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Making the Green Climate Fund "effective" soon – in a lasting way
By Liane Schalatek
Just weeks before climate negotiators reconvene in Bonn in June to make progress on a new global climate agreement to take effect in 2020, the Green Climate Fund (GCF), considered to be one of the key multilateral instruments in the new agreement's tool box to support transformative change in developing countries, missed an important deadline at the end of April. Following the GCF's initial resource mobilization efforts last winter, with pledges to be spent during between 2015 and 2018 totaling US$ 10.2 billion from 33 countries, including eight developing countries, the end of April was set to be the Fund's "effectiveness date" – the date the Fund would be ready to make financial commitments. However, this required 50 percent of the US$ 9.35 billion in pledges made at the one-day pledging conference in Berlin in November to be fully executed. Yet, by end of April, only 21 countries had signed contribution agreements totaling $4 billion, or 42 percent of the November conference pledges. Both the United States and Japan, the highest contributors with combined pledges of US$ 4.5 billion, failed to meet the deadline. This prompted calls by the Fund's Executive Director to the remaining hold-out contributors to "accelerate" the signing of their money over to the Fund – as the failure to do so will quickly send a bad signal to the international climate process during its critical phase.
The GCF Secretariat can unfortunately not count on the United States to speed up its domestic funding approval process to sign the US$ 3 billion pledged in November over soon. The Obama administration did not even request any funding for the GCF for the ongoing budget year and has only put in US$ 500 million in the President's budget request for fiscal year 2016 – over which Capitol Hill will be haggling in earnest only later this summer. This will be an uphill struggle in a Republican dominated Congress for which wording like "green", "climate change" and "funding" – especially for an entity connected to the United Nations – are all already individually red flags, never mind their combined potency. The administration is therefore counting on allies in the faith, businesses and national security communities to help them made their argument on the Hill -- with still uncertain success despite months of ongoing behind-the-scenes efforts of many pro-GCF American voices. The missing US$ 500 million for GCF effectiveness to be reached quickly will therefore have to come from Japan (which had pledged US$ 1.5 billion in Berlin), as several of the other still outstanding contributors like Canada or Australia (with US$ 450 million combined) only pledged after Berlin.
Reaching its ability to sign funding agreements with recipient countries soon is key to the GCF strategy to approve the first few projects at its final Board meeting in October of this year, just weeks before parties to the UN climate convention convene in Paris in December to finalize the 2020 agreement. Five years after the GCF was established with the Cancun Agreements at COP 16, it could then prove to the COP 21 that it is fully "open for business." As an operating entity of the financial mechanism of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) under Article 11, the GCF is "accountable to and function[s] under the guidance of the COP," just like the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the financial mechanism's other operating entity. Once all pledges are fully paid, the GCF will be the biggest multilateral climate fund in a still evolving global climate finance architecture.
In the new 2020 climate agreement, the GCF is expected to become the main financial channel for multilateral finance transfers from developed to developing countries, particularly for adaptation flows. While it is unclear if the new agreement will set a time-table for new quantified climate finance goals, the fulfillment of the 2009 Copenhagen pledge of US$ 100 billion per year by 2020 is seen as the floor for long-term financing commitments. How much of this money will be channeled via the GCF and how much of it will come in form of public funds is an open question. A regular replenishment process scheduled to start in mid-2017 will then show if developed countries, as the primary contributors to the GCF Trust Fund, share the ambition for the GCF to potentially handle tens of billions of dollars per year.
The 24 member Board of the GCF, composed of an equal number of representatives from developed and developing countries with a special seat each for Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS), has met nine times since August 2012. Two more Board meetings (in early July and mid-October) are scheduled for 2015, which will have to deal with ambitious agendas under a lot of time-pressure to get the GCF ready for funding action this fall. This will be the end game for the Board and a test of its willingness to reach compromise, a skill honed via a number of hard fought decisions to fine-tune and clarify the "business model" of the GCF over the past three years, as it still has not agreed on a voting procedure in the absence of consensus. The non-resident GCF Board is supported by the Fund's Secretariat, based in Songdo in South Korea, which is nearing its full initial personnel strength with close to 50 full-time staff. Several specialized Board committees and advisory panels convening periodically, for example for accreditation or on investment and private sector engagement, have also been established.
This lean organizational set-up is indicative of the "wholesale" business model in which the GCF will start its funding operations. Rather than implementing directly, for example like the Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs), the GCF will rely on the staff power and detailed procedures of other organizations accredited to the Fund, with the Secretariat only providing due diligence review of funding proposals and implementation reporting. This, however, can only work, if the GCF Secretariat addresses the well documented shortcomings in existing development finance approaches, including the transparency of contracts and sub-contracts, by working in particular with financial intermediaries such as in the World Bank's private sector arm, the International Finance Corporation (IFC).. The GCF Secretariat must be able to guarantee through its oversight at the Fund level that projects financed and overseen by intermediaries indeed "do no harm" to livelihoods and the environment, nor undermine fundamental human rights in the name of addressing climate change.
The GCF will have a multitude of implementing entities from the public and the private sectors allowing for both international access to developing countries through multilateral organizations, as well as for direct access through national entities. As a matter of fact, no limit has been set by the Board on the number of sub-national, national, regional and international organizations that can seek accreditation to the Fund. This is in contrast to the Adaptation Fund, which allowed for only one national entity per country to be accredited for direct access to its funding. A "fit-for-purpose" GCF accreditation approach gives applicants flexibility to tailor their applications to the size and risk categorization of the projects they hope to implement with GCF funding and the financial instruments the organizations will deploy. The larger, riskier and more complex (think financial blending, equity investments or risk guarantees) the GCF projects are the applying entity wishes to implement in the future, the more comprehensive are the fiduciary standards and environmental and social safeguards the applicant must have the ability to enforce and comply with. For a three year interim period, the GCF is relying on the performance standards of the World Bank's private sector arm IFC. The GCF's own safeguards are to be determined in a comprehensive and participatory process. However, a monitoring and accountability framework for GCF project implementation still has to be finalized. Likewise, the set of three accountability mechanisms for the Fund, including an independent evaluation office, a fraud unit and an independent redress mechanism to allow for developing countries' challenges to GCF Board funding decisions and with the authority to receive complaints by affected people related to Fund operations, are not yet fully operational and need further work this year.
Nevertheless, the Board at its last meeting in March already approved the Fund's first seven implementing entities. This first batch included some national actors like the Senegalese NGO CSE, but also large "usual suspects" multilateral actors like the Asian Development Bank or UNDP. Somewhat controversial, the accreditation of a developed country's bilateral development bank, the German Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW) under the GCF international access mode opened the door wide for other bilateral development finance institutions (DFIs), including from developing countries, which now gain the ability to implement GCF funding not just domestically but also in other developing countries. More accreditations vetted by a six member expert accreditation panel are to be approved at the July and October GCF Board meetings. As of mid-March, more than 60 national and international entities have already began the process, some under a fast-track approach that takes into account compliance with other fund's procedures, such as the GEF's or the Adaptation Fund's.
Still further progress is needed to fully define the private sector component of the GCF. From the start of the GCF operationalization process, the Fund's engagement with the private sector and the organizational focus on a Private Sector Facility (PSF) was meant as a distinguishing factor to separate the GCF from other existing climate funds. This PSF approach includes the desire to set the GCF "risk appetite" for engagement with the private sector at a higher level than, for example, is practice at the World Bank's Climate Investment Funds (CIFs). This is a lesson learned that many Board members felt the GCF needs to apply to be successful in supporting the "paradigm shift toward low-emission and climate-resilient development" that the GCF's governing instrument defined as the mission statement for the Fund. The GCF is keen to work with private sector entities both as providers of financial inputs to the Fund – a focus is here on institutional and equity investors – as well as project implementers and co-financiers. The look at private investors is meant to bring funding for the GCF "at scale" beyond the largely public grant contributions that make up the initial US$ 10 billion in pledged starting capital, especially in future replenishment rounds and given the reality of budgetary constraints in developed countries. As co-financiers and implementers, the GCF courts the private sector for implementation via public private partnerships (PPPs) as a preferred approach – an engagement model with risks that need a principled accountability approach in the GCF.
A key determinant for whether the GCF will be successful in supporting paradigmatic change in recipient countries through its private sector investing will be the Fund's prioritization of engaging domestic businesses in developing countriesover transnational and developed country corporations. The GCF needs to set its sight particularly on strengthening the capacity and increasing the access to finance for climate-relevant investments by micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs), which form the backbone of developing country economies – and will determine their climate-friendly future course. The Board aims to start with an MSME pilot program this year. The first GCF-accredited private sector entity, social investor Acumen Fund, also focuses on engaging with a MSME clientele.
The realization of the Fund's transformative potential has been aided by a number of key Board decisions over the past year. One significant core provision is the mandate to work toward allocating half of GCF resources toward adaptation focused on building the resilience of people and ecosystems in recipient countries. Half of the GCF's adaptation funding will then be ring-fenced for SIDS, LDCs and African states, all countries already severely affected by climate change, which aggravates existing poverty and social exclusion of the most marginalized population groups such as women and indigenous communities. Those countries have so far not profited enough from current climate finance flows, which prioritize emissions reductions in large emerging economies. This makes the GCF allocating approach even more important as an international corrective, particularly if it paves the way for enshrining this balanced allocation principle in a new Paris climate agreement.
While some further refinement work is still necessary, the GCF Board also agreed already on the key provisions of an investment framework to help guide its decision-making process on funding proposals that take multiple criteria into account, including the sustainable development framing of proposals, the needs of recipient countries and most affected population groups and whether investments are one-off activities or contribute to a lasting change, including through changes in policies or regulatory systems. These are meant to complement the focus on the climate ambition of the Fund's financing commitment. Over the next few months, the GCF Board and Secretariat will have to do further work to ensure that it measures its results and performance focused on such multiple benefits not just at the level of individual projects and programs, but also by looking at aggregate outcomes and impacts on the Fund-portfolio level. Still missing from both the GCF performance measurement and investment frameworks, however, is a clear statement by the Fund that its goal to promote a paradigm shift is incompatible with support for "business-as-usual" technologies and approaches, including fossil fuel projects, large hydro dams, plantation-style reforestation or biofuel monoculture or nuclear technology. An explicit "exclusion list" of such technologies and approaches in the GCF has yet to be adopted and is facing opposition in the Board, among others from Japan and China.
Country-ownership is anchored in the GCF governing instrument, its "constitution," as a guiding governance principle for the Fund and was confirmed by several decisions over the last few Board meetings. National designated authorities (NDAs), as the main liaison of a developing country with the Fund, are expected to play a key role in developing and proposing country programs for GCF investment and in coordinating country priorities, including through domestic participatory multi-stakeholder engagement. To increase their capacity is one of the priorities of a readiness and preparatory support program worth millions of dollars that the Board has already approved. The right of the NDA to confirm via an active endorsement letter that project proposals are in line with national funding priorities is an expression of that principle. Developing countries' rejection of a decision-making procedure for the GCF Board in the absence of consensus that would assign voting shares according to contributions (as in the Bretton Woods organizations) is another. There was also no consensus in the Board for a stipulation in the GCF contribution policies that would have given developed country contributors the right to earmark funds.
As the first multilateral climate fund, the GCF will start out with a gender policy and a gender action plan in place even before the first project is approved. This commitment to apply a gender-sensitive approach to its financing, which is enshrined as a guiding principle in the GCF governing instrument, is part of the paradigm shift that the Fund seeks to support. The GCF has also already integrated gender considerations to varying degrees into its accreditation, investment and results management frameworks. The ability to implement the Fund's gender policy for example is one of the accreditation stipulations for implementers of GCF funding, applicable equally for mitigation and adaptation and for public and private sector approaches. More work needs to be done, especially to ensure that both the GCF Board and Secretariat are not only gender-balanced (as the GCF Governing Instrument calls for – a demand the current GCF Board falls woefully short of), but also gender-competent. Gender-responsiveness has to be integrated throughout the GCF project cycle, from project proposal development to implementation and by securing and learning from results of monitoring and evaluation at the portfolio level.
Given the high stakes for a new climate agreement at COP 21 and the key importance an operational GCF has for a positive outcome in Paris, the GCF Board and Secretariat in their work this year will undoubtedly prioritize those policies and decisions that allow the Board to consider and approve the first GCF projects by October. This is understandable, but also potentially dangerous for the GCF's reputation as well as its smooth functioning long-term. Despite the political pressure, the Board and the Secretariat cannot forget some other key policies and procedures yet to be fully determined. These include GCF information disclosure and communication policies that emulate existing best practices at other funds, for example by allowing for the live webcasting of Board meetings, as well as comprehensive and meaningful stakeholder engagement and consultation processes and fully developed conflict of interest ethical guidelines for the GCF Board and the Secretariat staff. The latter is also relevant for accredited observer organizations to the Fund ready to cross the line from policy observation and advocacy to GCF funding implementation. Those policies, often not considered essential under time-pressure, are nevertheless core requirements to ensure that the Fund will not only be "open for business" on time for the Paris COP 21, but also really moves its funding approaches lastingly beyond "business-as-usual".
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Many of us that have an entrepreneurial style look forwards to a single day that all of us can begin our own organization. We could have got superior hopes for the future, convinced that we currently have everything in line to ensure that no problems are going to exist. The regrettable actuality is, nevertheless , many small business owners do not really make it through more than five years and a quantity of problems that can appear that may sometimes take all those business owners simply by surprise. Exactly what are some of those concerns and what you can do in buy to decrease them to the very least in cases where at each and every one possible?
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Is It Okay to Visit A Psychiatrist?


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Royal West Norfolk Golf Club
Royal West Norfolk Golf Club (or 'Brancaster', as it is often referred to) was founded in 1892, and the course laid out by Mr Holcombe Ingleby. Brancaster is an outstanding links course set on the North Norfolk coast. With the North Sea on one side and the saltmarsh on the other it has a wonderfully atmospheric setting, and is ranked 17th in England and 44th in the UK by top100golfcourses.com. There has been little alteration to Ingleby's design, and many of the original holes are still played today.
The Club is unusual in that its royal status was conferred at the outset, with the Prince of Wales, later to become King Edward VII, accepted the invitation to become the Club's Patron. Four Members of the Royal Family have captained the Club over the years, the Duke of Gloucester, the Duke of Windsor and two Dukes of Kent.
The Clubhouse is not accessible by car when the tide is high, and both the 8th and 9th holes are affected by the tides (see times). Walking across the beach to get from the clubhouse on to the course immediately gives one a pleasurable and relaxed feeling of anticipation.
At 6,457 yards and par 71, the course is not particularly long, but, situated as it is right on the North Norfolk coast, it is often subjected to very windy conditions. The outward 9 measures 3,409 yards, as against the 3,048 yards coming home, but the prevailing wind can make the inward 9 very hard. It is a fine example of a links course, predominantly going out inland and coming back along the coast.
Visitors are welcome, although numbers are strictly limited. This, together with the fact that only two-balls are allowed, keeps the speed of play up, with most rounds being completed in three hours. If you would like to visit Brancaster, please contact the Secretary.
RWNGC is delighted to have been featured on the Fine Golf website.
Beach Road, Brancaster, Kings Lynn, Norfolk, PE31 8AX
secretary@rwngc.org
http://www.rwngc.org

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Home / BSB Business Services / Qualifications / BSB42518 Certificate IV in Small Business Management (Superseded)
BSB42518 Certificate IV in Small Business Management (Superseded)
6 elective units of which:
4 elective units must be selected from the elective units listed below
the remaining 2 elective units may be selected from any currently endorsed Training Package or accredited course at Certificate IV level
if not listed below 1 elective unit may be selected from a Certificate III or Diploma qualification.
Elective units must be relevant to the work environment and the qualification maintain the integrity of the AQF alignment and contribute to a valid industry-supported vocational outcome.
BSBCUS401
Coordinate implementation of customer service strategies (Superseded)
Categories: All Units, BSB40215 Certificate IV in Business (Superseded), BSB40315 Certificate IV in Customer Engagement (Superseded), BSB40515 Certificate IV in Business Administration (Superseded), BSB40615 Certificate IV in Business Sales (Superseded), BSB41715 Certificate IV in Recordkeeping (Superseded), BSB42015 Certificate IV in Leadership and Management (Superseded), BSB42415 Certificate IV in Marketing and Communication (Superseded), BSB42518 Certificate IV in Small Business Management (Superseded), BSB42618 Certificate IV in New Small Business (Superseded), FNS41820 Certificate IV in Financial Services, HLT47315 Certificate IV in Health Administration, SIR40316 Certificate IV in Retail Management, TLI40319 Certificate IV in Logistics (superseded), Units
Address customer needs (Superseded)
Categories: All Units, BSB40215 Certificate IV in Business (Superseded), BSB40315 Certificate IV in Customer Engagement (Superseded), BSB40515 Certificate IV in Business Administration (Superseded), BSB40615 Certificate IV in Business Sales (Superseded), BSB41015 Certificate IV in Human Resources (Superseded), BSB41715 Certificate IV in Recordkeeping (Superseded), BSB42015 Certificate IV in Leadership and Management (Superseded), BSB42518 Certificate IV in Small Business Management (Superseded), BSB42618 Certificate IV in New Small Business (Superseded), HLT47315 Certificate IV in Health Administration, Units
BSBEBU401
Review and maintain a website (Superseded)
Categories: All Units, BSB30315 Certificate III in Micro Business Operations (Superseded), BSB30915 Certificate III in Business Administration (Education) (Superseded), BSB40215 Certificate IV in Business (Superseded), BSB40515 Certificate IV in Business Administration (Superseded), BSB41715 Certificate IV in Recordkeeping (Superseded), BSB42518 Certificate IV in Small Business Management (Superseded), BSB42618 Certificate IV in New Small Business (Superseded), ICT30118 Certificate III in Information, Digital Media and Technology (superseded), Units
BSBFIA412
Report on financial activity (Superseded)
Categories: All Units, BSB42518 Certificate IV in Small Business Management (Superseded), BSB42618 Certificate IV in New Small Business (Superseded), Units
BSBFRA401
Manage compliance with franchisee obligations and legislative requirements (Superseded)
Categories: All Units, BSB42518 Certificate IV in Small Business Management (Superseded), SIT50216 Diploma of Holiday Park and Resort Management, Units
Promote innovation in a team environment (superseded)
Categories: All Units, BSB30115 Certificate III in Business (Superseded), BSB30315 Certificate III in Micro Business Operations (Superseded), BSB40215 Certificate IV in Business (Superseded), BSB40315 Certificate IV in Customer Engagement (Superseded), BSB40515 Certificate IV in Business Administration (Superseded), BSB41015 Certificate IV in Human Resources (Superseded), BSB41419 Certificate IV in Work Health and Safety, BSB41715 Certificate IV in Recordkeeping (Superseded), BSB42015 Certificate IV in Leadership and Management (Superseded), BSB42518 Certificate IV in Small Business Management (Superseded), BSB42618 Certificate IV in New Small Business (Superseded), BSB50415 Diploma of Business Administration (Superseded), CHC30113 Certificate III in Early Childhood Education and Care (superseded), CHC40113 Certificate IV in School Age Education and Care, HLT33015 Certificate III in Allied Health Assistance, HLT33115 Certificate III in Health Services Assistance, HLT33215 -Certificate III in Health Support Services, HLT43015 Certificate IV in Allied Health Assistance, HLT47315 Certificate IV in Health Administration, SIR40316 Certificate IV in Retail Management, Units
BSBITU422
Use digital technologies to collaborate in the workplace (Superseded)
Communicate effectively as a workplace leader (Superseded)
Categories: All Units, BSB42015 Certificate IV in Leadership and Management (Superseded), BSB42518 Certificate IV in Small Business Management (Superseded), Units
Lead effective workplace relationships (Superseded)
Categories: All Units, BSB30719 Certificate III in Work Health and Safety, BSB40315 Certificate IV in Customer Engagement (Superseded), BSB40615 Certificate IV in Business Sales (Superseded), BSB41015 Certificate IV in Human Resources (Superseded), BSB42015 Certificate IV in Leadership and Management (Superseded), BSB42415 Certificate IV in Marketing and Communication (Superseded), BSB42518 Certificate IV in Small Business Management (Superseded), CHC43015 Certificate IV in Ageing Support, CHC43115 Certificate IV in Disability, CHC44015 Certificate IV in Coordination of volunteer programs, FNS41820 Certificate IV in Financial Services, HLT43015 Certificate IV in Allied Health Assistance, HLT47315 Certificate IV in Health Administration, Units
Lead a diverse workforce
BSBLED401
Develop teams and individuals (Superseded)
Categories: All Units, BSB40215 Certificate IV in Business (Superseded), BSB40315 Certificate IV in Customer Engagement (Superseded), BSB41015 Certificate IV in Human Resources (Superseded), BSB41715 Certificate IV in Recordkeeping (Superseded), BSB42015 Certificate IV in Leadership and Management (Superseded), BSB42518 Certificate IV in Small Business Management (Superseded), CHC42015 Certificate IV in Community Services, CHC44015 Certificate IV in Coordination of volunteer programs, CHC50113 Diploma of Early Childhood Education and Care (superseded), CHC50213 Diploma of School Age Education and Care (superseded), HLT47315 Certificate IV in Health Administration, TAE40116 Certificate IV in Training and Assessment, Units
Lead and facilitate off-site staff (Superseded)
Categories: All Units, BSB42015 Certificate IV in Leadership and Management (Superseded), BSB42518 Certificate IV in Small Business Management (Superseded), BSB42618 Certificate IV in New Small Business (Superseded), CHC44015 Certificate IV in Coordination of volunteer programs, CHC52015 Diploma of Community Services, Units
BSBMKG413
Promote products and services (Superseded)
Categories: All Units, BSB40215 Certificate IV in Business (Superseded), BSB40515 Certificate IV in Business Administration (Superseded), BSB40615 Certificate IV in Business Sales (Superseded), BSB41715 Certificate IV in Recordkeeping (Superseded), BSB42015 Certificate IV in Leadership and Management (Superseded), BSB42415 Certificate IV in Marketing and Communication (Superseded), BSB42518 Certificate IV in Small Business Management (Superseded), CHC41115 Certificate IV in Employment Services, CHC44015 Certificate IV in Coordination of volunteer programs, TAE40116 Certificate IV in Training and Assessment, Units
BSBPMG522
Undertake project work (Superseded)
Categories: All Units, BSB40215 Certificate IV in Business (Superseded), BSB40315 Certificate IV in Customer Engagement (Superseded), BSB41715 Certificate IV in Recordkeeping (Superseded), BSB42015 Certificate IV in Leadership and Management (Superseded), BSB42518 Certificate IV in Small Business Management (Superseded), BSB50215 Diploma of Business (Superseded), BSB50415 Diploma of Business Administration (Superseded), BSB50618 Diploma of Human Resources Management (Superseded), BSB51918 Diploma of Leadership and Management (Superseded), BSB52415 Diploma of Marketing and Communication (Superseded), CHC44015 Certificate IV in Coordination of volunteer programs, CHC52015 Diploma of Community Services, CHC52115 Diploma of Community Development, TLI50219 Diploma of Logistics (superseded), Units
BSBREL401
Establish networks (Superseded)
Categories: All Units, BSB30315 Certificate III in Micro Business Operations (Superseded), BSB40215 Certificate IV in Business (Superseded), BSB40515 Certificate IV in Business Administration (Superseded), BSB40615 Certificate IV in Business Sales (Superseded), BSB41015 Certificate IV in Human Resources (Superseded), BSB41715 Certificate IV in Recordkeeping (Superseded), BSB42518 Certificate IV in Small Business Management (Superseded), BSB42618 Certificate IV in New Small Business (Superseded), SIT40116 Certificate IV in Travel and Tourism, SIT50316 Diploma of Event Management, Units
Build client relationships and business networks (Superseded)
Categories: All Units, BSB40615 Certificate IV in Business Sales (Superseded), BSB42015 Certificate IV in Leadership and Management (Superseded), BSB42518 Certificate IV in Small Business Management (Superseded), BSB42618 Certificate IV in New Small Business (Superseded), CHC44015 Certificate IV in Coordination of volunteer programs, FNS41820 Certificate IV in Financial Services, SIT30216 Certificate III in Travel, TAE40116 Certificate IV in Training and Assessment, Units


Mumbai Yes Bank Ltd. has cut about 12% of its workforce to lower expenses and push technology amid an industrywide lending slump, said people familiar with the matter.
In its first widespread reduction of jobs since it was founded in 2004, the lender cut about 2,500 roles, the people said, asking not to be identified as they aren't authorized to speak to the media. Most of the cuts are in the bank's sales team, the people said. The bank had 20,851 employees at the end of June, exchange filings show. The Economic Times had earlier reported about the cuts.
Yes Bank, led by billionaire chief executive officer Rana Kapoor, is an outperformer in India's banking system. It has one of the fastest paces of loan growth while the broader gauge languishes at a two-decade low, because companies staggering under bad debt and excess capacity are awaiting evidence of a pick up in demand before they invest more.
The bank's push toward automation and innovation will make some roles redundant, and other staff cuts were due to natural attrition and "performance-linked actions," a Yes Bank spokesman said by email. More details will be communicated in the September-quarter results, the spokesman said, without sharing the exact number of employees being dismissed.


George HW Bush Openly Criticizes Trump in New Book George HW Bush said he voted for Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton, while his son told Mr Updegrove he did not vote for anyone. The most critical comments about Trump came from the elder Bush, now 93, who told Updegrove in May 2016, "I don't like him".
Chipmaker Broadcom bids $130bn for rival Qualcomm In a move that could lead to the biggest tech takeover ever, Broadcom has bid $130 billion to buy rival firm Qualcomm . The statement said that there would be no further comment from the company until the assessment was completed.
Fan strips in end zone after Washington State scored against Stanford One major reason for last week's close game? This is the third time Shaw has changed quarterbacks midseason in six years. The Stanford Cardinal traveld to Pullman, Washington to take on the Washington State Cougars on Saturday, Nov. 4, 2017.
Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey Launch 'Silk Road' Rail Link He said that TANAP sets an example of how energy cooperation links continents to one another. Strengthening Turkey increases Azerbaijan's strength, noted the president.
Woman discovers husband's affair mid-air, forces flight to divert and land She had blown into a rage after unlocking her husband's phone by pressing his thumb against the screen as he slept. Qatar Airways offered no comment in the report, citing respect for passenger privacy in individual cases.
Defenders book Morocco's place at World Cup Meanwhile, in Group A, Tunisia played out a tense goalless draw with Libya to edge Congo DR to top spot by just one point. But it proved to be enough and, after missing out in 2010 and 2014, Tunisia will be at the World Cup for a fifth time.
Facebook revenues up 47% while net profit grows by 79% Away from the financials, Facebook's daily active users (DAUs) and monthly active users (MAUs) saw a YoY increase of 16 per cent. The company stated that in the coming quarters the earnings might take a hit due to rising investment in cyber security.
Trump responded to the NYC attack exactly like you thought he would Trump's opening volley of tweets , late Tuesday afternoon, telegraphed all that's followed. Uzbekistan , a largely Muslim nation in central Asia, was not part of the ban.
Apple Breaks Losing Streak In China With iPhone 8 Jia stated that even though the device would launch this week, the pricing structure and supply issues will restrain growth. Though Mo feels that the iPhone X will enjoy a healthy market status, its popularity won't help Apple in the short-term.
Workplace equality 'will take 217 years' Given the current rate of change, the Global Gender Gap Report estimates it will take 217 years to close the economic gender gap. The country has ranked seventh in the political empowerment index, shows the report by the Geneva-based WEF.
Senate Republicans are powerless to stop Roy Moore Every day between now and December 12 - assuming Moore doesn't drop out - every Republican Senator will face questions about him. He referenced the Alabama controversy only briefly during an appearance Thursday night in New Hampshire.
Conor McGregor jumps cage, pushes referee at Bellator event Conor McGregor angrily confronted an MMA referee at an event in Dublin on Friday night after jumping into the Octagon. But his actions were met with a furious response from McGregor.
'Star Wars: The Last Jedi' gets a new trailer In the last film, Star Wars: The Force Awakens we met Rey, played by Daisy Ridley , though we didn't know that much about her. Here's a scene that'll warm the hearts of nerds everywhere: Luke Skywalker walking into the cockpit of the Millennium Falcon.
Disneyland shuts down 2 cooling towers after Legionnaires' disease sickens park visitors It typically strikes the elderly and people with compromised immune systems, and can be fatal, according to the Mayo Clinic . Ten were hospitalized and one person "with additional health issues" died, according to a report in the Los Angeles Times .
Kevin Spacey dropped from film after fresh sexual allegations Spacey, who was 26 at the time , said: "I honestly do not remember the encounter, it would have been over 30 years ago". Former US TV news anchor Heather Unruh says her son was assaulted by the star after meeting him in a bar past year .
The USS Ronald Reagan aircraft carrier arrives in the South Korean port city of Busan on October 21, 2017.
Seoul and Beijing also agreed to swiftly restore bilateral exchanges in all fields based on their recent agreement to normalize relations following a period of conflict over South Korea's deployment of the THAAD missile defense system.
Three U.S. nuclear-powered aircraft carrier strike groups are scheduled to conduct joint drills with the Republic of Korea Navy (ROKN) over the next few days in a show of force against North Korea, South Korea's Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) said on Friday.
The United States and South Korea on Saturday, Nov. 11, 2017, started joint naval exercises that will involve three US aircraft carriers in what military officials describe as a clear warning to North Korea.
"The strike force plans to conduct air defense drills, sea surveillance, replenishments at sea, defensive air combat training, close-in coordinated maneuvers, and other training", said a statement from the Navy's 7th Fleet, which is responsible for monitoring the Pacific including North Korea.
Trump also warned North Korea not to underestimate the United States in a speech to the South Korean parliament on Wednesday, while offering leader Kim Jong-Un a better future if he gives up his nuclear ambitions.
This came amid the U.S. President Donald Trump's Asia visit, which was largely focused on about the North Korean nuclear threat.
Bong Young-shik, an expert on regional relations at South Korea's Yonsei University, said: "China's economic retaliation only pushed Korea closer into the trilateral alliance between Japan and the US".
Tensions have been running high since North Korea test-fired two intercontinental ballistic missiles in July, conducted its sixth and most powerful nuclear test on September 3 and flew ballistic missiles over Japan on August 29 and September 15.


wow!!! we didnt see a single Hoopoe at Hampi! but then we didnt see as many birds as u did there ;( but they looks so beautiful!
good images, for moving birds switch to Tv mode on your camera and increase the shutter speed to say 1/500 or 1/1000 or higher and then you freeze the birds in motion.
Hey, Haddock, sorry your comment just disappeared..no idea what went wrong. one moment i was approving it and the next moment it vanished... but i did read it and thanks so much!!!! would love to see the pics u take with the technique santosh mentioned!


text:
Direct Observation of Austenite Reversion During Aging of 18Ni (350 Grade) Maraging Steel Through In-Situ Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction
Feitosa, Ana Larissa Melo
Escobar, Julián
Ribamar, Giovani Gonçalves
Avila, Julian Arnaldo
Padilha, Angelo Fernando
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06496-y
Austenite reversion in Fe–Ni alloys plays a significant role in determining their mechanical properties. Increasing the austenite content in these alloys improves their toughness but reduces their mechanical strength. In this work, austenite-reversion heat treatments between 600 °C and 700 °C were studied in-situ using synchrotron X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in an 18Ni (350) maraging steel. Aging heat treatments were simulated in three steps: slow heating (0.666 °C s−1), soaking for 1 hour at temperatures between 600 °C and 700 °C, and cooling with forced Ar. After the treatments, the samples were prepared for SEM and microhardness analyses. The reverted austenite fraction increases with the aging temperature, and this phase proved to be partially unstable after aging at a temperature above 675 °C, and it is transforming partially to martensite after cooling. In addition to the increase in the reverted austenite fraction, the coalescence and dissolution of precipitates occurred simultaneously and decreased the hardness.
Feitosa, Ana Larissa Melo et al. Direct Observation of Austenite Reversion During Aging of 18Ni (350 Grade) Maraging Steel Through In-Situ Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, v. 53, n. 2, p. 420-431, 2022. Available at: <http://hdl.handle.net/11449/222897>.


Any homeowner will tell you that there is always something that needs to be fixed when you own a home. But for seniors who live alone, keeping up on minor home repairs as easy as a leaky faucet is sometimes an impossible task. So they live with the problem.
We know it is important for seniors to stay independent and living in their own home as long as possible. So we want to do what we can to help them keep up with those small repairs that can pop up – especially those repairs that can cause a safety issue.
What Is The Minor Home Repair Service?
DSCC has skilled and knowledgeable staff who provide small home repairs that are usually too minor to call a contractor. Our maintenance team offers small home repair services for our seniors for just $40 an hour.
Our team goes out to the senior's home, provides an estimate and then will fix the issue leaving the senior with their problem fixed and with less stress and worry.
What Kind Of Repairs Are Considered Small Home Repairs?
From small repairs that keep our seniors safe to outside fixes, our team helps keep our seniors safe and comfortable in their homes.
Below are some of the many areas where our team of skilled handymen can assist our seniors who live in their homes.
Who Pays For Minor Home Repairs?
The Minor Home Repairs service is offered by DSCC but the cost of the home repairs are the responsibility of the senior. The Minor Home Repair services we provide are offered at a rate of $40 / hour.
If you have a loved one who lives in their own home and needs some assistance with minor home repairs, please contact our office by email or by phone at (630) 620-0804.
We would like to thank Ralph for coming out and helping us. Without his services we could have never gotten our sink fixed.


text:
Bellingham BellsSee Schedule
1220 Civic Field Way
About Bellingham Bells
Glenn Kirkpatrick
Adam Geaslen
Haydan Hastings
David Higuera
Joe Martin Field
LF- 325'
CF- 385'
RF- 310'
The Bellingham Bells play at historic Joe Martin Field—the same field on which Ken Griffey, Jr. began his professional baseball career in 1987 with the Bellingham Mariners. Joe Martin Field has a seated capacity of 1,600, offers free parking and provides guests with a fan-friendly environment in which to watch competitive summer collegiate baseball while spending time with family, friends, neighbors and colleagues.
With the exception of the pitching mound, Joe Martin Field is an all-weather, synthetic-turf field. The turf surface was installed by the City of Bellingham in April 2015, in an effort to allow year-round use of the field by various community user groups.
Erin Baker's Breakfast
Watering Hole
Boundary Bay Brewery &
Loomis Trail Golf & Country
The Bellingham Herald
Bellingham is located on the shores of Bellingham Bay with Mount Baker as its backdrop and is the last major city before the Washington coastline meets the Canadian border. The city, which serves as the county seat of Whatcom County, is at the center of a uniquely picturesque area offering a rich variety of recreational, cultural, educational and economic activities. Bellingham has an active water front port that supports fishing, boat building, shipping, and marina operations. From Bellingham's ports, passenger ferries leave for whale watching cruises, tours to Victoria on Vancouver Island, and cruises to the San Juan Islands.
Bellingham's renowned historic district features Victorian-era buildings and shops offering handcrafted products, local restaurants that serve fresh seafood, plus art galleries featuring Northwest artisans. The cultural district includes the respected Whatcom Museum of History and Art. Originally built in 1892 as City hall, the museum's imposing brick building is the centerpiece of a four-building campus including a children's museum.


text:
Call Me In the Morning 3/28/19
STIs Are on the Rise, Here's What You Need to Know
Meera Shah
The other day, my patient, who I'll call Sam, came in for a routine sexually transmitted infection (STI) screening…
Pastor Has Sex with Congregants, Lies About AIDS, Refuses to Step Down
Mark Shrayber
Juan McFarland is a Montgomery, Alabama pastor with a horrible track record: He's admitted to sleeping with…
Porn Star Mr. Marcus Apologizes for Hiding His Syphilis Infection
Dodai Stewart
Last week, news of a syphilis outbreak in the adult film industry made headlines. Soon after, porn star Mr. Marcus…
HPV Vaccine Is Already Leading to 'Herd Immunity'
Doug Barry
A new study suggests, albeit with very tentative optimism, that the HPV vaccine Gardasil may offer benefits even to…
Cheap STD Treatment, We Hardly Knew Ye
Erin Gloria Ryan
This week, the World Health Organization warned Earth's genitalia that a new strain of drug-resistant gonorrhea was…
Safe Sex for Seniors PSA Is So Hot It Kind of Burns
Cassie Murdoch
In theory, the idea of elderly people getting it on is great. In this SFW-ish ad, it kind of makes your eyeballs…
Facebook May Soon Tell You Which of Your Friends Has an STD
For those who bemoan the intrusiveness of social media into every nook and cranny of our modern lives, take cover:…
Hot Trends in Online Dating: Syphilis and Chlamydia
Researchers in Canada are flummoxed a puzzling set of statistics — despite the fact that most people had a safe sex…
The Scary Numbers On AIDS And Young Women
Irin Carmon
It's been thirty years since the discovery of the AIDS virus, and while they've included immeasurable tragedy, there…


text:
Hard-Ons at Coolangatta Hotel 20/6/14
June 22, 2014 November 24, 2014 Posted in Live Music, Music
It was always going to be a good night with the Hard-Ons. A bunch of local bands were there to get the night going, beginning with classic hardcore tones of Loud Goes Bang who were just stoked to be up there supporting their teenage idols, they played hard too. We were then introduced to Raygun Mortlock's dry, abrasive sense of humour which was nothing if not amusing, with a late '80s Australian punk rock vibe to back it up. The final support band HITS were less amusing but still rocked, with an eclectic style, complete with dual rock-chick guitarists. The frontman, however, suffered from a desperate want to be Iggy Pop and Jim Morrison's love child.
Then it was time for the mighty Hard-Ons, who had been manning the merchandise stand up until this point, to take the stage. They may be 30 years older than when they started, but they sure don't seem it. Peter 'Blackie' Black put the other guitarists to shame with his trademark mix of feedback and frantic playing. Bassist Ray Anh looked like a headbanger half his age, shredding the bass lines, at times with the guitar on his back. Keish de Silva got better and better as he settled in, returning to the band with style, out the front and not tied to a drum kit. A quick complaint about the sound though: although they may be the kind of band who wants everything to be louder than the vocals, Keish was hard to hear at times, the mix hadn't been great for a couple of the openers either. The PA was, of course, suitably cranked. Taking Keish's place on the drums was the rock-solid and relatively new member of the band, Murray Ruse.
With their reunited line up, the Hard-Ons smashed through a set made up of the old stuff, with the album Yummy! making quite a feature. They had extended jams on a bunch of the songs, where Blackie's guitar playing really stood out. The shirts came off a few songs in, except for Keish's strangely, and so did many in the crowd. The band showed genuine appreciation to everyone for coming out and being a part of their anniversary. The crowd seemed pretty appreciative too, and although it wasn't a packed house – the Cooly is a fairly big venue – that left a bit of room for some punters to go wild up the front. They had to keep running back in too, as the band played two encores. The first consisting of a humorously unorganised attempt to take crowd requests, and the second finishing the night with an extended jam on the much-loved Suck 'n' Swallow.
I don't know how many new Hard-Ons fans were born this night, most folks had a decent few years on me, but the band have sure earned their place in Australian music history and showed it with a stellar performance. And all for a measly $20 a head.
AussieCoolangattaCooly HotelGigHard-OnsLive MusicPunkPunk RockReview
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text:
\section{Introduction}

In this article, we wish to discuss how both global and local scale symmetries are spontaneously broken
in a scale invariant scalar-tensor gravity with two scalar fields, one of which is a dilaton and
couples nonminimally to scalar curvature \cite{Fujii}. The theory has thus far played an important role
when we discuss a manifestly scale invariant regularization method \cite{Englert}.

There are several motivations behind the present study. One motivation comes from a very
simple question: Starting with a conformally invariant scalar-tensor gravity,\footnote{Following
the textbook by Fujii and Maeda  \cite{Fujii}, we shall call a global scale symmetry simply ``scale
symmetry'' whereas we call a local scale symmetry ``conformal symmetry'' in this article.}
is it possible to construct a physically viable and interesting theory without taking a ``unitary gauge''
where the ``dilaton'' is put to be a constant, $\phi (x) = const.$? With the unitary gauge for conformal
symmetry, there is no ghost associated with the scalar field $\phi (x)$, but then we cannot
have any benefit of conformal symmetry, i.e., only the Einstein-Hilbert action with a positive
Newton constant, which is not invariant under conformal transformation, is left behind.
Thus, conformal symmetry in the conformally invariant scalar-tensor gravity is sometimes
called $\textit{fake symmetry}$ \cite{Jackiw, Oda1}, but is it really useless?  In this study,
we show that it is not the case, but the conformally invariant scalar-tensor gravity produces
the Einstein-Hilbert action plus an $R^2$ term in the lowest level of approximation in fields,
and a resultant action is free from a ghost associated with the dilaton via the SSB when
we take an appropriate gauge fixing condition for conformal symmetry.

As a second motivation, in our previous work \cite{Oda2}, starting with a quadratic gravity
in the Weyl conformal geometry \cite{Weyl, O'Raifeartaigh}, we have obtained the Einstein-Hilbert action
with a positive cosmological constant and a massive Weyl gauge field by means of a gauge
condition for the Weyl gauge symmetry, $a \tilde R + b \phi^2 = k$, where $\tilde R$ is
Weyl's scalar curvature and $a, b, k$ are constants. A question then arises if this argument
could be inverted or not, i.e., beginning with the conformally invariant scalar-tensor gravity
with a linear scalar curvature, is it possible to get a quadratic gravity (plus the Einstein-Hilbert
action) through an analogous gauge condition, $a R + b \phi^2 = k$, for conformal symmetry.
We will also see that this is indeed the case.

The third motivation is that even if we have presented a new idea of the SSB of the Weyl gauge
symmetry based on the Weyl geometry \cite{Oda2}, its content is a bit difficult to understand
due to the complicated structure of the Weyl geometry. Thus, we wish to account for our idea
more clearly in the framework of a simpler theory, which is nothing but the conformally invariant
scalar-tensor gravity in the Riemann geometry.

The final motivation is related to our conjecture of the origin of the Higgs potential:
The Higgs potential might stem from the gauge fixing condition for conformal symmetry or
the Weyl gauge symmetry \cite{Oda2}. As regards this conjecture, let us recall that
in the standard model (SM) the Higgs potential for symmetry breaking of gauge symmetries is
introduced by hand without asking its origin, and the SM has a classical scale symmetry if one sets
a (negative) Higgs mass term to zero \cite{Bardeen}. This situation might support our conjecture
that the Higgs potential could be generated by symmetry breaking of conformal symmetry.

We close this section with an overview of this article. In Section 2, we briefly review the SSB
of scale symmetry in a scale invariant scalar-tensor gravity with two scalar fields.
In Section 3, we work with the conformally invariant scalar-tensor gravity. We see that
with a suitable gauge fixing condition for conformal symmetry, together with conformally
invariant potential terms in a classical action, the Higgs potential is generated, and as a result
the Einstein-Hilbert action plus an $R^2$ term is generated by the Higgs mechanism.
Section 4 is devoted to the conclusion.

\section{Spontaneous symmetry breakdown of global scale symmetry}

There is a well-known mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breakdown of a global scale symmetry
\cite{Fujii, Oda3}. In this section, as a prelude to the conformally invariant scalar-tensor gravity
treated in the next section, we shall briefly review a scale invariant scalar-tensor gravity with two scalar
fields, explain how the scale symmetry is broken spontaneously, and then point out unsatisfactory
points of this SSB mechanism.

As a model of a scale invariant scalar-tensor gravity with two scalar fields, let us work with the following
Lagrangian density in the Jordan frame\footnote{We follow the conventions and notation adopted
in the MTW textbook \cite{MTW}.}:
\begin{eqnarray}
{\cal{L}} = \sqrt{-g} \left( \frac{1}{2} \xi \phi^2 R - \frac{1}{2} \epsilon g^{\mu\nu} \partial_\mu \phi
\partial_\nu \phi -  \frac{1}{2} g^{\mu\nu} \partial_\mu \Phi \partial_\nu \Phi
- \frac{\lambda_1}{4} \phi^4 - \frac{\lambda_2}{2} \phi^2 \Phi^2 - \frac{\lambda_3}{4} \Phi^4 \right),
\label{J-model}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\xi$ is a constant, and $\epsilon$ takes the value $+1$ for $\phi$ being a normal field while it does $-1$
for $\phi$ being a ghost field. Moreover, $\phi$ and $\Phi$ are two distinct scalar fields, and $\lambda_i  (i = 1, 2, 3)$
are dimensionless coupling constants.  As often taken in the application for the BSM \cite{Ghilencea}, we assume that
$\lambda_1 > 0, \lambda_3 > 0$ and $\lambda_2 < 0$, and furthermore $| \lambda_2 | \ll \lambda_1, \lambda_3 \approx
{\cal {O}} (0.1)$. The conformally invariant scalar-tensor gravity, which will be considered in the next section,
corresponds to either the case of $\xi = \frac{1}{6}$ and $\epsilon = - 1$ or the case of $\xi = - \frac{1}{6}$
and $\epsilon = 1$.  In this section, since we consider only a globally scale invariant theory, we assume
$\xi > 0$ and $6 + \frac{\epsilon}{\xi} > 0$.

From this Lagrangian density, it is straightforward to derive the field equations for the metric tensor $g_{\mu\nu}$
and the two scalar fields $\phi, \Phi$ whose result is written as
\begin{eqnarray}
&{}& 2 \varphi G_{\mu\nu} + 2 ( g_{\mu\nu} \Box - \nabla_\mu \nabla_\nu ) \varphi = T_{\mu\nu},
\nonumber\\
&{}& \xi \phi R + \epsilon \Box \phi - \lambda_1 \phi^3 - \lambda_2 \phi \Phi^2 = 0,
\nonumber\\
&{}& \Box \Phi - \lambda_2 \phi^2 \Phi - \lambda_3 \Phi^3 = 0,
\label{Field-eq}
\end{eqnarray}
where we have defined
\begin{eqnarray}
\varphi &=& \frac{1}{2} \xi \phi^2, \qquad G_{\mu\nu} = R_{\mu\nu} - \frac{1}{2} g_{\mu\nu} R,
\qquad
\Box \varphi = \frac{1}{\sqrt{-g}} \partial_\mu ( \sqrt{-g} g^{\mu\nu} \partial_\nu \varphi ),
\nonumber\\
T_{\mu\nu} &=& \epsilon \partial_\mu \phi \partial_\nu \phi + \partial_\mu \Phi \partial_\nu \Phi
+ g_{\mu\nu} \Biggl( - \frac{1}{2} \epsilon g^{\alpha \beta} \partial_\alpha \phi \partial_\beta \phi
-  \frac{1}{2} g^{\alpha \beta} \partial_\alpha \Phi \partial_\beta \Phi
\nonumber\\
&-&\frac{\lambda_1}{4} \phi^4 - \frac{\lambda_2}{2} \phi^2 \Phi^2 - \frac{\lambda_3}{4} \Phi^4 \Biggr).
\label{Various def}
\end{eqnarray}
Using these field equations, one can derive the following equation:
\begin{eqnarray}
\Box ( \varphi + \frac{\zeta^2}{2} \Phi^2 ) = 0,
\label{Derived-eq}
\end{eqnarray}
where we have defined $\zeta^{-2} \equiv 6 + \frac{\epsilon}{\xi} > 0$.

The key step for the SSB of scale invariance is to move from the Jordan frame (J-frame) to
the Einstein frame (E-frame) by applying a conformal transformation, i.e., a local scale transformation:
\begin{eqnarray}
g_{\mu\nu} \rightarrow g^\prime_{\mu\nu}  = \Omega^2 (x) g_{\mu\nu}, \qquad
\phi \rightarrow \phi^\prime = \Omega^{-1} (x) \phi, \qquad
\Phi \rightarrow \Phi^\prime = \Omega^{-1} (x) \Phi.
\label{Conformal transf}
\end{eqnarray}
After some calculations, we can derive the transformation rule for scalar curvature \cite{Fujii}:
\begin{eqnarray}
R = \Omega^2 (x) ( R^\prime + 6 \Box^\prime f - 6 g^{\prime \mu\nu} f_\mu f_\nu ),
\label{R-transf}
\end{eqnarray}
where we have defined
\begin{eqnarray}
f = \log \Omega, \qquad f_\mu = \partial_\mu f, \qquad
\Box^\prime f = \frac{1}{\sqrt{-g^\prime}} \partial_\mu ( \sqrt{-g^\prime} g^{\prime \mu\nu}
\partial_\nu f ).
\label{Def-f}
\end{eqnarray}
Using these relations, we find that the Lagrangian density (\ref{J-model}) can be cast
to the form in a new conformal frame:
\begin{eqnarray}
{\cal{L}} &=& \sqrt{-g^\prime} \Biggl[ \frac{1}{2} \xi \phi^{\prime 2} ( R^\prime + 6 \Box^\prime f
- 6 g^{\prime \mu\nu} f_\mu f_\nu )
- \frac{1}{2} \epsilon \Omega^{-2} g^{\prime \mu\nu} \partial_\mu ( \Omega \phi^\prime )
\partial_\nu  ( \Omega \phi^\prime )
\nonumber\\
&-&  \frac{1}{2} \Omega^{-2} g^{\prime \mu\nu} \partial_\mu ( \Omega \Phi^\prime )
\partial_\nu  ( \Omega \Phi^\prime )
- \frac{\lambda_1}{4} \phi^{\prime 4} - \frac{\lambda_2}{2} \phi^{\prime 2} \Phi^{\prime 2}
- \frac{\lambda_3}{4} \Phi^{\prime 4} \Bigr].
\label{New-frame}
\end{eqnarray}

Moving to the E-frame requires us to choose the scalar field $\phi^\prime$ to\footnote{In case of
conformal symmetry, this condition is called the ``Einstein gauge'' or ``unitary gauge''.}
\begin{eqnarray}
\phi^\prime = \frac{M_{Pl}}{\sqrt{\xi}},
\label{E-frame1}
\end{eqnarray}
where  $M_{Pl}$ is the (reduced) Planck mass defined as $M_{Pl} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{8 \pi G}} = 2.44
\times 10^{18} GeV$ with $G$ being the Newton constant.
Then, in the E-frame, up to a total derivative, the Lagrangian density (\ref{New-frame}) reduces to the form:
\begin{eqnarray}
{\cal{L}} = \sqrt{-g^\prime} \left( \frac{M_{Pl}^2}{2} R^\prime - \frac{1}{2} g^{\prime \mu\nu}
\partial_\mu \sigma \partial_\nu \sigma - \frac{1}{2} g^{\prime \mu\nu} {\cal{D}}_\mu \Phi^\prime
{\cal{D}}_\nu \Phi^\prime - \frac{\lambda_1}{4} \frac{M_{Pl}^4}{\xi^2}
- \frac{\lambda_2}{2} \frac{M_{Pl}^2}{\xi} \Phi^{\prime 2} - \frac{\lambda_3}{4} \Phi^{\prime 4} \right).
\label{E-model}
\end{eqnarray}
Here we have defined
\begin{eqnarray}
\Omega (x) = e^{\frac{\zeta}{M_{Pl}}  \sigma (x)}, \qquad
{\cal{D}}_\mu \Phi^\prime = \left( \partial_\mu + \frac{\zeta}{M_{Pl}}
\partial_\mu \sigma \right) \Phi^\prime,
\label{Dilaton}
\end{eqnarray}
where a scalar field $\sigma$ is called "dilaton".

Now, owing to our assumption $\lambda_1 > 0, \lambda_3 > 0$ and $\lambda_2 < 0$, we have a Higgs potential
given by
\begin{eqnarray}
V(\Phi^\prime) &=& \frac{\lambda_3}{4} \Phi^{\prime 4}
+ \frac{\lambda_2}{2} \frac{M_{Pl}^2}{\xi} \Phi^{\prime 2} + \frac{\lambda_1}{4} \frac{M_{Pl}^4}{\xi^2}
\nonumber\\
&=& \frac{\lambda_3}{4} \left( \Phi^{\prime 2} - \frac{|\lambda_2|}{\lambda_3} \frac{M_{Pl}^2}{\xi} \right)^2
+ \frac{1}{4} \left( \lambda_1 - \frac{\lambda^2_2}{\lambda_3} \right) \frac{M_{Pl}^4}{\xi^2},
\label{Higgs}
\end{eqnarray}
which determines a vacuum expectation value (VEV):
\begin{eqnarray}
\langle \Phi^\prime \rangle = \sqrt{\frac{|\lambda_2|}{\lambda_3} \frac{M_{Pl}^2}{\xi}}.
\label{VEV}
\end{eqnarray}
Expanding as $\Phi^\prime = \langle \Phi^\prime \rangle + \tilde \Phi^\prime$ with $\tilde \Phi^\prime$
being a quantum fluctuation, we have
\begin{eqnarray}
{\cal{L}} &=& \sqrt{-g^\prime} \Biggl[ \frac{M_{Pl}^2}{2} R^\prime - \frac{1}{2} g^{\prime \mu\nu}
\partial_\mu \sigma \partial_\nu \sigma - \frac{1}{2} g^{\prime \mu\nu} \partial_\mu \tilde \Phi^\prime
\partial_\nu \tilde \Phi^\prime - \frac{1}{2} m^2_\Phi \tilde \Phi^{\prime 2}
\nonumber\\
&-& \frac{\zeta}{M_{Pl}} g^{\prime \mu\nu} \tilde \Phi^\prime \partial_\mu \tilde \Phi^\prime
\partial_\nu \sigma
- \frac{\zeta^2}{2 M_{Pl}^2} g^{\prime \mu\nu} \tilde \Phi^{\prime 2} \partial_\mu \sigma \partial_\nu \sigma
- \sqrt{\frac{\lambda_3}{2}} m_\Phi \tilde \Phi^{\prime 3} - \frac{\lambda_3}{4} \tilde \Phi^{\prime 4}
- \frac{\lambda_1}{4} \frac{M_{Pl}^4}{\xi^2} \Biggr],
\label{E-model2}
\end{eqnarray}
where we have simplified the equations by using the relation $| \lambda_2 | \ll \lambda_1, \lambda_3 \approx
{\cal {O}} (0.1)$ and we have defined $m_\Phi = \sqrt{\frac{2 |\lambda_2|}{\xi}} M_{Pl}$.

As is obvious from (\ref{E-model2}), the SSB of scale symmetry has occurred and as a result the scalar field
$\tilde \Phi^\prime$ becomes massive while the ``dilaton'' $\sigma$ remains massless, which is nothing but
a Nambu-Goldstone field. Also notice that the dilaton couples to the scalar field $\tilde \Phi^\prime$ with
derivatives which is one of characteristic features of the dilaton. To establish that $\sigma$ really plays a role
of the Nambu-Goldstone field, it is useful to derive the $\textit{dilatation current}$ associated with scale invariance,
for which the scale factor $\Omega$ becomes a constant independent of the coordinates $x^\mu$. It is then
convenient to consider an infinitesimal transformation given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\Omega = e^\Lambda,
\label{Infi-scale}
\end{eqnarray}
where $| \Lambda | \ll 1$. Using the Lagrangian density (\ref{J-model}) and the infinitesimal scale transformation
(\ref{Conformal transf}) with (\ref{Infi-scale}), we find that via the Noether theorem the dilatation
current $J^\mu$ reads
\begin{eqnarray}
J^\mu = \frac{1}{\zeta^2} \sqrt{-g} g^{\mu\nu} \partial_\nu \left( \varphi + \frac{\zeta^2}{2} \Phi^2 \right).
\label{dilatation}
\end{eqnarray}
The dilatation current is certainly conserved
\begin{eqnarray}
\partial_\mu J^\mu = \frac{1}{\zeta^2} \sqrt{-g} \Box \left( \varphi + \frac{\zeta^2}{2} \Phi^2 \right)
= 0,
\label{Cons-dilatation}
\end{eqnarray}
where we have used the equation (\ref{Derived-eq}). In the E-frame, this current can be written as
\begin{eqnarray}
J^\mu = \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{-g^\prime} g^{\prime \mu\nu} \left[ \frac{2 M_{Pl}}{\zeta} \partial_\nu \sigma
+ \left( \partial_\nu + \frac{2 \zeta}{M_{Pl}} \partial_\nu \sigma \right) \Phi^{\prime 2} \right].
\label{E-dilatation}
\end{eqnarray}
Provided that one defines the dilatation charge as $Q = \int d^3 x J^0$, owing to the linear term in
$\sigma$ its charge fails to annihilate the vacuum $| 0 \rangle$
\begin{eqnarray}
Q | 0 \rangle  \neq 0,
\label{NG}
\end{eqnarray}
which shows that the dilaton $\sigma$ is the Nambu-Goldstone boson arising from the SSB of
scale invariance.

To close this section, let us summarize the scenario of the SSB explained above and comment on its problems.
We have started with a scale invariant gravitational theory involving two kinds of scalar fields and only
dimensionless coupling constants. In the process of moving from the J-frame to the E-frame,
we had to introduce a dimensional constant, which is the Planck mass in the present context,
to compensate for the mass dimension of the scalar field. This introduction of the Planck mass
has triggered the SSB of scale symmetry. Let us note that in the conventional scenario of the SSB,
there is a potential inducing the SSB whereas we have no such a potential in the present SSB.
Nevertheless, the very presence of a solution with dimensional constants justifies the claim
that the present scenario of the SSB is also nothing but spontaneous symmetry breakdown.
Actually, this fact was explicitly verified by the dilatation charge, which does not annihilate the
vacuum due to the presence of a linear dilaton.

There are, however, at least two problems in this scenario of the SSB. First, it is impossible
to apply this scenario for the conformally invariant scalar-tensor gravity, for which we must take
either $\xi = \frac{1}{6}$ and $\epsilon = - 1$ or $\xi = - \frac{1}{6}$ and $\epsilon = 1$, due to
$\zeta^{-2} \equiv 6 + \frac{\epsilon}{\xi} = 0$.
The second problem arises from the lack of the suitable potential in the sense that
we cannot single out a solution realizing the SSB on the stability argument \cite{Fujii}.
Incidentally, though it might be possible that the cosmological argument would pick up an appropriate VEV
of a scalar field, it is not plausible that the macroscopic physics like cosmology could determine
a microscopic configuration such as the VEV.
In order to overcome these problems, by following the Coleman-Weinberg mechanism \cite{Coleman}
we have derived an effective potential showing the SSB from radiative
corrections of gravitational fields associated with higher derivative terms \cite{Oda3, Oda4, Oda5}.
However, since we have considered the higher derivative gravity in these articles, we have automatically met
a serious problem of violating the unitarity. The main purpose in this article is to look for an alternative
mechanism for the SSB of conformal symmetry without violating the unitarity.

\section{Spontaneous symmetry breakdown of local conformal symmetry}

As mentioned in the last paragraph of the previous section, the conformally invariant scalar-tensor
gravity corresponds to either the case of $\xi = \frac{1}{6}$ and $\epsilon = - 1$ or the one of $\xi = - \frac{1}{6}$
and $\epsilon = 1$. The former case implies the positive Newton constant (attractive gravitational force) and
a ghost-like scalar field whereas the latter one does the negative Newton constant (repulsive force) and
a normal scalar field. Since we wish to work with a theory which never violates the unitarity, we shall choose
the latter case, i.e.,
\begin{eqnarray}
\xi = - \frac{1}{6}, \qquad \epsilon = 1.
\label{xi}
\end{eqnarray}
For generality of the presentation, we will keep $\xi$ and $\epsilon$ for a while, but these constants are
in fact specified by Eq.  (\ref{xi}).

Although the argument done in case of scale symmetry cannot be directly applied for the case of conformal
symmetry, let us first follow it to get some lessons. As in the scale invariant theory, suppose that we make a
conformal transformation (\ref{Conformal transf}) for the Lagrangian density (\ref{J-model}). Under this
transformation, the Lagrangian density (\ref{J-model}) with Eq.  (\ref{xi}) is invariant so its form remains
the same. Next, in order to move to the E-frame, let us take a condition $\phi^\prime = \frac{M_{Pl}}{\sqrt{|\xi|}}$,
which is now regarded as a gauge condition, the so-called Einstein gauge or unitary gauge for conformal symmetry,
in the conformally invariant scalar-tensor gravity. In this context, it is useful to note that
in quantum field theory, one must impose a gauge condition from the beginning. This gauge choice, however,
results in the Einstein-Hilbert action with the negative Newton constant (repulsive force) which we cannot
accept phenomenologically.

In order to circumvent this problem, we have the following idea: If we set up a different gauge condition including
the scalar field for conformal symmetry and this gauge condition produces a potential with a mass scale,
which together with the conformally invariant potential terms in (\ref{J-model}), a new VEV in the total potential
might yield the positive Newton constant. In this section, we will pursue this possibility and see that this is indeed
the case. Some people might suspect that a gauge fixing condition for conformal invariance would produce
such an important physical result, i.e., a change of the sign of the Newton constant. But this suspection is not correct.
The point is that our idea amounts to finding a new VEV in a total potential, which is composed of the potential
in a classical action and the potential coming from the gauge fixing term. This total potential term is obviously
not BRST-trivial, so our procedure of finding a new VEV in the total potential has a chance of yielding a physically
meaningful result.

As for a more suitable gauge fixing condition for conformal symmetry, following our previous
study \cite{Oda2}, let us adopt a more general gauge condition
\begin{eqnarray}
a R + b \phi^2 = k,
\label{General gauge}
\end{eqnarray}
where $a, b$ are dimensionless constants while $k$ is a constant having dimensions of mass squared.
Before implementing the gauge fixing procedure, we are ready to present the BRST transformation for conformal
symmetry given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\delta_B g_{\mu\nu} &=& 2 c g_{\mu\nu}, \qquad
\delta_B \sqrt{- g} = 4 c \sqrt{- g}, \qquad
\delta_B R = - 2 c R - 6 \Box c,
\nonumber\\
\delta_B \phi &=& - c \phi, \qquad
\delta_B \Phi = - c \Phi, \qquad
\delta_B \bar c = i B, \qquad
\delta_B B = \delta_B c = 0,
\label{BRST1}
\end{eqnarray}
where $c, \bar c$ and $B$ represent the FP ghost, the FP antighost and the Nakanishi-Lautrup field, respectively.
It turns out that all the BRST transformations are nilpotent.

Then, the Lagrangian density for the gauge fixing term and the FP ghost term is given by \cite{Kugo}
\begin{eqnarray}
{\cal{L}}_{GF + FP} &=& - i \delta_B \left[ \sqrt{- g} \bar c \left( a R + b \phi^2 - k + \frac{1}{2} \alpha B \right) \right]
\nonumber\\
&=& \sqrt{- g} \left[  B_* ( a R + b \phi^2 - k ) + \frac{1}{2} \alpha B_* ^2 - 6 i a \bar c \left( \Box
+ \frac{k}{3 a} \right) c   \right],
\label{GF+FP1}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\alpha$ is a gauge parameter and we have defined $B_* \equiv B + 2 i \bar c c$.
After performing the integration over $B_*$, we have
\begin{eqnarray}
{\cal{L}}_{GF + FP} = \sqrt{- g} \left[  - \frac{1}{2 \alpha} ( a R + b \phi^2 - k )^2 - 6 i a \bar c
\left( \Box + \frac{k}{3 a} \right) c  \right].
\label{GF+FP2}
\end{eqnarray}
Adding (\ref{GF+FP2}) to the classical Lagrangian density (\ref{J-model}), we obtain a quantum Lagrangian
density given by
\begin{eqnarray}
{\cal{L}}_q &=& \sqrt{-g} \Biggl[ \Biggl( \frac{\xi}{2} - \frac{ab}{\alpha} \Biggr) \phi^2 R
+ \frac{a k}{\alpha} R - \frac{a^2}{2 \alpha} R^2 - \frac{1}{2} \epsilon g^{\mu\nu} \partial_\mu \phi
\partial_\nu \phi - \frac{1}{2} g^{\mu\nu} \partial_\mu \Phi \partial_\nu \Phi
\nonumber\\
&-& \frac{\lambda_1}{4} \phi^4 - \frac{\lambda_2}{2} \phi^2 \Phi^2 - \frac{\lambda_3}{4} \Phi^4
- \frac{1}{2 \alpha} ( b \phi^2 - k )^2 - 6 i a \bar c \Biggl( \Box + \frac{k}{3 a} \Biggr) c  \Biggr],
\label{Q-Lag}
\end{eqnarray}
Let us notice that the gauge fixing condition has given rise to not only a potential term but also the terms
involving the curvature scalar. This fact is important in obtaining a physically plausible theory as seen
shortly.

Here, to avoid a ghost, the coefficient in front of an $R^2$ term must be positive \cite{Sotiriou}, so we will
take the gauge parameter $\alpha$ to be
\begin{eqnarray}
\alpha = - \frac{a^2}{2}.
\label{Gauge parameter}
\end{eqnarray}
Next, let us focus our attention to a potential to find a VEV
\begin{eqnarray}
V(\phi, \Phi) &=& \frac{\lambda_1}{4} \phi^4 + \frac{\lambda_2}{2} \phi^2 \Phi^2 + \frac{\lambda_3}{4} \Phi^4
- \frac{1}{a^2} ( b \phi^2 - k )^2
\nonumber\\
&=& \frac{\lambda_3}{4} \left( \Phi^2 - \frac{|\lambda_2|}{\lambda_3} \phi^2 \right)^2
+ \frac{1}{4} \left( \lambda_1 - \frac{4 b^2}{a^2} \right)
\left( \phi^2 + \frac{4 b k}{a^2 \lambda_1 - 4 b^2} \right)^2
\nonumber\\
&-& \frac{k^2 \lambda_1}{a^2 \lambda_1 - 4 b^2},
\label{Potential}
\end{eqnarray}
where we used $\lambda_1 - \frac{\lambda_2^2}{\lambda_3} \approx \lambda_1$.
Then, as far as the conditions
\begin{eqnarray}
\lambda_1 > \left( \frac{2b}{a} \right)^2, \qquad
bk <0,
\label{Conditions1}
\end{eqnarray}
are satisfied, for the potential $V(\phi, \Phi)$ there is an absolute minimum at a VEV
\begin{eqnarray}
\langle \Phi \rangle = \sqrt{\frac{| \lambda_2 |}{\lambda_3}} \langle \phi \rangle,
\qquad
\langle \phi \rangle = \sqrt{\frac{4 b k}{- a^2 \lambda_1 + 4 b^2}}.
\label{VEV}
\end{eqnarray}

In order to find the conditions needed for getting a consistent theory without ghosts (except for
the FP ghosts), let us write down the Lagrangian density in the lowest level of approximation
in the sense that we neglect quantum fluctuations around the minimum (\ref{VEV}).
Substituting (\ref{VEV}) into (\ref{Q-Lag}) leads to a form
\begin{eqnarray}
{\cal{L}}^{(0)}_q = \sqrt{-g} \Biggl[ \frac{2 k ( a \lambda_1 + \xi b )}{- a^2 \lambda_1 + 4 b^2} R
+ R^2 +  \frac{k^2 \lambda_1}{a^2 \lambda_1 - 4 b^2}
- 6 i a \bar c \Biggl( \Box + \frac{k}{3 a} \Biggr) c \Biggr],
\label{B-Q-Lag}
\end{eqnarray}
where the ghost sector is left for convenience though it is in essence in quantum fluctuations.
First, it is natural to make the coefficient in front of an $R$ term coincide with the square of
the Planck mass divided by the factor $2$:
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{2 k ( a \lambda_1 + \xi b )}{- a^2 \lambda_1 + 4 b^2} = \frac{M^2_{Pl}}{2} > 0,
\label{Planck}
\end{eqnarray}
which can be achieved by selecting the constant $k$ like
\begin{eqnarray}
k = - \frac{a^2 \lambda_1 - 4 b^2}{4 ( a \lambda_1 + \xi b )} M^2_{Pl}.
\label{k}
\end{eqnarray}

Next, let us look at the ghost sector whose normal form is given by
${\cal{L}} \sim - i \bar c ( \Box - m^2_{FP} ) c$.  Comparing the normal form with
the ghost term in Eq. (\ref{B-Q-Lag}), one must require the following conditions to be satisfied
\begin{eqnarray}
a > 0, \qquad  m^2_{FP} = - \frac{k}{3a} > 0.
\label{Ghost}
\end{eqnarray}
Eventually, using Eqs. (\ref{Conditions1}), (\ref{Planck}) and  (\ref{Ghost}), the parameters
in our theory must satisfy the conditions:
\begin{eqnarray}
a > 0, \qquad  b > 0, \qquad k < 0, \qquad \lambda_1 > \frac{b}{6a},
\qquad  \lambda_1 > \left( \frac{2 b}{a} \right)^2,
\label{F-conditions}
\end{eqnarray}
where we put $\xi = - \frac{1}{6}$.  As a result, starting with the classical Lagrangian density
(\ref{J-model}) with Eq. (\ref{xi}), which is invariant under conformal transformation
(\ref{Conformal transf}), performing the BRST quantization by the gauge condition (\ref{General gauge}),
we have reached the Starobinsky model \cite{Starobinsky} with a negative cosmological constant as
a quantum Lagrangian density in the lowest approximation
\begin{eqnarray}
{\cal{L}}^{(0)}_q = \sqrt{-g} \left[ \frac{M^2_{Pl}}{2} ( R - 2 \Lambda ) + R^2 \right],
\label{Starobinsky}
\end{eqnarray}
where we have ignored the FP ghosts and the negative cosmological constant $\Lambda$ is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\Lambda = - \frac{\lambda_1 ( a^2 \lambda_1 - 4 b^2)}{16 ( a \lambda_1 - \frac{1}{6} b )^2} M^2_{Pl}.
\label{CC}
\end{eqnarray}

Finally, we would like to move on to quantum fluctuations around the VEV in Eq. (\ref{VEV})
by expanding as
\begin{eqnarray}
\Phi = \langle \Phi \rangle + \tilde \Phi,  \qquad \phi = \langle \phi \rangle + \tilde \phi,
\label{Fluctuations}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\tilde \Phi$ and $\tilde \phi$ denote the quantum fluctuations. After a straightforward
calculation, we find that using Eq. (\ref{xi}) the quantum Lagrangian density reads
\begin{eqnarray}
{\cal{L}}_q &=& \sqrt{-g} \Biggl[ \frac{M^2_{Pl}}{2} ( R - 2 \Lambda ) + R^2
+ \left( - \frac{1}{12} + \frac{2 b}{a} \right) ( 2 \langle \phi \rangle \tilde \phi + \tilde \phi^2 ) R
\nonumber\\
&-& \frac{1}{2} g^{\mu\nu} \partial_\mu \tilde \phi \partial_\nu \tilde \phi
- \frac{1}{2} m^2_\phi \tilde \phi^2
- \frac{1}{2} g^{\mu\nu} \partial_\mu \tilde \Phi \partial_\nu \tilde \Phi
- \frac{1}{2} m^2_\Phi \tilde \Phi^2
- \frac{1}{2} \lambda_2 \tilde \phi^2 \tilde \Phi^2
- \frac{\lambda_3}{4} \tilde \Phi^4
\nonumber\\
&-& \left( \lambda_1 - \frac{4 b^2}{a^2} \right) \left( \langle \phi \rangle \tilde \phi^3
+ \frac{1}{4} \tilde \phi^4 \right)  -  i \hat{\bar c} \Biggl( \Box - m^2_{FP} \Biggr)
 \hat c \Biggr],
\label{Exp-Q-Lag}
\end{eqnarray}
where we have neglected the terms including $\frac{|\lambda_2|}{\lambda_3} \ll 1$ and defined
\begin{eqnarray}
m^2_\phi &=& 2 \left( \lambda_1 - \frac{4 b^2}{a^2} \right) \langle \phi \rangle^2
= \frac{2 b \left( \lambda_1 - \frac{4 b^2}{a^2} \right) }{a \lambda_1 - \frac{1}{6} b} M^2_{Pl},
\nonumber\\
m^2_\Phi &=& 2 |\lambda_2| \langle \phi \rangle^2
= \frac{2 b |\lambda_2|}{a \lambda_1 - \frac{1}{6} b} M^2_{Pl},
\nonumber\\
\hat{\bar c} &=& \sqrt{6 a} \bar c, \qquad
\hat c = \sqrt{6 a} c, \qquad m^2_{FP} = - \frac{k}{3a}
= \frac{a^2 \lambda_1 - 4 b^2}{12 a( a \lambda_1 - \frac{1}{6} b )} M^2_{Pl}.
\label{Def-m}
\end{eqnarray}

Here we should comment on the physical meaning of the quantum Lagrangian density Eq. (\ref{Exp-Q-Lag}).
Let us first consider the Nambu-Goldstone theorem. In the theory under consideration, conformal symmetry
is spontaneously broken so a massless Nambu-Goldstone (NG) boson should emerge in the mass spectrum,
but at first sight there seems to be no such a massless boson in the Lagrangian density Eq. (\ref{Exp-Q-Lag}).
With respect to this issue, let us recall that using a scalar field $\omega (x)$ an $R^2$ term can be rewritten as
\begin{eqnarray}
\int d^4 x \sqrt{-g} R^2 = \int d^4 x \sqrt{-g} ( \omega R - \frac{1}{4} \omega^2 ).
\label{R^2}
\end{eqnarray}
It would be this massless scalar field $\omega$ that is a massless NG boson. To put differently, the massless NG boson,
which appears as result of the SSB of conformal symmetry according to the NG theorem, would be absorbed into
the curvature scalar, thereby an $R^2$ term being induced in Lagrangian density Eq. (\ref{Exp-Q-Lag}).
This new degree of freedom is implicitly supplied by the gauge condition (\ref{General gauge}) since
this gauge condition is second-order in derivatives ($R$ includes the term such as $\sim \partial^2 g$).
Thus, before and after the SSB, the number of dynamical degrees of freedom is unchanged.
It is worth mentioning that a similar but inverse phenomenon has occurred in a Weyl's quadratic gravity
\cite{Oda2}: Starting with an $\tilde R^2$ term in the Weyl geometry, and setting up a gauge condition
for the Weyl gauge symmetry, we have been able to obtain the Einstein-Hilbert term and a massive
Weyl gauge field, which ``eats'' a massless NG boson corresponding to the above scalar field $\omega(x)$.

However, at present it seems to be difficult to show the above-mentioned phenomenon explicitly. The reason is that
when we analyze the mass spectrum in the SSB, we usually make use of the unitary gauge where $\phi(x) = const.$
but in the theory at hand, the gauge condition (\ref{General gauge}) plays a critical role so that taking the unitary
gauge does not make sense. One method for clarifying the present issue is to use a residual symmetry.
In fact, the gauge condition (\ref{General gauge}) has a residual symmetry as long as the infinitesimal parameter
$\Lambda(x)$ for conformal transformation is satisfied with an equation
\begin{eqnarray}
\Box \Lambda + \frac{k}{3a} \Lambda = 0.
\label{Res-symmetry}
\end{eqnarray}
Then, with the infinitesimal global parameters $\alpha_\mu$ and $\beta$ this equation is solved to be
\begin{eqnarray}
\Lambda = \beta e^{\alpha_\mu x^\mu},
\label{Res-symmetry2}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\alpha_\mu$ must satisfy a relation $\alpha_\mu \alpha^\mu + \frac{k}{3a} = 0$.

By following Ref. \cite{Terao}, this residual symmetry can be used to show that a massless NG boson
really exists in $g_{\mu\nu}$. According to the Noether theorem, one can construct the Noether
currents $j_\mu \, ^\nu, j^\nu$ and their Noether charges
$Q_\mu = \int d^3 x j_\mu \, ^0, Q = \int d^3 x j^0$ for global vector $\alpha_\mu$ and scalar $\beta$
parameters, respectively. Then, the residual gauge transformation with the parameters in
Eq. (\ref{Res-symmetry2}) implies that
\begin{eqnarray}
\delta g_{\mu\nu} = [ i ( \alpha_\rho Q^\rho + \beta Q ), g_{\mu\nu} ] = 2 \Lambda g_{\mu\nu}
\approx 2 \beta g_{\mu\nu},
\label{Res-gauge transf}
\end{eqnarray}
from which we obtain that
\begin{eqnarray}
[ i Q^\rho, g_{\mu\nu} ] = 0, \qquad
[ i Q, g_{\mu\nu} ] = 2 g_{\mu\nu}.
\label{Res-gauge transf2}
\end{eqnarray}
Hence, we can arrive at a result
\begin{eqnarray}
\langle 0| [ i Q, g_{\mu\nu} ] |0 \rangle \ne 0,
\label{Res-gauge transf3}
\end{eqnarray}
since $\langle 0| g_{\mu\nu} |0 \rangle = \eta_{\mu\nu}$ with $\eta_{\mu\nu}$ being a flat Minkowski
metric. This equation means that the symmetry corresponding to the scalar charge $Q$ is necessarily
broken, and consenquently $g_{\mu\nu}$ must contain a massless NG mode associated with
the SSB of conformal symmetry.

Another peculiar feature of the Lagrangian density Eq. (\ref{Exp-Q-Lag}) is that since the gauge condition
(\ref{General gauge}) is second-order in derivatives, the FP ghost acquires a kinetic term and has a mass
which is of order the Planck mass. This situation should be contrasted with that of a Weyl's quadratic
gravity \cite{Oda2} where the FP ghost is non-dynamical. This emergence of dynamics of the FP ghost
is related to the appearance of a NG boson. Moreover, as seen in Eq.  (\ref{Def-m}), the scalar field $\phi$
acquires a mass of the Planck scale while the other scalar field $\Phi$ does a smaller mass than that
of $\phi$ owing to the existence of the tiny coupling constant $\lambda_2$.

As a final comment, we should stress that the quantum Lagrangian density Eq. (\ref{Exp-Q-Lag}) is free from
a ghost problem associated with the scalar field $\phi$ and the Einstein-Hilbert term with a positive
Newton constant is generated via the SSB of conformal symmetry. Thus, in this sense the $\textit{fake symmetry}$
in the conformally invariant scalar-tensor gravity is not really fake when there is an additional scalar field and
the SSB occurs.

\section{Conclusions}

In this article, we have investigated spontaneous symmetry breakdown (SSB) of both global and local
scale invariances. A global scale symmetry has been recently attracted much attention in particle physics
such as BSM \cite{Bardeen} and cosmology such as Higgs inflation \cite{Rubio}. Our findings in this article
would shed some light on the development of those fields.

However, the global scale symmetry is supposed to be broken in the presence of gravitation due to
no-hair theorems of black holes \cite{MTW}, so it should be promoted to a local scale symmetry, that is,
conformal symmetry. Then, the important question is how we can break conformal symmetry spontaneously,
which might be related to a resolution to the gauge hierarchy problem and the cosmological constant problem.
In order to understand the mechanism of the SSB of conformal symmetry, we have examined the conformally
invariant scalar-tensor gravity with two kinds of scalar fields as a simpler model among various conformally invariant
models. Our strategy for the SSB is to first gauge-fix conformal invariance by a suitable condition in a such way
that a resultant action involving the gauge fixing condition provides us with a nontrivial  potential having
a mass scale as well as an action of scalar-tensor gravity. The nontrivial potential, together with the conformally
invariant potentials existing in a classical action, determines a new VEV of the total potential, thereby
producing the Einstein-Hilbert action with a positive Newton constant and an $R^2$ term in the lowest
level of approximation.

As future's works, we wish to apply our conjecture of the origin of the Higgs potential to the other
conformally invariant gravitational theories and construct more realistic models of the BSM. Moreover,
based on these models we wish to consider the gauge hierarchy problem and the cosmological
constant problem etc.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Steve Rowen is a Managing Partner at Retail Systems Research, an industry market intelligence firm that helps retailers make more strategic decisions about the role of information technology in their enterprise, and helps solution providers better meet those needs. He focuses on areas of emerging impact on the retail industry. He was one of the first analysts to cover customer data security's impact on retail, environmental sustainability within the industry, video's impact on loss prevention and store operations, and emerging trends in eCommerce, mobile, and social. He also provides insights into merchandising and workforce management solutions and runs RSR's consumer research.
Steve is also the editor of RSR's weekly e-newsletter, one of the most eagerly anticipated periodicals in the industry. His analysis and insight have made him a frequent source to the Wall Street Journal, Boston Globe, ComputerWorld, eWeek, CIO Magazine, Internet Retailer, Chain Store Age and many others, as well as a sought-out presenter at high-level and educational industry events.
Prior to his work as an analyst, Steve served as senior editor for multiple retail publications, including Extended Retail Industry Journal, Top of the Net, and Retail Systems Alert Monthly, where he interviewed retail executives for in-depth case studies of their challenges and opportunities.


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Riddle me this… what grown "A"zz man would get a restraining order against lil bitty Raz-B?
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text:
Q: Enable logging in docker mysql container I'm trying to get familiar with the docker ecosystem and tried to setup a mysql database container. With docker-compose this looks like:
version: '2'
services:
  db:
    image: mysql:5.6.33@sha256:31ad2efd094a1336ef1f8efaf40b88a5019778e7d9b8a8579a4f95a6be88eaba
    volumes:
      - "./db/data:/var/lib/mysql"
      - "./db/log:/var/log/mysql"
      - "./db/conf:/etc/mysql/conf.d"
    restart: "yes"
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: rootpw
      MYSQL_DATABASE: db
      MYSQL_USER: db
      MYSQL_PASSWORD: dbpw

My conf directory contains one file:
[mysqld]
log_error       =/var/log/mysql/mysql_error.log
general_log_file=/var/log/mysql/mysql.log
general_log     =1
slow_query_log  =1
slow_query_log_file=/var/log/mysql/mysql_slow.log
long_query_time =2
log_queries_not_using_indexes = 1

Unfortunately I don't get any log files that way. The setup itself is correct and the cnf file is used. After connecting to the container and creating the 3 files, chown them to mysql and restarting the container, the logging is working as expected.
I'm pretty sure that this is a common scenario, and my current way to get it running seems really stupid. What is the correct way to do it?
I could improve my approach by moving all this stuff in a Dockerfile, but this still seem strange to me.

A:
After connecting to the container and creating the 3 files, chown them to mysql and restarting the container, the logging is working as expected.

That points to a host volume permission issue. When you map from a container to the host, no mappings are made on user id's, and the name attached to the uid inside the container may be very different from outside. You need to initialize the directory permissions with something the container user can write to. One simple method is to create a group that has access to write to the files on both the host and container, and then add the various users to this group on both your image and host OS. Another option is to use a named filesystem that you don't access directly from your host and initialize it with the image's directory permissions.

Edit: An example of a named volume with your docker-compose.yml is as simple as:
version: '2'
volumes:
  mysql-data:
    driver: local
  mysql-log:
    driver: local
  mysql-conf:
    driver: local

services:
  db:
    image: mysql:5.6.33
    volumes:
      - "mysql-data:/var/lib/mysql"
      - "mysql-log:/var/log/mysql"
      - "mysql-conf:/etc/mysql/conf.d"
    restart: unless-stopped
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: rootpw
      MYSQL_DATABASE: db
      MYSQL_USER: db
      MYSQL_PASSWORD: dbpw

Note that I also removed the sha256 from your image name, this reference would block you from being able to pull patched versions of the image. I also prefer the "unless-stopped" restart policy so that Docker does expected things on a reboot.

A: I needed to temporarily enable logging due to a weird PDO binding issue and I wanted to see the actual query being executed. This question was the top search result and I wasn't satisfied with any of the answers. Assuming you already have volumes setup for the container, I got it working the following way:

*

*Run the following queries on the database:

SET global general_log = on;
SET global general_log_file='/var/log/mysql/mysql.log';
SET global log_output = 'file';

*Get the container ID using docker ps.

*Run docker exec -it <id> /usr/bin/tail -f /var/log/mysql/mysql.log

*Run the following query once you're done: SET global general_log = off;
If you're having problems setting the general_log_file variable, you probably need to /bin/bash into the container then manually create the log file with the correct permissions.

A: I was looking for the exact same thing, and now, there is a better way to do it.
The docker mysql writes:

Many configuration options can be passed as flags to mysqld. This will
give you the flexibility to customize the container without needing a
cnf file. For example, if you want to change the default encoding and
collation for all tables to use UTF-8 (utf8mb4) just run the
following:

$ docker run --name some-mysql -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=my-secret-pw -d mysql:tag --character-set-server=utf8mb4 --collation-server=utf8mb4_unicode_ci

In a docker-compose world, one could pass these arguments through the "command" section of the service:
command: mysqld --character-set-server=utf8mb4 --collation-server=utf8mb4_unicode_ci

In my use case I just wanted to turn on the logs and specify the path to the log file :
 command: mysqld --general-log=1 --general-log-file=/var/lib/mysql/general-log.log

With the adequate volumes (e.g. - ./logs/mysql.log:/var/lib/mysql/general-log.log), it becomes easy to reach them.
This is pretty straight forward and avoid dealing with a local configuration. It will works with any MySQL Docker images and will keep the my.cnf as shipped by the image.
Edit: change path from /var/log/mysql/ to /var/lib/mysql/ to ensure a MySQL writable folder.

A: In addition to ponsfrilus answer
you can do the same from docker run command:
docker run --name some-mysql --restart always -v //d/MySqlDockerData:/var/lib/mysql -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=my-secret-pw -d mysql:latest --character-set-server=utf8mb4 --collation-server=utf8mb4_unicode_ci --log_error=/var/lib/mysql/mysql_error.log --general_log_file=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.log --general_log=1 --slow_query_log=1 --slow_query_log_file=/var/lib/mysql/mysql_slow.log --long_query_time=2 --log_queries_not_using_indexes=1

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