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dwise1, Minnemooseus (Adminnemooseus), PaulK, Pressie (4 members, 29 visitors)
EvC Forum ⇒ Science Forums ⇒ Biological Evolution ⇒ Definition of Species ⇒
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Author Topic: Definition of Species
RAZD Posts Only
I think everyone is fairly familiar with the biological species definition, and some may be familiar with the morphological definition. Here is a site for reference on these definitions:
U of Michigan Lectures - The Process of Speciation
Biological species concept: This concept states that "a species is a group of actually or potentially interbreeding individuals who are reproductively isolated from other such groups."
Morphological species concept: Oak trees look like oak trees, tigers look like tigers. Morphology refers to the form and structure of an organism or any of its parts. The morphological species concept supports the widely held view that "members of a species are individuals that look similar to one another." This school of thought was the basis for Linneaus' original classification, which is still broadly accepted and applicable today.
Where we can study living populations of sexual species we can use the first definition, but when we deal with the fossil record or with asexual species we would have to use the second definition.
There is also another definition in the forum glossary:
http:///WebPages/Glossary.html#S
A basic taxonomic category for which there are various definitions. Among these are an interbreeding or potentially interbreeding group of populations reproductively isolated from other groups (the biological species concept) and a lineage evolving separately from others with its own unitary evolutionary role and tendencies (Simpson's evolutionary species concept). Employing the terms of population genetics, some definitions can be combined into the concept that a species is a population of individuals bearing distinctive genes and gene frequencies, separated from other species by biological barriers preventing gene exchange.
Buried in Message 118 is this comment:
The whole field of classification began with Morphology. The biological definition was first proposed by Ernst Mayer in 1942. Scientists are still attempting to find better ways to distinguish species using genetics (I'll talk about that later). In any case, while the biological definition is nice on paper it is not as commonly used in practice as indicated by this university:
http://www-geology.ucdavis.edu/...ofLife/speciesconcept.html
To quote "However, in the real world, it is time-consuming and expensive to make the observations of organisms in their real habitat that would allow us to say with confidence that such-and-such a set of organisms really is a species. And in the fossil world, it is impossible. So instead, most biologists and all paleontologists make a good-faith guess about the boundaries of the set of organisms they propose to name a species. Typically, the species is defined on the morphology it has, not on the genetics and behavior that is specified in the biological species concept. ... "
The news article listed by Murkywater above has a link to the actual Journal article:
http://www.allenpress.com/pdf/mamm-87-04-24_643..662.pdf
We define a genetic species as a group of genetically compatible interbreeding natural populations that is genetically isolated from other such groups. This focus on genetic isolation rather than reproductive isolation distinguishes the Genetic Species Concept from the Biological Species Concept. Recognition of species that are genetically isolated (but not reproductively isolated) results in an enhanced understanding of biodiversity and the nature of speciation as well as speciation-based issues and evolution of mammals. We review criteria and methods for recognizing species of mammals and explore a theoretical scenario, the Bateson-Dobzhansky- Muller (BDM) model, for understanding and predicting genetic diversity and speciation in mammals. If the BDM model is operating in mammals, then genetically defined phylogroups would be predicted to occur within species defined by morphology, and phylogroups experiencing stabilizing selection will evolve genetic isolation without concomitant morphological diversification. Such species will be undetectable using classical skin and skull morphology (Morphological Species Concept).
-- Journal of Mammalogy, 87(4):643-662, 2006 p.643 (abstract)
Now my first impression is that this is really just the biological definition of species using genetics to determine reproductive isolation, and one that would be useful for finding "cryptic" species, one that could be applied to asexual species, and even extended to some fossils (where DNA is recoverable).
We define genetic species as a group of genetically compatible interbreeding natural populations that is genetically isolated from other such groups. Under our definition of the Genetic Species Concept, speciation is the accumulation of genetic changes in 2 lineages (Bateson 1909) that produce genetic isolation and protection of the integrity of the 2 respective gene pools that have independent evolutionary fates. Therefore, the process of speciation depends on divergence in genes, the genome, and chromosome structure (Check 2005), and species exist when the integrity of 2 gene pools is protected as a consequence of genetic differences in their respective genomes (e.g., as outlined in the Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller [BDM] model but not restricted to those conditions).
-- ibid p.645
Reading further it seems that they establish a somewhat arbitrary delineation for "type" species concept based on <0.5% difference in the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene:
Sister species of mammals that have been recognized as species based on morphology often have cytochrome-b distance values .5% and this magnitude of divergence in the cytochrome-b gene has been associated with taxa recognized as species (Bradley and Baker 2001).
I would think you really want to compare the total genome to ensure you are picking up where the genetic change is occurring within the population(s). I also think you would want to do a statistical mapping of all the variations by frequency and see if you have one or more peaks in the data, and let those peaks define your species (or incipient species depending on the degree of overlap and geographical separation).
Furthermore, where you draw the line (>0.5%) could determine arbitrary species designations, with several monophylic species with wide viable hybrid zones, as opposed to one polyphylic species, being a matter of somewhat subjective interpretation.
Genetic isolation is not simply an off-and-on switch because genetic changes in allopatric populations are accumulated slowly across the genome and may involve a substantial number (estimated at 200 for Drosophila—Presgraves 2003) of loci affecting isolation. Accumulation of adequate change in independent sister lineages that results in genetic isolation will be a chance event occurring rapidly in some cases but requiring long periods of separation in other cases. Genetic isolation resulting from the BDM model will be expected to produce intermediate and incomplete stages of reproductive isolation before the completion of reproductive isolation. We predict that genetic profiles of interactions between members of mammalian phylogroups will reveal examples of complete genetic isolation and examples of essentially no genetic isolation even with the same genetic divergence in the mitochondrial marker used to select phylogroups for more intensive study. But, more commonly in phylogroups with .5% genetic distance in the cytochrome-b gene, various combinations of genetic isolation will be apparent. As a result, when phylogroups are sympatric, there will often be hybridization, and data documenting the genetic basis for any level of isolation will be difficult to organize into well-defined stages (Table 2). Genetically defined hybrid zones will be common.
Now it is not surprising to me that there would be grades of separation to be found in the data, as various populations would be at different points in developing isolating mechanisms to achieve speciation, as this is a gradual process after all.
Nor am I surprised to think that there could be subpopulations that don't have the same proportions of alleles as other subpopulations, due to geographic factors that would make direct mating difficult, and where gene flow would lag temporally.
The question though is whether any member of subpopulation (A) could mate with a member of subpopulation (B) and produce viable (hybrid) offspring ... and this is not really answered when you have the subpopulations defined by average genetic similarity around mean values (there will always be a distribution in any population) and only observe mating between some of the two populations (that may or may not be statistically high in either subpopulation). You don't know who is in the "hybrid zone" when mating occurs.
Why is the definition of species important and what is the use for the definition of species?
Speciation is is the dividing line between what are considered microevolutionary and macroevolutionary processes and mechanisms, between the generation of homogeneous change within a population (evolution), and the generation of heterogeneous change (diversification) between diverging (especially for new) species.
Thus I would define any population with a single peak frequency distribution as a species, any population with two peaks and a high "saddle" between them as incipient species, and any population with two peaks and a low "saddle" as different species. Analysis of this type of pattern for species like horses, zebras and donkeys would give you an idea of the saddle height necessary for speciation.
Edited by RAZD, : transfer flow
Edited by RAZD, : fixed symbols, signature
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Message 3 by Doddy, posted 09-10-2007 5:07 AM RAZD has responded
Message 5 by Ben!, posted 09-10-2007 10:55 AM RAZD has responded
Message 20 by RAZD, posted 11-14-2007 3:07 PM RAZD has responded
Message 22 by RAZD, posted 06-19-2009 8:34 AM RAZD has acknowledged this reply
Message 27 by Stagamancer, posted 12-01-2009 2:49 PM RAZD has responded
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Thread moved here from the Proposed New Topics forum.
From: Brisbane, Australia
Doddy Posts Only
09-10-2007 5:07 AM Reply to: Message 1 by RAZD
I don't think it is important. It will always drawing an arbitrary line on a gradual process, and I don't think it even matters.
Speciation is is the dividing line between what are considered microevolutionary and macroevolutionary processes
Micro and macro evolution, being defined as speciation and morphological changes, are dependant on species as a unit (at least in biology, rather than creation science). But species aren't units, and so dividing micro from macro is just as problematic and useless as diving species from each other. It just leads to the question of 'why is macroevolution an important term?'.
In conclusion, a one-size fits all method of determining species will always cause problems. It's subjective, and thus useless outside of the obviously distinct species.
That's my opinion anyway.
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Message 1 by RAZD, posted 09-09-2007 5:26 PM RAZD has responded
Message 4 by RAZD, posted 09-10-2007 8:42 AM Doddy has responded
09-10-2007 8:42 AM Reply to: Message 3 by Doddy
But species aren't units, and so dividing micro from macro is just as problematic and useless as diving species from each other.
It's two aspects of the same issue. But speciation - the division of one species into two or more species - is what accounts for the diversity in types of organisms, and having a usable definition of species lets you determine when speciation has occurred, and then you can study how long it takes and what the specific mechanisms are.
Yet we know that many populations of organisms are genetically isolated by lack of mechanism for sharing genes (sex or horizontal transfer), and that as a result they have different resources to use when reacting to changing ecological situations or opportunities.
The concept of species allows better understanding of the mechanisms that lead to (a) continual change in a genetic line of a population of otherwise similar organisms or (b) diversification of life into different ecological opportunities.
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Message 3 by Doddy, posted 09-10-2007 5:07 AM Doddy has responded
Message 7 by Doddy, posted 09-10-2007 7:26 PM RAZD has responded
From: San Diego, CA
Ben! Posts Only
09-10-2007 10:55 AM Reply to: Message 1 by RAZD
I wouldn't phrase it that way, but reading purely what's in your post, it seems the same to me.
The number seems arbitrary as they haven't defined what "often" means. Also seems that it's lacking any theoretical underpinning, and is pulled straight from the data with no attempt at providing additional theoretical "motivation" for choosing the number.
Razd, sorry, I didn't understand what frequency distribution you were talking about here, or in the other part of your post. Could you elaborate?
Sorry I couldn't come up with any better comments... but thanks for the information.
Message 6 by RAZD, posted 09-10-2007 11:42 AM Ben! has not yet responded
09-10-2007 11:42 AM Reply to: Message 5 by Ben!
Ben, long time no cross paths.
Well, every individual would be genetically unique, so there is no genetic "type" in a strict sense, but a distribution. You would need some way to map this distribution that wouldn't bias the data, such as take a sample from a sister species that you know is isolated reproductively and genetically, and then count the differences between each individual in the population and that sister species sample. It should show a frequency distribution like a bell curve if the population is relatively homogeneous for genotype (one species), but it should have multiple peaks if it is heterogeneous for genotype (two or more species or incipient species).
Because of gene mixing (reproductive imperfection) you probably could not make a cladogram for the population using the whole genomes, as there would be cross branching (some genes from one parent line others from the other at every level).
That's kind of my impression: more work needed to refine the application.
Message 5 by Ben!, posted 09-10-2007 10:55 AM Ben! has not yet responded
09-10-2007 7:26 PM Reply to: Message 4 by RAZD
RAZD writes:
It's two aspects of the same issue. But speciation - the division of one species into two or more species - is what accounts for the diversity in types of organisms
Branching is what accounts for the structure of the tree, but it is completely useless to try to distinguish the exact line between a bough, a branch and a twig. You don't really need to know what the precise definition of a twig is to study how they form.
having a usable definition of species lets you determine when speciation has occurred, and then you can study how long it takes and what the specific mechanisms are.
So, we need to have a definition for species to study how species form. Well, that just brings me to the questions of: why do we want to know exactly when speciation has occured? We don't really need to know that to understand the processes involved.
Message 4 by RAZD, posted 09-10-2007 8:42 AM RAZD has responded
Message 8 by RAZD, posted 09-10-2007 9:26 PM Doddy has not yet responded
09-10-2007 9:26 PM Reply to: Message 7 by Doddy
Well, that just brings me to the questions of: why do we want to know exactly when speciation has occured?
Well even if you don't I do. Understanding this process can help understand why some speciations are (relatively) abrupt and morphologically distinct while othes are cryptic.
Understanding the cryptic species in mosquitos was important to distinguish those that were carriers of malaria and those that were not, when they have all been considered to be one species before.
Message 7 by Doddy, posted 09-10-2007 7:26 PM Doddy has not yet responded
Medis Posts Only
Complexity of an organism
Not sure if this is the right place to post this but...
How do you define the complexity of an organism?
One evidence of the occurrence of macroevolution is the fossil record observation that invertebrates were on the earth much longer than vertebrates. Thus showing that "complex" organisms evolved from "simple" organisms. But how do you define a complex organism? Having more cells? Having a skeletal structure? Is it possible to say that an organism with a skeletal structure is "more complex" than an organism without it and why?
Edited by Malangyar, : No reason given.
Message 10 by Dr Adequate, posted 10-18-2007 5:31 PM Medis has responded
Dr Adequate
Dr Adequate Posts Only
10-18-2007 5:31 PM Reply to: Message 9 by Medis
Re: Complexity of an organism
Is it possible to say that an organism with a skeletal structure is "more complex" than an organism without it ...
No, it isn't.
Well, to be precise, which I am even in my sleep, it is possible to say it, but I challenge anyone to mean anything by it.
Edited by Dr Adequate, : No reason given.
Message 9 by Medis, posted 10-18-2007 5:09 PM Medis has responded
Message 11 by Medis, posted 10-18-2007 5:48 PM Dr Adequate has responded
10-18-2007 5:48 PM Reply to: Message 10 by Dr Adequate
Dr Adequate writes:
Are you sure this is true, I mean I'm looking at a wikipedia article right now saying "More complex organisms such as...". I mean can't you say that a multicellular organism is more complex than a single-celled organism?
Message 10 by Dr Adequate, posted 10-18-2007 5:31 PM Dr Adequate has responded
Message 12 by Chiroptera, posted 10-18-2007 5:58 PM Medis has responded
Message 17 by RAZD, posted 10-18-2007 10:05 PM Medis has responded
Chiroptera
From: Oklahoma
Chiroptera Posts Only
10-18-2007 5:58 PM Reply to: Message 11 by Medis
I mean can't you say that a multicellular organism is more complex than a single-celled organism?
Sure, you can say it. But what does it mean?
Edited by Chiroptera, : No reason given.
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Message 11 by Medis, posted 10-18-2007 5:48 PM Medis has responded
Message 13 by Medis, posted 10-18-2007 6:01 PM Chiroptera has not yet responded
10-18-2007 6:01 PM Reply to: Message 12 by Chiroptera
That it has more parts and thus has a more interconnected whole than an organism with fewer cells.
Message 12 by Chiroptera, posted 10-18-2007 5:58 PM Chiroptera has not yet responded
Are you sure this is true ...
Yes. I was taking you up on a particular example, and I challenge you, anyone else, the whole world, to demonstrate that vertebrates, in general, are more "complex" than invertebrates in any meaningful sense whatsoever.
Not without knowing more about them.
But the whole idea of "complexity" is that complex organism, the "red herring". It's not an interesting concept within evolutionary thought.
So what should you use instead? That organisms aren't more complex than others, just different from others?
Message 16 by Dr Adequate, posted 10-18-2007 7:53 PM Medis has not yet responded


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Semen Datura
(ATMF)
With a name like Semen Datura, you'd expect something filthy, depraved and unpleasantly psychedelic. So I was surprised when opener "Fons et Origo" kicked off with the shimmering, punchy tones of Isis or Burst (and no, it had nothing to do with the mention of Origo – I didn't have the songtitles in front of me). Then again, I also thought this was a US band, playing a unique blend of black metal and post-rock/sludge. Wrong on both counts.
Turns out that the brightness is merely the iridescent glimmer on a pool of pitch-black ichor, and it quickly fades away the deeper you get into Einsamkeit ('Isolation'). This is the third and apparently final release by these German black metallers, and although I heard Burst's lurching, prismatic chords a few more times during the album, there are many other overt influences as well.
The most obvious is Deathspell Omega, as tracks like "Unter Bleigrauen Wolkenlasten" and "Mental Outlaw" combine grinding atmospherics, sadistic vocals (rasped entirely in German, which makes them all the more abrasive) and even a subtle, grumbling cello to craft a sound both grand and grisly. Darkthrone pops up a few times as well, most notably in the miserable, subterranean scuttle of the title track.
Other tracks, like "Psychokrieg" and "Marschbefehl" crackle with a lightning pace of tremolo-picked riffs and blastbeats, but also work in some of the black n' roll sound that Satyricon has been toying with of late. And of course, a band with 'Datura' in its name shouldn't be without any kind of psychedelia; closing tracks "Reike Stadt" and "Arkona" fuse discordant, staccato riffage to stately, flowing passages, which easily calls mid-period Enslaved to mind.
The fact that all of this is rendered with an appropriately dirty production and expert musicianship makes this an easy recommendation for those of you who are blackly inclined. On the downside, it doesn't always quite hold together as cohesively as it could (just consider that name – those words really don't fit, despite the nastiness they conjure). All of the various references suggests that the band was still in the process of truly nailing down who they were when they called it quits, which means that the next release could have been truly demented and remarkable. Still, Semen Datura is going out with a take on black metal that's at times distinctive and convincingly esoteric, which is quite a respectable exit.
[Visit the band's website]
Written by Jordan Itkowitz
Find more articles with 2010, ATMF, Jordan Itkowitz, Review, Semen Datura
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CityU helps examine roles of Wearable and mHealth tech
The Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering Team from City University of Hong Kong (CityU) participated in a 60-person expert Task Force organised and led by the team of Harvard Medical School at Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, USA and published jointly with the team a study entitled "Can mHealth Technology Help Mitigate the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic?"
Published in the latest edition issue of IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology in August 2020, the study aimed to review mobile health (mHealth) and wearable technologies and explore their use to monitor and mitigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Task Force identified technologies that could be deployed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and would likely be suitable for future pandemics. They found that wearable-based mHealth technologies are viable options to monitor COVID-19 patients and be used to predict symptom escalation for earlier intervention.
The International Task Force consisting of experts from Wyss Institute at Harvard University, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, RWTH Aachen University in Germany, University of New South Wales (UNSW) in Australia, University Hospitals National University of Ireland Galway, ETH Zurich, Politecnico di Torino Turin in Italy, University College Dublin in IRL, and CityU in Hong Kong, etc, was established as part of the Mass General Brigham (MGB) Center for COVID Innovation.
Telehealth usage and mobile health technologies, commonly called mHealth, has gained the attention of the public at large. While telehealth has allowed patients to stay connected for ongoing appointments and check-ins, wearable mHealth technologies provide a significant opportunity for data collection, and mHealth technology could be used to monitor patients with mild symptoms who have tested positive for COVID-19.
These patients are typically instructed to self-quarantine at home or undergo monitoring at community treatment centres. However, a portion of them eventually experience an exacerbation, namely the sudden occurrence of severe symptoms, and require hospitalization.
In this context, mHealth technology could enable early detection of such exacerbations, allowing clinicians to deliver necessary interventions in a timely manner thus improving clinical outcomes.
The Task Force paper concluded that smartphone applications enabling self-reports and wearable sensors enabling physiological data collection could be used to monitor clinical personnel and detect early signs of an outbreak in the hospital/healthcare settings.
They also reported similarly, in the community, early detection of COVID-19 cases could be achieved by building upon prior studies which showed that by using wearable sensors to capture resting heart rate and sleep duration, it is possible to predict influenza-like illness rates as well as COVID-19 epidemic trends.
The better data and tracking that can be collected using mHealth technologies, the easier it will be for public health experts to understand the scope and spread of this virus and, most importantly, help more people get the care they need earlier. The aim is to build on more studies from here and continue to expand our understanding.
The CityU Health Engineering team, in collaboration with experts from several other universities also published another article entitled "Wearable Sensing and Telehealth Technology with Potential Applications in the Coronavirus Pandemic" in IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, which was ranked as the second among the top 50 popular papers selected monthly by the journal in the recent month.
The objective of this article is to examine enabling technologies and systems from wearable sensing, mHealth, contact tracing, remote diagnosis/telemedicine to portable medical imaging with various application scenarios for handling the COVID-19 crisis.
It presents specifically the recommendation to use wearable devices and mHealth systems in the closed-loop management of patients with acute myocardial infarction, a most life-threatening cardiovascular disease (CVD) during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Coordinator of the Health Engineering team and Chair Professor in Biomedical Engineering at CityU, a participant in the MGB Task Force and a co-author on both articles stated that to mitigate and control effectively both COVID-19 and CVD, it is critical to developing a precise and rapid response system integrating wearables, mHealth, biosensing, medical imaging and AI that enables early detection, early predication, early prevention, early diagnosis and early intervention of the diseases.


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Forums > Off Topic > Off Topic >
Discussion in 'Off Topic' started by Veritaserum, Feb 16, 2016.
Veritaserum
Since the Politics thread is still a mess, and given requests from @AugustMoon and others, I though I'd create a new thread.
Please take any broader debates that aren't directly related to the upcoming election to another thread or your PM box.
Veritaserum, Feb 16, 2016
HaveASit and Dennis like this.
Hillary is continuing her accusations that Bernie is a single issue candidate. I think this may be really effective, particularly amongst minorities.
"Not everything is about an economic theory, right?" Clinton said, kicking off a long, interactive riff with the crowd at a union hall this afternoon. "If we broke up the big banks tomorrow - and I will if they deserve it, if they pose a systemic risk, I will - would that end racism?"
"No!" the audience yelled back.
Clinton continued to list scenarios, asking: "Would that end sexism? Would that end discrimination against the LGBT community? Would that make people feel more welcoming to immigrants overnight?"
After every question, the crowd emphatically yelled "No!"
http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/201...single-issue-candidate-attack-sanders-n518261
AugustMoon
Good. I think a combination of the American presidential elections obviously being important, there being more American PJ members now, and the political reality being so different on the opposite sides of the Atlantic, all means that a separate thread for those elections could be helpful.
I tend to have a favourite candidate, or at least be resigned to the sitting president remaining. So more than eight years ago now I wrote in a PM to an American PJ member:
"...the presidential candidates that you have now - aren't they quite a motley bunch? I guess I have to go for the Hawaiian option (Obama), but that seems a bit dangerous. ..."
I don't know what I thought would happen. James Earl Ray coming up from his grave and assassinating another good black leader? But things have seems to have been OK, and at least not worse than with some other person in the White House.
I had some hope for John Kerry 2004, and I hope he's done a good job as Secretary of State under Obama.
In 2000 I didn't like Al Gore, but preferred him to Bush.
The time I was most passionate was actually 1976, when I didn't want Ford to win. First I wanted Reagan to get the Republican nomination, then I wanted Carter to win.
But this time around all candidates seems so unappealing. The Republican candidates are the usual reactionary mavericks, and Clinton and Sanders are quite boring and could be weak as leaders.
I'm still most curious about Sanders though, much because he seems so much like a Scandinavian social-democrat. That's a curious combination, and something I know a little bit about anyway.
AugustMoon, Feb 16, 2016
Veritaserum likes this.
PopZeitgeist
I think positioning Economic Reform as less of a priority than other issues is a silly argument. All of those issues are important and should be addressed as such. It's making me less and less confident that she will do anything about the economic system in place when she talks about "if it needs to be done". When
Sanders has also talked about reforming our prison system and highlighting the racial issues tied up with that, but then Chelsea Clinton comes out and says that is a worrying proposition.
What I get a lot of from Clinton's camp in relation to Sanders is either "Me too" or "It's impractical". She seems to have a vested interest in keeping the status quo as is and will do little to implement the real systematic changes that need to happen across many parts of the government.
PopZeitgeist, Feb 17, 2016
The "dead heat!"/"too close to call!" accusations seem really strange when you look at the actual delegate figures so far. Hillary is 16.5% of the way there, compared to Bernie's 1.8%.
TheDangerZone
That's not an accurate representation though because the superdelegates are free to switch their allegiance whenever they want between now and the convention. If Bernie starts sweeping, then they'll switch their support.
Of the pledged delegates, they're about even right now. I'm sure Clinton is going to take South Carolina but I think the rest of the states are still up for grabs.
This race is going to the convention, I'm calling it now.
TheDangerZone, Feb 17, 2016
HaveASit
Glad to see this thread. I've been pulling for Hillary since before she announced her candidacy so I'm really hoping Sanders' momentum slows. I agree that this will probably go to the convention. My hope and assumption is that Hillary will sweep on Super Tuesday after a moderate start. I'm excited to see where this goes!
I hope Donald gets the republican nomination, solely because I don't think he would win a general election. Ted Cruz manages to be an even more terrifying prospect for president than Donald Trump.
HaveASit, Feb 18, 2016
Someboy Staff Member
TheDangerZone said: ↑
Oh, there's no way. It's good Bernie is making it a fight so the Dems get some publicity, but he's not going to be the nominee.
Someboy, Feb 18, 2016
Someboy said: ↑
That was a slight overstatement. While Hillary's no doubt getting the nomination, this is not going to be an early race. Like I don't see Bernie bowing out early. He's sticking around until close to the end of the nomination process. His campaign just has too much momentum at this point. He'll no doubt lose to her South Carolina, but I think there's still potential surprises in store for Colorado, Ohio and Nevada.
PopZeitgeist likes this.
beyoncésweave
People say it'll go to convention every time and it doesn't. Towards the end of the primaries, there will be incredible pressure on whoever is behind on the delegate count to drop out and endorse the other person, particularly if the Republican nomination is relatively settled by then (/not going to their convention). That was certainly the case in 2008.
The best Sanders can hope is to not be completely blown out in the Southern states and to run even/win a few of the other states, and hope that that moves the national conversation and flips some of the later states. Even then, Clinton has superdelgates waiting in the wings to plump for her en masse if/when things get too close.
The Obama/Clinton battle went on for so long partly because the superdelegates were splitting pretty evenly for them for quite a while. The party establishment is not at all behind Sanders in this race, since he wasn't even a member of the party until recently (I think only like two congresspeople have endorsed him?).
beyoncésweave, Feb 18, 2016
Laura Vanderbooben
It kind of feels like whoever gets the Democratic nomination wins the election. Is that dumb to say? The Republican side is so splintered, and their views so far from the middle, that I can't see any of the candidates winning over swing voters.
Laura Vanderbooben, Feb 18, 2016
Yeah I think turnout is going to potentially be low this cycle. Hillary just doesn't seem like the type of voter to drive people to the booths like Obama did.
Which is worrisome, because historically Republicans win when there's low voter turnout.
On that note, from The Onion:
NEW YORK—Citing her lackluster support among young voters, campaign consultants to Hillary Clinton, the Democratic presidential frontrunner who has served as both a U.S. senator and secretary of state, reportedly instructed the candidate this week to be more inspiring. "Right now, voters are looking for a candidate who stands for real societal change, someone who can stir something inside them," said media advisor Jim Margolis, urging the woman—who overcame entrenched societal biases to build a successful legal career, became the first female senator elected in the state of New York, oversaw the Department of State during a period of widespread international tumult, and, if elected, would be the first female president in American history—to appear more uplifting to voters. "Many young people have completely lost faith in the political process, and they want to believe that true progress is actually possible. They want someone who embodies progressive ideals." Margolis added that Clinton was too much a part of the establishment she spent decades breaking down barriers to enter.
Baby Clyde, Laura Vanderbooben and HaveASit like this.
Syzygyz
Bernie will be out after March 15th when Hillary, in the wake of a pretty massive Super Tuesday sweep, handily beats him in Illinois, Florida, Ohio, and North Carolina. She should have enough delegates to officially make him drop out on April 26th after she wins Pennsylvania and New York.
And thank christ for that. I agree with some of Bernie's ideas in principle (single payer, mostly), but some of the others are fucking ludicrous; Free college for everyone will not address the issue of there being an oversaturation of college grads with fucking idiotic degrees; 'breaking up' the big banks won't do much without serious regulatory overhaul (investment banks are like a hydra--cut off one head and two more shall take its place); imposing a .5% tax on EVERY tax transaction will absolutely decimate the American 401(k) retirement scheme currently in place.. the list goes on.
My order of candidates as it stands is: Hillary>>>>>Bloomberg>>>Bernie>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>the nutters on the right
Syzygyz, Feb 18, 2016
Synthline likes this.
Donald Trump's feud with the Pope is everything. I spent the last five minutes cackling at the BBC News at 6.
"If and when the Vatican is attacked by ISIS, which as everyone knows is ISIS's ultimate trophy, I can promise you that the Pope would have only wished and prayed that Donald Trump would have been President"
My fear is that Bernie supporters won't support Hillary come November. There is true animosity toward her, even within the party. I see just as much, if not more, hate for her coming from fellow democrats as I do from republicans. I hope she is able to drive enough voters to the polls to win in November.
HaveASit said: ↑
There were Clinton supporters swearing they'd never vote for Obama (and vice versa with Obama supporters); that shit was absolutely rancorous. But come November they all turned out, and against such a relatively benign candidate like McCain. I think the spectre of a President Trump or Cruz would dissolve any misgivings most Sanders voters would have about not voting for Clinton.
Baby Clyde, HaveASit, PopZeitgeist and 1 other person like this.
shake-em-on-down
If only Joe Biden was standing for Prez, he'd win hands down. As it stands, is it's Hilary or Bernie standing in Nov, they will basically hand the presidency to Donald Trump.
shake-em-on-down, Feb 18, 2016
shake-em-on-down said: ↑
Not sure what you've been reading but the make-up of the US electorate (lots of black people, lots of Hispanic people, lots of immigrants, many gay people etc) ensures that Donald Trump is extremely unlikely to win.
Raisin Hell
http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/latest_polls/
Raisin Hell, Feb 18, 2016


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Home / Private Investing / Equity Crowdfunding / How to Invest in AllTheBelts Stock
How to Invest in AllTheBelts Stock
The one-stop app for combat sports content appeals to both fans and advertisers
By Robert Lakin, InvestorPlace Contributor	Aug 3, 2020, 6:05 am EST	 August 3, 2020
Even before sports fans were deprived of watching live (insert your favorite sport here) earlier this spring, what's collectively known as "combat sports" had a huge global following. Any doubts about that were put to rest when the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) became the first major sports event to be staged after pandemic shutdowns. With so many fans, it makes sense that there's an app for that and it's currently crowdfunding. Let's have a look at how to invest in AllTheBelts stock.
Source: Pavel3d/ShutterStock.com
That app, ATB, is an aggregation platform with news, videos, podcasts and fan chat covering combat sports – boxing, wrestling and mixed martial arts, or MMA. It's seeking to raise $250,000 by the end of August (with a $10,000 minimum) on the Netcapital platform. There is a $99 minimum investment on a $2.25 million valuation.
A word or two on Netcapital, which touts the platform as a way to help turn friends, family and customers into investors. The site has assembled a fairly impressive operating team, several with more than a few gray hairs (= deep experience). But even more impressive is an advisory board that includes DraftKings (NASDAQ:DKNG) co-founder and CEO Jason Robins, and former chairman and CEO of Verizon (NYSE:VZ), Ivan Seidenberg (= really deep experience).
App Gets Great Ratings
AllTheBelts is the bootstrapped brainchild of Timothy Childs. He describes it as part of his mission to "develop mobile apps for combat sports with the latest news and the most engaged communities." So far, though, it's just him driving the business.
Founded in 2019, the San Francisco area-based startup has about 23,000 installs, 3,000 monthly average users (MAUs) and 2,000 registered users.
10 SPAC IPO Stocks to Buy as They Grow in Popularity
ATB is highly rated, according to App Annie, the app analytics and app market data portal. It's currently sporting a 4.86 out of 5.0 rating. There's similar sentiment on the Appgroves ranking site.
Potential investors can also get a sense from those reviews of the competition that AllTheBelts faces, with a couple of dozen sport-specific apps – boxing, MMA, for example. But no others seem to have broad combat-sports coverage.
For example, according to the company's SEC filing, the app offers boxing fans access to more than 60 content outlets. That broad coverage could be viewed as a negative, if die-hard fans follow one sport and may want an app that focuses only on that sport. Or, as a positive – advertising dollars come from both marketers interested in the particular sport or those interested in reaching across the teen male demographic using AllTheBelts.
"By aggregating content, combat sports advertisers will have access to a platform to run more targeted ads without have to negotiate with dozens of outlets," the filing notes. I lean toward viewing the broad coverage as positive, as marketers as diverse as esports leader Take Two Interactive Software (NASDAQ:TTWO) or Nike (NYSE:NKE) would seek advertising placements on ATB.
Raise Will Pay for Advertising Push
To be sure, investors are putting their money into a classic freemium business model. There's nothing necessarily worrisome about that, just understand that AllTheBelts will be monetized via advertising. My analysis confirms Childs is approaching this the right way, with rotating banner ads and the annoying, but effective full-screen interstitial ads. And like any successful freemium model, users will be able to pay for an upgrade that will, among other benefits, disable some ads.
Most of that $250,000 now being raised will be used to grow active users to a level where the app is generating advertising revenue, according to the filing. Mid-raise, AllTheBelts added content area for seven major martial arts last week, expanding on its initial boxing channel.
Bottom Line on AllTheBelts Stock
Venture capital firms typically cut to the chase with a key question for any entrepreneur: What problem are you solving ?
AllTheBelts is going after a target-rich environment. There's a huge amount of content produced by combat sports publishers – websites, YouTube channels, podcasts, etc. Fans want a one-stop portal to consume that. On the other side of the transaction, advertisers want to efficiently and effectively manage their spend.
If you buy in to this analysis, it's not too far of a stretch to buy in to investing in AllTheBelts. Netcapital gives investors some peace of mind, with your money held in escrow and returned if the ATB offering doesn't reach its end-of-August goal. You can also change your mind up until 48 hours before the deadline.
Robert Lakin is a veteran financial writer and editor, following fintech, agtech and property tech startups. He was previously emerging markets editor for Bloomberg News in Tel Aviv. He is a contributor to the Powered by Battery blog. Robert does not own any of the aforementioned securities.
Investing through equity and real estate crowdfunding or asset tokenization requires a high degree of risk tolerance. Despite what individual companies may promise, there's always the chance of losing a portion, or the entirety, of your investment. These risks include:
1) Greater chance of failure
2) Risk of fraudulent activity
3) Lack of liquidity
4) Economic downturns
5) Dearth of investor education
Read more: Private Investing Risks
Article printed from InvestorPlace Media, https://investorplace.com/2020/08/how-to-invest-in-allthebelts-stock/.


text:
In cryptography, "PKCS #7: Cryptographic Message Syntax" (a.k.a. "CMS") is a standard syntax for storing signed and/or encrypted data. PKCS #7 is one of the family of standards called Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) created by RSA Laboratories. The latest version, 1.5, is available as RFC 2315.

An update to PKCS #7 is described in RFC 2630, which was replaced in turn by RFC 3369, RFC 3852 and then by RFC 5652.

PKCS #7 files may be stored both as raw DER format or as PEM format. PEM format is the same as DER format but wrapped inside Base64 encoding and sandwiched in between  and . Windows uses the ".p7b" file name extension for both these encodings.

A typical use of a PKCS #7 file would be to store certificates and/or certificate revocation lists (CRL).

Here's an example of how to first download a certificate, then wrap it inside a PKCS #7 archive and then read from that archive:
$ echo '' | openssl s_client -connect example.org:443 -host example.org 2>/dev/null | openssl x509 > example.org.cer 2>/dev/null

$ openssl crl2pkcs7 -nocrl -certfile example.org.cer -out example.org.cer.pem.p7b

$ openssl pkcs7 -in example.org.cer.pem.p7b -noout -print_certs
subject=C = US, ST = California, L = Los Angeles, O = Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, OU = Technology, CN = www.example.org issuer=C = US, O = DigiCert Inc, CN = DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA

References

External links
 Man page for openssl-pkcs7

Cryptography standards

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Сергі́й Петро́вич Подго́рний ( 8 березня 1956, м. Луганськ) — український політик. Народний депутат України. Член ВО «Батьківщина», керівник департаменту Виконавчого секретаріату Політради.

Освіта
У 1978 р. закінчив Луганський державний педагогічний інститут за фахом вчитель математики.

Кар'єра
 1976–1982 — учитель фізики і математики в СШ № 11 м. Луганська.
 1979–1980 — служба в армії.
 1982 — завідувач фільмотеки методичного кабінету Луганського міського відділу народної освіти.
 1983–1993 — інспектор шкіл Луганського міського відділу народної освіти. Заступник директора 8-річної школи № 21 м. Луганська.
 1993–1994 — спеціаліст з соціальних питань Луганської обласної ради профспілки працівників підприємств кооперації та інших форм власності.
 1994–1997 — заступник директора ТОВ «Джерело». Референт директора ТОВ «Аврора» (м. Луганськ).
 1997–1998 — помічник заступника голови Луганської обласної державної адміністрації.

Депутат Київської міської ради (квітень 2006–2007).

Довірена особа кандидата на пост Президента України Віктора Ющенка в ТВО № 46 (2004–2005).

Партійність
1982 — серпень 1990 — член КПРС. Один із засновників «Демократичної платформи» в КПРС у Луганській області. Грудень 1990 — лютий 1996 — член ПДВУ, був головою Арбітражно-ревізійної комісії. 1992 — один із засновників об'єднання «Нова Україна», до 1999 — голова Луганської обласної організації. 1996–1999 — член НДП, 1997–1998 — голова Луганської обласної організації та член Політради. З травня 1999 — член правління ПРП. З листопада 1999 — член політичної партії «Яблуко», з 2000 — голова Луганської обласної організації, керівник секретаріату та заступник голови (червень 2003–2005).

Сім'я
Одружений, має дочку.

Парламентська діяльність
Народний депутат України 3-го скликання з 12 травня 1998 до 14 травня 2002 від НДП, № 21 в списку. На час виборів: помічник заступник голови Луганської обласної державної адміністрації, член НДП. Паралельно балотувався за виборчім округом № 104 Луганської області. З'явилося 60.3 %, «за» 2.5 %, 12 місце з 22 претендентів. Член фракції НДП (травень 1998 — червень 1999), член фракції ПРП «Реформи-центр» (червень — грудень 1999), позафракційний (грудень 1999 — вересень 2000), член фракції «Яблуко» (з вересня 2000). Член Комітету з питань регламенту, депутатської етики та організації роботи Верховної Ради України (липень 1998 — січень 2001), член Комітету з питань науки і освіти (з січня 2001).

Квітень 2002 — кандидат в народні депутати України від партії «Яблуко», № 7 в списку. На час виборів: народний депутат України, член Політичної партії «Яблуко».

Березень 2006 — кандидат в народні депутати України від «Блоку Юлії Тимошенко», № 146 в списку. На час виборів: керівник департаменту Виконавчого секретаріату Політради ВО «Батьківщина», член ВО «Батьківщина».

Народний депутат України 6-го скликання з 23 листопада 2007 до 12 грудня 2012 від «Блоку Юлії Тимошенко», № 132 в списку. На час виборів: тимчасово не працював, член ВО «Батьківщина». Член фракції «Блок Юлії Тимошенко» (з листопада 2007). Голова підкомітету з питань виборчого законодавства та об'єднань громадян Комітету з питань державного будівництва та місцевого самоврядування (з грудня 2007).

Примітки

Посилання
 Довідник «Хто є хто в Україні», видавництво «К. І.С.»
 Верховна Рада України 3-го скликання
 Верховна Рада України 6-го скликання

Уродженці Луганська
Випускники Луганського університету
Українські педагоги
Політики України
Депутати Київської міської ради
Народні депутати України 3-го скликання
Народні депутати України 6-го скликання
Члени КПРС
Члени партії «Реформи і порядок»
Члени НДП
Члени ВО «Батьківщина»


Brett Barnes says the late singer and entertainer never molested despite the insinuation made in the documentary.
HBO is facing a potential lawsuit from a man who was mentioned in the upcoming Leaving Neverland documentary, stating that the film is spreading falsehoods. Brett Barnes, who is shown as a boy in the film, says that Michael Jackson never molested him and he's filing his suit due to that insinuation.
HBO has replied to Barnes' suit, stating it will not strike his image and his account from the film, which appears only briefly.


text:
July 20, 2017 S.W. Biddulph
FIGHT OFF LAZY LANGUAGE: WATCH TV
By Noelle Sterne
You may be scandalized at the suggestion in this title. But consider this: As writers, we're sensitive to words and probably almost always think about them. After all, they're our currency. Even when we're taking breaks, talking with other people, reading magazine articles, or watching television, we're almost unconsciously evaluating—with disdain or grudging admiration—the words we hear. This sensitivity can help us assuage any lingering guilt for any time away from writing.
Admittedly a rationale for marathon TV watching, I discovered that television shows can teach us valuable lessons when we write. I'm talking about diction beyond the standard scripted sentences that are almost unavoidable ("I want my lawyer." "Crash cart, STAT!" "We need to talk.").
Once we recognize the penchant for too-easy words, we can avoid them in our writing. Here I describe two types of lazy language and suggest lessons we can learn from them and remedies to apply in our own work.
Explicit, Ethan!
In an episode of "Raising the Bar," a TV series (unfortunately belated) about public defenders, a lawyer takes on elderly twin brothers who have illegally cashed a deceased friend's Social Security check. In the first meeting, instead of acknowledging the seriousness of their case and listening attentively, the brothers (played by actual old-time comedians) barrage the attorney with a constant stream of jokes.
One brother rattles off a story about an old man who goes to the doctor. When the doctor asks for samples of bodily substances, the patient replies, "Doc, just take my underwear." The other brother shouts, "No, stupid! Underpants! Underpants! Specific is always funnier."
Lesson: He's right. Specific is also, well, more specific. How can you sharpen your language?
Remedy: Say you're writing a mystery set in winter in Chicago about a man in dire circumstances. You've supplied enough of the backstory to show him believably forced into robbing a shipment of expensive fur coats. You write, "Jeffrey pulled on his jacket and headed out the door."
Given Jeffrey's poor circumstances in a freezing Chicago night and his motive for his choice of what to rob, the story is enlivened and our sympathies deepened when we know what kind of jacket Jeffrey pulled on. His personal situation contrasts radically with the luxurious coats: "Jeffrey pulled on his windbreaker, much too thin in the brutal weather, and headed out the door." Or, better: "Jeffrey pulled on his thin windbreaker, threading his hand into the torn left sleeve, and headed out the door."
One Sentence Fits All
Today's trendy colloquialisms show up in many television shows. A ubiquitous offender I keep hearing on almost every primetime show is a question with particularly annoying, tortured syntax.
Only one example: In a series of TV movies adapted from Robert B. Parker's Jesse Stone mystery novels, a Los Angeles homicide cop fired for drinking becomes sheriff of a small New England town. With recurring regulars, often absorbing plots, and a range of engrossing characters, nevertheless at some point almost every one of them asks another the same question.
When Jesse reveals an arcane statistic about the population of a far-off small Western town, the homespun woman deputy asks, "You know that how?"
When Jesse confronts his rather cool sometime love interest with a certain accusation, she asks, "You know that how?"
When Jesse's shrink (and former cop) tells him about corrupt big-city cops, in an inspired variation Jesse asks, "And you know this how?"
Whatever the burning curiosity, why does every character speak the same way? We know this how? By listening to them.
Lesson: Vary your dialogue! Match the speech patterns and idioms with your characters' traits! Resist the temptation of today's hot verbal fashions.
Remedy: Your characters' responses should reflect their natures, as in these possibilities instead of the how? question.
Homespun woman deputy's question: "Wow, Jesse, where did you get to know that?"
Jesse's lover's response: "Ha, big man. I can't imagine how you knew that."
Jesse's question to shrink: "You're the former big-city cop. Who was your pipeline?"
If you're stuck for a reply true to a given character, ask the character talk to you. James Scott Bell in The Art of War for Writers advises us, in one of his favorite techniques, to write a character's "voice journal": "The voice journal is simply a character speaking in stream-of-consciousness mode" (p. 116).
Author Karen Dionne relates how a character came to her and started talking: "I woke up in the middle of the night, and this character was in my head talking to me, telling me her history and who she was. I wasn't dreaming about this character. She was just there, as real as if she were sitting in a chair beside me" (When Characters Talk, Writers Listen, 2014).
The first time writer Lucy Mitchell heard her characters talking to her, she called the experience "magical," went into "a state of literary hysteria," and zealously wrote down everything they said (When You Let Your Characters Talk to You, n.d.).
Invite your characters to speak. You may need to let them go on a while, but you'll know when you hear the right answers, especially to that maddening "You know that how?" question. As you prompt your characters, you'll notice their natural cadences and quirks. Your characters will become less one-dimensional, your story will ring truer, and your reader's interest will perk up.
Photo credits: 1) images.dailykos.com 2) tribzap2it.files.wordpress.com
Author, editor, writing coach, writing workshop leader, and spiritual counselor, Noelle has published over 400 writing craft articles, spiritual pieces, essays, and short stories. Publications include Author Magazine, Chicken Soup for the Soul, Children's Book Insider, Coffeehouse For Writers, Funds for Writers, InnerSelf, Inside Higher Ed, New Age Journal, Pen & Prosper, Sasee, Story Monsters Ink, The Write Place At the Write Time, Unity Magazine, Writer's Journal, Writing in a Woman's Voice, The Writer, and Writer's Digest. Academic editor and coach, with the Ph.D. from Columbia University, she helps doctoral students wrestling with their dissertations and publishes articles in several blogs for dissertation writers. Her book Trust Your Life: Forgive Yourself and Go After Your Dreams (Unity Books) contains examples from her practice, writing, and other aspects of life to help readers release regrets, relabel their past, and reach lifelong yearnings. Her book Challenges in Writing Your Dissertation: Coping With the Emotional, Interpersonal, and Spiritual Struggles (Rowman & Littlefield Education, 2015) further aids doctoral candidates to award of their degrees. As part of pursuing her writing Dream, Noelle's mission is to help other writers reach their own and create the lives they truly desire.
A Chicken Soup for the Soul podcast (May 16, 2017) featured her story "Time to Say Goodbye" from a 2013 volume(!): https://chickensoup.podbean.com/e/tip-tuesday-why-you-should-remove-toxic-people-from-your-life-and-how-to-do-it/
Website: http://www.trustyourlifenow.com/
Noelle's books:
Author, Challenges in Writing Your Dissertation: Coping With the Emotional, Interpersonal, and Spiritual Struggles. Rowman & Littlefield Education, 2015.
Author, Trust Your Life: Forgive Yourself and Go After Your Dreams. Unity Books, 2011.
Published posts on Two Drops of Ink:
1) Do You Want to Prevent Predictable Plots?
2) WRITING IN BED: RUMINATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS, AND RULES
3) DESERVE YOUR WRITING DREAM?
4) BAD WRITING? FIX IT!
Two Drops of Ink: The Literary Home for Collaborative Writing
More blogs about writing
Blogs about grammar
Blogs about memoir
We are open to submissions. Read our submission guidelines. Submit and become a part of the growing tsunami of successful writers at Two Drops of Ink!
Looking for a book to read? Check out The Book Store.
#article writing and blogging
#betterwriting
advice for effective article writing
advice for writers
better writing advice
blogging advice for writers
creative writing advice
advice on writing from a phd
advice to new writers
Dr Noelle Sterne
Noelle Sterne PhD
writers advice
writing non-fiction
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Noelle Sterne says:
Michelle and Slug–
Again, many thanks. I am so glad to hear that this post has helped you. Michelle, interesting that you mention screenwriting. I attempted plays but missed the opportunity for lush descriptions (most of which should come out anyway). Slug, love your "being" your characters. You might like to order a sandwich or Starbucks drink in each character's voice to see what would happen. (Would the barista notice?)
Slug Latimer says:
Hello, Dr. Sterne.
TV is a goldmine for "show, don't tell" examples. I hit the "pause" button often to jot down a phrase or shorthand a scene. The independents have discovered some superb screenwriters, scenes and dialogue far removed from the droll, redundant, Hollywood drivel of old.
A "voice journal" would be an interesting method for discovering various speech patterns of characters involved.
I always imagine my individual characters talking with what would be their natural voices and particular responses. It's fun for me, I often physically and verbally mimic their involvement – act it out, so to speak (pun intended!).
An illuminating post, Doctor. Thanks.
This is full of wonderful insight of language use in the most common of places. Your encouragement to PAY ATTENTION is such an important skill for a writer! I think maybe you should be a screenwriter. 🙂
Thank you all for your insightful and appreciative comments. We can learn from television, movies, podcasts, radio (what's that?), and Starbucks eavesdropping (oops).
So let's keep attuned and have our notepads handy. Here's to good listening and great writing.
Jayne Bodell says:
What a great idea you propose, but I must confess that after having watched all the Jesse Stone movies more than a few times, (you could say I'm a big fan) I never noticed the colloquialism you mentioned, and the reason why is because I often use this phrase. So, what is one person's colloquialism is another's natural language. The show supposedly takes place outside of Boston, and I live in Wisconsin. Interesting…
Peter B. Giblett says:
Noelle, you certainly started the thinking with that title. You are right different people will portray the same sentiments in a different way. The young New Yorker may even have a little difficulty understanding the Yorkshire-man, although they are speaking the same language. That is what makes use of this language so exciting. These differences must be portrayed within the words of characters.
Wendy L. Macdonald says:
Excellent advice, Noelle. Sometimes, when I hear a unique phrase from a family member, I'll ask them if I can use it in a book. They never say no; they say they don't want to be quoted though. 🙂
Rick Amitin says:
I highly value practical advice. The experience offered by talented people can add much to one's own journey. Thanks, Scott.
mendellrachel7 says:
Excellent! I'm glad I'm not the only one sitting in the family TV room jotting down quirky quotes! And you watch the same shows I do. Crazy. My children have asked me to "put away the notebook" … I have been known to frequently press the pause on a great movie to copy a great line. Blessings! Love the writing. Thanks for the extra resources.
mjwriter says:
Great article. Thanks. My characters become so real I feel like I'm almost them. I recently had another author do an interview with my main character, and it was such a fun exercise. I was my character for the interview.
Noelle,
I appreciate your helping my guilt for watching endless Seinfeld episodes. I'm a Seinfeld encyclopedia (laughing). I think you raise some valid points in this post. I think TV can really help with fiction writing and dialogue. We can really learn the use of the senses and learn how to "show and not tell" in our writing if we pay attention to TV with a writers mind, seeing how the screen writers prompt emotion from the actors.
Creative writing has always been my nemesis. I'm a nonfiction writer at best, fiction escapes me. We appreciate your expertise and advice. And I know our readers enjoy your posts.
Over Thinker John says:
Noelle, This post is packed full of helpful tips. It's funny you mentioned certain word patterns while watching T.V. I have encountered that myself. I never really thought about it until you made reference to it. I always shrugged it off as coincidence.
I enjoyed the lesson and remedy tips on varying dialogue. The one that resonated the most was allowing your characters to speak to you. That can be a little creepy, but useful. 🙂 Thanks, John
Many thanks, John. Glad you were helped. Characters speaking to you are simply your subconscious given voice. Another thing I've learned from watching TV is that no detail, closeup, or character introduced is ever random or coincidental. Plotwise, often the "nice" neighbor down the block, introduced for thirty seconds and bringing a welcome casserole when the heroine moves in, turns out to be the surreptitious serial killer.
Characters speaking has always been an interesting topic of mine. I've read articles about authors deeply involved with bringing fourth their characters. So much detail to bring out of thin air. It goes to show you the power of ones mind to create.


text:
Ecosystems for SHF finance
Agricultural technical assistance: catching up to its potential
Part 4 of ISF's and RAF Learning Lab's Pulse series draws insights from the evolving Technical Assistance (TA) landscape in agricultural finance.
In 2013 the Initiative for Smallholder Finance (ISF) developed a first of its kind global view of the technical assistance (TA) landscape for smallholder farmers. This initial briefing note described a highly fragmented USD8 billion a year industry – where 70% of resources were channeled through public extension systems, 20% through donor funded programs, and 10% through the efforts of large multinational companies. As part of this research, ISF developed a typology of existing programs in the technical assistance landscape (see figure 1), which includes a list of the top ~100 international providers of TA – now publicly available on the Learning Lab's data platform, with updated size estimates and wiki features.
ISF's 2014 follow up briefing note Rethinking technical assistance to unlock smallholder financing identified a gap in the way that these different forms of technical assistance were helping to facilitate access to finance for smallholder farmers. At that time, only 3% of funding for agricultural technical assistance went toward helping providers develop financial solutions for farmers. Despite slow movement, there have been positive changes in the last five years, along with encouraging spots of activity across the technical assistance landscape.
Integration and coordination: Significant new trends
The integration of TA with other services – particularly financial – promises to be more effective than TA alone. And we are seeing significant new trends across three key areas:
Greater focus on food systems and the role of the private sector: Overall, the design and implementation of technical assistance has experienced a significant shift from a value chain development view to a market systems view. While this has always been core to certain types of technical assistance (e.g. certification, pre-competitive platforms) the market systems approach is becoming more mainstream and leading to more integrated technical assistance models. Examples such as Technoserve's success with an integrated approach in their Coffee Initiative of East Africa, have been the focus of the last number of Global Forum for Rural Advisory Services global partner meetings.
Greater coordination around key commodities: The rise of multi-stakeholder initiatives in key crop areas such as cocoa (Cocoa-Action), palm oil (Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil), tea (the Ethical Tea Initiative) and coffee (the Global Coffee Platform) are bringing new levels of market insight and coordination to the design of technical assistance in key producing countries.
Stronger investment in TA and other support to financial service providers (FSPs): Led in part by The MasterCard Foundation's USD175 million portfolio of grant investments in rural and agricultural finance, a new wave of programs are providing business development services (as well as sharing research and development costs) to support FSPs interested in serving smallholders. Foundation programs working with a range of local providers to develop and test financial solutions for farmers include Agrifin Accelerate, AGRA FISFAP, ICCO STARS, Kiva, and the Fund for Rural Prosperity. Other efforts include CGAP's partnerships with financial institutions to pilot new approaches for smallholder families, and the agriculture efforts of Financial Sector Deepening Africa (FSDA),
New epicenters of activity
We are also seeing bright spots of activity emerging across the landscape -- from renewed attention to existing systems to new collaborations and innovations:
Re-energization of public extension systems: Ethiopia and Rwanda are creating a new standard for what government led programs can achieve, while countries such as Nigeria and Honduras are laying out bold new plans to try to re-energize their extension systems through training and involving a new wave of younger agro-entrepreneurs.
New donor efforts: The USAID-funded Developing Local Extension Capacity project and less formal Transforming Extension Initiative are new collaborations by major donors to develop and coordinate transformative efforts at scale. These programs are important platforms for driving new approaches through traditional farmer outreach and training models. In addition, a consortium of donors and implementers have formed an interest group for promoting digital technology for agricultural extension. They include the World Bank and the Gates Foundation, which has developed a comprehensive new ICT4Agriculture strategy with a major focus on technology in rural advisory services.
Digital technology for extension: A growing number of digital service providers, over 200 enterprises and projects globally, are enabling organizations to deliver TA in innovative ways - from changing how traditional rural advisory services are delivered, to developing new participatory models, and finding ways of tailoring advice for farmers through precision technologies like remote and in-field sensors and much more timely and granular weather data. For instance, Digital Green is rapidly scaling its approach of applying video technology and intensive data collection to empower information extension and farmer-to-farmer training. In Ethiopia, the Agricultural Transformation Agency's agricultural helpline is reaching millions of farmers each month with a new interactive voice response service. A new wave of tech firms such as Arifu and Farm Radio International are transforming the provision of advice to farmers from the ground up.
Fulfilling the promise of technical assistance: Action steps
As these developments show, progress has been made on many of the key recommendations from ISF's research in 2013. However, we see a number of key areas where more continued concentration is needed:
Stronger focus on mainstreaming climate smart agriculture and nutrition, in addition to gender, as core parts of technical assistance programming.
Focus on sharing and pooling of data in ways that respect competition. Over time this will be an important way of standardizing metrics and measurement of results.
More focus on the potential of technology. There are exciting glimpses of potential, but those serving smallholders can make better use of the transformative potential of technology in delivery of TA. For instance, in the Learning Lab's digitalization study, FSPs who had begun their digital journeys were still unlikely to have digitalized support services for farmers (stay tuned for digital service provider landscape data from the Lab).
The smallholder ecosystem model of Inflection Point identifies technical assistance providers as key players in the enabling environment for smallholder finance. While the landscape has evolved slowly, new developments and epicenters of activity mean that we are better positioned than ever before to help close the financing gap and improve livelihoods of the rural poor.
Topics: Digital Financial Services Ecosystems for SHF finance Farmer Technical Assistance Fund for Rural Prosperity Initiative for Smallholder Finance The Pulse Value Chain Development
Enabling environment and smallholder finance: A complex relationship
Onward and upward: Using a systems approach to unlock smallholder finance potential
Rural finance providers: A new segmentation for an expanding market


All downloads are free of any adware or spyware.
Click here for uninstallation procedure.
Most users should download and use the 64-bit version. In the rare cases that the computer runs the 32-bit version of Windows, please download and use the version below.
Note: XP with Service Pack 2 or 3 is required. For XP without Service Pack 2 or 3, please follow the link in section below to download and use Version 4.3.


Alessandro Parisotti was an Italian composer and music editor. Alessandro Parisotti is better known today as the original editor of a collection of songs known as arie antiche (originally titled Arie antiche: ad una voce per canto e pianoforte, published 1890). The original collection comprises three volumes of songs or arias published as a primer to study classical singing, but the three volumes have since been reduced to single-volumed extracts known as the 24 Italian Songs and Arias, sometimes also the 26 Italian Songs and Arias.
Parisotti collected these antique arias (arie antiche is the Italian) in what was the 19th century vogue for discovering forgotten old or antique music from the classical and baroque eras. The most famous example of this practice of reclaiming forgotten music is Mendelssohn's revival of Bach's St. Matthew Passion in Leipzig (1829). The taste for rediscovered music was de riguer among musicians and audiences of the nineteenth century, with composers lesser than Mendelssohn and Brahms playing the field as well. Parisotti found forgotten scores and arranged their arias (or duets) for solo singer and Piano accompaniment.
His textual practices were unscrupulous though, the scores for many originals being modified, or supposedly improved, from how the music had been intended by the original composers. Beyond that, Parisotti also included some of his own pieces for public performance and for publication in the Arie antiche collection, but always passing them off as rediscovered masterpieces of the ancient composers. In his collection 'Se tu m'ami' was attributed to Giovanni Pergolesi, while the recitative and aria 'Il mio bel foco …Quella fiamma' was attributed to Alessandro Marcello, as it often still is today. These fake masterpieces of the baroque call the integrity of the so-called Neo-Classicism in Igor Stravinsky's ballet Pulcinella into question when considering that Stravinsky had studied them to familiarise himself with baroque style and that he even re-used the music of Se tu m'ami in the ballet.
The arie antiche or Italian songs have become the staple of modern voice pedagogy, specifically for students just beginning with lessons. Teachers laud them, perhaps mistakenly, for tracing a line to the old schools of singing right back to the golden age of the castrati. In fact, where the quality of the music is concerned, these arrangements of baroque and classical arias bear a closer kinship with the 19th century parlour song.
Singers such as Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Dmitri Hvorostovsky and Ramon Vargas have recorded albums of arie antiche. But the best selling and most critically acclaimed recording of Parisotti's arie antiche comes from the mezzo-soprano Cecilia Bartoli. Despite her own good efforts at performing these songs, she has criticized voice teachers for using them as the fundamentals of a good classical singing technique because she considers them too difficult for beginners.
This page was last edited on 9 April 2018, at 05:20.


Holiday Insurance is not compulsory but is strongly recommended. Our Holiday Travel Insurance has been arranged with the Wrightsure Client Holiday Travel Insurance underwritten by ERV the UK bank of Europaische Reiseversicherung A.G. an Ergo Group Company incorporated and regulated under the laws of Germany. Should you wish to take advantage of our Holiday Travel Insurance the premium will become payable at the time of booking.
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We will not provide you with advice about the suitability of this product for your individual needs but will be happy to provide you with factual information. We summarise below the details of the insurance cover provided which also includes SPECIALTY ASSISTANCE LTD - 24-hour emergency service. The following is a brief summary of the cover available. Full details of Cover, Policy Warranties and Exclusions will be forwarded with your confirmation of booking. In any event you may ask for a specimen copy of the Policy Wording before booking should you wish to examine this in advance.
YOU ARE NOT COVERED for anything caused directly or indirectly by you suffering from stress, anxiety or depression unless it has been investigated and diagnosed as such by a Consultant specialising in the relevant field, who must confirm in writing at your cost that you are fit enough to take this trip. Please note, our Holiday Travel Insurance Scheme is only available to residents of the United Kingdom.
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Examples of these and other conditions and restrictions and what to do if you are unsure about any aspect of an exclusion are contained within your policy information. If after purchasing a policy should you find it does not meet your requirements you have 14 days from the date of issue, or prior to travel (whichever is sooner) to cancel the policy.
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text:
Hildreth Elementary School Mural
By Lauren Haggerty, Jessica Roach / 4 May 2021
Arrowstreet's Graphic Design Studio worked closely with the architectural team and staff at Hildreth Elementary to design a large-scale mural in their new building in Harvard, MA. This 82' long mural in the heart of the school continues the theme of nature, mainly native species of Harvard, and is central to the entire signage and graphic program.
The architecture naturally divides the mural into three sections:
A map of Harvard anchoring the top of the learning stairs.
An apple orchard spanning the hallway behind the technology room.
A world map spanning two floors in the media center.
The map of Harvard by the learning stair features illustrations of major destinations and roadways, neighboring towns, and a selection of native plant and animal species. As you continue down the hallway, you find yourself in an apple orchard—a prominent feature in the Town of Harvard—which depicts the stages of an orchard from spring to winter. Quotes from historians and authors about the importance of protecting the Earth are woven through the trees and nestled amongst the birds and other hidden animals. As you step onto the bridge, you are up close and personal with the seven continents that make up the planet. The land is color-coded to identify Earth's biomes and features illustrations of natural landmarks and their distances from Harvard. Great care was taken to ensure an accurate representation of the globe. An Equal Earth map projection was selected as the base for the main map. Additional map projections are visible above the shelves in the media center, illustrating a small sample of the various ways the Earth can be depicted two-dimensionally.
The graphics continue the school's branding and bring color and interest to these walls while acting as a teaching tool for the students to learn more about their town, nature's life cycles, biomes, map projections, and some of the world's most important natural landmarks.
Topics: environmental graphics, academic, Graphic Design, Hildreth Elementary School, Blog
Hildreth Elementary School
Sustainability in EGD
By Lauren Haggerty, Donald Suthard, Jenna Carolan, Jessica Roach / 16 December 2020
Arrowstreet Appoints Lauren Haggerty Director of Graphic Design
By Lauren Haggerty / 21 January 2020


Okay, it is time for couples to listen to the reality when it comes to funding an internet business. Funding is a vital subject however if you're a couple running a business or perhaps a couple just beginning a company, it's difficult to get funding from anybody. It is because couple entrepreneurs really are a high risk investment.
A couple of who wish to begin a business, it matters hardly any just how their credit rating is, funding continues to be difficult. This is because since the rate of success of couple-run companies is low.
Some 98% of couple-run companies fail inside the first three years and since most couples don't understand how to safeguard themselves they lose everything. Then your couple eventually ends up in divorce court. The loan provider probably won't get compensated back, because the business normally has gone bankrupt.
This will make lending to couple entrepreneurs who're beginning a company, high-risk and lots of investors steer obvious of purchasing high-risk ventures having a 98% failure rate.
Thus if you would like funding to start an internet business, you will need to get creative. Obviously there's crowd funding, but more to the point you should understand, that based on the Small business administration most work from home companies have no need for greater than a couple of 1000 dollars to begin.
Actually, the typical work from home business can startup for less than $500.00. Which means most couples need startup capital between $500 and $10,000.00 max.
Another the fact is that many banks aren't thinking about loaning such a tiny bit of money to begin a company. So, the $500 to $10,000.00 isn't enough to lure a loan provider. It does not seem sensible to allow them to lend that small of the amount they do not make enough interest earnings.
Most couples finish up utilizing a charge card to begin an internet business however i think entering debt to begin your company is like taking a measure forward and 2 steps back. If you are looking at beginning an internet business together with your spouse, listed here are 3 strategies for funding your company.
Possess a limit: Provide your business some startup capital out of your savings try not to keep feeding it. Possess a limit to just how much you are prepared to lend your home-based business startup. Remember it's a loan so you need to have the means to make monthly obligations back to your checking account.
Really review your startup costs: and slash everything from their email list that you're not really have to. Do you want that new computer or would you simply want a brand new computer? Don't add unnecessary expenses for your startup. It is now time to become lean and driven.
Don't keep feeding the company if it's not earning money: This really is difficult to do when you're emotionally invested in the industry try not to keep feeding an unprofitable business. Discover the hole in the industry and only repair it or create another more lucrative business. So, when the agreement between you and your partner would be that the new work from home business includes a line of credit of $10,000.00 out of your checking account, then don't lend it any longer.
The truth on funding a company is the fact that most couples are by themselves. You have to plan carefully and become lean when beginning a company. Most work from home companies require more sweat equity than capital investment which is frequently the key for couples who become successful together.
Are you aware that 98% of couples who get into business together will destroy their marriage and ruin their business? However it does not need to be by doing this for you personally. Rather why don't you join the over 8 million other couple entrepreneurs who benefit from the freedom and wealth lifestyle of couple entrepreneurship.


text:
namespace Intrinsic
{
namespace Renderer
{
namespace Resources
{
// Typedefs
typedef Dod::Ref BufferRef;
typedef _INTR_ARRAY(BufferRef) BufferRefArray;

struct BufferData : Dod::Resources::ResourceDataBase
{
  BufferData() : Dod::Resources::ResourceDataBase(_INTR_MAX_BUFFER_COUNT)
  {
    descBufferType.resize(_INTR_MAX_BUFFER_COUNT);
    descMemoryPoolType.resize(_INTR_MAX_BUFFER_COUNT);
    descSizeInBytes.resize(_INTR_MAX_BUFFER_COUNT);
    descInitialData.resize(_INTR_MAX_BUFFER_COUNT);

    vkDescriptorBufferInfo.resize(_INTR_MAX_BUFFER_COUNT);
    vkBuffer.resize(_INTR_MAX_BUFFER_COUNT);
    memoryAllocationInfo.resize(_INTR_MAX_BUFFER_COUNT);
  }

  // Description
  _INTR_ARRAY(BufferType::Enum) descBufferType;
  _INTR_ARRAY(MemoryPoolType::Enum) descMemoryPoolType;
  _INTR_ARRAY(uint32_t) descSizeInBytes;
  _INTR_ARRAY(void*) descInitialData;

  // Resources
  _INTR_ARRAY(VkDescriptorBufferInfo) vkDescriptorBufferInfo;
  _INTR_ARRAY(VkBuffer) vkBuffer;
  _INTR_ARRAY(GpuMemoryAllocationInfo) memoryAllocationInfo;
};

struct BufferManager
    : Dod::Resources::ResourceManagerBase<BufferData, _INTR_MAX_BUFFER_COUNT>
{
  _INTR_INLINE static void init()
  {
    _INTR_LOG_INFO("Inititializing Buffer Manager...");

    Dod::Resources::ResourceManagerBase<
        BufferData, _INTR_MAX_BUFFER_COUNT>::_initResourceManager();
  }

  // <-

  _INTR_INLINE static BufferRef createBuffer(const Name& p_Name)
  {
    BufferRef ref = Dod::Resources::ResourceManagerBase<
        BufferData, _INTR_MAX_BUFFER_COUNT>::_createResource(p_Name);
    return ref;
  }

  // <-

  _INTR_INLINE static void resetToDefault(BufferRef p_Ref)
  {
    _descMemoryPoolType(p_Ref) = MemoryPoolType::kStaticBuffers;
    _descBufferType(p_Ref) = BufferType::kVertex;
    _descSizeInBytes(p_Ref) = 0u;
    _descInitialData(p_Ref) = nullptr;
  }

  // <-

  _INTR_INLINE static void destroyBuffer(BufferRef p_Ref)
  {
    Dod::Resources::ResourceManagerBase<
        BufferData, _INTR_MAX_BUFFER_COUNT>::_destroyResource(p_Ref);
  }

  // <-

  _INTR_INLINE static void compileDescriptor(BufferRef p_Ref,
                                             bool p_GenerateDesc,
                                             rapidjson::Value& p_Properties,
                                             rapidjson::Document& p_Document)
  {
    Dod::Resources::ResourceManagerBase<
        BufferData, _INTR_MAX_BUFFER_COUNT>::_compileDescriptor(p_Ref,
                                                                p_GenerateDesc,
                                                                p_Properties,
                                                                p_Document);
  }

  // <-

  _INTR_INLINE static void initFromDescriptor(BufferRef p_Ref,
                                              bool p_GenerateDesc,
                                              rapidjson::Value& p_Properties)
  {
    Dod::Resources::ResourceManagerBase<
        BufferData, _INTR_MAX_BUFFER_COUNT>::_initFromDescriptor(p_Ref,
                                                                 p_GenerateDesc,
                                                                 p_Properties);
  }

  // <-

  _INTR_INLINE static void saveToSingleFile(const char* p_FileName)
  {
    Dod::Resources::ResourceManagerBase<BufferData, _INTR_MAX_BUFFER_COUNT>::
        _saveToSingleFile(p_FileName, compileDescriptor);
  }

  // <-

  _INTR_INLINE static void loadFromSingleFile(const char* p_FileName)
  {
    Dod::Resources::ResourceManagerBase<BufferData, _INTR_MAX_BUFFER_COUNT>::
        _loadFromSingleFile(p_FileName, initFromDescriptor, resetToDefault);
  }

  // <-

  _INTR_INLINE static void createAllResources()
  {
    destroyResources(_activeRefs);
    createResources(_activeRefs);
  }

  // <-

  static void createResources(const BufferRefArray& p_Buffers);

  // <-

  _INTR_INLINE static void destroyResources(const BufferRefArray& p_Buffers)
  {
    for (uint32_t i = 0u; i < p_Buffers.size(); ++i)
    {
      BufferRef ref = p_Buffers[i];

      VkBuffer& buffer = _vkBuffer(ref);
      if (buffer != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
      {
        RenderSystem::releaseResource(_N(VkBuffer), (void*)buffer, nullptr);
        buffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
      }
    }
  }

  // <-

  _INTR_INLINE static void
  destroyBuffersAndResources(const BufferRefArray& p_Buffers)
  {
    destroyResources(p_Buffers);

    for (uint32_t i = 0u; i < p_Buffers.size(); ++i)
    {
      destroyBuffer(p_Buffers[i]);
    }
  }

  // <-

  _INTR_INLINE static uint8_t* getGpuMemory(BufferRef p_Ref)
  {
    _INTR_ASSERT(_memoryAllocationInfo(p_Ref)._mappedMemory != nullptr &&
                 "Memory is not mappable");
    return _memoryAllocationInfo(p_Ref)._mappedMemory;
  }

  // <-

  _INTR_INLINE static void insertBufferMemoryBarrier(
      BufferRef p_Ref, VkAccessFlags p_SrcAccessMask,
      VkAccessFlags p_DstAccessMask,
      VkPipelineStageFlags p_SrcStages = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT,
      VkPipelineStageFlags p_DstStages = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT)
  {
    Helper::insertBufferMemoryBarrier(RenderSystem::getPrimaryCommandBuffer(),
                                      _vkBuffer(p_Ref), _descSizeInBytes(p_Ref),
                                      0u, p_SrcAccessMask, p_DstAccessMask,
                                      p_SrcStages, p_DstStages);
  }

  // Description
  _INTR_INLINE static BufferType::Enum& _descBufferType(BufferRef p_Ref)
  {
    return _data.descBufferType[p_Ref._id];
  }
  _INTR_INLINE static void*& _descInitialData(BufferRef p_Ref)
  {
    return _data.descInitialData[p_Ref._id];
  }
  _INTR_INLINE static MemoryPoolType::Enum& _descMemoryPoolType(BufferRef p_Ref)
  {
    return _data.descMemoryPoolType[p_Ref._id];
  }
  _INTR_INLINE static uint32_t& _descSizeInBytes(BufferRef p_Ref)
  {
    return _data.descSizeInBytes[p_Ref._id];
  }

  // Resources
  _INTR_INLINE static VkBuffer& _vkBuffer(BufferRef p_Ref)
  {
    return _data.vkBuffer[p_Ref._id];
  }
  _INTR_INLINE static GpuMemoryAllocationInfo&
  _memoryAllocationInfo(BufferRef p_Ref)
  {
    return _data.memoryAllocationInfo[p_Ref._id];
  }
};
}
}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Q: I received a segmentation error when executing the code. What is the issue? I am learning C programming and trying to write code for a calculation. I get a segmentation fault when my program runs.
Where is the problem?
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>

int main()
{
    int n,i,j,k;
    int c,x[10];
    printf("Enter the number of springs ");
    scanf("%d",&n);

    int f[n],s[n],A[n][n+1][n+2]; //declare my variables here

    memset(A, 0, n*n+1*n+2*(sizeof(A))); //put all to zeros

    //store datas for stiffness and strength

    for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
    {
        printf("Enter the stiffness of spring %d\n",i);
        scanf("%d",&s[i]);
    }

    for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
    {
        printf("Enter the force applied to the spring %d\n",i);
        scanf("%d",&f[i]);
    }

    for(i=1;i<=n;i++){
        printf("\nforce applied in f[i] = %d",f[i]);
    }

    //computation for element 1 matrix

    for(k=1;k<=n;k++)

    for(i=1;i<=n+1;i++)

    {
        for(j=1;j<=n+2;j++)
        {
            if(j==k||j==(k+1))
               A[k][i][j]=s[j];

            if(j==n+3)
                A[k][i][j]=f[j];
        }
    }

    for(k=1;k<=n;k++)
    {
        printf("\nmy n=%d matrix is\n",k);

        for(i=1;i<=(n+1);i++)
        {
            for(j=1;j<=(n+2); j++)
                printf("%d\t", A[k][i][j]);

                printf("\n");
        }
     }

     return 0;
}

A: Probably, the reason of the segmentation fault is that your program tries to access the memory out of allocated range. Namely, in this line:
memset(A, 0, n*n+1*n+2*(sizeof(A)));

sizeof(A) is what you need here. When you multiply it by n, n + 1, n + 2, you order memset to change the memory that is not allocated for your program.

A: I did not look through all your code but I think it will be enough to point out statement
memset(A, 0, n*n+1*n+2*(sizeof(A)));

There must be
memset( A, 0, n * ( n+1 ) * ( n+2 ) * sizeof( int ) );

Also take into account that if you defined an array as for example
int s[n];

then the valid range of indices will be 0, n-1, So a loop can look like
for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
{
    printf("Enter the stiffness of spring %d\n",i);
    scanf("%d",&s[i]);
}

A: Change memset(A,0,n*n+1*n+2*(sizeof(A)));
to
memset( A,0,n*(n+1)*(n+2)*sizeof(int));

And the for loop intialization should be i=0; and condition i<n.

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