les hindous. Alors que l'économie de l'Inde se développait en raison de la mondialisation et des investissements des sociétés étrangères, les attentes de la population hindoue ne correspondaient pas aux occasions. Les nationalistes hindous ont ensuite encouragé la perception des musulmans comme la source des troubles des hindous.

Les actions violentes des groupes militants anti-hindous et anti-indiens au Cachemire et au Pakistan ont renforcé le sentiment anti-musulman en Inde, ce qui a profité à la droite hindoue. Le discours de Hindutva décrit les musulmans comme des traîtres et des ennemis de l'État, dont le patriotisme et la loyauté sont mis en doute. Sumit Ganguly fait valoir que la montée du terrorisme ne peut pas seulement être attribuée à des facteurs socio-économiques, mais aussi à la violence perpétrée par les forces d'Hindutva.

Incidents majeurs

1964 Kolkata
Des émeutes entre hindous et musulmans ont fait plus d'une centaine de morts, 438 blessés. Plus de  ont été arrêtées.  musulmans ont fui leurs maisons et  ont été protégés par l' armée indienne . Les musulmans de Calcutta sont devenus plus ghettoïsé que jamais à la conséquence de cette émeute. L'émeute aurait été provoquée par la violence contre les hindous au Pakistan oriental (aujourd'hui Bangladesh) et le flux de réfugiés en provenance de là. Des violences ont également été constatées dans les zones rurales du Bengale occidental.

1983 massacre de Nellie
Dans l'État d'Assam en 1983, le massacre de Nellie a eu lieu. Près de  musulmans d'origine bengali ont été abattus par des membres de la tribu Lalung (également connus sous le nom de Tiwa) dans un village appelé Nellie. Il a été décrit comme l'un des massacres les plus graves depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale avec la majorité des victimes étant des femmes et des enfants, à la suite des actions du Mouvement Assam.

L'une des raisons invoquées pour cet incident est qu'il résulte d'une accumulation de ressentiment à l'égard de l'immigration. Le mouvement Assam a insisté pour radier les noms des immigrants illégaux du registre électoral et leur expulsion de l'État. Il y avait un large soutien pour le mouvement, qui a diminué entre 1981 et 1982.

Le mouvement exigeait que toute personne entrée illégalement dans l'État depuis 1951 soit expulsée. Le gouvernement central, cependant, a insisté sur une date butoir de 1971. Vers la fin de 1982, le gouvernement central a déclenché des élections et le mouvement a appelé les gens à le boycott, ce qui a conduit à la violence généralisée.

Le rapport officiel de la Commission Tiwari sur le massacre de Nellie est toujours un secret bien gardé (il n'en existe que trois exemplaires). Le rapport de 600 pages a été soumis au gouvernement Assam en 1984 et le gouvernement du Congrès (dirigé par Hiteswar Saikia ) a décidé de ne pas le rendre public, et les gouvernements suivants ont emboîté le pas. Assam United Democratic Front et d'autres font des efforts juridiques pour rendre public le rapport de la Commission Tiwari, afin que la justice raisonnable soit rendue aux victimes, au moins 25 ans après l'incident.

Depuis lors, il n'y a eu aucun cas de violence communautaire dans le Haut-Assam.

1969 à 1989
Lors des émeutes du Gujarat de 1969, on estime que 630 personnes sont mortes. Les émeutes de Bhiwandi en 1970 ont été un exemple de violence anti-musulmane qui s'est produite entre le 7 et le  dans les villes indiennes de Bhiwandi, Jalgaon et Mahad. Il y a eu de nombreux incendies criminels et du vandalisme sur des propriétés appartenant à des musulmans. En 1980, à Moradabad, environ  ont été tuées. L'estimation officielle est de 400 et d'autres observateurs estiment entre  et . La police locale a été directement impliquée dans la planification de la violence . En 1989 à Bhagalpur, on estime que près de  ont perdu la vie dans des attaques violentes, qui résulteraient des tensions suscitées par le conflit d'Ayodhya et les processions menées par les militants du VHP, qui devaient être un montrer leur force et servir d'avertissement aux communautés minoritaires.

Massacre de Hashimpura en 1987
Le massacre de Hashimpura s'est produit le , lors des émeutes hindoues-musulmanes dans la ville de Meerut, dans l' État de l'Uttar Pradesh, en Inde, lorsque 19 membres du personnel des forces armées provinciales auraient rassemblé 42 jeunes musulmans de la Hashimpura mohalla (localité) de la ville, les a emmenés en camion à la périphérie, près de Murad Nagar, dans le district de Ghaziabad, où ils ont été abattus et leurs corps ont été jetés dans des canaux d'eau. Quelques jours plus tard, des cadavres ont été retrouvés flottant dans les canaux. En , 16 des 19 accusés se sont rendus et ont ensuite été libérés sous caution, tandis que 3 étaient déjà morts. Le procès de l'affaire a été transféré par la Cour suprême de l'Inde en 2002 de Ghaziabad à un tribunal des sessions du complexe Tis Hazari à Delhi, où il s'agit de la plus ancienne affaire en instance.

Émeutes de Bombay en 1992
La destruction de la Mosquée de Babri par des nationalistes hindous a conduit directement aux émeutes de Bombay en 1992. Selon un article publié dans le magazine The Hindu's Frontline, intitulé Gory Winter, "officiellement, 900 personnes ont été tuées dans des émeutes et des tirs par la police,  et des milliers de déplacés internes". Le correspondant de la BBC, Toral Varia, a qualifié les émeutes de "pogrom planifié", qui se préparait depuis 1990, et a déclaré que la destruction de la mosquée était "la dernière provocation".

Plusieurs érudits ont également conclu que les émeutes devaient avoir été planifiées à l'avance et que les émeutiers hindous avaient eu accès à des informations sur l'emplacement des maisons et des entreprises musulmanes à partir de sources non publiques. Cette violence est largement rapportée comme ayant été orchestrée par Shiv Sena, un groupe nationaliste hindou dirigé par Bal Thackeray. Un membre de haut rang de la branche spéciale, V. Deshmukh, a témoigné devant la commission chargée de sonder les émeutes. Il a déclaré que les échecs du renseignement et de la prévention étaient dus à des assurances politiques que la mosquée d'Ayodhya serait protégée, que la police était pleinement consciente des capacités du Shiv Sena à commettre des actes de violence et qu'elle avait incité à la haine contre les communautés minoritaires.

Violences au Gujarat en 2002
Depuis la partition, la communauté musulmane a été victime et engagée dans des violences sectaires au Gujarat . En 2002, dans un incident décrit comme un acte de « terreur d'État fasciste », extrémistes hindous ont commis des actes de violence contre la population de la minorité musulmane, en représailles à la violence sectaire continue et à la persécution par des islamistes radicalisés, souvent soutenu par les services de renseignement pakistanais, avec un soutien croissant parmi la population musulmane locale.

Le point de départ de l'incident a été l'incendie du train Godhra qui aurait été fait par des musulmans. Pendant l'incident, des jeunes filles ont été agressées sexuellement, brûlées ou coupées violentes. Ces viols ont été tolérés par le BJP au pouvoir dont le refus d'intervenir a entraîné le déplacement de . Les chiffres du nombre de morts varient de l'estimation officielle de 790 musulmans et 254 hindous tués à  musulmans tués. Ensuite, le ministre en chef Narendra Modi a également été accusé d'avoir déclenché et toléré la violence, tout comme les policiers et les représentants du gouvernement qui y ont participé, alors qu'ils dirigeaient les émeutiers et donnaient aux extrémistes des listes de propriétés appartenant à des musulmans.

Mallika Sarabhai, qui s'était plainte de la complicité de l'État dans les violences, a été harcelée, intimidée et faussement accusée de traite des êtres humains par le BJP. Trois policiers ont été transférés à titre punitif par le BJP après avoir réussi à réprimer les émeutes dans leurs quartiers, afin de ne pas entraver davantage la prévention des violences. Selon Brass, la seule conclusion tirée des éléments de preuve disponibles indique un pogrom méthodique, qui a été exécuté avec "une brutalité exceptionnelle et était hautement coordonné".

En 2007, le magazine Tehelka a publié The Truth: Gujarat 2002, un rapport qui impliquait le gouvernement de l'État dans la violence, et affirmait que ce qui avait été appelé un acte de vengeance spontané était, en réalité, un "pogrom sanctionné par l'État". Selon Human Rights Watch, la violence au Gujarat en 2002 était planifiée à l'avance, et la police et le gouvernement de l'État ont participé à la violence. En 2012, Modi a été blanchi de la complicité dans les violences par une équipe spéciale d'enquête nommée par la Cour suprême. La communauté musulmane aurait réagi avec "colère et incrédulité", et la militante Teesta Setalvad a déclaré que la lutte juridique n'était pas encore terminée, car elle avait le droit de faire appel. Human Rights Watch a rendu compte d'actes d'héroïsme exceptionnel commis par des hindous, des Intouchables et des tribus, qui ont tenté de protéger les musulmans de la violence.

Violence à Muzaffarnagar
Au cours de l'année 2013, entre août et septembre, des conflits entre les deux principales communautés religieuses hindoues et musulmanes se sont produits dans le district de Muzaffarnagar, dans l' État d'Uttar Pradesh. Ces émeutes ont fait au moins 62 morts, dont 42 musulmans et 20 hindous, blessé 200 personnes et fait plus de  déplacés.

2020 New Delhi violence
Les émeutes du nord-est de Delhi, qui ont fait plus de 40 morts et des centaines de blessés, ont été déclenchées par des protestations contre une loi sur la citoyenneté considérée par de nombreux critiques comme anti-musulmane et faisant partie du programme nationaliste hindou du Premier ministre Narendra Modi .

Représentations
Le film Parzania, qui est basé sur le massacre de la société Gulbarg survenu lors des violences de 2002, a été boycotté par les cinémas du Gujarat par peur de déclencher une nouvelle émeute. Le film documente des atrocités telles que des familles brûlées vives dans leurs maisons par des extrémistes hindous, des femmes incendiées après avoir été violées collectivement et des enfants coupés en morceaux.

La solution finale de Rakesh Sharma est considérée comme l'un des meilleurs documentaires sur la violence au Gujarat en 2002. Le Central Board of Film Certification avait tenté d' interdire le film mais, en 2004, le président Anupam Kher a délivré un certificat qui lui a permis version non coupée à filtrer.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Conflits intercommunautaires en Inde
 Islam en Inde
 Hindutva
 Islamisme

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Relations entre l'Inde et le Pakistan
Émeute ou désordre civil en Inde
Pages avec des traductions non relues
Religion en Inde
Islam en Inde
Inde

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Posted in | News | Materials Research | Materials Analysis | Electronics
Recovering Cobalt from Lithium-Ion Batteries
Dec 23 2021Reviewed by Skyla Baily
A paper published in Metals has considered the recovery of cobalt from spent lithium-ion batteries as a method to meet the growing demand for the material from sectors such as transportation.
Study: Cobalt Recovery from Li-Ion Battery Recycling: A Critical Review. Image Credit: P5h/Shutterstock.com
Cobalt: A Critical Material
Cobalt is used as a cathode material in lithium-ion battery production. The majority of the global supply of cobalt comes from the Democratic Republic of the Congo along with a few other locales and is therefore at risk of supply chain interruption in the short and medium-term due to geopolitical forces, economic instability, and its replacement and recycling rate. Cobalt is classed as a critical material by several leading economies.
The USA classifies cobalt as critical amongst 35 other elements. The European Union has classified cobalt as the tenth most critical material on a list of 83 raw materials that are utilized by industry. Factors that influence the criticality of cobalt include the aforementioned geopolitical and economic factors alongside its importance for clean technologies and its resource availability.
The Environmental and Societal Impacts of Cobalt Mining
Chemical structure of (a) phosphonic acid and (b) amine-based extractants used in solvent extraction step for Co recovery. Image Credit: Junior, A.B et al, Metals
Aside from issues with its criticality as a resource, extracting raw cobalt presents environmental challenges. The main challenge comes from the pollution the extraction process causes. Human exposure in contaminated areas is 6 times that of uncontaminated areas, and the impact of cobalt mining on ecosystems causes massive damage to local flora and fauna as well as vital water supplies. Furthermore, mining causes deforestation and is responsible for greenhouse gas emissions.
Additionally, cobalt mining activities have a societal impact. Loss of life and land that indigenous populations rely on, along with conflict that stems from mining activities, has a massive effect on populations. In the long term, mining cobalt is not a sustainable practice. Moreover, the criticality of the resource is increasing, which is in part driving the increased extraction of cobalt, leading to further environmental damage, conflict, and social impacts.
Recovering Cobalt from Spent Batteries: A Better Way?
Lithium Salts Distribution on Cu Electrodes
An Introduction into the Broad Argon Ion Beam Tool
Using X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) to Investigate the Oxidation of a Cobalt-Based Catalyst
The demand for cobalt and the devices it is used in is increasing exponentially. As the world decarbonizes, electrification of industry, energy generation, and the transportation sector is gathering pace. Several emerging technologies such as drones and electric vehicles all require cobalt as a cathode material for batteries and fuel cells. 57% of the world's cobalt supply is used to produce batteries, 13% is used for Nickel-based alloys, and 8% is used for tools and equipment material.
Functional groups of chelating resins reported in the literature for Co recovery: (a) iminodiacetate; (b) bis-pycolilamine; and (c) aminophosphonate acid. Image Credit: Junior, A.B et al, Metals
A better way to meet the growing global demand for cobalt than raw resource extraction could be the recovery of cobalt from spent lithium-ion batteries, which are the main technological application of the material. This type of resource extraction has been termed "urban mining." Extracting this critical material from industrial waste promised to reduce the carbon footprint of the industry, whilst addressing the problems with the global supply chain and reducing environmental and social impact.
Considering Urban Mining of Cobalt
The potential of recovering cobalt from spent lithium-ion batteries is the central focus of the study published in Metals. Battery waste is abundant and compounds the issue with waste from human activities. Additionally, the cobalt within them is being lost, and as it is a finite resource, this causes massive problems for the industry.
The authors behind the study in Metals have identified a dearth of research into emerging, greener technologies for the recovery of cobalt from lithium-ion battery waste. They have reviewed current techniques for cobalt recovery, including inorganic and organic acid leaching, solvent extraction, and precipitation. Additionally, emerging technologies are discussed, such as nanotechnology, biohydrometallurgy, and ionic liquids.
The research paper has identified future research potentials and has stated that future research directions should concentrate on the pros and cons of each of these techniques. New recycling processes are discussed in the manuscript, which the authors have stated will be their main focus in future studies.
Cobalt is a finite, critical resource for which demand is growing exponentially. As the world moves away from its reliance on coal, oil, and natural gas, ensuring its supply is of key concern to industry and governments. The environmental, societal, and political impact of resource extraction is well-documented, facilitating the need to look for other, greener, more sustainable solutions.
By presenting a review of current technologies that can be used for recovering this material from spent lithium-ion batteries and providing perspectives for future research directions, the study published in Metals has provided important insights that will aid the clean technology sector's commercial viability.
Junior, A.B et al. (2021) Cobalt Recovery from Li-Ion Battery Recycling: A Critical Review [online] Metals 11(12) | mdpi.com. Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/11/12/1999/htm
Advanced Alloys


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Kiwanis Club Easter Egg Hunt | Pleasant Air Inc.
The Kiwanis Club of Hampstead will hold the 12th Annual Easter Egg Hunt at Hampstead Kiwanis Park on Saturday April 15th, 2017. The fun will begin at 10 am!
You will want to get there early as the eggs are picked up quickly. The event is open for young children through grade 5. Thousands of eggs will be hidden as well as gathering books and prizes to be given away. Rumor has it that the Easter Bunny will be there. The book give-away provides a chance to to promote literacy in the community – this has been a great success in previous years.
Pleasant Air is pleased to be one of the local sponsors.
The Kiwanis Club of Hampstead recently gathered at the park on Sloop Point Loop Rd. to commemorate 20 years of community service as well as two ribbon cutting ceremonies.
The first ribbon cutting ceremony was the official opening of the special needs playground. The accessible playground is designed for children with disabilities.
The second ribbon cutting celebrated the development of the Disc Golf Course. The course will open the park to future disc golf competitions and leagues.


Our shipping schedule is calculated on the actual weight of your shipment and the preferred delivery method that you specify. Shipping and handling charges will be applied to all orders placed with us. If your order must be shipped in multiple boxes, or in separate shipments and must ship at a later date, shipping and handling charges for the entire order will be assessed at the point when the first item is shipped. We charge only once for shipping and handling, for the entire order. Orders are shipped via Canada Post, as requested. Larger quantities and items are shipped by freight carrier and delivered to the curbside in front of the residence of delivery. Should you have any questions or concerns regarding these charges, please email us at Shop Rockwood Information.
If you are shipping products to an address other than the billing address, you can change or add a shipping address from the "My Account" link in the menu at the top of the page. If you are an existing customer, while checking out, you will be able to edit and update your shipping, billing and other account information before completing your order. You can ship to multiple addresses by placing separate orders for each address. Shop Rockwood currently offers shipping in Canada only, with the exception of a few limited geographic areas within Canada.
For items that require special handling, we can contract a freight company to unpack, inspect, and set up your merchandise in the room of your choice. They will also remove all packaging materials: Please call us at 1-866-694-1755 regarding price and availability.
In the presence of the delivery driver, inspect your package and contents for damage. If there is any damage, you must indicate such on the delivery receipt. When you sign the delivery ticket and do not note any damage, the merchandise becomes your property.
If there is any damage, you have 3 days to contact us to report the damage; otherwise you agree that the merchandise is your property. If the damage is severe, please refuse the shipment and contact us immediately at 1-866-694-1755.
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These last workouts are key! We are sharpening your skills. It is important that you practice with our nutrition, hydration and recovery.
It is very important that you train with what you are going to be using on race day. Pick up your gels, salt tabs, powder at Advanced Cycle. If you have any questions on what to use. Please do not hesitate to contact me.
The workouts you do are as good as the recover that follows. How can you get the best out of each session? If you are like every single triathlete as I see, the coach tells you to cool down and you skip the active recovery and start packing your stuff. You immediately rush to the car to put things away and then jump in the shower to head to work. Then a couple of days or weeks later, the athlete tells the coach, "I am hurt", "I am injured", "I think I pulled something" or something similar. Therefore, to prevent any of these issues to occur you need to make time to stretch.
Calling out to all of the previous and current CFL Tri Club Members!
USA Triathlon Florida Region is compiling Pictures of all of the USAT Sanctioned Clubs in Florida. I will like for you to please dust off or wash your tri club shirt or uniform and bring it to Lake Eola at 8 am. We will meet in front of Panera. I will greatly appreciate your support on this. Please pass the word.
That code is valid until Dec 5, 2014.
CFL Tri Club – Happy Hour – Tonight!
Dress attire: Do not bring workout clothes or spandex. Dress to impress.
Getting ready for your long run….!
Triathletes need comfort while aboard their tri bikes. This isn't an oh-by-the-way message. It's a "we-need-comfort-now!" message.
From the name you can figure out it's a cream that goes on your chamois. But why? And does it really go on the chamois? Do we even use chamois today? But we still need chamois cream?
What the heck is a chamois?
When it comes to cycling, the chamois is the piece of padding found in bicycling shorts, with the purpose of providing increased comfort for long days in the saddle.
The name comes from the olden days when this pad was actually made from chamois cloth, a type of sheepskin leather. Today, most shorts feature a synthetic chamois, usually made of foam, gel, and/or microfiber cloth. It serves the same purpose but is cheaper and easier to maintain.
Where does the chamois butter come in?
For a real leather chamois, you used to need chamois butter to condition it. It's like how you have to oil a leather baseball mitt to break it in and keep it pliable. You would apply the cream to the chamois itself, or else it would stiffen up after it was washed and dried.
These days you don't technically need any sort of chamois butter since a synthetic chamois will remain soft and pliable on its own.
Advance Cycle is carrying this great new product in which it is a must have. It is called Morgan Blue.
Morgan Blue Soft Chamois Cream is an excellent choice and the large tub lasts for simply ages.
That said, the cream has a low viscosity which means it a little tricky to apply. It's best suited for those who prefer to lather the padded insert of their shorts, rather than applying it directly to the skin. Trying to do that can easily result in spillage.
Once you've got your shorts on though, the cream does what it sets out to do, prevent saddle sores and general chafing from hours in the saddle. It does seem to last longer than other creams I've tested in the past, and doesn't seem to get washed away quite so quickly like some.
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There will be group group leaving out of Tri Peak Athlete at 5:30 am. Make sure you bring lights.
Ironman: Will discuss on Sunday morning. Please bring enough hydration and nutrition for 90 minutes.
Keep up the god wok and I'll see you in the morning.


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Beall RA adopts 2-year-old
Home » Features » Beall RA adopts 2-year-old
Posted By Andra Holbrooks on Jan 26, 2010
As she pours strawberry milk into a Hello Kitty sippy cup, junior elementary education major Theresa Johnson, a Beall Hall resident assistant, smiles at her new 2-year-old daughter.
More than a year and a half ago, Child Protective Services brought Camiya Rose-Marie, along with her biological brother, to the Johnsons' residence in San Antonio.
The two children were supposed to be in transition at the foster home until CPS could get them situated with a permanent family.
"The moment when they opened the door, I was like, 'Oh my gosh she's gorgeous. I just love her,'" she said.
Camiya was 4-months-old at the time.
Theresa Johnson allows her little girl Camiya Rose-Marie Johnson to mix strawberry syrup with her milk in her favorite Hello Kitty sippy cup. Photo by Andra Holbrooks
"That day she didn't have on much clothing, a car seat or anything else."
Johnson grew up in a large family, and she's only known what it's like to be in a loving home.
"My Mom just retired last year," she said, "My Dad's always been a stay at home, so it was awesome, and now every time we come home, we have Mom and Dad."
Her parents have adopted seven children and have seven of their own.
Growing up in a full house with 13 siblings was "an awesome experience" for Johnson.
"It's always loud, but once everybody's asleep, you would never know how many people live there," she said.
Her mother legally added both small children into their household.
"We ended up saying, 'Well, maybe we can work this out and we can adopt them,'" she said.
But on Dec. 7, Camiya's second birthday, a new mother had been lined up for her.
"I had gotten sick, and my mom told me I should come home because I didn't sound good," Johnson said.
"Really it was just a surprise to say, 'Oh here, we're at court, so what are you going to make her name?'"
Johnson went through the legal procedures in order to offi cially adopt the child she was drawn to the instant they met.
Keeping Camiya's first name, she added Rose-Marie as her middle name, because "she bloomed in my life like a little rose."
"Since it (the adoption) was from my Mom, that's what made it easy," Johnson said.
"From day one, since CPS brought her to the house she's always been mine."
Camiya continues to spend weekends in Belton with her new mom at Beall, while staying at her grandparents' house during the week.
During Christmas break, the two spent a lot of quality time with each other.
"We go to Incredible Pizza when we have alone time," she said, "Most of the time I have my niece or nephew because they're in the same age group, and we'll go to the park or McDonald's."
Johnson said "the situation was hurtful" knowing what her daughter had been through before the adoption was finalized.
She now sees the circumstance "as a blessing."
Author: Andra Holbrooks
Andra is a senior Mass Communication/Journalism major from Aledo, TX. She is the Features Page Editor for The Bells. Andra loves spending time with her family, roommates and friends. Although her time at UMHB will soon come to an end, she will always hold the Crusader family dearly in her heart. Her adventure of becoming Features Editor for The Bells began in 2008. Being a writer was not a profession she ever imagined pursuing, but she is thankful for the opportunity God has given her to do so. She enjoys page designing and writing feature stories. After graduation in May, she hopes to use her degree by working for a magazine or reporting for a news station.


text:
Az Imperium Galactica II egy magyar fejlesztésű stratégiai játék, mely 1999 végén került piacra. A játékot az Imperium Galacticához hasonlóan a Digital Reality készítette. Hosszú ideig csak Windows-on volt elérhető, Magyarországon a CD GALAXIS-, míg külföldön a GT Interactive kiadásában. Megjelenése után több mint tíz évvel publikálták Apple iOS rendszerre, majd valamivel később Androidra is, meglovagolva a klasszikus játékok igényének hullámát, amely a modern, érintőkijelzős táblagépeken is tapasztalható. Ezeken a rendszereken az élvezhető játékmenethez minél nagyobb kijelző szükséges, telefon méretű eszközön nehezen kezelhető. Ezeken a rendszereken is kereskedelmi játékként érhető el.

Általános
Az Imperium Galactica II-ben, nyolc játszható nép küzd a dominanciáért, történet szempontjából három kiemelendő: az emberiség, kik egy elveszett kincs nyomait követve a halhatatlanság titkának megtalálásában reménykednek; Kra'hen büszke, harcos népe, kik isteni uralkodójuk kedvéért minden áldozat meghozatalára készek; és a kalmár shinarik, akik semmilyen gazdasági és politikai cseltől sem riadnak vissza céljaik elérése érdekében.

A további öt játszható faj, név szerint Antari, Iberon, Godan, Cheblon és Toluen nem kapott kiemelendő történetet.

A játékos eldöntheti, melyik nép oldalán száll be a kolonizációs versenybe, és milyen taktikával védi meg és vezeti győzelemre a népét.

Jellemzők
 Véletlenszerű elemekkel vegyített játékmenet
 Három eltérő faj, akikkel külön-külön meghódítható az univerzum
 Összetett feladatok, küldetések, melyek többféleképpen is megoldhatók
 Számtalan katonai, gazdasági és politikai eszköz (pl. kutatás, diplomácia, kémkedés, földi és űrbéli ütközetek)
 Mesterséges intelligencia, melynek segítségével a gép is játszik mint ellenfél
 Állítható nehézségi szint
 Élő 3D-s környezet, grafikai elemek az egész játék során
 Többjátékos mód, ahol akár 8 játékos is összemérheti tudását

Díj
Az Imperium Galactica II BAFTA-díjat nyert 2000-ben a "zene" kategóriában. Ilyen magas rangú elismerést még más magyar játék nem kapott.

Rendszerkövetelmények
(Ezek az eredeti követelmények, PC/Windows esetére)
 Pentium 233 MHz processzor (vagy gyorsabb)
 32 MB RAM (64 MB ajánlott)
 Windows 9X operációs rendszer
 4x CD-ROM meghajtó
 Direct3D kompatibilis 3D videókártya
 DirectSound kompatibilis hangkártya
 600 MB szabad HDD kapacitás
 TCP/IP Internet ill. LAN kapcsolat többjátékos módhoz

A játék utolsó hivatalos kiadása az v1.08 verziószámot viseli, ami többek között a szervizcsomagokkal frissített Windows XP kiadásokon történő futtatást segíti, a hibajavításokon felül. Az interneten fellelhető még egy v1.14 patch is, ami egy nem hivatalos rajongói frissítés. Ez minden korábbi gyári és nem hivatalos frissítést tartalmaz a további finomításokon felül – illetve ez lokalizációtól függetlenül is lefut/működik.

Források
 A Digital Reality honlapja
 ImperiumGalactica2.hu
 Imperium Galactica II: Alliances a MobyGames-en

1999 videójátékai
Magyar fejlesztésű videójátékok
Valós idejű stratégiai videójátékok
Windows-játékok


text:
Movies tagged with: Kino Lorber Studio Classics
Ordeal by Innocence (1985) (Blu-ray Review)
Outer Limits, The: Season One (Blu-ray Review)
Outsider, The (1983) (Blu-ray Review)
Review Date: Aug 30, 2021
Play Misty for Me (Blu-ray Review)
Raven, The (1963) (Blu-ray Review)
Red Ball Express, The (Blu-ray Review)
Reivers, The
Reviewed by: Jim Hemphill
Review Date: Sep 09, 2015
Revenge of the Shogun Women (Blu-ray 3D Review)
Format: Blu-ray 3D
Review Date: Dec 17, 2021
Road to Morocco (Blu-ray Review)
Road to Salina, The (Blu-ray Review)
Runner Stumbles, The (Blu-ray Review)
Sam Whiskey
Scalphunters, The
Scream and Scream Again (Blu-ray Review)
Scream, Pretty Peggy (Blu-ray Review)
Screaming Woman, The (Blu-ray Review)
Secret of My Success, The (Blu-ray Review)
Secret of the Blue Room, The (Blu-ray Review)
Review Date: Nov 03, 2021
Seduction of Joe Tynan, The (Blu-ray Review)
Seven Sinners (Blu-ray Review)
She Done Him Wrong (1933) (Blu-ray Review)
Shenandoah (Blu-ray Review)
Review Date: Jul 05, 2021
Skull, The
Smashing Time (Blu-ray Review)


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text:
Mother's Finest ist eine US-amerikanische Funk-Rock-Soul-Crossover-Band, die 1970 von dem Ehepaar Joyce "Baby Jean" Kennedy und Glen "Doc" Murdock in Atlanta, Georgia gegründet wurde.

Geschichte
1972 erschien ihr Debütalbum Mother's Finest. Ein weiteres, ebenfalls Mother's Finest betiteltes Album, erschien erst vier Jahre später bei Epic/CBS. Stücke wie "Rain" und das polemisch-kontroverse "Niggizz Can't Sang Rock & Roll" sorgten für genügend Furore, um der Band den Weg heraus aus den Clubs in Georgia und auf regionale Tourneen zu ebnen. Ihre erste, im August 1976 veröffentlichte Single Fire erreichte in den Vereinigten Staaten Platz 93 der Billboard Hot 100. Das dritte Album Another Mother Further spielte mit der Assoziation von Motherfucker. Das Album wurde zum Sprungbrett für die Karriere der multikulturellen Rockband und enthält mit Baby Love den größten Hit der Gruppe in den USA.

Mit ihrem Auftritt in der zweiten ARD-Rockpalast-Nacht von 1978 (Eurovisionssendung) in der Essener Grugahalle (der neu zusammen mit einem Rockpalast-Konzert von 2003 auch auf DVD veröffentlicht wurde) wurden sie auch in Europa einem größeren Publikum bekannt und erlangten Kultstatus. Während die 1972er Debüt-LP noch einen sehr Soul-orientierten Sound bot, wandte sich Mother's Finest in der zweiten Hälfte der 1970er Jahre dem Funk-Rock zu. In den frühen 1980er Jahren brachte die Band zwei funkig-groovige Hard-Rock-Alben heraus. Für Verwirrung sorgte die Band, als ihr Gitarrist "Moses Mo" auf der LP One Mother to Another mit seinem bürgerlichen Namen Gary Moore angegeben wurde; dies verleitete manche zur unzutreffenden Annahme, Gary Moore sei bei der Band eingestiegen.

1983 löste sich die Band auf, B.B. Queen schloss sich Molly Hatchet an. Baby Jean startete im Anschluss unter ihrem bürgerlichen Namen Joyce Kennedy eine Solokarriere und brachte zwei LPs (Lookin' for Trouble und Wanna Play Your Game) heraus.

1989 fanden Joyce Kennedy, Glenn Murdock, Moses Mo und Jerry Seay wieder zusammen und brachten mit dem Schlagzeuger Dion Derek Murdock (Sohn von Joyce Kennedy und Glenn Murdock) die LP Looks Could Kill heraus, auf der man soulige, radio-taugliche Synth-Pop fand. 1990 wandte sich die Band wieder mehr der Rockmusik zu und veröffentlichte mit Subluxation ein Album, auf dem teils bekannte, teils neue Stücke zu hören sind, z. B. der Opener Chain. 1992 erschien das Funk-Metal-Crossover-Album Black Radio Won't Play This Record und mit dem neuen Gitarristen John Hayes. Die nächste Studioproduktion, Meta-Funk'n Physical von 2003 mit Rückkehrer "Moses Mo" und dem neuen Schlagzeuger Kerry Denton, bot einen breiten Stilmix, der neben immer noch vorhandenen Rock-, Soul- und Funk-Elementen auch Anleihen von Hip-Hop und elektronischen Beats umfasst.

Ihre größten Hits sind Baby Love, Piece of the Rock und Mickey's Monkey, das eine Mischung einer Coverversion des 1963er Top-10-Hits der Miracles und des Led-Zeppelin-Songs Custard Pie darstellt.

Im Sommer 2011 traten sie in Wiesen, Österreich als Vorband von Santana auf.

2015 erschien das Studio-Album Goody 2 Shoes & The Filthy Beasts.

Diskografie

Alben
 1972: Mother's Finest (RCA)
 1976: Mother's Finest (CBS)
 1977: Another Mother Further (Epic)
 1978: Mother Factor (Epic)
 1979: Live (Epic)
 1981: Iron Age (Epic)
 1983: One Mother to Another (Epic)
 1989: Looks Could Kill (Capitol)
 1990: Subluxation (live, RCA)
 1992: Black Radio Won't Play This Record (RCA)
 1998: Not a Bootleg (Eigenvertrieb, war nur auf Konzerten der Band erhältlich)
 2003: Meta-Funk'n-Physical (UTR Music)
 2006: Live at Villa Berg – Right Here, Right Now (Major MTM)
 2015: Goody 2 Shoes & the filthy Beasts (Steamhammer/SPV)

Kompilationen
 1990: The Very Best Of (Sony/BMG)
 1997: Definitive Collection (Sony/BMG)
 1997: Not Yer Mother's Funk (Razor & Tie)
 1999: Burning Love – Mother's Finest Best (Zounds)
 2006: Not Yer Mother's Funk – The Very Best of ... (Megaphon Importservice)
 2010: Mother's Finest 2 CD set (Wounded Bird; Doppel-CD, Wiederveröffentlichung der ersten beiden Alben mit zusätzlichen Titeln)
 2015: Mother's Finest – Another Mother Further – Mother Factor – Live (Raven; Doppel-CD, enthält die ersten vier Epic/CBS-Alben)
 2017: Love Changes – The Anthology 1972–1983 (SoulMusic Records; Doppel-CD, enthält u. a. die erste CD-Veröffentlichung von One Mother to Another)

DVDs
 2004: Mother's Finest at Rockpalast 1978–2003 (Mig/Indigo)

Porträts der Band-Mitglieder

Quellen

Weblinks

 mothersfinest.com (englisch)
 WDR Rockpalast, Mother's Finest live am 10. Oktober 2016

Rockband
Funkband
US-amerikanische Band