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Aerial view, tree nursery, Beckedorf, Lower Saxony, Germany. Credit: imageBROKER / Alamy Stock Photo.
World can limit global warming to 1.5C 'without BECCS'
Simon Evans
13.04.2018 | 10:00am
1.5CWorld can limit global warming to 1.5C 'without BECCS'
It is possible to limit warming to 1.5C above pre-industrial temperatures without using negative emissions from bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), new research says.
The study, published today in Nature Climate Change, throws open the debate about how to meet the stringent temperature goals of the Paris Agreement. It shows, for the first time, how a range of highly ambitious mitigation options can minimise – or, collectively, eliminate – the need for BECCS.
BECCS is a controversial and largely untested negative emissions technology that has come to dominate pathways to 1.5C.
The new paper instead explores alternatives including lifestyle changes, agricultural intensification and lab-grown meat, as well as an even more rapid adoption of renewables and energy efficiency. Some of these have tended to be excluded from the conversation, because they are hard for scientists to model.
The debate over how to meet the Paris goals "should be broader", the lead author tells Carbon Brief, because there are risks to relying on negative emissions from BECCS.
Stringent goals
The Paris Agreement, adopted by almost every country in 2015, says warming should be limited to "well below" 2C above pre-industrial levels, with efforts to keep it below 1.5C. To meet these goals, global greenhouse gas emissions must stay within a rapidly shrinking carbon budget.
Scientists have developed a range of scenarios to explore how this could be done. To date, 1.5C pathways have relied on negative emissions from BECCS to suck excess CO2 out of the atmosphere later this century. In part, this reflects the assumption that inertia in the global energy system makes it hard to peak and then eliminate CO2.
The chart below shows the starting point for today's research: a pathway to 1.5C consistent with a likely chance (66%) of keeping the temperature in 2100 to below 1.5C.
(Like most others, this is an "overshoot" scenario, where temperatures breach 1.5C in the second half of the century before falling back below that level by 2100. No-overshoot pathways to 1.5C are only possible, even theoretically, if the remaining carbon budget is at the top end of current estimates.)
CO2 emissions and removals in the default 1.5C scenario. Source: Van Vuuren et al (2018).
In this default scenario, fossil-fuel emissions, shown in black, peak around 2020 then fall steeply. Residual fossil-fuel use until 2100 is offset by BECCS (light blue), making the world net-zero for energy-related CO2 by around 2045 (grey line) and net-zero for all CO2 by 2050 (yellow line).
CO2 emitted during the next few decades, in excess of the carbon budget for 1.5C, is offset by net-negative emissions from BECCS later in the century (dark blue). By 2100, BECCS is removing around 15bn tonnes of CO2 (GtCO2) per year – equal to nearly two-fifths of current emissions.
Pathways to well-below 2C are broadly similar. For example, Shell's recently published "Sky" scenario is typical in also relying heavily on negative emissions from BECCS.
This is controversial, because BECCS is largely untested, might not become available at the levels anticipated and could require land equivalent to the area of Australia, for growing bioenergy crops.
Dr Alexander Popp, who was not part of today's research, is head of the land-use management group at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK). He tells Carbon Brief:
"There are major concerns about the sustainability of large-scale deployment of CO2 removal (CDR) technologies, especially in relation to BECCS, but also for large-scale afforestation."
The new work on alternative pathways to 1.5C is, therefore, of "great importance", Popp says.
Scenario artefact
Integrated Assessment Models: IAMs are computer models that analyse a broad range of data – e.g. physical, economic and social – to produce information that can be used to help decision-making. For climate research, specifically, IAMs are typically used to project future greenhouse gas emissions and climate impacts, and the benefits and costs of policy options that could be implemented to tackle them.
Integrated Assessment Models: IAMs are computer models that analyse a broad range of data – e.g. physical, economic and social – to produce information that can be used to help decision-making. For climate research, specifically,… Read More
Today's research suggests this reliance on BECCS could, to some extent, be an artefact of the way scenarios have been developed. These pathways explore future changes in population, economic growth, energy demand and other factors using integrated assessment models (IAMs).
IAMs are generally designed to be "cost-optimal", which means they prioritise low-cost solutions. They can be modified to include technical, political or social barriers to deployment, but cost remains the main driver. The new paper explains the consequences of this design:
"As IAMs select technologies on the basis of relative costs, they normally concentrate on reduction measures for which reasonable estimates of future performance and costs can be made. This implies that some possible response strategies receive less attention, as their future performance is more speculative or their introduction would be based on drivers other than cost, such as lifestyle change or more rapid electrification.
"Moreover, existing studies hardly look into more aggressive implementation of options, such as rapid implementation of the best available technologies or deep reduction of non-CO2 GHGs [greenhouse gases]. Technology development could also be more rapid than typically assumed in IAM model runs."
This goes some way to explain why BECCS has become so dominant in the 1.5C scenarios, even though its widespread deployment faces daunting sociopolitical barriers. In contrast, alternative solutions have often been ignored because it is hard to estimate their performance or cost.
Dr Glen Peters, research director at Norwegian climate institute Cicero, who was not part of the study, tells Carbon Brief:
"[This] is a good paper and a step forward. Hopefully, it will be a challenge to others to look at alternative mitigation strategies to those that are solely based on cost…I think it is worth having a discussion on what costs actually are and how they should be interpreted, particularly when things are not so easily 'costed' (such as reduced meat consumption)."
Alternative routes
The study looks at a range of "aggressive" alternative scenarios to meet the 1.5C goal, reducing reliance on BECCS. Deployment of each mitigation option is designed to be "ambitious but not unrealistic", the paper says. These alternatives are:
Renewable electrification: All energy end-use sectors are rapidly electrified, including heat. The technical constraints to integrating variable renewables on the grid are overcome. Some fossil-fuelled power stations retire early and, by 2030, all new cars are electric.
High efficiency: The best available technologies are quickly adopted for all energy and material uses, including cement and steel. From 2025 onwards, only highly efficient new cars and aeroplanes are sold and only the most efficient home appliances allowed.
Agricultural intensification: Optimistic assumptions for crop yield improvements are combined with 80% worldwide adoption of the most efficient livestock systems, including improved feed digestibility and "genetic improvements".
Low non-CO2: Non-CO2 greenhouse gases are reduced using the best-available technologies and further technological progress. For example, by 2050, fugitive emissions of methane are cut by 100% in the oil-and-gas sector and by 90% for coal mining. Methane emissions from livestock are cut significantly and, by 2050, 80% of meat and eggs are replaced by cultured protein, including lab-grown meat.
Population: Improved access to education accelerates the trend towards reduced fertility, so that global population rises from 7 billion people today to 8.4 billion in 2050, before falling to 6.9 billion in 2100. This is broadly in line with the UN's lowest scenario for population, whereas the high end of UN projections reaches 13.2 billion people in 2100.
Lifestyle change: The majority of the world population adopts sustainable lifestyles, including, by 2050, 100% adoption of healthy diets with lower levels of meat consumption. There is less private car use and more walking or cycling, while air travel is reduced.
The research then looks at each option in turn, as well their combined effect, in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and the level of BECCS required to stay within a 1.5C carbon budget.
Minimal BECCS
The small carbon budget for 1.5C means that existing scenarios lean more heavily on BECCS than for a 2C limit. This can be seen in the chart, below left, where the level of BECCS nearly doubles between a 2C pathway (purple line, "Def_2.6") and one for 1.5C (blue line, "Def_1.9").
Increased use of BECCS also raises the need for agricultural land to grow bioenergy crops, as shown in the chart, below right (blue line, "Def_1.9").
Left: Primary energy from BECCS (exajoules) and Right: Agricultural land use (millions of hectares) in a 2C scenario and a range of alternative 1.5C scenarios. Source: Van Vuuren et al (2018).
Each of the mitigation alternatives cuts emissions, with the electrification and efficiency scenarios mostly affecting CO2 and the others having a greater impact on other greenhouse gases. This, in turn, cuts the need for BECCS (chart, above left) and for agricultural land (above right).
Combining all of the mitigation options together ("Total") effectively eliminates the need for BECCS to stay within a 1.5C limit. This frees up significant areas of agricultural land in the model, some of which is reforested, resulting in "natural" CO2 removal.
As such, the zero-BECCS path to 1.5C in today's study is not completely free of negative emissions.
Prof Detlef van Vuuren, senior researcher at the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL) and lead author of the new report, tells Carbon Brief:
"We show there are options available to significantly reduce BECCS, but it is really, really difficult to go to zero BECCS (or negative emissions)…Negative emissions are not necessarily bad, but it means that one does accept certain risks. If you don't want to take these, or, for instance, find other options more attractive for other reasons – for example, synergies with other SDGs [sustainable development goals], ease of implementation, societal support – [then] I think [our new] paper allows for a much better consideration of pros and cons…I do believe getting rid of negative emission totally is not possible – but minimizing them might be attractive."
Van Vuuren was a key figure in the early use of BECCS within climate models, as shown in Carbon Brief's interactive timeline of the technology published in 2015. It is "unfortunate" that work to date on meeting 1.5C has been so dominated by BECCS, he adds.
Wider debate
Like all pathways to meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement, these new alternatives are highly ambitious. They also do not change the bigger picture for policymakers.
Dr Joeri Rogelj, research scholar at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), who was not part of this work, tells Carbon Brief:
"The core of the mitigation challenge remains the same: global CO2 emissions need to be reduced to zero. What policymakers should take from this entire body of research on 1.5C scenarios is that there is a variety of avenues one can pursue to limit CO2 emissions and that these different avenues or strategies allow to limit the contribution of potentially undesirable technologies like BECCS."
Importantly, the barriers to adoption of the various alternative strategies go beyond the cost metric prioritised by previous research, spanning politics, societal acceptance and technical feasibility.
Bert Metz, former co-chair of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) working group on mitigation and now senior adviser to the European Climate Foundation (ECF*), tells Carbon Brief:
"It is highly unlikely that the investigated options can indeed all be applied simultaneously to the extent assumed in the paper and that the full impacts of each of the options can be delivered in practice, as the assumptions are very ambitious."
"Each of these options deserves close examination and appropriate action by policymakers, if they want to take the Paris objectives seriously and avoid gambling on the large-scale availability of CDR [CO2 removal] and particularly BECCS."
A study published last week explores the limits of plausibility for avoiding the use of negative emissions. It shows they are only avoidable if the carbon budget for 1.5C is at the high end of current estimates and if there is radical adoption of low-carbon technologies and lifestyles, along with unprecedented efforts to limit energy needs, so that demand in 2100 falls to half of today's levels. A low-end carbon budget would make the 1.5C goal unachievable – even with BECCS.
Dr Stephan Singer, senior adviser on global energy policies to the NGO umbrella group Climate Action Network, tells Carbon Brief:
"it is extremely useful for the academic community to assess alternatives to large-scale BECCS, in particular [because] that is likely to impact significantly on food security and land use…The stronger, earlier and deeper that politics embarks on 'conventional' mitigation policies and measures, the less the world needs negative emissions like large-scale BECCS to meet the Paris goals."
Singer adds: "Lifestyle changes for the globally high-consuming and emitting rich…are [a] fundamental part of the equation…This is not limited to individual dietary changes…[it] also includes significant transport and travel behavioural change, institutionalised longer durability of products, higher reusability of components, new materials and, overall, a circular economy."
Whether or not the Paris targets can be met, today's research suggests policymakers should debate a wider set of options for tackling climate change, in addition to BECCS and negative emissions, which have come to be seen as a default "backstop".
Peters says:
"IAMs have a limited set of tools [to cut emissions] and, in reality, there are many more tools in the toolbox. This is a good sign, as the more tools we have, the more options we have to getting to 2C or 1.5C. We need more studies broadening the toolbox, instead of using big-hitting backstop technologies like BECCS or direct air capture."
It is worth adding that today's research is far from an exhaustive exploration of that "toolbox". Indeed, it concludes by mentioning a range of other options for cutting emissions, which have also generally been excluded from previous work. These include soil carbon management and "rapid forced closure of fossil-fuelled power plants".
Finally, none of the current scenarios consider a world without economic growth, considered by some researchers as the only path to a sustainable future.
*Carbon Brief is funded by the European Climate Foundation.
Van Vuuren, D. et al. (2018) Alternative pathways to the 1.5C target reduce the need for negative emission technologies, Nature Climate Change, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0119-8
New study shows how 1.5C global warming can be met - without BECCS
World can limit global warming to 1.5C by 'improving energy efficiency'
1.5C | June 6. 2018.
World can meet growing food demands and limit warming to 1.5C, study says
1.5C | October 10. 2017.
Analysis: How 'natural climate solutions' can reduce the need for BECCS
1.5C | May 5. 2018.
New scenarios show how the world could limit warming to 1.5C in 2100
1.5C | March 3. 2018.
Q&A: Can the UK meet its climate goals without the Wylfa nuclear plant?
1.5C | January 1. 2019.


Dianabol's dynamics as an dental anabolic drug will limit its variance useful, and creates a restricted overall flexibility under which Dianabol can be utilized in conditions of Dianabol oral dosages of 25mg – 50mg and Dbol cycles. Mouth anabolic drugs are usually meant to provide as a supportive chemical substance and/or a 'kickstart' mixture in a routine where other ingredients are used as basics. A 'kickstart' is a practice whereby an individual includes an dental anabolic drug in a circuit for the first weeks (normally, this is done in tandem with a long-estered injectable anabolic drug because of the much longer kick-in period). As the kick-in period for some injectable) is a subject of a couple weeks into a pattern, one usually won't experience the results until such time. The dental anabolic drug utilised of these first couple of weeks will allow an individual to see the positive anabolic ramifications of the oral as the ramifications of the injectable element slowly increase.
By enough time the oral element is discontinued, the injectable compound's anabolic results are completely golf swing and a close to seamless transition is manufactured. Anabol is one particular anabolic drug that is often useful to this result as a kickstarting ingredient because of its considerable anabolic durability. Other compounds found in this same manner are similar powerful mass building materials, such as Anadrol-50 and other materials that favour bulking and significant mass raises.
As a result of this somewhat limited characteristics, Dianabol is mostly reserved for cycles where utter bulking and mass addition is the principal goal, which is a ingredient that is hardly ever seen found in a fat reduction or pre-contest routine. Essentially any anabolic drug can be utilized for either goal, but it's the Estrogenic character of Dianabol that places it almost specifically in the group of bulking while users have a tendency to shy from its use within cutting cycles. Irrespective of the sort of cycle where its included, Dbol doses over the table do not commonly change whether bulking or slicing, and this arrives in large part to its great power and potency.
When working with these compounds for just about any particular goal, high Dianabol oral dosages of 25mg – 50mg are generally needless amid its strength and durability as an anabolic drug. For the reason that of its significant strength and strength that it's regarded as one of the better anabolic drugs in the price:benefit ratio team, where potential profits versus the expense of a powerful dose necessary to create positive changes are worried.
One other essential aspect to keep in mind is that of hepatotoxicity of the substance, where hepatotoxicity is increased with regards to increasing doses. Due to its strong anabolic character, it will never be essential to run high doses to be able to see remarkable physique changes.
Advanced users are recognized for generally utilizing higher Dianabol dosages than starters or intermediate users, it is vital to comprehend that this is of a sophisticated individual is not higher dosages of compounds.


The next "last-mile" internet may come from SpaceX's Starlink LEO satellites. The first two are scheduled to launch on a Falcon 9 on Feb. 17.
Replay: Watch the SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket test flight SpaceX's launch of its Falcon Heavy Rocket sets up a pathway for future missions that may someday lead to humans becoming a multiplanetary species. Watch the entire launch replay from SpaceX.
SpaceX has revealed technical details of the constellation of satellites it wants to launch as an internet service provider (ISP) for the globe.
SpaceX made headlines when it put a Tesla on its way to Mars, with the successful launch of the Falcon Heavy. Now, much closer to Earth, a Falcon 9 is getting ready to take its first two Starlink internet satellites into orbit on Feb. 17.
If all goes well, they'll be followed by 11,923 other Starlink satellites in Low-Earth Orbit (LEO). The first two, Microsat-2a and Microsat-2b, are test systems. These satellites will form a constellation of satellites, which will deliver broadband internet across the world.
According to SpaceX president Gwynne Shotwell, SpaceX's Elon Musk is working on this because, "Elon tends to find an industry where customers are very angry and frustrated. Let's build little communications satellites and provide global broadband capability for reasonable prices." If this works, Musk plans to use the same design for a Martian internet.
These mass-produced satellites will use the relatively little-used V band, which covers 40GHz to 75GHz, to communicate with each other in a mesh network. They'll then work with Earth-bound receivers to deliver broadband internet. How fast will that be? Good question.
By 2022, SpaceX predicted -- to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) -- that: "Once fully optimized through the Final Deployment, the system will be able to provide high bandwidth (up to 1Gbps per user), low latency broadband services for consumers and businesses in the US and globally." And 1Gbps is much better than most of us get on the ground.
Satellite internet isn't new. HughesNet has been delivering internet from space since the 90s. But, even today, its latest offering, HughesNet Gen5, tops out at only 25Mbps. It also has data plans with caps of 10GB, 20GB, 30GB, and 50GB, plus an additional 50GB of data, which is only available from 2 am to 8 am.
The real show-stopper for satellite internet, though, has always been latency -- the time between when you start an activity over the internet and when you get a response back. Earth-bound broadband gives you a latency of about 8 milliseconds to 20 milliseconds (ms). Traditional satellite internet, thanks to the distance of it geosynchronous satellites, sticks with you with a latency of over 600ms. That makes it nigh unto impossible, for example, to do video-conferencing or gaming over it.
All that said, when you need internet out in the country, and the closest terrestrial internet provider is 50 miles away, HughesNet delivers the broadband.
SpaceX's VP of satellite government affairs, Patricia Cooper, promises that StarLink will only have latencies as low as 25ms. That will make it far more useful.
Read also: Superfast broadband: How fast is fast enough?
SpaceX isn't the only one working on a constellation of LEO internet satellites. OneWeb hopes to get its network up into space with Amazon's Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin rockets starting in 2020.
OneWeb already has the FCC's approval for its constellation. FCC chairman Ajit Pai has endorsed SpaceX's plan, but the full FCC has yet to vote on it. There seems no doubt that the FCC will approve SpaceX's satellite-borne internet.
The Falcon 9 launch is scheduled for 9:17 am EST from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. Besides the experimental Starlink satellites, its main cargo will be the Spanish Paz satellite. Paz is a radar imaging satellite designed to collect views of Earth for government and commercial customers. It also carries ship tracking and weather sensors.
So, if all goes well, in a few years, whether you're in my family home in backwoods West Virginia or in Silicon Valley, you may be getting your internet from space. Considering how little broadband competition there is, SpaceX entering the market may be just what both business and consumer internet users need.
Fiber broadband: Is it a waste with 5G and Elon Musk's satellites on the horizon?


Nuria Queralt Rosinach is from Reus, Catalonia (Spain). She obtained her MSc in Bioinformatics from Pompeu Fabra University (UB/UPF) in June 2008, her PhD in Computational Chemistry from Rovira i Virgili University (URV) in May of 2010, between travel and travel she did her first postdoc at the IBI Group in the beautiful, Mediterranean and sunny Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain) started in June of 2012, and joined the Su Lab as a research associate in June of 2016. My current research project is mainly focused on biomedical discovery specifically on rare genetic diseases.


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Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
Nazarbayev University
School of Engineering and Digital Sciences
Layered Ni-rich Cathode Materials
Myung, S-T., Jo, C-H. & Konarov, A., 2019, Future Lithium-ion Batteries. p. 26-43 18 p.
Cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries
Bakenov, Z. & Taniguchi, I., Apr 19 2016, Lithium-Ion Batteries: Advanced Materials and Technologies. CRC Press/Balkema, p. 51-96 46 p.
Extraterrestrial Environment
Inglezakis, V. J., Jan 1 2016, Environment and Development: Basic Principles, Human Activities, and Environmental Implications. Elsevier, p. 453-498 46 p.
Malamis, S., Katsou, E., Inglezakis, V. J., Kershaw, S., Venetis, D. & Folini, S., Jan 1 2016, Environment and Development: Basic Principles, Human Activities, and Environmental Implications. Elsevier, p. 287-362 76 p.
Business behind sustainability
Zorpas, A. A., Voukkali, I. & Inglezakis, V. J., Jul 1 2014, Sustainability behind Sustainability. Nova Science Publishers, Inc., p. 45-71 27 p.
Environmental indicators
Inglezakis, V. J. & Zorpas, A. A., Jul 1 2014, Sustainability behind Sustainability. Nova Science Publishers, Inc., p. 17-33 17 p.
Cobzaru, C. & Inglezakis, V., Oct 16 2014, Progress in Filtration and Separation. Elsevier, p. 425-498 74 p.
Synthetic Resins

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Penn State players gathered for a meeting on Sunday at the Lasch Football Building, to listen to their new head coach, Bill O'Brien, address them for the first time.
The players emerged happy, excited, and ready to play, the Boston Herald reports.
"It went great, a really awesome first impression," said defensive end Pete Massaro. "He's a really intense guy. I can tell he's really passionate because he got all the guys fired up right away. There was so much energy and so much buzz in that room, it was unbelievable."
"I got chills just listening to him," quarterback Matt McGloin.
"I think a lot of guys got excited in there during that meeting when Coach was talking about the things he wanted to do. You turn the TV on and watch the Patriots and, as an offense, you can't help but get excited."
Last Thursday, O'Brien (42) signed on as the new head coach at Penn State. He was introduced as Joe Paterno's successor and signed a five-year contract.
The meeting went very well, better than I had expected," center Matt Stankiewitch said. "He was a great talker. He's got a straightforward personality, a great fit for a Penn State man — honest, respectable, a lot of charisma."
"He's a very tough-minded guy who instills discipline," Redd said. "His leadership qualities were second to none, it seemed. Guys are ready to rally behind him and excited to play for him. He has a way of firing you up without even yelling at you."


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Lust4Rust
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Solomon Islands : HISTORY
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Guadalcanal Campaign
The Guadalcanal Campaign, also known as the Battle of Guadalcanal and code-named "Operation Watchtower", originally applying only to an operation to take the island of Tulagi, by Allied forces, was a military campaign fought between 7 August 1942 and 9 February 1943 on and around the island of Guadalcanal in the Pacific theater of World War II. It was the first major offensive by Allied forces against the Empire of Japan.
On 7 August 1942, Allied forces, predominantly United States (US) Marines, landed on the islands of Guadalcanal, Tulagi, and Florida in the southern Solomon Islands, with the objective of stopping the Japanese threatening Allied supply and communication routes between the US, Australia, and New Zealand. The Allies also intended to use Guadalcanal and Tulagi as bases to support a campaign to eventually capture or neutralize the major Japanese base at Rabaul on New Britain. The Allies overwhelmed the outnumbered Japanese defenders, who had occupied the islands since May 1942, and captured Tulagi and Florida, as well as an airfield (later named Henderson Field) that was under construction on Guadalcanal.
Surprised by the Allied offensive, the Japanese made several attempts between August and November to retake Henderson Field. Three major land battles, seven large naval battles, and continual, almost daily, aerial battles culminated in the decisive Naval Battle of Guadalcanal in early November, in which the last Japanese attempt to bombard Henderson Field from the sea and land with enough troops to retake it, was defeated. In December, the Japanese abandoned their efforts to retake Guadalcanal and evacuated their remaining forces by 7 February 1943, in the face of an offensive by the US Army's XIV Corps.
The Guadalcanal campaign was a significant strategic combined arms Allied victory in the Pacific theater. Along with the Battle of Midway, it has been called a turning-point in the war against Japan.
Strategic considerations
On 7 December 1941, Japanese forces attacked the United States Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The attack crippled much of the U.S. battleship fleet and precipitated an open and formal state of war between the two nations. The initial goals of Japanese leaders were to neutralize the US Navy, seize possessions rich in natural resources, and establish strategic military bases to defend Japan's empire in the Pacific Ocean and Asia. To further those goals, Japanese forces captured the Philippines, Thailand, Malaya, Singapore, Burma, the Dutch East Indies, Wake Island, Gilbert Islands, New Britain and Guam. Joining the U.S. in the war against Japan were the rest of the Allied powers, several of whom, including the United Kingdom, Australia and the Netherlands had also been attacked by Japan.
The Allies chose the Solomon Islands (a protectorate of the United Kingdom), specifically the southern Solomon Islands of Guadalcanal, Tulagi and Florida Island, as the first target, designated Task One, codenamed Pestilence, with three specific objectives. Originally the objectives were the occupation of the Santa Cruz Islands, codenamed Huddle, Tulagi, codenamed Watchtower, and "adjacent positions". Guadalcanal (Code name Cactus), eventually the focus of the operation, was not even mentioned in the early directive and only later took on the operation name Watchtower.
The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) had occupied Tulagi in May 1942 and had constructed a seaplane base nearby. Allied concern grew when, in early July 1942, the IJN began constructing a large airfield at Lunga Point on nearby Guadalcanal—from such a base Japanese long-range bombers would threaten the sea lines of communication from the West Coast of the Americas to the populous East Coast of Australia. By August 1942, the Japanese had about 900 naval troops on Tulagi and nearby islands and 2,800 personnel (2,200 being Korean forced laborers & trustees as well as Japanese construction specialists) on Guadalcanal. These bases would protect Japan's major base at Rabaul, threaten Allied supply and communication lines and establish a staging area for a planned offensive against Fiji, New Caledonia and Samoa. The Japanese planned to deploy 45 fighters and 60 bombers to Guadalcanal. In the overall strategy for 1942 these aircraft could provide air cover for Japanese naval forces advancing farther into the South Pacific.
The Allied plan to invade the southern Solomon's was conceived by U.S. Admiral Ernest King, Commander in Chief, United States Fleet. He proposed the offensive to deny the use of the islands by the Japanese as bases to threaten the supply routes between the United States and Australia and to use them as starting points.
In preparation for the offensive in the Pacific in May 1942, U.S. Marine Major General Alexander Vandegrift was ordered to move his 1st Marine Division from the United States to New Zealand. Other Allied land, naval and air force units were sent to establish or reinforce bases in Fiji, Samoa, New Hebrides and New Caledonia. Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides, was selected as the headquarters and main base for the offensive, codenamed Operation Watchtower, with the commencement date set for 7 August 1942.
At first, the Allied offensive was planned just for Tulagi and the Santa Cruz Islands, omitting Guadalcanal. After Allied reconnaissance discovered the Japanese airfield construction efforts on Guadalcanal, its capture was added to the plan and the Santa Cruz operation was (eventually) dropped. The Japanese were aware, via signals intelligence, of the large-scale movement of Allied forces in the South Pacific area but concluded that the Allies were reinforcing Australia and perhaps Port Moresby in New Guinea.
The Watchtower force, numbering 75 warships and transports (of vessels from the U.S. and Australia), assembled near Fiji on 26 July 1942 and engaged in one rehearsal landing prior to leaving for Guadalcanal on 31 July.
The troops sent to Guadalcanal were fresh from military training and armed with bolt action M1903 Springfield rifles and a meager 10-day supply of ammunition. Because of the need to get them into battle quickly, the operation planners had reduced their supplies from a 90-days to only 60 days. The men of the 1st Marine Division began referring to the coming battle as "Operation Shoestring".
Bad weather allowed the Allied expeditionary force to arrive unseen by the Japanese on the night of 6 August and the morning of 7 August, taking the defenders by surprise. This is sometimes called the Midnight Raid on Guadalcanal. A Japanese patrol aircraft from Tulagi had searched the general area the Allied invasion fleet was moving through, but missed seeing the Allied ships due to severe storms and heavy clouds. The landing force split into two groups, with one group assaulting Guadalcanal, and the other Tulagi, Florida, and nearby islands. Allied warships bombarded the invasion beaches while U.S. carrier aircraft bombed Japanese positions on the target islands and destroyed 15 Japanese seaplanes at their base near Tulagi.
Tulagi and two nearby small islands, Gavutu and Tanambogo, were assaulted by 3,000 U.S. Marines. The 886 IJN personnel manning the naval and seaplane bases on the three islands fiercely resisted the Marine attacks. With some difficulty, the Marines secured all three islands; Tulagi on 8 August, and Gavutu and Tanambogo by 9 August. The Japanese defenders were killed almost to the last man, while the Marines suffered 122 killed.
In contrast to Tulagi, Gavutu, and Tanambogo, the landings on Guadalcanal encountered much less resistance. At 09:10 on 7 August, Vandegrift and 11,000 U.S. Marines came ashore on Guadalcanal between Koli Point and Lunga Point. Advancing towards Lunga Point, they encountered little resistance and secured the airfield by 16:00 on 8 August. The Japanese naval construction units and combat troops, under the command of Captain Kanae Monzen, panicked by the warship bombardment and aerial bombing, had abandoned the airfield area and fled about 3 miles (4.8 km) west to the Matanikau River and Point Cruz area, leaving behind food, supplies, intact construction equipment and vehicles, and 13 dead.
During the landing operations on 7 and 8 August, Japanese naval aircraft based at Rabaul, under the command of Sadayoshi Yamada, attacked the Allied amphibious forces several times, setting afire the transport USS George F. Elliot (which sank two days later) and heavily damaging the destroyer USS Jarvis.[38] In the air attacks over the two days, the Japanese lost 36 aircraft, while the U.S. lost 19, both in combat and to accident, including 14 carrier fighters.
After these clashes, Fletcher was concerned about the losses to his carrier fighter aircraft strength, anxious about the threat to his carriers from further Japanese air attacks, and worried about his ships' fuel levels. Fletcher withdrew from the Solomon Islands area with his carrier task forces the evening of 8 August. As a result of the loss of carrier-based air cover, Turner decided to withdraw his ships from Guadalcanal, even though less than half of the supplies and heavy equipment needed by the troops ashore had been unloaded. Turner planned, however, to unload as many supplies as possible on Guadalcanal and Tulagi throughout the night of 8 August and then depart with his ships early on 9 August.
Battle of Savo Island
That night, as the transports unloaded, two groups of screening Allied cruisers and destroyers, under the command of British Rear Admiral Victor Crutchley VC, were surprised and defeated by a Japanese force of seven cruisers and one destroyer from the 8th Fleet based at Rabaul and Kavieng and commanded by Japanese Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa. In the Battle of Savo Island one Australian and three American cruisers were sunk and one American cruiser and two destroyers were damaged. The Japanese suffered moderate damage to one cruiser. Mikawa, who was unaware Fletcher was preparing to withdraw with the U.S. carriers, immediately retired to Rabaul without attempting to attack the transports. Mikawa was concerned about daylight U.S. carrier air attacks if he remained in the area. Bereft of his carrier air cover, Turner decided to withdraw his remaining naval forces by the evening of 9 August and in so doing left the Marines ashore without much of the heavy equipment, provisions and troops still aboard the transports. Mikawa's decision not to attempt to destroy the Allied transport ships when he had the opportunity proved to be a crucial strategic mistake.
Tokyo Express
By 23 August, Kawaguchi's 35th Infantry Brigade reached Truk and was loaded onto slow transport ships for the rest of the trip to Guadalcanal. The damage done to Tanaka's convoy during the Battle of the Eastern Solomons caused the Japanese to reconsider trying to deliver more troops to Guadalcanal by slow transport. Instead, the ships carrying Kawaguchi's soldiers were sent to Rabaul. From there, the Japanese planned to deliver Kawaguchi's men to Guadalcanal by destroyers staging through a Japanese naval base in the Shortland Islands. The Japanese destroyers were usually able to make round trips down "The Slot" (New Georgia Sound) to Guadalcanal and back in a single night throughout the campaign, minimizing their exposure to Allied air attack. The runs became known as the "Tokyo Express" to Allied forces and were labeled "Rat Transportation" by the Japanese. Delivering the troops in this manner, however, prevented most of the heavy equipment and supplies, such as heavy artillery, vehicles, and much food and ammunition, from being transported to Guadalcanal with them. In addition, this activity tied up destroyers the IJN desperately needed for commerce defense. Either inability or unwillingness prevented Allied naval commanders from challenging Japanese naval forces at night, so the Japanese controlled the seas around the Solomon Islands during nighttime. However, any Japanese ship remaining during daylight hours within range of the aircraft at Henderson Field, about 200 miles (320 km), was in great danger from air attack. This tactical situation existed for the next several months of the campaign.
Between 29 August and 4 September, various Japanese light cruisers, destroyers, and patrol boats were able to land almost 5,000 troops at Taivu Point, including most of the 35th Infantry Brigade, much of the Aoba (4th) Regiment, and the rest of Ichiki's regiment. General Kawaguchi, who landed at Taivu Point on 31 August Express run, was placed in command of all Japanese forces on Guadalcanal. A barge convoy took another 1,000 soldiers of Kawaguchi's brigade, under the command of Colonel Akinosuke Oka, to Kamimbo, west of the Lunga perimeter.
Naval Battle of Guadalcanal
After the defeat in the Battle for Henderson Field, the IJA planned to try again to retake the airfield in November 1942, but further reinforcements were needed before the operation could proceed. The IJA requested assistance from Yamamoto to deliver the needed reinforcements to the island and to support the next offensive. Yamamoto provided 11 large transport ships to carry the remaining 7,000 troops from the 38th Infantry Division, their ammunition, food, and heavy equipment from Rabaul to Guadalcanal. He also provided a warship support force that included two battleships. The two battleships, Hiei and Kirishima, equipped with special fragmentation shells, were to bombard Henderson Field on the night of 12–13 November and destroy it and the aircraft stationed there in order to allow the slow, heavy transports to reach Guadalcanal and unload safely the next day.[118] The warship force was commanded from Hiei by recently promoted Vice Admiral Hiroaki Abe.
In early November, Allied intelligence learned that the Japanese were preparing again to try to retake Henderson Field. Therefore, the U.S. sent Task Force 67, a large reinforcement and resupply convoy carrying Marine replacements, two U.S. Army infantry battalions, and ammunition and food, commanded by Turner, to Guadalcanal on 11 November. The supply ships were protected by two task groups, commanded by Rear Admirals Daniel J. Callaghan and Norman Scott, and aircraft from Henderson Field. The ships were attacked several times on 11 and 12 November by Japanese aircraft from Rabaul staging through an air base at Buin, Bougainville, but most were unloaded without serious damage.
U.S. reconnaissance aircraft spotted the approach of Abe's bombardment force and passed a warning to the Allied command Thus warned, Turner detached all usable combat ships under Callaghan to protect the troops ashore from the expected Japanese naval attack and troop landing and ordered the supply ships at Guadalcanal to depart by early evening 12 November. Callaghan's force comprised two heavy cruisers, three light cruisers, and eight destroyers.
Around 01:30 on 13 November, Callaghan's force intercepted Abe's bombardment group between Guadalcanal and Savo Island. In addition to the two battleships, Abe's force included one light cruiser and 11 destroyers. In the pitch darkness, the two warship forces intermingled before opening fire at unusually close quarters. In the resulting mêlée, Abe's warships sank or severely damaged all but one cruiser and one destroyer in Callaghan's force and both Callaghan and Scott were killed. Two Japanese destroyers were sunk and another destroyer and Hiei heavily damaged. In spite of his defeat of Callaghan's force, Abe ordered his warships to retire without bombarding Henderson Field. Hiei sank later that day after repeated air attacks by CAF aircraft and aircraft from the U.S. carrier Enterprise. Because of Abe's failure to neutralize Henderson Field, Yamamoto ordered the troop transport convoy, under the command of Raizo Tanaka and located near the Shortland Islands, to wait an additional day before heading towards Guadalcanal. Yamamoto ordered Nobutake Kondō to assemble another bombardment force using warships from Truk and Abe's force to attack Henderson Field on 15 November.
In the meantime, around 02:00 on 14 November, a cruiser and destroyer force under Gunichi Mikawa from Rabaul conducted an unopposed bombardment of Henderson Field. The bombardment caused some damage but failed to put the airfield or most of its aircraft out of operation. As Mikawa's force retired towards Rabaul, Tanaka's transport convoy, trusting that Henderson Field was now destroyed or heavily damaged, began its run down the slot towards Guadalcanal. Throughout the day of 14 November, aircraft from Henderson Field and Enterprise attacked Mikawa's and Tanaka's ships, sinking one heavy cruiser and seven of the transports. Most of the troops were rescued from the transports by Tanaka's escorting destroyers and returned to the Shortlands. After dark, Tanaka and the remaining four transports continued towards Guadalcanal as Kondo's force approached to bombard Henderson Field.
In order to intercept Kondo's force, Halsey, who was low on undamaged ships, detached two battleships, Washington and South Dakota, and four destroyers from the Enterprise task force. The U.S. force, under the command of Willis A. Lee aboard Washington, reached Guadalcanal and Savo Island just before midnight on 14 November, shortly before Kondo's bombardment force arrived. Kondo's force consisted of Kirishima plus two heavy cruisers, two light cruisers, and nine destroyers. After the two forces made contact, Kondo's force quickly sank three of the U.S. destroyers and heavily damaged the fourth. The Japanese warships then sighted, opened fire, and damaged South Dakota. As Kondo's warships concentrated on South Dakota, Washington approached the Japanese ships unobserved and opened fire on Kirishima, smashing into the Japanese battleship repeatedly with both main and secondary battery shells, and causing fatal damage. After fruitlessly chasing Washington towards the Russell Islands, Kondo ordered his warships to retire without bombarding Henderson Field. One of Kondo's destroyers was also sunk during the engagement.
As Kondo's ships retired, the four Japanese transports beached themselves near Tassafaronga on Guadalcanal at 04:00 and quickly began unloading. At 05:55, U.S. aircraft and artillery began attacking the beached transports, destroying all four transports along with most of the supplies that they carried. Only 2,000–3,000 of the army troops made it ashore. Because of the failure to deliver most of the troops and supplies, the Japanese were forced to cancel their planned November offensive on Henderson Field making the results of the battle a significant strategic victory for the Allies and marking the beginning of the end of Japanese attempts to retake Henderson Field.
On 26 November, Japanese Lieutenant General Hitoshi Imamura took command of the newly formed Eighth Area Army at Rabaul. The new command encompassed both Hyakutake's 17th Army and the 18th Army in New Guinea. One of Imamura's first priorities upon assuming command was the continuation of the attempts to retake Henderson Field and Guadalcanal. The Allied offensive at Buna in New Guinea, however, changed Imamura's priorities. Because the Allied attempt to take Buna was considered a more severe threat to Rabaul, Imamura postponed further major reinforcement efforts to Guadalcanal to concentrate on the situation in New Guinea.
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Remember Flickr? The venerable photo-sharing service is an Editors' Choice web service, and the Android app has a lot to recommend it, too. It's more about the art of photography than the meme- and selfie-packed Instagram. Offering a well-designed interface and excellent photo and video editing tools, Flickr is more valuable than ever. Plus, the app connects you to the vibrant community of photographers on the service. Best of all, it can automatically back up photos from your phone. Free users can upload up to 1,000 photos and a $50 per year subscription gets you unlimited online photo storage. Android App
With its slick, streamlined interface, Flipboard is one of the best apps for reading the news. With it, you browse the articles, videos, podcasts, and other media that matter most to you. The app's signature magazine-style interface lets you explore the day's headlines in a gorgeous environment. The Daily Edition feature gives you the most important news along with themed stories for each day of the week. Flipboard has been one of our top picks for years, and it's easy to see why. New Droid Apps
Art & DesignAuto & VehiclesBeautyBooks & ReferenceBusinessComicsCommunicationDatingEducationEntertainmentEventsFinanceFood & DrinkHealth & FitnessHouse & HomeLibraries & DemoLifestyleMaps & NavigationMedicalMusic & AudioNews & MagazinesParentingPersonalizationPhotographyProductivityShoppingSocialSportsToolsTravel & LocalVideo Players & EditorsWeather Android App
Dropbox pioneered the personal cloud service, where all your stuff would be available no matter what device you were using. On Android, it holds its own—even against the highly integrated Google Drive. Dropbox can also act as a seamless backup for your images, automatically uploading every photo to the cloud. It even includes some light image editing tools. If you're the type of person with lots of files already stored in Dropbox, this app is a must-have.
Microsoft Launcher replaces the company's Arrow Launcher and takes on a Windows 10-style transparency. It replaces Google Now with a useful and customizable feed for quick access to recent apps, events, and frequently contacted people. The main app list can be organized horizontally or vertically and includes an elegant alphabetical scrollbar for reaching apps quickly. Performance is just as smooth as the stock Pixel Launcher and it doesn't affect the use of Google Assistant, though of course, Cortana would feel more at home as your voice assistant. Android App
What is most impressive about the ESPN Android app is the sheer number of sports it covers. Everything from American football to Brazilian soccer to Indy 500 is available. For those unmissable games, you can set alerts and follow specific matches as they unfold. It also connects you to videos and news headlines, courtesy of the popular sports cable network. Also, check out ESPN's streaming service, ESPN+.
ExpressVPN is one of the most trusted, secure brands in the virtual private network industry, and that's for good reason. It's super fast and extremely safe, boasting an SSL-secured network with 256-bit encryption and, get this, unlimited bandwidth and speed. ExpressVPN has servers in 94 countries (including Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, and others) in over 145 locations around the world, so there will always be a locatoin near you to give you the best experience possible. What's more, the service even has stealth servers in Hong Kong. They are to evade the GFW specifically. It doesn't even look like you're using a VPN!
Songkick is the bridge between the music in your digital collection and concerts in your area. Once installed, Songkick scans your device for tunes and then lets you see when and where your favorite artists are playing. If you see a show you're interested in, you can also purchase tickets all from within the app. Add multiple locations to Songkick to catch concerts when you're on the road. Android App
ExpressVPN is one of the most trusted, secure brands in the virtual private network industry, and that's for good reason. It's super fast and extremely safe, boasting an SSL-secured network with 256-bit encryption and, get this, unlimited bandwidth and speed. ExpressVPN has servers in 94 countries (including Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, and others) in over 145 locations around the world, so there will always be a locatoin near you to give you the best experience possible. What's more, the service even has stealth servers in Hong Kong. They are to evade the GFW specifically. It doesn't even look like you're using a VPN! Droid App
Here's an interesting alternative app store that offers a large collection of curated apps. Mobogenie boasts an intelligent recommendation engine that's supposed to analyze your preferences and make sensible suggestions. The interface is good, access is offered globally, and there's no registration. Mobogenie also works as a file manager, and it allows you to download other content beyond apps such as wallpapers, ringtones, books, and YouTube videos. Android App
Kaspersky for Android bundles on-demand malware scans and active web protection. Additionally, it implements a host of anti-theft features including remote locate, lock and wipe, as well as the ability to sound an alarm. You can even lock apps behind a PIN as an extra preventative measure in case your phone gets stolen. Although you need a paid Kaspersky Internet Security subscription to use all its features, some basic functionality is available for free. It's a top choice for Android antivirus apps. Droid App
IFTTT, which stands for "if this, then that," helps you create custom automations between various online services and devices without any coding experience. The mobile app makes it simple to set up these Applets (previously called recipes) on your own or implement any of the community-created ones. IFTTT is particularly great for controlling smart home devices. Droid Apps
Tasker is a glorious application if you have the patience to learn how to use the app. What it does is allow users to create custom made commands and then use them in various places. There are many apps out there that have Tasker support and you can even use Tasker to create very complex commands for NFC tags. It's difficult to truly explain what this app can do because it can do so many things. Between the apps supported, plugins you an add, and the sheer volume of stuff that you can do, there aren't many apps out there as useful as this one. IFTTT is another excellent automation app. In some cases, it may even be better than Tasker thanks to its simplicity and wide range of uses.
When we choose apps to include in our roundups, we're after those that primarily excel in two areas: function and design. A functional app is either unique in its capabilities or simply works better than others. Apps with great designs are a joy to use. Android 9.0 Pie introduced a good range of app-specific improvements, so we also prioritize those apps that use new system features and reflect the latest visual styles.
As one expects from a wallpaper app, the app is easy to use, with all the wallpapers appropriately structured in each category. Additionally, signing up on the application also syncs all the wallpapers over different devices. Of course, there are millions of wallpapers spread across different apps, but this one is definitely the best Android app for wallpapers. Android App
Those who enjoy podcasts probably have the easiest decision in regards to which podcast app that should use. The answer to that question is Pocket Casts. This insanely stable and good looking app allows you to download or stream various podcasts for your enjoyment. It features both audio-only and video podcast support so you can catch up on just about anything. There is also a light and dark theme, a sign-in feature so you can sync your podcasts across devices, and a pretty decent recommendations function. It underwent a redesign in 2019 that is a bit polarizing, but it's still an excellent podcast app. Droid App


Conference: 11 & 12 September 2019. Deadline for abstracts: 31 May.
For many years, universities and their pasts were seen as a benign backwater – histories of institutions of public benefit of interest to alumni, staff and academic historians. However, in recent years, attention has been drawn to the uncomfortable past of some of these institutions.
Protests around the world have prompted universities associated with colonialism, slavery and inequality to face up to, and reconsider, their own histories. Presently, institutions are subject to calls from inside and outside their own walls to answer uncomfortable questions about: where their funding has its origins, the land they occupy and the provenance of their cultural and heritage collections.
How should we approach and seek to understand the contested histories of universities?
How have and should universities respond?
Do universities have more of a responsibility to address their pasts than other types of organisations?
What impacts do difficult histories have on the 'brand' and public perception of a university?
The University's Research Group on University History warmly welcomes participation from across the academic disciplines, from heritage practitioners and from university managers and policymakers. We invite 20-minute papers that consider the difficult pasts of universities in all parts of the world, addressing a variety of time frames and that are academic and practice-based. The questions listed above are indicative only, rather than prescriptive.
Abstracts of a maximum of 250 words and a short bio should be submitted to universityhistories@manchester.ac.uk by 31 May 2019.


The purpose of defining the scope of a participatory exercise is to clarify exactly what the boundaries to the exercise are – what can really be achieved in practice – and thus define an appropriate and achievable purpose.
How much can really change?
Establishing what can actually change as a result of participation – what is 'up for grabs' – is critical. Defining this will require liaison with the decision maker(s) and should result in a clear statement from them as to what the participation can change. The International Association of Public Participation calls this the 'Promise to the Public'.
Is participation appropriate at all?
there are insufficient resources to make the process work properly.
Relationships. A poorly run process can damage relationships between all those involved. Although participation can increase social capital and build capacity if designed to do so, bad participation can damage relationships and undermine confidence.
What level of participation is being sought?
Enable others to make decisions and/or take action (empower).
Can anything change as a result of participation?
A participatory process may not be right for you. Consider using traditional communication methods instead.
Do you have enough resources both time and money to run the process?
It may not be wise to undertake a process which may fail due to lack of resources. Both time and money are needed to secure success.
Is the decision maker supportive of your participation process?
Consider how to gain their support – if this is not an option then reconsider the process objectives.
Is the issue one which is of interest to your intended participants?
Have you considered which participants you aim to engage?
Take time to work out who you want to involve and why. Sketch out ideas on the mix of people you would like in the group and the numbers involved.
Do you have shared clarity on the general type of outputs you are seeking?
Work with the key decision maker in order to establish how best to use the information gathered.
Have previous attempts at involving the public been successful?
Speak to those involved in organising previous processes and find out what could be improved.
Is your process the only current attempt to involve these participants around this issue?
Consider partnering with other organisations or groups working in a similar area.


text:
Apterona nylanderi är en fjärilsart som beskrevs av Eugen Wehrli 1927. Apterona nylanderi ingår i släktet Apterona och familjen säckspinnare. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Externa länkar

Säckspinnare
nylanderi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Pagan & Earth-Based
The Legal Rights of Wiccans and Pagans, Part II
Being aware of your rights--and the past successes in securing those rights--can empower and liberate you.
Over the years, members of the pagan community have won rights to religious freedom in a variety of important areas. Pagans must understand how the law protects them if they are to exercise their religious liberties. This article concludes a two-part essay on the legal rights of Wiccans and pagans.
Home Worship
As the pagan community matures and expands, and its groups become involved in purchasing land, sponsoring festivals, and building spiritual retreats and centers, legal questions regarding zoning, religious institutions, and home worship become critical. The First Amendment protects the rights of individuals to worship in their homes, and the government may not interfere with the exercise of religious life except to protect safety or health.
A threat to the rights of any group is a threat to all.
Zoning restrictions, however, may be used to inhibit the practice of religion in one's home. A recent example occurred in Palm Bay, Fla., where The Church of Iron Oak, a Wiccan congregation affiliated with the Aquarian Tabernacle Church, fought a lengthy and costly battle to protect the rights of its members to engage in "home worship." A Palm Bay ordinance required churches in residential areas to obtain a special zoning permit and restricted worship to no more than five people. The church successfully argued that its legal offices were located elsewhere and that the home of the ministers, where sabbat (from the original Greek word "esbaton", meaning "a sacred or holy day") worship was held, did not meet the ordinance's legal definition of a church; that is, for a building to be a church, the practice of religion must be its primary use, whereas the home where the worship had occurred was used primarily as a residence.
An important aspect in winning this case was the support from other religious organizations--including Jewish, Unitarian, and Christian fundamentalist groups--whose First Amendment rights were also at risk. A positive relationship with the interfaith community can provide invaluable support in critical cases involving religious liberties, as even the most unlikely of religious allies understand that a threat to the rights of any group is a threat to all.
There have been numerous instances where religion has been made an issue in child custody cases. Thus far, the U.S. Supreme Court has chosen not to take any cases in this area, and state courts vary widely in their opinions. In a recent New York case, a husband sought to win custody of the couple's children by raising the wife's Wiccan religious beliefs as a concern. The judge refused to consider it in determining "the best interests of the child," the main criterion for deciding which parent should be granted custody.
Generally, most states consider religion in deciding custody only when specific religious beliefs or practices may impede a child's development in some definable way. Some states, such as New Hampshire, take the position that religion may never be addressed in a custody determination because it would improperly entangle the government, via the courts, in religious matters. Other states include religious beliefs as one among many considerations. Until the negative stereotypes about Witches and pagans change, this area may present legal challenges, depending upon the state in which the parties reside. Domestic law attorneys and their clients can receive legal support through pagan legal networks.
Discrimination in the Workplace
Many pagans will not wear a pentagram--the five-pointed star that is the symbol of the pagan religion--at work nor discuss their beliefs for fear of being fired. While the Constitution does not protect employees of private (non-governmental) businesses, protection against religious discrimination is provided by Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which requires an employer to accommodate an employee's religious practice so long as doing so would not cause any undue hardship to the employer. (The employer, however, need only make the most minimal accommodation, not the most favorable.) Title VII has been interpreted to include the right to take time off for religious holidays, and many states have enacted laws similar to and often more generous in the granting of rights and stricter in the enforcement of those rights than Title VII.
It is true, however, that individuals who "come out of the broom closet" at work can find themselves facing subtle forms of discrimination, and termination justified on such grounds as poor performance or reduction in work-force size. But when an employee has had a stellar employment history and upon going public suddenly finds a pattern of harassment or criticism developing, the threat of a Title VII complaint could put an end to such behavior. In addition to private legal representation, local governmental human rights agencies can assist someone who suffers religious discrimination in the workplace.
Student Rights
The right of students to wear a pentagram in school is an active area involving pagan religious liberties. An increasing number of schools are instituting rules and policies forbidding students to belong to groups or engage in activities considered to be "inappropriate or unacceptable in the school setting." Some of these rules actually refer specifically to pagans, Wiccans, and/or Witches as forbidden groups, and the wearing of a pentagram--frequently termed a "gang symbol"--has been one of the banned activities.
Students--primarily teenage girls--have successfully fought these restrictions with lawsuits or the threat of suits. Some of the most visible and recent cases have occurred in Lincoln Park, Mich.; Hammond, Ind.; and Elmwood, Ind. With the assistance of the Michigan and Indiana ACLU and various Wiccan legal rights organization, students have risked indefinite suspension, expulsion, loss of class credit, and other punishments in successfully defending their right to wear their pentagrams in school as a symbol of their religious belief. Brandi Lehman, for example, said she was forced to leave her post as a student teacher at Edgewood Elementary School after officials told her to stop wearing a pentagram in her third-grade classroom. In an interview with the Associated Press, Kenneth Lehman said of his daughter, "She did the best thing she could have done, she sought out a lawyer and took it to the courts.. The school taught her a lesson in one of her classes about individual rights, and she decided to take them up on what she was taught."
The First Amendment ensures that pagans are entitled to the same right to practice their religion in peace and freedom as any other religion in the United States. An awareness of these rights and a vigorous commitment to their defense will transform the climate of negative stereotypes and religious bigotry that have long restrained their uninhibited enjoyment by all citizens.
High Priestess Phyllis W. Curott is a lawyer; author of 'The Book of Shadows'; founder of the Circle of Ara and the Temple of the Sacred Earth; and president emerita of the Covenant of the Goddess. Visit her site.


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Remembering Martin E. Brooks
Veteran character actor dies.
Herbie J Pilato
Martin E. Brooks wasn't a doctor in real life. He just played one on TV…very well.
As in the fictional Dr. Rudy Wells, first on The Six Million Dollar Man and later on The Bionic Woman, Brooks pieced together with precision and compassion the iconic cyborgs played by Lee Majors and Lindsay Wagner.
On Monday, December 7th in Studio City, Brooks passed away of natural causes or, as Wagner recently stated on her website: "My friend and fellow actor Marty E Brooks transitioned yesterday. What a joy it was to know and work with him…sending many blessings to his family."
Brooks had stepped into the Wells role on the heels of actors Alan Oppenheimer (who left to do another series), and Martin Balsam (who had originated the part in the 1973 90-minute Million Dollar pilot).
When The Bionic Woman was given a series of her own, Brooks (along with Bionic colleague Richard Anderson) became one of the first actors to play the same character on two different shows, and later, when Woman left ABC for NBC, on two different networks.
Decades after both series ended their original runs, Brooks then reprised the part in three successful Bionic reunion movies (The Return of the Six Million Dollar Man and The Bionic Woman, Bionic Showdown - which introduced actress Sandra Bullock as The Bionic Girl - and Bionic Ever After?).
As the actor once recalled, Rudy Wells was a role he cherished playing in any format, particularly because of its social significance. He had researched the part at the UCLA medical facility and various hospitals.
"They were very close to creating a bionic arm and leg," he said, "which they are on the verge of doing right now." Minus the extent of utilizing super powers, "they are capable of connecting the nerves in the arms, with brainwaves and thought patterns."
Before portraying his most famous role, Brooks made several guest appearances on TV's Dallas, McMillan and Wife, General Hospital, Cagney & Lacey, Jessie (with Lindsay Wagner), Quincy, Combat, The New Perry Mason, Night Gallery, Playhouse 90, and more.
As fate would have it, Brooks' feature film credits include two with Martin Balsam (The Man in 1972 and The Old Man Who Cried Wolf in 1970), while he had also appeared on Broadway in live stage productions of "Lt. Col. Chipman" in The Andersonville Trial (replacing George C. Scott), among other stage roles.
As fate would further have it, years before playing Rudy on Six, Brooks was replaced by Alan Oppenheimer as a character in Broadway's I Am A Camera. "So Marty and I have known each other for a very long time," Oppenheimer said, "and we were amused at the fact that he replaced me in The Six Million Dollar Man."
However, before he formally replaced Oppenheimer, there was talk of axing the Rudy character altogether. As Bennett explained it, he told the actor, "We're only going to do one more show with Rudy. Are you interested?"
"Sure," Brooks replied. "I'd be happy to do it."
One more Wells segment turned into three additional seasons of episodes as the character, with additional appearances in the three sequels. Through it all, Rudy became Steve and Jaime's closest confident and friend, next to Anderson's Goldman.
Brooks drew upon the perception some made about Goldman's relationship with Major's Col. Steve Austin and Wagner's Jaime Sommers characters. "Rudy didn't really behave any differently with Steve, than with Jaime," he observed. "But in a sense, he was their father, because he created them."
As a dad tends to favor a daughter, Brooks added, "Rudy was somewhat closer to Jaime as a parent, than he was to Steve, with whom he reacted in more of like a buddy-buddy way" [as Majors's Steve Austin did with Goldman].
Brooks characterized the chemistry between himself, Anderson, Wagner and Majors as one of the strong points on the shows. While remaining close friends with Anderson, Brooks only periodically bumped into Lindsay and Lee.
"We all got along on the set, and that filtered over into their performances on screen, especially with Anderson. That's because Oscar and Rudy were together more than Rudy was with Jaime or Steve. Oscar and Rudy would always talk of how to solve the problem at hand. Rudy would really only see Steve when he would break down, or when he would be in need of repairs, to install another atomic pack, telling him what to do with it or what not to do with it."
Strangely, even though Brooks and Majors worked together for years, the two did not film many of the same scenes. "Rudy was mostly seen in a hospital setting," Brooks revealed, "while Steve did most of his stuff outside."
Yet there was an interior sequence between the two actors that Brooks recalled playing "particularly well." In one episode, the actor went on to say, "Rudy was showing Steve how to handle some technical equipment, and it became difficult to shoot the scene. It all had to be timed properly with the dialogue, and we were having trouble doing that. We did one take, and then another, and another.
"Well, after about 10 takes, Lee is laughing his head off, and everybody is laughing their heads off, because I couldn't get it right. Finally, I do, and we get the take."
Later, the tables turned. Majors, as Steve, had to show Brooks, as Rudy, that he knows how to handle the equipment. "I don't know how much of this made it on screen," Brooks said. "But after eight, nine or ten takes from him, we're all still laughing our heads off. I'm laughing at Lee, and everyone else is laughing at Lee. He finally gets it right."
Brooks had the opportunity to meet the real-life Wells, via Martin Caidin, the best-selling, critically-acclaimed sci-fi writer of over 200 novels, including Cyborg, which spawned The Six Million Dollar Man.
"Martin Caidin introduced us," the actor remembered, "and we had a great conversation. I remember him as a very pleasant, easy-going gentleman. His was a surgeon but, of course, he didn't worry in the same manner that the fictional Rudy Wells did."
Million Dollar Man and Woman fans, meanwhile, would never have to worry about the authenticity of Brooks's portrayal.
Martin E. Brooks came through each time…with flying Bionic colors.
Herbie J Pilato is the author of The Bionic Book: The Six Million Dollar Man and The Bionic Woman Reconstructed.
Zyra Gorecki's Same Difference
My Seven Shows: Bryan Cranston
Finding Riches in Mayfair Witches
Here Comes Santa Camp
My Seven Shows: Lisa Loeb


An issue with Google's Play Store is occasionally preventing this application from launching, but Google will be releasing an update to the Play Store shortly. In the event you are experiencing this issue, please wait for the update and try again later. We apologize for any inconvenience this may have caused.
May 28 marks the day VALKYRIE PROFILE: LENNETH descended upon mobile devices.


Each I year I attempt to grow a few new vegetables and I've been completely obsessed with my cucumber plants this summer. I had no idea how quickly they'd grow. And tall. It's beautiful, the way their tendrils reach with intent to climb higher and higher each day. I'm amazed.
Before I left for Oregon, I had one small cuke who'd barely started growing. Eight days later I picked six cucumbers within five minutes of arriving home. And today I picked two more.
There are a whole lot of little tiny cucumbers just starting out. Two weeks from now I may be in cucumber overload. Maybe now's a good time to start research pickling.
I have had them & they are pretty good.


WETEX and the Dubai Solar Show 2018 brought together companies, clients and leaders from across the world, including former French President François Hollande, whose initiatives while president included increasing France's use of renewable energy sources.
IFFEN was honored to welcome Mr. Hollande, and to share with him the innovative work we're doing from our center of operations in the country he once led.
We are united with France's leaders, current and former, by our drive to encourage development in France and lead the way forward for the country's solid workforce, as well as for companies and workers around the world.


January's Learn to Ski and Snowboard Month promotions in New Hampshire offer beginner lessons at reduced prices. Many of Ski New Hampshire's member ski areas are promoting an introduction to snow sports with a $39 alpine beginner special.
Learn to Ski and Snowboard Month aims to break down the cost barrier and allows first-timers an opportunity to develop a love of snow sports. In addition, one of the specialty evens is the Bring a Friend Challenge from now until January 31.


Win a copy of The Birthday Dragon – just say on Twitter you'd like to enter the competition, or leave a note here – or you can email stinginthetale at hotmail dot com.
That's all. First Competition closes in about seven hours. (Midnight Friday in Australia.) Entries must be in by then, in case i'm still awake and do the draw. Winners will be notified, and noted here and on Twitter. Oh, and on Facebook if i remember.
Again on Saturday, same drill.
This is to celebrate the damned thing – aka #TheThing reaching 10 weeks of publication, the heights of the top 5 Best Rated Scifi Fantasy Books on Smashwords – and somehow managing that despite being completely invisible unless you switched the Adult filter off.
First Competition WON (see comments below – gave away 2 books) but all entries that didn't win will go into next draw – will be drawn 20th August midnight my time.
Second Competition also WON – gave away 3 books – when i catch my breath, i may do another one. Stay tuned.
Third Competition won by @_tractorgirl_ @_PDT @dhympna – congrats to all.
This entry was posted on Friday, August 19th, 2011 at 5:22 pm	and tagged with blogging, humor, personal, random, The Birthday Dragon, The Thing, Twitter, writing and posted in not ranting, Uncategorized.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed.
oh noes 😦 i wondered who that was – was hoping it might be that mystical creature, the passing buyer 🙂 And thank you, the $ in my pocket is intensely appreciated.
Ooh, I want to win your book.
and the winners are (cos i got a lot of entries) – Diandra! and @snappyshoes on Twitter – however, Ken, Magaly and other people not lucky tonight will be automatically entered in next draw, which am planning over weekend.
Awww… not fair you closed it in 7 hrs!! I saw it only now!! Waiting for the next one.


text:
public class GithubUnavailableException extends RuntimeException {
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
https://www.barrons.com/articles/low-vol-etfs-performed-well-until-they-didnt-heres-what-happened-and-why-51588336200
Low-Vol ETFs Performed Well—Until They Didn't. Here's What Happened, and Why.
Evie Liu
Updated May 1, 2020 4:51 pm ET / Original May 1, 2020 8:30 am ET
Photograph by Keenan Constance
During recent selloffs, including the sharp drops that sent the market into bear territory, "low-volatility" stocks beat the overall market. But no more. Once the initial shock subsided, investors opted for so-called quality stocks, as the Covid-19 pandemic reminds everyone that there's more to risk than just the size of a stock's price swings.
Ever since the financial crisis, investors have flocked to the stocks with the smallest price swings, dubbed low-volatility stocks. The lack of volatility was supposed to steer investors away from danger, and for the most part, it did. When the S&P 500 index plunged nearly 20% during the fourth quarter of 2018, for instance, the $9.6 billion Invesco S&P 500 Low Volatility exchange-traded fund (ticker: SPLV)—the purest play for low-vol stocks—suffered only half of that loss. Even in the early stages of the current crisis, from the S&P 500's peak on Feb. 19 until March 9, Invesco's low-vol ETF fell 13% to the S&P's 19% decline.
But extend that time frame out two more weeks, through the market's low on March 23, and the S&P 500 had fallen 34% and the Invesco ETF by a deeper 36%. Since that bottom, the low-vol ETF has recovered 27% to the S&P's 30%.
Has low volatility failed? In its purest form, perhaps. The Invesco fund holds the 100 stocks that had the smallest price swings in the past 12 months; it rebalances quarterly but otherwise does not put any parameters around its holdings. That often leaves the fund with large sector weightings that make it look nothing like the S&P 500. For instance, the ETF has 28% in utility stocks, a sector that makes up less than 4% of the S&P 500.
Historically, that has helped performance in downturns, but recently, it hasn't. The utility sector fell 36% from the S&P 500's peak to its trough, two percentage points deeper than the index itself. Investors worried that factory shutdowns could lead to significantly lower power usage, and that struggling households might not be able to pay their utility bills. Balance sheets also became a concern, helping to accelerate the drop, says Nick Kalivas, senior equity products strategist at Invesco. Not helping matters: The real estate sector, another big overweight in the Invesco ETF, fell 38% due to worries about deferred mortgages and rent payments amid coronavirus shutdowns.
It wasn't just sector bets, however. While the $33.4 billion iShares Edge MSCI Min Vol USA ETF (USMV), which keeps its sector weighting more aligned with the S&P, held up better than the Invesco ETF since Feb. 19, beating it by over three percentage points, it has trailed the S&P by one percentage point. Anyone hoping that low-vol funds would mean smaller losses during this market tumble has been disappointed.
Don't expect things to get much better, says Morgan Stanley Investment Management portfolio manager Andrew Slimmon. If the economy begins to open up and come out of a recession, the market's cheapest stocks—airlines, cruise lines, and hotels—are likely to bounce back sharply, he says. None of those stocks appear in low-volatility portfolios.
And if the economy doesn't bounce back? High-quality stocks might make a better bet. While definitions of quality differ, they usually screen for companies that have high profit margins and healthy balance sheets. The latter quality, in particular, has been valuable when companies struggle with cash flow and a tightening credit market amid the Covid-19 disruptions. The $1.8 billion Invesco S&P 500 Quality ETF (SPHQ) has nearly no exposure to utilities and real estate. Instead, it's heavily invested in the technology, health-care, and consumer-staples sectors. Since Feb. 19, the fund has outperformed the S&P 500 by nearly four percentage points and beaten the Invesco Low Volatility ETF by eight points.
Write to Evie Liu at evie.liu@barrons.com
During recent selloffs, including the sharp drops that sent the market into bear territory, "low-volatility" stocks beat the overall market.


Female knight: Hail, fellow knight, know thee the way to the fair town of Woodbec?
Male knight: Aye, maiden of the sword, follow yonder coast past the mighty castle.
Female knight: Yo, wheres ww?
Female knight: Dear warrior, might you accompany thy party into the depths of the cave to fight the undead followers of evil and death?
Male knight: I would be honored, dear lady, to slice my sword beside yours. Shall we go now, or purchase a small amount of magic trinkets to help us on our way?
Female knight: wanna hunt sum skels?
Female knight: a curse on you and yours, slayer of my mighty prince! May your bones and flesh rot beside those of your fellows, and may good conquer you upon a later date!
Female knight: I swear it upon the graves of my ancestors, within the depths of that cave lives the mightiest of beasts; a dragon so vile it spreads the earth before it, barely allowing one to escape with their life before striking like the jaguar upon the unsuspecting gazelle.
Male Knight: fellow traveler, shall we bed down for the night in yonder hotel, so that we be well rested for tomarrow's hunt?
Male Prince: I fear, dear sorceress, that I have nothing to spare you. I wish you luck in your travels.
Male Mage: Hail! Good madam, I am new to this island, and quite confused. I hear there is a man of magic here, one to give me spells of great power and strength. Might you direct me to the home of one Gereng?
Female Mage: Dear child, he teaches but the beginnings of our craft. You must start small, with little spells, before conquering and mastering the arts of healing, pursuit, and death. Gereng shall help you through your first few years...he is south of this town, simply follow the path.
Male Mage: can I have adena plz?
Lol, that is to funny. and too true. lol if you even try to say "Hail! Good madam, I am new to this island,..." people will just laugh and think you joking, lol.
thats hillarious taera, you r0x0r.
Well, cya all in the game.
rofl taera is best for a laugh this one was totally funn and true iam start talking like that to piss ppl off.
U Own and rules over the lineage comics ! the lineage comics sould consider Taera as their lord and master !
RPG Style: Good work Taera.
:) you guys seem to like this one. Would you rather I did a sequal to this or try to think up another lin50?
LOL im the RPG STYLE -.- naw..
thats what I'm here for, Ex!
DIVERSAL: foul dragon! be ready to feel the wrath of my greatest spell!


Jakarta is non-stop, the city hums through all hours and the streets are full of vendors selling everything you could possibly imagine. Most neighborhoods have at least one area that is the domain of the street stall and often the area is themed. Looking for an exotic pet? Maybe a bat, owl or monkey? Those are found around block M. Feeling edgy? You can shop for swords and knuckle dusters near Glodok and then relax after your shopping with a fresh Cobra blood cocktail on Mangga Besar (it's cheaper for Python). Shopping in Jakarta can be an experience to say the least but the old and the new sit comfortably side by side, in part 2 we will show you Jataka's malls, a consumer experience that challenges Dubai or Singapore for sheer opulence.
This entry was posted in Experiences, Places, Travel and tagged Indonesia, Jakarta, Shopping.
And you do what with the bat once you've bought it?????
I WANT A PET BAT!


text:
Chronicles of Twatrick: Tick tick tick ...
As I mentioned yesterday, one Peter Skinner of Edmonton has apparently had quite enough of the worthless, meritless, vexatious legal machinations of Lloydminster's Patrick Ross, and has given Patrick until end of Grande Prairie courthouse business today to withdraw said idiotic, asinine and unfounded defamation action against Skinner:
As you can read above, if Patrick refuses to withdraw his utterly valueless action within the next several hours, then shit is gonna happen, and it will all fall on Patrick.
In unrelated news, I have already mentioned that I have recently discovered the identity of Patrick's employer in Clairmont, AB, the Saskatchewan sheriffs have been handed all of this information, and various legal documents are winging their way in Patrick's employer's direction.
Patrick Ross has been given, literally, years to stop acting like a petulant, childish, vindictive asshat, and he's passed on every opportunity. Now he's going to find out what it's like when the grown-ups have had enough of his crap.
BONUS TRACK: Next month, it will be a full year since I got a ruling registering my 2010 judgment in the province of Saskatchewan:
All of the money I have so far seized from Patrick (several thousand dollars) has not made a dent in that amount as all that money went to paying long-standing cost awards and other stuff. And there is one other point.
As Patrick is clearly employed at the moment, but the latest attempt at cleaning out Patrick's known bank account came up empty, there is speculation that Patrick has either opened another bank account to conceal his income, or has possibly arranged for his income to be deposited in the bank account of his father (again, to hide it from collection proceedings).
If Patrick has done either of the above, I will discover that in short order once his employer gets pulled into this morass. And if this speculation turns out to be true, then Canada's Office of the Superintendent of Bankruptcy will assuredly want to have a chat with Patrick, but they will have to take a number behind the Saskatchewan sheriffs.
Tick tick tick ...
How did you figure out where Twatsy works?
RogueNerdOne said...
Yes, as we speak, Patrick has 9 hours remaining. If I haven't received confirmation he's withdrawn his suit, then I'm going to make his world crumble.
@Anon: I confirmed it this past weekend while I was in Grande Prairie. I was told he worked there and I was going up Canada Day weekend (I knew two weeks ago I was going up) so I literally walked in and asked if he was there. I was told he wasn't working that day. That's how it was confirmed.
Yes, I could've just phoned and asked, but just picture his face when he's told to come to the office and I'm standing there. He's only told everyone and their dog he can kick my ass but do everything including faking a trip to Edmonton just so he could grab a steak.
The shitty thing for Patrick? I met a woman up there and I'll be going back up when she returns to town. He can run only so far.
On top of what @RogueNerdOne just wrote, I will -- by end of day -- be sending an email to Canada's Office of the Superintendent of Bankruptcy (OSB) identifying Patrick's current employer, as the OSB still very much wants to have a chat with Patrick about his negligence regarding his obligations.
As just one example, even though Patrick no longer has a trustee and is no longer protected by bankruptcy's stay of proceedings, he is still technically a bankrupt and, as such, is legally *required* to honour his obligations under the bankrupcty regime, one in particular being filing an annual report detailing his employment, finances, after-acquired assets and so on. (Under oath as well.)
As I understand it, he has not done so for a number of years, and the OSB would like Patrick to resolve that oversight. And now they will know where to find him.
RossOwesDay said...
How much trouble could Twatrick be in if it turns out there was subterfuge with bank accounts? Presumably, FluidPro's HR/payroll will be forthcoming with any and all investigators.
MgS said...
Well … you know where he works … today.
By tomorrow, he could be gone - especially if the employer figures out how much of a PITA employing this guy is going to turn into.
ALL: Legally, having one's wages garnished should not be grounds for firing someone. But as more than one person has pointed out, this is Alberta, where it would be trivial to fabricate some excuse for kicking someone to the curb -- say, he was late two days in a row, or he talked back to a supervisor, that sort of thing. And I was in fact warned that, if I choose to go after Patrick's wages, it could end up with him being canned and me not having any income to garnish.
Well, so be it. I've given Patrick countless opportunities over the years to act like a grown-up and engage with me in good faith to resolve this, and he has inevitably responded by acting like a child, and bragging about how clever he is to keep dodging me, etc, etc, etc. So if he insists on doing everything he can to avoid paying me what he owes me, I will go after his wages even if it results in his being unemployable.
I won't waste anyone's time explaining yet again how many chances Patrick has had to put this behind him, get out of bankruptcy and get on with his sorry excuse for a life. However, rather than do the grown-up thing, Patrick chose to play games, and now we see where that got him.
Patrick can bitch and moan about his lot in life all he wants, but the fact that his life is a train wreck is a situation entirely of his own making.
Coolxenu said...
Paddy deserves everything he has coming. I had one idiotic twitter encounter with the lil guy where he decided I was a pedophile because he had sexual thoughts when looking at a picture of young girls from some movie.
The funny thing is he thinks he's smarter than everyone.
You're assuming that Patrick cashes his cheques at a bank. I would think he uses the many
cheque cashing places that are sprouting up all over, and they play by different rules than banks.
Anon @ 3:56: Once the garnishment order takes effect, it won't matter as his employer will be legally required to send a substantial portion of Patrick's paycheque directly to me. He will not have the opportunity to play games with that.
What if Patrick just quits, so that there's nothing to garnish?
Anon @ 4:37 PM: Patrick always has the right to quit his job out of pure spite to keep me from garnishing his wages, but that's kind of cutting off your nose to spite your face, and it presents a couple more problems for Patrick.
First, if he simply quits without cause, it's quite possible he will not be eligible for EI.
More importantly, I've barely begun putting the legal pressure on Patrick to disclose his finances and assets over the last several years, so if he's been concealing income or assets, my garnishing his wages will be the least of his worries.
I've said this before, but Patrick has had numerous opportunities over the years to act like an adult and take responsibility for his actions, and he's never done that. Everything that happens to him from here forward is purely and exclusively the result of his own really bad choices.
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HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA!!!
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A joke.
It's a small siege after all.
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There's always money in the privacy-violating busi...
Chronicles of Twatrick: Words fail me.
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Chris Selley is a complete and total asshat.
Jesus Christ ...
How fucking stupid is Sheila Gunn Reid?
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JUXTAPOSE! "The United People of Canada" edition.
Brexit in five tweets.
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Chronicles of Twatrick: Back to the basement.
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Good Christ, William Komer could be Jordan Peterson.
About The United People of Canada ...
How to deal with Jordan Peterson fan bois.
Chronicles of Twatrick: Happy interestversary!
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Dear Lord, the lost opportunity.
Chronicles of Twatrick: The legal has landed.
Jesus Christ, the burning stupid.
Yup ... what he said.
The actual definition of "fake news."
Chronicles of Twatrick: A matter of surety.
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Um ... wut?
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Oh, for fuck's sake ...
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Melissa Lantsman is the Marjorie Taylor Greene of ...
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... and that's when the batshit crazy started.
Wherein I take gentle exception with James Bowie a...
Sure, let's talk about "freedom."
This is the level of GOP dumbfuckitude we're talki...
Lot of "fervent lifting" going on there.
CBC Pitchbot.
*Sniff* ... goodbye, Madrid.
Well, all of this sounds eerily familiar.
A modest proposal: States pissed off about overtur...
Dr. Jordan Peterson is a retarded person's idea of...
The CC/Pierre Poilievre Photoshop challenge.
Dr. Robert Malone: Quack.
No end to the burning stupid.
So deport Salman Sima.
Sheila Gunn Reid and the grift that never ends.
Siri: Show me "loser."
Oh, get off the cross, we need the wood.
The joy of spending Canada Day thousands of kilome...


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