Jesmond student apartment with 2 bedrooms to rent from 01 July for 12 months. The house is in an excellent Jesmond location with easy access for students to Jesmond Metro and both universities. Perfect apartment for students at Newcastle University, Northumbria Business School or Northumbria University. Owned and managed by PLJ Properties and available to rent from Jesmond Student Properties with low deposit and No Agency Fees.


text:
Asking Astrid About Instagram
September 23, 2016 by Marion Maneker
We recently sat down with with Astrid de Maismont, Head Curator at Gertrude and ArtList, to discuss the intersection of curating, Instagram, and the art market.
Art Market Monitor: In a survey published by Artsy, @artlistco was selected by collectors as a suggested Instagram account to follow, among @jerrysaltz and @hyperallergic. With over 100,000 followers, why was your account so compelling?
Astrid de Maismont: I think people are interested in our perspective, to get a glimpse into what we're seeing in real time. We aim for an overview of the art world: artists, galleries, institutions, and events. Aside from established tastemakers, we are fortunate to be able to champion emerging artists and enable others to discover their work. It can be difficult for an artist starting out with no gallery representation, but the widespread reach of Instagram certainly helps.
Art Market Monitor: How has Instagram changed the role of the art curator?
AM: The curator has always been a public figure, but with the advent of social media, the curator has shifted from a local or national presence to more of a global one. Not only has our audience grown, but our accessibility and engagement has as well. Followers of our accounts can directly message us online and get a behind-the-scenes look.
Art Market Monitor: What about the interface itself though? Instagram functions a bit like a digital archive. How has that been of use?
AM: Hashtags have been vital. When someone posts a photo with the name of the gallery, artist, or exhibition in a hashtag, they enter a network. This network gives us a sense of the reach of our efforts and a library of images we would not otherwise be aware of. We get a sense of the larger trends in contemporary art and the reactions and experiences of others.
Art Market Monitor: I'm sure it helps on the commercial end as well.
AM: Definitely. The online marketplace for buying and selling art has been growing increasingly popular. Some collectors rely on Instagram to view works or contact a gallery they can't see in person. I don't think anyone negates the necessity of seeing a work in person though.
Art Market Monitor: Where do you think the platform is heading in terms of buying art?
AM: I think it will become a much more interactive e-commerce site. Right now it's more geared towards the engagement with content, but Instagram has begun testing the idea of selling directly using shopable tags. They have begun with fashion, and I envision one day we should be able to buy art directly from Instagram too.
Everyone Is Too Cool to Buy Art on Instagram—But Not to Look At It … A Lot
Art Fairs, Transfer Fees and Inequality in the Gallery World
Why Is Richard Prince Suddenly So Upsetting to People Outside the Art World
What's The Broad's Secret Attraction for Under 34 Visitors? Social Media
Art.sy Starts a Frenzy, Raises Questions
How Ghana's Emerging Art Infrastructure Links to the Art World's Social Media

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Music Reviews Music reviews of new albums in pop, rock, folk, jazz, blues, classical, world, and hip-hop.
Music Review: Two 'C'mon' Records from Lambchop
March 31, 2004 • Nashville-based band Lambchop has two new albums out, Aw C'mon, and No, You C'mon. Both CDs rely on lush guitar rhythms and a sultry sound, combined with the unmistakable baritone of bandleader Kurt Wagner. David Greenberger has a review.
Embed <iframe src="https://www.npr.org/player/embed/1804702/1804703" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" title="NPR embedded audio player">
Music Review: 'Night Train to Nashville' from Various Artists
March 31, 2004 • Rock Historian Ed Ward on the history of African-American musicians in Nashville. He plays music from Night Train to Nashville a double CD put out by the Country Music Hall of Fame (in conjunction with a Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum Show).
Music Review: 'Franz Ferdinand' from Franz Ferdinand
March 29, 2004 • Franz Ferdinand is the name not only of the assassinated Archduke of Austria, considered the trigger for World War I; Franz Ferdinand is now a Scottish band that has made it big in Britain. Reviewer Mikel Jollett thinks the reason they've succeeded is that the group bridges the distance between headphones and dance floor.
'Classic Meets Cuba'
March 28, 2004 • NPR's Liane Hansen plays "name that tune" with Fred Child, host of NPR's Performance Today, while listening to a new cd featuring Cuban treatments of classical tunes. Classic Meets Cuba by Klazz Brothers and Cuba Percussion has just been released in this country on Sony Classical.
Music Review: 'Regard the End' from The Willard Grant Conspiracy
March 3, 2004 • The new album Regard the End is by The Willard Grant Conspiracy, a band comprising more than 30 musicians from all over the world. The players get together as their schedules permit, making music tinged with the blues, jazz and folk influences. David Greenberger has a review.
Music Review: 'Punk Rock' from The Mekons
March 3, 2004 • Critic Milo Miles reviews Punk Rock (Quarterstick label) the new record by the Mekons, recorded during their 2002 tour.
Four Decades Later, Wilson's 'Smile' Hits London
February 25, 2004 • Bill Radke reviews former Beach Boy Brian Wilson's long-anticipated London performance of songs from his unreleased album Smile.
Embed <iframe src="https://www.npr.org/player/embed/1700586/95703711" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" title="NPR embedded audio player">
Music Review: 'Feels Like Home' from Norah Jones
February 19, 2004 • Jazz critic Kevin Whitehead reviews Jones' second album, Feels Like Home, on the jazz label Blue Note.
'Foly!' from Mali's Habib Koite
February 12, 2004 • Malian guitarist Habib Koite issues a new live album, Foly!. The double-disc release is an attempt to capture the flavor of Koite's live performances, which bring out the many influences in his blend of Afro-pop, from jazz to classical and rock. Music critic Banning Eyre has a review.
Music Review: 'Margerine Eclipse' from Stereolab
February 5, 2004 • The electronic-pop group Stereolab releases its first full-length CD since losing a core member to a cycling accident. The new album is called Margerine Eclipse. Critic Tom Moon has a review.
Rock History: Television
January 29, 2004 • Rock historian Ed Ward looks at the early days of the Neon Boys who became the band Television. The "lost" third album by Television has just come out on CD — a 25-year old live broadcast, and their first two albums have just been remastered.
Music Review: 'Cuckooland' from Robert Wyatt
January 20, 2004 • Robert Wyatt releases his first CD in six years, Cuckooland. Wyatt is joined on the new CD by Brian Eno, David Gilmour and Wyatt's wife, Alfreda Benge, who co-wrote many of the songs. David Greenberger has a review.
Music Review: 'Simple Truths' from the Holmes Brothers
January 19, 2004 • The three Holmes Brothers have been playing music since 1979, a mix of gospel and blues — particularly electric blues. Their new CD, Simple Truths, features both originals and songs by Willie Nelson, Hank Williams and Bob Marley. Grammy-winning producer Craig Street, who has worked with Norah Jones and Cassandra Wilson, produced the record. Meredith Ochs has a review.
Joshua Bell's New 'Romance'
January 4, 2004 • Joshua Bell plays a Stradivarius violin built in 1713 that's been notoriously stolen a few times. On his latest CD, the young virtuoso borrows a few great classical melodies and transposes them. He discusses his results with NPR's Liane Hansen.
Music Review: 'This Is Not A Test' from Missy Elliott
December 30, 2003 • Independent music critic Christian Bordal reviews Missy Elliott's new CD, This Is Not A Test.
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Cybersecurity with Leonard Moodispaw, Chairman & CEO of KEYW
Chris Versace
Joining me today on PowerTalk is Leonard Moodispaw — chairman and CEO of KEYW Holding Corp. (KEYW), a publicly traded company that provides cybersecurity and geospatial intelligence solutions for U.S. government, intelligence and defense customers, as well as commercial enterprises.
As we move more and more of our lives into the digital frontier, we are exposed to a different set of risks. Whether you are a person, a business or a government, the way in which you need to secure yourself is far different than it was two to three years ago, let alone 20 years ago.
What I just described is the downside of my Always On, Always Connected PowerTrend.
Cyber attacks, including website and email hacking, malware infection and targeted denial of service, are being increasingly reported by private users and government departments.
How big of a threat is it?
Companies such as Google (GOOG), Twitter, Facebook (FB), Evernote and, recently, Adobe (ADBE) all have reported being hacked. In fact, Adobe announced it suffered a massive security breach which compromised the IDs, passwords and credit card information of nearly three million customers.
That???s pretty bad, but it gets worse.
As Verizon (VZ) noted in its 2013 Data Breach Investigation Report, it experienced more than 47,000 reported security incidents and 621 confirmed data breaches last year. Over the entire nine-year range of this study, that tally now exceeds 2,500 data breaches and 1.1 billion compromised records.
With that as a backdrop, does it come as a surprise that the Department of Homeland Security awarded a $6 billion contract to 17 companies to protect the government against cybersecurity threats?
That???s good news for KEYW. While its list of intelligence community customers may sound like a lot of alphabet soup, it???s important to realize that its clientele includes NSA, NRO, NGA, AGC and other agencies within the intelligence community and Department of Defense (DoD). Winning business from those customers and others led KEYW to deliver revenues of $240 million last year — that???s up substantially from the $39 million in revenue it achieved in 2009.
During our time together, Leonard and I talk about what???s going on in the cybersecurity market, how KEYW has been able to deliver that great revenue growth, a new KEYW product offering — HawkEye G, the industry???s first truly active defense solution to detect stealthy advanced threats — and more.
While KEYW may not be a mainstream name today, once you listen to today???s PowerTalk, I suspect you???ll want to know more about the company.
Listen to my behind-the-scenes PowerTalk conversation now, so you are even more in the know:
Access prior PowerTalk interviews here:
Trucking — the Lifeblood of the Economy with Chris Burruss, President of the Truckload Carriers Association
Where and How Reading is Going with Kobo CEO Mike Serbinis
Big Business and Potential Regulatory Costs with Lynn Liddle of Domino's Pizza
Eyeing Wireless and Broadband Opportunities amid FCC Pain Points
The Opportunity in the Soon-to-be Electronic Medical Records Pain Point
To subscribe to Chris Versace's PowerTrend Profits newsletter, click here now. Or visit www.ChrisVersace.com.
Press Contact: Patricia Jackson 202/677-4478 * pjackson@eaglepub.com.
Neil Cavuto wants to set some things straight
Shutdown endgame: focused argument or "grand bargain?"
Written By Chris Versace
Chris Versace is a financial columnist and equity analyst with more than 18 years of experience in the investment industry. He has been ranked an All Star Analyst by Zacks Investment Research and his efforts in analyzing industries, companies and equity securities have been recognized by both Institutional Investor and Thomson Reuters??? StarMine Monitor. He???s frequently published in The Washington Times and is a frequent contributor to the daily radio show ???America???s Morning News??? and ???America???s Radio News???. He has been quoted in the Wall Street Journal, Investor???s Business Daily, The Street, USA Today and other publications. In addition, he can be frequently seen on television???s ???Fox Business??? show.


text:
#ifndef TENSORFLOW_LITE_DELEGATES_GPU_COMMON_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT_INTERNAL_H_
#define TENSORFLOW_LITE_DELEGATES_GPU_COMMON_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT_INTERNAL_H_

#include <stddef.h>

#include <limits>
#include <vector>

#include "absl/memory/memory.h"
#include "tensorflow/lite/delegates/gpu/common/memory_management/types.h"
#include "tensorflow/lite/delegates/gpu/common/types.h"

namespace tflite {
namespace gpu {

const size_t kNotAssigned = std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max();

// This structure is used to save the initial indices of usage records after
// they are sorted.
template <typename TensorSizeT>
struct TensorUsageWithIndex {
  const TensorUsageRecord<TensorSizeT>* usage_record;
  size_t idx;

  TensorUsageWithIndex(const TensorUsageRecord<TensorSizeT>* usage_record,
                       size_t idx)
      : usage_record(usage_record), idx(idx) {}
};

bool CompareBySize(const TensorUsageWithIndex<size_t>& first,
                   const TensorUsageWithIndex<size_t>& second);

// TaskProfile is a vector with information about all intermediate tensors, that
// should exist in memory during the execution of the task. Elements of the
// vector must be sorted in non-increasing order of corresponding tensors sizes.
using TaskProfile = std::vector<TensorUsageWithIndex<size_t>>;

// Size of object, that covers both input objects (2-dimensional case).
bool IsCoveringObject(const uint2& first_object, const uint2& second_object);

// Size of object, that covers both input objects (3-dimensional case).
bool IsCoveringObject(const uint3& first_object, const uint3& second_object);

// Difference between two objects in elements count (1-dimensional case).
size_t AbsDiffInElements(const size_t first_size, const size_t second_size);

// Difference between two objects in elements count (2-dimensional case).
size_t AbsDiffInElements(const uint2& first_size, const uint2& second_size);

// Difference between two objects in elements count (3-dimensional case).
size_t AbsDiffInElements(const uint3& first_size, const uint3& second_size);

template <typename ObjectSizeT>
struct PoolRecord {
  PoolRecord(ObjectSizeT size, size_t obj_id)
      : object_size(size), object_id(obj_id) {}

  // Objects in pool are ordered by size.
  bool operator<(const PoolRecord& other) const {
    return (object_size < other.object_size) ||
           (object_size == other.object_size && object_id < other.object_id);
  }

  ObjectSizeT object_size;
  size_t object_id;
};

struct QueueRecord {
  QueueRecord(TaskId task_id, size_t obj_id)
      : last_task(task_id), object_id(obj_id) {}

  // Objects in queue are ordered by last_task.
  bool operator<(const QueueRecord& other) const {
    return (last_task > other.last_task) ||
           (last_task == other.last_task && object_id > other.object_id);
  }

  // Last task, where shared object is used.
  TaskId last_task;
  size_t object_id;
};

// Returns a vector that contains TaskProfile for each task.
std::vector<TaskProfile> CalculateTaskProfiles(
    const std::vector<TensorUsageRecord<size_t>>& usage_records);

// Iterates over all task profiles to calculate maximum at each position.
std::vector<size_t> CalculatePositionalMaximums(
    const std::vector<TensorUsageRecord<size_t>>& usage_records);

}  // namespace gpu
}  // namespace tflite

#endif  // TENSORFLOW_LITE_DELEGATES_GPU_COMMON_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT_INTERNAL_H_

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Home/Space/Satellite/Government/The #SpaceWatchME Interviews: Matthew Desch of Iridium
The #SpaceWatchME Interviews: Matthew Desch of Iridium
As part of a partnership between SpaceWatch Middle East and the World Space Risk Forum we will occasionally be publishing selected articles and interviews from that organisation. The World Space Risk Forum (WSRF) was set up in 2010 for the global space community to better understand space risks, new technologies, and innovations with the end goal of finding ways to best mitigate risks, allowing space to become a safer place to do business. The flagship event of the WSRF is a conference that is held every two years in Dubai. The upcoming WSRF conference will take place 15th June 2017 in London.
In addition to the conference, the WSRF provides a platform for continual dialogue and its website provides a number of resources to better understand the latest news from the Space risk industry.
Reproduced here is the interview with Matthew Desch, CEO of Iridum, publish in the WSRF Newsletter of March 2017.
Congratulations on the successful launch and the in-orbit deployment which so far seems to be progressing smoothly, even faster than anticipated. Do you expect the delay leading up to the first launch to have impacted the business in the medium to long term or will you be able to catch up on the lost subscribers and increased financing costs quickly? Can you give us a quick update of how your subscriber base is developing?
The initial delays, though frustrating, have not greatly impacted our progress or overall subscriber growth. Even with the delays, we are on track for full deployment in 2018, which has been the target and the expectation for our customers and partners for some time. Additionally, since we are replacing our existing network with new satellites, subscribers will not be without services throughout the constellation replacement. We're excited and anxious though to take advantage of the new Iridium® NEXT services – like faster broadband service and Aireon's flight tracking business. Regarding our subscriber base, it continues to steadily grow, especially within our government, maritime broadband and Internet of Things (IoT) lines of business. On our Q4 earnings call we noted that we ended 2016 with 850,000 total billable subscribers, which compares to 782,000 at the end of 2015. That is a nine percent year-over-year growth rate.
Looking forward the Falcon 9 launch schedule still has to prove itself to be reliable. Does this remain a significant risk to you or have any further launch delays fallen down your risk register? What do you see as your most significant remaining risk?
The Falcon 9 is proving to be a reliable launch platform, but agree that SpaceX needs to really step up the pace to complete our launches this year and next – and I think they will. Though they have a busy launch manifest, we remain confident in their ability to successfully deliver Iridium NEXT to orbit. I think launch delays remain one of our risks to completion, but with every successful launch that risk is declining quickly.
It is great to see the first 'images' from the AireonSM payload which has the potential to validate the LEO hosted payload model. With the advance of 'mega constellations' and cubesats, do you see a continued market for other LEO hosted payloads in the future? Are all the hosted payload spaces in the Iridium constellation 'taken' or do you still have spare capacity?
We've been very successful with hosted payloads, building businesses like Aireon that would have been difficult to afford as a standalone system. Building satellites with the capacity for hosted payloads creates an efficient and more affordable means for companies to access space and can be valuable for the host satellite operator as well. Companies are not burdened with the heavy infrastructure and launch contract costs, making hosted payloads an attractive option. This is especially true for companies that do not like the costs associated with replacing their cubesat/smallsat constellations every few years. As more LEOs are funded, I'm sure some of them will also try to create opportunities for hosted payloads, though they're not easy to work out, given that both the host and hosted must be synchronized in funding, timing, and technology. Our Iridium NEXT satellites' hosted payload capacity is 100 percent booked; however, opportunities still exist for companies interested in exploring hosted payloads on Iridium NEXT compatible satellites.
Iridium was instrumental in proving the new generation of constellations and you are now being followed by very ambitious projects such as OneWeb, Planet/Terra Bella and others, as well as the new MEO/V-band filings etc. There is already talk of a potential 'bubble'. Do you think that finance is/has been too loose, hence enabling such a bubble or do you believe that the projects obtaining finance today are viable? Which of the upcoming projects do you see as having the potentially biggest impact on your own business?
It's a long, hard road to fully deploy a LEO satellite constellation – we're certainly a successful example of that, but it's been over 25 years since our constellation was conceived. I can't really speak to the business plans for the LEOs that have announced – they are all trying to do something very different to what we are doing. All the LEOs I've seen and talked with who are targeting very high broadband rates in Ka, Ku or V-bands are more likely to be complementary and possible partners for Iridium, rather than being very competitive. That's due to the very different nature of L-band and the way we've optimized services from our unique, cross-linked mesh satellite network, than what's likely from the swarms of announced LEO bent-piped satellites focused on what I would call more "commodity broadband services".
As a CEO you must be planning years into the future and the full deployment of Iridium NEXT has already happened. What will be the next big step for Iridium – and do you think that you will be able to find the necessary finance for it?
The first 10 of 75 Iridium NEXT satellites have so far been launched into low Earth orbit. SpaceX currently has our second launch scheduled for mid-June, with the remaining launches taking place approximately every two months thereafter. This schedule allows the Iridium NEXT constellation to be fully deployed by mid-2018. Iridium NEXT is a new era for the company and the industry in general. The new constellation will enable new technologies from both us and our partners, and we are excited to see what the future holds. Specifically, we will be delivering, Iridium CertusSM, our next-generation platform offering a suite of enterprise-grade communications solutions to all industry verticals. Iridium NEXT satellites are fully programmable, and we already have a lot of ideas for many new services in the maritime, aviation and terrestrial (particularly vehicular and portable) markets – both alone and in conjunction with other satellite and terrestrial partners. Most importantly, when we complete Iridium NEXT in 2018, we start a long period of much lower capital expense, which means our growing cash flows will transform our bottom line, and provide us with exciting possibilities for creating additional shareholder value. I'm looking forward to our potential with a new network and the financial resources of a mature satellite company with high operating margins!
Republished at: https://spacewatch.global/2017/04/spacewatchme-interviews-matthew-desch-iridium/
Previous #SpaceWatchME Forecast: SpaceForum 2017 – To the Conquest of Space
Next Liquid Telecom and Intelsat Team to Expand High Performance Broadband Services in Africa
The European Space Agency (ESA) wants to accelerate the use of space in Europe with an annual budget of € 7.15 billion, the agency said. The largest envelopes are invested in Earth Observation (€ 1.6 billion), Navigation (€ 1.5 billion), and Space Transportation (€ 1 billion). Copernicus suffers a budget shortfall of € 750 million due to the withdrawal of the UK.
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Key West is a city in Monroe County, Florida, United States. The city encompasses the island of Key West, the part of Stock Island north of U.S. 1, Sigsbee Park, Fleming Key, and Sunset Key. Both Fleming Key and Sigsbee Park are part of Naval Air Station Key West and are inaccessible by civilians. Key West is the county seat of Monroe County. Key West is the southernmost city in the Continental United States. It also contains the southern terminus of U.S. 1, State Road A1A, the East Coast Greenway and, before 1935, the Florida East Coast Railway. Key West is 129 miles southwest of Miami, Florida, and 106 miles north-northeast of Havana, Cuba. Cuba, at its closest point, is 94 statute ... more on Wikipedia
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On behalf of the Committees for the 29th Annual Symposium of The Protein Society, we would like to express our thanks to you for attending and actively participating in this Congress. We hope the congress proved instructive and entertaining for you, as well as providing you with an excellent opportunity for networking and meeting colleagues from around the world.
Thank you to all the delegates and speakers who made the 29th Annual Symposium of The Protein Society such a success and memorable event.


As regular readers of our blog will know we like to find articles that relate to our pipe and cigar smoking pastime, whether they are challenging, informative, educational or just plain interesting. This latest article is copied from an article written for the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, an Institute I've never before heard of and therefore can't vouch for in the slightest. However, with that caveat in place I found the article interesting nonetheless and thought it was worth sharing here… Enjoy, and as always please feel free to comment below or share the article!
In 1560 the French ambassador in Portugal, Jean Nicot de Villemain, sent newly discovered seeds to the French king. These seeds would grow a plant that we today know as tobacco, or more properly Nicotiana Tabacum (named after the ambassador).
Although it would take a while for the hobby of smoking tobacco to catch on in the old world, it was already a popular practice amongst the native inhabitants in the western hemisphere.
Smoking comes in forms that are both "habit" and "ritual" – it is an integral part of many cultures.
This article will provide analysis of tobacco's most seductive chemical compound, nicotine. We will look at research on the effects of nicotine on the mind, particularly memory. We will discuss the availability of nicotine in different forms, and the subjective experience of these different forms and their effects.
This article will serve as an introductory and demystifying guide to the effects of nicotine on the brain and body.
Lets begin with talking about nicotine and how it relates to brain function.
Nicotine is a compound that is very closely related to a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is, firstly, one of the most significant neurotransmitters that are responsible for memory and learning faculties. Secondly, acetylcholine has a functioning capacity over the immune system as well as a remarkable ability to reduce inflammation in the body, which is correlational to every known disease.
For example, in 2005 a scientific paper showed that inflammation was reduced via what is called the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, which is a system of processes in the brain that require the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. [1, 5] Nicotine, a typical nicotinic acetylcholine agonist, reduced the process of potentially dangerous inflammation.
Nicotine, as an anti-inflammatory choline agonist, has been used as treatments against both blood poisoning  as well as ulcerative colitis .
Recent studies also find incredible benefits of nicotine on human memory and cognition.
A 2015 Chinese study showed acute nicotine injections into rats increased the neuroprotective effects of BDNF (Brain-derived neurotrophic factor) as well as reducing and suppressing the brain-deficit effects of LPS (Lipopolysaccharide) .
In 2012, Canadian scientists compared groups of both smokers and non-smokers. In a double-blind coed study, the scientists used EEG to measure different groups of individuals . Some were given nicotine gum, some a placebo. The EEG was used to measure the working memory of the tests subjects as they completed memory tasks. The results showed that those who were given nicotine treatments via the gum, showed greater cognitive enhancements over the placebo group.
The conclusions were cautious. Although there may be cognitive enhancement via nicotine treatments, this does not discount possible counteracting effects. This is because the underlying causal mechanisms for this enhancement are unclear, and require further study.
The above examples are only a few of the many studies that have been conducted over the past decade that show a causal relation between nicotine and its positive cholinergic effects on memory.
Cigarettes vary in size, strength and brand. In regards to nicotine, each cigarette contains an average of 12mg of the compound and the average absorption of nicotine is roughly 0.95mg . Currently cigarettes contain over 4,000 different chemicals, of which 43-69 are carcinogenic. Cigarettes, due to their smallness and off-putting odor, have never appealed to me, and my lack of subjective experience forces me to withhold judgment.
Ah, the grand old stogie. One of the oldest forms of smoking tobacco, the cigar induces images of elitism and high society. The cigar industry has been booming in the last few decades as the number of cigarette smokers decided to look for a less harmful alternative.
Cigar smokers differ from other forms of smokers because they do not habitually inhale the smoke. The purpose of cigar smoking is very different than that of cigarette smoking. The purpose is actually to not get the nicotinic effects; rather they are to enjoy the complex flavor profiles that different cigars possess. In many cases, cigar aficionados will review cigars poorly if they get lightheaded or nauseous from nicotine.
As a regular cigar enjoyer, I have come to a similar conclusion: the enjoyment of a cigar is not in the nicotinic effects that they sometimes induce, but rather to become immersed in the culture of flavors that the industry offers. This doesn't mean I haven't experienced particularly potent cigars – I definitely have, but I don't enjoy them. For me, the nicotinic effects of cigars are either unnoticeable, or overly powerful. The former is always more preferable then the latter.
This is the oldest form of smoking. Pipe smoking is particularly interesting to me because the sub-cultures of pipe smoking are very diverse. Some people enjoy collecting pipes more then they do smoking them. Pipes come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes as well as an immense variety of materials. The most common is briarwood due to its extreme density and amazing ability to disperse heat.
The sub-culture of tobacco collecting is also various. Pipe tobacco comes in many forms: from the loose cut, to the flake, to the crumble cake, to the plug. Each of these forms requires different preparation methods. Many of these tobaccos don't come from the Caribbean area where cigar tobacco is grown. Many of most sought after forms of pipe tobacco come from Turkey and Syria.
Pipes are a classic, distinguishing way to enjoy tobacco, and nicotine. In my own experience, smoking a bowl of pipe tobacco definitely provides a 'buzz' that is usually lacking in cigars. This is one of the great divides between pipe and cigar smoking.
Nicotine gum and patches are popular ways to wean oneself off the habit of cigarette smoking. The gum typically comes in a lower dose, approximately 2mg of nicotine, as well as a higher dose for more intense smokers, approximately 4mg.
These forms have become popular ways for college students to passively ingest nicotine, gaining the effects but avoiding the harmful carcinogens that accompany burning tobacco.
The billion-dollar industry of 'vaping' uses a vaporizing device to inhale nicotine enriched smoke. Vaporizers come in portable forms and tabletop ones. You are can purchase vaporizers that consume dry herbs (raw tobacco leaf), waxes, and eliquid. The substance of choice is put into the bowl or oven of the device and exposed to a high temperature until the vapor of the evaporating moisture is created and thus consumed.
For this article I purchased two different vaporizers – the Pax 2 dry herb vaporizer for use with my pipe tobacco, and a pen style e-liquid vaporizer. Neither was able to give me the calm and focusing 'buzz' that a regular bowl of pipe tobacco would, but it did have a noticeably more potent effect on me in a shorter period of time and with less exposure. I was also surprised by the dry-herb vaporizers ability to preserve much of the tobacco flavor.
This article is not a treatise urging people to continue smoking. It simply explains that nicotine offers potential cognitive enhancements. Consumption of tobacco has been shown in numerous studies to be harmful, and nicotine does pose potential harm if abused. To discount nicotine entirely because it is intimately tied to the dangers of smoking does a disservice to potential future discoveries.
Nicotine's role in affecting memory is indisputable, however, further study is required to understand comprehensively what exactly is occurring in our bodies when exposed to nicotine.
1. Pavlov V.A. Tracey, K.J. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity.2005: 19, 493 – 49.
4. Wei, P., Liu, Q., Li, D., Zheng, Q., Zhou, J., & Li, J. (2015). Acute nicotine treatment attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive dysfunction by increasing BDNF expression and inhibiting neuroinflammation in the rat hippocampus. Neuroscience Letters, 161-166.
6. Rangani, R., Upadhya, M., Nakhate, K., Kokare, D., & Subhedar, N. (n.d.). Nicotine evoked improvement in learning and memory is mediated through NPY Y1 receptors in rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Peptides, 317-328.
7. Fisher, D., Knobelsdorf, A., Jaworska, N., Daniels, R., & Knott, V. (2012). Effects of nicotine on electroencephalographic (EEG) and behavioural measures of visual working memory in non-smokers during a dual-task paradigm. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 494-500.
This entry was posted in General and tagged addictive, alzheimers, buy pipes, buy tobacco, cigar smoking, cigars, inflammation, memory, nicotine, pipe smoing, smokers, tobacco, vaping. Bookmark the permalink.
Would be good to know the relative nicotine content of cigars, pipe tobacco, and vapes too.


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Relationship Goals?
1 year ago Wynter Bond Comments Off on Relationship Goals?
Every day, there's a new couple breaking up. Some of them I couldn't care less about, but there are some that make me feel like I'm being personally attacked. But then, there are those couples that make me believe in love again, and if anything were to happen to them I would feel like there's absolutely no hope for someone as plebeian as myself.
Take Chrissy Teigen and John Legend for example. They married in September 2013 and have been eloquently gracing the world with their combined presence ever since. I can't go a day without checking out Teigen's social media, whether it be Twitter or Instagram. She is hilarious, beautiful, hard-working and doesn't put up with anyone's bull. It's INSPIRING. Legend's voice is like when it's raining but your paper is miraculously bone-dry: an amazing, beautiful thing in a messed-up world. Put them both together and you get the most perfect balanced breakfast. They constantly show the world their vulnerable side while also showing nothing but love and support for one another. I love the fact they're goofy, like when Teigen was drunk after an awards show and Legend took off her shoes as she laid on the kitchen floor. GOALS! Or like when the couple was having a pool day and Legend took a video of his wife balancing a plate of chicken wings on her hip as she relaxed in a pool float. A. PLATE. OF. CHICKEN. WINGS. I saw that and my heart melted like ice on the hottest day in San Antonio. Not only are they a perfect couple, they also have adorable children. Their daughter, Luna Simone, was born via in vitro in April 2016. She looks just like her mother with her father's dark and soulful eyes. They are expecting a baby boy later this year.
A couple I NEVER expected to be couple goals is Justin Bieber and Selena Gomez. I know, I know, but hear me out: Gomez and Bieber are the textbook definition of "If it's meant to be, they'll come back." The couple was all over tabloids and social media in late 2010 when they began their relationship. There were cute ice cream and bike riding dates and the smile never left Gomez's face. Then, they broke up in 2013. Beliebers were happy because it meant that their Canadian heartthrob was back on the market, but it appeared as though the sun had left Gomez's life. There were emotional songs and even albums from one another that seemed to be dedicated to the other. They both dated other people, went through health scares, until one scare proved to be too much for them to remain apart. Gomez underwent surgery last year for a kidney transplant related to her lupus condition. Soon after, there were reports of Bieber checking on her and going to be with her. Then there were pictures of them together and not too long after there were pictures of them on dates and exhibiting PDA as well as talks of them going to couples counseling. These two went through so much and still found their way to each other. It takes a lot to endure the pain they must have went through and then return to each other.
The new couple on the block Halsey and G-Eazy make me so happy. They have such intense chemistry and a unique view on life. Every time I see this couple they look so happy and completely at ease with each other, and that's what I want. Musically, they sound made for each other, like G-Eazy's single "Him and I" that Halsey features on. They're like the musical Bonnie and Clyde, but without all of the illegal activity and death. I hope they stay together forever, because they're so powerful with the stories they tell and the image of strength and inclusivity that they project.
These couples allow us into their private lives, and that is such a beautiful thing. They give us yet another thing to aspire to. We set our own standards, sure, but everyone deserves a John Legend or a Selena Gomez or a Halsey. We all deserve to feel like a Chrissy Teigen or Justin Bieber or G-Eazy. It's not unattainable.
Wynter Bond
wcbond@vwu.edu
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How to replace the turn signal and reverse (back up) bulbs in the tail light assembly of a 2007 to 2011 Toyota Camry.
This automotive maintenance "how-to" guide was specifically written to assist owners of the XV40 6th generation (2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 & 2011) Toyota Camry sedan in replacing the turn signal and reverse (back up) bulbs in the tail light assembly.
Owners of other Toyota, Lexus or Scion vehicles such as the Corolla, Matrix, Yaris, Avalon, Venza, RAV4, FJ Cruiser, Highlander, 4Runner, Sequoia, Land Cruiser, Tacoma, Sienna, Aurion, Solara, IS 250, IS 350, ES 350, GS 350, LS 460, tC, xB, xD, and iQ may also find guide to be helpful.
Replacement bulbs with their respective part numbers are as follows: Rear Turn Signal # 7440 and Reverse # 921, (2007-2009 models only) Brake Light # 7443, and side marker # 194.
The brake, side marker and high mount third brake light of a 2010 or 2011 Camry are LED bulbs and should last the life of the car.
No tools are needed to replace the turn signal bulb.
A small flathead screwdriver is required to replace the reverse bulb.
To replace the rear turn signal light bulb of a 2010-2011 Toyota Camry, open the trunk and locate the grey carpet flap at the corner.
Pull the flap away from the rear of the vehicle to reveal the tan colored turn signal light bulb socket.
Rotate the socket 1/4 turn counter clockwise, pull the socket straight out of the tail light assembly and pull the old # 7440 bulb straight out of the socket.
Push in a new # 7440 bulb, insert the bulb and socket into the tail light and rotate it 1/4 turn clockwise to lock it in place.
For 2007-2009 Toyota Camry vehicles, pulling back the flap or removing fasteners from the trunk carpeting will reveal the sockets for the brake, rear turn signal and side marker light bulbs.
Turn the socket 1/4 turn counter clockwise, remove the socket from the tail light, pull the old bulb straight out of the socket and push in a new bulb.
Insert the bulb and socket back into the tail light and rotate it 1/4 turn clockwise to secure it in place.
Close the access flap or replace the trunk carpeting fasteners depending on your Camry's model year.
To replace the reverse or "back up" light bulb requires removing at least two of the black plastic trunk carpet fasteners with a small flathead screwdriver.
Use the blade of the flathead screwdriver to pop out the inner circle of the fastener and the pull out the entire pop rivet.
Pull back the carpeting from the trunk door to reveal the grey plastic reverse light bulb socket.
Rotate the reverse light bulb socket 1/4 turn counter clockwise to unlock it and pull it straight out of the trunk.
Pull the old # 921 bulb straight out of the socket and push in a new bulb. Insert the bulb and socket back into the underside of the trunk lid and rotate it 1/4 turn clockwise to secure it in place.
If you have a 2007, 2008 or 2009 Camry, the other bulb part numbers are Brake Light # 7443, and side marker # 194.
Re-insert the plastic trunk carpet fasteners and close the trunk lid.
Test the new light bulbs by having someone step on the brakes, activate the hazard signals and put the car in reverse.


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Learning & Values Daily Study
Rambam - 1 Chapter a Day
Beit Habechirah - Chapter 8
Thursday, 24 Tishrei 5782 / September 30, 2021
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Yehoshua B. Gordon - Rambam: Beit Habechirah, Chapter 8 (27:29)
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SIE Rambam - 8th Perek: Laws of Beis HaBechira (18:24)
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There is a positive mitzvah to guard the Temple.1 [This mitzvah applies] even though there is no fear of enemies or thieves, for the guarding [of the Temple] is an expression of respect for it. A palace with guards is [much more impressive] than a palace without guards.2
שְׁמִירַת הַמִּקְדָּשׁ מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה. וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין שָׁם פַּחַד מֵאוֹיְבִים וְלֹא מִלִּסְטִים. שֶׁאֵין שְׁמִירָתוֹ אֶלָּא כָּבוֹד לוֹ. אֵינוֹ דּוֹמֶה פַּלְטֵרִין שֶׁיֵּשׁ עָלָיו שׁוֹמְרִין לְפַלְטֵרִין שֶׁאֵין עָלָיו שׁוֹמְרִין:
The mitzvah of guarding [the Temple] applies throughout the night.3
The priests and Levites shall serve as guards,4 as [Numbers 18:2] states: "And you and your sons [shall be] before the tent of the testimony,"5 i.e., you shall keep watch over it. Also, [ibid. 18:4] states: "And they [the Levites] shall watch over the Tent of Meeting,"6 and [ibid. 3:38] states: "And Moses,7 Aharon, and his sons8 shall camp before the Sanctuary towards the east, and they will be the guardians of the holy watch."9
וּשְׁמִירָה זוֹ מִצְוָתָהּ כָּל הַלַּיְלָה. וְהַשּׁוֹמְרִים הֵם הַכֹּהֲנִים וְהַלְוִיִּם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר יח ב) "וְאַתָּה וּבָנֶיךָ אִתָּךְ לִפְנֵי אֹהֶל הָעֵדֻת". כְּלוֹמַר אַתֶּם תִּהְיוּ שׁוֹמְרִים לוֹ. וַהֲרֵי נֶאֱמַר (במדבר יח ד) "וְשָׁמְרוּ אֶת מִשְׁמֶרֶת אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד" וְנֶאֱמַר (במדבר ג לח) "וְהַחֹנִים קֵדְמָה לִפְנֵי אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד מִזְרָחָה משֶׁה וְאַהֲרֹן וּבָנָיו שֹׁמְרֵי מִשְׁמֶרֶת הַקֹּדֶשׁ":
Anyone who nullifies this watch transgress a negative commandment,10 as [Numbers 18:5] states: "And you shall take care to keep the Holy Watch." Any form of the verb, shemar, "take care," implies a warning against transgressing a negative command.11
Thus, guarding [the Temple fulfills] a positive command and nullifying its watch [represents the violation of] a negative command.
וְאִם בִּטְּלוּ שְׁמִירָה עָבְרוּ בְּלֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר יח ה) "וְשָׁמְרוּ אֶת מִשְׁמֶרֶת הַקֹּדֶשׁ". וּלְשׁוֹן שְׁמִירָה אַזְהָרָה הִיא הָא לָמַדְתָּ שֶׁשְּׁמִירָתוֹ מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה. וּבִטּוּל שְׁמִירָתוֹ מִצְוַת לֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה:
The mitzvah of guarding [the Temple] is [as follows:] The priests stood guard from the inside and the Levites from the outside.12 24 groups of guards stood watch over it continuously, each night, in 24 [different] places.13 The priests stood guard in three places14 and the Levites, in 21 places.15
מִצְוַת שְׁמִירָתוֹ שֶׁיִּהְיוּ הַכֹּהֲנִים שׁוֹמְרִים מִבִּפְנִים וְהַלְוִיִּם מִבַּחוּץ. וְכ''ד עֵדָה שׁוֹמְרִין אוֹתוֹ בְּכָל לַיְלָה תָּמִיד בְּכ''ד מָקוֹם. הַכֹּהֲנִים בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה מְקוֹמוֹת וְהַלְוִיִּם בְּכ''א מָקוֹם:
Where did they keep watch? The priests kept watch in the Chamber of Avtinas, the Chamber of the Spark, and the Chamber of the Hearth.16
The Chamber of Avtinas17 and the Chamber of the Spark18 were two-storey structures built at the sides of the gates of the Temple Courtyard.19 The young priests kept watch there.20
The Chamber of the Hearth was a large, domed structure,21 surrounded [on the inside] with projections of stone.22 The elders of the priestly watch of that day23 slept there24 with the keys to the Temple Courtyard25 in their hands.26
וְהֵיכָן הָיוּ שׁוֹמְרִים. כֹּהֲנִים הָיוּ שׁוֹמְרִים בְּבֵית אַבְטִינַס וּבְבֵית הַנִּיצוֹץ וּבְבֵית הַמּוֹקֵד. בֵּית אַבְטִינַס וּבֵית הַנִּיצוֹץ הָיוּ עֲלִיּוֹת בְּנוּיוֹת בְּצַד שַׁעֲרֵי הָעֲזָרָה וְהָרוֹבִין הָיוּ שׁוֹמְרִים שָׁם. בֵּית הַמּוֹקֵד כִּפָּה וּבַיִת גָּדוֹל הָיָה מֻקָּף רְבָדִין שֶׁל אֶבֶן וְזִקְנֵי בֵּית אָב שֶׁל אוֹתוֹ הַיּוֹם הָיוּ יְשֵׁנִים שָׁם וּמַפְתְּחוֹת הָעֲזָרָה בְּיָדָם:
The priests on watch did not sleep27 in the priestly garments.28 Instead, they folded them, placed them at their heads,29 and wore their own clothes.
They slept on the ground. It is customary for all those who stand watch over the courtyards of kings not to sleep on beds.
לֹא הָיוּ הַכֹּהֲנִים הַשּׁוֹמְרִים יְשֵׁנִים בְּבִגְדֵי כְּהֻנָּה אֶלָּא מְקַפְּלִין אוֹתָן וּמַנִּיחִין אוֹתָן כְּנֶגֶד רָאשֵׁיהֶן וְלוֹבְשִׁין בִּגְדֵי עַצְמָן וִישֵׁנִים עַל הָאָרֶץ. כְּדֶרֶךְ כָּל שׁוֹמְרֵי חַצְרוֹת הַמְּלָכִים שֶׁלֹּא יִישְׁנוּ עַל הַמִּטּוֹת:
If one of them had a seminal emission [in his sleep],30 he would proceed down the winding underground stairwell.31 [There was no prohibition involved], because the underground passageways that opened up to [the portion of] the Temple Mount [outside the Courtyard] were not consecrated.32
[There,] he would immerse himself. [He would then] return and sit among his fellow priests33 until the gates were opened in the morning. [At that time,] he would leave and proceed [to his own affairs].34
אֵרַע קֶרִי לָאֶחָד מֵהֶן. הוֹלֵךְ בַּמְּסִבָּה שֶׁתַּחַת הַקַּרְקַע שֶׁהַמְּחִלּוֹת הַפְּתוּחוֹת לְהַר הַבַּיִת לֹא נִתְקַדְּשׁוּ וְטוֹבֵל וְחוֹזֵר וְיוֹשֵׁב אֵצֶל אֶחָיו הַכֹּהֲנִים עַד שֶׁנִּפְתָּחִין הַשְּׁעָרִים בַּבֹּקֶר יוֹצֵא וְהוֹלֵךְ לוֹ:
Where would the Levites stand watch?35
Inside the five gates to the Temple Mount;36
At its four corners [of the wall surrounding the Temple Mount] from the inside;
At the outside of four corners of the Temple Courtyard, for it is forbidden to sit in the Temple Courtyard;37
At the outside of five [of the seven] gates to the Temple Courtyard, for the priests stood watch at [the remaining two gates], the Chamber of the Hearth and the Gate of the Spark;38
a total of eighteen locations.
וְהֵיכָן הָיוּ הַלְוִיִּם שׁוֹמְרִים. עַל חֲמִשָּׁה שַׁעֲרֵי הַר הַבַּיִת. וְעַל אַרְבַּע פִּנּוֹתָיו מִתּוֹכוֹ. וְעַל אַרְבַּע פִּנּוֹת הָעֲזָרָה מִבַּחוּץ שֶׁאָסוּר לֵישֵׁב בָּעֲזָרָה. וְעַל חֲמִשָּׁה שַׁעֲרֵי הָעֲזָרָה חוּץ לָעֲזָרָה שֶׁהֲרֵי הַכֹּהֲנִים שׁוֹמְרִים עַל שַׁעַר הַמּוֹקֵד וְעַל שַׁעַר הַנִּיצוֹץ. הֲרֵי שְׁמוֹנָה עָשָׂר מָקוֹם:
They also stood watch in the Chamber of the Sacrifices,39 the Chamber of the Parochet,40 and behind the Holy of Holies.41
וְעוֹד שׁוֹמְרִים בְּלִשְׁכַּת הַקָּרְבָּן וּבְלִשְׁכַּת הַפָּרֹכֶת וַאֲחוֹרֵי בֵּית הַכַּפֹּרֶת:
An overseer was appointed over all the watches of guards. He was called: "The officer of the Temple Mount."42
Throughout the night, he checked on all the watches. Torches were lit before him.43 If a guard did not stand before him and greet him: "Peace be unto you, officer of the Temple Mount," he would assume that he was sleeping, and would strike him with his staff.44 He was even granted permission to burn [a sleeping guard's] clothing.45
Thus, it was commonly said in Jerusalem: "What is the noise in the Temple Courtyard [at night]? It must be the voice of a Levite being beaten and his clothes burned because he slept on his watch."46
וּמַעֲמִידִין מְמֻנֶּה אֶחָד עַל כָּל מִשְׁמְרוֹת הַשּׁוֹמְרִים. וְאִישׁ הַר הַבַּיִת הָיָה נִקְרָא. וְהָיָה מְחַזֵּר עַל כָּל מִשְׁמָר וּמִשְׁמָר כָּל הַלַּיְלָה. וַאֲבוּקוֹת דְּלוּקוֹת לְפָנָיו. וְכָל מִשְׁמָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ עוֹמֵד וְאוֹמֵר לוֹ אִישׁ הַר הַבַּיִת שָׁלוֹם עָלֶיךָ נִכָּר שֶׁהוּא יָשֵׁן חוֹבְטוֹ בְּמַקְּלוֹ. וּרְשׁוּת הָיָה לוֹ לִשְׂרֹף אֶת כְּסוּתוֹ עַד שֶׁהָיוּ אוֹמְרִין בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם מַה קּוֹל בָּעֲזָרָה קוֹל בֶּן לֵוִי לוֹקֶה וּבְגָדָיו נִשְׂרָפִין שֶׁיָּשַׁן עַל מִשְׁמַרְתּוֹ:
In the morning, shortly before dawn,47 the overseer of the Sanctuary48 came49 and tapped50 to awaken the priests sleeping in the Chamber of the Hearth.51 [When] they opened [the gate] for him, he took the keys52 and opened the small gate leading from the Chamber of the Hearth to the Temple Courtyard.53
[Then] he entered the Courtyard, and the priests followed him. They held two torches of fire in their hands and divided into two groups. One proceeded eastward and the other, westward.54
They walked on, checking the entire Temple Courtyard.55 Both groups [met when they] reached the Chamber of the Bakers of the Chavitin.56 When both groups reached [that point], they declared: "Peace be unto you. Everything is at peace."57 [Afterwards,] they prompted the bakers of the Chavitin to begin their work.58
יא
בַּשַּׁחַר קֹדֶם שֶׁיַּעֲלֶה עַמּוּד הַשַּׁחַר סָמוּךְ לוֹ יָבוֹא הַמְמֻנֶּה שֶׁל מִקְדָּשׁ וְיִדְפֹּק עַל הַכֹּהֲנִים שֶׁבְּבֵית הַמּוֹקֵד וְהֵן פּוֹתְחִין לוֹ. נָטַל אֶת הַמַּפְתֵּחַ וּפָתַח אֶת הַשַּׁעַר הַקָּטָן שֶׁבֵּין בֵּית הַמּוֹקֵד וּבֵין הָעֲזָרָה וְנִכְנַס מִבֵּית הַמּוֹקֵד לָעֲזָרָה וְנִכְנְסוּ אַחֲרָיו הַכֹּהֲנִים וּשְׁתֵּי אֲבוּקוֹת שֶׁל אוּר בְּיָדָם וְנֶחְלְקוּ לִשְׁתֵּי כִּתּוֹת. כַּת הוֹלֶכֶת לְמִזְרָח וְכַת הוֹלֶכֶת לְמַעֲרָב. וְהָיוּ בּוֹדְקִין וְהוֹלְכִין אֶת כָּל הָעֲזָרָה עַד שֶׁיַּגִּיעוּ שְׁתֵּי הַכִּתּוֹת לִמְקוֹם בֵּית עוֹשֵׂי חֲבִיתִין. הִגִּיעוּ אֵלּוּ וְאֵלּוּ אוֹמְרִין שָׁלוֹם הַכּל שָׁלוֹם. וְהֶעֱמִידוּ עוֹשֵׂי חֲבִיתִין לַעֲשׂוֹת חֲבִיתִין:
59 This pattern was followed each night except on Sabbath eve. [Then,] they did not hold torches in their hands.60 Rather, they checked by the light of the candles, which remained burning from the Sabbath eve.61
יב
כַּסֵּדֶר הַזֶּה עוֹשִׂין בְּכָל לַיְלָה וְלַיְלָה חוּץ מִלֵּילֵי שַׁבָּת שֶׁאֵין בְּיָדָם אוּר אֶלָּא בּוֹדְקִין בַּנֵּרוֹת הַדְּלוּקִין שָׁם מֵעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת:
The Rambam (Sefer HaMitzvot, positive commandment 22) and the Sefer HaChinuch (mitzvah 388) list this as one of the 613 commandments.
The Kessef Mishneh mentions another reason for guarding the Temple: to prevent those who are forbidden to enter from entering.
The place where both the Mishnah and the Rambam describe the watch which the priests and the Levites kept over the Temple has aroused the attention of the commentaries: The Mishnah repeats its description of the watch in two places: at the beginning of the tractate of Tamid, which relates the order of the priests' service, and the beginning of the tractate of Middot, which defines the structure of the Temple. The Rambam describes this mitzvah in Hilchot Beit HaBechirah, which describes the construction of the Temple, but not the details of the priests' service.
On this basis, the commentaries explain, we can understand two dimensions implicit in this mitzvah:
a) The priests' responsibility to prevent those forbidden to enter from entering; and
b) The responsibility incumbent on the entire Jewish people to construct and maintain the Temple in the most fitting manner.
Since the presence of guards enhances the glory of the Sanctuary, the mitzvah of guarding the Sanctuary can be seen as an aspect of its very structure. See Likkutei Sichot, Vol. 13, p. 56-65.
In his commentary to Tamid, the Ra'avad states that the priests and Levites also stood watch during the day. The Minchat Chinuch mentions that view, explaining that the Rambam explained that the reason for the priestly watch was to show deference to the Temple during the day as well. Just as a palace of an earthly king is guarded both at day and at night, so too, it is proper to keep watch over the Temple in this manner.
Nevertheless, the Tifferet Yisrael (Middot 1:1) explains that since the priests were involved in the Temple service throughout the entire day, that in itself is a clear sign of honor and respect to the Temple, and no further measures were necessary.
This view is supported by the commentary of the Rabbenu Asher at the beginning of the tractate of Tamid. He explains that the reason for keeping watch over the Temple was to have our attention focused on it at all times. That purpose is surely accomplished by the Temple service, and hence, watchmen are not required then.
Accordingly, it appears that the watch would be maintained until the service in the Temple began, with the removal of the Altar's ashes at dawn. Thus, we can understand the last halachah of this chapter, which deals with the preparation of the Sanctuary for the service of the following day, as describing the final aspects of the nightly watch. See Likkutei Sichot, loc. cit.
The places where the priests and Levites kept watch are described in Halachot 4-9.
This verse begins: "And the Lord said to Aaron," thus, indicating the responsibility of Aaron and his sons, the priests, to keep watch over the Sanctuary.
Indicating that the Levites were also charged with that responsibility.
A Levite.
Priests.
Thus, this verse indicates that the task was shared by the Priests and Levites together (Tamid 26a).
16It must be noted that, in order to emphasize the concept he wishes to communicate, the Rambam does not quote the latter verse exactly.
T(Sefer HaMitzvot (negattive commandment 67) and the Sefer HaChinuch (mitzvah 331) list this as one of the 613 commandments.
See Menachot 36b.
According to the simple meaning "inside" and "outside" refer to the Temple Courtyard. The Levites stood guard outside the Courtyard and the priests, inside. However, the Minchat Chinuch renders "inside" as within a building, and "outside" as in the open.
Tamid 27a explains the derivation of this practice as I Chronicles (26:17-18), which states:
To the east there were six Levites, to the north, four..., to the south, four..., towards Assupin, two and two. At Parber to the west, there were four at the winding stairway and two at the Parber.
Thus, there were a total of twenty-four guard positions. Even though this verse describes the watch over the Sanctuary constructed in David's time, and not the Temple itself, the same basic pattern was followed in the later structure.
As described in the following three Halachot.
Although the above verse specifically mentions Levites, the priests are sometimes (e.g., Ezekiel 44:15) referred to as Levites (Tamid, loc. cit.).
Tamid 26a offers two different explanations why the priests would be placed in three different positions. The first explains that the command to keep watch over the Sanctuary was originally given to Aharon and his sons, a total of three individuals. The second notes that the command to guard the Temple mentions the words "keep watch," three times in the same verse.
As described in Halachot 8 and 9.
See Tamid 1:1, Middot 1:1.
This structure was located on the south side of the Temple Courtyard, adjacent to the Water Gate.
This was the westernmost gate on the northern side of the Temple Courtyard. See Chapter 5, Halachah 4.
The reason why these were two-floor structures can be explained in terms of the Rambam's words above, Chapter 6, Halachah 7. There, the Rambam writes that the roofs and upper floors of the structures in the Temple Courtyard were not consecrated. This is very significant, for were they to have been consecrated, it would have been forbidden for the priests to sit or lie there, as stated in Chapter 7, Halachah 6.
According to Tamid 27a, the term, "young priests," refers to youth who were too young to participate in the Temple services. According to the Ra'avad, these youth were not even thirteen years of age.
The Mishneh LiMelech rejects that opinion, declaring that this Mitzvah would not be entrusted to children that young. He explains that until the age of twenty, priests were not granted the opportunity to take part in the Temple services. Thus, the "young priests" were youth below that age, but past majority. See also the Minchat Chinuch.
13See Chapter 5, Halachot 10 and 11.
As mentioned above, half of the Chamber of the Hearth was considered consecrated, while half was not. According to the principle that one could not lie or sit in the consecrated areas of the Courtyard, it would appear that only half of the chamber was surrounded by these projections.
13As mentioned in the commentary to Chapter 7, Halachah 4, there were 24 priestly watches. Each served in the Temple for a week, and then another watch was given a chance to serve. There was a set pattern of rotation.
Within these watches, there were further subdivisions. Each weekly watch was broken down into six daily watches for each day of the week. On the Sabbath, all the priests of that watch served together.
Tamid 26b explains that they slept on these protrusions, because it was disrespectful to bring beds into the Temple complex.
The gates to the Temple Courtyard were locked at night.
The Vilna Gaon renders this expression as "in their possession." This change is made on the basis of Middot 1:9, which states that the keys to the Temple Courtyard were kept on a special ring in the Chamber of the Hearth.
From the Rambam's statements, it appears that the priests would be permitted to sleep while on guard duty. This is difficult to accept, for the following reasons:
a) The purpose for posting guards around the Temple was to show respect. That objective is not fulfilled by sleeping.
b) Halachah 10, which quotes Middot 1:2, states that the guards would be punished for sleeping while on duty. Although the Rambam and the Mishnah specifically mention "Levites," it is reasonable to assume that term was used because the majority of the guards were Levites.
For these reasons, the Mishneh LiMelech explains that all of the guards were not required to remain awake the entire night. Rather, at any particular time, there would be one or two guards awake at each station and the others were permitted to sleep.
This refers to the four priestly garments which an ordinary priest was required to wear while serving in the Temple.
The priests could not place their priestly garments under their heads to serve as pillows, for they were forbidden to derive benefit from them. See Yoma 69a.
In his commentary to Tamid, Chapter 1, Mishnah 1, the Rambam explains that this prohibition was instituted because the priestly garments contained Sha'atnez, a mixture of linen and wool. Hence, though a priest was permitted to use them during the Temple service, once that service was concluded, he was forbidden to do so. See also the Kessef Mishneh.
Leviticus 15:16 explains that a man who has a seminal emission becomes ritually impure. To purify himself, he must immerse his entire body in a mikveh and wait until the end of the day.
Which lead to a natural mikveh positioned under the Temple Courtyard.
As explained in Chapter 6, Halachah 7. This passageway passed below the Courtyard. However, since it opened up to the portion of the Chamber of the Hearth that was not consecrated, there was no prohibition in entering while ritually impure.
There was no prohibition against remaining in the non-consecrated portion of the Chamber of the Hearth. As stated in Chapter 6, Halachah 17, a person who has already immersed himself in the mikveh, but must wait for the day to pass before becoming ritually pure, may remain on the Temple Mount and proceed until the Women's Courtyard.
Though there was no prohibition against him remaining in the Chamber of the Hearth, it was proper for him to leave so that no one would think that he was prepared to participate in the Temple services (Tifferet Yisrael, Tamid 1:1).
This halachah is based on Middot 1:1.
See Chapter 5, Halachah 2, for a description of the gates to the Temple Mount.
See the commentary to Halachah 4.
See the commentary to Chapter 5, Halachah 4.
Tifferet Yisrael (Middot 1:1) explains that this refers to the Chamber of the Lambs, one of the four smaller chambers in the Chamber of the Hearth. See Chapter 5, Halachah 10.
This chamber is not mentioned in Chapter 5, Halachah 17, as one of the chambers within the Temple Courtyard. Similarly, Tifferet Yisrael (op. cit.) states: "I do not know where it was located."
As a sign of respect for the Shechinah.
He was given the keys to all the gates of the Temple complex.
Tifferet Yisrael (Middot 1:2) explains that the torches were not carried before him, but positioned as lights at the guard stations. Although there is no evidence that the Rambam accepts this view, a comparison with the following halachah indicates this possibility.
Chapter 7, Halachah 2, states that it was forbidden to enter the Temple Mount with a staff. Nevertheless, an exception was made to allow "the officer of the Temple Mount" to perform his task (Yeriot Shlomo).
Although generally, one may not destroy things of value (bal tashchit), an exception is made in this case to allow the Temple to be guarded properly.
The "officer of the Temple Mount" could be authorized to destroy private property on the basis of the principle: Hefker Beit Din, Hefker, i.e., a Jewish court may forfeit a person's ownership over an article (Rabbenu Asher, Commentary to Middot 1:1).
The Ezrat Kohanim does not accept this explanation because the prohibition against destroying things of value applies even in regard to ownerless articles.
Another possible explanation is that this step is taken for the watchmen's own good. A father or a teacher is allowed to hit a student to shape his character. Similarly, in this instance, "the officer of the Temple Mount" was entitled to burn a watchman's clothing so that he will perform his task more effectively (Likkutei Sichot, Vol. 18, p.465).
As mentioned in the commentary to Halachah 6, there is a debate among the Rabbis if the priests were allowed to sleep on their watch or not. Rav Ovadiah of Bartinura (Shekalim 5:1) states that both priests and Levites would be beaten for sleeping. However, the Tosafot Yom Tov argues that this punishment was only administered to Levites.
It would appear that the Rambam subscribes to the latter view. In Hilchot Klei HaMikdash (7:4), he writes: "The officer of the Temple Mount walked around, [checking on] the Levites..."
The Temple services began with the removal of the ashes from the Altar. Generally, this was done at dawn.
The term dawn, alot hashachar, refers to the time before sunrise when the first rays of the sun begin to illuminate the horizon. This is more than an hour before sunrise.
This does not refer to the "officer of the Temple Mount" mentioned above. In Hilchot Temidim U'Musafim 6:1, the Rambam describes this entire procedure a second time. There, he ascribes the waking of the priests to the priest responsible for delegating different sacrificial functions. See also Tamid 26a.
From the chayl.
On the external gate of the Chamber of the Hearth,
As explained in Halachot 5 and 6.
Middot 1:7 mentions that the keys to the Courtyard were hung on a ring in the Chamber of the Hearth. See also the notes to Halachah 5.
Tamid 28a relates that there was a small wicket next to the large gate leading from the Chamber of the Hearth to the Temple Courtyard. The large gate would not be opened until dawn. Therefore, the priests entered through the wicket to prepare the Courtyard for the service of the coming day.
As explained in Chapter 5, the Chamber of the Hearth was positioned on the north side of the Temple Courtyard, slightly beyond the entrance of the Temple building. From this point, one group would proceed westward, towards the western end of the Courtyard. The other group walked towards the east, in the direction of the Gate of Nicanor, the major entrance to the Courtyard. Both groups walked near the walls, so that they would make a complete circuit around the Courtyard.
To make sure all of the sacred utensils were in their proper places.
See Chapter 5, Halachah 17, where this chamber is described.
The Chamber of the Bakers of the Chavitin was located on the southern side of the Courtyard's eastern wall. Thus, the group of priests who turned westward had a much longer route than those who proceeded to the east.
The Ra'avad in his commentary to Tamid 28a explains that each group would greet the other in this manner.
The Chavitin was offered each day by the High Priest shortly after the morning sacrifice.
A general question may be asked concerning this and the following halachah: Why did the Rambam include them in Hilchot Beit HaBechirah which describes the construction of the Temple? It would appear more appropriate to mention them in Hilchot Temidim UMusafim, where the laws governing the daily service in the Temple are described. Indeed, we find that these laws are repeated there.
The reason is based on the explanation of Halachah 1. There, the Rambam states that the watch kept over the Temple was an act of deference, enhancing the glory of the Temple. Thus, maintaining that watch is part of the responsibility of the entire Jewish people to construct and maintain the Temple in the most fitting manner.
16A similar principle can be explained in regard to this inspection of the Courtyard. Over and above the need for checking to see that all the sacred utensils were in there appropriate positions, this inspection was an act of deference and honor which enhanced the importance of the Temple (Likkutei Sichot, Vol. 18, p. 244-249).
This is the final halachah of Hilchot Beit HaBechirah. There are a total of 7 halachot in the text. The latter figure matches the age of Levi when he passed away. Levi was the ancestor of the priests and the Levites who served in the Temple.
Because it is forbidden to carry a flame on the Sabbath.
The Kessef Mishnah, Tosafot Yom Tov, and other commentaries, question why they were not permitted to carry the torches with them. Although carrying fire is prohibited on the Sabbath, the prohibition is only Rabbinic in origin in the category of shvut. The Rambam states (Hilchot Shabbat 21:27) that all Rabbinic prohibitions of this nature were suspended in the Temple.
Among the explanations offered are: Since it was possible to use candles which were lit before the Sabbath, there is no need to violate even a Rabbinic prohibition. Alternatively, this inspection was carried out in preparation for the service of the entire day to follow and, as above, it was an act of deference to the Temple. Therefore, to emphasize the holiness of the Temple, it was proper that it be carried out without violating any prohibition whatsoever.
The structure of the final chapter of Hilchot Beit HaBechirah can be explained homiletically: It begins with the obligation to guard the Temple at night, and concludes with the preparations for the Temple services at dawn.
As mentioned above (Halachah 2), the commentaries explain that the mitzvah of guarding the Temple was instituted so that the Temple would be prominent in our minds at all times. Thus, during the day, there was no necessity to stand guard, for that purpose was accomplished by the Temple service. However, at night, when there was no service, we were required to keep a watch around the Temple.
The period of exile is often described as night and the advent of the Messianic era, as dawn. By guarding the Temple at night, and studying the laws of its construction during the exile, we will merit the coming of the dawn, the coming of Mashiach.
A similar idea can be seen in the last halachah, which deals with the priests' procedure on the Sabbath. The Sabbath is described as me'ein olam haba'ah, a microcosm of the world to come, and the time of the coming of the Mashiach. On the Sabbath, in the Messianic age, the preparations for the Temple service will be carried out with the light kindled on the Sabbath eve, representing the present age - and before the coming of the Mashiach. Our service at present generates spiritual light. We will use that light to prepare for the sacrifices to be offered in the Third Temple.
May we merit the Messianic redemption and the rebuilding of the Temple speedily, and in our days. 47Then, shall the offering of Judah and Jerusalem be pleasing to God, as in days of old and former years 48 (Malachi 3:4).
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Carrasco International Airport Modernizes Border Control Procedures and Paves Way to Future End-to-End Single-Token Travel Journey
Montevideo's Carrasco International Airport (the largest in Uruguay) has just inaugurated an innovative integrated Border Control solution. Vision-Box is one of the designated partners to meet the goal of the overarching SISCA - Integrated Airport Security and Control System – of boosting security, whilst revolutionizing the passenger experience.
State-of-the-art Automated Border Control composes the "Easy Airport"
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Travel document readers and finger print scanners were introduced in 2014 into manual document control procedures for arriving and departing travelers. Last week, a very significant milestone was reached for SISCA and for Puerta del Sur: the inauguration of the state-of-the-art integrated Border Control solution. Integrating both Automated and manual Border Control, the solution was designed and implemented by Vision-Box. With proven Automated Border Control solutions in more than 70 airports in all continents, the company was the selected partner to ensure the main goals were accomplished: improve security in border processing and transforming the travelers' experience.
Carrasco International Airport is the first Entry/Exit point of the country to implement Automated Border Control. This is a breakthrough in the reliability of security checks and in the optimization of operations, but also in passenger experience, offering an agile, quick, convenient border crossing process. Hence the campaign name "Easy Airport".
A robust bank of Vision-Box vb i-match eGates is now operational at Arrivals offering a full self-service experience and ensuring passport authentication, background checks and biometric passenger verification.
The system compares the facial image stored in the chip of the passengers' passport against the live captured image, all according to the highest quality and security international standards, making sure that the traveler has a valid document and is the genuine owner of the document. After this first step is successfully accomplished, the traveler will be asked to select his/her flight through a user-friendly display available at the eGate.
According to Eng. Ricardo Cerri, CTO at Puerta del Sur, "The new procedure will have a huge impact in streamlining passenger journey at the airport, especially with the reduction of waiting times. We are expecting a reduction of transaction times per person in migratory procedures to drop around 65%, which is a direct benefit to the user of Easy Airport, but also for the users of manual booths, which will also be relieved from congestion. We are very happy to be able to offer our travelers more convenience, agility and efficiency while contributing in securing the border control in Uruguay."
In reference to the official inauguration of the new Automated eGates, the Minister of Interior, Mr Eduardo Bonomi, underlined that "(the eGates) give the country safety and swiftness. Safety because passengers cannot skip the identification process bearing their Uruguayan ID or passport, which compares immediately and accurately against unforgeable data. And swiftness because now a process that usually takes longer, with this solution is quite faster."
Also subject to a modernization process, manned control booths have been endowed with new touchpoints to optimize processes: vb AIC desktops (Automated Immigration Control) are being used to assist Border Guards in identifying passengers. The traveler simply presents his face and fingerprints to the desktop, to be respectively matched with the travel document and the Immigration backend system in order to be correctly identified.
Vision-Box implemented a state-of-the-art Border Control solution capable to address the challenge of improving security and operational efficiencies on the whole, while simultaneously putting in place quick, convenient traveler identification procedures at the airport. Therefore, both ABC eGates and vb AIC desktops are integrated into a robust software suite for real-time management of the whole security infrastructure as well as interface with watch lists such as Interpol.
This platform is ready to support the current and future stages of SISCA. While the basis for privacy-responsible data exchange between all travel stakeholders, corner stone for SISCA, have already been assured, this future-proof platform is ready to serve forthcoming expansion goals of the airport: it is expected that an End-to-End Passenger Flow system based on a single biometric token is implemented covering most of the passenger identification touch-points as well as vb orchestra, a passenger-centric and comprehensive common-use based suite for airport, airlines, and governments' managed services, with rich, flexible intelligence tools for informed decision-making and data-driven airport management.
Jean-François Lennon, Vice-President for Global Business Development & Sales of Vision-Box already foresees that "aligned with the vision of Corporación America, the airport itself and the country, this solution is expected to grow even further towards a completely self-service integrated passenger experience, processing all passengers arriving or departing, connecting all entry and exit touch points."
Catarina Meleiro
Vision-Box
@visionbox
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Inaugural ceremony of "Easy Airport" in Carrasco International AirportThe inaugural ceremony of this pioneering solution in Carrasco International Airport was held last Friday and attended by distinct members of the Carrasco Airport, both national and international Government authorities and Vision-Box™. Vision-Box™ vb i-match™ eGatesAs a fully automated process, a robust bank of Vision-Box™ vb i-match™ eGates is operational at Arrivals offering a full self-service experience and ensuring passport authentication, background checks and biometric passenger verification. Both ABC eGates and vb AIC desktops are integrated into a robust software suite for real-time management of the whole security infrastructure as well as interface with watch lists such as Interpol.The system compares the facial image stored in the chip of the passengers' passport against the live captured image, all according to the highest quality and security international standards, making sure that the traveler has a valid document and is the g Press ReleaseCarrasco International Airport modernizes Border Control procedures and paves way to future end-to-end single-token travel journey


The Ridge at Barton Creek real estate is a medium sized gated neighborhood along the Fazio Foothills Golf Course. Besides scenic Hill Country and golf course views, many of the homes for sale in The Ridge at Barton Creek also have views of the Barton Creek Resort and Spa which sits right across the golf course from the neighborhood.
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Captive tigers big business in France
Oxpeckers Investigative Environmental Journalism
Illegal wildlife trade tigers Wildlife Trafficking France
The trafficking of big cats works much like the market for stolen works of art, police say. A bill to ban wild animals in circuses could change this – or end up driving the market underground. Guillaume Pajot investigates.
Blacourt is a quiet village in the Oise region of northern France – with about 600 residents, a church and, until last December, 10 tigers that the neighbours used to hear growling in the morning.
The big cats, owned by animal trainer Mario Masson, were housed in a small paved arena discreetly hidden in the courtyard of an unused factory, until they were seized by French law enforcement authorities on December 16, 2020, following a complaint of animal abuse by One Voice, a non-governmental organisation.
The NGO denounced the deplorable living conditions of the animals "locked up all year round, except on rare occasions." The French Office for Biodiversity confirmed the description and led the seizure. An investigation is under way.
It was the first time that such a spectacular seizure, in terms of size and the number of tigers involved, had been registered in France. Contacted by phone, Masson said the felines are his livelihood, and that he uses them for circus entertainment or for filming. He is keen to get them back as soon as possible.
Masson said the tigers had been moved into tiny cages on the back of a truck for no more than eight days.
"We comply with legal standards and regular checks have been carried out," he said. The court will have to decide over the coming months.
The Blacourt case is not isolated, as data collated by #WildEye shows. Last year a seizure of six tigers and eight lions took place at an establishment called Caresse de tigre, in Arelaune-en-Seine near Rouen. The place, which presented itself as an animal shelter, was open to the public year-round, even though it did not have the permits to be open more than seven days a year. It was also possible for the public to take selfies with the cubs – €50 for 10 minutes of cuddling.
In 2019 a white tiger was discovered at a man's residence in Brignoles, in southeast France, along with royal pythons and marsupials. The unnamed culprit was sentenced to eight months in jail for a previous fraud, and the cub was taken to the Barben zoo.
Masson's tigers were taken to a sanctuary, but he wants them back. Photo courtesy One Voice
Tiger business
Captive tigers are particularly numerous in France. How are they registered? Since December 31, 2018, administrative registration of non-domestic species is mandatory. To do this, a database has been created: The I-FAP file.
The Ministry of Ecology said 635 living tigers were registered on the I-FAP database on December 22, 2020, which some organisations consider to be an underestimate.
"Many animal trainers don't register their animals," said Christophe Coret, head of AVES (A Voice for Endangered Species) France, which investigated the Caresse de tigre establishment.
In France, anyone can own a tiger subject to two legal obligations: Obtaining a certificate of competence, which attests to the expertise to ensure care for animals and the maintenance of their living space, and authorisation from local authorities. Without these documents, it is unlawful to possess wild animals and offenders can be punished with one-year imprisonment and a fine of up to €15,000.
Despite these constraints and the existence of the I-FAP file, the sale, purchase and exchange of tigers are difficult to control. France regularly exports and imports tigers, and these sales are regulated by CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species).
It is a real "tiger business," involving trade of the animals all over the world. Sometimes this legal activity also serves as cover for the illegal wildlife trade, which is widespread across the globe.
"Some European tigers are exported to Asia because the buyers there believe that European big cats are bigger and stronger, which makes them especially valuable for breeding," said Kieran Harkin, head of wildlife campaigns at the international NGO Four Paws. In China and Vietnam, tigers are sometimes exploited in "tiger farms" and then killed for their bones, teeth and skin.
Illegal market
Tiger trafficking in France is fuelled by a fad around feline babies. On social media, celebrities and the general public pose with baby tigers or lion cubs in their arms and share their photos, making others want to get an animal by all means.
In October 2020, for instance, nine people were taken into custody after a couple from Le Havre spent €6,000 on a three-month-old Sumatran tiger. The arrests were the outcome of a rare two-year investigation.
Dismantling this illegal market requires a long and thorough investigation, which is carried out by the Central Office on the Fight against Threats to Environmental and Public Health of the National Gendarmerie of France (OCLAESP) and the French Office for Biodiversity.
"These tigers are probably bred on our territory, where not very scrupulous breeders take care of their reproduction, especially as we know that tigers breed very easily in captivity," said Colonel Ludovic Ehrhart, second in command of the OCLAESP.
A police source compared the trafficking of big cats to the market for stolen works of art.
"It works on demand, à la carte: there is not necessarily stock, but we will find what you are looking for."
On the prowl: Six tigers and seven lions were confiscated from Caresse de tigre last year. Photo courtesy AVES
Legislative change
The situation of captive tigers in France could change rapidly. A bill against animal abuse is to be debated in the Senate, after being widely adopted in the National Assembly.
If the law is promulgated, the purchase and reproduction of non-domestic animals in travelling circuses will be forbidden. Moreover, this law would give circus owners five years to stop using these animals in their shows and create a different future for them. Establishments such as zoos will continue to be allowed to have wild animals.
There are an estimated 500 big cats in France's travelling circuses, according to the union of the owners of circus animals. What will happen to these animals if they no longer have economic value?
France has only a handful of government-recognised shelters that can host big cats: Tonga, La Tanière (Eure-et-Loire) and Le refuge de l'Arche (Mayenne). Their capacity and financial resources are limited.
"The monthly maintenance of a big cat costs between €350 and €400," said Jean-Christophe Gérard, a veterinarian and vice-president of Tonga.
Wildlife conservation organisations fear that the end of big cats in travelling circuses without proper monitoring could increase trafficking.
"Some trainers may take the opportunity to dispose of their big cats illegally, or sell them abroad," warned Alexandra Morette, president of the NGO Code Animal.
Preparing for the future law, owners of tigers and lions are already starting to work out ways to keep their animals and continue their activity. This is the case of Mario Masson in Blacourt, who is working on a "safari lodge" project, announcing in the regional press that visitors could sleep and have breakfast "10 metres away from the tigers."
For him, it is a possible way to continue the "tiger business" in an alternative form – if he manages to get his animals back.
This investigation was produced with support by a grant from the Investigative Journalism for Europe (IJ4EU) fund, and was a collaboration with #WildEye, sponsored by Oxpeckers Investigative Environmental Journalism and the Earth Journalism Network
You can follow these and other wildlife crime cases on the #WildEye and #WildEye Asia tracking tools
Banner image: Mario Masson said his tigers had been moved into tiny cages on the back of a truck for no more than eight days. Photo courtesy One Voice
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Nome was slightly cooler than normal, with a mean monthly temperature of 51.8°F this August, 0.4°F below normal. The highest temperature for the month was 77°F on the 1st, while the lowest was 36°F on the 31st.
Precipitation was 181% of normal, with 3.82" measured and 2.11" expected. The total rainfall of 1.43" on the 29th set a new daily record, breaking the old record of 1.21"from 1991. The average wind speed was 9.3 mph, while the highest was 35 mph from a southwesterly direction on the 3rd.


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The 1900 All England Championships was the second annual badminton tournament held at the Scottish Drill Hall, the headquarters of the London Scottish Rifles at Buckingham Gate, Westminster, London, England from 18–19 April 1900.

Final results

Men's singles

Women's singles

Men's doubles

Women's doubles

Mixed doubles

References

All England Open Badminton Championships
All England
All England Open Badminton Championships in London
All Championships
All England Badminton Championships

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia