text:
\section{Introduction}

The method of two-dimensional conformal field theory (CFT) is very powerful to
study (1+1)-dimensional quantum critical phenomena\cite{bpz}.
One of important applications of CFT is due to
Affleck and Ludwig to analyse the Kondo effect.
As is well-known, the Kondo effect
has been providing many interesting issues
such as the multi-channel Kondo problem\cite{nb,tw,andrei}.
A new machinery developed in ref. 2 for studying the Kondo problem is
based on the Cardy's boundary CFT \cite{cardy}, and opened the way for
calculating correlation functions
and transport coefficients in the multi-channel Kondo model.
The CFT approach of Affleck and Ludwig, however,
is based upon a plausible hypothesis about the low-energy fixed point.
This is unavoidable since the formulation of quantum impurity problems in
terms of boundary CFT requires not only the macroscopic self-consistency
in CFT, but depends on some details of microscopic interactions.
They hence proposed the so-called fusion hypothesis
to describe the low-energy fixed point, from  which
the finite-size spectrum (FSS) was obtained to evaluate critical exponents.

On the other hand, the exact Bethe-ansatz solutions to various models
related to the Kondo problem have been known.
Thus it is desirable to  calculate the FSS analytically
and compare it with the results obtained by Affleck and Ludwig.
Motivated by this, we have recently computed
the FSS for the Anderson model, the {\it s-d}
exchange model, the SU($N$) Anderson model, and the multi-channel
Kondo model from the Bethe ansatz solution\cite{fky1,fk2}.
All the results obtained are in accordance
with those predicted by CFT.
Furthermore we can discuss various critical properties from
the exact spectrum using finite-size scaling
arguments\cite{aff1}.
In comparison with bulk systems, these quantum impurity models
show quite different critical behaviors reflecting the effect of
boundaries\cite{aff1,fky2}.

In this paper, we give a short review of our recent studies
on the exact spectrum for the Kondo problem.
The organization of the paper is as follows.
In Sec.II, we collect some basic results in boundary CFT
which will be needed in the following discussions.
In Sec.III, we obtain exactly the FSS of the Anderson model by
the Bethe ansatz method, and discuss its critical properties
characterizing the local Fermi liquid.
In Sec.IV, we show how these results
can be applied when considering
the Fermi-edge singularity in photoemission (absorption)
experiments. We then point out in Sec.V that such
anomalous exponents determine the correlation functions
of pseudo-particles in the Anderson model.
In Sec.VI, we derive a general expression for
the FSS of 1D multicomponent chiral systems, and discuss its
application to the X-ray edge singularity
in the edge state of the fractional quantum Hall effect.
In Sec.VII, we briefly discuss the FSS
of the multi-channel Kondo model
in the overscreening case where a non-Fermi
liquid fixed point plays a role. Finally a brief summary is given in Sec.VIII.

\section{Boundary Conformal Field Theory}

In this section, we summarize some basic
results in boundary CFT necessary for the following discussions.
For (1+1)-dimensional critical systems in
a finite geometry with open boundaries, we need to consider
conformal transformations which preserve the shape of the boundaries.
Then the anti-holomorphic part in CFT is not independent of
the holomorphic part, and critical properties are determined
only by the holomorphic part\cite{cardy}.

The critical behavior near the boundary is characterized by
the surface critical exponent $x_s$ which controls the
asymptotic behavior of the  correlation function,
$\langle \phi(t) \phi(0) \rangle \sim 1/t^{2x_s}$
($t\rightarrow \infty$). The surface  exponent
$x_s$ is generally different from bulk exponents.
We can regard the surface critical exponent $x_s$
as the conformal dimension of some boundary scaling operator.
Decomposing a scaling field $\phi$ into the holomorphic
part and the anti-holomorphic part which is defined by the
analytic continuation of the holomorphic part,
$\phi(z, \bar{z})=\phi_L(z)\phi_R(\bar{z})$,
we have $\phi(z, \bar{z})=
\phi_L(x+iy)\phi_L(x-iy)\sim y^{-2\Delta+\Delta_b}\phi_b(x)$.
Here $\Delta$ is the bulk conformal dimension of $\phi_L$, and
$\Delta_b$ is the conformal dimension of a boundary operator
$\phi_b(x)$. Then in the vicinity of the boundary, we have
the correlation function of the scaling operator,
\begin{equation}
\langle \phi (z, \bar{z})\phi(z', \bar{z}')\rangle \sim
\langle \phi_b(x)\phi_b(x')\rangle \sim \vert x-x'
\vert^{-2\Delta_b}.
\label{correlate}
\end{equation}
That is, the conformal dimension of the
boundary operator $\Delta_b$
directly determines the surface critical exponent $x_s$.

According to the finite-size scaling analysis in CFT \cite{cardy}
it is well-known that $\Delta_b$ enters in the finite-size corrections,
\begin{equation}
E=E_{\infty} -\frac{\pi vc}{24l}
+ \frac{\pi v}{l}(\Delta_b+n)
\label{eqn:fss}
\end{equation}
with $c$ being the central charge of the Virasoro algebra. Here
$E_{\infty}$ is the energy in the thermodynamic limit,
$l$ is the system size and $n$ is a non-negative integer
which features the conformal tower structure.

Since critical systems with boundaries involve only
the holomorphic part of CFT, we can describe the systems
only in terms of left-moving (or right-moving) currents.
Such systems are referred to as {\it  chiral systems}.
Since quantum impurity systems such as the Kondo model
can be mapped to 1D chiral systems, boundary CFT
is applicable \cite{aff1}.
In the rest of the paper, we shall
obtain the finite-size spectrum from the
exact solution of various models related to the Kondo problem,
and then discuss their critical properties using boundary CFT.

\section{Exact Finite-Size Spectrum in the Kondo problem}

There are several models related to the Kondo
problem, which have been exactly solved by the Bethe ansatz method.
So far thermodynamic quantities
have been mainly studied by the Bethe ansatz solution
\cite{bethe}, and the FSS has not been examined in detail.
As mentioned above, the FSS provides us with important
information on critical properties. Motivated by
this, applying standard methods in the Bethe ansatz solution,
we have systematically calculated the FSS
of the Anderson model, the SU($N$) Anderson
model and the {\it s-d} exchange model, and compared
the obtained results with the predictions by CFT\cite{fky1}.
In this section, we summarize  the results for the single-impurity
Anderson model as an example, since the manipulations
in deriving the FSS are essentially the same for these models.
The Hamiltonian of the Anderson model is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
H&=&\sum_{k,\sigma}\epsilon_{k}c_{k\sigma}^{\dagger}c_{k\sigma}
+V\sum_{k,\sigma}(c_{k\sigma}^{\dagger}d_{\sigma}+
d_{\sigma}^{\dagger}
c_{k\sigma}) \nonumber \\
&&+\epsilon_{d}
\sum_{\sigma}d^{\dagger}_{\sigma}d_{\sigma}
+Ud^{\dagger}_{\uparrow}d_{\uparrow}
d^{\dagger}_{\downarrow}d_{\downarrow},
\label{eqn:haman}
\end{eqnarray}
with standard notations \cite{tw}. The model describes
free conduction electrons  coupled with
correlated $d$-electrons at the impurity site via the resonant
hybridization $V$. After reducing the model to the
one-dimensional system with the use of
partial wave representation, we  linearize the
spectrum of  conduction electrons as $\epsilon_k =vk$
near the Fermi point.  The kinetic energy is
then replaced by the operator $-i v \partial /\partial x$
in the coordinate representation.
These simplifications enable us to apply  the Bethe-ansatz
method to diagonalize the Hamiltonian \cite{bethe,wieg,kawa}.

\subsection{Finite-size spectrum}

Exploiting standard techniques in Bethe-ansatz
method\cite{finite}, we can compute the finite-size corrections
to the ground-state energy as,
\begin{equation}
E_0=L \varepsilon_0-\frac{\pi v_c}{12L}-\frac{\pi v_s}{12L}~,
\label{eqn:andcasimir}
\end{equation}
where $L \varepsilon_0$ is the ground state energy
in the thermodynamic limit ($L\rightarrow \infty$), and
$v_c$ and $v_s$ are the velocities of massless charge
and spin excitations. For the present model,
these velocities take the same value $v$.
To compare the result (\ref{eqn:andcasimir}) with
the finite-size scaling formula
in CFT \cite{cardy}, one has to
replace $L$ by $2l$ since $L$ has been defined as the
periodic length of the system. Then we indeed find the scaling
behavior predicted by  boundary CFT \cite{cardy}
for the charge and spin sectors in (\ref{eqn:andcasimir}),
i.e. their  Virasoro central charges are given by $c=1$.

Let us now consider the excitation energy.
In the present system, there exist particle-hole type
excitations as well as  excitations which change the number
of electrons $N_h$ as well as  the $z$-component of spin $S_h$,
\begin{equation}
N_h \rightarrow N_h +\Delta N_h, \qquad S_h \rightarrow S_h+\Delta S_h.
\end{equation}
All these excitations give $1/L$-corrections to the energy spectrum.
An important point in the Kondo problem is
that the first-order corrections to the energy due to
the change of $N_h$ appear in $1/L$-corrections as an
 effect due to the impurity. This correction is given by
\begin{equation}
\Delta E^{(1)}=-\frac{2\delta_F}{L}\Delta N_{h},
\label{eqn:chemical}
\end{equation}
where $\delta_F$ is the phase shift caused by the
impurity scattering.
Combining this term with the  second-order corrections in $\Delta N_h$
and $\Delta S_h$, we obtain the excitation spectrum,
\begin{equation}
E=E_0+\frac{1}{L}E_1+\frac{1}{L^2}E_2+O(1/L^3),
\label{eqn:scaling}
\end{equation}
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{1}{L}E_1&=&\frac{2\pi v}{L}
\biggl[\frac{1}{4}\biggl(\Delta N_{h}-2\frac{\delta_F}{\pi}
\biggr)^2
+n^{+}_c\biggr] \nonumber \\
&&+\frac{2\pi v}{L}[(\Delta S_{h})^2+n^{+}_s],
\label{eqn:finene1}
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{1}{L^2}E_2&=&\frac{2\pi v}{L^2}
\frac{\chi_{c}^{imp}}{\chi_{c}^{h}}
 \biggl[\frac{(\Delta N_h)^2}{4}+n^{+}_c\biggr] \nonumber \\
&&+\frac{2\pi v}{L^2} \frac{\chi_{s}^{imp}}{\chi_{s}^{h}}
[(\Delta S_h)^2+n^{+}_s],
\label{eqn:finene2}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\chi_c^{imp}$ ($\chi_s^{imp}$) and $\chi_c^h$ ($\chi_s^h$)
are the charge (spin) susceptibilities of
impurity and host electrons, respectively.
$n^{+}_{c,s}$ are non-negative integers
which label particle-hole excitations. One can see that
the expression for the $1/L$ correction is
consistent with the fusion hypothesis\cite{aff1}.
Using the above formulas for the FSS, we will discuss various
critical properties of the Kondo model in the following.

\subsection{Canonical exponents}

Let us now  discuss the  results
(\ref{eqn:scaling})$\sim$(\ref{eqn:finene2}) by using
the finite-size scaling in CFT. It was already
found that low-energy critical properties
of the Kondo effect can be described by boundary
CFT in which we have  only the right (or left) moving sector of
CFT \cite{aff1}. The $1/L$ correction term
(\ref{eqn:finene1}) indeed shows the scaling
behavior predicted by boundary CFT.
It is seen from eqs.(\ref{eqn:andcasimir})
and (\ref{eqn:finene1}) that
the charge sector is described by $c=1$  Gaussian CFT
and the spin sector by
$c=1$ SU(2) Kac-Moody CFT in the low-energy regime.
Note that the finite-size spectrum for bulk
electrons in eq.(\ref{eqn:finene1}) involves a
non-universal phase shift $\delta_F$. We recall here
that this phase shift $\delta_F$ is regarded as
the chemical-potential change due to the
impurity (see eq.(\ref{eqn:chemical})).
This means that the effect of the phase
shift amounts to merely imposing twisted boundary conditions
on conduction electrons \cite{aff1}.
Therefore, when we derive the dimension
of the scaling operator associated with conduction electrons, we
should discard  the $\delta_F$ dependence
in eq.(\ref{eqn:finene1})
by redefining $\Delta N_h-2\delta_F/\pi\rightarrow\Delta N_h$.
Hence the scaling dimension $x$ of the conduction electron field
is obtained by taking the quantum numbers
\begin{equation}
\Delta N_h=1, \hskip 5mm \Delta S_h= 1/2,
\label{eqn:quanta}
\end{equation}
resulting in $x=1/2$.
Thus we can see that the single-electron Green function
$\langle c_{\sigma}(t)c^{\dagger}_{\sigma}(0)\rangle\sim 1/t^{\eta}$
has the canonical exponent $\eta=1$.
This result is consistent with the fact that the
system is described by the strong-coupling fixed point of
the local Fermi liquid \cite{fermi,aff1}.

\subsection{Local Fermi liquid}

The local Fermi-liquid properties are confirmed further
by observing the  $1/L^2$ corrections in eq.(\ref{eqn:finene2}).
For this, let us rewrite the $1/L^2$-term in eq.(\ref{eqn:finene2})
by using the velocities for the charge and spin excitations
at the impurity site,
\begin{equation}
v_c^{imp}=\frac{\pi }{3\gamma_c^{imp}},
\hskip 5mm
v_s^{imp}=\frac{\pi }{3\gamma_s^{imp}}.
\end{equation}
We then have
\begin{equation}
E_2 = \pi v_c^{imp}\frac{(\Delta n_d)^2}{4}
+2\pi v_{s}^{imp}(\Delta s_z)^2,
\label{eqn:fscimp}
\end{equation}
where we set  $n^{+}_c=n^{+}_s=0$ for simplicity.
Here $n_d$ is the number of impurity electrons, and
$s_z$ is the $z$-component of the impurity spin.
It should be noted that
this expression for the impurity spectrum
directly reflects  local Fermi-liquid properties.
To see this, we first recall that
in the ordinary Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid in 1D, there
is a dimensionless coupling parameter $K_{\rho}$,
which enters in the FSS as
$v_c K_\rho$, in addition to the velocities $v_c$ and $v_s$.
In the expression (\ref{eqn:fscimp}), however,
it is seen that $K_{\rho}=1$, {\it i.e.} it is given by
the value of free electrons. Moreover, $K_{\rho}=1$
always holds independent of
the strength of interaction $U$, which
suggests that the local Fermi liquid is stable
at the impurity site\cite{fermi,yamada}.
Although the spin-charge separation, which is characterized by the
different spin and charge velocities,
occurs even in the Kondo system,
the local Fermi liquid is always stabilized due to
the locality of correlations.

\section{Anomalous Exponents Related to the X-ray Edge Problem}

In the previous section, we neglected the effect of the
phase shift when  obtaining  the
canonical exponents for the local Fermi liquid. Keeping the phase-shift
dependence, on the other hand,
we can extract another interesting
information from the finite-size spectrum
(\ref{eqn:finene1}),  i.e. the critical behavior
related to the orthogonality catastrophe.
To see this explicitly, let us consider the
time-dependent Anderson model in which
the hybridization $V=0$
for $t<t_0$, and then $V$ is switched on at $t=t_0$.
Note that the orthogonality catastrophe related
to the Fermi edge singularity appears in
the long-time behavior of this model.
In this case, the phase shift in
(\ref{eqn:finene1}) becomes  a key quantity
which controls the critical exponent. Actually, critical
exponents related to the X-ray problem can be read off from
the above FSS with keeping the dependence on the
phase shift intact \cite{fky1,afflud}.
This is because a sudden potential change occurs
in X-ray photoemission (or absorption) experiments.
For example, the critical exponent $\eta$ of
the single-particle Green function
$\langle c_{\sigma}(t)c_{\sigma}^{\dagger}(0)\rangle
\sim 1/t^{\eta}$ $(0<t_0 \ll t)$
for the  model with a sudden potential change
is obbained as \cite{afflud}
\begin{equation}
\eta=1-\frac{2\delta_F}{\pi}+2\biggl(\frac{\delta_F}{\pi}\biggr)^2.
\end{equation}
Note that this is just the exponent which governs the
long-time behavior of the overlap integral  between
the initial and final states in
the X-ray absorption problem.
It is thus seen that the FSS (\ref{eqn:finene1})
contains the information about orthogonality catastrophe
in addition to the local Fermi-liquid properties.
In the next section, we shall discuss in more detail
the physical meaning of such anomalous exponents
in terms of pseudo-particles in the Anderson model.

\section{Critical Exponents of Pseudo-Particles in the Kondo Problem}

In the strong-coupling limit ($U\rightarrow\infty$)
of the Anderson model, the double occupancy of electrons
is forbidden, and thus the Fock space of the impurity electron
can be mapped to that spanned by the slave-boson field $b$
and the pseudo-fermion field $f_m$
($m=1,2, \cdots, N$) which represent an empty site
and a singly occupied site, respectively. In this section,
we discuss the long-time asymptotic behavior of dynamical
correlation functions of these pseudo-particles, and show
that the orthogonality catastrophe mentioned in the previous section
manifests itself in these correlation functions. The
critical exponents of pseudo-particles can be thus derived
exactly from a boundary CFT analysis.

Let us consider the $U \rightarrow \infty$ SU($N$) Anderson model.
The Hamiltonian is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
H & = &\sum_{m=1}^N \int{\rm d}x c^{\dagger}_{m}(x)\Big( -i
\frac{\partial}{\partial x} \Big) c_{m}(x)
+\epsilon_{f}\sum_{m=1}^N f_m^{\dag}f_m    \nonumber \\
&+& V\sum_{m=1}^N \int{\rm d}x\delta (x)
\Big( f_m^{\dag} b c_{m}(x)+c_{m}^{\dagger}(x)
b^{\dag} f_m \Big),
\label{eqn:hamsun}
\end{eqnarray}
with the constraint $b^{\dagger}b+\sum_{m}f^{\dagger}_{m}f_{m}=1$,
where the impurity electrons have $N$-fold spin states.
The Hamiltonian (\ref{eqn:hamsun}) can be diagonalized by
the Bethe-ansatz method after reducing it to
the one-dimensional one as mentioned before\cite{sch}.
The finite-size spectrum is then computed by standard
techniques\cite{finite}. The result is succinctly expressed in terms of
the $N \times N$ matrix\cite{fky1},
\begin{equation}
\frac{1}{L}E_1=
\frac{2\pi v}{L}\frac{1}{2}\Delta {\bf M}^{T}
{\cal C}_{f}\Delta {\bf M}
-\frac{\pi v}{L}N
\biggl(\frac{\delta_F}{\pi}\biggr)^2, \label{eqn:fss1}
\end{equation}
where  $\Delta M^{(l)} \equiv
\Delta M_h^{(l)}-\frac{\delta_F}{\pi}(N-l)$ for $1\leq l\leq N-1$,
and $\Delta  M^{(0)}=\Delta N_h-N\delta_F/\pi$
with $\delta_F$ being the phase shift at the Fermi level.
Here $\Delta N_h$ is the quantum number for charge excitations,
whereas $\Delta M_h^{(l)}$'s are quantum numbers
for spin excitations. The $N \times N$ matrix
${\cal C}_{f}$ is given as
\begin{equation}
{\cal C}_{f}=
\left(
\matrix {1     & -1      & \null  &
                 \smash{\lower1.7ex\hbox{\LARGE 0}} \cr
        -1     &  2  & \ddots & \null   \cr
        \null  & \ddots  &  \ddots     & -1      \cr
        \smash{\hbox{\LARGE 0}}   & \null   &  -1    & 2  \cr}
\right) .
\label{eqn:cf}
\end{equation}
It  can be checked that the last term in eq.(\ref{eqn:fss1}),
which is evaluated from the excited states,
is equal to the shift of the ground-state energy due to the presence
of the impurity. Therefore the increase
of the ground-state energy exactly
cancels the last term of eq.(\ref{eqn:fss1}),
which is not necessary for
the following discussions of critical exponents.
We will drop it in the following.

Let us now study the long-time behavior of the
Green functions for pseudo-particles;
$\langle f^{\dagger}_{m}(t)f_{m}(0)\rangle\sim t^{-\alpha_f}$, and
$\langle b^{\dagger}(t)b(0)\rangle\sim t^{-\alpha_b}$.
As explained in Sec. III, when determining canonical exponents
for the local Fermi liquid,
we can neglect the phase shift in eq.(\ref{eqn:fss1}).
In order to derive critical exponents for pseudo-particles,
however, we must regard the number of impurity electrons
(or phase shift) $n_l=\delta_l/\pi$ as  a quantum number.
Therefore the phase shift plays an essential role to determine the
critical exponents.  For example, in order to obtain
the Green function of pseudo-fermions,
we take  $\Delta N_h=1$ and
$\Delta M_h^{(l)}=0$ as quantum numbers. We thus obtain
the corresponding critical exponent as,
\begin{equation}
\alpha_f=1-\frac{2\delta_F}{\pi}+N\biggl(\frac{\delta_F}{\pi}
\biggr)^2.
\label{eqn:xray1}
\end{equation}
In a similar way, the critical exponent $\alpha_b$ for the
slave-boson Green function
can be obtained. Since the
slave-boson expresses a vacancy, it carries neither charge nor spin.
Putting  $\Delta N_h=\Delta M_h^{(l)}=0$, one gets
\begin{equation}
\alpha_b=N\biggl(\frac{\delta_F}{\pi}\biggr)^2.
\label{eqn:xray2}
\end{equation}
These expressions
for $\alpha_f$ and $\alpha_b$ agree with those obtained
for the $N=1$ and $N=2$ cases\cite{menge,costi},
and take the same form as those in the X-ray problem:
the exponent of pseudo-fermion corresponds to the X-ray
absorption exponent, and that of slave-boson
to the X-ray photoemission exponent.
In the Kondo effect, the Fermi edge singularity shows up
in the intermediate state as pointed out  in the
Anderson-Yuval approach. The anomalous exponents discussed here
reflect this singularity.

\section{Surface Critical Exponents in Chiral 1D Systems}

The expression for the FSS obtained for the Kondo problem
is essentially common to all 1D chiral quantum systems\cite{fky2}.
A number of 1D quantum systems with open boundaries
belong to this class.
For instance, let us list several examples of
exactly solvable models with open boundaries;
the Heisenberg model\cite{bxxz},
the boson model\cite{gaud}, the continuum electron model\cite{woy},
the Hubbard model\cite{shu}, and the
$1/r^2$ quantum model\cite{yam}, etc.
In contrast to the Kondo problem, however, there is a different
point in these 1D critical systems with boundaries.
Namely, in 1D  quantum models, a continuously
varying parameter $K_{\rho}$ enters in the theory,
reflecting U(1) symmetry of the charge sector. For
example, the critical exponent of the SU($N$) interacting
electron model with open boundaries is given by\cite{fky2,fk1}
\begin{equation}
x_b=\Delta {\bf M}^{T}
\left(
\matrix {\frac{1}{NK_{\rho}}+\frac{N-1}{N}     & -1      & \null  &
                 \smash{\lower1.7ex\hbox{\LARGE 0}} \cr
        -1     & 2  & \ddots & \null   \cr
        \null  & \ddots  &  \ddots     & -1      \cr
     \smash{\hbox{\LARGE 0}}   & \null   &  -1    & 2  \cr}
\right)
\Delta {\bf M},
\label{exponent}
\end{equation}
{}from which one can see, by comparing it with
(\ref{eqn:cf}),  that the only the charge
sector of the matrix is changed. Here the phase shift
$\delta_l$ implicitly involved in $\Delta M^{(l)}$
(see eq. (\ref{eqn:fss1})) can be
determined by the number of particles with spin $l$
localized at boundaries, $n_l=\delta_l/\pi$. From this
spectrum, we can read critical exponents of 1D
quantum systems with open boundary conditions.
The formula (\ref{exponent})
is typical for 1D {\it chiral} electron systems
with SU($N$) spin symmetry.

Following the arguments given in the previous section,
we can apply the above results to the X-ray problem in
1D chiral electron systems.
Suppose that electrons move only in one direction and
the backward scattering due to the impurity is irrelevant.
Such a situation may be realized
in the edge state of the fractional quantum Hall
effect(FQHE)\cite{wen}.
Let us discuss the X-ray photoemission (or absorption)
 problem in such chiral systems by applying the
formula (\ref{exponent}). For example, the critical
exponent for the X-ray absorption is given by\cite{fky2,fk1},
\begin{equation}
\alpha_f=\frac{1}{NK_{\rho}}\biggl(1-\frac{N\delta}{\pi}\biggr)^2
+\frac{N-1}{N},
\end{equation}
whereas the exponent for the photoemission is
\begin{equation}
\alpha_b=\frac{N}{K_{\rho}}\biggl(\frac{\delta}{\pi}\biggr)^2.
\end{equation}
These expressions should be compared with
(\ref{eqn:xray1}) and (\ref{eqn:xray2}).
Note that for the edge state of the FQHE
with filling $\nu=N/(Nm+1)$ with even $m$,
$K_{\rho}$ is solely determined by the  filling factor $\nu$ as
$K_{\rho}=\nu/N$. We expect such anomalous exponents to be
observed in the X-ray problem
in the edge state of the FQHE.

\section{Exact Finite-Size Spectrum of the Multi-Channel Kondo
Model}

We have seen so far that the FSS for the
ordinary Kondo effect is in complete accordance with
the fusion hypothesis. In this section, we extend our discussions to
the multi-channel Kondo model\cite{fk2}.
The Hamiltonian for the multi-channel model is
\begin{equation}
H = \sum_{k, l, \sigma} \epsilon_k c_{kl\sigma}^{\dagger}
 c_{kl \sigma}
    + J \sum_{k,k',l,\sigma,\sigma '} c_{kl\sigma}^{\dagger}
 (\sigma_
      {\sigma \sigma '} \cdot {\bf S}) c_{k'l\sigma '}
\end{equation}
with $J>0$,
where conduction electrons with  $n$-channels ($l=1, 2, \cdots, n$)
screen the impurity spin $S$.
Although the multi-channel model is
Bethe-ansatz solvable, it is quite difficult to
calculate  the FSS analytically, in particular, for the
overscreening case $n>2S$. The difficulty arises from the fact that
the Bethe-ansatz solution to the  multi-channel model takes the form of
the so-called string solution
even for the ground state. It has been known that the string solution is
valid only in the
thermodynamic limit\cite{tw,andrei}. Thus,
a naive application of finite-size techniques
\cite{finite} fails, giving only the Gaussian part of the
spectrum  for the spin sector. Namely,
the total spectrum has a pathological form,
\begin{eqnarray}
E=\frac{2\pi v}{L} & \biggl( & \frac{(Q-n)^2}{4n}+\frac{S_z^2}{n}
+(\mbox{flavor part}) \nonumber \\
&&+n_Q+n_s+n_f\biggr),\label{eqn:mulfss1}
\end{eqnarray}
for the finite system with linear size $L$,
where  $v$ is the Fermi velocity, and
$n_Q$, $n_s$, and $n_f$ are non-negative integers.
Here the first term expresses charge excitations
with the quantum number $Q$, whereas
the second term labels the spin excitations
with the magnetization $S_z$.
Since the spin sector of the multi-channel Kondo model
is described by the level-$n$ SU(2) Kac Moody theory
with the central charge $c_{WZW}=3n/(2+n)$ \cite{aff1},
it is seen from (\ref{eqn:mulfss1})
that the $Z_n$ parafermion sector with $c=c_{WZW}-1=2(n-1)/(n+2)$
is missing. It is thus necessary to
exploit alternative methods other than the
coordinate Bethe ansatz to obtain the correct spectrum corresponding to
the missing Z$_n$ parafermions.

We propose an analytic way to
investigate the nontrivial Z$_n$ parafermion part\cite{fk2}.
To this end, we first recall the following properties of
the S-matrix for ``physical particles'' \cite{res,zz,fend}
in the overscreening Kondo model. The bulk S-matrix in the spin
sector is decomposed into two parts\cite{res,fend};
the S-matrix for the Gaussian model  and that for the Z$_{n}$ model.
Since the Z$_{n}$ model can be described by
the restricted solid-on-solid (RSOS)
model in the regime I/II\cite{abf,zf},
the corresponding S-matrix is given by the face weight
in the RSOS model \cite{res,ts}.
A remarkable point for the overscreening model is that
the interaction between ``physical particles''
and the impurity is described by the S-matrix
of multi-kinks\cite{fend,mar},
which is given by the fusion of the face
weights of the RSOS model\cite{djm} with the
fusion level $p=n-2S$.
Therefore, nontrivial properties in the
overscreening model are essentially determined by
the RSOS model coupled with the impurity\cite{res,ts}.
Thus the exact FSS can be derived by combining
the spectrum (\ref{eqn:mulfss1}) with that of the RSOS model
coupled with the impurity.
The latter spectrum can be obtained analytically
by using the functional equation method\cite{res2,kp}, in which
the analyticity properties of the transfer matrices
play a central role.
By some technical reasons, we restrict our analysis to the case
of $p=1$ here.  After some manipulations,
we end up with  the FSS of the RSOS model coupled
with the impurity\cite{fk2},
\begin{equation}
E_{RSOS}=\frac{2\pi v}{L}
\biggl(\frac{j(j+1)}{n+2}-\frac{(m+p)^2}{4n} \biggr)
+\mbox{const},
\label{eqn:fsrsos}
\end{equation}
where $ m=2j\quad(\mbox{mod} \,\, 2)$, and
$j=0, 1/2, 1, ..., n/2$.
It is seen that the spectrum fits in with
Z$_n$ parafermion theory, and only the selection rule for
quantum numbers is changed
by the impurity effect, $m \rightarrow (m+p)$.

In order to compare our results with those of Affleck and
Ludwig\cite{aff1}, let us consider the total finite-size spectrum,
which is given by the sum of
eqs.(\ref{eqn:mulfss1}) and (\ref{eqn:fsrsos}).
It is easily seen that the term  $-(m+p)^2/4n$
in (\ref{eqn:fsrsos}) is  canceled by  $S_z^2/n$ in (\ref{eqn:fss1})
by suitably choosing the quantum number for $S_z$.
This in turn modifies the selection rule for
quantum numbers in SU(2)$_n$ Kac-Moody algebra.
Consequently, we find the total spectrum as
\begin{eqnarray}
E= \frac{2\pi v}{L} & \biggl( & \frac{(Q-n)^2}{4n}
+\frac{\tilde j(\tilde j+1)}{n+2}
+(\mbox{flavor part}) \nonumber \\
&&+n_Q+n_s+n_f \biggr), \label{eqn:fss2}
\end{eqnarray}
with new quantum numbers
$\tilde j=\vert j-p/2\vert$ where $\tilde
j=0, 1/2, 1, ... , n/2$. Here
$Q$ and $j$ are the charge and spin  quantum
numbers for free electrons without the Kondo impurity.
We can say that the effect
due to the Kondo impurity is merely to modify the selection rule for
quantum numbers of spin excitations by
$j \rightarrow \tilde j$,
which indeed results in non-Fermi liquid properties.
This is the essence of the Kac-Moody fusion hypothesis proposed
by Affleck and Ludwig\cite{aff1}.
We think that the above result may be
a microscopic description of the fusion
hypothesis for the multi-channel Kondo model.

\section{Summary}

We have investigated critical properties of the Kondo problem
by using the Bethe ansatz method and boundary CFT.
We have obtained analytically the exact FSS of several models
related to the Kondo problem,
such as the Anderson model, the SU($N$) Anderson model,
the {\it s-d} exchange model,
and the multi-channel Kondo model.
The Kac-Moody fusion hypothesis proposed by Affleck and Ludwig
for the FSS of the Kondo problem has been shown to be
consistent with the exact solution. By applying the finite-size
scaling of boundary CFT, boundary critical phenomena
in the Kondo problem have been investigated.

\acknowledgments{}
S.F. and N.K. were partly supported by a Grant-in-Aid from the Ministry
of Education, Science and Culture, Japan.
The work of S.-K.Y. was supported in part by Grant-in-Aid
for Scientific Research on Priority Area 231 ``Infinite Analysis'',
the Ministry of Education,

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text:
A blog by Dan Brooks
Dan Brooks writes essays, fiction, and commentary from Montana and abroad.
A random post
Rand Paul joins race to formalize American aristocracy
Regarding the moth joke
Can we talk about this Simpsons gag from 20 years ago?
Tom Hitchner on refuting the argument no one is making
This misleading Fox News graph is fake
Close Reading: What Tiger Woods's daughter looks like…
Clinton seeks endorsements from Kissinger, Rice, Vader, Shkreli, gingivitis
By Dan Brooks in 2016 Election August 8, 2016 1 Comment
Ain't I a dickens?
According to an anonymous source close to her campaign, Hillary Clinton has sought endorsements from prominent Republicans Henry Kissinger, George Schultz, Condoleezza Rice and James Baker. All four have yet to endorse Trump, and at least half of them are famous for leading the United States into disastrous and unpopular foreign wars. That's what Politico reports—the first part, anyway, although it also warns readers that none of what it just said may be true:
A person close to Clinton said her team has sent out feelers to the GOP elders, although it wasn't clear if those efforts were preliminary or more formal requests for endorsement, or if they were undertaken through intermediaries. Clinton campaign aides did not respond when asked if they had solicited endorsements or tried to persuade the elders to speak out against Trump.
If Clinton is indeed seeking the Kissinger endorsement, it's troubling. Although the architect of Richard Nixon's Vietnam War policy is somehow in the pantheon of foreign policy experts and not the Hague, his name is still synonymous with evil among the Baby Boomers who form the core of her constituency. Meanwhile, Rice and, to a lesser extent, Schultz and Baker can only remind voters of her support for the invasion of Iraq. Seeking their endorsements suggests that Clinton is both tone deaf and tacking even further to the right.
I would object to her doing that on economic issues, but at least it might be politically sensible. Why hitch your wagon to Republicans on the issue of foreign wars? The last 15 years of unsuccessful military intervention in the Middle East is a stain on the Republican brand, and it makes no sense for Hillary to try to co-opt it. Ordinary voters are tired of war. Left-leaning voters, meanwhile, will be chagrined to learn that they have two choices: a center-right party and a far-right party. There appears to be no candidate for president who opposes further adventure in the Middle East. Now shut up and vote for the one who isn't also openly racist.
Trump takes lead in Fox News poll, insults "captured" John McCain
By Dan Brooks in Republican Candidates July 20, 2015 0 Comment
Donald and Ivana Trump on their honeymoon
Two fun things happened last weekend. On Saturday, the Association of Alternative Newsmedia awarded me first place in its Political Column category for my work at the Missoula Independent. That's extremely nice of them and probably better than I deserve. In case you needed another reminder that the race is not to the swift, a Fox News poll released Friday had Donald Trump running first among Republican candidates for president, with support from 18% of likely primary voters. Before you stockpile canned beans, let us remember that Trump is one of 16 candidates for the Republican nomination, and his status as front-runner may testify less to his viability and more to how thoroughly that field has split the vote of people who try to supply the funniest answer to polls. Also, right after that one came out, Trump criticized Senator John McCain for getting captured during the Vietnam War.
Friday links! Correlation vs. causation edition
By Dan Brooks in Friday Links June 8, 2012 4 Comments
When you get right down to it, everything that happens happens because of everything else. Sure, I took the kettle off this morning because it was whistling, but I also did it because Dowager Empress Cixi's resistance to reform slowed the pace of industrial development in China, leading to a 21st-century state where it's still profitable for kids to make housewares. Of course, I wouldn't have bought that kettle at Montana Target had I not gotten into grad school many years ago, caused in part by a story I wrote about a person born with his heart on the outside of his body. So thank you, Kids In the Hall, for this morning's coffee. It's not so much that correlation is not causation as everything is causation, and correlation is therefore not that special. Today is Friday, for some reason, and our link roundup is full of startling forces that may or may not determine the course of our future. It's all in how you look at it. Plus some of it is in immutable truths that could easily kills us no matter what we believe, but those will only be discernible in retrospect. Won't you look back with me?
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Wir berichten über den Einfluss von zwei verschiedenen Skalenbereichen für Hounsfiled-Werte (HU) auf die Quantifizierung von metallischen Komponenten von aktiven medizinisch implantierbaren Medizinprodukten (AIMD) in der Computertompgraphie (CT). Der konventionelle Hounsfield-Wertebereich (CHU), welcher seine Anwendung in der traditionellen Radiologie findet, ist geeignet für Gewebe jedoch ungeeignet für metallische Materialien. Präzise HU-Werte sind besonders wichtig für eine akurate Dosis-Berechnung in der Strahlentherapie, insbesondere bei Patienten mit medizinischen Implantaten. Einige der heutigen CT-Systeme bieten einen erweiterten HU-Bereich (EHU). In dieser Arbeit werden CT-Aufnahmen von diversen metallischen Platten und einem Kardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD) im Wasserphantom präsentiert. Der Vergleich von HU-Werten bei EHU- und CHU-Bereichen zeigt eine deutlich höhere Genauigkeit im EHU-Bereich. Es werden einige geometrische Diskrepanzen senkrecht zu Schichtaufnahme beobachtet. Festgestellt wird, dass bei EHU-Metall-Artefakt-Reduktionsalgorithmen (MAR) HU-Werte unterschätzt werden, wodurch MAR für RT möglicherweise unangemessen ist.
Zehra Ese received in 2013 a B. Sc. degree in Physical Engineering from the Westphalian University of Applied Sciences Gelsenkirchen, Bocholt, Recklinghausen, and in 2015 a M.Sc. degree in Biomedical Engineering from the Ruprecht-Karls Heidelberg University, respectively. She is currently working toward a PhD degree in electrical engineering at the University of Duisburg-Essen in cooperation with the Westphalian University of Applied Sciences Gelsenkirchen, Bocholt, Recklinghausen. Zehra Ese is also involved as a research associate at the MR:comp GmbH. Her general research interest includes biomedical engineering, medical physics, radiation physics and computational modelling. Her recent research investigates the analysis of interactions of ionizing radiation and electronics in medical applications.
Marcel Kressmann received in 2013 a B. Sc. and in 2017 a M.Sc. degree in Medical Engineering from the Westphalian University of Applied Sciences Gelsenkirchen, Bocholt, Recklinghausen, respectively. From 2011 to 2014, he was involved as a student associate and continued as a testing engineer at the MR:comp GmbH until September 2017. Currently, he is a technical support engineer at the stryker GmbH & Co.KG.
Jakob Kreutner studied physics at the University of Würzburg, Germany. After his diploma in 2009 he joined the Research Center for Magnetic Resonance Bavaria e. V. in Würzburg. During that time his work was focused on quantitative characterization of bone microstructure using magnetic resonance imaging. In 2015 he joined the research department at MR:comp GmbH. His research is focusing on MR safety and compatibility for medical devices. Since 2016 he is leading the research department also at MRI-STaR, a newly founded company addressing research related testing of devices.
Gregor Schaefers obtained his Dipl.-Ing. (FH) degree in medical engineering from the University of Applied Sciences Fachhochschule Gelsenkirchen, Germany, in 2001 and received the Erich-Mueller-Award for the best thesis of the year. He is the founder, shareholder, and managing director of MR:comp GmbH (www.mrcomp.com), a specialized test laboratory with a team of over 55 employees working worldwide on MR safety and compatibility testing of medical devices following ISO 17025 accreditation. He is founder, shareholder, and managing director of the MRI-STaR – Magnetic Resonance Institute for Safety, Technology and Research GmbH working in the field of MR safety and compatibility development and optimization of experimental and numerical MR testing methods, RF coil safety, MR sequence programming, MR workflow optimization, international MR Safety Expert (MRSE) and MR Safety Specialist (MRSS) seminars and partner of www.MRI-tec.com ONE-STOP SHOP for MR Safe and MR Conditional devices. Gregor Schaefers is member of DIN - German Institute for Standardization, ISO, and IEC as well as ASTM standardization committees, and he is convener of IEC TC62 working group WG45 for IEC 62570. Furthermore, Gregor Schaefers is author of scientific and technical congress as well as journal publications and book chapters with respect to MR safety and compatibility.
Daniel Erni is a full professor for General and Theoretical Electrical Engineering at the University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany. After an apprenticeship as an electrician and mechanic he received his two degrees in electrical engineering from HSR Rapperswil and ETH Zürich in 1986 and 1990, respectively, and a PhD degree in laser physics from ETH Zurich in 1996. He has co-authored and authored over 400 scientific publications. His current research interests include optical interconnects, nanophotonics, plasmonics, optical and electromagnetic metamaterials, RF, mm-wave and THz engineering, biomedical engineering, marine electromagnetics, computational electromagnetics, multiscale and multiphysics modeling, numerical structural optimization, and science and technology studies (STS).
Waldemar Zylka is a full professor of Physics and Medical Engineering at the Westphalian University, Campus Gelsenkirchen, Germany. He received the degree Diplom-Physiker and in 1993 the Doctor degree in theoretical Physics, both from the Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg i. Br., Germany. He has co-/authored numerous scientific publications and patents. He is serving as member of program committees and as reviewer for international meetings and journals. His current research focuses are system biology, multi-scale modelling, and computational electromagnetics particularly for medical imaging modalities.
This study is supported by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy on the basis of a decision by the German Bundestag, grant no. ZF4205702AW6.
Citation Information: tm - Technisches Messen, Volume 85, Issue 5, Pages 343–350, ISSN (Online) 2196-7113, ISSN (Print) 0171-8096, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2017-0122.


GENEVA • Nestlé SA plans to cut as many as 500 computer-service jobs in its home market of Switzerland as CEO Mark Schneider aims to boost profitability at the world's largest food company.
Nestlé is shifting information technology jobs to locations including a tech hub in Spain, the company said yesterday. Its Nespresso coffee unit is also moving jobs to Spain and Portugal and will offer positions to 80 employees affected by that reorganisation. The unit will open a site in Italy to work on developing boutiques.
company's expenses. CFO Francois-Xavier Roger has accelerated Nestlé's five-year restructuring plan and has predicted 700 million francs (RM2.82 billion) of reorganisation costs this year.
The stock traded 0.4% lower at 10:53am in Zurich yesterday, having dropped 7.3% in the past year.
Nestlé said it plans to make the cuts over the coming 18 months. The company will offer employees training and help to switch to other positions and accept voluntary departures.


text:
В 1920 году были различные научные и технологические события, некоторые из которых представлены ниже.

Астрономия
 Состоялся «Большой спор» между Харлоу Шепли и Гебером Кёртисом о природе спиральных туманностей и размере Вселенной.

Химия
 Герман Штаудингер создал целостную макромолекулярную теорию строения полимеров — длинно-цепочечных молекул, состоящих из небольшого числа десятки и сотни раз повторяющихся соединений.

Медицина
Фре́дерик Грант Ба́нтинг и Чарльз Бест открыли инсулин.

Биология

 Отто Лёви открыл нейросекрецию.
 Николаем Ивановичем Вавиловым сформулирован закон гомологических рядов наследственности.

Метеорология
Милутин Миланкович предположил, что долгосрочные климатические циклы могут быть вызваны изменениями в эксцентриситете орбиты Земли и изменения в осевом наклоне Земли.

Солнечные затмения
 С 1916 по 1920 год солнечные затмения повторялись примерно каждые 177 дней и 4 часа при переменном узлов орбиты Луны.
 Солнечные затмения 1920 года:
 18 мая
 10 ноября.

Физика

 Индийский физик и астрофизик Мегнат Саха предложил формулу, определяющую степень термической ионизации в газе (уравнение Саха).

Астрономия

 Фрэнсис Пиз совместно с Альбертом Майкельсоном выполнил первое прямое измерение углового диаметра звезды Бетельгейзе (α Ориона) с помощью 6-метрового интерферометра, установленного на 100-дюймовом рефлекторе обсерватории Маунт-Вилсон.

Родились

 15 марта — Эдвард Донналл Томас, американский врач-трансплантолог (ум. 2012).
 9 апреля — Анатолий Васильевич Ржанов, советский и российский учёный, специалист в области полупроводниковой микроэлектроники и физики поверхности полупроводников (ум. 2000).
 23 апреля — Яков Соломонович Шифрин, советский, позднее украинский радиофизик, специалист в области теории антенн и распространения радиоволн, создатель статистической теории антенн (ум. 2019).
 21 августа — Орест Александрович Скарлато, советский и российский зоолог, малаколог, гидробиолог (ум.1994).
 22 августа — Дентон Артур Кули, американский кардиохирург (ум. 2016).
 5 сентября — Олег Александрович Реутов, советский химик-органик (ум. 1998).
 23 сентября — Евгений Николаевич Соколов, советский и российский учёный, специалист в области нейронаук; основоположник советской психофизиологии (ум. 2008).
 Барух Бенасерраф, американский врач-иммунолог, лауреат Нобелевской премии (ум. 2011).

  30 ноября — Эрнест Амано Боатенг, ганский учёный, географ, почётный профессор Университета Ганы, президент Ганской академии искусств и наук (ум. 1997).
  6 декабря — Джордж Портер, английский физикохимик, лауреат Нобелевской премии по химии (ум. 2002).
 , бельгийский папиролог и эпиграфист (ум. 2012).
 Роберт Шерк, американский антиковед (ум. 2012).

Скончались

 6 января — Лев Платонович Симиренко, учёный-помолог и садовод, основоположник нового производственно-биологического направления в мировой помологии (род. 1855).
 31 января — Вильгельм Пфеффер, немецкий ботаник и физиолог растений (род. 1845).
 26 февраля — Александр Львович Бертье-Делагард, российский археолог, историк, нумизмат, инженер-генерал-майор. Выдающийся исследователь Крыма (род. 1842).
 17 июня — Юнас Густав Вильгельм Цанер, шведский физиотерапевт,основоположник механотерапии (род. 1835).
 30 июня — Григорий Николаевич Потанин,  русский географ, этнограф, фольклорист, ботаник, публицист, общественный деятель (род. 1835).
 10 августа — Адам Политцер, австрийский врач, один из основоположников отиатрии (род. 1835).
 2 декабря — Вячеслав Николаевич Щепкин, российский славист, лингвист, палеограф и историк древнерусского искусства (род. 1863).

Награды
 Нобелевская премия:
 Физика — Шарль Эдуар Гийом — «В знак признания его заслуг перед точными измерениями в физике — открытия аномалий в никелевых стальных сплавах».
 Химия — Вальтер Нернст — «В признание его работ по термодинамике».
 Медицина и физиология

Животные, описанные в 1920 году
 Бриллиантовая тетра
 Шиншиловая крыса Будина (Abrocoma budini).
 Королевская змея Рутвена (Lampropeltis ruthveni)

См. также

Примечания

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Home | Testimonials | Ismael R.
I was very skeptical when I first hired them as my attorneys, but I am so thankful today for going with my gut and sticking with J&Y. They have been so helpful and I was very impressed with them. Overall, I would recommend them to anyone who is in need of a personal injury or wrongful death attorney.


My name is Chellie C., and I'm an alcoholic. This is my story of what it was like, what happened and what it is like now. For many years, I drowned my problems in alcohol. Drinking was a habit, my coping mechanism of choice, which increased over time until it got out of control. It started with having a glass of wine when I got home from work. Then two. In classic alcoholic denial, I bought bigger glasses so I could still say I only had two glasses of wine.
One day, with my liquor cabinet practically bare, I went to the grocery store to stock up. I went up to the checkout counter with a bottle of cabernet, a bottle of Merlot, some Chardonnay, Chablis, vodka, gin, bourbon, tequila, Marguerita mix, Bloody Mary mix, some assorted liqueurs—altogether I think I had about twelve bottles in my shopping cart—and some chips.
The woman at the checkout stand started ringing up each bottle, smiled and said knowingly, "Having a party?" Not getting it, I said, "No." I will never forget the look on that woman's face. I remember with stark clarity the utter humiliation I felt as I realized that if I was buying twelve bottles of booze, I should be having a party!
That night, I had to face the fact that I was incapable of going a single day without drinking. I had a good friend who always went to an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting on Wednesday nights. She sounded pretty excited when I called and asked if I could go to the meeting with her. Apparently, she'd been "saving a seat" for me. There I met a wonderful community of people who had faced their demons and were helping others along with themselves to live life clean and sober. I made a commitment to sobriety that night and I threw away every bottle of alcohol in my house.
Old habits die hard, but if you are determined, die they do. In the next months, I had to face every defect of my character and feel all the feelings that I had used alcohol to avoid. Sometimes after meetings, I would go to my car and collapse in sobs over the steering wheel. Kindly souls knocked on the window and asked if I was all right. But breakdowns will lead eventually to breakthrough, if you are committed. As they say in AA, "It works if you work it." I grew into a new life and a new self. I deepened and matured. New awareness came to consciousness, and a deeper empathy for people. I cleared away the wreckage of the past and built a better life and a bigger bank account at the same time.
Is there a battle you are fighting? You don't have to fight it alone. Help is available. You just have to reach out and find it.
After leaving the grocery store feeling humiliated, I drove home thinking, "I can never shop at that grocery store again." When I got home, I lined up all the bottles on the kitchen counter and sat and stared at what I knew without doubt was the biggest problem in my life. I couldn't deny it anymore, and I couldn't not do something about it either.
That was a Sunday night. On Monday, I resolved to call my friend, Barbara F., who I knew attended an AA meeting on Wednesday nights. But I just couldn't bring myself to do it yet, and watched myself run avoidance techniques all day. Same thing Tuesday. By Wednesday, my tension was high, and I struggled to make the call, finally ringing Barbara at 5:00 pm thinking she was probably gone already.
The AA meeting we went to is the Pacific Group, at the University Synagogue on Sunset Boulevard in West Los Angeles. It's the largest AA meeting in the world and there were some 900 people in attendance. Barbara introduced me to all these lovely people who gave me their phone numbers and permission to call in the middle of the night. I was completely in shock – standing beside myself watching myself go through this.
Barbara introduced me to a woman who would be my sponsor and help me learn the 12 steps of the program. She handed me a little booklet with the locations, dates and times of the 2,000 AA meetings in the LA area. She told me to go to 90 meetings in 90 days.
Well, I wasn't having any of that. One meeting a week ought to do it, I felt. Didn't she know who I was? I was the owner of a business management company, a public speaker with popular workshops, and president of the LA Chapter of NAWBO. I was busy 24/7 – I couldn't possibly go to another meeting every single day. I huffily explained this to her.
"How do you know?" I grumbled.
That got my attention. I didn't like it very much, but I took her damn booklet and went home and plugged in an AA meeting every day for ninety days. Sometimes it was the 7:00 am meeting in Pacific Palisdades, sometimes it was the noon meeting in Brentwood, and sometimes the midnight meeting on Hollywood Boulevard.
I didn't miss a day, and with God's help and the members of the AA community, I got sober. And I stayed alive and my life improved. It remains to this day the hardest thing I ever did. Through this experience on a daily basis, I learned the value of commitment, determination, and doing the right thing no matter what. Suit up and show up.
"I don't have time" doesn't work on me. We all have the same 24 hours. What's your number one priority? What do you schedule in first No Matter What? By that commitment, you run your life. For riches or for ruin.
Don't ever tell me you don't have time to do whatever it is needs doing. You're just telling me your priorities.
If you'd like more information, please go to www.aa.org.


text:
Brough kan syfta på:

 Brough Motorcycles – engelsk motorcykeltillverkare
 Brough Superior – engelsk motorcykeltillverkare

Personer
 Charles Hillman Brough (1876–1935), amerikansk politiker
 John Brough (1811–1865), amerikansk politiker och publicist
 Louise Brough (1923–2014), amerikansk tennisspelare

Geografi

Antarktis

 Brough Nunatak

Kanada

 Broughs Island

Se även
 Brough Lake – flera

Storbritannien

 Brough, Cumbria, en ort i Cumbria, England
 Brough and Shatton, en civil parish i Derbyshire, England
 Brough, Derbyshire – en ort i Derbyshire, England
 Brough with St. Giles, en civil parish i North Yorkshire, England
 Brough Bay
 Brough Castle
 Brough of Deerness
 Brough Ness
 Brough Sowerby
 Brough Taing
 Elloughton-cum-Brough

Se även
 Bay of Brough – flera
 Ness of Brough – flera

Se även
 Brough Creek – flera


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however the downside was that they were easy victims to termites and flame mishaps – because of this; they have grown to be completely obsolete these days.
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they are not easily combustible. Hence they are simply preferred above the coconut and areca nut roofs. Despite several new and attractive tile materials that are created today, clay tiles have never lost their recognition.


Sodium fusidate is used to treat bacterial skin infections such as impetigo, folliculitis, infection of the skin around the nails (paronychia), eczema, infection around the mouth (angular cheilitis), infected cuts and wounds, and infected dermatitis.
Sodium fusidate, the sodium salt of the fusidic acid, is the ingredient of the Fucidin ointment, tablets, and suspension. It is a steroidal antibiotic. Fusidic acid inhibits the bacterial protein synthesis that is essential for bacterial growth. This causes a decrease in bacterial count thereby reducing infection.
The common side effects of sodium fusidate or fucidin cream side effects are allergic reactions such as rash, redness, swelling, or itching at the site of application. Jaundice and dark urine can be seen with Fucidin tablets and suspension.
• Wash the hands before and after application of Fucidin cream.
• Consult the doctor if the infection is not cleared or gets worse.
• Use sodium fusidate ointment for a duration prescribed by the doctor, prolonged use can result in skin reactions or bacterial resistance.
1. Can pregnant or breastfeeding women use Fucidin? Yes. Fucidin is safe for use during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
2. Can I use moisturizing lotion or cream before applying Fucidin cream? No. Use of lotion or cream can dilute the Fucidin cream and makes it less effective. You should at least leave the site free for 30 minutes after application of Fucidin to allow proper absorption of the drug.
3. Is fusidic acid and sodium fusidate same? Sodium fusidate is the salt of the fusidic acid. Fusidic acid is an antibiotic used to treat skin infections.
4. Is fusidic acid antifungal? Fusidic acid is a steroidal antibiotic used to treat bacterial skin infections.
5. Can I get Fucidin cream over-the-counter? Yes, you can get Fucidin or sodium fusidate cream over-the-counter without a prescription.


text:
The President has decided to appoint A. Ažubalis the Minister of Foreign Affairs
President of the Republic of Lithuania Dalia Grybauskaitė received candidate to the position of the Minister for...
Lithuania supports Cyprus reunification process
Cyprus reunification is among the most pressing issues for Cyprus but also for the European Union, and successful...
President congratulated India's President on the Republic Day
President of the Republic of Lithuania Dalia Grybauskaitė congratulated the President of the Republic of India, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil, on the anniversary of the Constitution of India – the Republic Day.
The President signed decree on dismissal of foreign minister
President Dalia Grybauskaitė, acting in conformity with Article 84 (7) and (9) of the Constitution of Lithuania and based on the proposal submitted by Prime Minister Andrius Kubilius, signed a decree on accepting the resignation of Foreign Minister Vygaudas Ušackas. President Grybauskaitė assigned National Defense Minister Rasa Juknevičienė to act as foreign minister until a new minister is appointed.
President and Roger Moore urge not to forget about kindness and charity
President of the Republic of Lithuania Dalia Grybauskaitė received UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador Roger Moore who is...
The restructuring of national intelligence system is launched
The State Defense Council has approved, in substance, the concept for strengthening the control and coordination of...
Foreign minister who has lost President's confidence may not stay in the Government
In the meeting with Prime Minister Andrius Kubilius, President of the Republic of Lithuania Dalia Grybauskaitė said...
President supports the development of relations with the United States
In the meeting with U.S. Ambassador Anne Elizabeth Derse, President of the Republic of Lithuania Dalia Grybauskaitė...
President congratulated Chile's President-elect
President of the Republic of Lithuania Dalia Grybauskaitė congratulated Sebastián Piñera, the new leader of Chile, on victory in presidential election.
2010 – a year for consolidating foreign policy priorities
"2010 will be a difficult and important year for Lithuania. It will be a year of national economic development...
Back12Next


Browsing the blog archives for June, 2014.
I vigorously appose the President on this issue, which makes me "anti-family" to some. I'm all for family leave; I just don't think others should be required to pay for it.
Life is difficult and people need time off for lots of reasons. A newborn is certainly one of them. But if companies are required to pay someone who is not working, then that cost must be paid for somewhere else. They could pay everyone less to begin with, cut other benefits, or just raise prices. Regardless, there is no free lunch. The companies are paying for it, so they should be free to create the set of benefits appropriate for their own industries and workers without government intrusion.
The President claims that paid maternity leave, increased job flexibility, and on-site child care help companies attract and retain the best workers, and ultimately outperform their competitors. This is partially true, but misleading. While there is research suggesting that many companies adopting such programs perform well financially, it depends on the type of company, its workforce, its strategy, and its operating environment. Smart companies consider offering extra benefits to get an competitive edge. One size does not fit all, however, which is precisely why some offer such benefits and others do not.
If businesses can benefit financially by offering paid leave, flex time, and on-site child care, they will do so without a summit or prodding from the President.
The economic meltdown in many parts of Latin America is not receiving much attention in the mainstream media, except as the scapegoat for the influx of kids at the U.S. southern border. While gang and drug activity are big problems in some countries and have contributed to the crisis, it's only part of the story in Latin America. Countries like Venezuela and Argentina have shifted to the political hard left. Their economies are wilting and should serve as sober warnings for the U.S.
Perhaps you think that economic problems in countries like Venezuela and Argentina can be attributed to a shortage of natural resources. Think again. Argentina has a rich agricultural base, outgrew Australia and Canada in GDP and per capita income in the early 1900s, and was actually ranked #10 in per capita income 100 years ago. Venezuela is blessed with massive oil reserves, currently ranked first in the world by some estimates. These nations should be strong economically today, but they are struggling. Both are currently ruled by hard socialists, Maduro in Venezuela and Kirchner in Argentina.
Life is not easy in Venezuela. Food and power are rationed in Caracas. There are even water shortages because the government lacks needed capital to fund a water-distribution network. Government regulations are so burdensome that many investors have left the country. The central planners have implemented a tiered foreign-exchange system that subsidizes dollars to some sectors of the economy at the expense of others. The exchange rate can range from 6.3 to 50 bolivares per U.S. dollar. In a word, it's chaos.
Some industries are in total disarray. For example, the Venezuelan government has delayed $4 billion in payments to international airlines that serve the country. The government wants airlines to take their funds in bolivares, a currency inflating at 60-80% annually and virtually useless outside of the country. Some airlines like Air Canada have left altogether, while others like American and Lufthansa have cut back flights. The government is currently "negotiating" with a host of airlines for payment of past debts.
Of course, the U.S. has had for some time what is desperately needed in South America. Capitalism thrives where there is a stable monetary system, courts to enforce contracts, and respect for the rule of law. This foundation is eroding, however. Our monetary system continues to weaken with Fed meddling and a $17 trillion debt. The GM bailout demonstrated that courts are not always objective arbiters of private contracts. The ongoing illegal immigration fiasco undermines the rule of law. All of this breeds crony socialism, which is commonplace in Latin America. The U.S. is moving down the same path.
Perhaps you are one of those who thinks that what is happening in the emerging economies of South America can't happen here. It's already underway to some extent.
As a member of the higher education community, I am supposed to support any and every effort made by the feds to increase funding to college students. I do not, and I have explained my opposition to much of what Washington does in detail in previous posts. Of interest in this post is Obama's recent executive order to cap student repayment at 10% of the borrower's monthly income, and a bill promoted by Senate Democrats to allow 25 million borrowers to refinance their loans at lower interest rates.
College debt is a $1 trillion-plus problem, and I certainly don't wish ill on any college students, past or present. It's not easy facing a pile of student debt when you don't have a job. But the federal government should not be tinkering with interest rates and payment schedules. College loans are serious business and should be enforced like any other contract. With Washington in complete charge of the student loan program, however, tossing out favors will continue to be a substantial part of the political process.
The President and his party have conditioned those with student loans to expect a constant renegotiation of terms. Many of my students tell me that they don't actually expect to pay back everything they borrowed. If they are right, the obligation will be transferred to other taxpayers, including those who made different educational choices. While this is unfair to taxpayers, it's not fair to students either. The lure of easy money entices some to overextend without realistic expectations for job prospects.
Senator Lamar Alexander rightly called the executive order a political stunt. Concerning the Senate bill, it's not surprising that they Democrats propose to pay for the refinancing with a tax hike on top earners. It's also not surprising that we're in an election cycle.
What we're witnessing is a dubious political cycle. The government takes over something (e.g., student loans, healthcare, etc.) because the private sector is deemed to be either incapable or unwilling to appropriately support the common good. Once politicians are in control, goodies are tossed out for political favors and ostensibly paid for by "the rich." Anyone opposed to these favors are accused of penalizing the less fortunate. One American is pitted against another–class warfare at its finest. Taxpayers always pay for this charade in the end, but the process seems to keep the progressives in power.


text:
Ernst Stahel auch Ernest Stahel (* 11. März 1896 in Flawil; † 27. Juni 1986) war ein Schweizer Physiker.

Leben und Wirken

Stahel besuchte die Kantonsschule in St. Gallen und wurde 1922 an der ETH Zürich promoviert (Über die ersten Glieder der Actinium-Reihe), an der er nach dem Lehramtsexamen 1920 Assistent von Auguste Piccard war. Mit seinem Doktorvater ging er an die Freie Universität Brüssel, wo er 1922 bis 1929 Assistent und Lehrbeauftragter (chargé de cours) und 1929 bis 1945 außerordentlicher Professor war. Stahel führte als Mitarbeiter von Piccard das Michelson-Morley-Experiment in einem Ballon durch (1926) und auf dem Rigi. Er nahm an mehreren Solvay-Konferenzen teil (1933, 1948). 1937 wurde er Ritter des belgischen Leopoldsordens.

1942 kehrte er in die Schweiz zurück, um in Biel/Bienne als Gymnasiallehrer zu arbeiten. An der ETH Zürich sprang er gelegentlich ein, Vorlesungen zu halten. 1966 wurde er pensioniert.

Literatur
 J. C. Poggendorffs biographisch-literarisches Handwörterbuch für Mathematik, Astronomie, Physik mit Geophysik, Chemie, Kristallographie und verwandte Wissensgebiete. Band VI, Teil 4, Verlag Chemie, Berlin 1940, S. 2520 (mit Verzeichnis seiner Veröffentlichungen)
 J. C. Poggendorff Biographisch-literarisches Handwörterbuch der exakten Naturwissenschaften. Band VIIb, Teil 8, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1989, S. 5087–5088 (mit Verzeichnis seiner Veröffentlichungen); Band VIII, Teil 3, Wiley-VCH Verlag, Weinheim 2004, ISBN 3-527-40141-5, S. 2234

Einzelnachweise

Physiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Université libre de Bruxelles)
Träger des Leopoldsordens (Ritter)
Schweizer
Geboren 1896
Gestorben 1986
Mann


text:
OBORO
New Media Lab
Immerson 5 - Event pictures
Immerson 5 - Photos : OBORO 2013
A centre dedicated to production and presentation of art, contemporary practices and new media
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Immerson 5
© F. Jobin 2012
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Activité Entete
Quatuor Bozzini
Wandelweiser Ensemble
Curator(s):
France Jobin
Friday, June 14, 2013 at 7 pm
Saturday, June 15, 2013 at 3 pm, 5 pm and 7:30 pm
Tickets on sale at OBORO ($10)
as of June 4, 2013.
From Tuesday to Friday, noon to 5 pm.
You can also call 514 844-3250 (credit card only).
No ticket reservation.
as part of the festival Suoni Per Il Popolo
Immerson is pleased to renew its collaboration with the festival Suoni Per Il Popolo to offer an exceptional, intimate experience! The Bozzini Quartet, Martin Arnold and members of the international group of composers Wandelweiser–Jürg Frey (Switzerland), Thomas Stiegler (Germany), Antoine Beuger (Holland), Radu Malfatti (Austria), Michael Pisaro (United States–will participate. The quartet's musicians will interpret the playful subtleties of Wandelweiser's music which, according to Radu Malfatti, focuses on evaluating and integrating silence(s) rather than creating an infinite, continuous blanket of sound. This minimal instrumental music is well suited for the acoustic architecture of Immerson.
The 4 concerts' program :
Friday, June 14, 7 pm, with Antoine Beuger (Wandelweiser)
• Manfred Werder — Ein Ausführender, S 534-538
• Antoine Beuger — Silent harmonies in discrete continuity
3 pm, with Wandelweiser + Quatuor Bozzini
• Michael Pisaro — asleep, river, bells, chords
• Antoine Beuger — Méditations poétiques sur "quelque chose d'autre"
5 pm, with Wandelweiser + Quatuor Bozzini + Martin Arnold
• Jürg Frey — Landschaft mit Wörtern
• Michael Pisaro —Interference (2)
7:30 pm, with Quatuor Bozzini + Jürg Frey, clarinette
• Martin Arnold — Waltz Organum
• Jürg Frey — Streichquartett 3
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Based in Montreal, the Bozzini Quartet is composed of Clemens Merkel (violin), Stéphanie Bozzini (viola), Isabelle Bozzini (cello) and Mira Benjamin (violin). A radically contemporary ensemble in a stimulating, exciting milieu, the Bozzini Quartet enthusiastically explores the possibilities of classical concerts as well as more diverse experiments. Carefully building a diverse repertoire that has never ceded to ease or currents of fashion, the quartet has performed over one hundred and fifty commissioned pieces and has premiered more than two hundred other works. Invited to numerous international festivals, the Bozzini Quartet supports the next generation of composers through workshops, such as the Composer's Kitchen. The quartet also manages their own recording label, Collection QB, through which they record composers from Canada and abroad.
http://www.quatuorbozzini.ca
Read more about Quatuor Bozzini
Toronto-based composer and performer Martin Arnold studied in Edmonton, Banff, the Hague and Victoria, where his teachers were Alfred Fisher, Frederic Rzewski, John Cage, Louis Andriessen, Gilius van Bergeijk, Rudolf Komorous, Douglas Collinge, Mowry Baden, Linda Gammon and Michael Longton. He is also an active member of Toronto's free improvisation and experimental jazz/roots/rock communities performing on live electronics, banjo, melodica, guitar, and hurdy-gurdy. Martin works as a landscape gardener, lectures in the Department of Cultural Studies at Trent University in Peterborough, and is an Adjunct member of the Faculty of Graduate Studies at York University in Toronto.
http://www.kalvos.org/arnoldm.html
Read more about Martin Arnold
The Wandelweiser composers ensemble -a name, maybe an idea, a program- without ever having published an explanation or even manifesto growing out of the Edition Wandelweiser in 1995 with the goal to not only publish their music together but also to become active through concerts. The Wandelweiser composers ensemble today has 12 members from different European countries, Japan, Brazil and the US. The group is characterized through its curiosity for each others work and a pleasure in artistic and aesthetic discussion. The ensemble is a network of relationships and friendships, with many ramifications and held together only in a loose manner. But then its members can also be very close together in questions of art, of composing, of comprehension and approach.
http://www.wandelweiser.de
Read more about Wandelweiser Ensemble
France Jobin is an audio / installation artist, composer and curator. Her audio art, qualified as "sound sculpture", distinguishes itself in a minimalist approach of complex sound environments at the intersection of analog and digital. She participates in festivals, as well as presents installations and events internationally. Jobin has produced numerous solo albums with renowned labels such as ROOM40 (AU), LINE (US), popmuzik records and ATAK (JP). France Jobin was a Sonic Arts Awards 2014 finalist in the category Sonic Research.
francejobin.com
Read more about France Jobin
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Above: Screengrab of Burning Rock's website.
Photo: Dr. James Creeden, Global Medical Director of Foundation Medicine. Credit: Foundation Medicine.
Ping An Good Doctor's first One-minute Clinic in Wuzhen, outside of Shanghai. Credit: Ping An Good Doctor.


text:
On a surprising visit, Long Island sheds its stereotypes
Elizabeth Renzetti
Published July 3, 2018 Updated July 4, 2018
Avalon Park & Preserve offers an escape on the north shore of New York's Long Island.
Jessica Bie/Courtesy of Avalon Park and Preserve
Walking through the forest of the Avalon Park & Preserve, I hear the crunch of something underfoot. It could be twigs, or last fall's leaves, but I have a suspicion that it's actually the stereotypes I've accumulated over a lifetime being crushed to dust.
I'm in Long Island, but it's nothing like the Long Island of my inner eye, nourished for so long on the cliché from Sex and the City and Saturday Night Live. Where are the leather jackets, the malls, the gel-slicked hordes heading over bridges and through tunnels for a night of Manhattan hedonism? Where is Joey Buttafuoco, punchline of a thousand 1990s jokes, centre of the Long Island Lolita love triangle? As long as I've known about the place, I've pronounced it in my head in the accent distinctive to it: Lawn Guyland.
A sculpture on display at the 170-acre Avalon Park & Preserve.
Except I didn't know about the place, not at all, because this, too, is Long Island: forests and wetlands, gorgeous fishing villages, vineyards, a history rich with intrigue and skullduggery. I recently spent a few days on the north shore of the island, an easy weekend getaway from many parts of Canada (although this, of course, will depend on how you feel about travelling to Donald Trump's America and supporting it with your tourism dollars).
When I confess my ignorance to long-time resident Gloria Rocchio, president of the Ward Melville Heritage Organization, she smiles knowingly. "There's an expression around here: 'Once you get sand in your shoes, you'll always come back.'"
The two ends of Long Island, which juts like a pincer from mainland New York, are already pretty famous. On the west is Brooklyn, capital of artisanal pickle-making, and toward the east lie the Hamptons, land of taut foreheads and linen shirts. The bit in between is less well known and full of delights, even if you can't decide between kayaking and cabernet.
In Avalon Park in the hamlet of Stony Brook, for instance, there are cormorants in the sky above and chipmunks underfoot, and no sounds of traffic anywhere (this even though Long Island is one of the most densely populated parts of the United States, with 7.8 million people stuffed into a crescent that's 190 km long and 37 km wide). In the centre of the 170-acre preserve is a vast wildflower meadow, and in the centre of that is a piece of art – a gleaming steel orb by Alicia Framis called Cartas al Cielo (Letters to Heaven).
Next to the orb, I meet a tourist visiting from Guayaquil, Ecuador. She's writing on one of the blank cards that are part of the art installation (the park staff gather the cards every day, and are still deciding what to do with them; a giant bonfire is one of the options).
"Did you have any idea about this?" I say to the woman, and she shakes her head and says, "I didn't know any of this was here." I shrug at her. She shrugs at me. We leave to explore Long Island.
The Stony Brook Grist Mill was used by the British army during the Revolutionary War.
Stony Brook Grist Mill
Just outside the park sits the Stony Brook Grist Mill, built in 1751. The air inside is redolent with the dust of corn and wheat that are ground now just for tourists. During the American Revolutionary War, though, this was one of the places the British army, garrisoned nearby, bought its flour.
The Redcoats were popular in some quarters of Long Island, but very unpopular with a lot of rural folk: Hence the area's other great draw for tourists, the Washington Spy Trail. In the brutal days of the war, General George Washington needed intelligence about British troops stationed in Long Island. A group of locals, part of the Culper Spy Ring, relayed messages by boat across Long Island Sound and by horseback to the American forces in Manhattan. Fans of these spies (or the AMC series Turn, which is based on their exploits) can visit Brewster House, where Caleb Brewster, a member of the ring, ran a tavern and eavesdropped on the British. Or, for those with a grislier sensibility and a stronger stomach, there are boats tours from Oyster Bay visiting the Execution Rocks lighthouse, where captured Americans were left chained to the rocks at low tide, waiting for the rising waters to bring death.
Sagamore Hill was the summer home of Theodore Roosevelt, set on a high thumb of land near Oyster Bay.
Sagamore Hill
Okay, I didn't say it was an entirely cheery tour, did I? See, for example, the trophy room at Sagamore Hill, just outside of Oyster Bay, the beloved summer home where Theodore Roosevelt found refuge and displayed the heads, hides and tusks of various beasts he slaughtered. It's a gorgeous spot, though, set on a high thumb of land: You can see why Teddy wanted to escape the jaws of Washington for friendlier faces.
An assortment of dishes at Osteria Leana in Oyster Bay.
Osteria Leana
There's only one suitable antidote to a day of spies, death and hiking, and that's a giant plate of pasta. Fortunately, the Osteria Leana in Oyster Bay serves one of the finest versions of cacio e pepe I've had outside Rome, properly made with bucatini and accented with a pop of toasted Tellicherry peppercorns. Most of the better restaurants offer local vintages; Long Island has more than 60 vineyards, many of which are open for tours (and, for those forsaking the highways, the Long Island Rail Road provides service at 124 stops all day and night, every day of the year).
Another unexpected pleasure occurs one night at the Jazz Loft, where local trumpeter Tom Manuel has turned a former natural history museum into a venue for live music and display space for his vast collection of jazz memorabilia. Upstairs, on the night we visit, clarinetist Ken Peplowski plays sublimely under the baleful gaze of a stuffed mountain lion, a leftover guest from the Jazz Loft's previous incarnation. It's not what I expect to see or hear in the middle of Long Island; but then again it's all unexpected, in the best possible way.
The writer was a guest of Discover Long Island. The organization did not review or approve the story prior to publication.
Stony Brook's Jazz Loft, where trumpeter Tom Manuel has built a live music venue from a former museum.
The Jazz Loft
Oheka Castle, once the second-largest private home in the United States, was built a century ago on the Gold Coast of Long Island's north shore, and surrounded by gardens landscaped by the Olmsted brothers. In the 1930s it was a summer retreat for New York's sanitation workers, then fell into ruin. Now restored, Oheka is a grand destination favoured by wedding planners and golfers. oheka.com
There are numerous ways to get to the middle of Long Island from New York airports: The Long Island Rail Road connects to JFK's AirTrain at Jamaica station, and to LaGuardia via bus from Woodside station. There are also privates shuttles and buses. By car, drive time depends on traffic, anywhere from one to two hours.
Follow Elizabeth Renzetti on Twitter @lizrenzetti
Switch gears. Give your brain a workout and do today's Daily Cryptic Crossword.
Scoop a new vibe in the numbers and do today's Daily Sudoku.
Kick back with the Daily Universal Crossword.


text:
Curator Stephanie Kramer on Sports Jerseys
Fashion as Design
Among all objects of design, our clothes are the most universal and intimate. Like other kinds of design, fashion thrives on productive tensions between form and function, automation and craftsmanship, standardization and customization, universality and self-expression, and pragmatism and utopian vision. It exists in the service of others, and it can have profound consequences—social, political, cultural, economic, and environmental. Fashion as Design focuses on a selection of more than 70 garments and accessories from around the world, ranging from kente cloth to jeans to 3D-printed dresses. Through these garments, we're going to look closely at what we wear, why we wear it, how it's made, and what it means. You'll hear directly from a range of designers, makers, historians, and others working with clothing every day—and, in some cases, reinventing it for the future. Studio visits, interviews, and other resources introduce the history and development of each garment and their changing uses, meanings, and impact over time. Course Learning Objectives: Develop critical tools to appreciate and contextualize fashion design—from everyday clothing to couture garments—through many different perspectives. Trace the history, development, and impact of garments over time, and explore how they may be reinvented. Investigate garments through multiple lenses including politics, identity, and economics. Understand more about the lifecycle of clothing, from its design and production to its marketing, distribution, and consumption. Better comprehend the choices you make about fashion with respect to the visual language of dress, individual and collective identities, and issues such as labor practices, sustainability, and body politics.
Art History, Art, History, Creativity
Highly practical and ambitious material challenging us to think about the current landscape of fashion, as well as the future, and how we can improve the the industry with sustainable practices.
8 de jun. de 2020
It's a great course not only for fashion lovers, but anybody interested in history, design, activism or sustainability. I subscribed just for fun, but got so much new knowledge and inspiration!
Wearing certain garments can inspire heroic transformations, while heroes can elevate everyday clothing to iconic status. In this module, you will discover the relationship between aspiration, achievement, adulation, and attire through a wide range of heroes—and even imagine yourself as a space hero in the future.
On Site in Los Angeles: Recreating Bruce Lee's Tracksuit7:31
Curator Stephanie Kramer on Sports Jerseys2:15
Senior Curator, Department of Architecture & Design, and Director, Department of Research & Development
Curatorial Assistant
Stephanie Kramer
Anna Burckhardt
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My name is Stephanie Kramer and I'm the research assistant on the project Items is Fashion Modern. The sports jersey, as something that non-athletes wear, is a relatively new phenomenon. Writer Tim Laden from Sports Illustrated actually was really interested in uncovering when the sports jersey emerged as something that even fans started wearing to arenas and he compared images. In the 1960s, fans at sports arenas were wearing business suits. In the 70s, there was a mass casualisation in fashion in general, so you didn't see people in business suits per se but you only saw very, very few sports jerseys. Sports jerseys throughout history before the 70s and 80s were produced by Mom & Pop shops. They were providing sports jerseys to local high school and college teams, so they were just doing the same for professional teams. A sea change occurred in 1985 when the owner of a store called The Athletic Shop in Dallas was providing the Dallas Cowboys with their sports jerseys and he realized that he could just start putting their numbers on similar shirts and selling them as Dallas Cowboys sports jerseys. Of course, he got into trouble for this and that's when the NFL started commissioning larger companies to take part, and that's how today's sports jerseys are owned by such companies as Champion, Reebok and Nike. Very late in the 80s, we see a lot of hip-hop artists start wearing sports jerseys. Tupac Shakur was famously photographed wearing a Detroit Red Wings jersey and the Notorious B. I. G, for example, in his video, Juicy, wore a jersey that he had customized to read Bad Boy, which was the name of the record label that he was signed to. So that was really an early example of a sports jersey being used fashionably and not just to express your allegiance to a team.