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United Nations Convention against Torture
(Redirected from United Nations Convention Against Torture)
The Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (commonly known as the United Nations Convention against Torture (UNCAT)) is an international human rights treaty, under the review of the United Nations, that aims to prevent torture and other acts of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment around the world.
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
states that have signed, but not ratified
states that have not signed
Human rights convention
10 December 1984[1]
4 February 1985[2]
26 June 1987[1]
20 ratifications[3]
166[1]
Depositary
UN Secretary-General[4]
Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish[5]
Convention against Torture at Wikisource
The Convention requires states to take effective measures to prevent torture in any territory under their jurisdiction, and forbids states to transport people to any country where there is reason to believe they will be tortured.
The text of the Convention was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1984[1] and, following ratification by the 20th state party,[3] it came into force on 26 June 1987.[1] 26 June is now recognized as the International Day in Support of Victims of Torture, in honor of the Convention. Since the convention's entry into force, the absolute prohibition against torture and other acts of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment has become accepted as a principle of customary international law.[6] As of June 2019, the Convention has 166 state parties.[1]
SummaryEdit
The Covenant follows the structure of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), with a preamble and 33 articles, divided into three parts:
Part I (Articles 1–16) contains a definition of torture (Article 1), and commits parties to taking effective measures to prevent any act of torture in any territory under their jurisdiction (Article 2). These include ensuring that torture is a criminal offense under a party's municipal law (Article 4), establishing jurisdiction over acts of torture committed by or against a party's nationals (Article 5), ensuring that torture is an extraditable offense (Article 8), and establishing universal jurisdiction to try cases of torture where an alleged torturer cannot be extradited (Article 5). Parties must promptly investigate any allegation of torture (Articles 12 and 13), and victims of torture, or their dependents in case victims died as a result of torture, must have an enforceable right to compensation (Article 14). Parties must also ban the use of evidence produced by torture in their courts (Article 15), and are barred from deporting, extraditing, or refouling people where there are substantial grounds for believing they will be tortured (Article 3).
Parties are required to train and educate their law enforcement personnel, civilian or military personnel, medical personnel, public officials, and other persons involved in the custody, interrogation, or treatment of any individual subjected to any form of arrest, detention, or imprisonment, regarding the prohibition against torture (Article 10). Parties also must keep interrogation rules, instructions, methods, and practices under systematic review regarding individuals who are under custody or physical control in any territory under their jurisdiction, in order to prevent all acts of torture (Article 11).
Parties are also obliged to prevent all acts of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment in any territory under their jurisdiction, and to investigate any allegation of such treatment. (Article 16).
Part II (Articles 17–24) governs reporting and monitoring of the Convention and the steps taken by the parties to implement it. It establishes the Committee against Torture (Article 17), and empowers it to investigate allegations of systematic torture (Article 20). It also establishes an optional dispute-resolution mechanism between parties (Article 21) and allows parties to recognize the competence of the Committee to hear complaints from individuals about violations of the Convention by a party (Article 22).
Part III (Articles 25–33) governs ratification, entry into force, and amendment of the Convention. It also includes an optional arbitration mechanism for disputes between parties (Article 30).
Main provisionsEdit
Definition of tortureEdit
Article 1.1 of the Convention defines torture as:
For the purpose of this Convention, the term "torture" means any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him, or a third person, information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in, or incidental to, lawful sanctions.
The words "inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions" remain vague and very broad. It is extremely difficult to determine what sanctions are 'inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions' in a particular legal system and what are not. The drafters of the Convention neither provided any criteria for making such determination nor did it define the terms. The nature of the findings would so differ from one legal system to another that they would give rise to serious disputes among the Parties to the Convention. It was suggested that the reference to such rules would make the issue more complicated, for it would endow the rules with a semblance of legal binding force. This allows state parties to pass domestic laws that permit acts of torture that they believe are within the lawful sanctions clause. However, the most widely adopted interpretation of the lawful sanctions clause is that it refers to sanctions authorized by international law. Pursuant to this interpretation, only sanctions that are authorized by international law will fall within this exclusion. The interpretation of the lawful sanctions clause leaves no scope of application and is widely debated by authors, historians, and scholars alike.[7]
Ban on tortureEdit
Article 2 prohibits torture, and requires parties to take effective measures to prevent it in any territory under their jurisdiction. This prohibition is absolute and non-derogable. "No exceptional circumstances whatsoever"[8] may be invoked to justify torture, including war, threat of war, internal political instability, public emergency, terrorist acts, violent crime, or any form of armed conflict.[6] In other words, torture cannot be justified as a means to protect public safety or prevent emergencies.[8] Subordinates who commits acts of torture cannot abstain themselves from legal responsibility on the grounds that they were just following orders from their superiors.[6]
The prohibition on torture applies to anywhere under a party's effective jurisdiction inside or outside of its borders, whether on board its ships or aircraft or in its military occupations, military bases, peacekeeping operations, health care industries, schools, day care centers, detention centers, embassies, or any other of its areas, and protects all people under its effective control, regardless of nationality or how that control is exercised.[6]
The other articles of part I lay out specific obligations intended to implement this absolute prohibition by preventing, investigating, and punishing acts of torture.[6]
Ban on refoulementEdit
Article 3 prohibits parties from returning, extraditing, or refouling any person to a state "where there are substantial grounds for believing that he would be in danger of being subjected to torture."[9] The Committee against Torture has held that this danger must be assessed not just for the initial receiving state, but also to states to which the person may be subsequently expelled, returned or extradited.[10]
Ban on cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishmentEdit
Article 16 requires parties to prevent "other acts of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment which do not amount to torture as defined in article 1" in any territory under their jurisdiction. Because it is often difficult to distinguish between cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment and torture, the Committee regards Article 16's prohibition of such act as similarly absolute and non-derogable.[6]
Signatories and ratificationsEdit
Ratification, accession (a), succession (d)
Afghanistan 4 February 1985 1 April 1987
Albania 11 May 1994 a
Algeria 26 November 1985 12 September 1989
Angola 24 September 2013
Andorra 5 August 2002 22 September 2006
Antigua and Barbuda 19 July 1993 a
Argentina 4 February 1985 24 September 1986
Armenia 13 September 1993 a
Australia 10 December 1985 8 August 1989
Austria 14 March 1985 29 July 1987
Azerbaijan 16 August 1996 a
Bahamas 16 December 2008 31 May 2018
Bahrain 6 March 1998 a
Bangladesh 5 October 1998 a
Belarus 19 December 1985 13 March 1987 (as the
Byelorussian SSR)
Belgium 4 February 1985 25 June 1999
Belize 17 March 1986 a
Benin 12 March 1992 a
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 4 February 1985 12 April 1999
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 September 1993 d
Botswana 8 September 2000 8 September 2000
Brazil 23 September 1985 28 September 1989
Brunei Darussalam 22 September 2015
Bulgaria 10 June 1986 16 December 1986
Burkina Faso 4 January 1999 a
Burundi 18 February 1993 a
Cabo Verde 4 June 1992 a
Cambodia 15 October 1992 a
Cameroon 19 December 1986 a
Canada 23 August 1985 24 June 1987
Central African Republic 11 October 2016 a
Chad 9 June 1995 a
Chile 23 September 1987 30 September 1988
China 12 December 1986 4 October 1988
Colombia 10 April 1985 8 December 1987
Comoros 22 September 2000
Congo 30 July 2003 a
Costa Rica 4 February 1985 11 November 1993
Côte d'Ivoire 18 December 1995 a
Croatia 12 October 1992 d
Cuba 27 January 1986 17 May 1995
Cyprus 9 October 1985 18 July 1991
Czech Republic 22 February 1993 d (previously ratified by
Czechoslovakia on 7 July 1988)
Democratic Republic of the Congo 18 March 1996 a (as
Zaire)
Denmark 4 February 1985 27 May 1987
Djibouti 5 November 2002 a
Dominican Republic 4 February 1985 24 January 2012
Ecuador 4 February 1985 30 March 1988
Egypt 25 June 1986 a
El Salvador 17 June 1996 a
Equatorial Guinea 8 October 2002 a
Eritrea 25 September 2014 a
Estonia 21 October 1991 a
Ethiopia 14 March 1994 a
Fiji 1 March 2016 16 March 2016
Finland 4 February 1985 30 August 1989
France 4 February 1985 18 February 1986
Gabon 21 January 1986 8 September 2000
Gambia 23 October 1985
Georgia 26 October 1994 a
Germany 13 October 1986 1 October 1990 (Signed as the
Federal Republic of Germany. The
German Democratic Republic also ratified on 9 September 1987)
Ghana 7 September 2000 7 September 2000
Greece 4 February 1985 6 October 1988
Guatemala 5 January 1990 a
Guinea 30 May 1986 10 October 1989
Guinea-Bissau 12 September 2000 24 September 2013
Guyana 25 January 1988 19 May 1988
Holy See 26 June 2002 a
Honduras 5 December 1996 a
Hungary 28 November 1986 15 April 1987
Iceland 4 February 1985 23 October 1996
India 14 October 1997
Indonesia 23 October 1985 28 October 1998
Iraq 7 July 2011 a
Ireland 28 September 1992 11 April 2002
Israel 22 October 1986 3 October 1991
Italy 4 February 1985 12 January 1989, 5 July 2017 a[11]
Japan 29 June 1999 a
Jordan 13 November 1991 a
Kazakhstan 26 August 1998 a
Kenya 21 February 1997 a
Kuwait 8 March 1996 a
Kyrgyzstan 5 September 1997 a
Lao People's Democratic Republic 21 September 2010 26 September 2012
Latvia 14 April 1992 a
Lebanon 5 October 2000 a
Lesotho 12 November 2001 a
Liberia 22 September 2004 a
Libya 16 May 1989 a (then
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya)
Liechtenstein 27 June 1985 2 November 1990
Lithuania 1 February 1996 a
Luxembourg 22 February 1985 29 September 1987
Madagascar 1 October 2001 13 December 2005
Malawi 11 June 1996 a
Maldives 20 April 2004 a
Mali 26 February 1999 a
Malta 13 September 1990 a
Marshall Islands 12 March 2018 a
Mauritania 17 November 2004 a
Mauritius 9 December 1992 a
Mexico 18 March 1985 23 January 1986
Monaco 6 December 1991 a
Mongolia 24 January 2002 a
Montenegro 23 October 2006 d
Morocco 8 January 1986 21 June 1993
Mozambique 14 September 1999 a
Namibia 28 November 1994 a
Nauru 12 November 2001 26 September 2012
Nepal 14 May 1991 a
Netherlands 4 February 1985 21 December 1988
New Zealand 14 January 1986 10 December 1989
Nicaragua 15 April 1985 5 July 2005
Niger 5 October 1998 a
Nigeria 28 July 1988 28 June 2001
Norway 4 February 1985 9 July 1986
Pakistan 17 April 2008 3 June 2010
Palau 20 September 2011
State of Palestine 2 April 2014 a
Panama 22 February 1985 24 August 1987
Paraguay 23 October 1989 12 March 1990
Peru 29 May 1985 7 July 1988
Philippines 18 June 1986 a
Poland 13 January 1986 26 July 1989
Portugal 4 February 1985 9 February 1989
Qatar 11 January 2000 a
Republic of Korea [South] 9 January 1995 a
Republic of Moldova 28 November 1995 a
Romania 18 December 1990 a
Russian Federation 10 December 1985 3 March 1987 (ratified as the
Soviet Union)
Rwanda 15 December 2008 a
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1 August 2001 a
San Marino 18 September 2002 27 November 2006
São Tomé and Príncipe 6 September 2000 10 January 2017
Saudi Arabia 23 September 1997 a
Senegal 4 February 1985 21 August 1986
Serbia 12 March 2001 d (ratified as the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia;
SFR Yugoslavia had previously ratified on 10 September 1991)
Seychelles 5 May 1992 a
Sierra Leone 18 March 1985 25 April 2001
Slovakia 28 May 1993 d (previously ratified by
Slovenia 16 July 1993 a
Somalia 24 January 1990 a
South Africa 29 January 1993 10 December 1998
South Sudan 30 April 2015 a
Spain 4 February 1985 21 October 1987
Sri Lanka 3 January 1994 a
Sudan 4 June 1986
Swaziland 26 March 2004 a
Sweden 4 February 1985 8 January 1986
Switzerland 4 February 1985 2 December 1986
Syrian Arab Republic 19 August 2004 a
Tajikistan 11 January 1995 a
Thailand 2 October 2007 a
The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 12 December 1994 d
Timor-Leste 16 April 2003 a
Togo 25 March 1987 18 November 1987
Tunisia 26 August 1987 23 September 1988
Turkey 25 January 1988 2 August 1988
Turkmenistan 25 June 1999 a
Uganda 3 November 1986 a
Ukraine 27 February 1986 24 February 1987 (ratified as the
Ukrainian SSR)
United Arab Emirates 19 July 2012 a
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 15 March 1985 8 December 1988
United States of America 18 April 1988 21 October 1994[1][12] (With specific reservations detailed here.) As of 10 December 2018, the United States of America is not party to the 2002 Optional Protocol.[13]
Uruguay 4 February 1985 24 October 1986
Uzbekistan 28 September 1995 a
Vanuatu 12 July 2011 a
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 15 February 1985 29 July 1991
Viet Nam 7 November 2013 5 February 2015
Yemen 5 November 1991 a
Zambia 7 October 1998 a
Optional ProtocolEdit
Main article: Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture
states that signed, but have not ratified
The Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (OPCAT), adopted by the General Assembly on 18 December 2002 and in force since 22 June 2006, provides for the establishment of "a system of regular visits undertaken by independent international and national bodies to places where people are deprived of their liberty, in order to prevent torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment,"[14] to be overseen by a Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.
As of October 2016, the Protocol has 75 signatories and 88 parties.[13]
Committee against TortureEdit
This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2018)
Main article: Committee Against Torture (UN)
The Committee against Torture (CAT) is a body of human rights experts that monitors implementation of the Convention by State parties. The Committee is one of eight UN-linked human rights treaty bodies. All state parties are obliged under the Convention to submit regular reports to the CAT on how rights are being implemented. Upon ratifying the Convention, states must submit a report within one year, after which they are obliged to report every four years. The Committee examines each report and addresses its concerns and recommendations to the State party in the form of "concluding observations." Under certain circumstances, the CAT may consider complaints or communications from individuals claiming that their rights under the Convention have been violated.
The CAT usually meets in April/May and November each year in Geneva. Members are elected to four-year terms by State parties and can be re-elected if nominated. The current membership of the CAT, as of September 2017[update]:[15]
Term Expires
Ms. Essadia BELMIR (Vice-Chairperson)
Morocco 31 December 2021
Mr. Diego RODRÍGUEZ-PINZÓN
Colombia 31 December 2021
Felice Gaer (vice-chair)
United States 31 December 2019
Abdelwahab Hani
Tunisia 31 December 2019
Claude Heller Rouassant (vice-chair)
Mexico 31 December 2019
Jens Modvig (chair)
Denmark 31 December 2021
Mr. Bakhtiyar TUZMUKHAMEDOV
Russia 31 December 2021
Ana Racu
Moldova 31 December 2019
Sébastien Touze (Rapporteur)
France 31 December 2019
Ms. Honghong ZHANG
China 31 December 2021
Psychological torture
European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
Use of torture since 1948
^ a b c d e f g h United Nations Treaty Collection: Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Retrieved on 26 June 2018.
^ General Assembly resolution 40/128 (13 December 1985), Status of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, A/RES/40/128, under 2.
^ a b Convention Against Torture Archived 9 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Article 27. Retrieved on 30 December 2008.
^ Convention Against Torture Archived 9 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Article 25. Retrieved on 30 December 2008.
^ a b c d e f "CAT General Comment No. 2: Implementation of Article 2 by States Parties" (PDF). Committee against Torture. 23 November 2007. p. 2. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
^ Ronli Sifris (4 December 2013). Reproductive Freedom, Torture and International Human Rights: Challenging the Masculinisation of Torture. Routledge. p. 145.
^ a b [1] Article 2.2 Retrieved on 22 January 2015.
^ Convention Against Torture Archived 9 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Article 3.1. Retrieved on 30 December 2008.
^ "CAT General Comment No. 01: Implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22". UN OHCHR. 21 November 1997. Retrieved 15 June 2008.
^ "Italy passes law making torture a crime, critics say full of holes". Reuters. 5 July 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
^ "Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment - Addendum to Initial reports of States parties due in 1995" (PDF). U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
^ a b "9.b Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment". United Nations Treaty Collection. United Nations. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
^ OPCAT, Article 1.
^ "Committee Against Torture – Membership". United Nations OHCHR. 2009. Archived from the original on 14 February 2010. Retrieved 29 January 2010.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Official text of the Convention
U.N. Committee against Torture
Human Rights Watch summary of the Convention
List of links to other related documents
Human Rights First; Tortured Justice: Using Coerced Evidence to Prosecute Terrorist Suspects (2008)
Human Rights First; Leave No Marks: Enhanced Interrogation Techniques and the Risk of Criminality
International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims (IRCT); What is torture? Defining torture
Introductory note by Hans Danelius, procedural history note and audiovisual material on the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
UN Convention against Torture (1984-2014) - Research Guide, UNOG Library
UN Convention against Torture (1984-2014) - Bibliography (Books/Articles), UNOG Library
Decisions of the Committee Against TortureEdit
Committee against Torture – Jurisprudence
CAT decisions on Refworld
Decisions of the Committee Against Torture
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_against_Torture&oldid=903567514"


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An immersive theater experience for small groups, Gem of the Valley sends the audience on a theatrical journey through the town of Chester, bringing it to life in unexpected and enchanting ways. Equipped with a pair of headphones that contains an hour-long soundtrack, participants will be guided through the middle of town, where the real world and the fictional world of the show begin to blur. A cast of over 20 characters await, woven into the fabric of the world around them.
Created as a theatrical gift for audience members and featuring the town of Chester as its setting, Gem of the Valley is also a celebration of Chester Theatre Company's 30th season.
Audiences will need to be able to walk (with regular stops along the way) for much of the show, both indoors and outdoors. Due to the nature of the show, there can be no stoppages for any reason until it is over. If you have physical limitations, please contact the Box Office to see how we can support your participation in the show.
What is immersive theater?
Immersive theater is a form of theater-making that puts the audience into the world of the show. While it can take many different forms, this kind of theater typically offers audience members a kind of agency not possible in conventional plays by freeing them from their seats. Performers and audience members have direct connections with one another, creating the potential for intimate and poignant work. While still rooted firmly in the foundations of staged theater, immersive theater seeks to create an immediate experience for the audience as much as share a story with them.
Is this an audience-participation kind of show?
Not really. Although audience members engage directly with them throughout the production, the performers are also there to guide the audience through the show without putting them on the spot. Audience members might be offered a gift, directed to examine an object, play a game, listen to a private story, or discover a secret nearby. The goal is to empower the audience to have a rich, personal experience with the performers while still feeling in control of their choices.
How much physical exertion is involved?
The show is a guided tour of sorts, asking audience members to walk at a moderate pace to various locations around town. The total amount of walking is under half a mile across a one-hour long show. There are occasional stairs, both outdoors and indoors. Participants with limited mobility are encouraged to contact the Box Office for questions and support.
Is it kid-friendly?
While the content of the show is kid-friendly, the navigation of the show needs some maturity. Audiences should be 14+ to attend the show.
How would inclement weather affect the show?
We will perform the show unless the weather creates an unsafe environment for performers and/or audience members. If it is raining, we encourage you to bring an umbrella. Exceptionally hot weather might compromise the show for some audience members; please use your discretion on whether or not to attend in those circumstances.
Where should I park? Is the show at Town Hall Theatre?
Audience members should park near the theater and sign in at Town Hall with our staff upon arrival.
What if I'm late to the show?
Due to the nature of the show, it is impossible to accommodate late audience members. We advise you to show up with time to spare before the show begins. Detailed instructions about when to arrive will be provided upon purchase of your ticket.
Support for GEM OF THE VALLEY is generously provided by Art Angels and Eggtooth Productions.
The Night Alive
Now Circa Then
Gem of the Valley
On the Exhale
Curve of Departure

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


^ a b Itzkoff, Dave (2010年6月30日). "A Man and His Dream: Christopher Nolan and 'Inception'". The New York Times. オリジナルの2011年3月21日時点によるアーカイブ。. https://www.webcitation.org/5xLx3sVAz?url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/06/30/a-man-and-his-dream-christopher-nolan-and-inception/?ref=movies 2010年7月12日閲覧。 . .
^ a b McNary, Dave (2010年5月3日). "Batman sets date". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118018621.html?categoryid=1009&cs=1 2010年7月26日閲覧。 . WebCitation archive.
^ Schuker, Lauren A. E. (2008年8月22日). "Warner Bets on Fewer, Bigger Movies". The Wall Street Journal. オリジナルの2011年3月21日時点によるアーカイブ。. https://www.webcitation.org/5xLzZSe7O?url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121936107614461929.html 2008年10月22日閲覧。 .
^ Boucher, Geoff (2008年10月27日). "Christopher Nolan on 'Dark Knight' and its box-office billion: 'It's mystifying to me'". Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/herocomplex/2008/10/christopher-nol.html 2008年10月27日閲覧。 . WebCitation archive.
^ "Merrick" (pseudonym) (2008年12月5日). "Nolan Talks DARK KNIGHT Blu-Ray, a 100,000 Person Screening of the Film (Featuring Live Q & A w/ Nolan), TDK Sequel, and More!!". Ain't It Cool News. オリジナルの2011年3月21日時点によるアーカイブ。. https://www.webcitation.org/5xLwpPIh8?url=http://www.aintitcool.com/node/39348 2008年12月6日閲覧。 . .
^ Bowles, Scott (2008年12月7日). "For now, Nolan and Batman will rest in 'Dark' glory". USA Today. オリジナルの2011年3月21日時点によるアーカイブ。. https://www.webcitation.org/5xM0zLBMw?url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2008-12-07-dark-knight-nolan_N.htm?csp=34 2008年12月8日閲覧。 . .
^ Weintraub, Steve, and Matt Goldberg (2008年12月18日). "Exclusive - Alan Horn, The President of Warner Bros, talks 'Dark Knight', 'Green Lantern', and More". Collider.com. オリジナルの2011年3月21日時点によるアーカイブ。. https://www.webcitation.org/5xM17Gxy4?url=http://collider.com/entertainment/interviews/article.asp/aid/10194/tcid/1 2008年12月18日閲覧。 . .
^ Allsletter, Rob (2008年6月30日). "The Dark Knight's Future". ComicsContinuum.com. オリジナルの2011年3月21日時点によるアーカイブ。. https://www.webcitation.org/5xM1L7RSr?url=http://www.comicscontinuum.com/stories/0806/30/index.htm 2008年7月1日閲覧。 . .
^ Gilbert, Ammon. (2009-07-24) "Con: Batman 3 in 2011?", JoBlo.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-26. WebCitation archive.
^ EXCLUSIVE: Michael Caine on 'Batman 3': 'There Is No Johnny Depp in this Batman'. MTV.com (2009-09-21). Retrieved on 2010-11-26.
^ Finke, Nikki, and Mike Fleming (2010年2月9日). "It's A Bird! It's A Plane! It's Chris Nolan! He'll Mentor Superman 3.0 And Prep 3rd Batman". Deadline.com. オリジナルの2011年3月21日時点によるアーカイブ。. https://www.webcitation.org/5xLwx0v1Q?url=http://www.deadline.com/2010/02/its-a-bird-its-a-plane-its-chris-nolan-hell-mentor-superman-3-0-while-preparing-3rd-batman/ 2010年12月3日閲覧。 . .
^ Kit, Borys (2010年12月1日). "Heath Ledger Will Not Appear in 'Dark Knight Rises'". The Hollywood Reporter. オリジナルの2011年3月21日時点によるアーカイブ。. https://www.webcitation.org/5xLyYhLz4?url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/blogs/heat-vision/heath-ledger-dark-knight-rises-55215 2011-30-21閲覧。 .
^ a b Weintraub, Steve (2010年12月22日). "Exclusive: Exclusive: David Keighley (Head of Re-Mastering IMAX) Talks 'The Dark Knight', 'The Dark Knight Rises', 'Tron: Legacy', New Cameras, More". Collider. オリジナルの2011年3月21日時点によるアーカイブ。. https://www.webcitation.org/5xLyzQpYH?url=http://collider.com/david-keighley-imax-interview-the-dark-knight-rises-tron-legacy/66297 2011年11月1日閲覧。 . .


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Home / News, Politics / This KAMBA man MUTISO should be arrested, he did not design KICC - It was designed by a Norwegian called Karl Henrik Nøstvik! EVIDENCE
This KAMBA man MUTISO should be arrested, he did not design KICC - It was designed by a Norwegian called Karl Henrik Nøstvik! EVIDENCE
News, Politics 08:08
Tuesday October 9, 2018 - Over the last few days, there has been debate on social media about David Mutiso, a man who allegedly designed Kenyatta International Convention Centre (KICC) in 1967.
Mutiso, in an interview with a local media station, claimed that he designed KICC and wanted it to look like a donkey's penis.
Watch the video below
However, fresh details have emerged over who really designed KICC in 1967.
The iconic building in the heart of the Capital city was designed by Norwegian architect, Karl Henrik Nøstvik.
The construction of the building was commissioned by Mzee Jomo Kenyatta in 1967.
The construction was carried out by contractors Solel Boneh & Factah and was done in three phases.
Phase I was the construction of the podium, Phase II consisted of the main tower and Phase III involved the Plenary.
Construction was completed in 1973 with the opening ceremony occurring in September 1973 presided over by President Kenyatta.
In the opening ceremony, President Kenyatta congratulated Nøstvik for his design work, instead of Mutiso who claims that he worked directly with Kenyatta.
Here is the photo of Henrik with Kenyatta after the completion of the building in 1973.
See the original designs with Karl Henrik Nøstvik's name as the designer
VERY UGLY DESIGN!!!OBSTERICK?
IT LOOKS LIKE A NEGRO ERECT PE^N#s..
WHY DID THEY APPROVE IT???
NATION HOUSE IS LIKE 2 ERECT p##@NIS . 3SOME!!!
DOING THE ACT IN PUBLIC!!!!
THIS COUNTRY KENYA IS MISMANAGED BY DEVIL WORSHIPPERS & WITCHES.


Our artists' books can be found in the collections of: Artspace Mackay; Bibliotheca Librorum Apud Artificem; Deakin University Library; Melbourne Museum; Melbourne University Library; Monash University Library; National Gallery of Australia; National Gallery of Victoria; National Library of Australia; RMIT University Library; State Library of New South Wales; State Library of Victoria; State Library of Queensland; Tate (UK); UWE Bristol (UK).
We are besotted with paper for its adaptable, foldable, cut-able, concealable, revealing nature. In our artists' books, prints, zines, drawings, and collages too, we use an armoury of play, humour, and perhaps the poetic and familiar too, with the intention of luring you in.
The animal is oft present and easily detectable, the centre of our paper stage. Hard to miss, over here and over there, the animal runs up hills, scales rooftops, and sometimes appears to take flight. Gliding through a scene it is too large to be contained within or perhaps too manmade to call home, that it has a tail or feathers or furred muzzle is not solely why its form appears. For us, the animal is there to question our very behaviour, those moral principles one governs the self by, and to explore our relationship with the natural world. The words of Gogol whisper in the ear, "the longer and more carefully we look at a funny story, the sadder it becomes." And so, we leave our scenes open-ended, inviting you to ponder and perhaps find that things are not always as they first appear.
Whilst one artists' book is finished, another is in the works, be it as idea or the mechanics of the thing. The process, the interest, it is ongoing. We call upon a wide range of sources, all the while seeking to explore, through inventive narrative, a heady combination of new and existing worlds where wild thoughts take physical form and imagination given free rein.


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Can You Put Regular Air in Nitrogen-Filled Tires?
Performance car enthusiasts and service providers claim nitrogen-filled tires offer benefits like extended service life and lower maintenance. The trouble is that once you pay to have your tires filled with pure nitrogen, you have to top them off with nitrogen in the future. Or do you? Can you put regular air in nitrogen-filled tires?
If your tires have been filled with pure nitrogen, it is perfectly acceptable to top them off with normal air. Furthermore, filling the tires of a passenger car with pure nitrogen most likely does not have significant benefits compared to filling tires with normal air.
This article will explore the rationale behind filling passenger car tires with pure nitrogen, debunk the supposed benefits, and explain why you can add normal air to tires previously inflated with nitrogen. But first, here is a little science.
What Is Nitrogen?
Nitrogen-Filled Tires
Claimed Benefits of Nitrogen Tire Inflation
The Chemical Composition of Air
The Difference in Pressure Loss Rate Is Insignificant
Nitrogen-Filled Tires Still Require the Same Amount of Maintenance
Compressed Air Does Not Contain Appreciable Amounts of Water Vapor
The Temperature at Ground Level Is Relatively Constant
Nitrogen is the seventh element on the periodic table. In their most common form, nitrogen atoms consist of seven protons, seven neutrons, and seven electrons. The molecule dinitrogen (N2) makes up an average of 78% of our atmosphere at sea level, with dioxygen (O2) making up the other 21%.
Nitrogen was first separated from air by Dr. Daniel Rutherford, a Scottish physician, in 1772. Rutherford did not recognize it as a new chemical element, referring to it as "noxious air," and noted it seemed "devoid of life" as it could not support a flame.
It was not recognized as a separate chemical element until the last decade of the 18th century.
Nitrogen has been used to fill jet aircraft tires since the 1950s. In 1992, pure nitrogen was used to inflate tires used in extreme motorsports like top-fuel dragster racing and Formula One.
Nitrogen tire inflation was first introduced commercially in 1999 from a chain of British superstores, and by 2007 the service was available worldwide.
As of summer 2021, there are no commercially available tires that specifically require nitrogen inflation. Nitrogen tire inflation is marketed to the owners of expensive performance cars like Ferraris and the Nissan GT-R and motorsport enthusiasts who wish to emulate the spectator sport.
While filling tires with standard air is generally very simple and free of cost, filling tires with nitrogen is most complicated and costs money.
The most common method begins by sucking the air out of a tire with a vacuum pump down to an internal pressure of 3 psi (20.7 kPa) before the tire is reinflated with nitrogen either produced on-site or taken from commercially available canisters. A green valve cover is used to mark tires filled with nitrogen, which has become a fashion statement in the performance car community.
For brand new tires, nitrogen inflation can cost between $70 and $180 per tire. The cost for filling existing tires with nitrogen the first time is a more "reasonable" $30 to $50 per tire, and it will cost between $5 and $7 per tire to top them off. As a reminder, refilling tires with regular air is generally free.
The cost of nitrogen tire inflation could be excused if the benefits outweighed it.
Commercial nitrogen tire inflation providers and performance car enthusiasts claim several benefits compared to filling tires with normal air:
Slower pressure loss from leaks
Lower tire maintenance costs
Slower deterioration of tire rubber and pressure sensors due to the lack of oxygen and moisture inside the tire
More consistent pressure during temperature fluctuations
In reality, these benefits are either much less significant or do not exist at all.
The reported benefits of filling tires with nitrogen do not stand up to a critical science-based evaluation.
As mentioned above, the air at ground level contains an average mix of 78% nitrogen (N2) and 21% oxygen (O2). The remaining 1% primarily consists of the non-reactive noble gases argon and xenon, water vapor (H2O), and trace amounts of carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
Regular air at ground level is already nearly 80% nitrogen. Depending on humidity levels, the percentage of water vapor by volume may be as high as 4.4%.
When tires are filled with nitrogen, some normal air is always left inside the tire. When pure nitrogen is pumped in, the resulting internal gas mix will be between 90% and 93% nitrogen and a maximum of 9% oxygen.
According to performance car enthusiasts, the marginally larger molecules of molecular nitrogen do not leak through the tire as readily as molecular oxygen.
Studies conducted by the United States National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) confirmed this in a laboratory setting, at least to a point.
In static laboratory tests, where tires were inflated with several gas mixes and left to sit:
Tires inflated with air lost an average of 2.13% of their internal pressure per month.
Tires inflated with between 95% and 99% nitrogen lost an average of 1.39% per month.
Nitrogen-filled tires performed a whopping 0.74% better than tires filled with regular air.
Consumer Reports conducted a similar test under outdoor conditions. Their experiment conducted over an entire year found an average pressure loss of 3.5% for air-filled tires and 2.2% in nitrogen-filled tires, with nitrogen-filled tires performing 1.3% better.
In terms of time between fillings, the advantage held by nitrogen-filled tires does not amount to even a single trip of more than one hour.
Proponents of filling tires with nitrogen claim the practice dramatically reduces the tires' maintenance requirements, even making tires "maintenance-free." They cite lower internal concentrations of oxygen and water vapor, which reduced the rate of deterioration from chemical interactions with the rubber.
This argument does not hold any air.
The aforementioned NHTSA study determined that chemical deterioration does not play a significant role in the failure of tires. Instead, tires primarily fail due to external wear and stress and blunt force or piercing damage from impacts with road debris.
Chemical deterioration will only play a role in tire failure if the tire is left unused for an extended period.
The NHTSA recommends that tires be inspected by a trained professional at least twice a year regardless of what gas is used to fill them. People who inflate their tires with nitrogen are likely to have them inspected more often simply because trained technicians usually perform the refill.
Water could damage a tire pressure sensor if the sensor were submerged in water. Compressed air from commercial compressors is almost dehydrated. Modern air compressors use moisture separators to remove water from the pressurized air piped into the tire. The air inside the tire will contain less than 0.05% water vapor.
Tire pressure sensors are far more likely to be damaged by road debris or a technician using the wrong tool to remove it.
The volume of a gas varies depending on its temperature. Cool gas contracts and warm gas expands. The volume of pure nitrogen gas is less sensitive to temperature fluctuations than regular air.
That is why jet aircraft tires have been filled with nitrogen since the 1950s. It is also one benefit claimed by believers in filling car tires with nitrogen. The more constant internal pressure puts less stress on the tire, which increases the tire's service life.
Jet aircraft experience a much wider temperature range than cars do. Jets also traverse that temperature range several times during a single flight.
When cars travel, the temperature at their origin is generally about the same as at their destination. And unless the tire is punctured, the tire pressure will also remain about the same.
While nitrogen's volume is less sensitive to temperature changes, it does not matter for a passenger car.
Commercially available nitrogen tire inflation is likely nothing more than an expensive gimmick. Under the conditions passenger cars are operated, there is no real difference in either performance or longevity between a tire filled with air or pure nitrogen. And therefore, it is perfectly acceptable and frankly advisable to refill nitrogen-filled tires with normal air.
How to Deflate a Tire Partially or Fully
Best Tire Pressure Gauges for Accurate Results
When to Rotate Your Tires (And When Not To)


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Health-topics
Electromagnetic fields (incl. ionising and non-ionising)
The omnipresence of electrical devices in everyday life is a source of concern. To date, no scientific study has been able to demonstrate harmful effects due to non-ionizing electromagnetic fields. Some studies have revealed statistical correlations, however they have not been able to explain the link between cause and effect. In case of doubt, the precautionary principle should be applied.
What is an electromagnetic field?
An electromagnetic field is the zone of influence created by the waves from an electric field and a magnetic field.
Together, the two types of waves form waves (oscillations) which are invisible to the naked eye that move steadily and alternately in the environment.
The electromagnetic field waves are measured based on:
the Hertz frequency (number of oscillations carried out by the wave in 1 second)
the wavelength (distance between the top of a wave and the top of the next wave).
The wavelength is inversely proportional to the frequency: the higher the frequency the shorter the wavelength.
The lower the frequency, the more distinct the electric and magnetic fields.
The higher the frequency, the more the electric and magnetic fields are linked.
A lamp which is plugged in but turned off produces an electric field.
The electric field is due to the presence of electric charges when a device is plugged in.
There is an electric field around each plug socket.
An electric field:
is linked to the voltage
is measured in volts per meter (V/m)
remains constant
decreases with increasing distance from the source
can be weakened by a screen (tree, vegetation, housing, etc.)
does not penetrate the body (or only very little)
A lamp turned on generates an electric field and a magnetic field.
The magnetic field is produced by the movement of electric charges when the current flows.
A magnetic field:
is linked to the intensity (quantity of electricity)
is measured in amperes per meter (A/m) or microtesla (µT)
varies according to the intensity of the electric field
the intensity of the magnetic field decreases with distance from the source
may not be weakened by a screen (tree, vegetation, housing, etc.)
passes through the body
DID YOU KNOW? Alternating current is defined by the alternation between the waves of the electric field and waves of the magnetic field. A direct current has a near zero frequency: there is no distinction between the electric and magnetic field; it is called static electricity/ field.
What is the electromagnetic spectrum?
The electromagnetic spectrum is divided into non-ionizing radiation and ionizing radiation depending on the frequency of electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic waves carry energy called "photons" which are the source of the radiation. The radiation energy varies according to the frequency.
Generally "fields" refer to low frequencies and "rays" to high frequencies that diffuse more energy into the space.
Non-ionizing radiation Electromagnetics spectrum fields/rays Frequency Examples
Static fields OHz Battery devices, batteries, magnets, earth's magnetic field, catenary electrified transport, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
Extremely low frequencies 3Hz < 300 H High-voltage power lines, railways (16.7 Hz), all electrical appliances connected to the mains (50 Hz), electric vehicles.
Low or intermediate frequencies 300 Hz < 100 KHz Computer and television screens, anti-theft devices, metal detectors, induction hot plates, energy-saving bulbs
Radiofrequency or radio waves 100 KHz < 300 GHz Radio, mobile phone (900 MHz), antennas, radar, Wi-Fi, baby monitor, Bluetooth, microwave.
Infrared rays 300 GHz < 400 THz Sun, infrared lamps
Visible light 400 THZ < 770 THZ Sun, light bulbs
Ultraviolet rays 750 THz < 900 THz
Sun, tanning beds (UVA, UVB).
Ionizing radiation > 1000 THz UVC (harmful rays filtered by the atmosphere) black light, stars)
X-rays and gamma rays 300 PHz < 30 EHz Radon, uranium, radiation therapy, radiography, radioactive materials, cosmic rays
DID YOU KNOW? Most of the waves we are exposed to in everyday life are low frequency and extremely low frequency waves. The main electricity as well as all electrical devices it supplies are limited to 50 Hz in most European countries (60 Hz in the US and Japan).
Non-ionizing radiation
Non-ionizing radiation is radiation of which the electromagnetic energy is insufficient to cause ionization of atoms or molecules.
The lower the frequency, the less the waves carry energy.
Most of our daily radiation (radio, mobile phones, microwaves, etc.) is non-ionizing.
Ultraviolet rays mark the boundary between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.
Some ionizing ultraviolet rays (UVC) from the sun are filtered out by the atmosphere and those that reach us are essentially non-ionizing (UVA and UVB).
Ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation is radiation of which the electromagnetic energy is sufficient to cause the ionization of atoms or molecules and to damage human cells for example. The higher the frequency, the more the waves carry an energy capable of transforming the electric structure of an atom or molecule.
Ionization is the act of adding or removing electrons from an atom or a molecule, which then becomes unstable (ion).
To stabilize itself the ion emits different types of radiation (alpha rays, beta rays, X-rays and gamma rays).
Unstable elements that disintegrate when emitting ionizing radiation are called radionuclides.
There are specific ionizing radiation measurement units:
the Becquerel (measures the amount of radiation emitted)
the Gray (Gy) measures the dose of radiation received
the Sievert (Sv) measures the impact of radioactivity (harmful radiation dose)
Sciensano & Electromagnetic fields (incl. ionising and non-ionising)
Sciensano is a member of the Superior Health Council and advises on the risks associated with mobile communication and other types of non-ionizing radiation, in particular radio frequencies.
Risks and Severity
Co‐Designed Exposure Protocol in the Study of Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance Attributed to Electromagnetic Fields
Biological effects of radiofrequency fields: Testing a paradigm shift in dosimetry
Comments on the "Evaluation of the Genotoxicity of Cell Phone Radiofrequency Radiation in Male and Female Rats and Mice Following Subchronic Exposure" by Smith‐Roe et al.
In vitro 50 Hz magnetic field long-term exposure: Cytogenetic tests on human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells and validation of the test environment
Thyroid cancer incidence near nuclear sites in Belgium: An ecological study at small geographical level
Monitoring of possible health effects of living in the vicinity of nuclear sites in Belgium II Part B: childhood leukemia incidence
Monitoring Of Possible Health Effects Of Living In The Vicinity Of Nuclear Sites In Belgium II Part A Thyroid Cancer Incidence : Summary
Briefadvies ivm electromagnetische hypergevoeligheid t.a.v. "Gouvernement wallon et Ministre des travaux publics, de la santé, de l'action sociale et du patrimoine »
On the alleged association between extremely low frequency magnetic field exposure and an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease
Childhood Leukaemia incidence around the Belgian nuclear sites: Surrogate exposure modelling.
Investigation of electrohypersensitivity using an exposure protocol co-created with electrohypersensitive people (ExpoComm)
Monitoring of possible health effects of living in the vicinity of nuclear sites in Belgium: childhood leukemia incidence (NUCABEL 2B)
Expert Support for the assessment of applications for certificates of conformity, the monitoring of technological developments and research into health effects on wireless technology (LNE-2014-2016-2018)
Belgian Bioelectromagnetics Group (ELIA2)
There are currently no events associated to this health topic
Other sources of information
Belgian BioElectroMagnetics Group (BBEMG)
Greenfacts | Radiation & electromagnetic fields
Federal Agency for Nuclear Control | (only in French and Dutch)
Belgium.be | Medical imaging are not vacation photos (only in French and Dutch)
Belgium.be | Electromagnetic radiation
There are currently no media associated to this health topic


We recognize skin care products that are fragrance free or unscented and non-comedogenic have low potential for irritation and do not contain the most common allergens.
HOW DO WE GET THE LATEST INFORMATION?
Our screening program is based on the most recent dermatological science from academics and industry leaders around the globe.
Our Expert Advisory Board consists of 6 dermatologists from across Canada.
HOW OFTEN DO WE REVIEW THE PROGRAM CRITERIA?
We update the list of ingredients to be excluded from products yearly as new skin health studies are published regularly.
More and more Canadians are finding that skin care products irritate them or cause allergic reactions. And searching for answers online isn't always helpful—there's an incredible amount of contradictory information and it's hard to separate fact from opinion.
Our dermatologists are committed to working with manufacturers to screen ingredients and recognize healthy skin products. If you see our logo, you can trust that it's fragrance-free or unscented, has low potential for irritation and does not contain the most common allergens.
See our logo? Then you can trust that product is unscented or fragrance-free, has low potential for irritation and does not contain the most common allergens.
What's in a healthy skin product?
You put products on your skin every day.
Do you know whether they are healthy?


Being diagnosed with type 1 diabetes at 14 years old, the cusp of adolescence, changed my life forever. Insulin injections, a "diabetic diet" and the ever present fear of complications were suddenly added to the typical teenage fixations of boys, clothes, and being popular. Instead of speaking in the 1980's valley girl slang, I had to learn a medical dialect, the language of old age. Instead of experimenting with changing hormones and a budding sexuality, I had to learn how to read my body's signals to determine if I was 'high' or 'low,' or whether I needed sugar, or if I needed to go for a walk to bring my sugar down. And all this time I felt like I was alone, like I was the only one in the world with this dreadful disease.
I didn't realize when I started writing this book five years ago that I would was embarking on a journey both emotional and physical. Listening to nearly one hundred women has allowed me to see that I am not alone. Listening to the stories of women living with diabetes, women who were different from me in age and personality, women who lived in different parts of the country and even across the world, women who were athletes, doctors, educators, mothers and writers, women who were married, single and widowed, has taught me that I am not alone. We all share diabetes.
That's why I write about my health.
This entry was tagged blood sugar management, Chronic Illness, diabetes, living well with illness, type 1 diabetes, women's health, writing. Bookmark the permalink.


Events : Lake George Region Women for WIN, Inc.
LG WIN : Lake George Region Women for WIN, Inc. - WIN is an active participant in members' outreach programs dealing with women's health issues, financial planning, retirement, networking, etc.
http://lgwin.org/forum Member Forum : Lake George Region Women for WIN, Inc. - WIN is an active participant in members� outreach programs dealing with women�s health issues, financial planning, retirement, networking, etc.
http://lgwin.org/events/ Events : Lake George Region Women for WIN, Inc. - WIN is an active participant in members' outreach programs dealing with women's health issues, financial planning, retirement, networking, etc.
I really didn't like that the unit is all made of plastic. It works semi well. I'm afraid that the handle will break fast & no suctions on the bottom to stay in place. I received this product free in exchange for my honest opinion & review; this in no way influenced my review. I only write honest reviews regardless of whether I purchased a product at full price, at a discount, or received it free.
An excellent small dictionary for those with a limited vocabulary. The real bonus is the fact that nearly every word has a derivation or word origin which is essential to fully clearing a word to full understanding. The definitions themselves are clear and concise and do no complicate getting straight to the definition without extras.


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THE ASTRAEA LESBIAN FOUNDATION FOR JUSTICE is the only philanthropic organization working exclusively to advance LGBTQI human rights around the globe. We support brilliant and brave grantee partners in the U.S and internationally who challenge oppression and seed change. We work for racial, economic, social, and gender justice, because we all deserve to live our lives freely, without fear, and with dignity.
Astraea At 40
Organizational Pillars
Over the past four decades, Astraea has devoted
over $31,000,000 to grassroots activists in
nearly half the world. From Missoula, Montana
to Cape Town, South Africa, we've supported countless
struggles and successes in LGBTQI human rights.
To learn more about the passionate activists
behind these movements for gender, racial,
economic, and social justice, take our interactive
globe for a spin!
Grantee Partners
Donor Spotlights
Acey Award
U.S. Fund
International Fund
Intersex Fund
Global Arts Fund
Become a Major Donor
A donation to Astraea reaches across the globe, fueling campaigns for constitutional protections, combating forced "rehabilitation" clinics for lesbians, and fighting for the right for self-determination for trans people. Very few foundations are supporting the crucial work of LGBTI activists in the U.S. and around the globe—in fact, 0.2% of all foundation dollars nationally support these issues.
Astraea exists to change that. And you can too.
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Location: Guayaquil
Mujer y Mujer
Mujer Y Mujer pushes the traditional meaning of "woman."
Mujer Y Mujer was created in 2003 to challenge the social and political visibility of lesbian women, united by the vital need to build community, develop leadership and influence against a backdrop of violence, discrimination and privatization of both public spaces as the body and sexuality of women.
Mujer Y Mujer pushes the traditional meaning of "woman." Since 2009 they've championed the leadership of bisexual women and transgender people. They also celebrate ethnic and generational diversity while their community initiatives strengthen the working class. The organization is run by volunteers due to lack of resources for LGBT groups in Guayaquil and LBT activism in particular.
They strategically promote the creative role of women and LGBTI + in the integral development of more just and equitable societies; enhancing their political voices from their desires and resistances.
Their slogan: Free to Be, Decide and Demand, represents the 3 axes of their philosophy.
Ecuadorian Constitution Passes, Includes Gay Rights Guarantees
Astraea grantee partner, FEDAEPS (Fundacion Ecuatoriana de Acción y Educacion para la Promocion de la Salud) was an instrumental actor in achieving the recognition of sexual and reproductive rights and a commitment to non-discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in the Ecuadorian Constitution of 1998.
This made Ecuador the second country in the world to have this Constitutional clause and the first in Latin America to recognize sexual rights. In 2007, the anti-discrimination provisions were challenged as the process for constitutional review began. FEDAEPS received an emergency grant to support their work to defend the protections of sexual orientation and diversity in Ecuador's constitution. And in September 2008, they won. The Constitution passed with 64% of the vote, and included other progressive victories such as guaranteed free education through college and pensions for stay-at-home mothers and informal-sector workers.
New Ecuador Constitution Includes Gay Rights Guarantees
By the Associated Press, as seen on 365Gay.com
(Quito) Rafael Correa's avowed quest for an "equitable, just" Ecuador won a major boost as voters approved a new constitution that will help the leftist president consolidate power and enable him to run for two more consecutive terms.
The new constitution guarantees civil rights for gays and lesbians, including civil unions affording all the rights of marriage. It also guarantees free education through college and pensions for stay-at-home mothers and informal-sector workers. Such measures build on already popular Correa programs that provide low-interest micro-loans, building material for first-time homeowners and free seeds for growing crops.
Preliminary results showed 65 percent support with 5 percent of the vote counted, mirroring earlier exit polls and quick counts that indicated overwhelming voter approval.
""We''re making history! Onward!"" a jubilant Correa proclaimed in his coastal hometown of Guayaquil after his crushing victory became clear. "This is confirmation of the citizen's revolution we're offering."
He and the close associates who helped him craft the new document hugged each other and sang "Patria," their party anthem.
Correa called on Ecuadoreans to help him "achieve a brave, sovereign and dignified homeland – equitable, just and without misery."
A quick count by Citizen Participation representing 4 percent of the vote showed 63 percent of voters approved of the measure. The count had a margin of sampling error of plus or minus half a percentage point. Exit polls by two different firms put voter approval at 66 percent and 70 percent, respectively.
Correa, 45, called it a "clear, historic victory," an endorsement of his goal to secure a social safety net for the 38 percent of Ecuadoreans who live below the poverty line. He also has said the document will help to eradicate a political class that made Ecuador one of Latin America's most corrupt countries.
The president promises Ecuador's 20th constitution will spur "rapid, profound change."
Although the new magna carta is nowhere near as radical as similar projects in Venezuela and Bolivia, critics complain the document will give Correa too much control over the economy and the judicial and legislative branches.
It will almost certainly lead to presidential, congressional and local elections as early as February – making a Correa presidency through 2017 possible – and an overhaul of the judiciary in which the president is expected to play a decisive role. The Central Bank and other key institutions also would cede or lose autonomy to Ecuador's sixth president in a decade.
That should give the U.S.- and European-trained economist greater liberty to fashion what he calls a "new political model." Sunday''s victory was Correa''s third nationwide electoral victory since he won office in November 2006 with 57 percent of the vote.
"He's going to activate the productive sector," said Patricio Quienacho, 48, the owner of a computer business who voted "yes" on Sunday in large part because he believes Correa will spur job growth through a program that offers five-year $5,000 business loans at 5 percent interest.
But many wonder how Correa will pay for all his ambitious social programs.
"I don't know that we have all the resources to really guarantee all that he's offering," said Carlos Roman, a 57-year-old engineer who voted against the new charter. "It's dangerous for the country."
A third of the national budget comes from oil revenues and Correa has had the good fortune of oil prices soaring well above $100 per barrel, providing Ecuador with revenues of $4.8 billion this year alone.
Some in Correa's badly splintered and debilitated opposition contend he's creating a Venezuela-style autocracy. But while Correa followed Hugo Chavez's lead by pushing for a new constitution to help him consolidate power, he has kept the Venezuelan president at arm's length.
Unlike Chavez and Bolivian President Evo Morales, Correa has not moved to nationalize telecommunications and electrical utility companies or pledged to establish closer relations with Russia.
And although Correa has opted not to renew the lease that allows U.S. anti-narcotics missions to fly out of a coastal airport in Manta, U.S. diplomats praise Ecuador's drug-fighting cooperation. The lease expires late next year.
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Q: Tracing DataTables and DataSets is there any way in debugging I look at my dataset tables and their members and kinda trace the dataset as well? The same with datatables... Thanks!

A: You can use Immediate Window that appears at the bottom of VS.
Also check this link Creating Debugger Visualizers.
it will also work on VS 2008 and 2010.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


New stable release (20141208) of CM11.0 for S3 Mini is available!
hi! can i apdate from CARBON to CM11 without perform a wipe???
its solved the issue of offline charging??
Congratulations Nova you are incredible !!!!!!
Thank you guys for prolonging the life and actually improving the user experience of a phone that has been long forgotten about by its original manufacture.
Jiří Štědroň is right. Stable releases fix bugs, so you really shouldn't skip them.
I installed the previous release. But I backed to the stock rom just in a day. Because battery draining was terrible. It was dying out in half of a day. I wanna use this if it has been fixed.
By the way, thanks for your incredible effort.
WLAN Tethering hotspot is not working.
+1 for my S3 Mini, hang for some time and if I try to do anything the phone reboots.
just tested that…if I disable bluetooth my phone does not freeze.
Hi Team! I miss you!
Hi guys, I am having the previous version of CM and i am new on CM, how i will update the rom? The autoupdate does not find any updates… I will download the recovey and i will install it via twrp? I will lose my data?
Is battery life better on this one?
Because the automatic brightness does not work?
Hi ,i have the question: wma playing now possibel, and Alarm Clock is now with Smooth Alarm ?
PLEASE, SOLVE WHATSAPP PROBLEMS. It's so laggy.
Will you port CM12 for ACE2?
offline charging still don't work. Please fix. Thank you!
Hi, I can't find the link to download this release.
My S3 mini only charges while it´s plugged to the computer or when it´s turned off.
I don't have any problem with WhatsApp. Did you try to re-install?
I wouldn't call it drain, but this build uses significantly more battery than the ones before.
Hi guys, I need help with installation NovaFusion's TWRP Recovery v2.8.0.0 20140911 from this page on my Samsung galaxy s3 mini (GT-I8190N). I have on my Galaxy S3 mini official "Android System Recovery " and I need to install TWRP Recovery. Can I install TWRP Recovery from (.zip) through official "Android System Recovery " or I have to use Odin_v3.07 flash and make it through Odin (.tar.md5)?
Hello, can somone tell me how to upgrade to this version? i currently have an november build, i dont want to loose my applications. Last time when i tried to upgrade to a superior release, push notifications didnt work..
my google play service suddenly stop working after installing this update. help….
I have realized something new: in the morning I have to restart my phone because I can't switch on wifi. This happened before one or two times during the day but now it happens every morning. Does somebody have the same problem or anxy idea what's going on?
Does the GAPPS needs to be installed as well? Or just the cm11?
WHEN WILL M12 BE AVAILABLE? Please, team. You,re great.
Back button and settings button not working!
Everything work just fine exept these button. The are completely not reacting for touch.
really good work, guys! i'm only weiting for some bugfix on the cm12, i'm impatient to try that rom, i think that will be amazing. thanks nova!
testing and delete it. back to 10.2.
i get an error message, that no mor free space available, to install an app. i don´t like kitkat.
free space available 3/4 , but it say´s, no free space.
10.2 is my best choice for s3 mini.
I've recently installed this release. It works great. I will soon try the compatibility with BT 4.0 devices which is the main reason I departed from official Samsung ROM. Anyway I'm having a terribly annoying problem. Essentially the phone does not charge properly. When I plug the phone it starts charging but after a while it does not charge anymore (even though the phone still informs that it is plugged in and "charging") and eventually it starts discharging (yes, while it is plugged in). This happens both when I charge with the wall cord or via a USB port.
When this happens I can resume charging by unplugging the phone and plugging it back in. But this is really a very bad behaviour.
Does anybody know any way in which this problem can be solved? This is really annoying and it's pushing me away from this great great release.
Thanks, works exc!, btw there is a way for unlock the phone for all companies with this rom?


text:
Q: Can I keep my packages in project/packages? I have a project directory project with file project/main.tex, a directory project/chapters and lots of other stuff. I also have a couple of packages for this project.
Is it possible to keep them in a subdirectory project/packages?
If I keep them directly in project, they will clutter my project directory. If I keep them in $TEXMFHOME, I cannot have them under version control together with my project.
I also tried to keep them in project/packages and to symlink them to TEXMFHOME, which does not seem to work.
Do you have any suggestions? In case it is important, I use Linux, and usually I compile with LuaLaTeX.

A: Build a small texmf-tree in say project/texmf and then attach this tree with
   tlmgr conf auxtrees add path/to/project/texmf

This assumes a current texlive. See also https://www.tug.org/texlive/doc/tlmgr.html#conf.


Hard rocking Hamilton outfit Monster Truck announced their sophomore LP back in November, and while Sittin' Heavy is set to drop worldwide on February 19, the band are streaming the roaring new effort a week ahead of schedule.
Recorded with Eric Ratz (Billy Talent, Cancer Bats) between Toronto's Vespa Studios, Revolution Recording and Monster Truck's own jam-space studio, the new 11-track album finds the band employing a few tips and tricks they picked up from touring with rock music giants.
"Touring the last record we've been privileged to play with a lot of great headlining acts," guitarist Jeremy Widerman said in a statement. "For instance, when we opened for Slash we would pick up on how accurately he controls the wah pedal, and we wanted to include some of that in our own songs. Or touring with Alice in Chains and watching their vocal harmonies and realizing that we needed to strengthen up in that area — so we did. There are so many little ways to hone our sound."
Scroll through the band's upcoming Canadian tour dates to stream Sittin' Heavy in its entirety below, courtesy of Metal Hammer.


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Unsurprisingly, Kylie Jenner and Tyga's sex tape has been leaked
Well, it worked for Kim…
By Anna Lewis
If it ain't broke, don't fix it. That's how the Kardashian/Jenner clan have always lived their lives. So seeing how 'accidentally leaking' her sex tape worked so well for Kim Kardashian, it seemed crazy for Kylie Jenner not to give it a go…
Witty Feed apparently broke the news of Kylie, 18, and her now ex-boyfriend 26-year-old Tyga's sex tape being leaked, claiming it was uploaded to Tyga's website but deleted after 30 minutes.
We might be wrong, but 30 minutes seems like a hell of a long time for that bad boy to be in the public domain accidentally, right?
This isn't the first time rumblings of a Kylie/Tyga sex tape have been heard. Reports of an X-rated home movie loomed after just one month of Kylie and Tyga confirming their relationship.
A source told OK! magazine: "They're no strangers to having cameras in the bedroom. They love filming themselves, especially because Kylie's vanity is completely out of control. At this point, they have more than one sex tape to choose from, if Kylie decides to take Vivid up on the offer.
Vivid's a porn site (a friend told us…), which offered Kylie a tonne of money for a saucy movie, btw.
This reported leak comes shortly after the pair split, and could be a revenge move from Tyga who is also reported to have previously turned down multi-million dollar deals for the footage.
Hollywood Life quoted a source as saying: "Tyga enjoys making love to Kylie now that she's 18 [bit gross?]. That's his girl and she's everything to him. He understands that the industry wants to see them get down and dirty in one big explosive sex tape. He's down to do that, but he wants more than $10million.
"For Tyga to do this, he's looking for some serious meal tickets and knows he and Kylie can command way more than $10million. He thinks that offer should be doubled for how he's willing to get down on film."
Follow Anna on Twitter.
Like this? Come and check us out on Snapchat Discover.
Anna Lewis Entertainment Editor Anna is Cosmopolitan UK's Entertainment Editor, and covers all celebrity, TV, film, and music news.
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Kris Jenner receives 'string of death threats' from woman 'threatening to leak Bruce Jenner sex tape'
Iggy Azalea threatened with sex tape leak from anonymous hacker group
A woman has been arrested for throwing eggs and tomatoes at Kendall and Kylie Jenner


p style="text-align: left;">Building plot on the Eco resort of Alma Verde• Sold as a turnkey project.
Building plot on the "eco" resort of Alma Verde * Sold as a turnkey project * Options for bespoke client involvement at an early stage * 572 m2 plot * +/- 200m2 construction * Current planning permission in place * 3 bedrooms, large impressive open-plan living areas * Study with en-suite (occasional bedroom) * 4 en-suite bathrooms * Resort amenities * Turnkey includes televisions, Bluetooth audio, ceiling speakers, appliances, luxury interiors package * Fantastic investment prospect with an opportunity for personal choice on finishings * Strong rental demand A project that has been approved to construct a spacious two-storey detached villa with 3+1 bedrooms and features on the ground floor: an expansive living room (52m2) with large patio doors to a covered terrace, pool and outdoor kitchen. The stairway is at the centre of the house with integrated storage and a guest cloakroom, a study or fourth bedroom option is on the opposite side of the villa with an additional, double bedroom and en-suite bathroom. On the upper level there are two double bedrooms, both with en-suite shower rooms and patio doors to a large private roof terrace with great views.


This journey doesn't end well. Or does it? At Masses in the Catholic Church, we get to participate in Jesus' life in a special way. It's Palm Sunday! We get real palms that are blessed. We 'welcome' Jesus like they did on the road. Blessed is the king who comes in the name of the Lord. Peace in heaven and glory in the highest.
It doesn't take long for us to enter into the worst part of the story. We hear the words of Jesus from the cross as he prays Psalm 22: My God, my God, why have you abandoned me? Have you ever felt that way? At the worst or most painful moments, we can fear that God is not with us.
Today, we participate in this drama with parts of our own: Crucify him! Pilate washes his hands of Jesus fate. We will free Barabbas instead. You see, like us, Pilate is able to decide what the truth is. He doesn't stand for what is right. He gives in to public opinion as he sends Jesus to a horrible death. We stand by as Peter, overcome with fear, denies knowing Jesus and being his follower three times. You are not one of his disciples, are you?
If you are the King of the Jews, save yourself! Jesus is crucified but only one thief asks forgiveness as he tells Jesus to remember him when he comes into his kingdom. His faith has saved him! Jesus promises that he will be with him in Paradise that day! No waiting!
The veil in the Temple is torn. After Jesus says, Father, into your hands I commend my spirit, we all kneel in silence. We try to imagine how Mary, his mother, and John, sit at the foot of the cross. We imagine Jesus being taken down from the cross and placed in Mary's arms as she weeps. The Centurion has a spiritual awakening and recognizes that truly this was the Son of God. Joseph of Arimethea claims Jesus' body and places him in his tomb with loving care. The Eucharist is placed at the altar of repose. Jesus is no longer present in the Church. We pray, sing and wait with our Lord if only for a little while.
We know the story doesn't end at the tomb as we wait for the Resurrection on Easter!
Do we betray Jesus today? How? Do we wash our hands like Pontius Pilate? Do we stand for the truth?
For kids: Find a play about the Last Supper for them to act out. Break bread and pass it to the person next to you. Talk about how Jesus offers himself in the Eucharist every day. We enter into Jesus story at every Mass. We are called to the supper of the Lamb. Will we go? Will we leave early?
Spoiler alert: The tomb is empty! Next Sunday's Mass tells how Mary Magdalene went to pray at the tomb and what she didn't find!


text:
Q: Move object diagonally with keydown and keyup events, Javascript Hi Im struggling with keyup and keydown events and my effort is to make object on screen move diagonally afer pressing at the same time keys "s" and "d" or "a" and "w" etc. I read lot of topics about this with no conclusion for me.
This is what Ive got so far:
    window.addEventListener("keydown", keysPressed, false);
    window.addEventListener("keyup", keysReleased, false);

        var keys = [];

        function keysPressed(e) {

            keys[e.keyCode] = true;
            var oldLeft = getComputedStyle(document.body).left,
                    newLeft;
            var oldTop = getComputedStyle(document.body).top,
                newTop;

            oldLeft = parseInt(oldLeft);
            oldTop = parseInt(oldTop);

            if (keys[65]) {
                newLeft = oldLeft - 10;
            }

            else if (keys[68]) {
                newLeft = oldLeft + 10;
            }

            else if (keys[87]) {
                newTop = oldTop - 10;
            }

            else if (keys[83]) {
                newTop = oldTop + 10;
            }

            document.body.style.left = newLeft + 'px';
            document.body.style.top = newTop + 'px';

            e.preventDefault();
         }

        function keysReleased(e) {
            keys[e.keyCode] = false;
         }

I know there is tons of similar questions out there and i saw a lot of them but still cant uderstand how it works.

A: You need to remove the else in else if (keys[87]) {, with your current code you are not checking for up/down if left or right is pressed.
Note: I didn't check the keycodes, but I assume they correspond to the keys you want.


text:
The Future of Work: Findings of research commissioned by the Oxfam Empower Youth for Work Program
rr-future-work-empower-youth-p ...
Faith, Becky
Flynn, Justin
Hernandez, Kevin
Roberts, Tony
Garton, Jane
empower youth for work
Institute of Development Studies
Oxfam's Empower Youth for Work program commissioned the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) to conduct research on 'The Future of Work'. IDS explored the expected changes in work and income-generating activities for young people in rural areas and whether existing policies anticipate the future of work. The research approaches the future of work according to four 'megatrends'. The report shows the urgent need for policies that are fit for the future of work for rural youth, in the face of rapid changes in our technological, climate and political realities.
http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/the-future-of-work-findings-of-research-commissioned-by-the-oxfam-empower-youth-621035


text:
Posted on May 20, 2021 November 3, 2021 by Edison Smith Editor-in-Chief
Leave Those Kids Alone: Cannon's Death Wish II
Charles Bronson gets the Cannon treatment in Michael Winner's contentious thriller
By 1982, controversial British director Michael Winner was in desperate need of a hit. Eight years prior he had immortalised western stalwart Charles Bronson by taking his John Wayne act to the streets of New York City in 1974's Death Wish, a Dirty Harry derivative that played into the hands of Conservative politics during the civil rights fallout. Described by Roger Ebert as, "a quasi-fascist advertisement for urban vigilantes, done up in a slick and exciting action movie," adding, "We like it even while we're turned off by the message," the film possessed a certain pedigree, particularly after jazz impresario Herbie Hancock was hired to write and perform the movie's score, though what he and Winner's Puerto Rican girlfriend, who had suggested Hancock after hearing his revolutionary Headhunters album, thought of the movie is anyone's guess.
Bronson was 53 years old at the time, the role of Paul Kersey a new lease of commercial life for the former Great Escape star, one that was very much grounded in death. Though the original instalment tackled the growing problem of street crime in America, it was denounced by critics due to a vigilante theme that relished in the very violence it was supposed to be condemning. Back in the early 1980s, movies were often made without a franchise in mind, and by 1981 there wasn't a Death Wish sequel in sight, but a change in direction over at Cannon Films would soon put an end to that.
A low-key production company with a maximum outlay of $300,000 per movie, former soft porn peddlers Dennis Friedland and Chris Dewey's The Cannon Group was facing financial ruin by 1979 thanks to a change in film production tax laws, a potential buy-out the only thing standing between them and bankruptcy. Seizing the opportunity to embrace the red-hot home video market, Israeli producers Menahem Golan and Yoram Globus would take the reins with a very different commercial formula in mind. Looking to cash-in on the exploitation market, Golan-Globus would buy the rights to bottom-rung scripts in the hope of turning them into commercial bread winners, tapping into the popular slasher and action genres as the home video boom swelled to inexhaustible proportions.
Cannon's tenuously-linked ninja trilogy of Enter the Ninja, Revenge of the Ninja and Ninja III: the Domination would fuel the whole ninja craze of the mid-1980s, bringing martial arts master Shô Kosugi to western shores. In doing so, Cannon tapped into a niche market that allowed them a foothold as they looked to further branch out. With the help of homegrown stars such as Michael Dudikoff and the late Steve James, Golan-Globus would fulfill the patriotic whims of a generation consumed by Cold War propaganda, serving up ludicrous action by the bucketload. They would even manage a couple of Academy Award nominations in their quest for Hollywood hegemony, delivering critically acclaimed action thrillers (Runaway Train), Indiana Jones knock-offs (Allan Quatermain and the Lost City of Gold) and even movies about breakdancing (Breakin') as part of an audacious catalogue of productions that saw them work with everyone from Tobe Hooper to Andrei Konchalovskiy.
Lady, you scream and disturb the neighbours, we'll cut you into little pieces and eat you for dinner!
As well as creating their own stars, Cannon's ultimate goal was to reach a more mainstream audience, something they briefly managed after bagging Sylvester Stallone for the hugely successful Cobra, another vigilante flick in the Death Wish mode. The foreign outsiders ultimately crumbled under their own sense of ambition, their attempts at sparking a franchise comparable to Star Wars with Masters of the Universe, a Dolph Lundgren led adaptation of the popular cartoon He-Man and the Masters of the Universe, falling flat due to a combination of misguided influences, mismanaged funds and a film that, though glossed with Hollywood sheen, was very much a B-movie masquerading as big-budget extravaganza. The duo even managed to sabotage the hugely popular Superman franchise with notorious debacle Superman IV: The Quest For Peace that very same year. As endearing as Golan-Globus were, they had serious issues when it came to restraint.
Of all the stars, past and present, who were tempted by Cannon's unbridled sense of ambition, it was an aging Charles Bronson who first took the bait. Golan-Globus had Death Wish in mind before their prospective Cannon buy-out, and after purchasing the rights to the series turned to veteran director Winner, their controversy-creates-cash mantra the perfect antidote for his flailing career. After a string of underwhelming efforts, including 1979's Firepower and a badly received remake of Raymond Chandler's The Big Sleep, a new commercial modus was required if Winner was to become relevant again, and Cannon had just the ticket. He and Bronson had a history together that went beyond the original Death Wish, the two collaborating on a total of six movies, but it was the controversial Kersey who Cannon craved, the pair managing to bag Bronson and Winner at just the right time.
What they did to the Kersey character was cheap and unconscionable. It was also utterly compelling, resulting in the kind of moral outrage that put Winner, Bronson and the fledgling Cannon Group exactly where they wanted to be: firmly in the public hot seat. The onscreen Kersey was so far detached from the literary source material that Death Wish author, Brian Garfield, wrote his own sequel, claiming, "They'd made a hero out of [Kersey]. I thought I'd shown that he was a very sick man." Later sequels Death Wish 3 and Death Wish 4: The Crackdown would lead the series to deliriously over-the-top territory, upping the body count along with the silliness, but for now Winner was intent on stirring the ethical pot in a much filthier way.
Called out by feminists who were repulsed by Winner's emphasis on graphic rape and violence against women, the British director had his own take on a movie that Golan-Globus brazenly insisted was a fair reflection of modern American society. "Rape never dates," Winner announced to a suitably horrified public, grinning from ear-to-ear with every dubious counterargument while puffing on a cigar with the smug satisfaction of a man who'd achieved his goal and then some. It was a staggering example of male chauvinism designed specifically for prime-time television, one that worked an absolute treat. Soon everybody was talking about Kersey's latest outing. Golan-Globus set out to make noise and Winner was the Cheshire cat they craved. Mission accomplished.
Decades later and the movie still proves shocking for the most part, not just for its harsh depictions of sexual violence, but due to its political resonance and eye-for-an-eye Republican values. Far from portraying a 'very sick man', Bronson's Paul Kersey became an urban incarnation of Clint Eastwood's 'the man with no name', a colossal antihero with a louder than words attitude who embodied the US government's infamous 'war on drugs'. From the very opening shots of a thriving industrial skyline, this is a fight for the American Dream, one which advocates and even glamorises the slaughter of a gang of youths running roughshod over the system.
This kind of paper-thin retribution was devastating for inner-city communities suffering under the yoke of enforced poverty. Here, crime isn't depicted as a consequence of that poverty, but as a natural disposition of the nation's growing ethnic communities. I'm sure there were people out there capable of physical and emotional torture with such inhuman glibness, but the characters in Death Wish II seem representative of certain cultures as a whole, a consequence of comic book characterisation and unrealistic solutions to complex social problems. This is the way Ronald Reagan would have dealt with crooks during his days as an onscreen cowboy. The fact that he became a proponent for such values during two terms as United States president is less an irony, more a concerted effort.
Back in reality, the reasons for such attitudes and motivations was as plain as day. While the US media steered focus from the distinctly affluent issue of powder cocaine, laws on possession of the relatively cheap crack cocaine were tightened, a move that resulted in record numbers of ethnic minorities serving jail time as America's 'crack epidemic' swept the nation, changing society's perception of the black community irrevocably. It didn't matter that banks laundered drug money, that kingpins were unseen and suited, that drugs were as much a routine for elites and sections of the middle classes as they were for low-income addicts. It was the jobless miscreants you needed to look out for, those uneducated kids from broken homes who had never been tossed a bone in their lives and had little else to do but loiter, kids who would soon become fodder for the nation's prison construction boom. Death Wish may have been a fictional vehicle designed to stir controversy and sell tickets, but its ill-conceived depictions would fuel the fire of a white middle-class America now willingly at the mercy of a very real sense of political outrage.
[after getting caught killing Nirvana with a electro shock machine] He raped and killed my daughter.
It's not quite so premeditated on Winner's part. There are white criminals in the movie too, most notably Kevyn Major Howard's Stomper, and though racism surely wasn't on the filmmaker's agenda, these things have a life of their own when viewed through a sociopolitical lens. One scene, in particular, stands out in this regard, depicting a ghetto blaster not as an item of cultural expression, but as an antisocial scourge that needs eradicating, a fact punctuated when Lawrence Fishburne's Cutter is shot in the face after attempting to shield himself with the offending device. Rap was the language of the inner cities during the early 1980s, a unique form of cultural expression that along with breakdancing gave purpose to the young and directionless. Here it's an ominous soundtrack for loutish nogoodniks accused of flushing traditional American values down the toilet. Talk about fearing what you don't understand.
Death Wish II is remorselessly insensitive, breathless in its amplifications of a society gone rotten. In no time at all a routine street robbery evolves into unrepentant and non-discriminatory violence, protracted scenes of rape shot with an almost voyeuristic relish. A distinctly manipulative scene sees Kersey's doomed daughter flee her captors by flinging herself through a plate glass window. As a consequence she becomes impaled on a spike fence, an image that seems to carry certain religious connotations. Polls suggest that around 85 percent of Americans were Christians during the 1980s, so why not throw in a mock-Crucifixion to inflame things further? It's this kind of overblown sequence that only serves to embellish the movie's dubious message.
Death Wish II is essentially a series of unconscionably graphic and mean-spirited scenes tenuously held together by saccharine, picture perfect depictions of middle-class America. Folk are either smilingly going about their day or being subjected to self-satisfied acts of violence and torture. Particularly jarring is a scene in which Silvana Gallardo's jovially subservient Latino maid Rosario is pinned down and savagely gang-raped by a home-invading rabble. It's pretty tame by today's standards, at least in terms of what we see, but it's the intention that stays with you, the icky stench of casual sadism lingering long after. I struggle to imagine exactly how Winner was behaving while orchestrating the whole ordeal. Hopefully his hands were nowhere near his pants.
Of course, hindsight is a powerful healer. Once stripped of its quick-fix politics and moral hysteria, Death Wish II becomes an irresistible time capsule for the heady exploitation boom of yesteryear, and a rather silly one to boot. In an era of sophisticated, media-driven propaganda, the movie becomes so transparent that it almost seems kitsch, as does Bronson's merciless antihero, a man seemingly bereft of human emotion as the bodies of his nearest and dearest pile up. Watching Death Wish II, it sometimes feels like one of those carnival shooting galleries, the kind where good and bad figures pop-up and you have to decide which to gun down. Your aim might be off (or more likely your rifle's sight tampered with) but the sketches are so obviously delineated that spotting the crooks is a doddle. Thanks to the movie's similarly cheapo characterisation, Kersey has that ability, and if an innocent was to get caught in the crossfire, it's difficult to imagine him shedding a tear. After all, real men don't cry. Real men kill unflinchingly.
The plot is similarly throwaway, a story of vengeance so like-for-like it's positively derisory. This time around, Kersey is out to avenge the death of his snow white daughter and similarly ill-fated housekeeper, the only real distinction from the first movie being that affairs are moved from the notoriously expensive to film in New York City to the relatively cost-effective streets of Los Angeles. Kersey has relocated after the murder of his wife and the rape of his daughter, Carol, the latter of whom just can't seem to catch a break. I mean, what are the odds that the formerly catatonic Carol, having only just been released from a mental hospital, would be set upon almost immediately. She's even raped a second time before her murder-come-suicide. It's beyond any and all plausibility.
Death Wish II is all exposition, its inane sub-narratives a mere sideshow for a series of cheap one-liners and Republican beat-downs. When things are going well, it's a picture book of a movie, one of serene landscapes and melodramatic romance, a tone that makes its otherwise explicit nature seem all the more startling. So stark are the film's black-and-white delineations that its victims are all angelic images of perfection, those daubed in the flamboyant gang colours of counterculture little more than cardboard crooks who deserve nothing but death. Not only are they out to rape and pillage the poor, upstanding citizens of America, they tease their victims with a psychopathic relish worthy of Hannibal Lecter at his most devilishly opulent. Is it any surprise that there are so many guns in America?
You believe in Jesus?
Then you have Kersey himself, an unflinching vigilante with a cool monotone and irresistible plain clothes charisma, a man who isn't merely above the law, but backed by it. Not only does our mass-murdering voice of reason go unpunished for his blatant misdeeds, cops and government officials are reluctant to persecute him, everyday citizens willing to turn a blind eye based on moral grounds. Yes, society advocates Kersey's Wild West antics, because killing inner-city kids with handguns is the American way. It's written in the constitution, people!
Still, you've got to love the sheer audacity of it all. Winner is a mostly lousy filmmaker of chapjack productions, but you can only admire the force of his conviction. He seems to be having more fun than a juvenile delinquent armed with a magnifying glass and a bucket of soldiers; precisely, one suspects, because the majority of viewers are having very little fun with what he's serving up. Though as is generally the case when it comes to the human condition, a deplorable desire for the grossly immoral wins out, particularly for those critics with an axe to grind. You daren't look away for fear of missing something abhorrent.
There's also a grim fascination to be had with a harbinger of death who seems to spell doom for anyone he comes into contact with. Whether you're beyond redemption or morally pure, my advice is to stay as far away from Kersey as humanly possible. Death Wish II's vigilante is the personification of Winner's commercial attitudes, a man without consequence who seems impervious to the pesky emotional turmoil that governs reality. Not only does he take out the trash with his quick-draw mentality and stone cold façade, he somehow manages to run a full-time business in his spare time, concealing his antics from the kind of naïve lady friend who desperately needs a man to shoulder the burdens of life, which in Winner's mind seems to be every woman on planet Earth.
Boy, have we come a long way!
Director: Michael Winner
Screenplay: David Engelbach
Music: Jimmy Page
Cinematography: Thomas Del Ruth &
Richard H. Kline
Editing: Julian Semilian &
Michael Winner (as Arnold Crust)
Time to Bleed: Arnie Meets His Match in John McTiernan's Predator
The Future is Here: Mad Max 2; The Road Warrior
Empty Shells & Dead Ends: Extreme Prejudice and the Post-Frontier Western
Too Old For this Shit? The Cynical Joys of a Lethal Weapon Christmas
A 24-Inch Dookie: No Holds Barred's Cinematic Excretion
White Saviours, Yellow Perils & Green Eyes: John Carpenter's Big Trouble in Little China
Who, Where & What? The Mysterious Allure of The Wraith
Van Damme to Brucesploitation: No Retreat No Surrender and Peewee Propaganda
Over the Top and Out the Back Door: Stallone's Brief Love Affair With Cannon Films
Just Give Me a Reason: Death Wish 4: The Crackdown
Hear Them Scream: Aliens & the Rise of the Xenomorph
For Your Eyes Only: James Bond and The Darker Side of Moore
One For the Road: The Hitcher and Horror's Lost Highway
Deadly Prey (1987)
by chris chaka
Bloodstained Nostalgia: Cobra's Neon Seduction
Great Expectations: Daniel Larusso & the Demise of the Underdog
I'd Buy that for a Dollar: Robocop vs the American Dream
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Ninja III: The Domination (1984)
This entry was posted in:1982, 80s, Action, Crime, Drama, VHS Gold
Tagged with:1982, 80s, Action, Crime, Death Wish 2, Drama, VHS Gold
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gluserty says:
Excellent essay as usual, basically covered everything there is to cover about "Death Wish II".
Yeah, I think it's an alright sequel, and I feel Jill Ireland had a nice role here. That Paul Kersey though, he should find a small town somewhere, as the big city is too much of a trigger (literally & figuratively) for him (Then again, there could've been "Death Wish VI: Kersey in Jersey").
Actually, I liked all of Paul's wife/girlfriends, especially Karen from The Crackdown (I choose her because I like Kay Lenz as an actress the most, but I think Hope Lange, Jill Ireland, Deborah Raffin, and Lesley-Anne Down are all enjoyable).
I understand the controversy of this entire series, but it's never affected me, as playing "Grand Theft Auto" games hasn't:-). However, if a mugger tried to run a play on me, well then of course I'd raise up on 'em, but I wouldn't make it my life's mission.
If I was Kersey, I'd stick to building buildings, but I understand his character's thirst for justice (he's addicted to it, really from the jump, and seeks it out; kind of a murder junkie).
I like Charles Bronson overall (how about 1975's "Breakout"?), so I'm glad that this series gave his career a second wind (I also like "10 to Midnight", "Act of Vengeance", and "Assassination" during his "Death Wish" sequel period).
Thanks, Eillio. Much appreciated.
Kersey in Jersey. Hahaha. I literally just spat my coffee out. I'd definitely be in line for a ticket though. I remember all those wicked Charles Bronson 80s VHS covers. Used to stare at them with intrigue. Don't think I saw Death Wish II until much later. It didn't really effect me either; compared with today it's all rather tame, but at the time women's groups were frothing at the mouth with injustice, and rightly so. Kersey is a killer, a serial killer. He's definitely at the root of all the trouble. He seeks it out like a junkie. The most hypocritical 'hero' of them all?
Yeah, I'd say Kersey is a pretty hypocritical hero, trying to solve violence with more violence, and the bloodstains don't wash out.
Women later became furious over "Silent Night, Deadly Night", which I think was rather unfair, so I can see how this film would have their ire raised over the exploits of Paul Kersey, even if he's avenging what was done to women close to him in the first two films of the "Death Wish" series.


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Click below to listen to me, Sara Horsfall on Jeremy Sallis's Big Debate discussing "Parenthood or a Career" in October 2013"