text:
Title: Land Rover Discovery
Subject: Land Rover, Range Rover, Land Rover Defender, Range Rover Classic, Range Rover Sport
Collection: 1980S Automobiles, 1990S Automobiles, 2000S Automobiles, 2010S Automobiles, All-Wheel-Drive Vehicles, Land Rover Vehicles, Off-Road Vehicles, Sport Utility Vehicles, Vehicles Introduced in 1989, Winners of What Car? Car of the Year
United Kingdom: Solihull
(Solihull plant)
Jordan: Aqaba
(Aqaba Assembly Plant)
Malaysia: Shah Alam
(SMA & AMI)[1]
Front engine, four-wheel drive
The Land Rover Discovery is a mid-size luxury SUV, from the British car maker Land Rover. There have been four generations of the vehicle, the first of which was introduced in 1989. It was the last user of Rover V8 engine, which was introduced in 1960s. The current Discovery 4 is marketed in North America as the LR4.
Discovery I (1989-1998) 1
Body and trim 1.1
Engine and drivetrain 1.2
1994 update 1.3
North American specification 1.4
Other versions 1.5
Special editions 1.6
Discovery Series II (1998-2004) 2
Discovery 3 / LR3 (2004-2009) 3
Discovery 4 / LR4 (2009-) 4
Reception 4.1
Engines 4.2
Transmissions 4.3
The one millionth Discovery (2012) 5
Derivatives and specialist versions 6
Motorsport 7
Discovery I (1989-1998)
3-door van
2.0 L Rover T-Series I4
2.5 L 200Tdi TD I4 1989-94
3.5 L Rover V8
4-speed ZF4HP22 automatic
The Discovery was introduced into the United Kingdom in 1989. The company code-named the vehicle "Project Jay". The new model was based on the chassis and drivetrain of the more upmarket Range Rover, but with a lower price aimed at a larger market segment intended to compete with Japanese offerings. This was the only Discovery generation with a four-cylinder petrol engine.
The Discovery was initially only available as a three-door version; the five-door body style became available in 1990. Both were fitted with five seats, with the option to have two jump seats fitted in the boot. Land Rover employed an external consultancy, Conran Design Group, to design the interior. They were instructed to ignore current car interior design and position the vehicle as a 'lifestyle accessory'. Their interior incorporated a number of original features, although some ideas shown on the original interior mock-ups (constructed inside a Range Rover bodyshell at Conran's workshops) were left on the shelf, such as a custom sunglasses holder built into the centre of the steering wheel. The design was unveiled to critical acclaim, and won a British Design Award in 1989.
1995–1997 Land Rover Discovery Tdi 3-door (England)
The majority of the interior was constructed from 'Sonar Blue' plastic (with blue cloth trim), with map/magazine holding slots above the windscreen, hand-holds for rear passengers incorporated into the head restraints of the front seats, remote radio controls on the instrument cluster, twin removable sunroof panels (including a special zip-up storage bag behind the rear seats) and a Land Rover-branded cloth fabric holdall in the front centre console for oddments storage that could be removed from the vehicle and worn as a 'handbag' using a supplied shoulder strap (relatively few of these bags have survived, making them collectable items). Despite such features, the interior's basic structure was the same as the Range Rover and virtually all the switchgear and instruments came from other Rover Group cars such as the Maestro and Montego. Similarly, the Discovery utilized several Range Rover body panels, as well as headlights from the Freight Rover van and taillights from the Maestro van. The latter would continue to bear the Austin Rover 'chevron' logo on their lenses until production of the first generation Discovery ended in 1998, ten years after Austin Rover ceased to exist.
The designers of the original model had been forced to economise and use the "parts bin" of the then parent-company, Rover. The 200 series used the basic bodyshell structure from the Range Rover, door handles from the Morris Marina, tail lights from the Austin Maestro van, and interior switchgear and instrumentation from Rover's surplus parts.
In 1992, the Discovery received several additions and improvements. The interior was offered in a more traditional beige as well as the distinctive (but controversial) light blue, an automatic transmission was made available on 200Tdi models, new colours were added to the range (and the large 'compass and mountain' side decals worn by early Discoveries to disguise wavy panel fit around the rear three quarter windows were no longer fitted) and the 'SE' pack (incorporating alloy wheels, front driving lights, roof bars and a special range of metallic paints) was introduced as an option. A two-seater, three-door Discovery Commercial version, lacking rear side windows, was later offered by Land Rover Special Vehicles.
Before 1994, the Discovery was available with either the 2.5 litre 200 Tdi engine or the 3.5 litre Rover V8. Early V8 engines used a twin SU carburettor system, switching to Lucas 14CUX fuel injection in 1990. A 2.0 litre petrol engine from the Rover stable was briefly available in a model known as the 2.0 L Mpi I4. This was intended to attract fleet managers, since UK (and Italian) tax laws benefited vehicles under two litres. A combination of changes in taxation and lack of power for such a heavy vehicle led to the demise of this engine, despite its fitment to several Discoveries supplied to the British Royal family-most notably driven by Prince Philip around Windsor Great Park, in his position as Park Ranger.
The transmission was a permanent four wheel drive system, with a high and low range transfer box, locking centre differential at the transfer box. Similarly to the rest of the Land Rover range, the handbrake acts on the transmission at the back of the transfer box, therefore locking the rear prop shaft or both front and rear prop shafts if the central differential lock is engaged.
In 1994, many changes were made to the Discovery. It reached some markets as the "Discovery 2"; the 200Tdi and 3.5 L V8 engines were replaced with the 2.5 L 300TDi 4-cylinder and 3.9-litre Rover V8 engines. The 300Tdi introduced a Bosch electronic emissions control for certain models and markets. At around this time a stronger R380 gearbox was fitted to all manual models. The newer models featured larger headlamps and a second set of rear lights in the bumper. The new rear lights had their wiring configuration changed several times to meet real or expected European safety legislation. Some vehicles were left with an arrangement where the vulnerable bumper contains the only working direction-indicator lights; other examples have these lights duplicated in the traditional rear pillar location.
North American specification
The 1994 model year marked the first year that the Discovery was sold in the United States. Airbags were incorporated into the design of the 1994 model to meet the requirements of US motor vehicle regulations, though they were not fitted as standard in all markets. All North American specification (NAS) models were fitted with the 3.9-litre V8 from the Range Rover SE models, and later models saw a change to the 4.0-litre version of the engine.[2]
Technically speaking, the 1996 to 1998 US models with 4.0-litre engines had the same displacement as the 3.9-litre engines fitted to the earlier 1994 to 1995 US models; the differences between the engines involved improvements to the block rigidity and pistons, and a change from the Lucas 14CUX engine management to the distributorless Generic Engine Management System ("GEMS"). In earlier 3.9-litre US engines the fuel injection computer (14CUX) did not control the ignition, which was instead controlled by a traditional system with an ignition coil and distributor made by Lucas. The GEMS system was developed jointly by Lucas and SAGEM; it controlled both spark timing and fuel injection. Unlike the earlier systems fitted to Rover V8 engines, GEMS was made OBD-II compliant. This change was largely driven by the federal requirement (starting in 1996) for vehicles sold in the United States to meet the OBD-II specification.
1994 Honda Crossroad (Japan)
In Japan, a badge-engineered version of the Discovery I was offered, called the Honda Crossroad. The Rover companies had a cross-holding relationship with Honda UK since early-1980s. The relationship ended after Rover was taken over by BMW in 1994. (Honda revived the nameplate 'Crossroad' in another small sport utility vehicle in 2007.)
In the Republic of Ireland, local tax laws meant that the first ever example of a Discovery Commercial (van) was launched there in 1991. A revised version was launched in 1993, shortly after the UK market example of late 1992. The Irish examples have formed the basis of the Discovery's success and high sales there, as commercials are on a much lower tax band.
Country Life (Switzerland, 1991): The Country Life was a five-door V8i Discovery with special interior trim, including a leather-wrapped Nardi steering wheel, wood door and console trim, and identifying decals. It also included a picnic basket. A total of 50 Country Life editions were built.[3]
Orienteer (Australia, 1992): The Orienteer models were all three-door, equipped with the V8. They were fitted with five-spoke alloy wheels and driving lights, and "compass" side graphics. Seventy-five Orienteer Discoverys were built; because they sold out quickly, this special edition was offered again for the 1993 model year.[3]
Freestyle (France, 1993): The Freestyle was available as either a three-door or five-door, and all were painted metallic blue and adorned with Freestyle decals. They were fitted with front and rear anti-roll bars and the "Freestyle" five-spoke alloy wheels.[3]
County Rider (France, 1993): Intended to appeal to equestrians, the County Rider was equipped with a rear floor liner, rub-strips and wheel-arch protectors, mudflaps, floor mats, an adjustable tow hitch, and a saddle rack. Available as either a three- or five-door, all were painted green with special decals.[3]
Rossignol (Australia, 1993): Named for Skis Rossignol, this was a three-door V8i painted in Caprice blue-green metallic and fitted with a ski rack. It was also fitted with rub strips, wheel arch protectors, and other items that were optional on the base models.[3]
Camel Trophy (Japan, 1995): All were painted Sandglow Yellow, and built with roof racks to which were fitted metal Camel Trophy plates. Available was either the V8 with automatic gearbox, or 300Tdi diesel with five-speed manual.[3]
Sunseeker (Germany, 1996): Fitted with a chromed front bullbar and painted metallic blue with special decals. All were in the five-door configuration with deep-dish alloy wheels.
Goodwood (UK, 1997): Before it was discovered that the name "Goodwood" was controlled by the owners of the Goodwood Circuit, Land Rover had already planned production of 500 Goodwood special edition examples. They were painted British Racing Green (renamed to "Goodwood Green") with coachlines and special badging, and trimmed with a leather-wrapped steering wheel and walnut interior accents. All were also fitted with dished alloy wheels. Because of the legal objection to the use of the Goodwood name, the single unit built for the London Motor Show was the only one actually badged as such and the remaining 499 were left unnamed.[3]
Horse and Hound (UK, 1997): Twenty of these were produced, as a result of a joint promotional effort between Lex Land Rover (of Maidenhead) and Horse & Hound magazine. All were five-door Tdi models with an individual series number and special decals.[3]
Argyll (UK, 1997): Available as either a V8i or Tdi and painted either Oxford Blue or Woodcote Green. Re-introduced in 1998 as a three-door variant.[3]
Aviemore (UK, 1998): Base on the seven-seat GS model, the Aviemore had special badging and was available as either British Racing Green over beige cloth or Rioja Red over gray cloth. It was also equipped with dished alloy wheels and a heated windscreen.[3]
Anniversary 50 (UK, 1998): Designed to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Land Rover, this edition had special 50th Anniversary badging and either Atlantis Blue or White Gold paint. The interior was Lightstone leather, and the wheels were the "Boost" style alloy design. It was built as a V8 automatic or Tdi (with either the automatic or manual gearbox.)[3]
Safari (UK, 1998): Again based on the seven-seat GS, the Safari was painted Epsom Green and was equipped with a rear ladder, roof rails, and additional fog lamps. It was available with either the V8 or Tdi engine, although the manual gearbox was only offered in conjunction with the Tdi. A total of 1,100 were built.[3]
Trophy (Netherlands)
Camel Trophy (Germany, 1998): Painted Sandglow Yellow with "Tornado" style alloy wheels. Equipped with a snorkel air intake, trail lamps, a roof rack, a ladder, and a bullbar.[3]
Trophy (Germany, 1998): Not to be confused with the "Camel Trophy" edition also available in Germany during the same year, the "Trophy" had alloy wheels and air conditioning, twin airbags, a front bar with additional lamps, and a special spare tire cover. The Trophy was only available with the 300Tdi engine.[3]
Esquire (Germany, 1998): Like the Trophy, the Esquire was equipped with twin airbags, air conditioning, and alloy wheels, but it was also standardized with ABS and the interior was trimmed with wood and leather.[3]
Discovery Series II (1998-2004)
4,543 lb (2,061 kg) – 4,895 lb (2,220 kg)
The Series II Discovery debuted in autumn 1998 and in the US in 1999. Land Rover promoted that the Discovery Series II had been modified with 720 'differences'. The interior and exterior was re-worked to be less utilitarian, but it was still similar to the Series I. Every body panel was new except the rear door outer skin. The rear body was extended to improve load space but at the expense of added rear overhang, which adversely impacted off-road ability. Changes to the diesel engined models saw the 2,495 cc Td5 (in-line direct-injected straight-five engine) introduced, in line with the updated Defender models. This electronically managed engine was smoother, producing more usable torque at lower revs than its 300Tdi predecessor. The Td5 engine is often mistakenly attributed to BMW; it was derived from the Rover L-series passenger car engine and further developed by Land Rover. The 3,948 cc V8 petrol version from the Discovery 1 was replaced with the Range Rover P38 Thor 4.0-litre Rover-derived V8. There was no actual increase in capacity over the previous 3.9-litre engine. Although the basic design of the engine was similar, it was actually quite different internally: it used a different crankshaft, had larger bearing journals with cross bolted caps, different con rods, and different pistons. The blocks were machined differently, in order to accept extra sensors for the Gems and Bosch (Thor) injection system and to allow the extra stroke of the 4.6 crankshaft. For the 2003 and 2004 model year Discovery II they changed to the 4.6-litre V8 (though the 4.0 continued as the only V8 option offered in the UK). ACE (Active Cornering Enhancement, an electronically controlled hydraulic anti-roll bar system) was fitted to some versions, which reduced cornering roll. Self-levelling air springs were fitted to some models and European type-approval for seven-seat vehicles was only given to air-sprung examples.
The locking centre differential was still fitted until early 2001, although the linkage to operate it was not attached, as Land Rover believed that the traction control and newly developed Hill Descent Control would render it redundant. The actual locking mechanism was removed in early 2001, before being fully reinstated (with linkage) with the facelifted 2003 model. Whilst the traction control system worked very effectively, it did not offer the same level of control and smooth operation as the vehicles fitted with the differential lock. Customer demand saw the diff lock controls fully reinstated as a cost option only (standard on top of range HSE/SE vehicles) on UK/Irish models, and aftermarket kits are offered by several vendors for those vehicles which were produced with the lock, but not the linkage.
The U.S. version was available in three trim levels: S, SE and HSE, the SE and HSE having a 7-seat option, SE7 and HSE7. The "facelift" models are easily identified by new "pocketed" headlamps (which matched the Range Rover and facelifted Freelander models) as well as redesigned turn and brake lamps on the rear of the vehicle. The turn signals were moved from the bumper to the high side fixtures. The earlier Series II models could in turn be easily distinguished from the original Discovery by the position of those stop light fixtures above the window-line (earlier models had them below), and by the replacement of paddle door handles with the current sort. The Series II also differs slightly in dimensions.
A small number of Discovery II Commercial models were produced by Land Rover Special Vehicles, this time based on the five-door bodyshell but with the windows rendered opaque to give van-like appearance and security. Normal vehicles were exported to Republic of Ireland, where the rear side windows were smashed and rear seats were destroyed in the presence of a Revenue official, to offer a model that avoided the Vehicle Registration Tax (saving approximately 40%). The Commercials came with rear self-levelling suspension as standard.
In the final production run of the Discovery II, only two models were offered for sale in the UK market, the 'base' Pursuit, which still retained a high level of equipment as standard, and the top specification Landmark, which offered an all-leather interior, twin sunroofs, Active Cornering Enhancement, six-disc CD player, and a heated windscreen. The final vehicles left the production lines in late May 2004 to make way for the all new Discovery 3 (LR3) models.
Discovery 3 / LR3 (2004-2009)
Discovery 3 TDV6 SE
Land Rover LR3 (2004-08)
Andy Wheel
2.7LV6
2005–2006: 74.1 in (188 cm)
5,333 lb (2,419 kg) - 5,426 lb (2,461 kg)
On 2 April 2004, Land Rover introduced the Discovery 3, marketed as the LR3 in North America. It retained the key features of the Discovery, such as the stepped roofline and steeply raked windscreen. The LR3 name was chosen for North American markets due to negative quality associations with the Discovery name and (according to Land Rover) a preference in the American market for alpha-numeric model designations – the second generation Freelander was also re-designated for the North American market as the LR2.
Land Rover developed a body construction method for the Discovery 3, marketed as Integrated Body Frame (IBF). The engine bay and passenger compartment are built as a monocoque, then mated to a basic ladder-frame chassis for the gearbox and suspension. Land Rover claims IBF combines the virtues of monocoque and ladder-frame – though it makes for a heavier vehicle than a monocoque construction, compromising performance and agility somewhat but adding strength, toughness and adaptability.
The LR3 features full independent suspension (FIS). Like the Range Rover L322, this is an air suspension system, enabling ride-height adjustment by simply pumping up or deflating the air bags. The vehicle can be raised to provide ground clearance when off-road, but lowered at high speeds to improve handling. Land Rover developed 'cross-linked' air suspension. When needed, the suspension mimics the action of a beam axle (as one wheel drops, the other rises). If the chassis of the vehicle contacts the ground when the suspension was at its 'off road' height, the system senses the reduction in load on the air springs and raises the vehicle an extra inch. In the UK and European markets, a coil-spring independent suspension system was offered on the base model. This model was unique in the range by having only five seats and only being available with the 2.7 litre diesel engine. This model lacked the Terrain Response system.
The engines used in the Discovery 3 were all taken from Land Rover's sister company at the time, Jaguar. A Ford/PSA-developed 2.7-litre, 195 hp (145 kW), 440 Nm V6 diesel engine (the TdV6) was intended to be the biggest seller in Europe. For the US market and as the high-performance option elsewhere, a 4.4 litre petrol V8 of 300 hp (220 kW) was chosen. A 216 hp (161 kW) 4.0-litre SOHC Ford V6 petrol engine was available in North America and Australia.
The gearboxes on the Discovery 3 were also all-new. For the diesel engine, a six-speed manual transmission was standard. As an option, and as standard on the V8 engine, a six-speed automatic transmission was available. Both came with a two-speed transfer box and permanent four-wheel-drive. A computer controlled progressively locking central differential ensured traction was retained in tough conditions. A similar differential was available on the rear axle to aid traction.
The Discovery 3 was fitted with multiple electronic traction control systems. Hill Descent Control (HDC) prevented vehicle 'runaways' when descending steep gradients and 4-wheel Electronic Traction Control (4ETC) prevented wheel spin in low-traction conditions. An on-road system, Dynamic Stability Control (DSC), prevented skidding when steering and braking at speed. The vehicle also featured the 'Terrain Response' system. Previously, off-road driving had been a skill that many drivers found daunting. A wide-ranging knowledge of the vehicle was needed to be able to select the correct gear, transfer ratio, various differential systems and master various techniques required for tackling steep hills, deep water and other tough terrain. Terrain Response attempted to take away as many of the difficulties as possible. The driver selected a terrain type ("Sand", "Grass, Gravel & Snow", "Mud & Ruts" and "Rock Crawl") on a dial in the cab of the vehicle. The on-board computer systems then select the correct gearbox settings, adjust the suspension height, adjust the differential lock settings and even alter the throttle response of the engine suitable for the terrain. For example, in "Rock Crawl", the suspension is raised to its maximum height and set to allow maximum wheel articulation, the differentials are locked, the driver is prompted to switch to Low Range, and the throttle response is altered to provide low-speed control. In "Sand" mode, the traction control system is 'primed' to be more sensitive to wheelspin, the differentials are partly locked, and the throttle response is re-mapped to produce high power outputs with short pedal movement. The driver retained some manual control over the off-road systems, being able to select the Transfer Box ratio and the suspension height manually, although use of the Terrain Response system is needed to allow full use of the vehicles' capabilities.
As well as new mechanical and electronic systems, the Discovery 3 introduced a new design to the interior and exterior of the vehicle. The Discovery 3 was able to have a fresh, minimalist style. The interior featured a flexible seven-seat layout. Passengers in the rearmost row now entered through the rear side doors, instead of the tailgate as in previous versions. The driver benefited from a DVD navigation system, including some optional features like Bluetooth telephony in later models. Like the Range Rover, this audio, information & entertainment ("infotainment") system in the Discovery 3 adopted an electronics architecture whereby the system's distributed control units pass information and audio amongst one another and throughout the vehicle via optical links based on the MOST (or, Media Oriented Systems Transport) fiber-optic automotive networking standard (informally called the "MOST-bus")[4]. The system's navigation functions were unique to Land Rover because, in addition to the typical road map navigation, benefits included an off-road navigation and four-wheel drive information mode. When in four-wheel drive information mode, the screen showed a schematic of the vehicle, displaying the amount of suspension movement, angle the front wheels were steering, the status of the locking differentials and icons showing which mode the Terrain Response was in, and what gear was selected on automatic versions.
The vehicle was lauded by the press, with the Terrain Response system, improved on-road dynamics, and interior design receiving particular praise. Jeremy Clarkson of the BBC's Top Gear motoring show drove one to the top of Cnoc an Fhreiceadain, a 307 m (1,007 ft) mountain near Tongue in northern Scotland, where no vehicle had previously reached. Richard Hammond, presenter of Top Gear, praised it as the "Best 4X4 of all time". In Australia, the vehicle was awarded "4WD of the Year" by the 4WD Press.
In 2006, Land Rover used the Discovery 3 in its G4 Challenge, alongside the Range Rover Sport. The vehicles used were all in standard mechanical form, except for the fitment of additional Land Rover off-road equipment.
The first all-new model placement since the Freelander, the Range Rover Sport is based on the Discovery 3 platform, rather than on the larger Range Rover.
A 2008-2009 facelifted model of the Discovery 3 offered a Harmon-Kardon stereo system upgrade, six-CD changer, clear side indicator lights, and body-colour bumpers.
A driverless version of the LR3 finished 4th in the DARPA Urban Challenge.[5]
Discovery 4 / LR4 (2009-)
Discovery 4 (L319)
2009-2013 Land Rover Discovery 4
Land Rover LR4 (2009–)
Gerry McGovern+
5-door Full size-SUV
2.7 L Ford AJD-V6/PSA DT17 TD V6
3.0 L Ford AJD-V6/PSA DT20 TD
3.0 L AJ126 SC V6
5.0 L Jaguar AJ-V8
ZF 6-speed manual
ZF 6-speed automatic
288.5 cm (113.6 in)
202.2 cm (79.6 in)
184.1 cm (72.5 in) (including roof rails)
The Discovery 4 (called the LR4 in North America) is an updated version of the Discovery 3.[6] Using the same Integrated Body Frame structure, the new Discovery has altered front and rear light units and a restyled front grille and bumper to adopt the same smoother, rounder style as also adapted for the 2010 Range Rover and Range Rover Sport.[7] The Discovery 4 also retains the body-coloured wheel arches and bumpers as the late Discovery 3s (early D3s had black plastic trim). Optional Daylight Running Lamps can be specified whilst LED lights feature prominently in both front and rear lamp units.
Land Rover Discovery 4 TDV6 SE (Australia)
Discovery 4 Touch Screen
The majority of the changes are mechanical, with reliability issues addressed, improvements to engines and gearboxes, brake and suspension refinements, but also included major interior upgrades with a more luxurious and contemporary interior with greater luxury and technology levels available. The D4 receives two engines from Jaguar Land Rover's 'Gen III' range. The TDV6 Gen III is a 3.0-litre development of the 2.7-litre engine used in the D3. The new version features advanced twin-sequential turbochargers where a Variable geometry turbocharger is used at low engine speeds, with a second standard turbo is brought online at higher engine speeds.[8] Two versions of the 3 litre diesel are offered. Fuel economy was improved over the previous generation diesel while power, torque and diesel NVH were improved significantly. This system provides greater output than the older engine, with 241 bhp (180 kW) and 600 N·m (440 lb·ft) whilst reducing CO2 emissions by 10% when first introduced and in 2014 increased to 188kW/255hp. The Gen III version of the V8 petrol engine (available in markets outside the UK such as North America, Russia, Australia, and some EU countries) is now a 5-litre unit with Direct Petrol Injection developing 385 bhp (287 kW) and 520 N·m (380 lb·ft).[9]
An improved version of the ZF six-speed automatic/sequential gearbox was incorporated and in 2012 was further improved including a change to 8 speeds. It includes taller gearing to take advantage of the new engines' greater torque output and an updated lock-up system to further reduce fuel consumption. Other technical changes include the fitting of the more powerful brakes from the Range Rover Sport and thicker anti-roll bars to improve on-road handling. The Stability Control System now includes a programme that detects the onset of understeer and applies the brakes. The Discovery 4 retains its predecessor's fully independent air suspension with cross-linking when off-road and the twin-range transfer gearbox with an electronic infinitely variable locking centre differential.[10] As before, a similar locking rear differential is available. The Terrain Response system remains but with two new features - the 'Sand' mode incorporates a new traction control mode to prevent loss of traction when starting off and stopping in soft sand, and the 'Rock Crawl' mode gains a feature that applies gentle brake pressure at low (less than walking pace) speeds to improve grip and stability on slick rock. The system is also 'retuned' to account for the new engines and gearboxes with their different torque characteristics. Other new electronic systems include Trailer Stability Assist which can adjust the throttle and brakes to prevent a dangerously swaying trailer.[11]
The 2.7-litre TDV6 engine was available in Europe on the basic 2.7 GS passenger and 2010 Commercial ranges. Unlike the Discovery 3 base model, this was equipped with air suspension and the Terrain Response system. The automatic transmission was an option on this model. The 3.0-litre Gen III model (only with automatic transmission) is also available in the GS trim level.
The Discovery 4 also features a redesigned interior (in keeping with the new styles introduced elsewhere in the LR range for 2010). The instrument cluster is updated with redesigned analogue speedometer and tachometer gauges for improved clarity. The analogue temperature/fuel gauges of the previous model and the electronic information display are replaced by a single TFT screen capable of displaying information in a variety of modes and formats. The interior also has a new centre console, which includes redesigned and simplified switches and controls.[12] The Discovery also has a new seat design and a wider range of available interior materials - some previously only seen in Range Rover models. The stated aim of the interior redesign was to lift the vehicle upmarket, with higher-spec models now aimed at the luxury and executive markets.[12]
The car gains some electronic systems from the Range Rover lineup, such as the optional 'Surround Camera System' - a series of cameras located in the headlamps, wing mirrors, and rear tailgate handle which can display their images on the centre console screen to improve visibility. Other electronic systems are intended to improve efficiency - the engines feature a 'Smart' alternator that only charges the battery when engine load is low, thus helping to reduce fuel consumption when the engine is working harder.[13]
The Discovery 4 was unveiled in the summer of 2009 and went on sale in the United Kingdom on 1 September that year. A Commercial van variant was released in the UK at the same time using the 2.7 engine and offered in GS and XS trim levels. In the Republic of Ireland a Commercial van was offered from 1 January 2010 based on the XE 2.7 manual and HSE 3.0 auto engines.
An armoured Discovery with B6 ballistic level of protection was announced in 2010. It offers numerous safety features designed to protect the occupants, including protection from grenades and small arms fire. The vehicle is indistinguishable from the standard LR4.[14][15]
For the 2011 model year announced late 2010, the 2.7-litre engine was dropped and two versions of the 3.0-litre engine were made available - one called the TDV6 and one called the SDV6 (the latter offering 245 bhp).
For the 2012 model year, diesel models in Europe came with the new eight-speed auto gearbox with steering wheel paddle controls and a circular dial selector that raises upon startup. The SDV6 engine was uprated to 255 bhp whilst both diesel engines featured reduced emissions for European models. During 2012 the HSE Luxury special edition was announced, featuring enhanced trim levels, and available in Europe and North American markets.[16]
In Ireland, 2012 saw the introduction of a new five-seat version of the Discovery 4 classified as an N1 Commercial vehicle, therefore attracting lower VRT rates. There is also a new two-seat Commercial on the same rules. All Irish models came with the lower emissions TDV6 engine.[17]
For 2013, models received a style freshening, new badging, new fuel stretching technology, improved audio systems and a new range of driver assistance, comfort and safety features. The 2014 Discovery comes with a standard ZF 8HP transmission, and in some markets can be supplied with a one-speed transfer case (replacing the two speed transfer case). 2014 also marks the first use of a 2,995 cc (2.995 L; 182.8 cu in) supercharged six cylinder engine, replacing the previous V6 and V8 offerings.
In a January 2011 comparison test by Car and Driver, the Land Rover LR4 came in fourth place out of five cars behind the Audi Q7, BMW X5, and Acura MDX.[18] However, it has always won the Auto Express categories of Best Large SUV and Best Towcar since it was launched in 2009.[19]
Type/code
Power, torque@rpm
5.0l V8 petrol 2009 (MY2010)-2013 4,999 cc (4.999 L; 305.1 cu in) V8 32v (AJ133) 375 PS (276 kW; 370 hp)@6500, 510 N·m (376 lb·ft)@3500
3.0 L SCV6 2014- 2,995 cc (2.995 L; 182.8 cu in) V6 supercharged (AJ126) 340 PS (250 kW; 335 hp)@6500, 460 N·m (339 lb·ft)@3500-5000
2.7 L TDV6 2009–2010 2,720 cc (2.72 L; 166 cu in) V6 single turbo (Ford AJD-V6/PSA DT17) 191 PS (140 kW; 188 hp)@4000, 440 N·m (325 lb·ft)@1900
3.0 L TDV6 2011-2013 2,993 cc (2.993 L; 182.6 cu in) V6 twin turbo (Ford AJD-V6/PSA DT20) 211 PS (155 kW; 208 hp)@4000, 520 N·m (384 lb·ft)@2000
3.0 L SDV6 2009-2011 2,993 cc (2.993 L; 182.6 cu in) V6 twin turbo (Ford AJD-V6/PSA DT20) 244.5 PS (180 kW; 241 hp)@4000, 600 N·m (443 lb·ft)@2000
3.0 L SDV6 2011-2013 2,993 cc (2.993 L; 182.6 cu in) V6 twin turbo (Ford AJD-V6/PSA DT20) 257 PS (189 kW; 253 hp)@4000, 600 N·m (443 lb·ft)@2000
5.0 L V8 petrol 2009-2013 ZF 6HP28 6-speed automatic
3.0 L SCV6 petrol 2014- ZF 8-speed automatic
2.7 L TDV6 2009–2013 ZF S6-53 6-speed manual, ZF 6HP26 6-speed automatic
3.0 L TDV6 2009-2013 ZF 6HP28 automatic
3.0 L SDV6 2012-2013 ZF 8HP28 automatic
The one millionth Discovery (2012)
A major milestone in Land Rover Discovery's history came when the one millionth example built rolled off the Solihull production line in March 2012. This vehicle, along with two similar examples, was driven from Solihull to Beijing, China in a replication of a 1950s expedition. During this expedition, G459 WAC, a pre-production Discovery 1 (which was subsequently converted into an amphibious vehicle) joined in the celebrations when the expedition visited Lake Geneva. The expedition concluded with the actual Millionth Discovery appearing at the Beijing Motor Show. This vehicle subsequently returned to go on permanent exhibition at the British Motor Industry Heritage Trust centre at Gaydon, Warwickshire, England.[20]
Derivatives and specialist versions
Discovery 4 Sentinel at DSEi 2015
Supacat's LRV 400 Mk2 is based on the Discovery 4
Supacat, part of SC Group, offer two vehciles based on a modified Discovery 4 platforms. The Specialist Utility Vehicle 600 (SUV 600) is a production standard Land Rover Discovery 4 that is converted to 6x6 or 6x4 configuration for use in the emergency services and wider utility sectors. The Light Reconnaissance Vehicle 400 (LRV 400) is an open lightweight 4x4 vehicle of the Land Rover Defender class. The LRV 400 was developed based on a combination of market research and customer feedback from the 2011-unveiling of a proof-of-concept closed cab variant. Development of the LRV 400 continues, the latest Mk2 shown publicly for the first time at DSEI 2015 (15 - 18 September). The most significant design change for the Mk2 is a switch of the automotive platform to the Land Rover Discovery 4 rather than the off-road racer platform previously offered.[21]
Land Rover offers a discretely armoured version of the Discovery 4, the Sentinel. Protected to Level B6 (defined in accordance with European Standard EN1063 BR6 (glazing) and EN1522 and is certified by QinetiQ, according to Jaguar Land Rover the Discovery 4 Sentinel is almost indistinguishable from the non-armoured Discovery 4. As a factory supplied product the vehicle comes with a Land Rover three year or 50,000 miles (80,000km) warranty, the support of Land Rover's worldwide dealer network and a comprehensive range of additional aftersales packages.[22]
A Discovery won the Rallye Aicha des Gazelles in 2010.
^ "Land Rover Malaysia Sets Up Website". autoworld.com.my. 2001-07-24. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
^ "1994-1998 Land Rover Discovery: Overview - Consumer Guide Automotive". Auto.consumerguide.com. Retrieved 14 July 2009.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Taylor, James (1999). Land Rover Discovery 1989-1998. Motor Racing Publications Ltd.
^ "MOST Cooperation". MOST Cooperation. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
^ Belfiore, Michael (4 November 2007). "Carnegie Takes First in DARPA's Urban Challenge". Wired.
^ "Land Rover Discovery Model". ReiCars.com.
^ Land Rover D4 brochure, p.5
^ Land Rover D4 brochure, p.14
^ Land Rover D4 brochure, p.14 + p.34
^ a b Land Rover D4 brochure, p.6
^ Land Rover Discovery brochure, p.15
^ "Jaguar and Land Rover Armoured Vehicles". Governmentbusiness.co.uk. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
^ "Discovery 4 Sentinel" (PDF). Security Systems Tech. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
^ Land Rover D4 Brochure 2012 Europe
^ Land Rover Ireland
^ "Acura MDX vs. Audi Q7 3.0T, BMW X5 xDrive35i, Land Rover LR4 HSE, Lexus GX460".
^ Double Honours For Land Rover In Auto Express Awards
^ "Land Rover Launches Journey of Discovery". Newsroom.jaguarlandrover.com. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
^ "Supacat Unveils Latest LRV 400 Recon Vehicle". Retrieved 2015-09-20.
^ "Discovery 4 Sentinel". Retrieved 2015-09-20.
Official website of Land Rover Britain
Official website of Land Rover United States
Land Rover Discovery 4 (brochure)
Land Rover Discovery at DMOZ
(Discovery 4 Sentinel brochure)
(SC Group Supacat LRV 400 Mk2 page)
(SC Group SC Innovation SUV 600 page)
Land Rover Discovery Parts Catalogue
Land Rover Discovery 2 Parts Catalogue
Land Rover, vehicle timeline, 1940s–present
Type 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s
5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Off-road vehicle Series I Series II Series III
101 FC Ninety & One Ten Defender
Compact SUV Freelander Freelander 2 Discovery Sport
Mid-size SUV Discovery I Discovery II Discovery 3 Discovery 4
Range Rover Sport Range Rover Sport 2
Full-size SUV Range Rover Classic
Range Rover Range Rover Range Rover
Use dmy dates from February 2013
All articles lacking reliable references
Articles lacking reliable references from December 2010
Articles with DMOZ links
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Vehicles introduced in 1989
Land Rover, Land Rover Discovery, United Kingdom, Global warming, Sport utility vehicle
Bmw, Ford Motor Company, Tata Motors, British Leyland, Jaguar Land Rover
Sport utility vehicle
Land Rover, Station wagon, Crossover (automobile), Jeep, Toyota Land Cruiser
Car classification
Station wagon, Spanish language, Italian language, Van, Pickup truck
Isle of Man, India, Canada, European Union, British Overseas Territories
Australia, United Kingdom, Land Rover Discovery, V8 engine, Sport utility vehicle
Mini, United Kingdom, Land Rover Discovery, Land Rover, Land Rover Series
Mini, Land Rover, Australia, Land Rover Discovery, Bmc Ado16


Nancy O'Dell and husband Keith Zubechevich introduce their daughter, Ashby Grace, to the world in PEOPLE magazine this week.
"It's like a love that, I mean you know, I love my husband more than anything in the world. But I love her more then anything in the world. And knowing that she came from that love is the most amazing thing that I have ever felt in my life, nothing compares. Absolutely nothing compares," Nancy beamed.


6.30-7.30 PM Pilates Mixed level, The Tulip Tree Centre, Kidderminster.
7.45-8.45 PM Yoga basics (beginners), The Tulip tree centre.
Gym prices vary. Please contact the gym directly for more information.
-The Tulip Tree Centre- Castle road, Kidderminster, DY11 6TH (Look for Age UK Signs, on the left after Kidderminster fire station, next to Castle Locks building) This building is in a gated community. Please message me for the code.


My name is Amit, and I am a vegetarian bodybuilder from India. Being from a Hindu family, meat was restricted in my family, yet all my cousins went to non-vegetarianism. Instead, I decided to have love and respect for animals. There was pressure on me to become an engineer instead of focusing on health. Any and all kinds of games were restricted to me. I learned a bit of taekwondo during my childhood, hiding it from my parents, but after a month I was exposed and wasn't allowed to participate anymore. I tried to be in the National Cadet Corps but I was too weak to gain entry. I failed but I grew. I received a degree in mechanical engineering and later, a BSC in computer science, but to be a strong man was always in my mind. I started bodybuilding 10 years ago with a start in business. I did great but the business time killed my passion a bit. I was living in Delhi where things were too expensive for me to afford. I left Delhi, went to a small green town, adopted an affordable lifestyle and then I went back to the business. I focused for 3-4 years, then took 1 year off and then it was off and on. But for the past year or two I've been doing everything for my body, giving it right nutrients, putting time in the gym, basically everything. I do not feel happy if I do not go to the gym. No matter what, I want to go every day and when I leave the gym with bigger muscles, I feel like I am the happiest person on the planet. The feeling I have by building my body cannot be described. I am studying further now, I am married and have one naughty son, who has an eccentric father with business problems, but yet there is no excuse for not going to the gym. I need to stick to my passion which not only gives me a good body but also happiness.
Homeopathic brother-in-law doctor and bodybuilder.
All previous and current gym coaches. All the guys are great. They try to answer my endless questions politely.
Books, magazines and the Internet.
Learning from my own experiences.
Learning from a gym certificate course. Actually, I am using my coach's literature instead of getting an admission to any academy.
I've experienced tons of Indian herbs like Ashwgandha (Withania somnifera), Gokshura (Indian Tribulus Terrestris), Brahmi, Kapikachhu (Mucuna Pruriens), Holy Basil, etc. I like all of them very much. My favorite drinks are lemon tea, apple cider vinegar, coffee and lemon-ginger-honey teas. I am vegetarian, though I eat 1-2 brown eggs sometimes. I've never eaten any seafood, fish, chicken or any kind of meat in my life. For omega-3 fatty acids, I depend on organic chia seeds, organic flax seeds, walnuts, olive oil and raw yellow mustard oil. My main protein sources are lentils, black beans, almonds, sprouted peanuts, homemade peanut butter, eggs, raw whey protein (without any artificial flavor or sugar substitute) and other vegetables.


Go West young IT worker!
In 1851 Indianna journalist John Soule advised: "Go West Young Man."With the financial crisis causing turmoil in the financial services sector there are tens of thousands of IT jobs being lost on the East coast and elsewhere in the US.
In 1851 Indianna journalist John Soule advised: "Go West Young Man." With the financial crisis causing turmoil in the financial services sector there are tens of thousands of IT jobs being lost on the East coast and elsewhere in the US.
Will Silicon Valley become flooded with IT workers? Maybe. But I don't think there will be many because: - East Coast IT people chose the safe confines of a large organization, the relative job security and a regular work week. There isn't much of that around here. Startup life is your life and that's it. - Companies here want skill sets that include PHP, Ruby, Flash, MySQL etc. There's not that many overalapping skills within financial services. What could happen is that the trend to outsourcing IT services to India and elsewhere could slow dramatically. The cost of IT outsourcing has been rising steadily and so has the high trunover in teams, sometimes as high as 100 per cent annually. The dollar is cheap and US IT staff are highly trained in the latest IT enterprise technologies. There will be fewer incentives to outsource IT projects outside of the US, imho.


The Only Way Is Essex, aka. TOWIE is the show about the wonderful world of Essex. It's known for its catchphrases; from Amy Childs' 'shut up,' to Joey Essex' 'reem' and who can forget the rule of 'no carbs before Marbs'?
But the cast of TOWIE might not be able to use their catchy sayings to sell stuff (perfume, hoodies, tacky stuff) emblazoned with their catchphrases for much longer.
Well, they could - but they won't see all the cash! Now, thanks to the TOWIE bosses, the makers of the ITV2 show will be taking a cut of the profits.
Lime Pictures are acquiring the full rights to the script - and when we say script, we obviously mean their completely natural conversation. So if you have a catchy signature saying, it's not yours - it belongs to Lime pictures.
A source told The Mirror: "The cast of TOWIE are a canny bunch, and they know that when they coin a marketable catchphrase that they can really make some money out of it.
"Joey created a shop from his range, and sells T-shirts, fragrances and hair products named after phrases he coined on the show.
"The producers already take 15% of the cast's earnings, but this would mean even their company's earnings would be eligible - even after they leave the show.
"Lime have always registered key words and phrases, but it can be expensive and they have to be sure they'll use them and profit from them.
"Looking forward, this means that a lot more of the individual character phrases will be bought up and protected.
"Since the odder words, like Joey's 'reem', took off in popularity, a lot of the cast seem to have been using more of their own distinctive new words.
"The potential income could be considerably less lucrative from now on."


text:
What to do this weekend Feb 24 – Feb 26
Alex Clarke, Arts and Entertainment Editor
Passport to Cleveland: 7 p.m.-11 p.m. at Lago Custom Events (1091 W. 10th St, Cleveland, Ohio 44113) Passport to Cleveland is an event hosted by CLEseats to showcase the amazing restaurants throughout the Cleveland area. At this event, guests will receive complimentary drink tickets and unlimited food tastings from more than 30 restaurants from all over the city.
The Smiths vs. The Cure Party: 11 p.m.-2:30 a.m. at Touch Supper Club (2710 Lorain Ave, Ohio City) with DJs Textbeak and Sputnik. After 10 p.m. there will be no cover.
Flats East Bank Second Annual Mardi Gras Crawl: Noon-5 p.m. at Flats East Bank. Tickets are $10 (plus a small processing fee) and support H.E.L.P., a nonprofit organization devoted to developing a pathway for children living in rural regions of Africa. Participating venues are the WXYZ Bar at Aloft Cleveland Downtown, Alley Cat Oyster Bar, Beerhead Bar & Eatery, The Big Bang, Bold Food & Drink, Coastal Taco Bar + Chill, Flip Side, Lago East Bank, Magnolia and Punch Bowl Social.
The Mac 'n' Cheese Throwdown: Noon-5 p.m. at RED SPACE (2400 Superior Ave E, Cleveland). Twenty of the top restaurants in Cleveland are serving up delicious mac 'n cheese specials all day long, along with music, beer and cocktail specials. A $25 ticket includes all day entry to events with cheesy DJ, 10 tasting tickets and one vote. A $40 ticket includes the same but with an additional 10 tasting tickets.
Battle of the Bands 2017: 7:30 p.m.-11 p.m. at The Jolly Scholar. Check out campus bands, win free stuff and vote for who you want to hear at Springfest.
Cleveland Brazilian Carnaval: 9 p.m.-2 a.m. at Music Box Supper Club (1148 Main Ave, Cleveland) One of the largest and most authentic celebrations in the Great Lakes area, Carnaval brings together Brazilians and people from all over the world for its 14th anniversary. It will feature the band "Marcio Mendes and The Mix Brazil Band," a Brazilian Drum Line, Brazilian Samba Dancers and DJ Sambucada. The general ticket is $20, and the ticket including table seating is $30.
Amadeus (National Theatre Live) 11 a.m.-2 p.m. at Cedar Lee Theater. Lucian Msamati from Luther, Game of Thrones and NT Live: The Comedy of Errors plays Salieri in Peter Shaffer's iconic play, broadcast live from the National Theatre with live orchestral accompaniment by Southbank Sinfonia. Tickets are $20.
Swan Lake – Bolshoi Ballet: 11 a.m.-1 p.m. at Cedar Lee Theater. Tickets are $15 for adults and $12.50 for both senior citizens and children 12 years and under.
Alex Clarke, Arts & Entertainment Editor
Alex Clarke is a senior with majors in english and psychology and a minor in marketing. She also writes for Trill Mag, wrote for McClatchy newspapers for...
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


'Dozens of computer mad youngsters have given up some of their school holidays to be mentored by local tech professionals' said Matthew Gudgin, of Radio Norfolk, 'the atmosphere is buzzing' he continued to say.
Over the course of two days, each team took on one of many challenges, trying out ideas, finding out what works and what doesn't. It was a great opportunity to meet like-minded people, expert mentors and even potential future employers. It was a fun-packed event with the opportunity to learn new skills, make friends and even win prizes.
Matthew Gudgin, of Radio Norfolk, came to the event and interviewed pupils and professionals. You can listen to the show by visiting the Radio Norfolk website or by clicking here. Matthew talks about the Techathon from 1:45:40.
Above: Sophie Duez (M5C), Mei Li Rumsby (M5P), Joshua and Ethanand win the 'Awesomeness Award' from Microsoft.
Below: Techathon participants enjoy advice from a industry professional.


Oh Angy! I love this post. It's so vibrant and I adore how you created the individual sized dip. They are so clean and neat. I miss those tacos too ! Yum yum! Great info honey!
Right?! I love Mexican food.
Yuuuum! I love an opportuntity to eat Mexican food!
Me too. It's a must in our house!


text:
Suchy Połeć – grupa skał we wsi Podzamcze w województwie śląskim, w powiecie zawierciańskim, w gminie Ogrodzieniec, na Wyżynie Częstochowskiej będącej częścią Wyżyny Krakowsko-Częstochowskiej.

Skały znajdują się w lesie na wzgórzu o tej samej nazwie. Zbudowane są z twardych wapieni skalistych, mają ściany połogie, pionowe lub przewieszone o wysokości od 9 do 25 m. Są w nich filary, kominy i zacięcia. Uprawiana jest na nich wspinaczka skalna.

Drogi wspinaczkowe
Pierwsze drogi wspinaczkowe poprowadzono na Gołębniku już w latach 70. XX wieku. W 2021 r. jest już 29 dróg o trudności od V+ do VI.6+ w skali Kurtyki oraz dwa projekty. Ściany o wystawie zachodniej, północno-zachodniej, północnej i zachodniej. Niemal wszystkie drogi mają zamontowane stałe punkty asekuracyjne: ringi (r) i stanowisko zjazdowe (st) lub dwa ringi zjazdowe (drz).

Suchy Połeć cieszy się dużą popularnością wśród wspinaczy.

Przypisy

Formacje skalne Wyżyny Krakowsko-Częstochowskiej
Tereny wspinaczkowe
Podzamcze (województwo śląskie)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Cerkiew św. Aleksandra Newskiego – nieistniejąca cerkiew prawosławna w Lubartowie.

Cerkiew była jedną z kilkuset świątyń prawosławnych wzniesionych w całym Imperium Rosyjskim po uznanym za cudowne uratowaniu się rodziny carskiej z katastrofy kolejowej w pobliżu wsi Borki w 1888. Kamień węgielny pod jej wzniesienie został położony 17 kwietnia 1892. Gotową cerkiew poświęcono 3 października 1893. Autorem jej projektu był architekt gubernialny Jaziński, zaś łączny koszt budowy wyniósł 5 tys. rubli. Świątynia w Lubartowie była cerkwią parafialną przeznaczoną dla równoczesnego udziału 150 wiernych w nabożeństwie. Obiekt został rozebrany po 1918.

Murowana cerkiew posiadała pojedynczą cebulastą kopułę z krzyżem, zlokalizowaną w środku dachu ponad nawą. Na fasadzie obiektu znajdowały się trzy ozdobnie obramowane półkoliste okna. Poniżej poziomu dachu położony był ozdobny fryz. Wejście do wnętrza prowadziło przez portal.

Bibliografia
 Sokoł K., Sosna A., Kopuły nad Wisłą. Prawosławne cerkwie w centralnej Polsce w latach 1815–1915, Moskwa, MID "Synergia", , s.43

Nieistniejące cerkwie w powiecie lubartowskim
Rosyjski Kościół Prawosławny w Królestwie Kongresowym
Cerkwie zniszczone w ramach akcji rewindykacyjnej w II Rzeczypospolitej
Cerkiew
Świątynie pod wezwaniem św. Aleksandra Newskiego


When wrapping 'include' in a function to provide augmented include() or require() functionality, there is, AFAIK, no way to retrieve references to all variables from the caller's scope so that they may be imported into the local scope and accessed by the included script.
To provide this functionality, I propose adding a 'vars' element to the array returned by debug_backtrace() and a DEBUG_BACKTRACE_PROVIDE_VARS to optionally enable this functionality.
Note that the resulting 'vars' arrays would be filled with references so that extract() can provide bidirectional access to those variables.
Unless this can't be reasonably accomplished, I am willing to implement the necessary changes myself; please inform me how to submit the code accordingly.


Turning his back against his Economics, Honours degree back in 1996 - Lionel decided to try out a week of work at the local Television station in Singapore, and has not looked back since. Rising quickly from his beginning position as Assistant Producer to a full-fledged producer in a short span of 4 years, he left Singapore for New York University to take up a specialised Film Directing module after receiving partial scholarship from Singapore Film Commission in 2001. Completing and achieving top of his cohort there, he returned to Singapore and started to path his own niche - writing, producing, directing and even editing: over half a dozen short films that won awards and critical acclaim, feature films, web and mobile content and more. His specialisation for storytelling also led him to write - produce and direct half a dozen full-length theatre plays and a musical that's staged at The Esplanade in Singapore, in collaboration with the late, renowned Iskander Ismail.
During this whole time, Lionel also made significant progress in his career in the television, broadcast industry; executive producing 2 seasons of the highly acclaimed 'Culture Shock' for Channel News Asia, which went on to be distributed and sold to markets internationally. The next series that he executive produced: 'Scene City SIngapore' - featuring acclaimed photographer and host, Tom Ang - went on to not only secure distribution on Sundance Channel, but also winning the Bronze World Award at the 2010 New York Film and TV Festivals.
With that accolade, he joined the pioneering team at Singapore MediaCorp's Toggle - the National Broadcaster's first foray into IPTV via the OTT platform, across TV - Web and Mobile! During this 4 years there as Head of Commissioned Content, he commissioned and executive producer over 30 titles across multiple genres - some of which included the highly acclaimed "Letting Go" by Kyanite TV and "What do Men Want" by Bananamana Films, which have gone on to win multiple awards internationally.
In his current position as Creative Technologist for iMMERSiVELY (www.immersively.co) - with offices in both Singapore and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia - he is looking forwards to bring this exciting technology to various industries, and across the rest of Asia.
*2016 also marks his 12th year in education as a media educator, trainer - lecturer - facilitator and mentor.


text:
Dispelling myths about drug procurement policy
In a recent Lancet article (June 2018), GAiA contributors, C.Ramirez and L.Parvin join M.V Valen and D. Jamieson to comment on the procurement of health commodities and the factors which influence the Partnership for Supply Chain Management (PFSCM). 'The PFSCM has been providing procurement services to the US Government, the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, and other public-sector clients worldwide, supplying over 5 billion US$ in health commodities.' Read more.
Expanding Access to Medicines and Promoting Innovation: A Practical Approach
On October 24, 2018, Global Access in Action (GAiA) in collaboration with the Petrie Flom Center held a conference on Drug Pricing Policies to assess the current challenges presented in drug pricing policy, from development to delivery. The conference was a follow up on the paper published in the Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law & Policy, where Quentin Palfrey, Co-Director of GAiA, highlighted practical strategies which can be implemented by pharmaceutical companies and which can have a profound impact on humanitarian outcomes without undermining the profitability of their ventures. Read More
Innovations in Drug Discovery and Policy
"Recent reports suggest that at least 10% of all global drug supplies fail to meet the basic quality and efficacy standards. Reports about individual life-saving drugs in several countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America show that as much as 50% or more of the said drugs may be fake, substandard, or counterfeit." Read more about how to improve quality of drugs from our panelist at the Drug Pricing Conference, M. Zaman, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Professor of Biomedical Engineering and International Health at Boston University.
Achieving Equitable Access to Vaccines: From Policies to Provisions
By: Ashveena Gajeelee
On October 17, 2018, Julia Barnes-Weise, Executive Director of the Global Healthcare Innovation Alliances Accelerator (GHIAA)) a non-profit organization spun out of a program in Public Policy at Duke University, and a Senior Consultant to the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), spoke at the Harvard Law School. This event was jointly organized by Global Access in Action and the Petrie Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Bioethics, and Biotechnology as part of the speaker series.
Julia Barnes-Weise presentation on "Achieving Equitable Access to Vaccines: From Policies to Provisions" focused on the mission of CEPI which is to 'accelerate the development of vaccines… Read more.
Feeling the Pressure Points of the Indian Healthcare System
By: Tanvi Kanchinadam
Today, India is bearing witness to the most comprehensive piece of health reform legislation the world has ever seen. This legislation, known as the National Health Protection Mission, is part of the ambitious health care agenda of Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It is aimed at covering about 40% of India's most vulnerable population, or approximately 100 million families at the bottom of the socio-economic and caste ladder, each with a coverage of about 7,100 dollars per year. ("Cabinet Approves," 2018). Read More
GLOBAL ACCESS IN ACTION
Berkman Klein Internet & Society
23 Everett St, 2nd floor
E-mail: gaia@cyber.law.harvard.edu
gaia@cyber.harvard.edu


text:
Q: Is possible set table or \textwidth fixed width in cm? (LATEX) I need create a table in a document with a width of exactly 24cm. Print will be A4 - landscape (in EU if it matters). Is there some way set it?
If I set:
\usepackage[a4paper,landscape,top=0cm, bottom=0cm, left=0cm, right=0cm]{geometry}

then my \textwidth is 29.69577cm.
EDIT (I forgot):
when I set:
\usepackage[a4paper,landscape,textwidth=24cm]{geometry}

then my \textwidth is 23.99658cm
I want to use this later on:
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}

I am doing somethig wrong?

A: First case:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[a4paper,landscape,top=0cm, bottom=0cm, left=0cm, right=0cm]{geometry}
\typeout{* paper width: \the\paperwidth}
\typeout{* text width: \the\textwidth}
\begin{document}
\end{document}

The margins are zero, thus the text width equals the paper width:
* paper width: 845.04684pt
* text width: 845.04684pt

Conversion to cm:
* 72.27 pt = 1 in
* 1 in = 2.54 cm

Result (gcalculator): 29.6999996347 cm
Result (perl1): 29.6999996347032 cm
This is pretty close to the 29.7 cm of the longer side of A4 paper.
TeX's accuracy is limited by it smallest unit: 1 sp

*

*1 pt = 216 sp = 65536 sp ≈ 0.000000536285 cm

Specifying 297 mm instead of 29.7 cm improves the accuracy:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[a4paper, paperheight=297mm, landscape, margin=0cm]{geometry}
\typeout{* paper width: \the\paperwidth}
\typeout{* text width: \the\textwidth}
\begin{document}
\end{document}

Result:
* paper width: 845.04684pt
* text width: 845.04684pt

Conversion to cm (perl): 29.6999996347032 cm
(By adding 1 sp this can be made larger and a tiny little bit closer to 29.7 cm.)
Second case:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[a4paper,landscape,textwidth=24cm]{geometry}

\typeout{* text width: \the\textwidth}

\begin{document}
\end{document}

Result:
* text width: 682.86613pt

Conversion to cm (perl): 23.9999995876574 cm
Again very close to 24 cm, the greatest value ≤ 24 cm in TeX.
(It could made be closer to, but larger as 24 cm by adding 1 sp.)
Calculations in TeX
A scaling operation (multiplication followed by division) in e-TeX's \...expr commands provide the best accuracy, from the e-TeX manual:

The arithmetic operations are performed individually, except for
  'scaling' operations (a multiplication immediately followed by a
  division) which are performed as one combined operation with a 64-bit
  product as intermediate value.

Also e-TeX's \...expr commands round the result rather than truncate it to fit the result in TeX's internal sp scala.
Second case as example:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[a4paper,landscape,textwidth=240mm]{geometry}

\makeatletter
\typeout{* text width: \strip@pt\dimexpr\textwidth*254/7227\relax cm}
\makeatother

\begin{document}
\end{document}

The real numbers 2.54 and 72.27 are multiplied by 100 to get an integer for the divisor. \strip@pt removes the pt at the end. Result:
* text width: 24cm

1 perl -e 'print 845.04684/72.27*2.54'

A: Here is a setup that could work for you:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{%
  paper=a4paper, % A4 paper = 210mm x 297mm
  landscape, % 297mm x 210mm in landscape mode
  hmargin=28.5mm, % horizontal margin = 2 x 28.5mm = 57mm
                  %  > text width = 297mm - 57mm = 240mm = 24cm
  vmargin=10mm}   % vertical margin = 2 x 10mm = 20mm
                  %  > text height = 210mm - 20mm = 190mm = 19cm
\usepackage{printlen}
\uselengthunit{cm}
\begin{document}
\verb|\textwidth|:  \printlength\textwidth\par
\verb|\textheight|: \printlength\textheight
\end{document}

The above outputs
\textwidth: 23.99658cm
\textheight: 18.9973cm

which is close enough to a 24cm text width. The (negligble) difference is due to rounding.
If you're interested in a table having some fixed width, consider using a tabularx with flexible X-columns.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This is a very powerfull Protect Charm Spell.
Call apon the God=Aleto:He is the protecter from unseen enemies.
1.Item you wish to charm.
1.Blue Blueberry candle:Blue=Physical Protection .  Blue Berry=Keep harm away.
2.Purple Candles=Magik Power and wisdom.
1.Gram Of Anise=Protection "Moon Power"
1.Gram Of Eucalyptus=Wrap Around the Blue candle And burn With candle=Protection Energies .  "Moon Power"
1.Gram Of Black Pepper=Protection "Fire"
Spell = In the Name Of ALETO, By the power of the Source "Protect from harm The Keeper of this charm". "Repeat Protect from harm the keeper of this charm". 6 times while walking around The charm item.
Hope this spell works well for everyone..


Hoover-Fisher Florist is the best Franconia Florist offering same day flower delivery! Hoover-Fisher Florist has been providing fresh flowers, plants and gifts to Franconia, Virginia since 1954. We are a family owned and operated flower shop located in Silver Spring, Maryland. Also, we one of the largest flower shops in the DC, Maryland, Virginia area and are recognized as a leader in floral design in Franconia, VA and Silver Spring, MD. We specialize in creating professionally designed floral arrangements for any occasion you can think of!
Looking for an Franconia florist or Franconia flower shop?
Hoover-Fisher Florist covers all of Franconia, Virginia!


text:
A$AP Rocky on relationship with Rihanna: "She is the one"
A$AP Rocky says Rihanna is the love of his life.
"I think when you know, you know. She's the One," he told GQ, confirming their relationship in an interview.
The singer is the cover story for the magazine's June/July issue entitled Pretty.
"So much better when you got the One. She amounts to probably, like, a million of the other ones," he said when asked what it was like to be in a relationship.
There has been a lot of speculation about A$AP and Rihanna's relationship following her breakup with billionaire boyfriend Hassan Jameel.
Last July, she featured Rocky in her Fenty Skin campaign, and the duo did several interviews together to promote the collaboration.
In December, the couple flew to Barbados, where both Rihanna and Rocky's father are from.
"It was like a homecoming thing," he said. "It was crazy. I always imagined what it would be like for my dad before he came to America. And I got to visit those places, and believe it or not, there was something nostalgic about it. It was foreign but familiar."
He told the magazine, out on stands June 1, that the couple spent last Summer on a tour bus from L.A. to NYC during which he spent time recording. He said Rihanna definitely influenced his new music.
"I think it's important to have somebody that you can bounce those creative juices and ideas off of," he said.
Asked if he was ready to be a dad, Rocky said absolutely.
"I think I'd be an incredible, remarkably, overall amazing dad. I would have a very fly child. Very."


One of a series of "Simplified Guides" for Small Marine Craft operators up to 100 tons.
Measuring Distance and Speed at Sea.
The Use and Calibration of Marine Logs.
Calculating Navigational Time, Speed, and Distance.
Measuring Water Depth by Poles, Sounding Leads and Lines.
Measuring Water Depth by Echo Sounder.
Binoculars, an aid for Navigation.
Navigational Aids for Sail Powered Craft.
Small Marine Craft Automatic Pilots.
DR Computer, an aid to Navigation.
Required Chart Instruments for Navigation.
The Measurement of Latitude and Longitude.
The Construction of Navigational Charts.
Chart Scales, Graduations and the Measurement.
A General Description of Charts.


Exciting news from Adventures by Disney! You can now book private travel for your group and choose from a variety of exciting Adventures by Disney itineraries all around the world.
Whether you're planning a family reunion trip or organizing an unforgettable getaway for your friends, you can make the most of your vacation with Private Travel with Adventures by Disney—a trip just for your family and friends. With Adventures by Disney your group will experience firsthand the people, places and cultures of our world in ways you never thought possible. Whether you're flying down a zipline above a scenic Costa Rican rainforest or making pizza with a master chef in Italy, you're sure to create lifelong memories everyone in your group will cherish forever.
Best of all, there's no need for exhaustive trip planning, mapping out where you're going next or worrying about getting your luggage where it needs to be. Adventure by Disney handles all of that for you! This allows you to focus on what really matters: being together. Leading the way will be your Adventure Guide, giving you and your loved ones VIP treatment throughout the entire journey. It's the kind of special treatment and access you can expect from Disney, bypassing lines at popular museums and attractions, as well as enjoying backstage events and privately guided tours. Plus, your Adventure Guide works with local experts wherever you visit to bring the cultures of these destinations to life.
Want to learn more? Call 1-800-543-0865 and plan the perfect way for your loved ones to travel together with Adventures by Disney!
Michael – Adventures by Disney is a separate program. There are some experiences in conjunction with DVC (and points can be redeemed for those experiences), but anyone can book Adventures by Disney!
I thought Adventures by Disney was part of the DVC? Am I misinformed or is this something that does not need a DVC membership?


Avatia Limited is a leading global provider of telecommunication services with its significant strategic stakes in UAE, India, Pakistan and Malaysia. The Company has built its infrastructure focused on providing A-Z call termination services to the clients. Company's Direct Interconnection with several Top Tier company gives it an access to the most competitive routes for terminating traffic to practically all destinations. Due to our ample traffic in wholesale minutes, we are able to offer the best international rates to telecom operators, retail clients and to aggregators as well. The company is currently operating in more than 450 destinations and has direct inter-connection with 500+ Clients.
Following are some key features that distinguish Bhaoo in the industry.


text:
Q: In nginx open route of app as index I have a server executing Nginx and serving one Angular 4 application. That site is served under www.mysite.com
Now, I have another domain, called www.mySecondDomain.com but this site should open one route of the same angular app, I means:

*

*mysite.com will open the index route of the application: /

*mySecondDomain.com will open one route of the application: /theRoute

What should I configure in Nginx in order to achieve this behaviour?

A: You can Use Reverse proxy to achieve such thing , try pm2 and start your Angular app as a localhost in your server and assign that localhost address in your Reverse proxy to show your first domain and assign localhost/theRoute to show your second domain.this will be Angular side of your problem .
but for more info on Nginx configuration  : https://docs.nginx.com/nginx/admin-guide/web-server/reverse-proxy/

A: I don't think you need to configure nginx. Just add a WWW-redirect rule where you bought your domain, or with your (D)NS-provider. Set mySecondDomain.com to be redirected to mysite.com/theRoute


Home Headline News How Indian Media Showing Imran Khan Victory Speech?
How Indian Media Showing Imran Khan Victory Speech?
Posted about 2 years ago | Comments Off on How Indian Media Showing Imran Khan Victory Speech?


Cable internet deals for Wisconsin are here. Get the best broadband internet access in Marshfield for less than you would think. For an internet service that cares about your online experience call now and discover cable internet. It's easy to save when you compare packages and providers in WI. Pick up the phone today and enjoy the best cable internet deals in Marshfield from industry leading providers who have a track record of excellence. It's okay to trust your cable internet provider. Enjoy the most of what the internet has to offer with cable internet packages in WI that combine the fastest speeds with the best quality for unprecedented value.


text:
Korean Movie Review: A Tale of Two Sisters (2003)
ONE TALE, TWO PERSPECTIVES
It's not ideal to start a movie when you already know what the final twist is. Unfortunately, for me that was exactly the case with Kim Jee Woon's critically-acclaimed horror drama A Tale of Two Sisters (2003).
Thanks to the Hollywood remake machine I sadly never got to see the film in it's full authentic glory. That is, before I even knew the Korean film existed I watched The Uninvited (2009), an okay-ish but rather simplified remake of the Asian horror classic that also included the major twist from the original story. Despite essentially having spoiled the ending for myself beforehand, I nevertheless watched the Korean original when I first got the chance, though it is only upon a recent rewatch that I've finally decided to write a review for it.
Based on a Joseon Dynasty era folktale Janghwa Hongryeon jeon, the movie introduces us to Soo Mi (Im Soo Jung), who returns home with her sister Soo Yeon (Moon Geun Young) after having been institutionalized in a mental hospital. While their father Moo Hyun (Kim Gap Soo) spends most of his time in the home office, the sisters are left to deal with their hysterical stepmother Eun Joo (Yum Jung Ah) and the mysterious presence that seems to be haunting the house.
From the very beginning, the odd behaviour of all the family members and the unresolved tensions between them makes us, the viewer, feel anxious and uneasy. We can tell there's more going on but the film keeps us in the dark, making it hard for us to tell what is real and what is not. The characters seem to act irrationally at times, urging us to question if we are actually seeing things the same way they do.
Adding to the eerie uncertainty is the house itself, which seems to hide even more secrets behind heavily patterned wallpaper and under creaky wooden floorboards. Cinematography also highlights the red and pink tones as if to foreshadow the dramatic, bloody outcome of the tale. Aside from the visual language, the film also relies heavily on tension-building musical cues that keep the viewer on edge even if the actual hauntings in the film are rather tame. Differently from the Hollywood remake, A Tale of Two Sisters focuses more on creating a consistently creepy atmosphere in which nearly everything seems unsettling, rather than on formulaic scares which to occasionally startle the audience with.
As we follow the story mostly from the perspective of Soo Mi, we also come to rely on her interpretation of things. Her hostility towards her unhinged stepmother seems justified because after all she is trying to protect her sister from being harassed. Then the tale pulls the rug from under us—Soo Yeon is actually dead, a revelation which hints that perhaps Soo Mi's point of view is not to be trusted. This is the first part of the two-fold twist that ends up flipping our perspective. While attentive viewers might figure out that Soo Yeon is dead by the way her father never addresses or acknowledges her, the second part of the twist is much less obvious.
When the movie reaches its culmination with Soo Mi confronting her stepmother and desperately trying to save her sister, who we now know is already dead, the second part of the mystery is revealed. All this time, the only people in the house were Soo Mi and her father, while both Soo Yeon and Eun Joo are manifestations of Soo Mi's dissociative identity disorder. When we later meet the real Eun Joo after Soo Mi is hospitalized, she's unlike the evil stepmother in Soo Mi's mind. With that, the twist successfully changes our perception of what's going on in the story and makes us want to rewind and rewatch from the beginning to catch the all the clues hinting at the outcome.
The movie concludes the tale by showing us what happened on the day that Soo Yeon died. Having discovered her sickly mother had hanged herself in the closet, Soo Yeon became trapped under its weight when trying to revive her. While Eun Joo (a nurse at the time) discovers the scene, she seemingly turns back to get help but is stopped on the way by Soo Mi, who angrily exchanges words with her. Out of resentment, Eun Joo decides not to reveal what happened and tells Soo Mi she'll regret this day forever, revealing that the conflict between stepmother and stepdaughter was what ended up sealing Soo Yeon's fate.
While the film implies that Eun Joo is killed in the house by Soo Yeon's vengeful ghost, it is not clear whether it truly happened or if it was again part of Soo Mi's imagination. The ghostly activity is in fact never proven and most viewers seem to be divided on that matter. Some believe the ghosts were only in Soo Mi's imagination, caused by either her declining mental state or her medication, while others think the house really was haunted, which would explain Eun Joo's demise at the end. The movie itself leaves things up for debate, adding to the load of unanswered questions we're left by the end.
Ultimately, what makes A Tale of Two Sisters stand out is its impeccable use of visual language to establish underlying tension and fear of the unknown. Since it is most of all psychological horror and not the gory kind, the scares are admittedly few and sparse but it does not mean the film isn't compelling in other terms. Its additional strengths lie in the eerie atmosphere, sorrowful tone and twisty narrative. It can admittedly be a challenging watch as nothing is entirely explained and viewer is left to make their own conclusions of the story and characters. While it may put off some viewers, it can add to the film's appeal for others.
Unfortunately, I can hardly judge the movie fairly because having been aware of the twist beforehand, the narrative never had the impact on me the way it was meant to have. While this doesn't by any means render the rest of the film worthless, as multiple viewings are rather necessary to fully grasp what is going on in the story, it made the experience considerably different from what it could have been. But twist or no twist, I still find A Tale of Two Sisters to be a fascinating horror drama that challenges the viewer to think along and question the viewpoint they've been so kindly presented.
Tags: <Horror>, <Reviews>, A Tale of Two Sisters, Im Soo Jung, Kim Gap Soo, Korean movie, Moon Geun Young, Yum Jung Ah
Do share your thoughts!
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text:
Пётр Федорович Чеплаков (1906, Баку, Российская империя — 1985) — советский партийный деятель, второй секретарь ЦК Коммунистической партии (большевиков) Азербайджана (1938—1944), первый секретарь Сахалинского областного комитета ВКП(б)/КПСС (1951—1960).

Биография
Родился в семье рабочего-нефтяника , в 1918 году окончил начальную школу, в 14 лет вступил в комсомол и до 1925 года находился на комсомольской работе в Сураханском районе Баку. Член ВКП(б) с мая 1927 г. С 1929 — слушатель рабочего факультета, затем поступил в Азербайджанский институт нефти, который окончил в начале 1933 года.
 1933—1934 — преподавал в нефтяном техникуме в Баку
 с 1934 — секретарь Астрахан-Базарского, а затем  Сураханского районного комитета КП(б) Азербайджана г. Баку
 1937 — первый секретарь Орджоникидзевского районного комитета КП(б) Азербайджана г. Баку
 с конца 1937 до мая 1938 — заведующий отделом руководящих партийных органов ЦК КП(б) Азербайджана
 1938 — избран депутатом Верховного Совета Азербайджанской ССР I созыва, являлся членом его президиума
 с мая 1938 до марта 1944 — второй секретарь ЦК КП(б) Азербайджана
 29.12.1940 — доизбран в депутаты Совета Союза Верховного Совета СССР I созыва по Бакинско-Кировскому округу (на место умершего в апреле 1939 года депутата И. М. Губкина).
 с марта 1944 по сентябрь 1949 — первый секретарь Грозненского областного комитета ВКП(б) и певрый секретарь Грозненского горкома ВКП(б)
 в 1946 году избран депутатом Совета Союза Верховного Совета СССР II созыва от Грозненской области
 с 1950 — учился на годичных Курсах переподготовки при ЦК ВКП(б), по окончании которых направлен в Сахалинскую область
 15 июня 1951 — 5-м пленумом Сахалинского обкома ВКП(б) избран 1-го секретарём и членом бюро обкома.
 1951—1960 — первый секретарь Сахалинского обкома ВКП(б)/КПСС
 в 1954 году избран депутатом Совета Союза Верховного Совета СССР IV созыва от Холмского избирательного округа №288
 в 1958 году избран депутатом Совета Союза Верховного Совета СССР V созыва от Холмского избирательного округа №295
 с 25 августа 1960 работал советником в аппарате Совета Министров РСФСР

С 1968 года персональный пенсионер союзного значения. Умер 9 августа 1985 года.

Делегат XVIII—XXI съездов ВКП(б)/КПСС. Член ЦК КПСС (1952—1956), кандидат в члены ЦК КПСС (1956—1961). Депутат Верховного Совета СССР 1—2, 4—5 созывов.

Библиография

Награды и звания
 три ордена Ленина:
 27.04.1940 — «в ознаменование 20-й годовщины освобождения Азербайджана от ига капитализма и установления там советской власти»
 23.11.1943 — «за успешное выполнение заданий Правительства по развитию сельского хозяйства и животноводства»
 орден Отечественной войны 1-й степени
 два ордена Трудового Красного Знамени:
 06.02.1942  — «за образцовое выполнение заданий Правительства по увеличению добычи нефти, производству оборонных нефтепродуктов и боеприпасов»
 03.09.1956 — «в связи с 50-летием со дня рождения и отмечая его заслуги перед Советским государством»
 медали, в том числе:
 «За трудовую доблесть» (25.12.1959) — «за достижение высоких показателей в производстве и продаже государству в 1959 году мяса и других продуктов сельского хозяйтва»

Семья
Брат:
 Чеплаков, Степан Фёдорович (1911—1999) — почётный нефтяник СССР, заместитель начальника управления Мингазпрома СССР (1976—1986)

Ссылки
 https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101549/http://www.knowbysight.info/ChCC/04213.asp
 http://www.az-libr.ru/index.htm?Люди&R5F/48f8832e/index

Примечания

Литература

Функционеры ВЛКСМ
Первые секретари районных (в городах) комитетов КПСС
Депутаты Верховного Совета Азербайджанской ССР 1-го созыва
Члены Президиума Верховного Совета Азербайджанской ССР
Первые секретари Грозненского обкома КПСС
Первые секретари Сахалинского обкома КПСС
Депутаты Совета Союза 1-го созыва
Депутаты Совета Союза 2-го созыва
Депутаты Совета Союза 4-го созыва
Депутаты Совета Союза 5-го созыва
Вторые секретари ЦК КП Азербайджана
Члены ЦК КПСС
Кандидаты в члены ЦК КПСС
Делегаты XIX съезда КПСС
Делегаты XVIII съезда ВКП(б)
Делегаты XX съезда КПСС
Делегаты XXI съезда КПСС
Первые секретари Грозненского горкома КПСС
Депутаты Совета Союза от округов Азербайджанской ССР
Депутаты Совета Союза от округов РСФСР


What is all the Sirtuin Talk About? In the Past there was alot of Controversy about these so called Sirtuin Enzymes. In this Article We Summarize the Background of Studies brought about with the Discussion of Sirtuin Genes, Sirtuin Proteins, and Sirtuin Enzymes. In 2003, David A. Sinclair Ph.D., Professor Department of Genetics at Harvard Medical, head off the Research of Calorie Restrictive Diet and what it's Effects on Cells have on a Cellular Level. From 2003-2019 Resveratrol, NMN, NR (nicotinamide riboside) and other talks around NAD+ and Sirtuin Activation have been the Deep Study of Todays Health Topics. For Years, the Few Studies showing results were'nt enough to Give Proof of the Health Longevity Benefits being Claimed. The Models of Yeast,Flies, Mice etc were the main testing process for many of these years.
Recently in the Last Five Years, many more Human Studies on Sirtuins Health have illustrated Proof that Cellular Longevity is obtainable. We have Now moved beyond just Resveratrol, One of the Top Antioxidants in the World. NMN is still under study in Australia. In the USA Nicotinamide riboside(NR) has served Proof that NAD Levels are Raised through supplementation. We have Moved into the Realm of Anti-Aging, which is One of the Leaders in Supplementation as We Know Today.


text:
Правило Фаренгольця () — гіпотеза, відповідно до якого еволюція групи постійних паразитів відбувається зв'язано з еволюцією організмів-хазяїв, тобто споріднені види паразитів паразитують на близьких видах хазяїв. Ця теорія може розглядатися як елемент концепції коеволюції.

Останнім часом спостерігається ріст зацікавленості до досліджень пов'язаних з екологією і коеволюцією гельмінтів з їхніми хребетними тваринами-хазями.

Оглядова стаття містить багато прикладів на підтримку цієї гіпотези.

Класичним, азбучним прикладом дії правила Фаренгольця є випадок з фламінго, яких, одні автори відносять до ряду лелекоподібних (Ciconiiformes), в той час як інші орнітологи вважають їх представниками ряду гусеподібних (Anseriformes). Три з чотирьох родів вошей фламінго (Trinoton, Anatoecus і Anaticola) є вузько спеціалізованими до гусеподібних і фламінго, в той час як четвертий рід (Colpocephalum) — генераліст, його паразитофауна доводить, що існують вагомі доводи щодо тісних філогенетичних зв'язків між гусями і фламінго

Див. також
 Коеволюція

Джерела

Література
 TIMM R. M. 1983. Fahrenholz's rule and resource tracking: a study of host-parasite coevolution. In: Coevolution. (Edited by NITECKI M. H.), pp. 225—265. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
 BARKER S. C. 1991. Evolution of host-parasite associations among species of lice and rock-wallabies: coevolution? International Journalfor Parasitology 21: 497—501.
 BEVERIDGEI. 1986. Coevolutionary relationships of the helminth parasites of Australian marsupials. In: Coevolution and Systematics (Edited by STONEA. R. & HAWKSWORDT.HL), pp. 93-117. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
 CLAY T. 1949. Some problems in the evolution of a group of ectoparasites. Evolution 3: 279—299.
 FREELANDW. J. 1983. Parasites and the coexistence of animal host species. American Naturalist 121: 223—236.
 HAFNER M. S. & NADLER S. A. 1988. Phylogenetic trees support the coevolution of parasites and their hosts. Nature, London 332: 258—259.
 LYAL C. H. C. 1987. Co-evolution of trichodectid lice and their mammalian hosts. Journal of Natural History 21: 1-28.

Примітки

Коеволюція
Паразитологія
Екологічні закони
Екологічна термінологія


Poker is a skill that we can teach and you can learn.
Poker Is A Skill (PIAS) is a petite poker press owned and operated by Paul Christopher Hoppe (AKA Zen Madman AKA the poker player known as GiantBuddha). Established in 2012, we currently feature instructional poker books written by Paul, often with co-author and legendary online grinder Dusty "leatherass" Schmidt.
Why are we called Poker Is A Skill? Because poker is a game of skill, silly! In the long run, the good players win and the not-so-good players lose. If you want to know whether someone is skilled at poker, all you have to do is look at their long-term results.
Whether you play primarily as a hobby or for a living, we are here to help you improve your poker skills. Now, we can't do the work for you. That's up to you. But we'll arm you with some tools (and point you in the direction of some other good ones) to help you get the most out of your effort.


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Q: Yii2 выдаёт ошибку при обращении к методу модели, ищет не модель, а метод контроллера Я обращаюсь к экшену контроллера и пытаюсь из него вызвать метод класса модели. При этом выскакивает ошибка "Class 'app\controllers\SheduleTrip' not found". Ведь я же прописал "use app\models\ScheduleTrip;". То есть класс должен находиться в моделях, а не контроллерах. Но он его не видит.
Вот что написано в коде контроллера:
namespace app\controllers;
use Yii;
use app\models\Order;
use app\models\OrderSearch;
use yii\web\Controller;
use yii\web\ForbiddenHttpException;
use yii\web\NotFoundHttpException;
use yii\filters\VerbFilter;
use app\components\Helper;
use app\models\Trip;
use app\models\Direction;
use app\models\ScheduleTrip;
...
public function actionSetTrips($shedule_id=1){
var_dump(SheduleTrip::getSheduleTripListByShedule($shedule_id));

return 123;

}

A: В методе указан класс с ошибкой в один символ c
Должно быть не SheduleTrip а ScheduleTrip, если в use указано верно.
А так как этого класса нет в use, то php пытается найти его в директории текущего класса.
Рекомендую работать в среде разработки, например PhpStorm, она бы вам сразу всё подсказала.


The "Eat Right for Your Type" plan, developed by Dr. Peter D'Adamo, helps individuals eat properly according to their blood type. According to D'Adamo, when you eat according to your blood type, you're able to build a defense to many chronic diseases as well as lose weight. Like most popular diets, there are pros and cons to this plan. Most medical, health and nutrition experts agree that there is no scientific evidence linking blood type and the foods you eat to optimal health.
D'Adamo believes that each blood type's unique antigen marker reacts to certain foods. If the wrong foods are consumed, it can lead to a host of health problems. D'Adamo also believes that stomach acid levels and digestive enzymes are associated with blood type. By eating foods compatible to your blood type, you may digest and absorb nutrients more efficiently. This results in optimal health and weight loss. Each blood type has its own unique diet and exercise prescription, including recommended foods, and foods/food groups to avoid.
Because food choices are so limited, weight loss may occur, but cutting out main food groups can lead to serious nutrient deficiencies. A wide variety of foods and nutrients is necessary for optimal health. Major food groups are excluded for blood types A and O. For type O, a meat-based diet is recommended. Eating no meat may cause mineral and protein deficiencies, but eating too much meat (in place of healthy fruits, vegetables and whole grains) can increase your risk of developing certain types of cancer and heart disease, according to the American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) and the American Heart Association (AHA). For blood type A, dairy products are restricted, putting you at risk for developing a calcium deficiency, which contributes to brittle bone disease (osteoporosis).
If you do not already know your blood type, you will need to find out what it is, and that means having a blood test. Also, because each blood type calls for very different meal plans, shopping, preparing for and cooking family meals may be difficult and time-consuming if each, or even half, of family members have different blood types. For example, blood type O is meat-based, and blood type A is a vegetarian diet. The other blood types are derived from these plans or a combination of two different plans (as with AB). With such restrictions, you must become creative and find ways to fill the gaps left by those foods or food groups not allowed.
For blood type B (a more rare blood type), a healthy, well-balanced diet is encouraged, and the only foods that need to be restricted are processed foods. However, even for the "B" type food group, nuts and seeds are not recommended, and only small amounts of carbohydrate-rich foods are allowed. A "pro" for this and all other blood types is that they encourage you to eat real, whole, natural foods in place of processed, sugary and fatty snack foods such as cookies, crackers, chips and desserts. Most nutrition experts agree that limiting processed foods is a wise choice.
Although all blood types are encouraged to exercise, specific exercise recommendations are, again, based on blood type. Those with blood type O should participate in vigorous aerobic exercise, while type A's should stick to more calming activities such as yoga and golf. Those with blood type B should enjoy activities that have mental components, such as hiking, tennis and swimming, and group AB should alternate the above. However, according to both the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and the AHA, adults should strive to engage in moderately intense cardio exercise for 30 minutes, five days per week or vigorously intense cardio exercise for 20 minutes, three days per week AND do 8 to 10 strength-training exercises, 8-12 repetitions per exercise, twice weekly to maintain health.


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Q: WakeLock finalized while still held The pm and keepScreenOn variables are globally defined.
I grab the PowerManager.WakeLock in my OnCreate method:
pm = (PowerManager) getSystemService(Context.POWER_SERVICE);
keepScreenOn = pm.newWakeLock(PowerManager.SCREEN_BRIGHT_LOCK,"tpd");

in my onStart, onResume, and onRestart I grab the lock with
if (keepScreenOn == null) {
    keepScreenOn = pm.newakeLock(PowerManager,SCREEN_BRIGHT_LOCK,"tpd");
}
keepScreenOn.acquire();

in my onDestroy, onPause, and onStop I release the lock with:
if (keepScreenOn != null) {
  keepScreenOn.release();
  keepScreenOn = null
}

After my app exits I get a failure screen and adb complains that

java.lang.Exception: WakeLock finalized while still held: tpd

Tracing shows that I released the lock before exit.
What have I missed?
There is no way out of the app without crossing at least one of
onPause, onStop, or onDestroy. I can see that the app called
release() as often as it called acquire() so even though the
wakelock is reference counted it should still have zero refs.

A: I know this question is old, but keep in mind that WakeLocks are 'reference counted' by default. You can turn off reference counting using setReferenceCounted(boolean), see http://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/PowerManager.WakeLock.html#setReferenceCounted(boolean)

A: Ok I believe I found the problem.
The WakeLock is reference counted. That means that if a second acquire()
happens it will just bump the reference count. Every call to acquire()
needs to be protected by a call to isHeld() as in:
if ((keepScreenOn != null) &&           // we have a WakeLock
    (keepScreenOn.isHeld() == false)) {  // but we don't hold it
  keepScreenOn.acquire();
}

I had assumed that acquire() on a lock I held did nothing so
multiple acquire() calls caused the problem. Since the reference
count is not zero the GC throws an error.

A: No, there is only one declaration at the global scope and all
calls to the acquire() and release() occur in that scope. I
println when they happen and the acquire() occurs once and the
release occurs once.


CAIRO, Aug. 1—Israel's acceptance yesterday of the United States proposals to stop shooting and start talking has touched off a scramble among the divided Arabs, with Cairo urging realism toward the peace endeavor instead of damaging and disruptive sloganeering.
Foreign ministers and defense chiefs of the so‐called confrontation countries are planning to assemble in Tripoli, Libya, within a day or so in an effort to achieve a harmony of views. The confrontation countries are the United Arab Republic, Jordan, Iraq, Syria and the Sudan.
Libya, although technically not a member of the confrontation bloc, is considered certain to take part in the consultations. Algeria likewise isexpected to send a delegation.
In Moscow, the Soviet Union criticized Iraq for opposing Egypt's acceptance of the United States peace intiative. Page 3.
In Cairo, fighting was re ported across the Suez Canal with heavy artillery exchanges and raids by Israeli planes. Page 4.
Egyptian diplomacy is being directed mainly at Syria, which has criticized the peace initiative. At least tacit assent by Damascus to the sensitive peace venture is considered imperative because Syria is one of the three Arab countries that lost territory to Israel in the 1967 war. The two others, Egypt and Jordan, have accepted the United States proposals.
The young revolutionary leader of Libya, Col. Muammar elQaddafi, conferred by telephone last night with President Gamal Abdel Nasser, President Nureddin al‐Attassi of Syria and President Ahmad' Hassan al‐Bakr of Iraq.
Libya and the Sudan, linked to Egypt in a political and economic alliance, are actively supporting President Nasser's acceptance of the United States peace proposals.
The hard‐line left‐wing regime in Iraq appears to be heading an opposition campaign. Maj. Gen. Anwar elHadithi, the Iraqi Minister of Labor and Social Affairs and member of the country's Revolutionary Command Council, flew to Cairo yesterday with message to President Nasser from President Bakr.
Most Palestinian commando organizations condemn the settlement venture, but at least two of the smaller ones, the Palestine Arab Organization and the Action Group for the Liberation of Palestine, have endorsed President Nasser's strategy.
This break in the ranks of the Palestinians, who proclaim an objective of recovering their land and homes in Israel, is considered of particular significance.
Last Tuesday, the Egyptian authorities suspended two Palestinian programs beamed to the Arab world over the Cairo radio and they have taken other measures, including expulsions and visa curbs, to prevent extremists from disrupting the settlement effort. President Nasser has described the United States initiative as a last chance for a peaceful solution with Israel.
An emergency session of the eight‐member Higher Executive Committee of the Arab Socialist Union was called today to discuss the problems raised by Arab disunity over a political settlement with Israel. The Arab Socialist Union is Egypt's only political organization.
A report on the meeting in the authoritative Cairo newspaper Al Abram emphasized that Cairo would never yield on two fundamental demands—the withdrawal of Israeli forces from all Arab lands conquered in 1967 and a settlement of the claims of Palestinian refugees.
In remarks clearly directed to Arab critics of the peace initiatives, Al Ahram stressed that the Arabs had nothing to lose but much to gain by going along with the proposal for three‐month cease‐fire and a revival of the mediating mission of Dr. Gunnar V. Jarring, the United Nations representative in the dispute.
Even if the effort fails, the paper said, the Arabs will emerge stronger militarily and in world opinion.