text:
//
//  ViewController.m
//  librefm
//
//  Created by alopatindev on 14/06/14.
//  Copyright (c) 2014 Alexander Lopatin. All rights reserved.
//

#import "PlayerViewController.h"
#import "UIViewController+Parallax.h"

#import "AppDelegate.h"
#import "LibrefmConnection.h"

#import "IDZAudioPlayer.h"
#import "IDZAQAudioPlayer.h"
#import "Utils.h"

#import "LoginViewController.h"
#import "SignupViewController.h"

@interface PlaylistItem : NSObject
@property (nonatomic) NSString *url;
@property (nonatomic) NSString *artist;
@property (nonatomic) NSString *album;
@property (nonatomic) NSString *title;
@property (atomic) NSString *imageURL;
@property (atomic) NSData* imageData;
@end

@interface PlayerViewController ()
@property (atomic) NSMutableArray *playlist;
@property (atomic) int playlistIndex;
@property (atomic) PlaylistItem* currentPlaylistItem;
@end

@implementation PlaylistItem

- (BOOL)isEqual:(id)anObject
{
    PlaylistItem* item = (PlaylistItem*)anObject;
    if (item == nil) {
        return NO;
    } else {
        return self.url == item.url || [self.url isEqualToString:item.url];
    }
}

@end

@implementation PlayerViewController

id<IDZAudioPlayer> _audioPlayer;
__weak AppDelegate *_appDelegate;
__weak LibrefmConnection *_librefmConnection;
LoginViewController *_loginViewController;
SignupViewController *_signupViewController;
UIImage *_coverImagePlaceholder;
PlaylistItem *_lastScrobbledPlaylistItem;

const static size_t MIN_PLAYLIST_SIZE = 10;
const static size_t MAX_PLAYLIST_PREVIOUS_SIZE = 50;

NSString *_lastTag;
dispatch_queue_t _dispatchImageQueue;

NSTimer *_progressUpdateTimer;

- (instancetype)initWithCoder:(NSCoder *)aDecoder
{
    if (self = [super initWithCoder:aDecoder]) {
        [self initialize];
    }
    return self;
}

- (instancetype)init
{
    if (self = [super init]) {
        [self initialize];
    }
    return self;
}

- (void)initialize
{
    _dispatchImageQueue = dispatch_queue_create("imageQueue", NULL);
    _coverImagePlaceholder = [UIImage imageNamed:@"music59"];
    _appDelegate = (AppDelegate *)[UIApplication sharedApplication].delegate;
}

- (void)viewDidLoad
{
    [super viewDidLoad];
    self.presentationViewHeightOffset = 0.0;

    _librefmConnection = _appDelegate.librefmConnection;

    [self setEnabled:NO];

    self.playlist = [NSMutableArray new];
    self.playlistIndex = -1;
    [self updateSongInfo];
    _lastTag = [NSString new];

    _audioPlayer = [IDZAQAudioPlayer new];
    _audioPlayer.delegate = self;

    [self addParallaxEffectWithDepth:12 foreground:NO];
}

- (void)setEnabled:(BOOL)enabled
{
    self.togglePlayPauseButton.enabled = enabled;
    self.previousButton.enabled = enabled;
    self.nextButton.enabled = enabled;
}

- (void)viewDidAppear:(BOOL)animated
{
    [super viewDidAppear:animated];

    _progressUpdateTimer = [NSTimer scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:1.0
                                                            target:self
                                                          selector:@selector(updatePlayedProgress)
                                                          userInfo:nil
                                                           repeats:YES];
}

- (void)viewWillDisappear:(BOOL)animated
{
    [_progressUpdateTimer invalidate];
    _progressUpdateTimer = nil;

    [super viewWillDisappear:animated];
}

- (void)didReceiveMemoryWarning
{
    [super didReceiveMemoryWarning];
    // Dispose of any resources that can be recreated.
}

- (BOOL)maybeStartLogin
{
    if ([_librefmConnection isNeedInputLoginData] == YES) {
        NSString *titleText = NSLocalizedString(@"", nil);
        NSString *messageText = NSLocalizedString(@"To continue please login with your Libre.fm account", nil);
        NSString *loginText = NSLocalizedString(@"Login", nil);
        NSString *signupText = NSLocalizedString(@"Sign Up", nil);
        NSString *notNowText = NSLocalizedString(@"Not Now", nil);
        UIAlertView *alert = [[UIAlertView alloc] initWithTitle:titleText
                                                        message:messageText
                                                       delegate:self
                                              cancelButtonTitle:loginText
                                              otherButtonTitles:notNowText, signupText, nil];
        [alert show];
        return YES;
    }
    return NO;
}

- (void)alertView:(UIAlertView *)alertView clickedButtonAtIndex:(NSInteger)buttonIndex
{
    NSLog(@"%d", (int)buttonIndex);
    switch (buttonIndex) {
        case 0:
            [self openLoginScreen];
            break;
        case 1:
            break;
        case 2:
            [self openSignupScreen];
            break;
        default:
            break;
    }
}

/*- (BOOL)alertViewShouldEnableFirstOtherButton:(UIAlertView *)alertView
{
    return YES;
}

- (void)didPresentAlertView:(UIAlertView *)alertView
{
}

- (void)willPresentAlertView:(UIAlertView *)alertView
{
}*/

- (void)openLoginScreen
{
    UIStoryboard *storyboard = [UIStoryboard storyboardWithName:@"Main" bundle:nil];
    _loginViewController = [storyboard instantiateViewControllerWithIdentifier:@"LoginViewController"];
    _loginViewController.transitioningDelegate = self;
    _loginViewController.modalPresentationStyle = UIModalPresentationCustom;
    _loginViewController.librefmConnection = _librefmConnection;
    self.presentationViewHeightOffset = 280.0;
    [self presentViewController:_loginViewController animated:YES completion:nil];
}

- (void)openSignupScreen
{
    UIStoryboard *storyboard = [UIStoryboard storyboardWithName:@"Main" bundle:nil];
    _signupViewController = [storyboard instantiateViewControllerWithIdentifier:@"SignupViewController"];
    _signupViewController.transitioningDelegate = self;
    _signupViewController.modalPresentationStyle = UIModalPresentationCustom;
    _signupViewController.librefmConnection = _librefmConnection;
    self.presentationViewHeightOffset = 220.0;
    [self presentViewController:_signupViewController animated:YES completion:nil];
}

- (IBAction)playButtonClicked:(id)sender
{
    [_audioPlayer play];
    //[self updateSongInfo];
}

- (IBAction)togglePlayPauseButtonClicked:(id)sender
{
    [_audioPlayer togglePlayPause];
    [self updateTogglePlayPauseButton];
    //[self updateSongInfo];
}

- (IBAction)pauseButtonClicked:(id)sender
{
    [_audioPlayer pause];
    [self updatePlaylist];
}

- (IBAction)nextButtonClicked:(id)sender
{
    [self updatePlaylist];
    (void) [_audioPlayer next];
    self.playlistIndex++;
    [self maybeDecreasePlaylistToLimit];
    //[self updateSongInfo];

    NSLog(@"!!!! playlistIndex=%d, [playlist count]=%d", self.playlistIndex, (int)[self.playlist count]);
}

- (IBAction)previousButtonClicked:(id)sender
{
    // TODO
    if (self.playlistIndex-1 >= 0) {
        self.playlistIndex--;
        NSAssert(self.playlistIndex < [self.playlist count], @"playlistIndex should be < playlist count");
        [_audioPlayer clearPlaylist];
        [_audioPlayer stop];
        PlaylistItem *item = self.playlist[self.playlistIndex];
        [_audioPlayer queueURLString:item.url];
        [_audioPlayer next];
        [_audioPlayer play];
        item = self.playlist[self.playlistIndex + 1];
        [_audioPlayer queueURLString:item.url];
        //[self updateSongInfo];
    }
    NSLog(@"!!!! playlistIndex=%d, [playlist count]=%d", self.playlistIndex, (int)[self.playlist count]);
    //[_audioPlayer previous];
}

- (void)updateTogglePlayPauseButton
{
    NSString *filename = [_audioPlayer isPlaying] == NO ? @"play33.png" : @"pause11.png";
    UIImage *image = [UIImage imageNamed:filename];
    [self.togglePlayPauseButton setImage:image forState:UIControlStateNormal];
}

- (void)librefmDidLogin:(BOOL)ok
               username:(NSString*)username
               password:(NSString*)password
                  error:(NSError*)error
{
    if (ok) {
        if (_loginViewController != nil) {
            [_loginViewController dismissViewControllerAnimated:YES completion:nil];
            _loginViewController = nil;
        }
    } else {
        [_loginViewController animateError:[error domain]];
    }
}

- (void)librefmDidSignUp:(BOOL)ok
                   error:(NSError*)error
                username:(NSString*)username
                password:(NSString*)password
                   email:(NSString*)email
{
    if (ok) {
        [_signupViewController dismissViewControllerAnimated:YES completion:nil];
    } else {
        switch ([error code]) {
            case LibrefmSignupErrorAlreadyRegistered:
                [_signupViewController animateError:NSLocalizedString(@"Username is already registered", nil)];
                break;
            case LibrefmSignupErrorUnknown:
            default:
                [_signupViewController animateError:NSLocalizedString(@"Oops, something went wrong", nil)];
                [_signupViewController replaceSignupButtonWithOpenBrowser];
                break;
        }
    }
}

- (void)updateSongInfo
{
    NSLog(@"updateSongInfo");
    if (self.playlistIndex >= 0 && self.playlistIndex < [self.playlist count]) {
        PlaylistItem* item = self.playlist[self.playlistIndex];
        if (self.currentPlaylistItem != nil && (item == self.currentPlaylistItem || [item isEqual:self.currentPlaylistItem] == YES)) {
            NSLog(@"!! updateSongInfo the same item");
            return;
        }
        NSLog(@"updateSongInfo => updating");
        self.currentPlaylistItem = item;
        self.titleLabel.text = item.title;
        //self.artistLabel.text = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"by %@", item.artist];
        self.artistLabel.text = item.artist;
        self.coverImageView.hidden = YES;

        [self setEnabled:YES];

        dispatch_async(_dispatchImageQueue, ^{
            PlaylistItem* item = self.currentPlaylistItem;
            if (item == nil) {
                return;
            }
            NSString* imageURL = item.imageURL;
            if (imageURL != nil && [imageURL length] > 0) {
                NSString* largeImageURL = [imageURL stringByReplacingOccurrencesOfString:@"imagesize=200" withString:@"imagesize=600"];
                NSLog(@"image url: '%@'", largeImageURL);
                NSURL* url = [[NSURL alloc] initWithString:largeImageURL];
                if (url != nil) {
                    item.imageData = [NSData dataWithContentsOfURL:url];
                }

                if (item.imageData == nil) {
                    NSLog(@"no large picture");
                    url = [[NSURL alloc] initWithString:imageURL];
                    if (url != nil) {
                        item.imageData = [NSData dataWithContentsOfURL:url];
                    }
                }
            }

            dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{
                PlaylistItem* item = self.currentPlaylistItem;
                if (item == nil || item.imageData == nil)
                {
                    self.coverImageView.image = _coverImagePlaceholder;
                }
                else
                {
                    self.coverImageView.image = [UIImage imageWithData:self.currentPlaylistItem.imageData];
                }
                self.coverImageView.hidden = NO;
            });
        });
    }
    else
    {
        NSLog(@"updateSongInfo => setting to empty");
        [self setEnabled:NO];
        self.titleLabel.text = [NSString new];
        self.artistLabel.text = [NSString new];
        self.coverImageView.hidden = YES;
        self.playedProgressView.progress = 0.0f;
        self.currentPlaylistItem = nil;
    }
}

- (void)updatePlayedProgress
{
    //NSLog(@"updatePlayedProgress");
    float progress = (float)[_audioPlayer playedRatio] / 100.0f;
    self.playedProgressView.progress = progress;

    if (progress >= 0.5f && _lastScrobbledPlaylistItem != self.currentPlaylistItem) {
        PlaylistItem* item = self.currentPlaylistItem;
        [_librefmConnection scrobbleArtist:item.artist
                                     track:item.title
                                     album:item.album];
        _lastScrobbledPlaylistItem = self.currentPlaylistItem;
    }
}

- (void)maybeDecreasePlaylistToLimit
{
    if (self.playlistIndex >= MAX_PLAYLIST_PREVIOUS_SIZE) {
        PlaylistItem* item = self.playlist[self.playlistIndex];
        NSLog(@"!!! decreasePlaylistToLimit(1) %d >= %d; self.playlist[self.playlistIndex].url='%@'", self.playlistIndex, (int)MAX_PLAYLIST_PREVIOUS_SIZE, item.url);
        int offset = self.playlistIndex - (int)MAX_PLAYLIST_PREVIOUS_SIZE;
        NSLog(@"!!! offset=%d", offset);
        self.playlistIndex -= offset;
        [self.playlist removeObjectsInRange:NSMakeRange(0, offset)];
        item = self.playlist[self.playlistIndex];
        //NSLog(@"!!! decreasePlaylistToLimit(2) %d-1 >= %d; self.playlist[self.playlistIndex].url='%@'", self.playlistIndex, (int)MAX_PLAYLIST_PREVIOUS_SIZE, item.url);
    }
}

- (void)clearPlaylist
{
    [_audioPlayer stop];
    [_audioPlayer clearPlaylist];
    [self.playlist removeAllObjects];
    self.playlistIndex = -1;
    [self updateSongInfo];
}

- (void)updatePlaylist
{
    if ([self.playlist count] - self.playlistIndex < MIN_PLAYLIST_SIZE) {
        [self radioTune:_lastTag];
    }

    if ([_audioPlayer isNextURLAvailable] == NO) {
        if (self.playlistIndex > 0 && self.playlistIndex + 1 < [self.playlist count])
        {
            PlaylistItem* item = self.playlist[self.playlistIndex + 1];
            [_audioPlayer queueURLString:item.url];
        }
    }
}

- (void)radioTune:tag
{
    //[self maybeStartLogin];
    [_librefmConnection maybeGetAnonymousSession];
    _appDelegate.loadingUntilPlayingStarted = YES;
    [_librefmConnection radioTune:tag];
    _lastTag = tag;
}

- (void)addToPlaylistURL:(NSString *)url
                  artist:(NSString *)artist
                   album:(NSString *)album
                   title:(NSString *)title
                imageURL:(NSString *)imageURL
{
    //[_audioPlayer queueURLString:url];
    // TODO
    PlaylistItem* item = [PlaylistItem alloc];
    item.url = url;
    item.artist = artist;
    item.album = album;
    item.title = title;
    item.imageURL = imageURL;

    if ([self.playlist containsObject:item] == NO || [self.playlist count] - self.playlistIndex < MIN_PLAYLIST_SIZE)
    {
        [self.playlist addObject:item];
        if (self.playlistIndex == -1) {
            self.playlistIndex = 0;
        }

        if ([_audioPlayer isNextURLAvailable] == NO) {
            [_audioPlayer queueURLString:url];
        }
    }
    else
    {
        NSLog(@"this item already exists");
    }

    if ([self.playlist count] == 1) {
        [self playButtonClicked:nil];
    }
}

- (void)audioPlayerDidFinishPlaying:(id<IDZAudioPlayer>)player
                       successfully:(BOOL)flag
{
}

- (void)audioPlayerDecodeErrorDidOccur:(id<IDZAudioPlayer>)player
                                 error:(NSError *)error
{
    NSLog(@"!!!!!!! audioPlayerDecodeErrorDidOccur");
    [self updatePlaylist];
    if ([_audioPlayer next] == YES)
    {
        [self.playlist removeObjectAtIndex:self.playlistIndex];
        NSLog(@"!!!!!!! audioPlayerDecodeErrorDidOccur removed previous song");
    }
    else
    {
        NSLog(@"!!!! audioPlayerDecodeErrorDidOccur: fail of fails");
    }
}

- (BOOL)tryFixPlaylistItemIndex:(NSURL*)correctURL
{
    int newPlaylistIndex = self.playlistIndex;

    while (newPlaylistIndex >= 0 && newPlaylistIndex < [self.playlist count])
    {
        PlaylistItem* item = self.playlist[newPlaylistIndex];
        if (item == nil || [item.url isEqualToString:[correctURL absoluteString]] == NO) {
            NSLog(@"fixing playlist index");
            newPlaylistIndex++;
        } else {
            self.playlistIndex = newPlaylistIndex;
            return YES;
        }
    }

    NSLog(@"tryFixPlaylistItemIndex failed");

    return NO;
}

- (void)audioPlayerChangedState:(IDZAudioPlayerState)state
                            url:(NSURL *)url
{
    NSString* str;
    switch(state)
    {
        case IDZAudioPlayerStatePaused:
            str = @"IDZAudioPlayerStatePaused";
            break;
        case IDZAudioPlayerStatePlaying:
        {
            str = @"IDZAudioPlayerStatePlaying";
            _appDelegate.loadingUntilPlayingStarted = NO;
            [_appDelegate librefmDidChangeNetworkActivity:NO];

            if ([self tryFixPlaylistItemIndex:url] == YES) {
                [self updateSongInfo];
                PlaylistItem* item = self.currentPlaylistItem;
                [_librefmConnection updateNowPlayingArtist:item.artist
                                                     track:item.title
                                                     album:item.album];
            } else {
                NSLog(@"! playlistIndex not in playlist");
                [self updateSongInfo];
            }
            break;
        }
        case IDZAudioPlayerStatePrepared:
            str = @"IDZAudioPlayerStatePrepared";
            break;
        case IDZAudioPlayerStateStopped:
            str = @"IDZAudioPlayerStateStopped";
            break;
        case IDZAudioPlayerStateStopping:
            str = @"IDZAudioPlayerStateStopping";
            break;
        default:
            str = @"uknown";
            break;
    }
    NSLog(@"! changed state=%d %@ url='%@' audioPlayer.isPlaying=%d", state, str, [url absoluteString], [_audioPlayer isPlaying]);

    //self.statusLabel.text = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"Status: %@", str];
    //self.urlLabel.text = [url absoluteString];
    [self updateTogglePlayPauseButton];
}

@end


The TUIO library is able to receive and parse data following the TUIO protocol by the Music Technology Group, "which was specially designed for transmitting the state of tangible objects and multi-touch control on a table surface."
In order to use this library you need to have the cross-plattform reacTIVision application that does the heavy lifting of tracking the tangible objects, so-called fiducials. It transmits the received data (e.g. positional information) as OSC messages via an UDP socket to your client software which uses this library.
1. Get a camera or webcam, like iSight, Quickcam, etc., install its drivers if necessary, try it with the reacTIVision software. Print the fiducials to attach them to objects.
2. Look at the examples to get started.
3. Build the tangible interface, table, stage, vehicle, game, whatever.
5. Use the source, Luke.
The Tracking class should be used to initialize a socket connection for receiving the OSC messages from reacTIVision. It handles all incoming data and calls the appropriate functions, depending on the type of message.
When started it loads every possible profile from the profiles submodule and initializes a callback manager from the OSC module.
a) You need to update the tracking information on each loop manually.
b) Access the tracked objects by using one of the helper function that return a list of these objects.
4. Stop the tracking when Nodebox stops the program.
The described script can also be found in the distribution of pyTUIO.
Tuio2DCursor - An abstract cursor object, e.g. a finger. This object has limited information and is only sent by reacTIVision if the smallest possible fiducial marker was found: a point. In combination with a tangible table this can also be achieved by using fingers on the table surface.
Tuio2DObject - An abstract object representing a fiducial. This object has detailed information about its state and is sent by reacTIVision if a fiducial was recognized.
But these profiles are left to be implemented by the user. Just have a look in objects.py and profiles.py and subclass the base classes there.
The profiles submodule contains a number of abstract descriptions of what should happen if a certain object type is used. Depending on the desirable tangible object attributes you can customize the profiles for your own need.
For example, if you want to receive the data for a 2D tracking object you need to use the according profile, because it knows how to handle the dataset of this type of object.
set - The state of each alive (but unchanged) fiducial is periodically resent with 'set' messages. The attributes are sent as a list or tuple.
alive - The 'alive' message contains the session ids of all alive fiducials known to reacTIVision.
list_label - Defines the names of the helper methods that are automatically created while initialization of the Tracking instance and maps to the objs method of the used profile.
address - Defines the OSC address to bind to the CallBackmanagerand start listening to while starting the Tracking instance.
objs - Returns a generator list of all tracked objects which are recognized with this profile and are in the current session. Though please use the helper methods whose names are defined in the class variable list_label.
This submodule does most of the heavy lifting of decoding the OSC messages used in the TUIO protocol and provides a convenient CallbackManager. It was written by Daniel Holth and Clinton McChesney.
Learn more about OSC at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSound_Control.
This library should be the start of lecturing about tangible interfaces in combination with the ease of use of the Python programming language.
Feel free to contact the Author Jannis Leidel to get to know more about tangible user interfaces, integration into Pygame and future features.
You can of course use the issue tracking service of the pyTUIO Google Code project site to ask for new features, report bugs or become a project member.


text:
Q: How to build Spring Cloud Stream JMS ActiveMQ I recently discovered that Spring has an alpha version of a spring cloud stream provider that leverages jms (ActiveMQ virtual destinations under the hood).  This is absolutely fascinating and I want to test it out.  I am having difficulty finding a snapshot of the dependencies I can use or being able to pull and build the correct github projects so I have the dependencies in my local repository.  I would appreciate any assistance on this.
http://activemq.apache.org/amqp.html
https://github.com/spring-cloud/spring-cloud-stream-binder-jms
https://github.com/spring-cloud/spring-cloud-stream-binder-jms/tree/master/spring-cloud-stream-binder-jms-activemq

A: We are in the process of restructuring the repositories for the JMS binder and we don't have the CI processes that build the necessary artifacts yet (should be there in by early next week).
For now, you can try building and installing https://github.com/spring-cloud/spring-cloud-stream-binder-jms (which also contains the ActiveMQ support). We'll decide later if we need a separate repository for ActiveMQ.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Gatsby in Connecticut: The Untold Story
July 1, 2018 Event, Fiction, Film, Fitzgerald
Inspired by a 1996 New Yorker article by the esteemed Westport writer, Barbra Probst Solomon, who first connected the Gatsby dots to Westport, Deej Webb and myself picked up Barbara's baton because her piece was ignored by the Fitzgerald scholars. Besides writing numerous books and essays, Barbara had also started a literary magazine with her good friends Saul Bellow and Norman Mailer, and yet nobody bit on her thesis.
Sam Waterston played Nick Carraway in the '74 Gatsby, and he plays a person interested in literary history in my film: Gatsby in Connecticut: The Untold Story
We interviewed more than a dozen scholars, dug into the archives at Princeton, made a presentation at a Fitzgerald Society Conference in Montgomery, Alabama. We even journeyed up to Burlington Vermont when it hit 18 degrees below zero to film one of Fitzgerald's granddaughters, who incidentally, rarely speaks to anyone
What we uncovered was not only surprising, it made us realize that the Westport Fitzgerald home was much more than just about Gatsby, which let's face it, should suffice for any literary buff (come to the event to learn more).
But the narrative isn't just about what happened here in 1920, it's about what's happening today. This remarkable home is still unprotected–meaning, anyone could buy it and make it tomorrow's Teardown of the Day, just like Ray Bradbury's home in Los Angeles, which in 2015 was torn down before anyone could stop it.
The dynamic duo with Scott and Zelda's Granddaughter.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The focus of this thesis was to investigate digital technology in the print industry in order to better understand the environmental impact of certain digital devices. For this research, the Amazon Kindle was selected, and a secondary source was used for a comparison of a printed book. A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed on the Kindle using a software called SimaPro. The results were then compared to an adjusted version of the data from a secondary source on printed books. Results indicated that in the three primary areas examined, Global Warming Potential, Ozone Depletion, and Terrestrial Acidification, with only one user per book, the Kindle may have less environmental impact. As the number of users per book increased, the data suggested that the printed book tends to have less of an environmental impact. While it was necessary to have a variety of assumptions in order to perform this analysis, these same assumptions caused the final data to have a large area of uncertainty. More research into this field is needed in order to delve deeper into the impact of digital devices such as the Kindle.


A trademark is a design, sign or expression that identifies a products and services. It differentiates a company's product or service from that of other companies. Trademark owners can be organizations, businesses, legal entities or individuals. Trademarks are usually located on packages, vouchers, labels or on these products themselves. To enhance corporate identity, trademarks may also appear on company set ups.
In most countries, photoshop is the formerly undergone trademark registration before you can file legal suit for trademark infringement. Common law trademark rights are recognized in USA, Canada and other countries. This means that action can be absorbed in order to protect any unregistered trademark if occasion currently being used. Common law trademarks afford proprietor less legal protection the actual less registered trademarks.
Typically logos, designs, words, phrases, images, or blending such elements can be referred to as art logos. Non-conventional trademarks are trademarks that do not fall into these forms. They may be based on smell, color or even sounds like jingles. Trademarks can also informally refer to certain distinguishing attributes that identify an individual, e.g. characteristics that make celebrities famous. Trademarks that are used to identify services instead of products are referred to as service marks.
Businesses that register trademarks aim at identifying the source or origin of some or services. Registered trademarks offer exclusive rights which might be enforceable through trademark infringement action. Unregistered trademark rights can be enforced while using common law. It deserves noting that trademark registration rights arise because in the need to use or maintain exclusive rights. Such rights may cover certain products and services along with the sign itself. This does apply where trademark objections really exist.
Different goods and services fall in different classes according to the international classification of goods and services. There are 45 trademark classes. Classes 1 to 34 cover goods while services are paid by classes 35 to forty-five. This system helps to specify and limit any extension to the intellectual property rights. It determines goods and services covered by the grade. It also unifies all classification systems around the globe.
If you should use your trademark objection India a number of countries, one way of going about it is to apply to each country's trade mark health care practice. Another way would be to use single application systems that permit you to apply to international brand. This system covers certain countries all around the world. If need copyright protection within the European Union, you could apply to order Community brand.
The single application systems protect your intellectual property in many countries. You get paying less for multiple territories. Also is included less paperwork involved. Apart from the easy associated with application in addition, you benefit from faster results and less agent bills.


The German Aerospace Center was commissioned by NASA and the ESA to conduct this bed rest study.
Great news, lazy people - there's a job that will pay big bucks for you to lie around in bed for two months. If so, we may have found the flawless job for you.
Crews onboard the International Space Station live in microgravity. To mitigate these risks, ISS astronauts now exercise two hours per day and consume a balanced diet to protect their health.
Researchers are trying to find out if "artificial gravity" can help astronauts who spend a long time in space.
Given its proximity to the North, Vladivostok has often been discussed as a possible site to host a North Korea-Russia summit. But on Friday Trump abruptly announced the cancellation of new sanctions on North Korea imposed by the U.S. treasury.
The study is composed of two rounds. The facility is operated by the Institute of Aerospace Medicine at the German Space Agency (DLR). In addition to the centrifuge, the facility houses labs for studying the effects of oxygen reduction and pressure decrease, MRI/PET analysis facilities, rooms for psychological stress simulations and rehab, and microbiological and molecular biological research tools.
The scientists are looking for healthy women between the ages of 24 and 55 years who are non-smokers to participate in the study, according to the study's website.
But for your efforts, you'll get some sweet rewards, including an expense allowance of €16,500 euros ($27,321). This amount is equivalent to about $19,000.


text:
Sunset Grooves was een dancefestival op het strand van Hoek van Holland.

Het festival werd voor het eerst gehouden in 2008 en werd georganiseerd door Tridee met ondersteuning van Experience Projects & Events. Het festival werd gesponsord door Veronica en was gratis toegankelijk.

2008
Sunset Grooves 2008 was de eerste editie van het festival en werd gehouden op 23 augustus 2008. Er waren ongeveer 25.000 bezoekers en de line-up bestond uit Roog, Erick E, Lucien Foort en Leroy Styles.

2009
Sunset Grooves 2009 was de tweede editie van het festival en werd gehouden op 22 augustus 2009. De line-up bestond uit Roog, Lucien Foort, Sunnery James & Ryan Marciano, Jeroenski en Greg van Bueren.

Het festival werd rond 23:45 uur gestopt na een schietpartij waarbij één dodelijk slachtoffer viel, zes anderen raakten gewond. Het dodelijke slachtoffer en in elk geval twee van de gewonden werden geraakt door een politiekogel. Er waren eerder al diverse vechtpartijen en er was ook al eerder op de avond geschoten. De politie gaf voor zondag 23 augustus een negatief reisadvies voor het strand van Hoek van Holland.

Externe links
 Tridee
 Experience Projects & Events

Muziekfestival in Nederland
Hoek van Holland

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


In September, a journalist requested her personal data from Tinder and received 800 pages including information about her Facebook and Instagram activity.
And more recently, researchers have revealed security vulnerabilities in a number of online dating apps, including ways that users may be vulnerable due to sensitive information they disclose on the site.
Users described balancing privacy considerations including the risk of feeling awkward, screenshots and data breaches, stalking, and their profile being seen by a friend or co-worker, with goals like getting successful matches, preserving information that may be sentimental if the match is successful, safety, and avoiding scams.
The calculation of Statista's Market Outlook is based on a complex market-driver logic including over 400 region-specific data sets.
These events and others show that individual users can't control all privacy-related risks when using online dating.
To understand how users reason about privacy risks they can potentially control through decision making, Lab Ph. student Camille Cobb and Lab Faculty Co-Director Yoshi Kohno studied online dating user's perceptions about and actions governing their privacy in "How Public is My Private Life?
For details, please see your browser's Help section (by pressing F1).
Adam Levine of pop rock band Maroon 5 poses with R&B princess Rihanna during the taping of MTV's "FNMTV" on Wednesday in Hollywood.
NEW YORK (Reuters) - Just as social media changed how people find love and marriage, with research showing about 22 percent of U. couples now meet online, an Internet dating website is betting its matchmaking techniques will help people find the perfect job.
In this article we intend to present only a number of simple examples to get you started, covering the basic form elements.
It might be a disaster on the news or a dramatic situation in front of them.
Time-pressed to find a perfect match and tired of failed relationships? Today an increasing number of single men are looking for a potential partner.


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Ferguson MO
This makes the hashtag #IfTheyGunnedMeDown so powerful. It's sad that some people have taken it to another level. http://t.co/oZnLDRRDhN
Sammie. ™ (@LordSWVP) August 11, 2014
'WELP:
WHITE SUSPECT
That's how the Lubbock Avalanche-Journal chose to present the story of Amy Bishop, a former college professor who eventually pleaded guilty to killing three colleagues and wounding three others at a faculty meeting in 2010.
BLACK VICTIM
And that's the headline AL.com ran about the shooting death of a 25-year-old black man in Alabama earlier this year.
This is how the Staten Island Advance covered the case of Eric Bellucci, a mentally ill New York man who allegedly killed his parents.
Meanwhile, NBC News ran this headline during ongoing coverage of the Trayvon Martin killing.
More at HuffPo (h/t).
#michaelbrownFergusonFerguson MOmediaMichael Brownraceracism
MSNBC, quoting Dorian Johnson, eyewitness to the shooting by Ferguson, MO police of Michael Brown:
"There are two crowds. An older crowd that wants justice but there's anger. Then it's the younger crowd that wants revenge but there's anger there, too… . What do you expect when something is steadily occurring and its hurting the community and nobody is speaking out or doing anything about it. I feel their anger, I feel their disgust."
Brittany Cooper:
Mike Brown is dead. He is dead for no reason. He is dead because a police officer saw a 6-foot-4, 300-plus-pound black kid, and miscalculated the level of threat. To be black in this country is to be subject to routine forms of miscalculated risk each and every day. Black people have every right to be angry as hell about being mistaken for predators when really we are prey. The idea that we would show no rage as we accrete body upon body – Eric Garner, John Crawford, Mike Brown (and those are just our summer season casualties) — is the height of delusion. It betrays a stunning lack of empathy, a stunning refusal of people to grant the fact of black humanity, and in granting our humanity, granting us the right to the full range of emotions that come with being human. Rage must be expressed. If not it will tear you up from the inside out or make you tear other people up. Usually the targets are those in closest proximity. The disproportionate amount of heart disease, cancers, hypertension, obesity, violence and other maladies that plague black people is as much a product of internalized, unrecognized, unaddressed rage as it is anything else.
Nothing makes white people more uncomfortable than black anger. But nothing is more threatening to black people on a systemic level than white anger. It won't show up in mass killings. It will show up in overpolicing, mass incarceration, the gutting of the social safety net, and the occasional dead black kid. Of late, though, these killings have been far more than occasional. We should sit up and pay attention to where this trail of black bodies leads us. They are a compass pointing us to a raging fire just beneath the surface of our national consciousness. We feel it. We hear it. Our nostrils flare with the smell of it.
James Baldwin called it "the fire next time." A fire shut up in our bones. A sentient knowledge, a kind of black epistemology, honed for just such a time as this. And with this knowledge, a clarity that says if "we live by the sword, we will die by it."
Bag News Notes:
For these acts and images to do more than express the release of anger over one more senseless killing — fueled by the invisible crisis in America of a two-tiered economic system, the rage over institutional racism and the persistent harassment of black youth on town and city sidewalks by increasingly militarized police departments — is still another textbook example of America's racial and class polarization. The looting photos should not be fodder for finger wagging or utterances of "what do you expect?" Rather, as transient reactions to the same impoverished and marginalizing conditions that spawn these meager "convenience" franchises in the first place, acts of violence — sensationalized as they are — are little more than one more (albeit shocking) expression in a constellation of of cause-and-effect.
Update: Mia McKenzie (h/t):
I wish I didn't have to tell some of you that victim-blaming when a Black person is murdered by police is a huge no. That it doesn't matter if they were on the honor roll, or smoked weed sometimes, or were going to college, or what brand of hoodie they wore, or even if they spent time in jail at some point. That the right to walk down the street without being a target for murder by the police isn't a right one should have to prove themselves worthy of. That we should all just have that right by virtue of being human beings.
When you're Black, you don't always get the benefit of being seen as a human being, though. Black people are seen as 'up to no good' by default. The truth is that our lives, like anyone else's, are filled with good choices as well as mistakes, achievements we're proud of as well as missed opportunities. Successes. Failures. Just like everyone else. But what's also true is that we, as marginalized people, get fewer do-overs. The system is rigged to punish us at every possible opportunity. Longer prison sentences compared to whites who commit the same crimes and disproportionate rates of suspension and expulsion for even Blackpre-schoolers attests to this.
If we were to talk about a victim's past, we would have to talk about it in a context of oppression. But, you know what? We don't need to talk about it at all. Because it is irrelevant to issue of their victimization. Just like bringing up a victim's past to justify her rape is wrong, bringing up a victim's past to justify his murder by police is also wrong. Yes, even when those people are Black.
FergusonFerguson MOlaw enforcementMichael BrownMike Brownpolice shootingraceracismUS


These cufflinks are made from sterling silver and finished to a high polish. Each pair is filed by hand so no two pairs are the same.
Many people believe cufflinks are just for men... this couldn't be further from the truth. Cufflinks are for everyone. So if you have cuffs that need links.... then these are a great option!


Lam is a Chinese, English, and Danish name. Worldwide it is primarily a Chinese name, a Cantonese variant of Lin, meaning forest, and a Mandarin variant of Lan meaning blue. Lin family history includes descent from Bi Gan, half-brother to Zhou Xin, the last king of the Shang dynasty. Lam is found in Hong Kong and Vietnam, but it is also in Southern India. In England the derivation is from the given name Lambert, the name of a Belgian saint. Finally, Lam can be a Danish nickname for a gentle person or a town in Bavaria. American Lam genealogy began with Rachel Lam in Virginia in 1635.


Today, the T-shirt is one of the most universally recognized wardrobe fixtures in the world. They can be found on every continent, and literally almost every settlement of humans owns and wears them. From high-end fashion in New York and London to donations in third world countries, the T-shirt is a mainstay of apparel. It has a variety of uses; it may be used to promote a brand, convey an idea, or memorialize a friend. One thing is for sure: the T-shirt is one of the most commonly worn and recognized pieces of clothing in the entire world.
The T-shirt is named as such due to its shape, and is also notable due to the fact that it is a unisex garment. However, its popularity and prolific status was not always the case. The first incarnation of the T-shirt debuted in the 19th century. Surprisingly, it was originally an undergarment, rather than its own piece of outer apparel. As the 19th century progressed, the T-shirt became common work clothes for miners and laborers, as it provided covering without being too hot.
As the years progressed, the T-shirt became a more widespread piece of apparel, and was commonly issued by the U.S. military as an undershirt. They were first issued around the Spanish-American War, and would be a familiar sight to those with knowledge of the modern T-shirt: white, crew necked, and made of cotton. They were generally issued to soldiers in tropical climates, where it would be uncomfortable to constantly wear a full uniform. This trend of wearing only a T-shirt on the upper half continued to be evidenced in the Pacific Theater of World War II and the Vietnam War.
During this time, it also became popular with workers in all industries, as well as young boys. T-Shirts were cheap, comfortable, easily cleaned, and came in a variety of sizes, making them ideal for workers or children who might easily get them dirty. The T-shirt became more commonly accepted as a standalone garment for all in the 1950s, and has been ever since. Although they are still worn as undershirts, (sometimes even under other T-shirts) the T-shirt is generally considered its own piece of apparel.
The shirt's popularity has been enhanced by its variety of decorations and adaptations. The colorful trend of tie-dye, popular in the 1960s and 70s, has given way to silkscreened and graphic shirts, which can display any picture or motto possible. T-shirts can reflect favorite brands, restaurants, places, sports teams, or political ideologies, as well as simply bearing a creative or amusing graphic. Truly one of the most versatile items in the modern wardrobe, the T-shirt has been a fixture for decades, and will likely remain one.
19th Century history changed the world forever with technological advances and political debates between countries and the inhumane act of slavery.
While some people assume the brassiere is a modern invention, the truth of the matter is that its roots can be linked back to 2500 BC. During this time the Minoan women wore the first bra to help keep their breasts from coming in contact with their clothing.
A brief history of vacuum cleaner begins over a century ago when an American inventor named Melville Ruben Presell made the first closest thing to a modern day vacuum. It had rather ubiquitous, rotating brushes and a large drum as a canister and a push handle.
T shirts are thought a manner requirement these days, although this wasn't usually the case. That evolution has occurred over a lengthy period of time, beginning with a huge change in contemplating what constituted trendy everyday use.


Posted June 6, 2015 by Robert & filed under Announcements, Readings.
Our next live worldwide poetry reading will feature Shruti Iyer from London, UK and Janine Joseph from Ogden, UT, hosted by R.A. Villanueva of Kundiman.
Tune in for free on June 20th, 2015 at 20.00 BST. The poets will be reading their work and answering your questions live on air.
Shruti Iyer is a writer, activist, and student of Politics, Philosophy, and Law at King's College London. She was also a Barbican Young Poet in 2014-15. Her work has previously appeared in Stone Telling. When she is not hunting for guavas in South London, chasing pigeons, or singing to plants, she tweets @arreyaar and (occasionally) writes at http://salem-steel.tumblr.com/.
Janine Joseph is the author of Driving Without a License (Alice James Books, 2016), winner of the 2014 Kundiman Poetry Prize. Her commissioned work for the Houston Grand Opera/HGOco stage includes a libretto, From My Mother's Mother, and a song cycle, "On This Muddy Water": Voices from the Houston Ship Channel. She holds an MFA from New York University and a Ph.D. from the University of Houston. Janine lives in Ogden, UT, where she is an Assistant Professor of English at Weber State University.
Kundiman is dedicated to the creation and cultivation of Asian American literature. Kundiman offers a comprehensive spectrum of arts programming that gives writers opportunities to inscribe their own stories, transforming and enriching the American literary landscape. Kundiman sees literature not only as vehicle for cultural expression but also as an instrument for political dialogue and self-empowerment. R.A.Villanueva is the author of Reliquaria, winner of the Prairie Schooner Book Prize (U. Nebraska Press, 2014). His many honours include fellowships from Kundiman and The Asian American Literary Review, and scholarships from the Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation. He holds graduate degrees from Rutgers University and New York University, where he is a Senior Lecturer.


Most areas in Eastwood are especially quiet, as there are low levels of noise from traffic. Public green spaces aren't well-spread out, resulting in them being very difficult to get to from most locations within the neighbourhood.
The car is usually the preferred approach to navigate Eastwood. It is especially convenient to park. Many of the houses for sale in this area are located in places that are not very well-suited for walking as very few common errands can be run on foot.
In Eastwood, about 45% of dwellings are single detached homes, while large apartment buildings and townhouses are also present in the housing stock. This neighbourhood is primarily composed of two bedroom and three bedroom homes. There are equal parts renters and owners living in this area. This neighbourhood experienced its most significant building boom in the 1960s and 1970s, so most of the available housing is from this time period.
In this part of Saint John, families will commonly be able to get to high schools by walking. However, Eastwood does not contain any primary schools. Regarding food, in all cases, a vehicle is needed to shop for groceries. A small variety of restaurants and cafes is available.


An interactive lesson to label the letter names of the lines and spaces of the treble clef. Includes a "spelling" page as well.
Learn the names of the 4 instrument families and some of the common instruments found in each.


High point drama lined ahead in the upcoming story of Star Plus popular show Yeh Hai Mohabbatein.
It was earlier seen that Adi (Abhishek Verma) is turning mad and obsessed for Roshni (Vidisha Srivastava) and wants her in his life.
However, Shagun (Anita Hassanandani) comes to know about Adi's extra marital affair with Roshni and makes Roshni understand to move on in life for her own good.
Roshni will take Shagun's decision in a positive way to get married to Shantanu.
Unfortunately, this decision will not get digested by Adi and Adi will take a shocking step to throw acid on Roshni's face to stop wedlock.
Apparently, it is heard that Ishita and Aaliya will learn this news and will chase Adi to stop him.
In the turn of events Ishita will fail to stop Adi where she will end up shooting him and get arrested in murder crime.
Story will thus take a short leap where Ishita will once again be seen behind bars.
To know about the upcoming twist on Yeh Hai Mohabbatein keep reading.


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Doctors on Liens Teams with Internationally Renowned Double Board Certified Orthopedic Surgeon in Lancaster
Lancaster CA (PRWEB) February 16 2017 Doctors on Liens is proud to announce the addition of the highly regarded orthopedic surgeon Dr. Raj to their network through
Lancaster, CA (PRWEB) February 16, 2017
Doctors on Liens is proud to announce the addition of the highly regarded orthopedic surgeon, Dr. Raj, to their network through his work at BKP Chiropractic in Lancaster. After receiving his undergraduate degree in Chemistry from Dalhousie University, and his medical degree from Canada's prestigious International Baccalaureate Program, Dr. Raj went on to open successful orthopedic practices in both Beverly Hills and Dubai. Now, with more than 4000 cases under his belt, Dr. Raj is thrilled to bring his wealth of knowledge and experience to the residents of Lancaster.
As one of the area's top orthopedic surgeons, Dr. Raj provides the ultimate in state of the art, quality orthopedic care available, and is always striving to provide his patients with the most up-to-date technologies available. Dr. Raj believes that an important part of recovery starts before treatment, with educating the patient and their family members on all treatment options, both invasive and non-invasive.
Along with his medical expertise, Dr. Raj is also an avid volunteer in his community and is a proud member of Iraq Star, which provides necessary treatment to approximately 40,000 veterans returning from wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Dr. Raj's obsession for perfection has led to unparalleled surgical results and an impeccable reputation which has garnered the attention of media seeking his expert opinion, including many guest appearances on radio and television programs. In addition, he has been featured on the "Best of LA" and has received numerous other accolades and awards including being named one of "America's Top Orthopedic Surgeons" five years in a row and Super Doctors Southern California for the past three years.
Says Doctors on Liens President Samantha Parker, "For more than twenty years, Doctors on Liens has prided itself in finding the best doctors the medical community has to offer, and Dr. Raj exemplifies that goal. I know BKP Chiropractic is as thrilled as I am to be working with a man of Dr. Raj's stature."
Doctors on Liens is an innovator in the medical lien specialty referral industry and has forged close relationships with both legal firms and medical practices over the past 20 years. Doctors on Liens features medical specialties including board certified orthopedic surgeons, neurologists, general practitioners, psychologists, and chiropractors. Each medical office is independently owned and operated and all appointments can be conveniently scheduled directly with the facility.
Doctors on Liens lists medical professionals who offer medical services on a lien basis throughout California and Nevada.
Read the full story at http://www.prweb.com/releases/orthopedic-surgeon-lien/lancaster-personal-injury/prweb14078335.htm.
1. Dr. Ben Talei Featured As 2017 Top Patient Rated Beverly Hills Plastic Surgeon by Find Local Doctors
2. Dr. Maurice Khosh Featured as a 2017 Top Patient Rated Manhattan Plastic Surgeon By Find Local Doctors
3. Dr. Benjamin Stong Named 2017 Top Patient Rated Atlanta Plastic Surgeon By Find Local Doctors
4. Muccioli Dental Named 2017 Top Patient Rated Johns Creek Dentist From Find Local Doctors
5. Dr. Hye Park Named as a 2017 Top Patient Rated Alexandria Dentist by Find Local Doctors
6. San Fernando Valley Skin Doctors at Castle Dermatology Institute are Now Offering Restylane Silk and Restylane Lyft
7. Springfield Lorton Dental Group Recognized as a 2017 Top Patient Rated Springfield Dentist by Find Local Doctors
8. Facial Plastic Surgeon Selected as One of the Top Doctors in Orange County!
9. RMACT's Entire Team of Fertility Specialists Are Castle Connolly "2017 Top Doctors"
10. Women's OB/GYN Medical Group's Dr. Susan Logan Recognized as Among the "Top Doctors" in the Bay Area by San Francisco Magazine
11. Brian S. Biesman, MD, Among First U.S. Doctors Chosen to Administer Newly FDA Approved Restylane Fillers


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Chelmsford is the principal settlement of the City of Chelmsford and the county town of Essex, in the East of England. It is located in the London commuter belt, approximately northeast of the notional "Centre of London" at Charing Cross and approximately from Colchester. The urban area of the city has a population of approximately 120,000,
The main conurbation of Chelmsford incorporates all or part of the former parishes of Broomfield, Great Baddow, Galleywood, Writtle, Moulsham, Widford and Springfield, including Springfield Barnes, now known as Chelmer Village.
The communities of Chelmsford, Massachusetts, Chelmsford, Ontario, and Chelmsford, New Brunswick, are named after the city.
Chelmsfords population consists of a large number of City and Docklands commuters, attracted by the 30–35 minute journey into Central London via the Great Eastern Main Line railway. The same journey takes approximately 60 minutes by road via the A12.
On 14 March 2012, Lord President of the Privy Council and Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg announced that Chelmsford, along with Perth, Scotland and St Asaph, Wales, was to be granted city status. The Letters Patent officially granting city status to Chelmsford from The Queen were received on 6 June 2012.
The demonym for a Chelmsford resident is "Chelmsfordian".


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Children's Room & Nursery
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Love & Dating
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3 Steps for Making Up With a Friend (Even If You're Not Speaking)
Christian Vierig / Getty Images
It's no secret that disagreements and fights can happen in even the healthiest of friendships and if you've ever gotten into a major argument with a close friend, you're well aware of how painful and difficult the situation can be. In an ideal world, you and your friend would apologize and move forward together, but sometimes the situation is more complicated than that and you might even find yourselves not talking for an extended period of time.
If you and a friend have a falling out, it's up to both of you to bring your relationship back to a healthy place again. But if you try to make up without success, what happens next? Is your friendship over?
The short answer is no. You can always work towards healing a relationship if you want to. Although it can feel impossible, there are steps you can take to resolve your issues and come to an understanding regarding the cause of a conflict (even if your friend needs some space). Keep reading for a few things you can do if you're in a fight with a friend and they're not speaking to you.
Re-examine the Friendship and Your Own Actions
When someone you consider a close friend refuses to make up with you, it may be time to take a step back and look at the relationship as a whole in order to gain some perspective. This can help you understand whether or not the friendship is worth fighting for. To do this, you can ask yourself questions like, "Do my friend and I have a history of arguing with each other," "Have recent events changed our relationships," "Have I acknowledged my friend's accomplishments," and "Do I think my time is more important than my friends?" If you answered yes to any of these questions, perhaps your friendship was heading for conflict and you didn't notice it before.
Additionally, when examining your friendship, it's important to take a look at your own actions. Check in with yourself and think about whether or not you've been taking your friend for granted, treating them as you should, or offering the support that they need. Sometimes people go through a rough period of time, and if friends can't adapt to the changes, the relationship may be affected. That's why it's helpful to reflect not only on your friend's actions but on your own as well.
Let Your Friend Know How Much You Care
You may assume that your friend knows you care, but sometimes people need to hear it loud and clear. If your friend is pulling away from you and refusing to make up, let them know how much they mean to you. You can tell them how you feel in person or you might consider writing your thoughts down on paper. If you're not sure where to start, try saying or writing something like, "I haven't told you in a while, but I really care about you," "You are an important person in my life," or "Your friendship means a lot to me." If you send your friend a letter or email, be sure to include a suggestion to meet up and work through your problems together in person.
Give Your Friend an Open Invitation to Talk
After you have tried to call, write, and talk to your friend, you might be forced to step away for a bit (and that's okay). Your friend may take longer to move on from the situation than you. If you value the friendship and hope to be friends again one day, tell your friend that. Leave the lines of communication open so they feel they can initiate a conversation when they are ready. You might try saying, "I want you to know I am here when you are ready to talk about this," or "I'm sorry for the way things have turned out with us, but I still consider you a good friend and hope we can go back to being close. I am here whenever you want to call me."
At this point, you've done all you can do to reach out and try working towards a solution. If your friend still isn't talking to you because they're mad or not ready to move forward, all you can do is wait and be there for them when they're ready.
Consider This Your Guide to Moving on After a Fight with a Friend
How To Handle Rude Friends Without Losing The Friendship
How to Go About Dating a Friend (and How to Deal With Awkwardness)
What to Do When Your Friend Is Giving You the Silent Treatment
Do You Know How to Accept an Apology Gracefully?
Here's How to Apologize to a Friend—and Fix Your Relationship
How to Set Healthy Boundaries for Every Type of Friendship
6 Signs You and Your Best Friend Are Meant to Be
5 Ways to Cope When You Don't Like Your Best Friend's S.O
This Is Why Friends Sometimes Drift Apart
Tips to Find Someone New When You Are a Divorced Dad
Hillary Kerr's Candid Advice to Her Younger Self
13 Wildly Successful Women Who Hustled Their Way to the Top
13 Successful Female Founders Open Up About What Life Is Really Like at the Top
If You Think Your In-Laws Hate You, Read This
The Causes of Fighting in Marriage and What to Do About It
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and used them by numbers.
there was nothing that was mellow.
as she painted away with purpose.
by a war that tore people apart.
Her mind set on life without strife.
she stood before finished art.
To be judged and to be felt.
of a life unhindered by strife.
to see her elegant work of art.
Luck or Double the luck?
PLEASE ASK BEFORE SHARING PHOTOS AND OTHER CONTENTS OF THIS SITE.


My keyboard has taken to not working. The cursor is there but when I try to type, nothing happens. I have found if I clear the cache, it will start again. I have cleared the cache half a dozen times already. Do you have any idea what is going on?


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PAHO raises $263 million in 2020 to fight COVID-19 in the Americas
PAHO press release - Tuesday, January 12th, 2021 at 9:31 PM
PAHO Director, Dr. Carissa Etienne
In 2020, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) received commitments for more than $263 million to provide technical support and supplies for the fight against COVID-19 in the Americas.
"We are grateful to all of our partners who have made it possible for us to assist countries in the Americas as they take on this deadly pandemic," said PAHO Director Carissa F. Etienne. "COVID-19 will not be defeated until everyone is safe. Our public health response to the disease must leave no one behind."
The $263 million included direct financial support to PAHO, contributions channeled through WHO to fund the response to COVID-19 in the Americas, and agreements negotiated with PAHO member states with support from a range of international financial institutions.
Partners that donated a combined $91 million directly to PAHO include the governments of Belize, Canada, Colombia, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States and the European Commission. Donors also include multiple UN agencies and regional and international development banks, the Caribbean Confederation of Credit Unions, the Foundation Yamuni Tabush, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria, the Rockefeller Foundation, and individuals who gave to the PAHO COVID-19 Response Fund.
Various partners supported PAHO by contributing $101.3 million through WHO to the fight against COVID-19 in the Americas.
Finally, PAHO's member countries contributed about $70.8 million to fund the public health response to COVID-19 in their own countries. For a complete list of contributors, see our donor page.
With these contributions, PAHO technical cooperation to countries and purchase of essential supplies and equipment, included 119 shipments of personal protective equipment to 34 nations, 21.4 million COVID-19 PCR tests for 36 countries and territories, and more than 224 trainings on testing, tracking, and patient care. As a key component of its technical guidance to countries, PAHO disseminated 111 guidelines and recommendations.
"These funds have allowed us to work side by side with ministries of health and other key partners to tackle this pandemic," said Ciro Ugarte, Director of PAHO's Health Emergencies Department. "We've been able to provide supplies and training critical to both reducing the incidence of cases and treating patients."
"But there are enormous challenges that will require continued support," he added. "We will need resources to help member countries carry out vaccination of over 465 million people in 39 countries and territories in 2021. And while vaccination is rolled out, we must continue our support to limit transmission, reduce mortality, and provide essential health services."
The Americas has been hit hard by COVID-19. All 54 countries and territories in the Americas have been impacted, and three of the ten countries with the most COVID-19 cases globally are located in the Americas – the United States, Brazil, and Argentina. Afrodescendent and indigenous communities have been particularly affected.
As of Jan. 11, 921, 256 people had died from COVID-19 and nearly 40 million had contracted the disease in the Americas.
Dominica to benefit from Canada-funded PAHO assistance
LIVE COVERAGE: PAHO Director leads media briefing on COVID-19 in the Americas
Dominica to benefit from US grant to buy COVID-19 test kits
Dr. Carissa Etienne named WHO Regional Director for the Americas
World Bank to strengthen Dominica's COVID-19 response with US$6.6 Million
Please make sure to invest the money in more COVID-19 PCR test at airports for Caribbean nations because the world will soon be requiring Caribbean nationals to show negative COVID-19 PCR test or vaccination certificates before you can travel. Just like the Caribbean is already doing to tourist and foreign travellers! The Caribbean Hotel and Tourism Association, CHTA, appears to be implying that the Caribbean is short on these! And do not give Dominica that money to buy more red shirts, red shoes, ham and turkey, it is time to build the damn economy so people can cloth themselves and feed themselves, slavery was long abolished although so many Dominicans just love being dependent on other people, but is so their Labour Government put them!
EXSLAVE
Afrodescendent and indigenous communities have been particularly affected
wait thats the same people that was taking sun and rain on d sugar plantation
wondering blues of africa


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Q: Kendo Grid Filter on specific column : how to customize? I have filter on the specific column in Kendo grid and i would like to modify this column like on the image below:

I tried to do by setting on the column config by this way:
// ADD DATE PICKER FOR COLUMNS CREATION TIME
          if(value.filterable.cell.dataTextField == "creationTime") {
            //preparedGridColumnItem.AllowFiltering = false,
            preparedGridColumnItem.format = "{0:dd.MM.yyyy}";
            preparedGridColumnItem.filterable = {
              ui: function (element) {
                element.kendoDatePicker({
                  format: "dd.MM.yyyy"
                });
              },
              cell: {
                operator: "eq",
                showOperators: false, // HIDE FILTER MENU
                template: function (arg) {
                  arg.element.kendoDatePicker({
                    format: "dd.MM.yyyy",
                    change: function (e){
                      console.log("Change :: " + kendo.toString(this.value(), 'd'));
                      var timestamp = moment(this.value()).unix();
                      console.log(timestamp);

                    }
                  });

                }
              }
            }
          }

But without luck.
I would like to have dropdown boxes not editable with predefined value to search.
How can i do it please?
I tried to find any working solution in documentation.
http://demos.telerik.com/kendo-ui/grid/filter-menu-customization
But without the luck.
Many thanks for any advice.
Edit:
Filter is looking like this:

A: Here you go:
filterMenuInit: function(e) {
    if (e.field == "date") {
        var sels = e.container.find("select");
        var sel1 = $(sels[0]).data("kendoDropDownList");
        var sel2 = $(sels[2]).data("kendoDropDownList");

        sel1.select(3);
        sel1.enable(false);

        sel2.select(5);
        sel2.enable(false);
    }
}

Fiddle. This doc helped me.
e.container refers to the filter widget. With it you can play around freely. Note that the event is just called once, at the initialization of the filter widget, and not at each open/close.
Updated code for columnMenu:
Just change the filterMenuInit to columnMenuInit.
Fiddle.
Update 2:
I have added the following code to the columnMenuInit event:
var dates = $(e.container).find('[data-role="datepicker"]');
$(dates[0]).data("kendoDatePicker").unbind("change");
$(dates[1]).data("kendoDatePicker").unbind("change");

Fiddle. I just unbind the default change event of the datepickers, avoiding changing the dropdowns.


Why Would You Buy Berkshire Hathaway?
Earlier this week I pointed to the fact that there is little or no reason to ever own Berkshire Hathaway? Why would you even bother?
Since making these comments, the twitterati and financial bloggers in multiple languages around the world have been weighing in. People are surprised as to how correlated Berkshire has become with the S&P500. As smart and brilliant as Warren Buffett might be (I have no idea, I've never met the guy), he's a closet indexer. The truth is, I was surprised when I ran the numbers. I couldn't believe how irrelevant that stock has now become.
It started with a simple phone call from a friend of mine, we'll call him "Uncle Pat". He was asking me for some advice on how to approach a client of his who won't send him any more assets because he's doing well on his own – apparently he has his entire portfolio in Berkshire Hathaway. Uncle Pat is a financial advisor and just looking to grow his business like anyone else. I left that industry years ago to launch my own hedge fund, but I still remember dealing with this sort of nonsense.
I told Uncle Pat that I'd run the numbers for him because I was pretty sure the only reason his client was doing so well was because Berkshire is probably pretty closely tied to the ups and downs in the US Stock Market. Boy was that an understatement. As it turns out, the Berkshire Hathaway A-shares have a +0.98 correlation with the S&P500 over the past year. It has a +0.95 correlation over the past month. Just to put things in perspective, Berkshire has a higher short-term correlation to the S&P500 than the Dow Jones Industrial Average has to the S&P500. You can't even make that up.
So why on earth would you ever bother "diversifying" your portfolio by adding another extremely correlated stock to the mix. All you're really doing is adding exposure, volatility, and risk to your portfolio by adding Berkshire to an already highly correlated stock portfolio. Talk about a waste of time, money and energy.
But the bottom line? Don't waste your time investing in a closet indexer. Just go buy $SPY for $8/trade on e-trade or something. And if you want diversification, which most of us do, run the math first and make sure you're not just adding to exposure that you already have. We look to other asset classes for this like bonds and commodities, and if you look hard enough, you'll find some great stocks with little or no correlation ($AAPL is actually one of those). So if your broker or advisor thinks it's a good idea to give Warren some of your money, send him the math and tell him how silly that would be.
I was just as shocked as you, trust me. But now we know. And knowing is half the battle.


September 16, 2018 - I recently had the privilege of tasting through all of Stewart's 2016 Nomad collection; from each of the Beckstoffer Heritage Vineyards. I plan to do a challenge; two at a time, pronounce the winner from each taste off and then crown the jewel in the future. 1st up: Beckstoffer Bourn from St. Helena v. Beckstoffer Missouri Hopper from Oakville. In this tasting, there was no contest as Stewart's Bourn Vineyard was off the charts great. MH needs a little bit of time. I have only had wine from Kata, which is David Beckstoffer and Benoit Touquette's collaboration. Stewart Nomad Bourn clearly competes with the Kata offering. Whereas Kata is a blend of primarily Cab and some Petite Sirah, Stewart's Nomad is 100% Cabernet Sauvignon.
Rivaling Benoit's masterpieces from Bourn. Dark, rich and brooding. Full bodied but not too heavy. Lots on mineral, chocolate dark fruits. Strong and long finish. A great sneak peek from what Bourn has to offer and what other Vintners will be releasing over the next couple of years as more producers sign up for this signature heritage obscure vineyard from Andy Beckstoffer. Great job and kudo's to Blair Guthrie, Stewart's winemaker.
(Stewart Cellars Cabernet Sauvignon Beckstoffer Bourn Vineyard Napa Valley Red) Subscribe to see review text.


About-North India Chapter(AIOUG) – Official Blog of North-India Chapter(AIOUG)….
North India Chapter is a part of All India Oracle Users Group(AIOUG). Its focus is to create the platform for professionals in and around Northern Region of India for knowledge sharing related to Oracle technologies i.e. Java, Database etc. The group organizes on last Saturday of every month a technical meet. This tech-meet is arranged every month at a different place within North India and speakers are invited to share their technical expertise with the attendees. Besides it, the chapter also conducts online webinars on every 6th week hosting a technical session delivered by a renowned oracle expert. And all of this is done for FREE as the purpose is to make and more people learn and share their knowledge and to provide a platform for the upcoming presenters.
For details. check our social media links and our official page on AIOUG website , given on the sidebar.


text:
Skidelsky: How much is enough?
12/25/2012 – The book of the year, in our humble opinion, is not one on the royal game, but an extraordinary and very important work written by a chess loving economist. Professor Robert Lord Skidelsky is a regular visitor at the London Chess Classic, and this year he came with a recently published book that we can only urge our readers to read. Review by Ingrid Friedel.
Robert and Edward Skidelsky: How much is enough?
When we recently heard Fareed Zakaria discussing this book with its two authors, Robert and Edward Skidelsky, it immediately struck a chord. Here at last the real questions were asked:
Why does the economy in the Western world have to keep growing? Why do we still have to work as many hours and years as people had to when societies were far from being as affluent as we now are? Do we all have to work full time until we reach our sixties or possibly even seventies, just so that the economy can keep growing? Shouldn't it be the other way round, that the economy should serve us and make it possible for us to live a life that fulfils our real needs?
The authors quote a nearly forgotten essay that John Maynard Keynes wrote in 1930: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren. In this the great economist envisaged a society in which a more developed technology would lead to a much higher output of goods per hour worked, and therefore people would have to work less, may be not at all at some point, to satisfy their needs. All this within say one hundred years.
In the Western world part one of the prognosis has long since come true. Our department stores are stuffed with more products than we really need. But why are we not working less, why has insatiability become rampant? What should we aim for instead?
I must admit, after the introduction (which you can read here) I jumped right to the chapter where this question is answered: what the economy should do for us is enable us to enjoy "the good life", free from monetary cares, live it, as Keynes suggested, "wisely and agreeably and well".
Does working hard and accumulating money do this for us? No, the authors say. The good life can be found if seven needs of the individual are met, which turns them into "basic goods". And most of these have little to do with money. The selection of these elementary goods is painstakingly presented: they must be universal, final, sui generis and indispensable. The choice of words is not always self-evident, but they are carefully explained. Here they are:
Health – self-evident, meaning the full functioning of the body.
Security – just as clear: "The justified expectation that … life will continue in its expected course."
Respect – less easily defined, perhaps best as the status of being fully acknowledged as a human being, based on civil rights on the one hand, but also on personal achievement.
Personality – again more complex. "The ability to frame and execute a plan of life", but also with an element of "spontaneity, individuality and spirit." An essential safeguard of developing personality is private property, not the monthly income that alone would not guarantee independence.
Harmony with nature – not meant as favouring rural life but a warning against alienation from nature.
Friendship – this is the wider term, chosen to include family as well. The authors have the ancient Greek word "philia" in mind, which encompassed "all robust, affectionate relationships." The modern buzz word "community" is rejected since it can be used in a manipulative way.
Leisure – it is "not just time off work but a special form of activity in its own right." It is "free, non-purposive activity". It does not mean idleness or passive consumption, it means pursuing work of your own choice. This can mean paid work, as long as you are not doing it solely for the purpose of making money but because it is what you really want to do. The authors do see that not everybody is prepared for that. "We cannot expect a society trained in the servile and mechanical uses of time to become one of free men over night. But we should not doubt that the task is in principle possible." So the authors would want schools to also prepare people for leisure, not just for the job market.
Is this definition of "the good life" something I could accept for myself? Absolutely. Can money buy these goods? The answer the Skidelskys give is obvious. "Health and friendship lie largely in the lap of fate. Personality, respect and leisure depend partly on individual agency. Still, the state has an important and legitimate role in creating the material conditions under which these and other goods can flourish."
Professor Robert Jacob Alexander, Baron Skidelsky
The final chapter is entitled: "Exits from the Rat Race". It deals with the concept of basic income, different forms of taxation, reducing advertising and the pressure to consume. If we didn't strive to constantly consume more, we wouldn't have to work so much. How could that be organised? How can politics create the necessary framework? All this is discussed from various angles with feasible suggestions, like sharing work or taking time off.
All illusory? When I saw the various suggestions, like sharing work, putting in sabbaticals, reducing the weekly load, I realized that I had done exactly that throughout most of my professional life. As a secondary school teacher, employed by the city state of Hamburg, I could, after our first son was born, reduce the number of lessons I had to teach per week to 50%, with the same amount of reduction in pay, of course. I could take up to three years off with children under three in the house. Teachers could prepare for a sabbatical for between one and six years. If you chose the two year variety you worked one year full time, then had one year off and received 50% of your salary in both years. The six-year variety meant six years full work, then the sabbatical, all the seven years at six seventh of a full salary. You could opt for earlier retirement by having a certain percentage taken off your final pension. Many of these measures were introduced when there was a surplus of young teachers who would otherwise not have found employment. All these options of working less were and still are widely accepted, although they mean less money. But what one gains is quality of life, exactly what the Skidelskys call "the good life".
What this book does is that it encourages normal citizens who are not trained in economic theory to think for themselves and not be intimidated by economic jargon. It points out what really matters and offers a shift of paradigm that goes far beyond the current Euro crisis, fiscal cliffs or national debts, problems that transcend every normal person's comprehension. This book aims at a different society, and it is not Utopia. It is a choice that we can opt for.
In Germany a fledgling party has already been successfully voted into local parliaments and, for the upcoming federal election, has included the following key sentence in their economic policy: "Full employment is neither suited for this day and age, nor is it socially desirable". There you have it: the Skidelskys are not alone.
So if you still need a last-minute Christmas present, for a friend or even for yourself: get this book, read it and start a discussion!
Ingrid Friedel
Robert Skidelsky at the London Chess Classic
Professor Robert Jacob Alexander, Baron Skidelsky was born on 25 April 1939 in Harbin, Manchuria. His parents were British subjects, but of Russian ancestry. His father worked for the family firm, L. S. Skidelsky, which leased the Mulin coalmine from the Chinese government. When war broke out between Britain and Japan in December 1941, he and his parents were interned first in Manchuria then Japan, but released in exchange for Japanese internees in England. From 1953 to 1958 he went to Brighton College and after that Jesus College and Nuffield College, both in Oxford. In 1970, he became an Associate Professor at the School of Advanced International Studies, John Hopkins University, and in 1978 he was appointed Professor of International Studies at the University of Warwick, where he has since remained. He is currently Andrew D. White Professor-at-Large at Cornell University.
Robert Skidelsky, the economist, is also a chess fan and a close friend of Nigel Short. To this we owe his regular visits to the London Chess Classic, where he will gladly engage in economic discussions with participants and visitors. They are among the most interesting encounters during the chess event.
At last year's Chess Classic: GM Michael Stean, Robert Skidelsky and Nigel Short
This year a very similar scene in the VIP room, with John Nunn and Nigel Short
Interestingly John Nunn had, some weeks earlier, expressed very similar views to those of the Skidelskys – without yet knowing of their book or its contents (a wry Nunn adage: "The problem with economics is that it deals with money"). Great minds think alike.
Robert Skidelsky is enchanted to meet the strongest female chess player in history
At dinner Robert signs books for Nigel Short, venture capitalist Mihaly Szalontay,
Vishy and Aruna Anand and the entire Friedel family, one book for each member.
Prof Lord Robert Skidelsky - How Much is Enough? The Economics of the Good Life
Dr Edward Skidelsky - Happiness and Economic Growth
The thesis of this book is that you cannot measure the well-being of individuals, families, groups, cities, states or nations purely on the basis of money, by looking at income, bank accounts, monetary wealth, the budget or Gross National Income. Evaluating well-being only in terms of cash, as is very often done, leads to a one-sided view, as does evaluating the success of economies mainly on the basis of growth. In their book the Skidelskys lay the foundations of a saner, more stable world, arguing that progress should be measured not by the traditional yardsticks of growth or per capita incomes, but needs to include the seven elements described above. The book is a rarity, a work of deep intelligence and ethical commitment accessible to all readers. It will be lauded, debated, cited, and criticized. It will not be ignored. If there is one book you buy in the remaining days of the year, let it be this seminal work by the great economic thinker and his philosopher son.
Order it from Amazon: How Much is Enough? Money and the Good Life
Read excerpts from the print and Kindle versions at Amazon
The Robert Skidelsky home page
Commentaries by Robert Skidelsky on Project Syndicate
Copyright ChessBase


text:
La  ou   (terme allemand, traduit en français par  ou ) est une peine du droit allemand, faisant peser sur la famille d'un criminel de lourdes conséquences.

Originaire du Moyen Âge germanique, cette pratique réapparaît dans le corpus légal dans l'Allemagne nazie. Dans ce contexte, les proches des auteurs de crimes contre l'État étaient tenus pour responsables à égalité et pouvaient être arrêtés, voire exécutés.

Principe
Étendre la sanction d'un acte à l'entourage de l'auteur est une vieille application de la responsabilité collective des individus à travers l'histoire sociale. Cette pratique, perpétuée par les régimes autoritaires, totalitaires et théocratiques, mais aussi par la pègre, les groupes paramilitaires et certains mouvements de guérilla, est depuis longtemps combattue dans et par des démocraties au nom des principe d'égalité, de justice et de proportion, mais on en constate régulièrement la résurgence partout dans le monde.

Aperçu historique

En droit germanique, la responsabilité de la parenté prend sa source dans le droit coutumier où le maintien de la paix publique au sein du clan entraînait la nécessité de proscrire les individus dangereux et de faire payer la peine à leur famille. On brûlait leur maison, les liens étaient rompus, leur femme regardée comme veuve et leurs enfants comme orphelins. Personne ne pouvait les loger ou les nourrir. Cette forme de justice imprègne le folklore germanique (sagas islandaises, Nibelungen). Selon , il existait aussi une responsabilité frappant la famille en droit romain, en particulier pour les régicides.

La Sippenhaftung comme facteur de paix au sein d'un clan
Ceux qui commettaient des délits considérés comme portant atteinte à la paix publique étaient bannis et leur famille ne pouvait plus les aider, tous devaient venir au secours du lésé contre l'offenseur (nachheilen) dans la guerre privée qu'il livrait à l'offenseur. La guerre finissait par l'exécution d'acte de justice privée consistant principalement en la saisie des biens de l'offenseur et un serment de ne pas vouloir se venger. Le Wergeld était dû en cas d'homicide, tandis que les autres crimes tels que le défi illégal étaient punis de confiscations faites par le lésé lui-même. S'il n'était payé, le lésé pouvait tuer l'offenseur sans se mettre en tort.

Le criminel ne bénéficiait plus du respect de son domicile lequel pouvait être brûlé. Entre parents (Sippe), il était interdit de se livrer à une guerre privée ou de porter plainte contre la parentèle. Pour cela, il fallait d'abord se séparer du parent (au sens large) en cause. Les personnes indignes pouvaient être exclues de la parenté par le clan. Toutes ces décisions étaient prises par le tribunal auquel tout homme libre devait assister.

Ce système fut affecté par l'apparition de grands propriétaires fonciers dont l'Église auxquels les hommes libres prêtaient allégeance, tandis que des clans plus grands qu'autrefois se formaient et qu'un système féodal auquel revient le maintien de la paix remplace les chefferies dont le droit est maintenu d'une manière disparate. Les guerres de succession franques jusqu'au couronnement de Charlemagne marquent une période d'effacement du souci de paix publique.

Dans l'Empire franc, chacun est jugé selon son statut personnel et peut faire appel devant le roi. Celui-ci devint exclusivement compétent pour constater les atteintes à la paix pour 8 cas (atteinte aux églises, veuves, orphelins, indigents, enlèvement de femme, violation de domicile, incendie et désertion) sanctionnés par l'exclusion de toute juridiction, sauf la flagrance qui relevait du juge ordinaire. Il devint impossible pour tout homme libre d'assister aux sessions judiciaires du fait de la complexification du système judiciaire, et l'on n'est plus obligé d'assister au jugement des affaires mineures.

Le catalogue des atteintes s'étend, étant constitué du meurtre, rapt, rapine, brigandage, grand vol, bande criminelle. La mort et les mutilations sont remplacées par des amendes. La proscription est réduite à un certain temps, ou suspendue en cas de réparation. L'obligation d'assister le lésé incombe désormais aux fonctionnaires. La guerre privée justifiée par ces atteintes ne peut plus être exercée que contre les parents proches, et non plus l'ensemble de la parenté.

Un exemple de proscription dans les pays d'Europe du nord est celui d'Erik le Rouge.

Évolution de Charlemagne aux Hohenstauffen : la guerre privée au haut Moyen Âge
La décadence de l'empire au profit des seigneurs féodaux permet une résurgence de la guerre privée que le maintien de la paix publique cherchait à combattre. C'est alors l'église qui initie la limitation de la guerre privée (), notamment par la Trêve de Dieu (1041) (pas de guerre du mercredi soir au lundi matin). Un crime commis pendant la Trêve est puni d'un long exil à Jérusalem, puis plus tard d'excommunication. Celle-ci est ensuite supplée par l'idée de paix permanente qui ne peut être réalisée que par la suppression des guerres privées. La Trêve est reprise en Allemagne dans une paix publique de 1083 de l'évêque de Cologne, puis est étendue à tout l'Empire en 1085 par les autres évêques. Cette trêve fut parfois respectée mais n'eut en général que peu d'effet. Dans les paix publiques d'Empire, la proscription touchera les gens excommuniés par l'Église. Le fait aussi de ne pas jurer la paix publique ôtait le bénéfice de la juridiction ecclésiastique.

Vers un règlement d'Empire de la guerre privée sous les Hohenstaufen

En 1103, les grands seigneurs séculiers prêtent un serment garantissant la paix aux églises, au clergé, aux moines, aux marchands, aux femmes, aux juifs. Il est interdit d'entrer dans une maison ou de l'incendier, nul ne peut tuer ou blesser pour une dette, nul ne doit protéger le coupable de tels faits et le château où il se réfugiera sera détruit. Les peines sont: aveuglement, ablation d'une main, perte de fief et de terres. La peine pour vol dépend de son importance. Il s'agit d'un recul par rapport à la position impériale précédente pour qui toute violence, dont la guerre privée, est contraire à la paix publique. La guerre privée reste alors légale.

En 1152, Frédéric  proclame une loi de paix publique d'Empire qui est une loi permanente (par différence avec les traités de paix temporaires entre partis généralement conclus en ce temps). Elle ne vise pas la guerre privée puisque celle-ci est illégale. Elle vise une série de crimes graves et les peines afférentes, puis des règles civiles et publiques. Une autre loi de paix publique permanente est proclamée en 1158, enjoignant ses sujets à garder la paix et une alliance permanente entre eux. Les princes et fonctionnaires jurent de garantir cette paix, qui doit être renouvelée tous les 5 ans. Le lésé doit s'adresser à un tribunal. Celui qui rompt la paix est puni de lourdes amendes. D'autres paix de Frédéric  reprennent les caractères des paix publiques antérieures du fait de l'affaiblissement de l'Empereur, permettant regrettablement la guerre privée, y compris la "Constitution contra incendiarios" du  alors qu'il est à nouveau au faîte de sa gloire. Celle-ci oblige à prévenir par un messager 3 jours à l'avance qu'un préjudice va être porté et à apporter la preuve de l'exécution de cette obligation.

Les transgressions aux paix publiques (meurtre, viol, rapine, vol) prises en compte sans distinction de classe relèvent de la haute justice qui se transforme en une justice criminelle poursuivant les individus dangereux pour la société et leur appliquant des peines de mort, de mutilation, de proscription et d'amende. Le renforcement entre 1231 et 1232 du droit des seigneurs et des évêques leur transmet le règlement des questions de paix publique.

Les Capitulations de Mayence de 1235, première loi en allemand, disposent qu'il faut d'abord tenter de résoudre les conflits par la voie judiciaire, la guerre privée n'étant permise qu'en cas d'indigence de la justice. Le non-respect du délai de 3 jours pour porter un défi entraîne déchéance définitive du droit, ce qui transforme l'acte en "défi déloyal" (unrecht widersagen) qui est un crime contre la paix publique. La violation de la paix solennellement jurée est punie de ban, lequel ne peut jamais être rompu si la violation résulte d'un meurtre. La proscription s'étend à celui qui aide un proscrit. La ville ou la maison où le banni trouve refuge sera rasée. La saisie ne peut plus être faite par le lésé sans accord du juge. Est enfin instituée une cour impériale suprême, dotée d'un secrétaire tenant le registre des proscrits et des jugements importants.

Garantie de la paix publique par différentes entités sur plusieurs territoires
À la suite de la chute des Hohenstaufen, les villes créent une confédération pour exécuter les Capitulations de Mayence, notamment les dispositions abolissant de nombreuses douanes et droits de monnaie. L'élection de 1257 y mit un terme. L'affaiblissement de l'Empire fit que la gestion de la paix publique incomba aux seigneurs. Certains combattirent les rapines des chevaliers pillards dont les actes ne relevaient pas de la guerre privée. Les paix publiques sont renouvelées comme rappel du droit antérieur faisant partie du droit coutumier. Les personnes sous la coupe d'un seigneur relèvent de sa juridiction, mais les autres relèvent de la paix publique.

Les entités publiques jurent des paix à temps, du fait de la difficulté de réaliser effectivement les mesures requises par la paix publique perpétuelle. Les Hasbourg élus roi jurent la paix publique. Par la suite, par la Bulle d'or de 1356, les villes ne peuvent pas accorder la citoyenneté à ceux domiciliés hors de leurs murs, interdiction que les villes combattirent à l'occasion des proclamations de paix publique. Aucun défi ne peut être lancé hors du domicile de l'offenseur. Une juridiction particulière peut être érigée pour gérer la paix publique (Landgericht) avec à sa tête un "Obmann" dont le choix est fait avec veto du roi. Elle règle les conflits entre membres de la paix et fournit les moyens quand celle-ci doit être défendue à l'appel du lésé. La proscription frappe celui qui ne se rend pas devant le tribunal ou en refuse la sentence.

Du fait que différents textes de paix publiques de roi ou d'évêque se superposaient sur différents territoires, l'idée naît en 1381 de créer une paix qui s'étend par cercles aux territoires appliquant la législation de l'Empire, laquelle est proclamée en 1383 à Nuremberg, instituant des territoires dont les membres doivent se réunir à Nuremberg en cas de désaccord. En sont encore exclues les villes qui entre-temps créèrent des ligues entre elles. La paix publique temporaire d'Egra de  supprime les ligues des seigneurs et des villes remplacées par des entités territoriales chapeautées par des comités dont les seigneurs élisent 5 membres et les villes 4.

Par la suite, des paix furent projetées ou proclamées pour créer une alliance contre les Turcs et les partis religieux. La gestion de la paix publique est confiée au Kammergericht. Les luttes intérieures deviennent des guerres pour le pouvoir politique et non plus des guerres destinées à obtenir la réparation d'un crime. En 1871, il est interdit de faire la guerre.

En résumé, la responsabilité pour la parenté pour des crimes contre l'ordre public comprend plusieurs obligations: venir en aide au lésé et ne pas assister le parent qui a été proscrit par le jugement du peuple. Le régime de la proscription s'est développé de sorte que les peines affligeant le proscrit s'appliquent aussi à celui qui lui apporte une aide, par différence avec le bannissement ou l'exil. Soit l'on se désolidarise du criminel, soit on subit son sort. Cette institution a perdu sa raison d'être avec l'émergence d'une justice criminelle moderne.

Pratiques nazies
De nombreuses personnes qui n'avaient commis aucun crime furent arrêtées et punies au titre des lois de la Sippenhaft, introduites à la suite de l'échec du complot du 20 juillet 1944 visant à assassiner Adolf Hitler. Une loi de février 1945 menaçait également de mort les familles des chefs militaires qui avaient fait preuve de ce que Hitler considérait comme de la couardise ou du défaitisme face à l'ennemi.
Selon certaines personnes âgées, le Sippenhaftung était déjà en cours en Moselle avant cette date et les jeunes qui étaient incorporés de force ou destinés au RAD (ReichArbeitDienst) en relevaient.

Après l'échec du complot du , le Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler déclara lors d'un rassemblement de Gauleiters à Poznań qu'il voulait « mettre en place une responsabilité absolue de la parenté… une très ancienne coutume pratiquée par nos ancêtres ». Selon lui, cette pratique aurait existé chez les anciens Teutons :

Et en effet, la famille de Claus von Stauffenberg, qui avait placé la bombe qui rata Hitler, fut frappée par ces mesures. Sa femme, Nina Schenk, comtesse von Stauffenberg, fut déportée au camp de concentration de Ravensbrück ; elle survécut et décéda en 2006. Son frère Alexander, qui ne savait rien du complot et servait dans l'armée allemande en Grèce, fut également déporté. Des punitions similaires furent infligées aux parents de Carl Goerdeler, Henning von Tresckow, Adam von Trott zu Solz, Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach et beaucoup d'autres conspirateurs. Le fait que la plupart de ces familles appartinssent à la vieille aristocratie prussienne, une classe détestée par les nazis, renforça le zèle avec lequel elles furent persécutées. Les plus jeunes enfants des conjurés arrêtés ne furent pas emprisonnés mais placés dans des orphelinats sous de nouveaux noms : par exemple, les enfants Stauffenberg reçurent le nom de Meister.

Le général von Choltitz fait état de cette pratique dont l'aurait informé un mystérieux « chef SS » dont il prétend ne pas connaître le nom. Il prit la précaution de mettre sa famille à l'abri avec l'aide du général Speidel.

Pratiques analogues
D'autres régimes ont utilisé des procédés similaires, sans toutefois les avoir codifiés dans une loi.
 Dans les États se réclamant du communisme du bloc de l'Est, au nom de la lutte des classes et de la « vigilance révolutionnaire », des centaines de milliers de citoyens furent arrêtés et exécutés ou déportés au Goulag en tant que « parents d'ennemis du peuple ». Les exemples les plus connus sont les Grandes Purges de Joseph Staline, dans les années 1930, dont Anna Larina, épouse de Nikolaï Boukharine.
 En Algérie, durant toute l'occupation française, soit en 132 années , la responsabilité collective et les châtiments collectifs étaient régulièrement pratiqués contre des tribus, des villages, des hameaux et des congrégations religieuses entières donnant lieu à des massacres et des saisies de terres qui aboutissaient très souvent à des famines qui décimaient le clan visé par ces mesures.
 Au Maroc, après le coup d'État raté contre le roi Hassan II, la famille du général Mohamed Oufkir (sa femme Fatéma et ses 6 enfants dont un avait deux ans et demi) fut envoyée sans jugement le  dans une prison secrète dans le désert du Sahara, dans des conditions extrêmement dures durant 19 ans. Sa fille Malika en témoigne dans La prisonnière, paru en 2000.

 En Iran, notamment lors des manifestations commencées en 2022, le régime islamique menace les Iraniens réfugiés à l'étranger et exprimant un soutien aux manifestations locales pour une transition démocratique d'arrêter leurs parents vivant sur place et de les enfermer à la prison d'Evin, une prison principalement politique connue pour des pratiques de torture.

Dans de nombreuses affaires de cyberharcèlement, les harceleurs s'en prennent également à la famille et aux proches de la victime afin de faire pression sur cette dernière, partant du principe qu'elle le vivra plus difficilement que si elle constitue la seule cible.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

  Joachim Fest, Staatsstreich. Der lange Weg zum 20. Juli. Berlin 1994, .
  Robert Loeffel, Sippenhaft, Terror and Fear in Nazi Germany: Examining One Facet of Terror in the Aftermath of the Plot of 20 July 1944, Contemporary European History, Volume 16, Number 1, 2007, .

 Konstanze von Schulthess, Nina von Staufenberg : un portrait, Éditions des Syrtes 2011.
 . Le Sippenhaft en Alsace annexée de fait pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

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