text:
El acuerdo de Castronuño o sentencia de Castronuño fue un acuerdo alcanzado en la Corona de Castilla en 1439 entre las facciones nobiliarias enfrentadas en la guerra civil castellana de 1437-1445 por el que el cabecilla de una de ellas, el condestable don Álvaro de Luna, se veía obligado a abandonar la corte del rey Juan II de Castilla durante seis meses. El nombre lo toma de la localidad de Castronuño donde se llevaron a cabo las negociaciones.

Antecedentes

Tras la derrota de los infantes de Aragón en la guerra castellano-aragonesa de 1429-1430 se afianzó la posición del condestable don Álvaro de Luna en la corte castellana, pero pasados unos años una facción de la nobleza pasó a oponerse al poder casi absoluto que llegó a alcanzar gracias a la confianza que había depositado en él el rey Juan II. Uno de los líderes de esa facción fue el adelantado mayor de León Pedro Manrique, quien fue detenido el 13 de agosto de 1437 en Medina del Campo por orden del rey a instancias de don Álvaro. Este hecho inició un nuevo período de discordias nobiliarias en Castilla que según Jaume Vicens Vives alcanzaron el nivel de guerra civil ya que el arresto de Pedro Manrique provocó el levantamiento en armas de sus familiares y partidarios y de aquellos nobles opuestos a don Álvaro de Luna, encabezados por el almirante de Castilla Fadrique Enríquez, el conde de Benavente Rodrigo Alonso Pimentel, el conde de Ledesma Pedro de Estúñiga, y el conde de Valencia de Don Juan Pedro de Acuña y Portugal.

En agosto de 1438 Pedro Manrique logró escapar del castillo de Fuentidueña de Tajo donde estaba recluido y en febrero de 1439 envió una carta al rey Juan II firmada por él y por el almirante de Castilla Fadrique Enríquez en la que le exigían el destierro de la corte del condestable don Álvaro de Luna «con todos sus parientes e gentes, porque Vuestra Merced quede en todo vuestro libre poder». A mediados del mes siguiente los nobles sublevados se apoderaban por sorpresa de Valladolid, lo que llevó al rey Juan II a pedir la intervención del infante de Aragón don Juan, rey consorte de Navarra. Este cruzó la frontera con el permiso real, de acuerdo con lo estipulado en la Concordia de Toledo de 1436, y el 6 de abril de 1439 se reunió con el rey en Cuéllar, donde se encontraba la corte y el grueso de las huestes del condestable y de su hermano el arzobispo de Toledo Juan de Cerezuela y de los nobles que le apoyaban como el maestre de la Orden de Alcántara Gutierre de Sotomayor, el conde de Haro Pedro Fernández de Velasco y el obispo de Palencia Gutierre Álvarez de Toledo. Acompañó a don Juan su hermano el infante de Aragón don Enrique pero este pronto se pasó al bando de los nobles sublevados ante la promesa de estos de que le serían devueltas todas sus posesiones confiscadas al final de la guerra castellano-aragonesa de 1429-1430 así como el maestrazgo de la Orden de Santiago que había detentado hasta entonces.

El acuerdo
En junio de 1439 el rey de Navarra don Juan consiguió reunir en Tordesillas a los cabecillas de las dos facciones enfrentadas para que intentaran llegar a un arreglo sin necesidad de llegar a las armas: de un lado, el propio rey Juan II, el condestable don Álvaro y el conde de Castro; del otro, el almirante de Castilla, el adelantado mayor de León, el conde de Benavente y el comendador mayor de Castilla. Sin embargo, no se llegó a ningún acuerdo, debido fundamentalmente a la negativa de los nobles que respaldaban a don Álvaro de Luna a devolver los bienes de los infantes de Aragón confiscados en 1430 que poseían. Pocos días después de la fracasada reunión de Tordesillas se producía una escaramuza en Roa entre las huestes del conde de Ribadeo, de la facción de don Álvaro de Luna, frente a la nobleza sublevada que había formado una Liga. Sin embargo, las conversaciones no se abandonaron y se consiguió alcanzar una solución transitoria conocida como el acuerdo de Castronuño, por el nombre de la localidad donde se firmó. Según el mismo don Álvaro de Luna era desterrado de la corte durante seis meses ―abandonó Castronuño el 29 de octubre de 1439― y además se comprometía a no inmiscuirse durante ese tiempo en los asuntos de los infantes de Aragón y de los nobles de la Liga. También se pactó que la corona castellana pagaría a los infantes de Aragón una cantidad de dinero por los bienes que les habían sido confiscados en 1430.

Según César Álvarez Álvarez el acuerdo de Castronuño se firmó el 23 de noviembre de 1439 y supuso el segundo destierro de don Álvaro de Luna de la corte y del Consejo Real, aunque conservaba sus bienes. Según este historiador, «los verdaderos beneficiarios de la situación parecían los Infantes [de Aragón] que lograban recuperar su patrimonio, pero, en realidad los vencedores eran los integrantes de la Liga. Todos los clanes aristocráticos de Castilla: los Enríquez, Velasco, Stúñiga, Pimentel, Manrique, Mendoza o Quiñones aparecen unidos en una Liga conjunta».

Consecuencias

Sin embargo don Álvaro incumplió el acuerdo pues siguió en contacto con el rey por medio de los nobles de su facción que se encontraban en la corte —Lope de Barrientos, obispo de Segovia; el conde de Alba; o el contador mayor Alfonso de Vivero—, lo que provocó la intervención de don Juan de Navarra y de los nobles de la Liga que le exigieron a Juan II «que jurase de no librar ni fazer cosa alguna salvo con consejo dellos». El 17 de enero de 1440, al día siguiente de recibir el mensaje, el rey decidió fugarse de la corte, que ese momento se encontraba en Madrigal, junto con el príncipe de Asturias y los nobles partidarios de don Álvaro. Ante esta actitud del rey Juan II el rey de Navarra abandonó la posición de mediador que había mantenido hasta entonces y se sumó al bando de la Liga nobiliaria. Lo mismo hicieron su hermana, la reina María, esposa del rey castellano, y el conde de Haro Pedro Fernández de Velasco garante del «Seguro de Tordesillas» que había permitido la reunión de los cabecillas en esa localidad.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Tratados de la Corona de Castilla
Castronuño


text:
Preserving a tradition
Scott Bartel is a preservationist.
His passion is restoring the architecture of a community built during the burgeoning prosperity of a bygone era.
But his heart burns for jazz and its message from the past.
"Musically, I feel like I have been entrusted with a tradition," Bartel said. "There is a message and I have to carry that message forward."
The 30-year-old Richmond man is owner and operator of an architectural restoration firm in Richmond. His passion is restoring, rebuilding actually, historic homes, including his own at the corner of 22nd and East Main Street in Richmond.
But then there's the jazz. Bartel can be heard some days pounding out a subtle but determined jazz beat in his home, a stone's throw from Test Middle School..
Bartel is bringing his jazz combo, Bruderschaft (German for Brotherhood), to Glen Miller Park for the City Life celebration Saturday. The 7 p.m. show is free and open to the public.
His music is a modern day version of the sound that was born and bred in Richmond when Gennett Records offered a tiny recording studio in the city's center. In the late 1920s and '30s, that studio attracted some of the early pioneers of recorded jazz.
It became a Richmond tradition.
As City Life organizers hope to offer the community a taste of the city's arts, Bartel hopes to remind residents musically that the city has a past built, to an extent, on music.
"This is a chance for people to experience the music and see that there is a message," Bartel said. "It is the message of jazz, the message of the American tradition."
Bartel started drumming in fifth grade, inspired buy the work of bands like Depeche Mode and The Police.
He found jazz when his grandmother, Betty Bartel-White, played Jeff Hamilton's "It's Hamilton Time" for him.
Hamilton is also a Richmond native and an accomplished jazz drummer who has played on over 200 recordings with artists such as Ella Fitzgerald, Natalie Cole, Diana Krall and Barbara Streisand.
Bartel's favorite track was "Blues For You."
"I listened to that track every night before I went to bed," he said. "It just hit me. I knew that was what I wanted to do."
He saw Hamilton at Civic Hall in Richmond and introduced himself. The two struck up a friendship that led to Bartel's spending a week in Los Angeles with Hamilton, practicing for hours each day under his tutelage.
"He was super kind to me," Bartel said. "But he was hard on me, on my playing. He tore me up. But I learned so much. Jeff was like a god to me."
Bartel tried the Indiana University School of Music but left after a semester on the advice of David Baker, the IU prof, and renowned jazz musician, composer, historian and author.
"It just wasn't for me. David Baker was the one who told me to just go play music," Bartel said.
He studied for six months with jazz drummer John Von Ohlen in Cincinnati. Von Ohlen played for Woody Herman and Stan Kenton before forming his own Blue Wisp Big Band in Cincinnati.
Bartel then spent almost six years in Los Angeles, playing in clubs and recording in studios, working days selling clothes at Banana Republic.
He spent two winters in New York, gigging five nights a week in clubs for a hand full of dollars and "waking up every morning unemployed."
"I just got tired of the hustle for little pay. It was always so competitive. I got tired of the hustle, the pay, the politics."
So he decided to come back "to chill" in Indiana.
"This is where I'm from," said Bartel, the great-grandson of German immigrants. "Since Germany, my family has lived here. For me, it's pretty cool to have the family here. It's something that can't be bought, something that can't be recreated. You are what you are."
He bought the two-story home at 22nd and East Main. The Italianate structure, owned by Viola and Isham Sedgwick, was built in 1872. Isham Sedgwick was an inventor who owned a wire fencing plant in the city.
The home was once a mansion but had been forgotten and reduced to apartments in the 1950s. Additions and stairways were added. At one time, a beauty parlor was operated out of the back of the building.
Bartel started work rebuilding the home. Soon people noticed his work and began asking him to do work for them. From that came his restoration business.
"It was like being a musician. People would see my work and ask me to do things for them," he said. "The business has grown by itself."
The transformation on his own home started three years ago and he admits that the project could take him 30 years.
"The most honest thing this house could be is returned to its original form," he said. "This has been an educational opportunity for me and for the community. What better way to learn and to give back to the community than to restore an old home like this."
He loves to talk about what he's done and what he still has to do. Stop by and he'll take you through the construction project even if it means scrambling up a ladder to get to the second floor.
He's torn off additions, torn out staircases, reconnected floors and rebuilt moulding and cabinetry. He hauled 10 steam radiators up to the second floor. He is in the process of rebuilding a barn out back.
Still, there's the jazz.
That's what Saturday is all about.
"We're trying to preserve the language of jazz, but to move it forward, to make it speak to today," he said. "We want to introduce people to jazz and remind them that it has a message that continues."
Glen Miller Park, 7 p.m.
Posted on October 5, 2016 October 6, 2016 Author Bill Engle
One thought on "Preserving a tradition"
maryannebutters says:
Thank you, Bill, for profiling Scott Bartel! His commitment to that beautiful home at 22d & Main will inspire others to preserve the rich architectural heritage that is a vital aspect of our Renaissance. As public policy makers recognize our architectural, cultural, visual and musical arts foundation, we will build our future: One tuck point, one painting, one concert at a time. Then, soon, the executives who receive our taxpayers' largess, one doctor, one school administrator, one more plant manager will: Stop commuting and start living in this beautiful, culturally rich community we truly love.
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Wedding of Kanu and Abha Gandhi, Sevagram Ashram, 1945.
Abha Gandhi spinning at Sevagram Ashram, May 1946. Right: Sita Gandhi.
Abha Gandhi spinning at Sevagram Ashram, May 1946. Back: Sita Gandhi.
Abha Gandhi at Sevagram Ashram, May 1946.
Mridulaben Sarabhai and Kanu Gandhi (top) and others, November 1946.
Abha Gandhi and Manu Gandhi with the blood-stained shawl of Mahatma Gandhi, Delhi, February 19, 1948.
Abha Gandhi and Dr. Sushila Nayar with the blood-stained shawl of Mahatma Gandhi, 1948.
Abha Gandhi and Manu Gandhi with the blood-stained shawl of Mahatma Gandhi, 1948.


I made poached eggs on Sunday morning because I was tired of seeing so many gosh-darn delightful looking recipes and me being to scared to try them. I don't know about you, but I've stayed away from attempting to make poached eggs because I've heard how intimidating it can be.
But this morning, I cracked open one of my cookbook essentials, Mark Bittman's "How to Cook Everything," and got to work. And it wasn't terrifying. I used a 1 cup measuring cup and cracked each egg in there, using the cup to place the eggs into the water, one at a time. And then I turned on the timer and waited for 5 minutes.
Believe me, they're worth trying. They're not terrifying. Just go out there and try it.
Next on my list of intimidating foods I've avoided making? Souffle. I have no plans to make it anytime soon.
Happy Tuesday! What's your favorite way to have poached eggs? I had mine over hashbrowns, sauteed bell peppers, and sharp cheddar cheese.
It's November, and I've been noticing on my social media feeds a rise in posts about what people are thankful for. I love the idea of sharing something everyday that we're thankful for, no matter how big or how small.
I know that when I'm feeling down, stressed, panicked, rushed, irritated, or just not feeling "OK," I've been forcing myself to remember gratitude. To be thankful for the small things. I'm thankful for my beautiful apartment, my loved ones, but I'm also incredibly thankful to the pen that doesn't run out on me, or being able to have the time in the morning to write this post. When you set your mind to being thankful all the time, it'll leave you feeling less panicked, stressed, or irritated, even if only for a minute or so.
Today, I'm sharing my gratitude for yoga and my breath. I've been trying to sit in stillness each morning to center myself before heading into my work day, and I've noticed that with yoga and focusing on my breathing, I feel stronger and more confident.
I'm also thankful for chai lattes, which basically captures the entirety of the holidays and places it in a single cup of steamy tea with cinnamon, nutmeg, and ginger. Mmm.
I found this coconut chai latte last night from Oh She Glows and it's my inspiration for this morning's chai latte. And sometimes, I like to make my chai lattes more chilly (yes, even in winter) and I make this chocolate chai banana smoothie.
1. Preheat oven to 350 degrees. Place pecans onto cookie sheet, place in the oven. Set a timer for 4 minutes and make sure to stir the pecans around every 2 minutes.
2. Mix together egg, milk, cinnamon, nutmeg, and vanilla into a flat dish or wide bowl. Set aside.
3. Take out pecans from oven.
4. Heat up a skillet on medium heat.
5. Dip both sides of bread into the egg mixture and cook in skillet until brown on both sides.
6. Once you've finished all six pieces, put your syrup in a microwave-safe container and heat for 15 seconds.
7. Top your toast with toasted pecans, banana, strawberries, drizzle on the syrup and enjoy!
Hi, everyone! I'm starting a new series for my recipes called "Small Kitchen Cooking," (for short, "SKC") and I thought the perfect way to start it off would be with one of my favorite things in the entire world, coffee.
Now, I do believe that a great cup of coffee from a coffee shop is worth it. But we don't want to do that everyday, and when you find out how easy it is to replicate those drinks at home, why not try it?
And believe me, this hazelnut mocha is easy-peasy.
1. Pour coffee into a coffee mug. Add ice. Set aside.
2. In the container, add in the hazelnut and chocolate syrups, along with milk.
3. Pour the coffee into the container.
*To make the strong coffee, here's how I do it with my basic 12-cup coffee maker: Fill water up to the four-cup line. I add one scoop of coffee (I use a 1/4 cup) per two cups. For strong coffee however, you'll need to add two scoops per two cups. This means for four cups of coffee, you'll need four scoops. This is optional. The strong coffee will give the drink a stronger flavor.
** Tip for chilling the glass: place two ice cubes into the glass you plan on using for the drink. Remove ice before pouring in coffee.
I hope you enjoy this and try playing around with it too! Tell me what kind of iced drinks that you like to order in coffee shops, but would like to make at home (or have made at home). I'd love to know! Also, if you're a tea drinker, try out this iced green tea with apple juice recipe.


Location, private pool, kitchen, cleanliness. It was worth the money!
It's very spacious and private. The pool area is a plus.
Loved the villa, location and the pool was beautiful. Ketut was amazing, helped us with everything.
Massive rooms with plenty of space inside to lounge about. Outside area is also very large and pool sparkling clean with well maintained garden area. There are many seating options outside which was great for my finicky back. Same can be said for inside. The kitchen area has a large water dispenser which offers hot and cold water. Location is very central and is a short taxi or bike ride from any Seminyak destinations if you do not want to walk. There is a bit of noise from bikes but once inside the rooms we found it was not noticeable. Ketut was extremely helpful with our transport to the airport and he did everything possible to make our stay an enjoyable one. So glad we found this place and will definitely be returning.
Ketut was very friendly, and the villa was the perfect size for my friend and I.
The rooms are huge, The bed was super comfy, The pool was clean and well maintained.
Pool and garden were beautiful and bedrooms were very clean.
Lock in a great price for Kori Bali Kubu – rated 8.8 by recent guests!
Kori Bali Kubu This rating is a reflection of how the property compares to the industry standard when it comes to price, facilities and services available. It's based on a self-evaluation by the property. Use this rating to help choose your stay!
Just 1.1 miles from Oberoi Street and an 8-minute walk from Bintang Supermarket Seminyak and featuring free WiFi, Kori Bali Kubu offers accommodations in Seminyak. Guests are welcome to go for a swim in the private pool.
The air-conditioned villa is composed of 2 separate bedrooms, a fully equipped kitchen with an oven and a microwave, and 1 bathroom. A flat-screen TV is provided.
The villa has an outdoor pool. A bicycle rental service is available at Kori Bali Kubu.
The Seminyak Square Shopping Mall is 1.7 miles from the accommodation. The nearest airport is Ngurah Rai International Airport, 5 miles from Kori Bali Kubu.
When would you like to stay at Kori Bali Kubu?
This villa has a private pool, tile/marble floor and electric kettle.
House Rules Kori Bali Kubu takes special requests – add in the next step!
Kori Bali Kubu accepts these cards and reserves the right to temporarily hold an amount prior to arrival.
Please inform Kori Bali Kubu of your expected arrival time in advance. You can use the Special Requests box when booking, or contact the property directly using the contact details in your confirmation.
Bathrooms and kitchen a little dated.
Older but very clean. Large beds. Great pool.
The bathrooms are really old and need to be updated. Mouldy shower curtains, aged tiles in the bathrooms bit gloomy.
Cleanliness, lack of amenities, no microwave, no kettle, lack of drinking water, old yellow towels, no knives and forks, no condiments, only 1 spoon, filthy and broken cupboards in kitchen area. Mould in both bathrooms, only 1 roll of toilet paper.
Only thing I can think to improve would be the addition of a kettle as the hot water dispenser couldn't keep up with our coffee intake so we boiled water in a saucepan....so not a real problem.


The bank gave you the plastic card and you are happy with it. The credit cards are loaded with credits or cash and you shop, buy things, book a flight, get privilege in VIP lounges at the international airports, dine at luxurious hotels and do what you want. On the other hand debit cards are loaded with your own savings that you have accumulated with the bank who issued you the debit card. So you are happy to have both of these cards specially the credit cards because it offers you money and the bank might have advised you that only a small amount which is nothing for you will be charged as fee.
As you own a smartphone you want the latest apps too be it utility apps, games apps or any other apps. Most of them are free to use but few cost you with a subscription service One such incident happened that a guy paid $9.99 as a subscription service to iTunes and he used a debit card to do the online transaction. But next day the bank informed him that there were two transactions charged to his account: the one he approved for around $10, and a second one for almost $60! He had been hacked, through no fault of his own.
Yes the card was hacked and the hackers stole away money from your credit. Though in such cases the bank blocks the transaction, and shuts the original debit card and gives you new card but money loss is never returned.
When you're making a subscription purchase through an online account like iTunes, consider purchasing a prepaid debit card instead of using one that is connected to your bank account. Another option is to purchase a gift card for the service you want to purchase and pay for your subscription, or item, with the gift card instead of connecting your debit card. This way, thieves can only access a limited amount of your cash.
Never ever write your Credit or Debit card PIN or disclose them even to your most trusted person as doing this means a loophole that could relieve them of responsibility of covering your losses if your account is compromised.
If you cannot remember your PIN create the one that you can remember or learn it by heart. One of my friends jotted her PIN of debit card and put it safe in her drawer. A few months later, she realized her entire savings account had been drained. She told the bank quite innocently that she had her security number written down, not realizing that her admission alleviated the bank from replacing her stolen funds. She was out several hundred dollars. Even sending a family member with your PIN number and card to get something from grocery might be risky as it is technically against the rules of the bank.
Also many people write their PIN on their Notes apps on cell phones that too is very risky. Keeping your account protected is worth the extra hassles, though and if you find someone compromising with your PIN request a new PIN from your bank even if you are having trouble remembering it. Also change your PIN with online netbanking and save your PIN but do not disclose to anyone.
I remember my mistake of taking out cash from credit card when my salary didn't turned up on time and I had to pay my house rent. Withdrawing cash using a credit card, even though very convenient in an emergency, can turn out to be a very costly affair. Know that every credit card has a billing date on which the bill having a list of purchases is generated. This bill has a certain due date by which the credit card holder has to pay back the bank – either the total outstanding or the minimum due. When you withdraw cash using a credit card there is no free credit period. In case of cash, the interest starts accumulating from day one. Besides a cash withdrawal charge is also levied. Interest on cash withdrawn typically varies from per month and this interest is compounded monthly, and you end up paying more usually 3-5% more the cash you withdrew from credit card.
This mistake is often done by many of us to use your credit card when you are nearing or have exceeded your credit limit. It's important that you check your statements every month to see where you stand. Checking your statements can keep you from exceeding your credit limit. Even though the CARD Act ended the policy of automatically enrolling customers in over-limit programs that charged steep fees, it still can be embarrassing to have your card rejected at the cash register when out shopping.
Remember the old days when there were no cards and people use to pay real cash for everything. They physically knew the cash they handled and were of concern when exceeding their spending limits. Making purchases with credit or debit could also mean that you've broken your budget. We all need a budget to run our financials be it at home or at business and one should stick to that budget every month. This is the best way to make sure that your bills are paid and that you are building your savings account. If you are making purchases, even small ones, on your credit card, then you are exceeding that budget. Each time you use your credit card, you are borrowing money and that money needs to be paid back with interest. If you need to borrow money to make a purchase, then either you don't need the item in the first place or you need to re-calculate your budget and come up with the cash for it.
Avoid these five mistakes that can cost you the price of using your credit or debit cards. Best way is to use cash often and use cards only in case of emergencies that too with proper security.


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British Coaching Stock
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Cathcpole, L.t.
(Engels , Paperback)
With the closure of the Lynton & Barnstaple Railway imminent in 1935, Leslie Catchpole wrote two articles about the railway for the Southern Railway Magazine. However it was felt that a published history would be a more enduring tribute and ensure that the line would be remembered long after its clo... Lees verder
Abc British Railways Locomotives Combined Volume Summer 1961
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This Reprint Of A Classic Ian Allan 'abc' Combined Volume Gives An Exhaustive Listing Of All Locomotives In Operation On Britain's Railways In Summer 1961. Lees verder
Railway Posters
Frost, Lorna
Railway posters have huge appeal for the modern audience, but just what explains this continuing interest? Enduring images of iconic locomotives, bathing beauties and characters such as Sunny South Sam are testament to the creativity of the railway company marketing departments and the posters tell ... Lees verder
The World's Most Famous Train
Apart from its claim to have the longest continuous records for unaltered departure time of any express train in the world, the history of the Flying Scotsman, or the '10 o clock' as it was first known, is one of entrancing interest. First published by the LNER in 1925 this book tells its story, fro... Lees verder
Britain's Lost Railways
The Twentieth-Century Destruction of Our Finest Railway Architecture
Minnis, John
A striking photographic record of how the Beeching cuts and modernisation saw our grand terminal stations, soaring viaducts and cavernous locomotive works wiped from the landscape The current restoration of St Pancras Station and its Midland Hotel is a glorious exception to a melancholy rule - that ... Lees verder
Fall And Rise Of British Railways Steam
Townsend, Peter; Stretton, John
From The Mid-1950s Steam Was In Decline, To Disappear Entirely From Br In 1968. Yet From The Scrapyards And Disused Branch Lines A Remarkable Preservation Movement Emerged, And Steam, Once Thought Gone For Ever, Has Made A Remarkable Return. This Book Celebrates Steam's 'second Coming'. Although ... Lees verder
London Paddington Station
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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Paddington station, also known as London Paddington, is a central London railway terminus and London Underground station complex in the Paddington area of central London, England. The site is an historic one, having served as the London terminus of the Gre... Lees verder
Railways And Tramways In The City Of Leeds
Haigh, Alan J.
Offers A Comprehensive History Of Railways And Tramways In Leeds From Their Beginnings In 1834 To The Present Day. This Title Describes All Stations In And Around The City, With Sketch Plans, And Also Covers Freight Services, Railway Infrastructure, Leeds Locomotive Manufacturers, Failed Schemes, An... Lees verder


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Speeches & Testimony 1997
Confirmation Hearing on the Selection of the DDCI
Statement by Lieutenant General John A. Gordon, USAF
Before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence
Confirmation Hearing on the Selection of
The Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
Mr. Chairman, members of the Committee, thank you for the opportunity to meet with you as you consider my nomination to serve as the next Deputy Director of Central Intelligence. And I thank Senator Ashcroft for introducing me to the Committee.
It is an honor to be nominated by the President for this important position, and I am grateful for the trust and confidence shown by the President and by George Tenet, the Director of Central Intelligence, in recommending me.
This is an exciting time--we have just celebrated the founding of the Central Intelligence Agency 50 years ago. During that celebration, we honored those who founded the Agency, the many retirees who contributed so much of their lives to America's security, and those who carry on today. Although we paused to look back, we are also looking forward, and I would like very much to help set the course of the Intelligence Community and the CIA for the next 50 years.
I have worked closely with Mr. Tenet for more than a year now in my position as Associate Director of Central Intelligence for Military Support. I am confident that, if confirmed as Deputy Director, we will be a strong leadership team for the Intelligence Community and for the Central Intelligence Agency. My strengths and experiences complement Director Tenet's. We have great confidence in each other, yet are willing to challenge and test each other on important issues.
Mr. Chairman, while I did not "grow up" in the Intelligence Community, my 29 years of military service--in a broad range of technology, operations, and policy positions--have given me skills and understanding that have prepared me to serve as DDCI. In every position I have held--in the field and in policy agencies--I have been an avid consumer of intelligence. For the past year, I have immersed myself in the business of intelligence, working a host of issues. This has been a very concentrated education program.
In the Committee's questionnaire I described in detail my assignments and the skills they have helped me develop. In addition to my overall military experience, I would simply emphasize my technical background with experience in space launch and satellite operations, an understanding of the needs of national policy makers, and a demonstrated ability to lead large, complex organizations. I know what intelligence our diplomats, policymakers, and military commanders need, and I know how they use it. I would bring an important perspective to the DDCI job--that of a demanding intelligence consumer.
Mr. Chairman, I would like to offer the Committee my assessment of the Community after one year of work from the "inside."
Each agency, with its unique mission, is led by superb professionals, committed to work together to provide the best possible intelligence for the nation. Each agency is marked by high-quality people who are well trained and highly motivated. They are innovative, flexible and creative. They work long hours, sometimes under difficult and dangerous circumstances. They are doing a wonderful job everyday and, despite anecdotal stories to the contrary, their morale is good.
Outstanding technology supports our mission. Signals and imagery systems provide huge quantities of intelligence of incredible quality. Dissemination of intelligence product has improved significantly--to the point where we have to be careful not to overwhelm a user with quantity.
Within the Community the various agencies are working together better than ever, with joint production programs, Community approaches to the toughest problems and the hardest targets, and exchanges of personnel, many in leadership positions.
In short, Mr. Chairman, the United States Intelligence Community is in good shape. We meet today's challenges extraordinarily well, perhaps surprisingly so considering the many changes and disruptions of the past several years.
Despite this positive assessment, there is much work to be done. Above all, we must better position ourselves to meet the challenges of the future. We must drive innovation and modernization. We must find the right balance of resources to attack new hard targets, while maintaining needed capabilities against the old. We must adapt our organizations and processes to take on new tasks efficiently and effectively--there are efficiencies to harvest and there are better ways to work together.
Of particular importance, we are on the leading edge of huge modernization programs that must succeed. In many cases we have launched or are about to launch the last of a generation of satellites with the next generation still in development. If we are to meet the needs of the nation with these new systems, we must get the designs and architectures right and we must deploy on time and on budget. This, in turn, calls for stability in system design and funding.
One element of the intelligence enterprise that requires concerted attention is our people. We dare not forget that intelligence is first and foremost a human endeavor. As important as our high-technology collection systems are, they are designed and operated by people. Before the output of these systems becomes usable intelligence, people must analyze and make sense of the raw information. Some of the most critical intelligence is collected in dangerous conditions--by people. The hard work of covert action begins and ends with people.
Support for our people must be our top priority. We owe them proper training and the resources to do their jobs efficiently and safely. We owe them vision, honesty and strong leadership. I am convinced that if we take care of our people, in all dimensions, the incredibly difficult challenges we face will prove tractable. If we do not, those challenges will be impossible to meet.
The last issue I want to note today is a concern that confidence in the Intelligence Community and the CIA has been eroded. Questions about our need for intelligence after the Cold War, combined with sensational reports of past mistakes, have eroded public support for intelligence and diverted leadership attention from building for the future. Such questions affect the recruitment and the retention of the quality people we must have, and the pride they want to have in their operations and their organizations.
We will not excuse or cover up past errors and we will learn from them, but we also do not want the many intelligence successes of the past 50 years--or those of the next 50--to be overshadowed by problems of the past. We need the American people's support for the secret work of intelligence. I think this is an area where the Committee can help a great deal. I know that in the first instance this problem demands that we in the Community ensure operations are conducted with the highest degree of integrity and skill and that risks are carefully evaluated and vetted. At the same time, robust Congressional oversight can help rebuild public confidence. I will do my part to ensure the Congress has the information it needs to carry out their responsibilities.
The American people must understand that there is risk involved in much of what we do. Not every operation will be a success no matter how good the planning and the tradecraft. But we must not shy from risks. We will give those we ask to undertake risky actions the tools they need, and the confidence that they are supported by their leaders and, through the oversight process, the American public. They must know that they are supporting national policy and that the risks they take are worth it. We must reward them when they succeed, as they most often will. And when such efforts are not successful, we must not assign blame to individuals who have exercised sound judgment while acting in support of national policy.
Mr. Chairman, the position and duties of the Deputy Director of Central Intelligence are only broadly defined: "...act for, and exercise the powers of, the Director during the Director's absence or disability." Mr. Tenet and I have talked in detail about how we would work together. He has made it clear that he expects me to be his deputy in all matters--his alter ego. He expects that we will share all information and share in the major decisions. We will not artificially divide the work between us.
That said, a major focus of mine will, of course, be the military customer--continuing to expand the significant improvements we have made to military support. I also want to be deeply involved in the revitalization of our technical systems, from our technology base to new collection architectures to the high-tech support our operators and analysts need.
My own interests will also push me to make concerted efforts on proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and on information warfare. These are two of the greatest threats this country will face in the future and every moment of leadership time that can be devoted to them will pay significant benefits in building our defenses.
Finally, I expect to devote a great deal of attention to the day-to-day work of the Community and the Agency. Perhaps the greatest contribution I can make to the DCI is to provide him time and space to drive us strategically toward the future by lifting the day-to-day burden where I can.
While I have defined some of my interests, I understand clearly that I am being considered by the Senate to be the Deputy Director, not the Director. I want the Committee to know what I have already pledged to Director Tenet, that I am 100% on board with the goals, values and commitments that he defined in his own confirmation statement. They are worth summarizing:
to give the President and other senior leaders the information they need when they need it--unassailably accurate and with the soundest judgment;
to turn our gaze from the past, fix our attention to the future, and target our investments on innovation;
to create an intelligence culture that challenges conventional wisdom and encourages creative, but responsible risk taking;
to be fully accountable while demanding the highest standards of personal integrity and professional performance from all our members;
to help the Intelligence Community become more closely knit together;
to strengthen our support to American diplomacy;
and to make flexibility the watchword of our business-- to be able to adjust our collection posture quickly and ensure we are not caught unaware in fast-breaking events, anywhere on the globe.
Mr. Chairman, I use this statement as a vehicle to renew my pledge to Director Tenet-- and to pledge to the Congress--that I take these goals, values and commitments as my own, and, if confirmed, will pursue them as vigorously as I can.
Mr. Chairman, intelligence can add value and save lives. Policymakers, military leaders, diplomats and law enforcement officials deserve the best possible support from their Intelligence Community. If the Senate confirms me, I will take as my mission to work with you and alongside the DCI to provide the best possible intelligence now, while positioning the Intelligence Community to enter the next century.
Mr. Chairman, I would like to close this statement with a personal note of thanks to a number of very special people, most of whom cannot be here today.
First, my parents, Sid and Virginia Gordon, are no longer with us. My dad served as an enlisted man and as an officer in the US Army for 26 years. After his first retirement, he had an even longer career in public housing, serving the small community of West Plains, Missouri, with vision, hard work and commitment. I hope I can demonstrate that same ethic. My mother was by his side every step of the way for over 55 years. I wish they could be here today.
Next, my wife's parents, Leonard and Isabel Lang. They are from a small farming community in Missouri, fiercely independent and focused on family. Leonard is no longer with us, but he and Isabel raised and sent to college five children. He was a farmer who for 26 years also served the people of Cooper County as an elected county commissioner. He also taught me about public service and commitment to family.
My best friend is here. Marilyn is also my wife and has been for 30 years. She has supported me constantly, while maintaining her own career and putting up with the career diversions that come with many military moves.
Our daughter, Jennifer, is just beginning a semester abroad from Duke University. She is a young woman of great character and accomplishment. No dad could be prouder.
Thank you Mr. Chairman and members of the Committee. I am ready for your questions.
Posted: Apr 03, 2007 08:56 PM
Speeches & Testimony Archive


Just so that you all know – 40 is not at all old! 40 is supposed to be the new 20 because once a woman crosses the age of 40, she becomes sexier and naughtier. No woman can be too old to sport a great hair style and look dazzling. However, when a woman starts ageing, she should cut her hair short so that she can show her pretty face. Also, short hairstyles bring out the naughtiness in a woman.
Women who are over 40 can sport many short hairstyles but there are certain hairstyles which will look great on them. If you want to know the different types of dazzling short hairstyles for 40 and above women, then read on to find out because you might just like one of these cool hairstyles!
For women who love to have fun, cropped hair style with bangs is just the thing for you. Being 40 is all about having fun; you can crop your hair really short and get bangs for the flirty look. If you have short hair, then you would want to give volume to your hair by getting a blow dry. You will look stunning in this hair style!
Women over 40 can look cute in many ways! One of them is getting a layered shaggy hairstyle. It is long from the top and short at the back. The whole idea is that your hair at the back will be really short and the hair in the front will fall cutely on your eyes. The name is certainly very apt! You can ask your stylist to keep it short from the back and long from the front so that it gives a shaggy look. This is an excellent choice for women who want to look young and cute!
The A-line bob hairstyle is absolutely hot! This hairstyle looks really neat and nice with blunt bangs. You need to tell your hairstylist to give you a full wedge by giving your hair precise layers.
The name of this hairstyle is very suggestive because it gives an A-line shape to your hair. You would need to use a flat iron to get the sharp edges. It looks really stunning on women who are over 40. So, why don't you get it done?
When it is about short hairstyles for women over 40 – the pixie hairstyle has to be on the list! This hairstyle is very easy to maintain and is super-popular among women who are over 40 and 50. The best part about this hairstyle is that you will look superb in it because it looks great on every woman. You can also color your pixie hairstyle to look cooler!
Being 40 or above does not mean that life has ended and you cannot get a new hairstyle! 40 is a hot age and you should live this age with grace and sexiness. So, get the right hairstyle for your short hair and let the men of all ages drool over you!


It's been over 10 years since the global sensation "High School Musical" took the world by song. Now Disney Channel is getting ready to return to East High, again!
A nationwide casting search began on March 1, 2016 for the planned Disney Channel Original Movie, "High School Musical 4," that will continue the story of the global phenomenon "High School Musical" — and introduce new East High Wildcats and their cross-town school rivals, the West High Knights. Oooooooo, enticing!
DGA Award nominee Jeffrey Hornaday (Disney Channel's "Teen Beach Movie," "Teen Beach 2") is attached to direct and choreograph the movie. The casting directors are Jason La Padura, C.S.A., Natalie Hart, C.S.A., and Kendra Patterson, C.S.A., of LaPadura/Hart/Patterson.
Information on open casting calls to be scheduled this spring will soon be posted at www.disneychannel.com/opencall.
Dan Berendsen (creator/executive producer of Freeform's "Baby Daddy," writer of Disney's "Hannah Montana: The Movie," Disney Channel's "Teen Beach 2" and "Wizards of Waverly Place The Movie") and Peter Barsocchini (writer of all three "High School Musical" movies) are the screenwriters of "High School Musical 4." Bill Borden and Barry Rosenbush return as the executive producers.
Directed and choreographed by Kenny Ortega (also of Disney Channel's "Descendants") "High School Musical" is remembered fondly by a generation of kids and families and renowned for inspiring viewers to explore and participate in music, dance and theater. The now iconic Disney Channel Original Movie premiered January 20, 2006, delivering 7.7 million Total Viewers in the U.S.– at the time, the highest ratings for any telecast ever on Disney Channel. It broke new ground as the first-ever TV movie soundtrack to reach #1 on the Billboard Top 200 chart and went on to become the #1 album of 2006 as well as the #1 soundtrack and #1 Kids' album of that year.
Its critically acclaimed sequel, "High School Musical 2," ranks as the #1 basic cable telecast of all time (18.6 million viewers for its August 17, 2007 premiere). The "High School Musical 2" soundtrack is triple Platinum and its DVD release was the top-selling TV property on DVD for 2007. Walt Disney Pictures debuted "High School Musical 3: Senior Year" in October 2008. Its premiere weekend box office sales marked the highest debut ever for a musical and for a live-action G-rated film. It grossed over $250 million at the worldwide box office.
"High School Musical" received two Emmy Awards, the Television Critics Association Award, an Imagen Award (recognizing the positive portrayal of Latinos in entertainment media), a Billboard Music Award for Soundtrack of the Year, an American Music Award and a Producer's Guild of America Award. The movies also delivered licensed amateur and professional touring stage productions, a bestselling junior novel, a popular consumer products franchise at mass retailers, a themed show at Disneyland Parks and Resorts in Anaheim, Orlando and Paris, and a sold-out 42-date arena concert tour in North America and Latin America.


I have owned a G-4 model for 14 years. My parents had a Kirby also so I have essentially grown up with one. I have pretty bad allergies so I felt owning a Kirby would be best for removing all the dust, etc.
The bags fill up fast with an amazing amount of dirt and dust, so you know it's cleaning so much more thoroughly than other vacs. I also use the shampoo attachment and love it for cleaning the carpets in my house. I have to pull out the instruction manual to make sure I set the parts up right, but once it's set up, it's easy to use and goes quickly.
It does not leave the carpets sopping wet for hours like so many commercial rug cleaners do. And because the dirt in the rugs is regularly cleaned by the Kirby, there's no muddy residue building up under your carpets like what usually happens with inferior vacs and traditional carpet cleaning.
Sometimes the stubborn stains in rugs need scrubbing by hand (I usually do it after I've cleaned the carpet already and it's still damp.) Then you go over the carpets again with regular vacuuming, wait a few hours for the carpets to dry, and wah-lah, you have clean, fresh carpets!
The down side to this is that sometimes blackish stripes end up on the carpet while shampooing. It seems to come from the vac, I'm guessing the wheel, but am not sure. I just scrub them out by hand if I notice them.
I also rinse all the parts out in the tub afterwards, otherwise all the wet dirt and debris end up drying on the some of the parts restricting air flow a bit and cleaning ability later, or leave some additional stains on the moist carpeting.
What I really like is that I can clean my carpets much more often and use environmentally safe and unscented cleaners for the shampooing. It also has an attachment for carpeted stairs which is helpful.
I also do most of my house dusting with the attachments, it does a much better job at getting into crevices, etc. than using a cloth and just spreading dust around.
I also have used attachments for cleaning inside my car, using it to clean leaves off the driveway (so quick once it's set up) and for blowing up large inflatable items. (Directions for these are in the manual provided).
My husband and I were probably a bit naive when we bought the Kirby G4 vacuum years ago, not realizing the price could be negotiated. We paid about $1600 for it, but it has certainly paid for itself in all the carpet cleaning alone it has done.
Will never get rid of my Kirby G4: I bought my Kirby G4 in 1993 or 4, don't remember exactly when because I have had it so long. Before that I bought other vacuums every year like clockwork.
The G4 has more than paid for itself over the years and I would not want any other kind of vacuum.
I read a review that Rainbow Vacs outdo a Kirby, however I know three individuals who had Rainbows that literally self destructed after a few years of use. None of the three were in 'abusive' environments.
My Kirby on the other hand, has vacuumed up after 5 kids, numerous grandkids, dogs, cats and whatever else ever since the mid 90's with only a few parts replaced. Dependable and durable.
Offer me any thing else? Well you can offer, but I will never get rid of my Kirby. Buying it was one of the smartest economical moves I ever did.
Kirby G4: Owned the Kirby G4 vacuum for about 16 years and never regretted the purchase. Attachments are great, sometimes you can find one-size-fits-all parts like the crevice tool and extensions alot cheaper than Kirby accessory prices.
The strong suction assures me of a good cleaning with hepa filter cleaning the air and not throwing dust back out. I use it on everything including the car, pet, ceiling, fans, dusting, shampooing, upholstery, and bedding. When the bag is near full, it's a great way to pick up fireplace debris then changing out the bag.
The Kirby G4 vacuum cleaner gets the edges of carpeting to baseboards extremely well. There is also a collection area that holds small change, stones, and metal debris like screws that sometimes make it easy to sift thru and discard if not needing these items.
The only things I've replaced are the belt, hose, and floor attachment since which cracked at the base connection. I have all the attachments imaginable.
Only complaints are that this machine is very heavy, changing out the carpet power head to hose attachment is a nuisance, and the floor attachment gets hair/debris around the tiny roller wheels that you have to take off 4 screws, clean, and reattach. Mild nuisance considering the great reliability and satisfaction of the job being done well.
Kirby ought to make a stick-style vacuum for easy clean ups so you don't have to always pull out the "beast" as I call it.
I have had a Kirby G4 vacuum for over 15 years now. For the most part I love it, it has great suction power and has yet to lose any power. It vacuums my bare floors just as well as my carpeted ones.
Overall it is one of the best vacuums I have ever owned. The only problems I have had is it is a little on the heavy side and the bags for it are a little pricey, but overall you cannot beat the fact that it is still going strong after 15 years.
A Question: I have owned a wonderful second hand G3 for 10 years, and have just bought a G4 in beautiful condition, also second hand. We are replacing our carpeted living room floor with a laminated wooden floor. Does anyone know if I can clean this new floor with my Kirby, please?
The G4 is bulky: I've had my Kirby G4 for 15 years. They are expensive & somewhat bulky. After seeing some of the newer & lighter vacuums out there, I think I'm ready to trade the old gal in.


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Conducting Dvořák: Symphony n.9 – 1st movement
Last updated May 13, 2021 | Published on Jul 13, 2020
Antonín Dvořák moved to the United States in December of 1892 only to return back to his homeland of Bohemia 3 years later. Yet, in those 3 years, he wrote 3 of his most popular pieces: the American String Quartet, the Cello Concerto, and his 9th symphony title "From the New World".
In Dvořák's own words, the real meaning of the title is
"Impressions and greetings from the new world".
"From the New World" was written by Dvořák himself as a joke before sending the autograph to his editor.
It is often said that the "American" aspect of this music comes from the fact that Dvořák embraced the American idioms (musical idioms) infusing his compositions with them. While that is partially feasible, it also poses the question of "what is American music?", something that Leonard Bernstein brilliantly, as usual, addressed in one of his legendary lectures.
While most American composers of the time considered American folk music somewhat of second rate music, Dvořák went in the exact opposite direction. Faithful to his love for folk music he mixed and matched the "primitive" sound of American folk tunes with the old European symphonic form, creating something that captured people since its premiere.
But how did Dvořák get acquainted with these folk melodies and rhythms? Legend wants that while walking down the hall of the National Conservatory of Music in New York, of which he had accepted to be the director, he heard a young black student singing, while he was working as a janitor to help to pay the costs of his education.
Dvořák was struck by his voice but most importantly by the song he was singing. From then on, the student, whose name was Harry Burleigh, sang for him many times, and Dvořák immersed himself in the warmth of the negro spirituals.
As much as this symphony is imbued with these tunes it remains as classical as it gets in terms of structure. The first movement is in a typical sonata form, with a slow introduction and an Allegro, an exposition with a first and second theme, a development, a recapitulation, and a coda.
As much as he loved America, Dvořák always longed for his homeland: the opening of the symphony presents exactly that in its slow longing theme
interrupted almost immediately by a calling of 2 horns. The scene repeats, changing color from the lower strings to the higher woodwinds, but this time, instead of the horns, we have a shocking and violent explosion of the orchestra.
It's an unexpected moment of very high energy, something the audience of the time would have not expected. As conductors, we should try to preserve the surprise effect by avoiding big and obvious gestures, opting for a more focused and tight stroke, right in front of the body.
This surprising moment lets us know that the quiet is already gone. The syncopations of the woodwinds introduce the thematic cell, based on the pentatonic scale, that will be the base for the entire movement.
Many people have pointed out that this is the first hint towards American folk music, in virtue of that same pentatonic scale, largely used by traditional American music. However, the pentatonic scale had already been in use in many other parts of the world. Without going too far, in Bohemia for example, Dvořák's home country. Not to forget that Debussy, in the same period, had started toying with it drawing inspiration from the Indonesian Gamelan orchestra he had listened to in Paris.
This introduction ends with a succession of syncopations, diminished seventh and timpani strikes that are remarkably similar to the end of the introduction of the last movement of Brahms' first symphony. And, as we know, Brahms was one of the first to endorse Dvořák's compositional genius.
Allegro molto
We're driven into the Allegro where the first theme is rich of the typical Dvořák's melodic invention, played by those same 2 horns that had that "calling" moment in the very beginning (the third and fourth horn) and then flowing naturally from one section to another
On the 5th bar of the Allegro keep the accents of the woodwinds within the piano sonority, and notice that they have no dots on top.
We drive into an explosion of energy: the first theme is played by the bassoons, trombones, and 2 horns, on top of cellos and basses while the rest of the orchestra responds with the rhythmic elements.
← Conducting Tchaikovsky: Symphony n.5, 1st movement Conducting Mozart: Symphony n.40 K550 - 1st movement →


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The Barbados Railway
The Barbados Railway is an interesting story in Barbados' history. The first proposal to build a railway in Barbados came about in 1845 with a line envisioned to run between Bridgetown to the important trading town of Speightstown. However, by 1850 only a small amount of the capital had been raised and the project was stopped.
With the great success of the train systems being built across the United Kingdom it was again felt that a train in Barbados would be very useful to move sugar from the various factories to the city as well as people around the island. Again in 1873 proposals were being made to build a track in Barbados but this time from the city Bridgetown to the parish of St. Andrew. This plan was better received and was able to find funding where the other one failed. By 1877 a company had been formed with a Board of Directors who agreed on the initial details of the train line. It was to be built using American style passenger cars with a 3 foot 6 inch gauge and would make stops after leaving Bridgetown in Valley, Carrington, Bushy Park, Codrignton College, Bathsheba and terminate in Belleplaine. The initial order for locomotives and passenger sections would be comprised of four locomotives, six composite 1st / 2nd class carriages, Five third-class carriages, ten open goods wagons, six covered wagons and 20 sugar wagons.
With funding in place the construction of the line began in 1877 on the 23rd of June. It is said that the construction process was a very slow process and there were many difficulties along the way with legal and financial problems.
By 1881 some four years after construction began a driver and foreman from the United Kingdom were hired to traine local staff early in the year. By October that same year the line was opened with limited service to Carrington only. On Thursday, 20th of October 1881 the line was officially opened offering trips to a large number of people who were excited about the novelty of this kind of transportation that they never had before. The first train trip took approximately 40 minutes. However, after a week of operations, to the surprise of many the service was stopped as it was recognized that there were some areas that may have needed some additional work. The public was told that the opening a week before was only a test of the tracks to see how the line was working and that the terminus had to be completed and areas of the line needed to be leveled.
By August 1883 the line had been reopened and all accounts of service reported that the passengers enjoyed the ride all the way to Belelplaine. Many of the initial problems appear to have been resolved and the train line was now ready for full operations.
The early years of the train system appears to have been very successful with high levels of sugar, freight and passenger traffic being recorded. While these early years were successful the owners of the railway network never seemed to be investing back into the business as it is reported that by the 1890's the company ran in to problems where routine maintenance was not being carried out due to lack of funds. Also because of the high level of corrosion on the east coast of the island there were problems that became apparent as parts of the rail system was in desperate need of repairs. The initial engineering of the system may have also been week as there were areas where due to rainfall and flooding the tracks were suffering problems of natural events. These problems were answerd by new rail being laid using new gauges of steel.
In 1894 a new General Manager, Mr. Walter Merrivale, was appointed to the Railway system. One of his great innovations was the creation of the "Penny Train" carriages that were aimed at less affluent members of the society. It appears to be a success and attracted many patrons who would take outings on the train as weekend escapes to see the other side of the island in groups. Another use of the "Penny Trains" was to service people living in the outlying districts but needed to get to the city. The stops this train made were more in line with villages around the island and were early in the morning to facilitate people getting to work.
Twelve years later in 1986 the train service had taken a beating from the Atlantic oceans sea spray on its lines. There were reports that areas of the original train track were so eroded that major parts of the system would need major work done on it. After major storms in December 1986 large parts of the costal tracks were destroyed by wave action and had to be completely replaced. A full assessment of the equipment of the railway was ordered shortly afterwards and carried out. In many respects the equipment was also in bad shape and needed serious work done to it. With all these problems the railway ownership decided to turn to the experience of Mr. E.R Calthorp who ran successful train systems around the world. His initial assessment was that new rails needed to be laid and that he would change the gauge of the tracks to a smaller two feet and 6 inches. Within two years new tracks were laid and new locomotives and passengers carriages were purchased from the U.S.A. The railway was back in operation. This however was to be short-lived as the company ran out of funds and loss government subsidies. The line was closed in 1904 and liquidators were bought in to find a purchaser.
A New Company Is Formed
In 1905 a new company called The Barbados Light Railway Company Limited was formed and began service. The new company also decided to extend the rail system by offering a branch from Carrington to the Crane. While not much is known about this branch it was noted that the Cranes' hotel offered transport from Bush Park where the train stopped to the hotel. By 1906 the company was heading into financial difficulty again as passenger traffic was minimal and the company operated off the profits of moving mainly freight. By 1914 further government subsidies that the new company enjoyed were again cut and the company was closed and put into liquidation.
Government Takes Over Railway
In 1916 the Government of Barbados took over the Railway Service. The first thing they did was to begin the upgrading of the present system then start the service up again. First only moving freight traffic then later in the 1917 moving passenger traffic again. During the ensuing years the railway system continued to decay. Even after the purchase of a new train and the refurbishment of older ones the railway line still fell into disrepair and had many problems including derailments. It was also noted that the buildings in Bridgetown were also in disrepair. There was a feeling by 1930 that the rail system in Barbados may not have been needed any longer and that the cost associated with maintaining and rebuilding far outweighed the benefits of developing a new and better way of transporting person and freight from the rural and factories of the country to Bridgetown.
By 1934 the service for passengers was discontinued due to safety factors. Though freight traffic continued to be moved on the line, the inevitable was clearly seen. The track had to either be fully refurbished and new equipment purchased or close. The decision was taken and on the 12th of October 1937 the Railway system was closed down in Barbados. Soon afterwards the government sold the rights to the steel and tracks were removed in 1938. Many parts were sold to overseas interest as well as locally. One of the remnants that can still be spotted in rare areas around the island of the railway system is the use of tracks as telephone poles. While many have been removed there are still a few areas where you might be able to see a newer pole being anchored by a piece of steel that would have once been the old tracks of the railway system.


Very easy to purchase and pick up tickets. A little expensive. Excellent, engaging concert in a great setting. Thanks for making these available in this way.
Beautiful music and venue. But there is one bad thing: the spotlights should not shine on the audience.
Terrific live performance, really enjoyed the Vivaldi portion!
Easy to acquire the tickets online. Fast pickup at the office. Very enjoyable evening.
Setting was beautiful and muscians were incredible. This was one of our most memorable experiences in Prague.


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Sam Allardyce - Football Manager, Family and Facts
Home › British › Sam AllardyceOctober 19, 1954159 views
Sam Allardyce Biography Stories Embed this Biography stories
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Sam Allardyce's Personal Details
Samuel Allardyce, better known as Sam Allardyce, is a well-known former English professional footballer.
Birthday October 19, 1954
Famous Sportspersons, Coaches, Football Players, Football Manager
Spouses Lynne Allardyce (m. 1974)
Siblings Jr., Robert Allardyce
Known as Big Sam, Samuel Allardyce
Childrens Craig Allardyce
Birth Place Old Park Farm, Dudley
Father Robert Allardyce
Mother Mary Agnes Allardyce
Born in Old Park Farm, Dudley
Famous as Football Manager
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Jose Mourinho is a Portuguese football manager and former footballer. Check out this biography to know about his childhood, family life, achievements and fun facts about him.
Sam Allardyce's photo
Who is Sam Allardyce?
Samuel Allardyce, better known as Sam Allardyce, is a well-known former English professional footballer who currently manages 'Everton.' At the age of 17, he played for 'Bolton Wanderers' and made his debut in a 'League Cup' match against 'Millwall.' In the 1980s, he played as a defender for teams such as 'Sunderland,' 'Millwall,' 'Coventry City,' and 'Preston North End.' He soon earned the nickname "Super Sam Bionic Man." He played for a short while for 'Tampa Bay Rowdies' in the 'North American Soccer League' and returned to England to play, while coaching a few teams, before he retired from playing professional football. He later became the full-time manager for teams such as 'Blackpool,' 'Bolton Wanderers,' 'Newcastle United,' 'Sunderland,' before moving on to 'Everton.' He was the manager of the English national team for a brief period. He is married to Lynne Ward and has a son named Craig who is a footballer like his father. He and his son have been involved in a few controversies regarding taking bribes and putting pressure to get certain players signed, which they have denied. Presently, he owns a number of businesses, apart from being a respected coach.
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Samuel Allardyce was born on October 19, 1954, in Dudley, England, to Mary and Robert Allardyce, who were of Scottish origin. His father was a police sergeant. Sam grew up with his elder brother, Robert Jr., and his elder sister, Mary.
He was raised in Dudley, where he attended the 'Sycamore Green Primary School' and 'Mons Hill School.' He suffered from dyslexia, which caused him to fail in his eleven-plus exam. However, he soon discovered his talent in football and started playing semi-professional football for 'Dudley Town' at the age of 14.
Once out of school, he started working in a factory that made record decks. He also played for the junior team of the 'Bolton Wanderers' that won the 'Lancashire Youth Cup' and reached the quarter-finals of the 'FA Youth Cup.'
By the age of 17, Allardyce had signed a £ 14-a-week contract with 'Bolton Wanderers' and made his debut in a 'League Cup' match against 'Millwall.' He made his 'Second Division' debut against 'Notts County' but failed to make it to the first string.
During the 1974–1975 season, Allardyce displayed some excellent football and was chosen as the 'Young Player of the Year' by his club. However, the club did not do too well, and Allardyce did not get along with the manager. This made him quit the club after the 1979–1980 season.
Allardyce signed a contract of £ 20,000 with 'Sunderland,' with a weekly fee of £ 300. He was made the captain of the club for the 1980–1981 season. The club did not suit him due to it being located far away from his home. This made him quit the club in the following season.
He was then picked up by 'Millwall,' which offered him a £ 30,000 signing fee with a loyalty bonus of £ 10,000. The club did not do well in the 1981–1982 season. Allardyce was offered the manager's post, which he rejected, as he considered himself too young for the job. He did not get along with the new manager and was paid £ 15,000 to leave the club before the end of his contract.
He relocated to the US to play for the 'Tampa Bay Rowdies' in the 'North American Soccer League.' While with the club, he picked up a few tactics that he used during his later career as a manager. However, American football did not suit him, and he returned to England soon after.
Back home, he was made the captain of 'Coventry City' for the 1983–1984 season. He left the club in the middle of the season and joined 'Huddersfield Town.' During the next few seasons, he played for 'Bolton Wanderers' and 'Preston North End.'
From 1989 to 1993, he played for various teams and acted as a manager simultaneously. This period saw him being associated with 'West Bromwich Albion,' 'Bury,' 'Limerick,' and 'Preston North End.' He finally got a full-time managerial job with 'Blackpool' in 1994.
He left the club and joined Sunderland for a brief period before taking up the challenge of managing 'Notts County,' a club that was going through a rough patch. He remained with the team till 1999 and got them back on track.
He was then made the manager of 'Bolton Wanderers' and helped them reach the 1999–2000 'Division One' play-offs. They reached the 'League Cup' semi-finals and missed out on the 2000 'FA Cup' finals due to a defeat to 'Aston Villa' in a penalty shoot-out.
Allardyce was rewarded with a 10-year contract. He made several changes in the club's strategy, which included building better infrastructure and acquiring good players. He worked with the club till 2007 and resigned because his financial demands were not met.
He was later made the manager of 'Newcastle United' for a three-year term but left after a year to become the manager of 'Blackburn Rovers' in December 2008. He remained with the club till it was put up for sale in 2010.
In June 2011, he became the manager of 'West Ham United.' He brought in an entirely new team and made some tactical changes in their game that brought the team back into the 'Premier League.' However, he decided to leave the club in 2015 and joined 'Sunderland.'
After a very short stint with the English national team, he became the manager of 'Crystal Palace' in December 2016, and in November 2017, he went on to manage 'Everton' and continues his stint with them to date.
Allardyce has played for 'Bolton Wanderers' (1973–1980 and 1985–1986), 'Sunderland' (1980–1981), 'Millwall' (1981–1983), 'Tampa Bay Rowdies' (1983), 'Coventry City' (1983–1984), 'Huddersfield Town' (1984–1985), 'Preston North End' (1986–1989), 'West Bromwich Albion' (1989–1991), 'Limerick' (1991–1992), and 'Preston North End' (1992–1993).
After retiring as a footballer, he managed 'Blackpool' (1994–1996), 'Notts County' (1997–1999), 'Bolton Wanderers' (1999–2007), 'Newcastle United' (2007–2008), 'Blackburn Rovers' (2008–2010), 'Sunderland' (2015–2016), The English national football team (2016), 'Crystal Palace' (2016–2017), and 'Everton' (2017–present).
He was named as a member of the 'PFA Team of the Year' in the 1986–1987 season and won promotion out of the 'Fourth Division' in second-place. He became the 'Football League First Division Manager of the Month' in January 2001.
He was the 'Premier League Manager of the Month' in August 2001, November 2003, January 2004, December 2006, February 2014, and October 2014.
He married Lynne Ward in June 1974 and has a son, Craig, and daughter, Rachel. His son grew up to be a footballer like his father.
In 2006 Allardyce and his son were accused of accepting bribes. Their crime was reportedly revealed by a 'BBC' sting operation. He denied the charges but did not press the case further. He was also involved in a controversy regarding flouting 'FA' rules.
Allardyce was awarded an honorary doctorate degree by the 'University of Bolton.' He has a number of businesses, which include a social club, a fast-food restaurant, and a motor-parts firm.
He earned the nickname "Super Sam Bionic Man" for his tackling and heading skills.
He signed a two-year contract to manage the English national team in July 2016 but resigned after 67 days, following allegations of malpractice.
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Sam Allardyce biography timelines
// 19th Oct 1954
// Jun 1974
// Dec 2008 To 2010
// Jun 2011 To 2015
// Jul 2016
// Dec 2016 To Nov 2017
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Sam Allardyce's FAQ
What is Sam Allardyce birthday?
Sam Allardyce was born at 1954-10-19
Where is Sam Allardyce's birth place?
Sam Allardyce was born in Old Park Farm, Dudley
What is Sam Allardyce nationalities?
Sam Allardyce's nationalities is British
Who is Sam Allardyce spouses?
Sam Allardyce's spouses is Lynne Allardyce (m. 1974)
Who is Sam Allardyce siblings?
Sam Allardyce's siblings is Jr., Robert Allardyce
Who is Sam Allardyce childrens?
Sam Allardyce's childrens is Craig Allardyce
What was Sam Allardyce universities?
Sam Allardyce studied at University of Bolton
How tall is Sam Allardyce?
Sam Allardyce's height is 190
Who is Sam Allardyce's father?
Sam Allardyce's father is Robert Allardyce
Who is Sam Allardyce's mother?
Sam Allardyce's mother is Mary Agnes Allardyce
What is Sam Allardyce's sun sign?
Sam Allardyce is Libra
How famous is Sam Allardyce?
Sam Allardyce is famouse as Football Manager
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Welcome to the next generation of timeless Rock! Matthew Curran's Simplify ~ An extraordinary new self-produced album by this eighteen year old music industry veteran, virtuoso guitarist, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist.
Young Guitar Wizard, Matthew Curran's debut album Simplify shines with a fresh breath of musical brilliance. Simplify captures the essence of timeless rock with sound reminicscient of Led Zeppelin, Jimi Hendrix and the Allman Brothers, mixed tastefully with the more modern elements of Collective Soul, the Black Crows, Nirvana, and Alice in Chains. The music twists and turns into unexpected psychedelic detours, always winding back to a sound that will satisfy a wide range of listeners. Curran's songwriting is well crafted and wise beyond his years, revealing a perception of truth and contemplation not often found in a young writer. This portrait of the artist as a young man will surely be a stepping stone to becoming one of rock's future legends. All songs written and produced by Matthew Curran. © 2008 Matthew Curran, BMI/ASCAP. Simplify is available online at www.cdbaby.com or via digital download at itunes. www.myspace.com/matthewcurran.
Site Development by TALH web create & design.


If you don't like the hassle of holding your bag or carrying it on your arm, you can opt for a crossbody or sling bag. It has a long strap that you can put over your shoulder, leaving your hands free to hold other stuff. Talk about convenience!


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technician
[url=http://wordincontext.com/en/technician]technician[/url]
Indeed curiously, in his gigantic poem-cycle, "the Dynasts," the culmination of his life-work, he seems to hint at a plan of the universe which may be beneficial. To name another quality that gives distinction to Hardy's work: his fiction is notably well-built, and he is a resourceful technician.
Richard Burton - Masters of the English Novel
A Study of Principles and Personalities
His first experience with it had been in making permanent records of telemetered signals from rockets. A technician asked, "Sir, do these peaks occur no matter how the antenna is pointing?" Kerama shook his head. "No. If you will examine the peaks in terms of time and the co-ordinates, you will see that they began at a particular point during a sweep of the sky.
Harold L. (Harold Leland) Goodwin - The Egyptian Cat Mystery
Neither did his three passengers, a young French astrophysicist, an East Indian expert on magnetic fields, and a forty-year-old man from Philadelphia who was coming out to replace a pump technician. Someone else who did not survive was Reed Kieran, the only man in Wheel Five itself to lose his life.
Edmond Hamilton - The Stars, My Brothers
And now you're going in for engineering?" "Yes," said Peer. His face added pretty clearly, "And what concern is it of yours?" "Well, it does seem to me that the modern technician is a priest in his way or no, perhaps I should rather call him a descendant of old Prometheus. Quite a respectable ancestry, too, don't you think?
Johan Bojer - The Great Hunger
Not too long after this excitement had started, in fact just after the technician had checked the radar and found that the targets weren't caused by a radar malfunction, ARTC had called for Air Force interceptors to come in and look around. But they didn't show, and finally ARTC called again then again. Finally, just about daylight, an F-94 arrived, but by that time the targets were gone.
Edward J. Ruppelt - The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects
We will barely be able to stop. We were too free in the use of our weapons, I fear," replied the Chief Technician. "Well, what would you? We needed those things in our reports. Besides, we could extract fuel from that ore we took on at Planet Nine of Phahlo. It is merely that I wish speed in the return." "As we all do. How soon do you believe the Council will proceed against the new system?"
John Wood Campbell - The Ultimate Weapon
We all have our theories, just why one pianist who often blunders as readily as a Rubinstein, or who displays his many shortcomings at every concert can invariably draw larger audiences and arouse more applause than his confrère with weaker vital forces, although he be admittedly a better technician, a more highly educated gentleman and perhaps a more sensitive musician.
James Francis Cooke - Great Pianists on Piano Playing
Study Talks with Foremost Virtuosos. A Series of Personal Educational Conferences with Renowned Masters of the Keyboard, Presenting the Most Modern Ideas upon the Subjects of Technic, Interpretation, Style and Expression
The fiftieth might have observed what all painters know, that Raphael was not a great painter, either as colorist or technician.
Henry Rankin Poore - Pictorial Composition and the Critical Judgment of Pictures
Both ideally and technically, in the way he conceives and the way he handles his subject, he is only superficially romantic or real. His literature, so to speak, is as conventional as his composition. One may compare him to Hogarth, though both as a moralist and a technician a longo intervallo, of course. He is assuredly not to be depreciated.
W. C. (William Crary) Brownell - French Art
Classic and Contemporary Painting and Sculpture
Thalberg was not only too much of a technician for Chopin, but he was also a Jew and a successful one. In consequence, both poet and Pole revolted. Hummel called on Frederic, but we hear nothing of his opinion of the elder man and his music; this is all the more strange, considering how much Chopin built on Hummel's style.
James Huneker - Chopin : the Man and His Music
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Q: Does $a_n + a_{n+1} + a_{n+2} \to 0$ imply $a_n \to 0$? Given $\{{a_n}\}_{n=0}^{\infty}$ and $\{{b_n}\}_{n=0}^{\infty}$
Prove or disprove:
1) if $\lim \limits_{n\to \infty}a_n=0$ then $\lim \limits_{n\to \infty}a_n-[a_n]=0$
I think (1) is correct because if $\lim \limits_{n\to \infty}a_n=0$ then by the definition of limit I can show that for each $\epsilon>0, |a_n-[a_n]|<\epsilon$
2)If $a_n$ converges and $b_n$ doesn't converge then $(a_n+b_n)$ doesn't converge.
I think (2) is correct, but I'm not sure how to start proving it - maybe I can assume that it isn't correct and then get a contradiction?
3)If $\lim \limits_{n\to \infty}\frac{a_n+a_{n+1}+a_{n+2}}{3}=0$ then $\lim \limits_{n\to \infty}a_n=0$
I have no idea about (3).
My knowledge is of simple calculus theorem(limit definition, arithmetics of limits and the Squeeze Theorem).
Thanks a lot for your time and help.

A: *

*The assertion is not true. Indeed, $a_n$ converges to $0$, so we have to see whether $[a_n]$ (I think it's the floor function) converges to $0$. But it doesn't need to be the case, for example with $a_n=-\frac 1n$.

*You can show it's true by contradiction: if $a_n+b_n$ converges, since $-a_n$ converges and the sum of two converging sequences is...

*The sequence $a_n=\left(\frac{1+i\sqrt 3}2\right)^n$ is such that $a_n+a_{n+1}+a_{n+2}=0$ but doesn't converge to $0$. Alternatively, a simpler example given by @robjohn is $a_k:=2\cos\left(\frac{2\pi}3k\right)$.

A: 1) What is $|a_n - [a_n]|$, if $|a_n - 0| < \epsilon < \frac{1}{2}$?
2) Let $a = \lim_{n \to \infty}a_n$, then $|a_n + b_n - x| \geq |b_n - x + a| - |a_n - a| \geq |b_n - x'| - \epsilon$ for $x' = x-a$ and $n$ big enough.
3) $1,-1,0,1,-1,0,\dots$

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Cloud have fired up a new partnership with pub chain Greene King so you can enjoy free Wi-Fi with your pint. Over 2,400 pubs, restaurants and hotels, including the Hungry Horse and Loch Fyne brands will be included in the deal which envelopes the 1,000 Greene King managed and 1,400 leased and tenanted premises. This adds to the 5,000 pubs already on The Cloud's network which includes JD Wetherspoon, Spirit Pub Company and Stonegate Pub Company.
"We've seen more and more people use WiFi in our pubs in the last 12 months and it is was clear to us that we needed to introduce it to all of our pubs, restaurants and hotels. It helps us attract a wider audience across the day, including at traditionally quieter times, as well as providing the infrastructure we can use for new services that improve customer satisfaction and loyalty over the longer term. We have been delighted with the service that The Cloud have provided, so they seemed the natural partner to roll out across our estate."
300 pubs have already been installed with Wi-Fi and the stats from these show that over 5TB (terabytes) of data were downloaded in April across these. 57% of users connected with an iPhone whilst 22% used another smartphone.
Tried it last Saturday on my Galaxy S2, 50ms ping, 6Mbps down, 1Mbps up, lot better than it was before Sky took over.


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Governments Delay Access to Public Records During Pandemic
Governors from 20 states have delayed giving the Associated Press (AP) records on how businesses and health officials have influenced their decisions to reopen their economies.
David A. Lieb of AP said last May, the organization asked for copies of communications between governors' offices, state health directors, and groups representing businesses, health care providers, and local governments about the coronavirus. The organization has been waiting for nine months for complete information. He reported that some denied the requests, asked for payments, need more time, or have not responded.
By August, the AP had one-third of states' records; the news site revealed that some governors permit businesses to help write the reopening rules. Doing this would affect their industries. Alongside this, the office of Ohio Gov. Mike DeWine issued two documents. One was from a hospital association asking to resume elective procedures, and another came from a mayor's group about the guidelines to opening swimming pools and camps.
Delaware's Gov. John Carney did not fulfill the AP's request until Feb. 10, after he reversed a suspension to his state's deadline for public records request during the COVID-19 public emergency. He only released 109 pages and said more would come later. The article also mentions other states whose governors were committing similar actions. The writing declares that more than half a dozen states are still suspending open-records requirements due to gubernatorial orders. Other states are also relaxing deadlines for requests.
Lieb mentions that public records are more difficult to obtain due to shutdowns. Governors, legislatures, and local officials have either suspended or ignored laws for deadlines to respond to record requests. These officials claim staffers are working from home or dealing with crisis management. It has resulted in an extreme delay of information about their leader's decisions.
"The pandemic rages on, but investigative journalism doesn't halt. The public's right to know doesn't cease to exist," assured Gunita Singh, a legal fellow at the Reporters Committee for Freedom of Press.
New data also shows that the requests for government information elevated during the pandemic. The article cites that state, county, and city governments saw an increase in time spent on public records. From the first to last quarter, time spent went from 346 hours to 2,121 hours.
Lieb wrote that the United States is not the only country delaying access to public records. According to a joint tracking effort from the Centre for Law and Democracy and Access Info Europe, dozens of countries halted the public's right-to-information policies during the pandemic. Many open-government advocates are upset with this, as it could impact the transparency and public participation inside the nations.
The post Governments Delay Access to Public Records During Pandemic appeared first on Black News Alerts.
Postal Banking, Alcohol Delivery Could Save the U.S. Postal Service, Experts Say
The proposed changes could generate billions of dollars of new revenue for a postal service that's struggling to make money. What We Know: Members of Congress, economists, and consumer advocates have put forth two new changes for the United States Postal Service (USPS). In order to modernize and bring in more revenue, they say postal banking and alcohol delivery should be the future. Rakim Brooks, the senior campaign strategist with […]


Ushkany Islands archipelago is a part of the Zabaikalsky National Park area since 1987.
Ushkanii islands archipelago is famous for Baikal seal (Baikal nerpa). Ushkanii islands is their favorite place. Baikal nerpa — is a unique fresh water seal and the first Baikal`s enigma. This highly developed animal is still subject to scientific research. The seals live about 56 years. They are 1,5-2.0 м long and weigh 150 kg.
There are 4 islands include in the Ushkanii islands archipelago: Bolshoy, Krugly. Tonky, Dolgy. The total area is about 10 km. Ushkanii islands have been formed with rocks of ancient Procombrian origin: marble and crystalline lime — stones with quartzes interlayers.
The Bolshoy island is the biggest. The Bolshoy island rises over the water as 216 m high mountain. Its stretches for 5 km.
— large colonies of gulls usual Baikal wellow travelers on the rocky shores and bogs of Chivirkuisky Bay.
— 3 caves, which contain show of staying man of the New Stone Age.
Excursions to the Ushkanii islands is well opportunity to see Baikal nerpa.